1810s, Science and technology, Steamboats
P.S. "Thames", ex "Argyle" was the first seagoing steamer in Europe, having steamed from Glasgow to London in May 1815. P.S. "Tug", the first tugboat, was launched by the Woods Brothers, Port Glasgow, on November 5, 1817; in the summer of 1817 she was the first steamboat to travel round the North of Scotland to the East Coast.


1810s, Science and technology, Steamboats
The first steamship credited with crossing the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe was the American ship SS Savannah, though she was actually a hybrid between a steamship and a sailing ship. The SS Savannah left the port of Savannah, Georgia, on May 22, 1819, arriving in Liverpool, England, on June 20, 1819; her steam engine having been in use for part of the time on 18 days (estimates vary from 8 to 80 hours).


1810s, Culture, Literature
Lord Byron, regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential, wrote his most well-known work during this decade. Amongst Byron's works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons
The decade of the 1810s featured the 1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season
I. On July 30 and July 31, this tropical storm affected Jamaica.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season
II. On August 12 a hurricane hit Trinidad, causing heavy damage. The system apparently moved to Jamaica by the 15th.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season
III. A tropical storm hit near Charleston, South Carolina between September 11 and September 13, causing minor damage.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season
IV. A tropical cyclone strikes eastern Cuba on September 28.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season
V.  The "Salty Storm" strikes Cuba on October 24 and 25th before continuing onward into the southwest Atlantic. The pressure at Havana falls to 29.35 in Hg (994 hPa).


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Macapá, a city in Brazil on the mouth of the Amazon River, on June 7, 1811 saw an intense hurricane with damage to the city being minor as a localized weather event kept the damage to Portuguese military installations.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season
II. A minor hurricane that struck Cuba continued onward to Charleston, South Carolina on September 10, causing many deaths, tornadoes, and crop damage as it moved across the state.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season
III. On October 4 a major hurricane hit near St. Augustine, Florida. Many homes were destroyed, and 35 people drowned in the sinking of a U.S. gunboat.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season
IV. On October 11 a hurricane strikes Pensacola, Florida and Fort Stoddard, Alabama.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season
V.  A hurricane moved through the western Caribbean west of Jamaica to Cuba between October 20 and October 25. On October 26 a Spanish ship is lost at Elliot Key from a hurricane.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Between June 5 and June 11, a tropical storm moved through the northwest Caribbean Sea.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season
II. A tropical cyclone struck Puerto Rico on July 23.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season
III. On August 8, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season, Great Louisiana hurricane
IV. A tropical cyclone was sighted east of Jamaica on August 14. By August 19, it struck southeast Louisiana as a major hurricane after raking the Caribbean Islands. It passed just to the west of New Orleans, almost destroying the levee north of town. The hurricane caused severe flooding, damaged 53 boats, caused $6,000,000 in damage, and 100 deaths. The British fleet in the War of 1812 was disrupted.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season, Great Louisiana hurricane
V.  There is record of another hurricane affecting Puerto Rico on August 21.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season, Great Louisiana hurricane
VI. Later in the season, a hurricane hit Jamaica on October 12, affecting the island into the 14th. It continued northwestward and struck Grand Cayman shortly afterwards. Later that day, the hurricane hit Cuba before moving into the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda by October 17. It destroyed 500 houses and many ships.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season
I. On 22 July, a hurricane hit Barbados, killing 18. It continued through the Antilles, affecting Puerto Rico on the 23 July, causing more damage and deaths along its path. A major hurricane, probably this same storm, struck the Bahamas on 26 July and recurved west of Bermuda by 29 July.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season
II. A storm moved through the Leeward Islands on 29 July and then struck Jamaica on 31 July/1 August, leading to many lives lost. The hurricane moved into Belize on 3 August.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season
III. A tropical cyclone on 3–7 August passed near Bermuda, with the severest weather occurring on 4/5 August. It ranks the most powerful hurricane to affect the island since 1793 and forced the construction of a breakwater to prevent a similar harbor disaster from recurring; the "violent gale" drove ashore more than 30 ships. Winds were estimated at 90 mph (140 km/h) during the passage of the cyclone.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season
IV. A powerful hurricane hit Dominica and Martinique beginning 25 August, causing 3000 deaths. The hurricane moved south of Jamaica, bringing wind to the island on 28 August.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season
V.  A system affected the Caicos Islands on 24 August and moved northwest as a compact major hurricane to strike near Charleston, South Carolina on 27 August, causing many deaths due to drowning. The storm passed northward through the Mid-Atlantic States by 29 August.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season
VI. A major hurricane hit northeast Florida or southeast Georgia on 16 September, causing strong storm surge and 50 casualties.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1814 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A minimal hurricane hit South Carolina on July 1, causing 1 tornado.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1814 Atlantic hurricane season
II. A hurricane struck Dominica and Puerto Rico between July 22 and July 24.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1814 Atlantic hurricane season
III. A hurricane affected Bermuda for four days around October 10. (from Beware the Hurricane) {USS Wasp (1814)Probably lost in storm}


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A hurricane was reported on August 9 in the Gulf Stream offshore of the Mid-Atlantic / New England states at latitude 40, longitude -60. It is suspected that HMS Epervier (as the renamed USS Epervier) foundered in the storm, on its return voyage from the Mediterranean with news of the United States Naval victory over the Dey of Algiers in the Second Barbary War.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season
II. A tropical cyclone impacted Puerto Rico on August 30.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season
III. Cape Lookout, North Carolina was hit by a major hurricane on September 3. It moved northeastward across the state, reaching the Atlantic Ocean near Maryland. It weakened over land to a tropical storm, but still brought gusty winds to New England. It caused at least 4 deaths.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season
IV. A tropical cyclone struck Puerto Rico on September 15.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season
V.  A major hurricane was located off the coast of Virginia moving northward. It hit Long Island, New York on September 23, causing damage and destruction throughout New England. At least 20 deaths occurred, though "The loss of life was so heavy that the newspapers did not have space enough to give all the details of the marine disasters."


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season
VI. A tropical storm was located off the coast of South Carolina on September 28, but did not make landfall.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season
VII. From October 17 until October 19 Jamaica was hit by a hurricane. It drifted over the island, causing 100 deaths.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season
VIII. A minor hurricane hit Saint Barthélemy on October 18. It turned northwestward, and moved up the Chesapeake Bay on October 24, delaying ships' arrivals.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season
Records from ship logs have determined both 1815 and 1816 were active hurricane seasons, with at least 12 tropical cyclones ascribed to 1816 alone. This is some evidence that a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone appears to be partially responsible for the increased tropical cyclone activity in 1816, which was the famed Year Without a Summer.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season
I.  June 5–8:  A hurricane brushed the Florida Keys, causing the loss of five ships. It appears to have been lured northward by an unusual June snowstorm across New England.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season
II. Haiti, around Port-au-Prince, was struck by a hurricane on August 18.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season
III. Martinique, eastern Cuba, and South Carolina were lashed by a hurricane between September 3 and September 11.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season
IV. A tropical storm affected Virginia on September 18 before moving northeast into New York. The tropical storm caused heavy flooding in the James River area.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season
V.  There is record of a hurricane moving by Dominica and Barbados on September 15  before devastating Puerto Rico  on September 18. The cyclone then recurved between the United States East coast and Bermuda by September 25.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season
VI. On October 16–17, a severe gale was experienced in Dominica and Martinique. During the storm, an earthquake shook the region.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1817 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A hurricane was first observed near Tobago on August 1 before continuing through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico by August 6. It crossed over Florida, and when it reached the western Atlantic, it paralleled the coastlines of Georgia and South Carolina. It moved inland over southern North Carolina, and brought heavy rain to the Norfolk, Virginia area, delaying mail delivery and causing flooding through the mid-Atlantic as it moved northward into Pennsylvania by August 9. Its track appears similar to that of Hurricane Charley of August 2004.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1817 Atlantic hurricane season
II. Barbados and Saint Lucia were struck by a hurricane on October 21, causing 250 deaths as it moved through the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane subsequently moved into Nicaragua by October 26.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A hurricane passed through the central Atlantic east of Bermuda to south and east of the Azores between August 26 and September 5. It reportedly silted at Hamilton Harbor on Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane)


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season
II. A hurricane passed by the Cayman Islands in early September. It crossed the Yucatán Peninsula, and turned northwest when it reached the Bay of Campeche. The hurricane intensified to a Category 2–3 before hitting Galveston, Texas on September 12 and continuing onward to Mississippi. The hurricane was "quite severe", destroying all but six houses on Galveston Island.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season
III. A tropical cyclone seriously affected Puerto Rico on 22 September. It possibly recurved sharply offshore the Eastern Seaboard; the frigate Macedonian encountered a hurricane on 26/27 September east-northeast of Bermuda. The breeze freshened that afternoon as the ship lay near 35.6N 55.7W. By sunset, waves increased to 9 feet (2.7 m), and southeast gales lashed the system after midnight on the 27 September. Winds continued to increase into that afternoon, as seas increased to 18 feet (5.5 m). One man fell overboard by 5 pm and drowned.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season
The hurricane reached its full violence by 10 pm, splitting the storm staysails and making the rigging useless. The main mast cracked under the strain by 2 am on the 28 September, and the mizzenmast followed suit by 4 am. Seawater poured into the ship from all sides, as the wooden hull twisted under the force of the 40-foot (12 m) waves. The ship finally cleared the storm without capsizing by noon, and her crew again saw sunset on the evening of 29 September.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season
IV. A hurricane on 12–14 October affected Jamaica and the central Bahamas.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season
V.  Between November 6 and November 13, another hurricane moved across the southwest Caribbean Sea into Jamaica and Cuba. A hurricane struck Jamaica on 18–20 November.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1819 Atlantic hurricane season, Bay St. Louis Hurricane
The exact origin of this hurricane is unknown, but it likely formed off the coast of Cuba before heading on a west-northwest track towards the Gulf Coast. A small hurricane, it reached an estimated Category 3–4 strength before making landfall on July 27 in southeastern Louisiana, bringing heavy winds and a 5–6 ft storm surge. The hurricane continued northeastward, making a second landfall in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi before dissipating inland.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1819 Atlantic hurricane season, Bay St. Louis Hurricane
Known as one of the most destructive hurricanes to affect the United States during the first half of the 19th century, the Bay St. Louis Hurricane caused severe damage across Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, leaving behind the remains of shattered buildings and uprooted trees. Several vessels (from small boats to 60-ton brigs) were driven ashore by the hurricane's storm surge. One of them was the capsizing of the U.S. warship USS Firebrand, drowning 39 sailors. Several U.S. soldiers were caught off guard by the hurricane and perished in its midst. There were also reports of people being attacked by alligators, snapping turtles, and snakes, which further added to the death toll. The hurricane caused over $100,000 dollars (1819 US dollars) in damage, and killed between 43 and 175 people, some of them later found washed up across the Gulf Coast.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1819 Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane San Mateo
Between September 19 and September 26, hurricane San Mateo tracked through the northeast Lesser Antilles and southwest of Bermuda. During September 21 and September 22, this hurricane hit the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, causing heavy damage and loss of life. In Saint Tomas about 101 ships were sunk. In Puerto Rico it destroyed most of the houses in the towns and most of the crops in the fields.


1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1819 Atlantic hurricane season, Other systems
In the aftermath of the 1815 Great Gale, the concept of a hurricane as a "moving vortex" was presented by John Farrar, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Harvard University in an 1819 paper. He was the first known to conclude that a hurricane "appears to have been a moving vortex and not the rushing forward of a great body of the atmosphere".


1810s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1810 - 1819 to Wales and its people.


1810s in sociology
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1810s.


1810–1811 Massachusetts legislature
The 31st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1810 and 1811 during the governorship of Elbridge Gerry. Harrison Gray Otis served as president of the Senate and Perez Morton served as speaker of the House.


1810–1811 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire law required a candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (10%). In the August 27, 1810 initial election, only two candidates won a majority, so a second election was held April 1, 1811 for the remaining three seats, after the congressional term began but before the Congress formally convened. The data from the source used give majorities to all the top five candidates, suggesting that the data are incomplete.


1810–1811 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
Massachusetts held its elections November 5, 1810. Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This was not met in the 15th district necessitating a second election on April 1, 1811.


1810–1811 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes
This Massachusetts elections–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1811
1811 (MDCCCXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1811th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 811th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 11th  year of the 19th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1811, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1811 German Coast uprising
The 1811 German Coast uprising was a revolt of black slaves in parts of the Territory of Orleans on January 8–10, 1811. The uprising occurred on the east bank of the Mississippi River in what is now St. John the Baptist, St. Charles and Jefferson Parishes, Louisiana. While the slave insurgency was the largest in US history, the rebels killed only two white men. Confrontations with militia and executions after trial killed 95 black people.


1811 German Coast uprising
Between 64 and 125 enslaved men marched from sugar plantations in and near present-day LaPlace on the German Coast toward the city of New Orleans. They collected more men along the way. Some accounts claimed a total of 200 to 500 slaves participated. During their two-day, twenty-mile march, the men burned five plantation houses (three completely), several sugarhouses, and crops. They were armed mostly with hand tools.


1811 German Coast uprising
White men led by officials of the territory formed militia companies, and in a battle on January 10 killed 40 to 45 of the escaped slaves while suffering no fatalities themselves, then hunted down and killed several others without trial. Over the next two weeks, white planters and officials interrogated, tried, executed and decapitated an additional 44 escaped slaves who had been captured. Executions were generally by hanging or firing squad. Heads were displayed on pikes to intimidate other slaves.


1811 German Coast uprising
Since 1995, the African American History Alliance of Louisiana has led an annual commemoration in January of the uprising, in which they have been joined by some descendants of participants in the revolt.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
The sugar boom on what was known as Louisiana's German Coast (named for immigrants in the 1720s) began after the American Revolutionary War, while the area near New Orleans was still controlled by Spain. In the 1780s, Jean Saint Malo, an escaped slave, established a colony of maroons in the swamps below New Orleans, which eventually led Spanish officials to send militia, who captured him. St. Malo became a folk hero after his execution in New Orleans on June 19, 1784.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
A decade later, during the height of the French Revolution, Spanish officials discovered a slave conspiracy at Pointe Coupee (established by French settlers around 1720 between Natchez and New Orleans). That slave uprising during the Easter holidays was suppressed before it came to fruition, and resulted in 23 executions by hanging (with the decapitated heads then displayed on the road to New Orleans) and 31 additional slaves were flogged and sent to serve hard labor in other Spanish outposts.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
After the Haitian slave revolution, planters attempted to establish similar lucrative sugarcane plantations on the Gulf Coast, resulting in a dense slave population. They converted from cotton and indigo plantations to sugar cane, so that by 1802, 70 sugar plantations produced over 3,000 tons in a year. However, they replicated the brutal conditions which had led to numerous revolts in Haiti—the high profits were made by working slaves longer hours and punishing them more brutally, so that they lived shorter lives than any other slave society in North America.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
Some accounts claimed blacks outnumbered whites by nearly five to one by 1810, and about 90% of whites in the area owned slaves. More than half of those enslaved may have been born outside Louisiana, many in Africa, where various European nations established slave trading outposts and Kongo was ripped apart by civil wars.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
After the U.S. negotiated the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, both the Marquis de Lafayette and James Monroe declined to become the Territorial Governor. President Thomas Jefferson then turned to a fellow Virginian, William C.C. Claiborne, whom he appointed on an interim basis, and who arrived in New Orleans with 350 volunteers and eighteen boats. Claiborne struggled with the area's diverse population, particularly as he spoke neither French nor Spanish. The population also included a larger proportion of native Africans among the slaves than elsewhere in the U.S.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
In addition, the mixed-race Creole and French-speaking population grew markedly with refugees from Haiti (and their slaves) following the successful Haitian slave revolution. Claiborne was not used to a society with the number of free people of color that Louisiana had, but he worked to continue their role in the militia that had been established under Spanish rule.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
Long-term French Creole residents complained to Washington, D.C. about Claiborne and new U.S. settlers in the territory, and wanted no part of President Jefferson's plan to pay 30,000 Americans to move into the new territory and amalgamate with the residents. Thus, by 1805, a delegation led by Jean Noël Destréhan went to Washington to complain about the "oppressive and degrading" form of the territorial government, but President Madison continued to support Claiborne, who had expressed great doubts about the planters' honesty and trustworthiness. Lastly, Claiborne suspected that the Spanish in nearby West Florida might encourage an insurrection. Thus, he struggled to establish and maintain his authority.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
In the overall Territory of Orleans, from 1803 to 1811, the free black population nearly tripled, to 5,000, with 3,000 arriving as migrants from Haiti (via Cuba) in 1809–1810. In Saint-Domingue they had enjoyed certain rights as gens de couleur, including owning slaves themselves. Furthermore, between 1790 and 1810, slave traders brought around 20,000 enslaved Africans to New Orleans. The masters and slaves were virtually all Catholic.


1811 German Coast uprising, Background
The waterways and bayous around New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain made transportation and trade possible, but also provided easy escapes and nearly impenetrable hiding places for runaway slaves. Some maroon colonies continued for years within several miles of New Orleans. With the spread of ideas of freedom from the French and Haitian revolutions, European-Americans worried about slave uprisings, particularly in the Louisiana area. In 1805, they heard a traveling Frenchman was preaching about liberty, equality and fraternity to the French-speaking slaves, and arrested him as dangerous.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Beginning
A group of enslaved plantation workers met on January 6, 1811. It was a period when work had relaxed on the plantations after the fierce weeks of the sugar harvest and processing. As planter James Brown testified weeks later, "The black Quamana [Kwamena, meaning "born on Saturday"], owned by Mr. Brown, and the mulatto Harry, owned by Messrs. Kenner and Henderson, were at the home of Manuel Andry on the night of Saturday–Sunday of the current month in order to deliberate with the mulatto Charles Deslondes, chief of the brigands." Slaves had spread word of the planned uprising among the slaves at plantations up and down the "German Coast", along the Mississippi River.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Beginning
The revolt began on January 8 at the Andry plantation. After striking and badly wounding Manuel Andry, the slaves killed his son Gilbert. "An attempt was made to assassinate me by the stroke of an axe," Andry wrote. "My poor son has been ferociously murdered by a horde of brigands who from my plantation to that of Mr. Fortier have committed every kind of mischief and excesses, which can be expected from a gang of atrocious bandittis of that nature."


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation
The rebellion gained momentum quickly. The 15 or so slaves at Andry's plantation, about 30 miles (50 km) upriver from New Orleans, joined another eight slaves from the next-door plantation of the widows of Jacques and Georges Deslondes. This was the home plantation of Charles Deslondes, a slave driver (overseer who was himself enslaved) later described by one of the captured slaves as the "principal chief of the brigands." Small groups of slaves joined from every plantation the rebels passed. Witnesses remarked on their organized march. They carried mostly pikes, hoes and axes, but few firearms, and they marched to drums while some carried flags. From 10–25% of any given plantation's slave population joined with them.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation
At the plantation of James Brown, Kook, one of the most active participants and key figures in the story of the uprising, joined the insurrection. At the next plantation down, Kook attacked and killed François Trépagnier with an axe. He was the second and last planter killed in the rebellion. After the band of slaves passed the LaBranche plantation, they stopped at the home of the local doctor. Finding the doctor gone, Kook set his house on fire.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation
Some planters testified at the trials in parish courts that they were warned by their slaves of the uprising. Others regularly stayed in New Orleans, where many had town houses, and trusted their plantations to overseers to run. Planters quickly crossed the Mississippi River to escape the insurrection and to raise a militia.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation
As the slave party moved downriver, they passed larger plantations, from which many slaves joined them. Numerous slaves joined the insurrection from the Meuillion plantation, the largest and wealthiest plantation on the German Coast. The rebels laid waste to Meuillion's house. They tried to set it on fire, but a slave named Bazile fought the fire and saved the house.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation
After nightfall the slaves reached Cannes-Brulées, about 15 miles (24 km) northwest of New Orleans. The men had traveled between 14 and 22 miles (23 and 35 km), a march that probably took them seven to ten hours. By some accounts, they numbered "some 200 slaves," although other accounts estimated up to 500. As typical of revolts of most classes, free or slave, the insurgent slaves were mostly young men between the ages of 20 and 30. They represented primarily lower-skilled occupations on the sugar plantations, where slaves labored in difficult conditions with a low life expectancy.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression
Despite his axe-wound, Col. Andry crossed the river to contact other planters and round up a militia, which pursued the rebel slaves. By noon on January 9, people in New Orleans had heard about the German Coast insurrection. By sunset, General Wade Hampton I, Commodore John Shaw, and Governor William C.C. Claiborne sent two companies of volunteer militia, 30 regular troops, and a detachment of 40 seamen to fight the slaves. By about 4 a.m. on January 10, the New Orleans forces had reached Jacques Fortier's plantation, where Hampton thought the escaped slaves had encamped overnight.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression
However, the escaped slaves had started back upriver about two hours before, traveled about 15 miles (24 km) back up the coast and neared Bernard Bernoudy's plantation. There, planter Charles Perret, under the command of the badly injured Andry and in cooperation with Judge St. Martin, had assembled a militia of  about 80 men from the river's opposite side. At about 9 o'clock, this local militia discovered slaves moving toward high ground on Bernoudy's plantation. Perret ordered his militia to attack the rebel slaves, which he later wrote numbered about 200 men, about half on horseback.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression
(Most accounts said only the leaders were mounted, and historians believe it unlikely the slaves could have gathered so many mounts.) Within a half-hour, 40 to 45 slaves had been killed; the remainder slipped away into the woods and swamps. Perret and Andry's militia tried to pursue them despite the difficult terrain.


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression
On January 11, militia, assisted by Native American trackers as well as hunting dogs, captured Charles Deslondes, whom Andry considered "the principal leader of the bandits." A slave driver and son of a white man and a slave, Deslondes received no trial or interrogation. Naval officer Samuel Hambleton described his execution as having his hands chopped off, "then shot in one thigh & then the other, until they were both broken – then shot in the Body and before he had expired was put into a bundle of straw and roasted!"


1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression
His cries under the torture could intimidate other escaped slaves in the marshes. The following day Pierre Griffee and Hans Wimprenn, who were thought the murderers of M. Thomassin and M. François Trépagnier, were captured, killed, and their heads hacked off for delivery to the Andry estate. Major Milton and the dragoons from Baton Rouge arrived and provided support for the militia, since Governor Hampton believed them supported by the Spanish in West Florida.


1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials
Having suppressed the insurrection, the planters and government officials continued to search for slaves who had escaped. Those captured later were interrogated and jailed before trials. Officials convened three tribunals: one at Destrehan Plantation owned by Jean Noël Destréhan in (St. Charles Parish), one in St. John the Baptist Parish, and the third in New Orleans (Orleans Parish).


1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials
The Destrehan trials, overseen by Judge Pierre Bauchet St. Martin, resulted in the execution of 18 of 21 accused slaves by firing squad. Some slaves testified against others, but others refused to testify nor submit to the all-planter tribunal.


1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials
In New Orleans, Commodore Shaw presumed that "but few of those who have been taken were acquitted." The New Orleans trials resulted in the conviction and summary executions of 11 more slaves. Three were publicly hanged in the Place d'Armes, now Jackson Square. One of those spared was a thirteen-year-old boy, who was ordered to witness another slave's death and then received 30 lashes. Another slave was treated with leniency because his uncle turned him in and begged for mercy. The sentence of a third slave was commuted because of the valuable information he had given.


1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials
The heads of the executed were put on pikes, and the mutilated bodies of dead rebels displayed to intimidate other slaves. By the end of January, nearly 100 heads were displayed on the levee from the Place d'Armes in central New Orleans along the River Road to the plantation district and Andry's plantation, nearly quadrupling the number of heads nailed to posts from New Orleans to Pointe Coupee after the 1795 slave uprising. The naval officer Samuel Hambleton described the heads posted on stakes that lined the levee as follows, "They were brung up here for the sake of their Heads, which decorate our Levee, all the way up the coast. I am told they look like crows sitting on long poles."


1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials
U.S. territorial law provided no appeal from a parish court's ruling, even in cases involving imposition of a death sentence on an enslaved individual. Governor Claiborne, recognizing that fact, wrote to the judges of each court that he was willing to extend executive clemency ("in all cases where circumstances suggest the exercise of mercy a recommendation to that effect from the Court and Jury, will induce the Governor to extend to the convict a pardon.") In fact, Gov. Claiborne did commute two death sentences, those of Henry, and of Theodore, each referred by the Orleans Parish court. No record has been found of any referral from the court in St. Charles Parish, or of any refusal by the Governor of any application for clemency.


1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Outcome
Militias killed about 95 slaves between the battle, subsequent summary apprehensions and executions, as well as by execution after trials. From the trial records, most of the leaders appeared to have been mixed-race Creoles or mulattoes, although numerous slaves were native-born Africans. Fifty-six of the slaves captured on the 10th and involved in the revolt were returned to their masters, who may have punished them but wanted their valuable laborers back to work. Thirty more slaves were captured, but returned to their masters after planters determined they had been forced to join the revolt by Charles Deslondes and his men.


1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Outcome
The heirs of Meuillon petitioned the legislature for permission to free the mulatto slave Bazile, who had worked to preserve his master's plantation. Not all the slaves supported insurrection, knowing the trouble it could bring and not wanting to see their homes and communities destroyed. As was typical of American slave insurrections, the uprising was short-lived and quickly crushed by local authorities. Showing planter influence, the legislature of the Territory of Orleans approved compensation of $300 to planters for each slave killed or executed. The Territory accepted the presence of U.S. troops after the revolt, as they were grateful for their presence. The national press covered the insurrection, with some Northerners seeing it arising out of the wrongs suffered under slavery.


1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy
The uprising started in present-day LaPlace and followed a twenty-mile trek on the old River Road through the present-day towns of Montz, Norco, New Sarpy, Destrehan, St. Rose and ended at much of what had once been the Kenner and Henderson Plantations and is now Rivertown and Louis Armstrong International Airport (named after prominent African American musician Louis Armstrong) in Kenner.


1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy
While the Destrehan Plantation tour concentrates on  architecture and white lifestyle and family histories, a small museum in a converted slave cabin (not on the standard tour) features folk paintings of the 1811 uprising. Louisiana's historical marker for the former Andry plantation mentions "Major 1811 slave uprising organized here." Despite its size and connection to the French and Haitian revolutions, the rebellion is not thoroughly covered in history books. As late as 1923, however, older black men "still relate[d] the story of the slave insurrection of 1811 as they heard it from their grandfathers."


1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy
The Whitney Plantation, in St. John the Baptist Parish, opened in 2014 and is the first plantation museum in the country dedicated to the slave experience. The Whitney Plantation includes a memorial and information to commemorate the 1811 Slave Uprising of the German Coast.


1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy
Since 1995, the African American History Alliance of Louisiana has led an annual commemoration at Norco in January, where they have been joined by some descendants of members of the revolt. In 2015, artist Dread Scott began organizing a massive re-enactment of the uprising; the 26 mile, 2-day event took place in November 2019.


1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy
The Uprising is featured in Talene Monahon's 2020 play about historical reenactment, How to Load a Musket.


1811 Independence Movement
The 1811 Independence Movement (Spanish: Movimiento de Independencia de 1811), known in El Salvador as the First Shout of Independence (Primer Grito de Independencia), was the first of a series of revolts in Central America in modern day El Salvador against Spanish colonialism and dependency on the Captaincy General of Guatemala. The independence movement was led by prominent Salvadoran and Central American figures such as José Matías Delgado, Manuel José Arce, and Santiago José Celis.


1811 Independence Movement, Prelude
At the beginning of the 19th century, agitation grew in the American territories dominated by the Spanish Crown. The previous century was dominated by the growing support of ideas of individual freedom, which characterized the Enlightenment that took place in Europe and the Americas. Most influential were the American Revolution, with the resulting liberation of the British Thirteen Colonies, and the French Revolution, which seeded the restlessness and search for freedom in the Spanish American territories under dominion of the Spanish. The appointment of Antonio Gutiérrez y Ulloa as Colonial Intendant of San Salvador on 28 June 1805 caused more unrest in San Salvador as he was seen as "infatuated" and "difficult" and was not popular with those living in the intendancy.


1811 Independence Movement, Prelude
In the Intendancy of San Salvador, many Creoles and other settlers wanted to separate control of the colony from the Captaincy General of Guatemala, largely due to economic and political reasons. Greater administrative autonomy or outright independence for San Salvador would reduce the high level of taxes paid to Spain and Guatemala and would raise finances for the colony. Napoleón Bonaparte's invasion of Spain in 1808 and the removal of Ferdinand VII from the Spanish throne created an atmosphere of unrest in San Salvador and across all the Spanish American colonies.


1811 Independence Movement, Revolt in San Salvador
The insurrectionists organized themselves along with prominent middle-class supporters of the cause of independence such as doctors and priests who took part in the event. These included doctors such as Santiago José Celis, the brothers (Nicholas, Vicente and Manuel Aguilar) and the priest José Matías Delgado. Others included Manuel José Arce, Juan Manuel Rodríguez and Pedro Pablo Castillo.


1811 Independence Movement, Revolt in San Salvador
On November 5 the revolt began in San Salvador. According to tradition, the rebels waited for a signal from the bell tower of the Church of La Merced, but this did not occur on the scheduled time. The rebels later assembled on the town square outside the church where Manuel José Arce proclaimed in front of the public: "There is no King, nor Intendant, nor Captain General. We only must obey our alcaldes," meaning that since Ferdinand VII had been deposed, all other officials appointed by him no longer legitimately held power.


1811 Independence Movement, Revolt in San Salvador
A tumult in the square grew to the point that the intendant, Gutiérrez y Ulloa, asked that the gathered name somebody to formally receive their demands. Manuel José Arce himself was chosen and selected as the leader by the crowd. Despite this, the insurrectionists took arms and proclaimed the total independence of San Salvador from the Spanish crown, but were later subdued.


1811 Independence Movement, Revolt in San Salvador
In the following days, the independence movement extended to the cities of Santiago Nonualco, Usulután, Chalatenango, Santa Ana, Tejutla and Cojutepeque. The two other notable revolts occurred on November 24 in the city of Metapán and on December 20 in Sensuntepeque.


1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath
Despite the efforts of the insurrectionists, the cause of independence was not shared by the city councils of the Intendancy . Neither San Miguel, nor San Vicente nor Santa Ana joined them. Unable to amass support, the rebels decided to negotiate with a delegation sent in from the Guatemalan capital to take control. The new Intendant Colonel José Alejandro de Aycinena, arrived on December 8 with Guatemalan troops and priests to force them to swear obedience to the crown and reclaimed the city.


1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath
The new government was well received by the majority of the population due to Aycinena's policy of understanding and nonconfrontation. However, several days later, unrest broke out in the neighboring Intendancy of Nicaragua, where uprisings broke out in León on December 13 and later in Granada on December 22. Nevertheless, both were soon suppressed.


1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath
Many of those involved in the events in El Salvador and Nicaragua were incarcerated, but José Matías Delgado was taken back with the delegation to Guatemala City. Despite his past activities, or perhaps because of them, Delgado was elected in 1813 as a representative on the Provincial Deputation of Guatemala created by the Spanish Constitution of 1812. He also became director of the Tridentino Seminary in the capital city, therefore, he was not in El Salvador at the time of the second insurrection in 1814, and so did not take part in it.


1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath
He was once again elected provincial deputy in 1820 when the Spanish Constitution was restored, and on September 15, 1821, he was among those who signed the Act of Independence of Central America in Guatemala City. On November 28, 1821, he became political chief (jefe pólitico civil) of the Province of San Salvador, and as its executive officer, he led its separation from Guatemala to prevent the former intendancy from becoming part of First Mexican Empire. Arce later became president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1825 to 1829, once full independence from both Spain and Mexico became a reality.


1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath
In El Salvador the independence movement and 1811 Revolt is officially commemorated every year on November 5 and recognized as the "First Shout for the Independence of Central America".


1811 Maryland's 6th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Maryland's 6th congressional district on October 2, 1811 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Montgomery (DR) on April 29, 1811.


1811 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district on September 23, 1811 and November 4, 1811 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Joseph Bradley Varnum (DR) upon being elected to the Senate on June 29, 1811


1811 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election, Election results
Two elections were required, due to a majority not being achieved on the first election


1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election
The 1811 Lieutenant Gubernatorial Special Election in New York was held to fill the unexpired term of the Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election, Background
Lieutenant Governor John Broome died in August 1810, and the 1777 Constitution provided for new elections if a vacancy occurred either in the Governor's or the Lieutenant Governor's office.


1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election, Candidates
The Democratic-Republican Party nominated Mayor of New York City DeWitt Clinton.


1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election, Candidates
The Federalist Party nominated former Adjutant General of New York Nicholas Fish.


1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election, Candidates
Tammany Hall nominated former Mayor of New York City Marinus Willett.


1811 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1811 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 8, 1811. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Simon Snyder won re-election over Federalist candidate William Tilghman, the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, by a wide margin. Two of the major policy goals on which Snyder campaigned were increasing spending for infrastructural upgrades and authorizing the transfer of governmental operations from Lancaster to Harrisburg.


1811 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
The University of Cambridge Chancellor election, 1811 was an election for the post of Chancellor of Cambridge University. The election was triggered by the death of the previous incumbent, Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, and it was the first contested election for the post since 1748.


1811 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
There were two candidates for the post: His Highness Prince William, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, and John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland.


1811 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1811 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.


1811 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 10. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee's examination showed that Jonas Galusha defeated Martin Chittenden to win election to a third one-year term.


1811 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Brigham defeated William Chamberlain to win his sixteenth one-year term. In this contest, one Vermont newspaper recorded the vote totals as: Paul Brigham (Democratic-Republican), 11,896 (55.8%); William Chamberlain (Federalist), 9,415 (44.2%).


1811 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his twelfth, though the vote totals were not recorded. According to contemporary newspaper articles, Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was unopposed for reelection.


1811 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.


1811 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1811 in Australia.


1811 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1811 in Chile.


1811 in Chile, Incumbents
President of the First Government Junta of Chile (1810): Mateo de Toro Zambrano (-February 26, Juan Martínez de Rozas (February 26-April 2), Fernando Márquez de la Plata (April 2-July 4)


1811 in Chile, Incumbents
President of the First National Congress:  Juan Antonio Ovalle (July 4–20), Moderate, Martin Calvo Encalada (July 20-August 11)


1811 in Chile, Incumbents
President of the Provisional Executive Authority: Martín Calvo Encalad,  (20 July-4 September), Patriot


1811 in Chile, Incumbents
President of the Executive Court: Juan Enrique Rosales (4 September–November 16)


1811 in Chile, Incumbents
President of the Provisional Government Junta: José Miguel Carrera (16 November–December 13), Patriot


1811 in New Zealand
There are still far fewer ships visiting New Zealand than before 1810. This is due to the economic depression which started in New South Wales in 1810 and continues until 1815. The concern that the Boyd massacre might be repeated abates somewhat as a number of reports that it was provoked reach Port Jackson. As more ships resume visits to the Bay of Islands they consistently report that they are well treated.


1811 in New Zealand
The sealing rush to Macquarie Island continues, and Campbell Island is also occasionally visited. Most travel via Foveaux Strait. More whalers operate off the north and east coasts of New Zealand than the previous year. A few Māori are crewing on ships and one or two visit Marsden at Parramatta.


1811 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1811 in South Africa.


1811 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1811 to Wales and its people.


1811 in birding and ornithology
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Trappist the monk (talk | contribs) at 18:23, 20 January 2020 (→top: {{lang}}: promote ISO 639-2, -3 codes to equivalent ISO 639-1 codes;). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1811 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1811.


1811 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1811 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1811 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1811 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1811.


1811 in science
The year 1811 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1811 in sports
1811 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1811 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1811 in the United Kingdom. This is a census year and the start of the British Regency.


18117 Jonhodge
18117 Jonhodge, provisional designation 2000 NY23, is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 July 2000, by astronomer of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The asteroid was named after American teacher Jonathon Hodge.


18117 Jonhodge, Orbit and classification
Jonhodge is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,318 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.


18117 Jonhodge, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1993 RK8 at La Silla Observatory in September 1993, almost 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.


18117 Jonhodge, Physical characteristics
The asteroid's spectral type is unknown. Based to its high albedo (see below), it is likely of a stony rather than carbonaceous composition.


18117 Jonhodge, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jonhodge measures 3.155 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.407.


18117 Jonhodge, Physical characteristics, Photometry
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Jonhodge has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.


18117 Jonhodge, Naming
This minor planet was named after Jonathon Hodge ("Jon Hodge") (born 1948 – January 4, 2006), a teacher of astronomy and science to college students, schoolchildren and the general public. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55722). Proposal for asteroid honor by Thor Dockweiler to Simon P. Balm (UCLA and Santa Monica College), who then submitted it to Donald Keith Yeomans at the JPL.


18117 Jonhodge, Naming, Jonathon Hodge
Hodge taught at Santa Monica College and served as the director (1976–2005) of the Santa Monica College Planetarium (now Drescher Planetarium), following an earlier period as a regular lecturer at the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. Hodge also coordinated an annual astronomical lecture series at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Hodge, along with astronomy professor "Woody" Sobel (Heywood Sobel), was instrumental in encouraging Robert P. Lozano to establish the Santa Monica Amateur Astronomy Club in 1981. Hodge was a member of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and the International Planetarium Society. Hodge in his younger years majored in astronomy and graduated from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles with a degree in the history of medieval science, a side interest that would serve him well during his career in education and planetariums.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes
The 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes (/ˈmædrɪd/) were a series of intense intraplate earthquakes beginning with an initial earthquake of moment magnitude 7.2–8.2 on December 16, 1811, followed by a moment magnitude 7.4 aftershock on the same day. Two additional earthquakes of similar magnitude followed in January and February 1812. They remain the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States east of the Rocky Mountains in recorded history. The earthquakes, as well as the seismic zone of their occurrence, were named for the Mississippi River town of New Madrid, then part of the Louisiana Territory and now within the U.S. state of Missouri.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes
The epicenters of the earthquakes were located in an area that at the time was at the distant western edge of the American frontier, only sparsely settled by European pioneers. Contemporary accounts have led seismologists to estimate that these stable continental region earthquakes were felt strongly throughout much of the central and eastern United States, across an area of roughly 50,000 square miles (130,000 km2), and moderately across nearly 3 million km2 (1 million sq mi). The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, by comparison, was felt moderately over roughly 6,200 sq mi (16,000 km2). The New Madrid earthquakes were interpreted variously by American Indian tribes, but one consensus was universally accepted; the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. For many tribes in Tecumseh's pan-Indian alliance, it meant that Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet must be supported.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks
The many more aftershocks include one magnitude 7 aftershock to the December 16, 1811, earthquake which occurred at 6:00 UTC (12:00 am local time) on December 17, 1811, and one magnitude 7 aftershock to the February 7, 1812, earthquake which occurred on the same day at 4:40 UTC (10:40 pm local time). Susan Hough, a seismologist of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), has estimated the earthquakes' magnitudes as around magnitude 7.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
John Bradbury, a fellow of the Linnean Society, was on the Mississippi on the night of December 15, 1811, and describes the tremors in great detail in his Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810 and 1811, published in 1817:


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
After supper, we went to sleep as usual: about ten o'clock, and in the night I was awakened by the most tremendous noise, accompanied by an agitation of the boat so violent, that it appeared in danger of upsetting ... I could distinctly see the river as if agitated by a storm; and although the noise was inconceivably loud and terrific, I could distinctly hear the crash of falling trees, and the screaming of the wild fowl on the river, but found that the boat was still safe at her moorings.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
By the time we could get to our fire, which was on a large flag in the stern of the boat, the shock had ceased; but immediately the perpendicular banks, both above and below us, began to fall into the river in such vast masses, as nearly to sink our boat by the swell they occasioned ... At day-light we had counted twenty-seven shocks.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
Eliza Bryan in New Madrid, Territory of Missouri, wrote the following eyewitness account in March 1812:


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
On the 16th of December, 1811, about two o'clock, a.m., we were visited by a violent shock of an earthquake, accompanied by a very awful noise resembling loud but distant thunder, but more hoarse and vibrating, which was followed in a few minutes by the complete saturation of the atmosphere, with sulphurious vapor, causing total darkness.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
The screams of the affrighted inhabitants running to and fro, not knowing where to go, or what to do—the cries of the fowls and beasts of every species—the cracking of trees falling, and the roaring of the Mississippi— the current of which was retrograde for a few minutes, owing as is supposed, to an irruption in its bed— formed a scene truly horrible.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
John Reynolds (1788–1865), the fourth governor of Illinois, among other political posts, mentions the earthquake in his biography My Own Times: Embracing Also the History of My Life (1855):


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
On the night of 16th November [sic], 1811, an earthquake occurred, that produced great consternation amongst the people. The centre of the violence was in New Madrid, Missouri, but the whole valley of the Mississippi was violently agitated. Our family all were sleeping in a log cabin, and my father leaped out of bed crying aloud "the Indians are on the house" ... We laughed at the mistake of my father, but soon found out it was worse than the Indians. Not one in the family knew at the time that it was an earthquake.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
The next morning another shock made us acquainted with it, so we decided it was an earthquake. The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed on the occasion. Our house cracked and quivered, so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys were thrown down, and the church bell in Cahokia sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said the shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskaskia in 1804, but I did not perceive it. The shocks continued for years in Illinois, and some have experienced it this year, 1855.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts
The Shaker diarist Samuel Swan McClelland described the effects of the earthquake on the Shaker settlement at West Union (Busro), Indiana, where the earthquakes contributed to the temporary abandonment of the westernmost Shaker community.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, Geologic setting
The underlying cause of the earthquakes is not well understood, but modern faulting seems to be related to an ancient geologic feature buried under the Mississippi River alluvial plain, known as the Reelfoot Rift. The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is made up of reactivated faults that formed when what is now North America began to split or rift apart during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic era (about 750 million years ago). Faults were created along the rift and igneous rocks formed from magma that was being pushed towards the surface. The resulting rift system failed, but has remained as an aulacogen (a scar or zone of weakness) deep underground.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, Geologic setting
In recent decades, minor earthquakes have continued. The epicenters of over 4,000 earthquakes can be identified from seismic measurements taken since 1974. They originate from the seismic activity of the Reelfoot Rift. The zone, colored red on the map, is called the New Madrid Seismic Zone. New forecasts estimate a 7 to 10 percent chance, in the next 50 years, of a repeat of a major earthquake like those that occurred in 1811–1812, which likely had magnitudes  between 7.6 and 8.0. A 25 to 40% chance exists, in a 50-year time span, of a magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquake.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, Geologic setting
In a report filed in November 2008, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency warned that a serious earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone could result in "the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States", further predicting "widespread and catastrophic" damage across Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and particularly Tennessee, where a 7.7 magnitude quake or greater would cause damage to tens of thousands of structures affecting water distribution, transportation systems, and other vital infrastructure.


1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, Gallery
Damage-range comparison between a moderate New Madrid zone earthquake (1895, magnitude 6.8), and a similar Los Angeles event (1994, magnitude 6.7).


1812
1812 (MDCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1812th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 812th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 12th  year of the 19th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1812, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1812 (1912 film)
1812, (Russian: 1812 год) is a 1912 Russian film directed by Vasili Goncharov, Kai Hansen and Aleksandr Uralsky, described as a "blockbuster" in the Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema.


1812 (1912 film), Plot
The film in four parts illustrates the events Patriotic War of 1812.


1812 Baltimore riots
The Baltimore riots of 1812 were a series of violent riots that occurred in the months of June and July of 1812 in Baltimore, Maryland. The riots were in response to a series of anti-war articles written in a Federalist newspaper by federalist statesman Alexander Contee Hanson after the United States had declared war on United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  during the War of 1812.


1812 Baltimore riots, Origins
At the 1808 United States presidential election the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison won his first term as the President of the United States. Madison won the vast majority of his vote outside of the Federalist stronghold of New England. In Maryland, the vote was split with nine votes for Madison and two votes for the Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney..


1812 Baltimore riots, Origins
On 18 June 1812, Madison signed off a declaration of war upon the United Kingdom, thus starting the War of 1812. Every Federalist member of congress voted against declaring war.


1812 Baltimore riots, Origins
A Federalist statesman in the Maryland House of Delegates named Alexander Contee Hanson launched the Federal Republican & Commercial Gazette newspaper in 1808. It became known as one of the nations most extreme federalist newspapers.


1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 22 June
On the night of 22 June 1812, just four days after war had been declared, an angry mob gathered outside the office of the Federal Republican newspaper. Angered by the paper's criticism of the Republican administration, the entire office was leveled to its foundations and printing apparatus' were destroyed by the mob. One of the editors narrowly escaped with his life. One of the attackers was killed as he attempted to knock out a window on the upper floor and fell with it on to the street below. The papers editor, Alexander Contee Hanson, vowed to recommence the paper to assert his rights and resist oppression. The mobs continued for several more weeks and anyone with Federalist or Pro-British views were attacked.


1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 27 July
By 27 July, Alexander Hanson had re-established the Federal Republican in the house of one of its proprietors, Mr. Wagner, and occupied it with around fifteen to twenty other men including James Lingan and Henry Lee III. Fearing that another mob may form, the men were prepared to defend the house and armed themselves with muskets, pistols and swords. Shortly after eight o' clock in the evening a mob formed outside and threw stones at the house which broke the windows and burst open the shutters.


1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 27 July
Henry Lee fired warning shots over the heads of the mob to try and frighten them away, but to no avail. The mob broke open the lower door and were fired upon, hitting and killing a man named Dr. Gale, forcing him to be dragged off by the mob. The violence continued throughout the night in which resulted in several men being wounded.


1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 28 July
Around sunrise the next day, the mob brought an artillery field piece and placed it in front of the house, but they were prevented from firing it by the arrival of mayor Edward Johnson and other officials. The men were eventually persuaded to vacate the house and taken to the Baltimore Prison under armed guard. The men were marched through the streets on the one mile journey, protected by two lines of around fifty infantry and twenty Dragoons. Some of the men were injured as protesters who lined the streets threw stones.


1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 28 July
The men were placed in the prison without armed guard, that despite the mayor promising one and stating that he would lose his own life before the men should be hurt. In the company of the mayor were three men, two named Mumma and Maxwell, one of which had a key in his hand. The men said they were acquaintances of the jailer, but the men suspected that they had bad intentions, having been seen as part of the mob before.


1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 28 July
A mob said to number around 300 soon gathered outside the prison by nightfall and managed to break in to the prison almost instantly without exertion, making the men believe that it was opened by someone with a key, possibly Mumma or Maxwell. The men attempted to rush the mob to escape, but to no avail, and nine of them were beaten for a number of hours whilst others were not recognized by the mob and managed to escape unhurt. The men had penknives stuck in-to their faces and hands and had hot candle grease poured into their eyes.


1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 28 July
James Lingan was killed and an attempt was made to cut off the nose of Henry Lee. Robert Thompson was tarred and feathered and paraded around town on the back of a cart. The men were eventually saved by a Dr. Hall, who encouraged the mob to retire until morning. Hall and four other doctors tended to the men's wounds and commandeered Carriages for the men to make their escape.


1812 Baltimore riots, Aftermath
Alexander Hanson later moved to Georgetown where he continued to publish his newspaper unmolested. He also continued his political career, elected as a Federalist to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses until his resignation in 1816. He was then elected to the United States senate in 1816 until his death on his estate in Elkridge, Maryland having never fully recovered from his injuries.


1812 Baltimore riots, Aftermath
Henry Lee suffered severe internal injuries during the violence and was in constant physical pain. He sought relief in the warmer climate of the West Indies but when his condition did not improve, he attempted to return home but died on the way on Cumberland Island in Georgia


1812 Baltimore riots, Aftermath
James Lingan was buried in Georgetown in a funeral procession that was headed by George Washington Parke Custis and attended by some of the men who survived the mob. Lingan's remains were moved many years after his death to Arlington National Cemetery.


1812 Caracas earthquake
The 1812 Caracas earthquake took place in Venezuela on March 26 (on Maundy Thursday) at 4:37 p.m. It measured 7.7 on the Richter magnitude scale. It caused extensive damage in Caracas, La Guaira, Barquisimeto, San Felipe, and Mérida. An estimated 15,000–20,000 people perished as a result, in addition to incalculable material damage.


1812 Caracas earthquake
The seismic movement was so significant that in a zone named Valecillo, a new lake was formed and the river Yurubí was dammed up. Numerous rivulets changed their course in the Caracas valley, which was flooded with dirty water.


1812 Caracas earthquake
Based on contemporary descriptions, the earthquake is believed to have consisted of two seismic shocks occurring within the span of 30 minutes. The first destroyed Caracas and the second Mérida, where it was raining when the shock occurred.


1812 Caracas earthquake, Response
The destruction in Caracas was so widespread that the Gazeta de Caracas suggested founding a new capital city in "the beautiful [...] Catia where pure air may be breathed".


1812 Caracas earthquake, Response
Since the earthquake occurred on Maundy Thursday while the Venezuelan War of Independence was raging, it was explained by royalist authorities as divine punishment for the rebellion against the Spanish Crown. The archbishop of Caracas, Narciso Coll y Prat, referred to the event as "the terrifying but well-deserved earthquake" which "confirms in our days the prophecies revealed by God to men about the ancient impious and proud cities: Babylon, Jerusalem and the Tower of Babel". This prompted the widely quoted answer of Simon Bolivar: "If Nature is against us, we shall fight Nature and make it obey".


1812 Caracas earthquake, Response
The first international assistance received by Venezuela in response to the earthquake came from the United States, "...when the congress convened in Washington decreed unanimously the sending of five ships loaded with flour, to the coasts of Venezuela to be distributed among the most indigent of its inhabitants." This $50,000 was the first-ever instance of U.S. foreign aid.


1812 Chilean constitutional referendum
A referendum on Chile's provisional constitution was held on 27 October 1812. The provisional constitution, which was successfully adopted, was written by dictator José Miguel Carrera's administration. In the document, Chile declared itself sovereign, but recognized Ferdinand VII of Spain. It prohibited the then-current junta government from performing foreign (i.e. Spanish) commands, established a Senate with seven members, permitted only Roman Catholicism as the public and private religion, but recognized a number of other personal rights and freedoms.


1812 FC Barrie
1812 FC Barrie is a Canadian semi-professional soccer club based in Barrie, Ontario that plays in League1 Ontario, beginning in 2021. The team is temporarily playing matches at Terry Fox Stadium in Brampton in 2021, as Georgian College where their home matches were scheduled to be played is temporarily closed to outside groups due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


1812 FC Barrie, History
The club's origins begin in late 2019, when local Barrie soccer fan Ronan Cordelle began campaigning to bring a professional soccer club to the city. Cordelle and fellow resident, Jacob Sanderson, began a petition to attract a club to city to play in the Canadian Premier League, which they tentatively nicknamed as the Kempenfelt Crew. The petition received widespread support including from figures such as former professional player Danny Dichio, Gambian national team coach Tom Saintfiet, Sunderland AFC chair Niall Quinn as well as several local politicians.


1812 FC Barrie, History
Cordelle reached out to Andrew Weilgus, the owner of New Jersey-based National Premier Soccer League club Atlantic City FC, over LinkedIn, who was interested in the project and familiar with the region.


1812 FC Barrie, History
In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic shut down the NPSL season, which resulted in Weilgus taking a greater interest into establishing the project and he reached out to Peter Raco, a football advisor and player agent, to further discussions about forming a new club, with Weilgus handling the branding, marketing, and development for the new club, while Raco worked reached out to League1 Ontario to discuss what was needed for the club to be eligible. The club's formation was officially announced in June 2020. The club reached out to Georgian College with the aim of playing their matches out of Georgian's J.C. Massie Field, which has seating capacity of 474, as well standing room sections that accommodate approximately 1000 spectators.


1812 FC Barrie, History
The club initially partnered with local youth team Barrie Soccer Club, who were to be responsible for technical side of 1812 FC, including hiring coaches, recruiting players, both at the senior and reserve team levels, and ultimately the on-field product. However, in early 2021, there was a reshuffling and Barrie SC left the partnership, and instead 1812 FC partnered with Innisfil Soccer Club. In June 2021, they formed a partnership with ANB Futbol, an Ontario-based soccer academy and former League1 Ontario team.


1812 FC Barrie, History
In February 2021, it was announced that the club would officially join League1 Ontario for the 2021 season. The club plans to enter a women's team in League1 Ontario beginning in 2023 or 2024. They played their first match on August 1, 2021, on the road against Vaughan Azzurri, losing 3-0. Due to restrictions put in place at Georgian College not allowing non-students onto the campus grounds, the club was forced to relocate their home matches to Terry Fox Stadium in Brampton for 2021. They got their first win on August 14, defeating the Woodbridge Strikers by a score of 5-2.


1812 FC Barrie, Club name and crests
The club's name is a reference to the city of Barrie's founding in the year 1812, as a result of the War of 1812. Weilgus wanted the club to have a Canadian sense of independence and history, and the club name is not an attempt to glorify war. The club crest features a horseshoe as a reference to the Golden Horseshoe region in Ontario and the decision to use a golden leaf is a nod to the fall season beauty of Barrie rather than to use the traditional red maple leaf seen in plenty of Canadian sides.


1812 FC Barrie, Ownership and management
The club's ownership originally was set to consist of a partnership between a variety of groups including Andrew Weilgus, Peter Raco, the Barrie Soccer Club, former Canadian national team player Julian De Guzman, and the Kempenfelt Crew supporters group. The supporter's group ownership will be in the form of a Supporters' Trust, similar to many clubs in the United Kingdom, which will give community members a long-term voice in the management of the club.


1812 FC Barrie, Ownership and management
The trust will be written into the club's constitution to prevent it from being removed with Ronan Cordelle, the original fan who created the petition to bring a team to the city, being named as the trust's director. De Guzman was also to serve as the club's president, in addition to his role as co-owner. However, in January 2021, a major shift occurred with Raco, De Guzman and the Barrie Soccer Club departed the club to form a new club named FC Barrie. 1812 FC partnered with Innisfil Soccer Club as their new community partner.


1812 FC Barrie, Ownership and management
Professional player Jeremy Hall will serve as an advisor to the club. Former Arsenal F.C. Director of scouting Francis Cagigao joined the club's board of directors and will be responsible for player development and oversee the club's international scouting and relationships. Former FC Edmonton head coach Jeff Paulus joined the club in a volunteer advisory role in 2021.


1812 FC Barrie, Notable players
The following players have either played at the professional or international level, either before or after playing for the League1 Ontario team:


1812 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district on October 5, 1812 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Howell Cobb (DR) to accept a commission as an army captain in the War of 1812 earlier that year.


1812 Homestead Farm and Museum
The 1812 Homestead Farm and Museum, sometimes known as the 1812 Homestead or the 1812 Homestead Inn, is a historic house located in Willsboro, New York, that currently operates as a living history museum.


1812 Homestead Farm and Museum
Originally constructed in 1813 as an inn, the homestead now offers tours and programming allowing the visitors to experience what life was like at that time and educates visitors on 19th-century heritage. It is also the current home of the Burt School, which was originally located in Essex.


1812 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1812 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the first gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article 3 Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.


1812 Louisiana hurricane
The 1812 Louisiana Hurricane was a major hurricane that struck New Orleans, Louisiana, during the War of 1812. It was the worst storm of the early history of New Orleans and was very likely the hurricane which made the closest landfall known to affect the city.


1812 Louisiana hurricane
It was first observed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on August 12 as a tropical disturbance, which later affected Jamaica as a tropical storm. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, it intensified into a hurricane, with winds estimated at over 115 mph (185 km/h). The circulation affected areas from the Florida Panhandle to Natchez in the Mississippi Territory, but the worst effects were in the New Orleans area. There were around 100 deaths, many of them due to drowning.


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history
On August 12, a tropical disturbance entered the Caribbean Sea to the south of Antigua, believed to have been a strong tropical wave. Moving westward, it developed into a tropical storm by August 15, based on ship observations in the region. That day, it passed to the south of Jamaica and later turned to the northwest. Due to the ongoing War of 1812, there was a British blockade of American ships, which caused a lack of observations in the region. As a result, the storm's track was uncertain, although it is believed that the system entered the Gulf of Mexico by August 18; that day, a ship reported hurricane-force winds. After moving northward, the hurricane turned to the northwest off the coast of Louisiana.


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history
Although meteorologist David Roth assessed the storm as making landfall on August 19 at Isle Dernière to the west of New Orleans, a research paper from the American Meteorological Society estimated that the hurricane moved ashore about 40 mi (60 km) southeast of New Orleans. Modern research suggests the storm was the equivalent of a major hurricane (a Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale), or with winds of at least 115 mph (185 km/h), when it made landfall. It passed just southwest of the city, becoming the closest major hurricane to New Orleans.


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history
The wind diameter was average to slightly below-average, and the forward speed was normal. Due to its movement, the hurricane likely maintained much of its strength after making landfall and by the time it affected New Orleans. The hurricane gradually weakened over land, passing near Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Natchez, Mississippi on August 20. Heavy rainfall was reported in eastern Ohio beginning on August 21, potentially from the remnants of the storm merging with a cold front.


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect
When the storm was moving through the Caribbean Sea, it produced rough seas and heavy rainfall. In Jamaica, gusty winds damaged crops, including to corn and plantains.


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect
As the storm moved ashore in Louisiana, outer rain bands produced gale-force winds and heavy damage at Pensacola, in Spanish West Florida. At Cat Island offshore of Bay St. Louis (claimed from Spain in the same year, as part of the Mississippi Territory), strong winds washed several boats ashore. Hurricane conditions began in New Orleans around 8 p.m. local time on August 19. In southeastern Louisiana, Fort St. Philip sustained heavy damage, after it was flooded. Most soldiers in the fort drowned.


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect
There was a rumor during the storm that the British took over Fort St. Philip, causing a panic in the midst of the War of 1812; however, the British fleet was scattered throughout the region, and many British ships were damaged. In New Orleans, the hurricane damaged 53 ships, and several boats were washed ashore along Lake Pontchartrain. The USS Louisiana, a cutter commissioned in 1804, was wrecked during the hurricane while at port in New Orleans, and the entire crew except for the captain was killed. Debris and bodies from the ships were dispersed along the lake's coastline. The USS Viper lost its mast while offshore during the storm. Ten people died on the ship Harlequin.


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect
The storm produced heavy rainfall, along with a powerful storm surge. Flooding up to 15 ft (4.6 m) deep was reported in New Orleans and portions of Plaquemines Parish. In the Parish, 45 people drowned, and there was heavy damage to the sugar crops. The levee system in New Orleans was heavily damaged. The strong waves washed saltwater 75 mi (121 km) up the Mississippi River. High winds damaged most buildings in New Orleans, some of which were destroyed, and most trees were blown down. The city's market house was wrecked, despite being described as "indestructible".


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect
Damage was estimated at $6 million (1812 USD), and there were around 100 deaths. Further northwest near Natchez, Mississippi, the storm's winds were strong enough to knock down trees. The barometric pressure there was 986 mbar (29.1 inHg), although the observation was not calibrated and was later corrected to 995 mbar (29.4 inHg) to account for elevation and air temperature.


1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect
In the two centuries since the hurricane, the oceans rose about 0.5 ft (0.15 m), the wetlands around New Orleans have diminished, and the elevation has dropped due to subsidence. These have increased the threat to the city of a significant hurricane strike. The 1812 hurricane was not a worst-case scenario for New Orleans, as a stronger and larger hurricane would have caused more damage. If the storm struck in 2012, one researcher estimated the hurricane would have been among the costliest Louisiana hurricanes, comparable to Hurricane Betsy in 1965 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.


1812 Massachusetts's 17th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 17th congressional district on April 6, 1812 to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of Barzillai Gannett (DR) who resigned sometime in 1812 without having served.


1812 N Moore
1812 North Moore is an office building in Arlington, Virginia, developed by Monday Properties. It was topped out in March 2013, surpassing the nearby Rosslyn Twin Towers as the tallest building in the Washington metropolitan area.


1812 N Moore
The building was completed in late 2013. In January 2017 it was announced that Nestle USA will move its headquarters into the building, which had remained vacant until that time. It was the biggest speculative development in the region during the Great Recession.


1812 N Moore, History
1812 replaces the 11-story 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, once one of the tallest buildings in the region. The developer lobbied the county to have the address renamed 1812 after the War of 1812.


1812 N Moore, History
The building was originally proposed in 2005 with 39 floors and a height of 484 feet, and a tapering design quite resembling Atago Mori Tower in Tokyo. The design was eventually shortened and simplified to its current design, which resembles 3100 Clarendon Blvd in the nearby Clarendon neighborhood.


1812 N Moore, History
Its height was controversial, due to its rivaling the nearby Washington Monument, as well as being in the flight path of Washington National Airport. While agencies such as the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission have raised objections to tall buildings in the Virginia and Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C., they have been unsuccessful in stopping construction of such buildings, as they do not have jurisdiction over those areas.


1812 New York's 6th congressional district special election
A special election was held in New York's 6th congressional district December 15–17, 1812 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Robert Le Roy Livingston (F) on May 6, 1812


1812 New York's 6th congressional district special election, Election returns
There was no opposition to Grosvenor. Grosvenor took his seat on January 29, 1813.


1812 Overture
The Year 1812 Solemn Overture, Op. 49, popularly known as the 1812 Overture, is a concert overture in E♭ major written in 1880 by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate the successful Russian defense against Napoleon's invading Grande Armée in 1812.


1812 Overture
The overture debuted in Moscow on 20 August 1882 (Julian date: 8 August 1882), conducted by Ippolit Al'tani under a tent near the then-almost-finished Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which also memorialized the 1812 defense of Russia. Tchaikovsky himself conducted another performance at the dedication of Carnegie Hall in New York City. This was one of the first times a major European composer visited the United States.


1812 Overture
The 15-minute overture is best known for its climactic volley of cannon fire, ringing chimes, and a brass fanfare finale. It has also become a common accompaniment to fireworks displays on the United States' Independence Day. The 1812 Overture went on to become one of Tchaikovsky's most popular works, along with his ballet scores to The Nutcracker, The Sleeping Beauty, and Swan Lake.


1812 Overture, Instrumentation
The 1812 Overture is scored for an orchestra that consists of the following:


1812 Overture, Instrumentation
The carillon is sometimes replaced with tubular bells or recordings of carillons, or even church bells. In the sections that contain cannon shots, actual cannons are sometimes replaced by recorded cannons or played on a piece of staging, usually with a large wooden mallet or sledgehammer as in the Mahler 6th. The bass drum and gong/tam-tam are also regularly used as cannon substitutes or adjuncts in indoor performances.


1812 Overture, Instrumentation
In his 1966 Deutsche Grammophon recording, Herbert von Karajan scored the first 02'43" (or 36 bars) for voices instead of strings at the start and the subsequent dialogue between strings and woodwind, adding the Russian Orthodox plainchant God Preserve Thy People text to the melody and slightly rearranging the texture to suit voices a capella rather than instruments. The American conductor Igor Buketoff, son of a Russian Orthodox priest, went a stage further on his 1960s RCA Victrola recording with the New Philharmonia Orchestra. Not only did he deploy voices for the opening chant but he also had a children's chorus sing the folk tune By the Gates and brought the choir back to bolster the chant and the Russian Imperial national anthem God Save the Tsar!.


1812 Overture, Composition, Historical background: Napoleon's invasion of Russia
On 7 September 1812, at Borodino, 120 km (75 mi) west of Moscow, Napoleon's forces met those of General Mikhail Kutuzov in a concerted stand made by Russia against the seemingly invincible French Army. The Battle of Borodino saw casualties estimated as high as 100,000 and the French were masters of the field. It was, however, ultimately a pyrrhic victory for the French invasion.


1812 Overture, Composition, Historical background: Napoleon's invasion of Russia
With resources depleted and supply lines overextended, Napoleon's weakened forces moved into Moscow, which they occupied with no delegation to receive the conquerors. Expecting capitulation from the displaced Tsar Alexander I, the French instead found themselves in a barren and desolate city. To make things worse, 48 hours after Napoleon's entry to the Russian capital, three quarters of Moscow were burned to the ground.


1812 Overture, Composition, Historical background: Napoleon's invasion of Russia
Deprived of winter stores, Napoleon had to retreat. Beginning on 19 October and lasting well into December, the French Army faced several overwhelming obstacles on its long retreat: famine, typhus, frigid temperatures, harassing cossacks, and Russian forces barring the way out of the country. Abandoned by Napoleon in November, the Grande Armée was reduced to one-tenth of its original size by the time it reached Poland and relative safety.


1812 Overture, Composition, Historical background: Napoleon's invasion of Russia
In 1869, the full edition of War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy was published. The novel reported a very accurate description of the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, reviving memories of the Russian resistance. This led to the commissioning of new monuments, paintings and also of new musical compositions, including Tchaikovsky's.


1812 Overture, Composition, Commission
The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, commissioned in 1812 by Tsar Alexander I to commemorate the Russian victory, was nearing completion in Moscow in 1880; the 25th anniversary of the coronation of Alexander II would be at hand in 1881; and the 1882 All-Russia Arts and Industry Exhibition at Moscow was in the planning stage. Tchaikovsky's friend and mentor Nikolai Rubinstein suggested that he write a grand commemorative piece for use in related festivities. Tchaikovsky began work on the project on 12 October 1880, finishing it six weeks later.


1812 Overture, Composition, Commission
Organizers planned to have the overture performed in the square before the cathedral, with a brass band to reinforce the orchestra, the bells of the cathedral, and all the others in downtown Moscow playing "zvons" (pealing bells) on cue—and cannons, fired from an electric switch panel to achieve the precision the musical score required. However, this performance did not take place, possibly due in part to the over-ambitious plan. Regardless, the assassination of Alexander II that March deflated much of the impetus for the project. In 1882, during the All-Russia Arts and Industry Exhibition, the Overture was performed in a tent next to the unfinished cathedral. The cathedral was completed on 26 May 1883.


1812 Overture, Composition, Commission
Meanwhile, Tchaikovsky complained to his patron Nadezhda von Meck that he was "... not a conductor of festival pieces," and that the Overture would be "... very loud and noisy, but [without] artistic merit, because I wrote it without warmth and without love." He put it together in six weeks. It is this work that would make the Tchaikovsky estate exceptionally wealthy, as it is one of the most performed and recorded works from his catalog.


1812 Overture, Composition, Commission
In Russia during the Communist era, the Tsar's anthem melody was replaced with the chorus "Glory, Glory to you, holy Rus'!" (Славься, славься, святая Русь!) from the finale of Mikhail Glinka's opéra A Life for the Tsar; a historical drama about a patriotic commoner, Ivan Susanin. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War, the original score returned.


1812 Overture, Composition, Adaptation in other contexts
As a rousing patriotic hymn, the Overture has subsequently been adapted into and associated with other contexts than that of the Russian resistance to Napoleon's invasion. The 1812 Overture is popularly known in the United States as a symbol of the United States Independence Day, a tradition that dates to a 1974 choice made by Arthur Fiedler for a performance of 4 July of the Boston Pops.


1812 Overture, Composition, Adaptation in other contexts
The piece was parodied by composer Malcolm Arnold in A Grand, Grand Overture which features 4 rifles, three Hoover vacuum cleaners (two uprights in B♭ and one horizontal with detachable sucker in C), and an electric floor polisher in E♭; it is dedicated to President Hoover.


1812 Overture, Structure
The piece begins with the simple, plaintive Russian melody of the Eastern Orthodox Troparion of the Holy Cross (also known as "O Lord, Save Thy People") played by four cellos and two violas. This represents the Russian people praying for a swift conclusion to the invasion. Then, the French National anthem, "La Marseillaise", is heard, representing the invading French army. Then, the melody of "La Marseillaise" is heard competing against Russian folk music, representing the two armies fighting each other as the French got closer and closer to Moscow.


1812 Overture, Structure
At this point, five cannon shots are heard, representing the Battle of Borodino. This is where "La Marseillaise" is most prominent, and seems to be winning. After this, a long descending run represents the French army retreating out of Moscow as the freezing winter winds rage on. At the end of this run the hymn that the piece begins with is repeated. This can be interpreted as prayers being answered. The grand finale culminates with eleven more cannon shots and the melody of God Save the Tsar!.


1812 Overture, Structure, Anachronism of nationalist motifs
Although La Marseillaise was chosen as the French national anthem in 1795, it was banned by Napoleon in 1805 and would not have been played during the Russian campaign. It was reinstated as the French Anthem in 1879—the year before the commission of the overture—which can explain its use by Tchaikovsky in the overture. Veillons au salut de l'Empire, which served as the unofficial anthem of Napoleon I's regime, had been largely forgotten by 1882, while educated Russians of the time were likely to be familiar with the tune of La Marseillaise and recognize its significance.


1812 Overture, Structure, Anachronism of nationalist motifs
Although God Save the Tsar! was the Russian national anthem in Tchaikovsky's time, it had not been written in 1812. There was no official Russian anthem until 1815, from which time until 1833 the anthem was Molitva russkikh, "The Prayer of the Russians," sung to the tune of God Save the King.


1812 Overture, Structure, Themes
O Lord, Save thy People represents the praying for deliverance from the invading army. A part of this hymn translates to "Grant victory to all Orthodox Christians over their enemies." By including this hymn in the piece, Tchaikovsky is suggesting that God granted the Orthodox Russians victory over the French imperial troops. Later in the piece when La Marseillaise is played, it seems as though the Russians will lose the battle. Then O Lord, Save thy People, along with God Save the Tsar!, is played powerfully in the brass section with a strong display of chimes in the background. The ringing chimes are written to represent the bells of Moscow. The Bells of Moscow hold significance, because in the Russian Orthodox religion, the bells symbolize the voice of God.


1812 Overture, Performance practice
In a live performance, the logistics of safety and precision in placement of the shots require either well-drilled military crews using modern cannon, or the use of sixteen pieces of muzzle-loading artillery, since any reloading schemes, to attain the sixteen shots, or even a semblance of them, in the two-minute time span involved, makes safety and precision impossible with 1800s artillery. Time lag alone precludes implementation of cues for the shots for fewer than sixteen 1812-era field pieces.


1812 Overture, Recording history
The earliest traceable orchestral recording, which does not include the shots and features no percussion apart from bells, was by the Royal Albert Hall Orchestra conducted by Landon Ronald, and issued by His Master's Voice on three 12-inch 78-rpm sides in 1916. A Royal Opera Orchestra recording of about the same time similarly contains no shots at all.


1812 Overture, Recording history
Antal Doráti's 1954 Mercury Records recording with the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, partially recorded at West Point, and using the Yale Memorial Carillon in New Haven, Connecticut, uses a Napoleonic French single muzzleloading cannon shot dubbed in 16 times as written. On the first edition of the recording, one side played the Overture and the other side played a narrative by Deems Taylor about how the cannon and bell effects were accomplished. (Later editions placed the commentary after the performance on side 1 and the Capriccio Italien on side 2.)