177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War
Therefore, the 59th Division, as the most junior of all the British infantry divisions fighting in France, was broken up in late August in order to provide replacements for other British divisions of the 21st Army Group. The 177th Brigade ceased to exist by 26 August 1944 and the battalions were broken up and sent to other infantry units.


177th Airlift Squadron
The 177th Airlift Squadron (177 AS) is a unit of the 119th Wing of the North Dakota Air National Guard, stationed at Fargo Air National Guard Base, North Dakota. The 177th is equipped with the C-21A Learjet.


177th Airlift Squadron, Overview
The 177th Airlift Squadron accomplishes several missions including operational support airlift, transportation of distinguished visitors, and a responsive aeromedical airlift system to move eligible patients.


177th Airlift Squadron, History
The squadron was authorized in 2008 and activated at Fargo Air National Guard Base when the 178th Airlift Squadron of the 119th Airlift Wing was equipped with MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicles. The 178th was redesignated the 178th Reconnaissance Squadron and the C-21A Learjets it formerly operated being were transferred to the new 177th Airlift Squadron. Support equipment and personnel from the 178th were also reassigned to the 177th.


177th Airlift Squadron, History
In 2009, the 177th deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. It was the first deployment into a combat zone for a unit of the North Dakota Air National Guard. The squadron transported more than 400 service members during their two-month-long rotation in theater. They accomplished this by flying more than 200 sorties during 90 missions as part of the 379th Expeditionary Operations Group.


177th Armored Brigade (United States)
The 177th Armored Brigade is an AC/RC unit based at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit was formerly designated as 3rd Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of First Army.


177th Armored Brigade (United States), Decorations
For further information see The Brigade, A History by John J. McGrath from the Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.


177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF
The 177th (Simcoe Foresters) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force raised during the First World War by the 35th Simcoe Foresters. Based in Barrie, Ontario and later at Camp Borden, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Simcoe County, Ontario. The battalion arrived at Camp Borden on 3 July 1916 where it trained until sailing to England in May 1917. The battalion was absorbed into the 3rd Reserve Battalion on May 14, 1917. The 177th (Simcoe Foresters) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. B. McPhee, and is perpetuated by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO
The 177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO (Russian: 177-й истребительный авиационный полк ПВО; Military Unit Number 10232) was a fighter regiment of the Soviet Air Defense Forces (Russian: Войска́ противовозду́шной оборо́ны; PVO) during World War II and the Cold War, later becoming part of the Russian Air Defense Forces and finally the Russian Air Force.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO
After completing its formation in July 1941, the 177th provided air defense for Moscow during World War II. It began the war equipped with the Polikarpov I-16 fighter, converting to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter in late 1941. After the front had moved far away from Moscow, the regiment was re-equipped with Supermarine Spitfire fighters in late 1944. It moved northeast to an airfield near Yaroslavl, 250 kilometers (160 mi) from Moscow, in the late 1940s, receiving Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 jet fighters, which were swiftly replaced by Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO
In mid-1950, the regiment relocated to the Soviet Far East before deploying to northeast Manchuria with the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps, part of the first rotation of Soviet air units in the Korean War. The regiment fought over Korea until returning to the Soviet Union in February 1951. It was stationed in Leningrad Oblast, successively operating the Sukhoi Su-9, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, and Sukhoi Su-27 as interceptors from Lodeynoye Pole before its disbandment in 2009 as part of Russian Air Force reforms.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II
The 177th Fighter Aviation Regiment (IAP) was formed between 10 May and 15 July 1941 at Klin as part of the Air Forces (VVS) of the Moscow Military District. It was raised from cadres drawn from the 11th, 34th, and 120th Fighter Aviation Regiments in accordance with an order of 27 March, and included three squadrons of three flights each for a nominal strength of 30 Polikarpov I-16 fighters. On 16 July, after completing its formation, the regiment joined the 6th


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II
Fighter Aviation Corps (IAK) of the Moscow Air Defense Zone and began combat operations in World War II, following the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June, and the subsequent German advance towards Moscow. It provided air cover for the city of Moscow and ground troops, often flying night missions. Captain I.D. Samsonov claimed the regiment's first known victory on 26 July, a Junkers Ju 88 bomber in the vicinity of Lenino station. Four days later, the regiment received a squadron of 15 pilots from the 27th Fighter Aviation Regiment.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II
The squadron commander, Major Mikhail Ivanovich Korolyov, was promoted to command the regiment. On 7 August, I-16 pilot Junior Lieutenant Viktor Talalikhin made the first Soviet night ramming attack when he downed a Heinkel He 111 bomber over Moscow; he was made a Hero of the Soviet Union for the action. With three victories in the Winter War and four victories in World War II, Talalikhin was the regiment's only I-16 ace.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II
Around early September 1941, the 177th began re-equipping with new Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighters, after transferring its few remaining I-16s to the 11th, 34th, and 120th IAPs. At this time the regiment was reinforced by 42 sergeant pilots, new graduates of accelerated wartime training courses. These pilots were trained at Dubrovitsy airfield near Podolsk on UTI-4s (I-16 training variant) and I-16s, the best being sent on night missions. The regimental political officer, Battalion Commissar N.L. Khodyrev, flew a MiG from the unit at night for the first time on 31 August.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II
By the end of September, half of the I-16s had been replaced by MiGs, and nine of its pilots were assessed as combat ready. After Operation Typhoon, the German offensive on Moscow, began in early October, the regiment temporarily joined the 77th Mixed Aviation Division of the VVS, operating in the southern defensive sector. It flew regular patrols along the Moscow–Warsaw road, its first victory being credited to Senior Lieutenant Samodurov and his wingman, Junior Lieutenant Muravyev, who claimed the downing of a Henschel Hs 126 reconnaissance aircraft. Two MiG-3 pilots from the regiment, Senior Lieutenant Alexander Pechenevsky, and Lieutenant Ivan Tyabin, became MiG-3 aces after each claimed five solo victories and three shared victories.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II
On 5 April 1942, as part of the 6th IAK, the 177th joined the Moscow Air Defense Front. From 21 September to 1 November, a group of 20 MiG-3s from the regiment fought on the front, operationally subordinated to the 106th Fighter Aviation Division (IAD) of the Bologoye Air Defense Region. The 177th returned to the 6th IAK on 1 November. On 9 June 1943, when the corps reorganized into the 1st Fighter Air Defense Army, the regiment joined the newly formed 319th Fighter Aviation Division.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II
The front was reorganized as the Special Moscow Air Defense Army on 4 July, becoming part of the Western Air Defense Front. On 1 October, as the front moved far from Moscow, the 177th was excluded from the active army (forces directly engaging in combat or close to combat zones). In late 1944, the regiment began to re-equip with British Lend-Lease Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX fighters.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II
During the war, the 177th flew 4,708 missions, conducted 172 air battles, and claimed 78 enemy aircraft downed. It was credited with destroying three tanks, 40 vehicles, an anti-aircraft battery, and ten anti-aircraft guns on ground-attack missions, for the loss of 18 pilots: three were killed in air combat, two were lost to anti-aircraft fire, ten failed to return from missions, and three were non-combat losses. The unit lost 33 aircraft, 22 in combat.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II, Commanders
The following officers commanded the regiment during World War II:


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years
On 9 September 1948, the 177th was transferred to the 303rd Fighter Aviation Division of the 19th Fighter Aviation Army's 31st Fighter Aviation Corps at Yaroslavl's Dyadkovo airfield. In December, it began re-equipping with Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 jet fighters. The regiment began re-equipping with new Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighters in March 1950. On 7 July, with the 303rd IAD, the regiment arrived at Vozdvizhenka in the Far Eastern Military District, leaving its aircraft behind.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years
The 177th was transferred out of the division on 18 September, and was based at Sanshilipu in the People's Republic of China, to cover the main People's Liberation Army Navy base at Dalian. On 6 October, the regiment joined the 50th Fighter Aviation Division (the former 106th IAD), receiving 30 new MiG-15bis fighters.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War
The 50th IAD became part of the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps in November 1950, flying missions from airfields in northeastern Manchuria (part of northeast China) against UN aircraft in an area that became known as MiG Alley during the Korean War. The 50th was part of the first rotation of Soviet aviation units of the corps, and had its red stars replaced by Korean People's Army Air Force roundels. On 20 November, the regiment flew from Sanshilipu to Anshan, under the command of Colonel V. Ia. Terentyev.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War
It was not yet combat ready, and spent the next weeks familiarizing itself with the area of operations and practicing formation flying. It also had to wait for the arrival of more drop tanks after the other regiment of the division, the 29th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, began flying combat missions on 30 November.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War
Pilots from the regiment flew their first combat sortie on 12 December, but did not encounter enemy aircraft. A squadron from the regiment moved forward to Antung on 15 December and began flying missions, and was joined by the two remaining squadrons on 25 December. The 177th's pilots first met enemy aircraft on 17 December, but the action concluded without result. The deputy commander of the regiment's 1st Squadron, Captain Nikolay Vorobyov, was the second Soviet airman to claim a North American F-86 Sabre fighter downed on 22 December, but this claim was the first corroborated by American records. Later that day, eight aircraft from the 2nd Squadron, still flying from Anshan, dueled with 16 Sabres, claiming three kills with the loss of two MiGs and a pilot, although the USAF did not report any losses for this engagement.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War
On 27 December, eight MiGs of the 1st Squadron and several from the 3rd Squadron scrambled to intercept an American raid in the Chongju station area of Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star fighter-bombers escorted by Sabres. A 1st Squadron pilot claimed a Sabre downed, which was not corroborated by the USAF. Six aircraft from the 2nd Squadron took off following the other two squadrons, Captain Mikhail Fomin downing an F-80 of the 25th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron after the MiGs bypassed the Sabre escort. During the month, the regiment's pilots flew half of the division's 452 combat sorties, claiming to have downed eight F-86s and two F-80s for the loss of two MiGs and one pilot.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War
The 177th flew missions on 3 and 6 January 1951, but did not encounter enemy aircraft. On 10 January, a lone Boeing RB-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft was intercepted and reported to have been downed in the Anju area by pilots from the 1st Squadron under Major Pavel Mikhailov, the only enemy aircraft encountered in early January; no RB-29 was recorded as lost by the USAF on that date.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War
Six pilots from the 2nd Squadron led by Fomin reported an engagement with four Republic F-84 Thunderjet fighter-bombers over Kaesong Station in the Anju area on 20 January, and claimed to have shot down one. The next day, nine pilots from the 3rd Squadron reported an engagement with eight F-84s, claiming to have downed four. None of these claims were corroborated by the USAF.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War
The regiment's three squadrons fought on 24 January 1951 against what they estimated as 30 F-80s and F-84s, and claimed to have downed an F-80 and an F-84 without loss; these claims were uncorroborated by the USAF. In January, the 177th reported that it had downed eleven aircraft, including one RB-29, three F-80s, and seven F-84s, at the cost of three MiGs damaged in 200 individual sorties and five group combats. On 3 February, on a patrol by 10 MiGs from the 1st Squadron under Mikhailov, two F-80s were reported by pilots to have been shot down north of Sinuiju; these claims were uncorroborated by the USAF.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War
The 177th IAP flew its last combat sortie on 6 February 1951, ending its tour. Turning its aircraft over to the replacement 151st Guards Fighter Aviation Division, the regiment moved back to Anshan before leaving for the Soviet Union within several days. During its combat tour, the IAP flew over 400 sorties, conducted 13 air battles, and was credited with downing 24 UN aircraft, including one bomber, fifteen fighter-bombers, and eight fighters, as well as three probables. The regiment lost one pilot and two MiGs. Mikhailov and Fomin were the regiment's highest-scoring pilots, each with three victories.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China
On 3 March 1951, the 177th arrived in Leningrad Oblast from China with the division and became part of the 50th Fighter Aviation Army, stationed at Levashovo. It transferred to the 20th Fighter Aviation Division at Gromovo in early 1956. In 1960, the regiment relocated to Lodeynoye Pole, receiving new Sukhoi Su-9 interceptors to provide air defense for Leningrad against NATO aircraft. After the 20th IAD disbanded in 1961, the 177th joined the 18th Air Defense Corps of the 6th Independent Air Defense Army. From 1980, it was successively re-equipped with Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23M, MiG-23ML, and MiG-23MLD fighters.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China
The regiment  became part of the 54th Air Defense Corps of the 6th Independent Air Defense Army in 1986 and then the 6th Air and Air Defense Forces Army in 1998. In November 1990, according to CFE Treaty data, the regiment had 38 MiG-23MLD aircraft. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991, the regiment became part of the new Russian Air Defense Forces. Between 1993 and 1994, it was re-equipped with Sukhoi Su-27 fighters. On 1 January 2000, the regiment fielded 29 Su-27s, according to CFE Treaty data. On 25 December 2002, the regiment received the honorific "Moscow" in honor of its air defense of the capital during World War II.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China
On 15 September 2005, 177th IAP deputy squadron commander Major Valery Troyanov crashed his Su-27 into a field in western Lithuania while flying to Kaliningrad Oblast for a training exercise alongside six fighters, beginning an international incident. Troyanov had lost contact with the other aircraft and Russian ground control, straying 200 kilometers (120 mi) from the planned route into Lithuanian airspace and remaining there for 20 minutes.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China
The aircraft was briefly picked up and lost multiple times by obsolete Lithuanian radar, and two German Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs, based in Lithuania as part of NATO's Baltic Air Policing deployment, sortied to intercept it. After running out of fuel, Troyanov ejected from his aircraft before it crashed; the F-4s did not intercept the aircraft until it had already nosedived. Troyanov was questioned by Lithuanian officials conducting an investigation into the circumstances of the crash and repatriated to Russia in October at the conclusion of the investigation.


177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China
A warehouse fire sparked by a cigarette butt at Lodeynoye Pole destroyed a hundred air-to-air missiles belonging to the regiment in May 2008, resulting in damage worth 766.3 million rubles. In late 2009, the 177th was disbanded during the reform of the Russian Air Force.


177th Fighter Wing
The 177th Fighter Wing (177 FW) is a unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard, stationed at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base, New Jersey. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


177th Fighter Wing
The 119th Fighter Squadron assigned to the Wings 177th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 5th Aviation School Squadron (later 119th Aero Squadron), established on 5 June 1917. It was reformed on 30 January 1930, as the 119th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


177th Fighter Wing, Mission
Federal Mission: provide combat-ready citizen airmen, aircraft and equipment for worldwide deployment in support of United States Air Force objectives.


177th Fighter Wing, Mission
State Mission: support the citizens of New Jersey by protecting life and property, preserving the peace, order, and public safety when called upon by the Governor.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
On 15 October 1962, the New Jersey Air National Guard 119th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 177th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 119th TFS became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 117th Headquarters, 117th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 177th Combat Support Squadron, and the 177th USAF Dispensary.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
In January 1968, a new crisis, the seizure of the American ship USS Pueblo by North Korean forces, and the 119th was called to active duty. In May 1968, the 119th TFS was assigned to the 113th Tactical Fighter Wing, District of Columbia Air National Guard and stationed at Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina when the active-duty 354th TFW was deployed to South Korea. Group personnel were spread throughout the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, and South Vietnam. The 177th TFW was placed in non-operational status. The 177th TFG was reformed at Atlantic City airport in June 1969, and returned to New Jersey State control. The 119th TFS transitioned into the F-105 "Thunderchief" in 1970.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
In 1972, the National Guard Bureau announced that the 177 TFG would be assigned to the Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) and be responsible for protecting the United States from airborne attacks, and so was re-designated as the 177th Fighter-Interceptor Group and 119th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. In 1973, the unit transitioned to the F-106 "Delta Dart" all-weather interceptor and assumed alert status the following year. In 1979 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated and the group was reassigned to Air Defense Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), and then again changed to a numbered Air Force, First Air Force in 1985.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
October 1984, the 177th FIG participated in the air defense community's Worldwide Weapons Meet, known as "William Tell", at Tyndall AFB, Florida. The unit captured the Special Achievement Award for Professionalism and Team Spirit, Overall Best Looking Aircraft, Best F-106 Team, Major Richard I. Bong Fighter Interceptor Award, Top Gun Award, F-106 Category Best Looking Aircraft Award, the Pratt and Whitney Award, the Sperry Corporation Award, and the General Dynamics Corporation Award.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
In July 1988 the 177th started receiving their first F-16C Fighting Falcon's, a compact, multi-role fighter aircraft. The initial F-16A/B's were of the block 15 type, replacing the aging F-106 in the air defense role. Since this was the primary role of the unit, it was decided to upgrade these airframes with the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) option. To that date the unit also flew some F-106s aside the F-16. The 119th FS was the last USAF unit to withdraw the F-106 from operational duty.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
In 1994 the squadron started trading in their ADF version of the Falcon for the more advanced block 25 version. In September 2007 the first USAF F-16Cs to be retired to AMARG were from the 119th FS who sent two to the desert boneyard. Replacing the ageing block 25s were the not much newer block 30s. During this transition the mission of the squadron remained. This being a double task as an air defense squadron in the northern section of the US and as a multirole squadron to carry out contingency operations abroad.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
During Operation Desert Shield/Storm, 73 members of the 177 FIG were called to active duty, and others served as volunteers. Fire fighters and Food Services personnel from the 177th Civil Engineering Squadron, elements of the 177th USAF Clinic, members of the Transportation section of the 177th Resource Management Squadron, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal personnel from the Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron provided backfill at various bases whose members had been deployed to Saudi Arabia. Those activated from the 177th Security Police Flight served at home station. And the 177th Chaplain's Assistant completed a five-month tour of active duty in Saudi Arabia. All members were returned to normal Guard status at home base by July 1991.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
Since October 1998, the wing has had an active involvement in Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Freedom's Sentinel, and Operation Inherent Resolve.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
From 1 May through 13 June 1998, the wing deployed five F-16C Fighting Falcon aircraft and 46 personnel to Howard AFB, Panama, in support of OPERATION CORONET NIGHTHAWK. 130 personnel rotated on a two-week basis during the six-week deployment. Operating as part of a joint interagency task force, the wing's role was to detect and identify suspected drug smuggling aircraft. Once identified, the suspected aircraft are turned over to law enforcement agencies for apprehension.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
As a result of the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 the Wing found itself in a key position. Located between New York and Washington DC, the 119th FS was immediately tasked with providing combat air patrols over cities in its region. In fact three aircraft were scrambled to intercept the aircraft that impacted the Pentagon, but were too late. They were then vectored to intercept flight 93 which eventually crashed in Pennsylvania. Although these three pilots did not know it at the time they would have been given authorization to down the airliners once intercepted. Following the attacks, the 119th FS began flying missions for Operation Noble Eagle. On 12 July 2002 the squadron flew its 1000th mission for Operation Nobel Eagle. From that year they also started to contribute in other overseas contingency operations.


177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission
The Fighter Wing has earned numerous awards to include the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the 2016-2017 and the 2018-2019 periods. In 2019, the 177th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS) was recognized as the Air National Guard top maintenance unit when it won the Category 1 Maintenance Effectiveness Award. The 177th Medical Group earned the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 2009.


177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron
The 177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron is a unit of the 184th Intelligence Wing of the Kansas Air National Guard stationed at McConnell Air Force Base, Wichita, Kansas. The 177th is a non-flying squadron which trains in cyber warfare.


177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron, Overview
The mission of the squadron is to attack American military networks, to discover vulnerabilities before a real enemy does.


177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron, Overview
The Information Warfare Aggressor role is similar to the "tiger teams" commercial firms hire (and the air force pioneered) to test the defenses of corporate networks. The two aggressor squadrons have increased the quality and quantity of attacks that can be launched against U.S. systems, to see how well the defenses hold up. Members of the squadron then analyze the results of their attack. Finally, the aggressor hackers tell the sysadmins and other concerned personnel of the target unit what they did wrong, and why.


177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron, History
On 1 February 1984, the 177th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was established with the unit flying McDonnell F-4 Phantom IIs as a formal training unit. It conducted its first student training class the same year. The squadron converted to the General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon in 1990 and the F-16CC and F-16Din 1992. It was inactivated on 1 August 1994 when the F-16s were withdrawn from McConnell and its parent group became a bomber unit flying B-1B Lancers.


177th Military Police Brigade (United States)
The 177th Military Police Brigade (Combat Support) is a military police brigade of the United States Army based in Taylor, Michigan. It is the largest component of the Michigan Army National Guard.


177th Military Police Brigade (United States), History
The 177th Military Police Brigade was first organized on 14 June 1921 in the Michigan National Guard at Detroit as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1st Separate Squadron, Cavalry. It was redesignated on 1 July 1921 as Headquarters Detachment, 1st Squadron, 106th Cavalry, an element of the 22nd Cavalry Division. The unit was reorganized and redesignated on 10 April 1929 as Troop I, 106th Cavalry. It converted and was redesignated on 20 September 1940 as Battery E, 210th Coast Artillery, and subsequently relieved from assignment to the 22nd Cavalry Division.


177th Military Police Brigade (United States), History
It was inducted into Federal service on 24 February 1941 at Detroit before being reorganized and redesignated on 14 February 1944 as Battery A, 593rd Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion. It inactivated on 1 November 1944 at Camp Howze, Texas.


177th Military Police Brigade (United States), History
The unit was reformed on 20 January 1947 at Detroit as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 46th Division Artillery. It reorganized and was redesignated on 1 April 1960 as Headquarter and Headquarters Battery, 46th Infantry Division Artillery. It was ordered into active Federal service on 24 July 1967 at Detroit; and released from active Federal service on 2 August 1967 at which point it reverted to state control. It was reorganized and redesignated on 1 February 1968 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 157th Artillery Group, and relieved from assignment to the 46th Infantry Division. It was redesignated on 1 February 1972 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 157th Field Artillery Group.


177th Military Police Brigade (United States), History
The unit was converted and redesignated on 1 April 1976 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 177th Military Police Group. It received its distinctive unit insignia on 5 January 1977. It was reorganized and redesignated on 7 November 1985 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 177th Military Police Brigade. It received a shoulder sleeve insignia on 29 June 1988. The unit relocated on 1 September 1991 to Taylor.


177th New York Infantry Regiment
The 177th New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. "10th New York National Guard") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


177th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 177th New York Infantry was organized at Albany, New York, on September 16, 1862 when the 10th New York National Guard was accepted for federal service. The regiment mustered in November 21, 1862, for nine-months service under the command of Colonel Ira W. Ainsworth.


177th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to September 1863.


177th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 177th New York Infantry mustered out September 10, 1863 and discharged September 24, 1863.


177th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to the Department of the Gulf, and left New York for New Orleans, La., December 16, 1862. Duty at New Orleans and Carrollton, Louisiana, until March 1863. Scout to Pass Manchac, February 8–11 (detachment). Advance on Ponchatoula March 21–24. Expedition to Amite River March 24–30. Duty at Bonnet Carre until May 7. Expedition to Amite River May 7–19. Action at Civique's Ferry May 10. Moved to Baton Rouge May 20, then to Port Hudson, Louisiana. Siege of Port Hudson May 24 – July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 – June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Duty at and near Port Hudson until August 22. March to Baton Rouge, then ordered home for muster out.


177th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 161 men during service; 2 officers and 7 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 149 enlisted men died of disease.


177th New York State Legislature
The 177th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4, 1967, to May 25, 1968, during the ninth and tenth years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down several decisions establishing that State legislatures should follow the One man, one vote rule to apportion their election districts. A special Federal Statutory Court declared the New York apportionment formulae for both the State Senate and the State Assembly unconstitutional, and the State Legislature was ordered to re-apportion the seats by April 1, 1965.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
The court also ruled that the 1964 legislative election should be held under the 1954 apportionment, but those elected could serve only for one year (in 1965), and an election under the new apportionment should be held in November 1965. Senators John H. Hughes and Lawrence M. Rulison (both Rep.) questioned the authority of the federal court to shorten the term of the 1964 electees, alleging excessive costs for the additional election in an off-year.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
The lame-duck Legislature of 1964 met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany from December 15 to 31, 1964, to re-apportion the legislative districts for the election in November 1965, gerrymandering the districts according to the wishes of the Republican majority before the Democrats would take over the Legislature in January. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased to 65, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 165. County representation was abandoned in favor of population-proportional districts, and the new Assembly districts were numbered from 1 to 165.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On February 1, 1965, the United States Supreme Court confirmed the Federal Statutory Court's order to elect a new New York Legislature in November 1965.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On April 14, 1965, the New York Court of Appeals declared the apportionment of December 1964 as unconstitutional, citing that the New York Constitution provides expressly that the Assembly shall have 150 seats, not 165 as were apportioned. The court also held that, although the constitutional State Senate apportionment formula provides for additional seats, the increase from 58 to 65 was unwarranted.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On May 10, the Federal Statutory Court ordered that the election on November 2, 1965, be held under the December 1964 apportionment, and that the Legislature thus elected re-apportion the seats again by February 1, 1966.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On August 24, it was clarified that, if the Governor and Legislature should not have enacted a new apportionment by February 1, 1966, then the courts should draft a new apportionment for the next election.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On October 11, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed four appeals against the ruling of the Federal Statutory Court, and upheld the election of a new New York Legislature on November 2.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On January 14, 1966, the Court of Appeals moved the deadline for the new legislative apportionment from February 1 to February 15.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On February 23, the Court of Appeal appointed a commission of five members to map out new districts because the Republican-majority Senate and the Democratic-majority Assembly could not agree on a new apportionment. The commission was chaired by President-elect of the American Bar Association Orison S. Marden, of Scarsdale, who was not affiliated with any party and was deemed politically independent. The other members were Ex-Judges of the Court of Appeals Bruce Bromley (Rep.), of Manhattan, and Charles W. Froessel (Dem. ), of Queens; Ex-Republican State Chairman Edwin F. Jaeckle, of Buffalo;  and Robert B. Brady (Dem. ), the Counsel to the Joint Legislative Committee on Re-Apportionment.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On March 14, the apportionment draft was submitted to the Court of Appeals.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
On March 22, the Court of Appeals accepted the apportionment as drafted, thus becoming the law, without the need of legislative approval. The number of seats in the State Senate was reduced to 57, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 150.


177th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.


177th New York State Legislature, Elections
The 1966 New York state election, was held on November 8. Governor Nelson Rockefeller and Lieutenant Governor Malcolm Wilson were re-elected, both Republicans. The elections to the other three statewide elective offices resulted in a Republican Attorney General; a Democratic State Comptroller with Liberal endorsement; and a Republican Chief Judge with Democratic, Conservative and Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, was: Republicans 2,691,000; Democrats 2,298,000; Conservatives 513,000; Liberals 507,000; Socialist Labor 12,700; and Socialist Workers 12,500.


177th New York State Legislature, Elections
All four women members of the previous legislature—Assemblywomen Shirley Chisholm (Dem. ), a preschool teacher of Brooklyn; Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca; Gail Hellenbrand (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; and Dorothy H. Rose (Dem. ), a high-school teacher and librarian of Angola—were re-elected.


177th New York State Legislature, Elections
At the same time, 186 delegates to a New York State Constitutional Convention were elected: 15 statewide at-large, and three in each senatorial district. The final result was the election of 101 Democrat/Liberals and 85 Republican/Conservatives.


177th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1967, was held on November 7. The only statewide elective offices up for election were two seats on the New York Court of Appeals. One vacancy in the State Assembly was filled. The proposed changes to the Constitution were rejected by the voters. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the average vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republicans 2,161,000; Democrats 2,070,000; Conservatives 402,000; and Liberals 202,000.


177th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 190th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1967; and adjourned in the morning of April 2.


177th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Earl W. Brydges (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


177th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Constitutional Convention met at the State Capitol in Albany on April 4; and adjourned on September 26. Speaker Anthony J. Travia (Dem.) was elected President of the convention.


177th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 191st) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1968;  and adjourned on May 25.


177th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Douglas Hudson and James E. Powers changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of the session. Assemblyman Robert García was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.


177th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


177th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


177th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


177th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 177th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 177th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 177th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Cleveland in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on October 9, 1864, under the command of Colonel Arthur T. Wilcox.


177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Defenses of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, and Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.


177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 177th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 24, 1865, at Greensboro, North Carolina, and was discharged July 7, 1865.


177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to Nashville, Tenn.; thence to Tullahoma, Tenn., and garrison duty there under General Milroy until November 30. Ordered to Murfreesboro, Tenn., November 30, arriving there December 2. Siege of Murfreesboro December 5–12, 1864. Wilkinson's Pike, near Murfreesboro, December 7. Near Murfreesboro December 13–14. Ordered to Clifton, Tenn., and duty there until January 16, 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 16-February 7. Operations against Hoke February 11–14. Near Sugar Loaf Battery February 11. Fort Anderson February 18–19. Town Creek February 19–20. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21, Advance on Raleigh April 10–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh and Greensboro until June.


177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
One of the 177th:Lincoln's Double. Elmer Loomis, of Girard, Kans., bears the distinction of being the "double" of Abraham Lincoln, and has since he was a young boy. He is 80 years old now and a veteran of the Civil War. During the closing days of the conflict he was detailed as a nurse to Douglas hospital at Washington, and here Lincoln saw him often, and spoke to him and smiled in his slow way, but never mentioned the similarity which was so apparent. Just before the close of the war Lincoln took Loomis to the White House for luncheon.


177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
The affair was brief, but nevertheless a fact, and Loomis bears that honor and memory as his most precious possession. Mr. Loomis wears garments of "Lincoln style," and appears in them at national G. A. R. encampments. During the war he was a member of the One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Ohio infantry. Now he is a retired farmer and is known to his neighbors affectionately as "Uncle Abe."


177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 84 enlisted men during service; 2 killed and 82 due to disease.


177th Tunnelling Company
The 177th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.


177th Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


177th Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


177th Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


177th Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.


177th Tunnelling Company, Background
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history
177th Tunnelling Company was formed at Terdeghem in June 1915, and moved into the Ypres Salient into a wide area facing Wijtschate. From its formation until after the end of the war the company served under Third Army.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, St Eloi
Mining activity by the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers at St Eloi had begun in early 1915. The Germans exploded mines under the area known as The Mound just south-east of St Eloi in March 1915 and in the ensuing fighting the British suffered some 500 casualties. A month later, on 14 April 1915, the Germans fired another mine producing a crater over 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter. Much of the British tunnelling in this sector was done by the 177th and the 172nd Tunnelling Company. Mining and counter-mining at St Eloi continued at a pace until the Battle of Messines.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Menin Gate Dugouts
In autumn 1915, the 177th Tunnelling Company moved into Ypres itself, where it built tunnelled dugouts in the city ramparts near the Menin Gate from September to November 1915. These were the first British tunnelled dugouts in the Ypres Salient.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 – 1917
Soon after the Menin Gate Dugouts had got underway, the 177th Tunnelling Company left the city and moved to the front line at Hooge to build new dugouts beneath the Menin Road. Between November 1915 and August 1917, the unit was stationed in the Railway Wood-Hooge-Armagh Wood area of the Ypres Salient, where it was engaged in mining activities against the Germans on the Bellewaerde Ridge near Zillebeke.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 – 1917
The area at Hooge where the old Ypres-Roeselare railway crossed the Ypres-Menen road belonged to one of the easternmost sectors of the salient and was the site of intense and sustained fighting between German and Allied forces for much of the war. In the Hooge sector, the opposing front lines were almost within whispering distance of each other. With its ruined village and a maze of battered and confusing trench lines, the area was regarded as the hotspot for the infantry, where snipers abounded and trench raids were frequent. Both sides saw Hooge as a particularly important area and a key target for heavy artillery bombardment. British and German army engineers attempted to break the stalemate of trench warfare by tunneling under no man's land and laying large quantities of explosives beneath the enemy's trenches.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 – 1917
Major S. H. Cowan, commanding officer of 175th Tunnelling Company, described the situation at Hooge in June 1915: "There is some urgent [mining] work to be done at once in a village on a main road east of Ypres. We hold one half and the job is to get the G[ermans] out of the other, failing that they may get us out and so obtain another hill top from which to overlook the land.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 – 1917
It is a significant fact that all their recent attacks round Ypres have been directed on hill tops and have rested content on the same, without trying really hard to advance down the slopes towards us." Cowan's unit fired a large mine on 19 July 1915, enabling the British infantry to take Hooge, but on 30 July, the Germans took back all and more of the ground they had lost.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 – 1917
When 177th Tunnelling Company arrived in November 1915, underground warfare at Hooge was far from over. Aerial photographs clearly show the proliferation of mine warfare in the Railway Wood sector during the unit's presence there, with craters lying almost exclusively in no man's land between the British and German trenches. With both sides trying to undermine their enemy, much of 177th Tunnelling Company's activity at Railway Wood consisted of creating and maintaining a shallow fighting system with camouflets, a deeper defensive system as well as offensive galleries from an underground shaft.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 – 1917
On the morning of 28 April 1916, a German camouflet killed three men of 177th Tunnelling Company, including Lieutenant C. G. Boothby (see below). In June 1916 the Germans blew three charges close to 175th Tunnelling Company's crater of July 1915, planned as part of a surprise offensive which captured the ruins of Hooge village as well as the neighbouring Observatory Ridge and Sanctuary Wood - the only high ground on British hands in the whole of the Ypres Salient. Canadian units later regained Observatory Ridge and Sanctuary Wood, but not Hooge.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 – 1917
While tunnelling at Hooge during the defence of Ypres, the 177th Tunnelling Company also built a forward accommodation scheme in the Cambridge Road sector along the rear edge of Railway Wood, halfway in between Wieltje and Hooge. The Cambridge Road dugout system was located within 100 metres (110 yd) of the front line. It was connected to the mining scheme beneath Railway Wood and eventually became one of the most complex  underground shelter systems in the Ypres Salient. Its mined galleries were named after London streets for easy orientation.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 – 1917
Further projects involved 177th Tunnelling Company constructing new dugouts beneath the Menin Road in the centre of Hooge, located in between 175th TC's July 1915 mine crater and the stables of the destroyed Château de Hooge. Parts of these dugouts now lie beneath the Hooge Crater CWGC Cemetery opposite the "Hooge Crater Museum". 177th Tunnelling Company also built the Birr Cross Roads dugout and dressing station  beneath the Menin Road further west of Hooge, and the Canal Dugouts along the Ieperlee.


177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme
March 1918 saw the Company working alongside 173rd Tunnelling Company on construction of the Fifth Army's Green Line near Templeux on the Somme, when the German spring offensive (21 March – 18 July 1918) began. After this the company was engaged in Somme bridge demolition, and other defensive activities.


177th Tunnelling Company, Commemoration, Memorial at Railway Wood
A memorial dedicated to 177th Tunnelling Company and its activities is RE Grave, Railway Wood, maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC). It is located in the former Ypres Salient, on the Bellewaerde Ridge near Zillebeke, about 4 kilometres east of Ypres. The memorial marks the site where twelve soldiers (eight Royal Engineers of the 177th Tunnelling Company and four attached infantrymen) were killed between November 1915 and August 1917 whilst tunnelling under the hill near Hooge during the defence of Ypres. The men were trapped underground and their bodies not recovered, and after the war, the memorial was erected on the hill.


177th Tunnelling Company, Commemoration, Lieutenant Boothby's letters
The officer mentioned on the Cross of Sacrifice at RE Grave, Railway Wood was Second Lieutenant Charles Geoffrey Boothby (13 December 1894 – 28 April 1916), service number 147252, from near Birmingham. He first attended Clayesmore School, then Christ College, Brecon, between 1909 and 1913. In the autumn of 1913, he entered Birmingham University, and spent a year studying dentistry. He was just short of his 20th birthday when he applied for a commission in December 1914. A year later he was seconded from 8th Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment to the Royal Engineers.


177th Tunnelling Company, Commemoration, Lieutenant Boothby's letters
Also in 1915, when he was twenty-one, Boothby had just met eighteen-year-old Edith Ainscow. They exchanged love letters over a period of 18 months until Boothby was reported missing in action in spring 1916, having been blown up by a German mine at Railway Wood on the Bellewaerde Ridge near Ypres. The letter exchange between Boothby and Ainscow survived the war and was eventually published by Edith's son,  University of Oxford professor Arthur Stockwin, in 2005.


177th meridian east
The meridian 177° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


177th meridian east
The 177th meridian east forms a great circle with the 3rd meridian west.


177th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 177th meridian east passes through:


177th meridian west
The meridian 177° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


177th meridian west
The 177th meridian west forms a great circle with the 3rd meridian east.


177th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 177th meridian west passes through:


178
Year 178 (CLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 931 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 178 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


178 (number)
178 (one hundred [and] seventy-eight) is the natural number following 177 and preceding 179.


178 BC
Year 178 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Vulso (or, less frequently, year 576 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 178 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


178 Belisana
Belisana (minor planet designation: 178 Belisana) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 November 1877, by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Austrian Naval Observatory in today's Croatia. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.32 hours and a rather spherical shape. It was named after the Celtic goddess Belisama (Belisana).


178 Belisana, Orbit and classification
Belisana is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.4–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,409 days; semi-major axis of 2.46 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


178 Belisana, Physical characteristics
Belisana has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification.


178 Belisana, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Photometric observations of this asteroid from multiple observatories during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 12.321 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 ± 0.03 in magnitude. This is in agreement with a study performed in 1992. However, it is possible that the light curve may have a period of 24.6510 ± 0.0003 hours; it will require further study to exclude this solution.


178 Belisana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Belisana measures between 35.81 and 42.09 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.214 and 0.2438.


178 Belisana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2026 and a diameter of 35.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.6.


178 Belisana, Naming
This minor planet was named after the goddess Belisama (or Belisana) from Celtic mythology, meaning "queen of heaven", the most warlike goddess among British Celts, and equivalent to the goddesses Athene or Minerva. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 22).


1780
1780 (MDCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1780th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 780th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 80th  year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1780, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1780 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and fall in 1780. The 1780 season was extraordinarily destructive, and was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history with over 28,000 deaths. Four different hurricanes, one in June and three in October, caused at least 1,000 deaths each; this event has never been repeated and only in the 1893 and 2005 seasons were there two such hurricanes. The season also had the deadliest Atlantic hurricane of all time, the Great Hurricane of 1780. Only one of the storms was not a hurricane.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season
Landfalling storms affected the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Cuba, Bermuda, Louisiana, Georgia, Florida, and the New England states.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Context
This destructive season should be seen against a backdrop of the American Revolution, which involved hostilities in the Caribbean by the fleets of Spain, France and the Dutch Republic operating against British fleets with the concomitant greater risk of loss of life due to increased exposure of warships and transports to hazardous weather conditions. This critical coincidence is at least partially responsible for the unprecedented losses of life inflicted, especially in the three fierce hurricanes that struck in quick succession during October.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, San Antonio Hurricane
The San Antonio Hurricane is also known as the St. Lucia Hurricane. On June 13, a hurricane "caused deaths and losses" on Puerto Rico, after having also struck St. Lucia, where it killed around 4,000 to 5,000 people. It later went on to the Dominican Republic.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Louisiana Hurricane
New Orleans experienced a powerful hurricane on August 24, with winds gusting over 160 mph. The hurricane completely destroyed 39 of the 43 buildings on Grand Isle, Louisiana. The eye then passed over New Orleans and severely damaged structures in what is now known as the French Quarter. The hurricane also caused harvest-ruining crop damage, severe flooding, and tornadoes across southeast Louisiana. It is believed that the hurricane killed around 25 people.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, St. Kitts Tropical Storm
On August 25, St. Kitts in the Leeward Islands was struck by a storm.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Savanna-la-Mar Hurricane
A strong storm formed in the southern Caribbean Sea on October 1. Shortly after, it sank the British transport ship Monarch with all hands, including several hundred Spanish prisoners. The hurricane began to move northwest towards Jamaica, where it destroyed the port of Savanna-la-Mar on October 3. Many of the town's residents gathered at the coast to watch, but the 20 foot storm surge engulfed the onlookers in addition to the docked ships and many of the town's buildings.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Savanna-la-Mar Hurricane
In the nearby port village of Lucea, 400 people perished and all but two structures were destroyed; 360 people were killed in the nearby town of Montego Bay. The hurricane would later sink the British frigate Phoenix, killing 200 crew members, and ships-of-the-line Victor, Barbadoes, and Scarborough among others. It continued its direction, and made landfall in Cuba on October 4, followed by a pass over the Bahamas. The storm is believed to have caused 3,000 deaths.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, The Great Hurricane
The second hurricane of October 1780 formed before or on October 10. It is still referred to as "The Great Hurricane" or "Great Hurricane of the Antilles" in some places, but its official name is "San Calixto Hurricane." The hurricane devastated the island of Barbados on October 10 with 200+ mph wind gusts, killing 4,300 and creating an economic depression. St. Vincent suffered a 20-foot (6 meter) storm surge. The storm went on to kill 6,000 people on the island of St. Lucia and 9,000 on Martinique, with its capital city, St. Pierre, becoming almost completely demolished.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, The Great Hurricane
It later moved northwestward toward the island of St. Eustatius, killing 4,000 to 5,000 and devastating Puerto Rico, Dominique, and Bermuda. In total, the hurricane caused a record 22,000 deaths in the eastern Caribbean Sea and rates as the all-time deadliest hurricane in the Atlantic. The high number of fatalities is due in part to "the presence of the powerful fleets of Britain and France, both maneuvering on nearby islands to strike blows at each other's rich possessions in the Antilles." The storm dissipated on or after October 18.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Solano's Hurricane
A powerful hurricane in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico struck a Spanish war fleet of 64 vessels under José Solano en route from Havana, Cuba to attack Pensacola, Florida, the capital of British West Florida. The ships had 4,000 men aboard under the military command of Bernardo de Gálvez, and 2,000 died. The slow-moving hurricane, known to history as "Solano's hurricane", was first noted near Jamaica on October 15. Progressing northwestwards it likely crossed the western end of Cuba, before shifting northeastwards to Apalachee Bay. It struck Solano's fleet on October 20. The hurricane's dissipation is disputed as some claim it dissipated somewhere over the southeastern United States around October 22, while others claim that it crossed the U.S. and finally dissipated over the North Atlantic on October 26.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Lesser Antilles Hurricane
In late October, a tropical cyclone struck Barbados and then St. Lucia on October 23.


1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, New England Hurricane
Around November 17, a tropical cyclone moved up the east coast of the United States disrupting the British blockade of the New England states. It is unknown whether this storm was fully tropical.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion
The 1780 Black Camp Rebellion was a brief Loyalist uprising in Sussex County, Delaware, that occurred during the American Revolutionary War. It was a local reaction to the American War of Independence by Loyalists (called Tories by their opponents) who opposed the independence movement and intended to secure Sussex County for the British.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion
The insurrection lasted from July 15 to about August 10, 1780, when pro-American militia forces were sent in to round up and arrest the participants. The insurrectionists were mainly from Cedar Creek and Broadkill Hundreds, and their headquarters were in a swamp about six miles north of Georgetown (an area later settled as Ellendale, Delaware), which was in what had been disputed wilderness territory between Delaware and Maryland.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Participants
Most of the insurrectionists were poor farmers in the County who were frustrated over the situation that the war had left them in. The leaders of the insurrection were Bartholomew Banynum (Barnum) of Broadkill Hundred and William Dutton of Cedar Creek Hundred.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Causes
The citizens of Sussex County were far away from the centers of colonial rebellion and protests in Boston, Philadelphia and New York and had no significant objections to how they were ruled by the British government. When the Revolutionary War started, many of the citizens were resentful in finding their lives and livelihoods disrupted by the war.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Causes
While Sussex County farmers (as did farmers throughout the colonies) suffered throughout the war from the shutdown of their markets in Philadelphia and Baltimore and occasional seizure of their products by both the American and British militia, their situation was exacerbated in 1780 by a summer drought that destroyed most of the summer wheat harvest. Already resentful of the tax burden imposed on them by the war, many of them were forced into destitution and unable to pay those taxes in 1780. But the trigger for the insurrection seemed to be the British capture of Charlestown, South Carolina, in May 1780.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology
Around July 15, a number of men from Broadkill Hundred came together to discuss their hardships and frustrations over the war and what they might do about it. With recent knowledge of the British capture of Charleston, it was rumored and believed that most of the southern colonies from Maryland to Georgia were about to be secured by the British. The group began discussing the possibility of securing Sussex County for the British as well, which would earn them favor by the British.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology
Deciding to move ahead with that plan, the group chose Bartholomew Barnum, a local small planter as their captain, and began training. A similar group formed at about the same time in Cedar Creek Hundred. They chose a full roster of officers to lead their militia: William Dutton as captain; William Ratcliffe as the first lieutenant; Job Townsend as second lieutenant; and Sengo Potter to serve as the company clerk.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology
The two groups joined in the training and planning while quietly recruiting other local loyalists. The loyalists set up "camps" in the western portion of Cedar Creek Hundred along the drainage divide of the peninsula, where little settlement had yet taken place, and Banynum and Dutton organized the men into "Associations" (militia companies). The largest camp was in the Black Swamp about six miles north of Georgetown (near where Ellendale is located today). In early August, they took their campaign public. About 100 men were assembled and sent across the countryside, identifying themselves as "Tories" and seizing all arms and ammunition of families who showed sympathy to the Revolution. Their campaign quickly attracted somewhere between 400 and 500 people who joined them in the loyalist camps.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology
Despite the "training", the loyalists were quite disorganized and knew almost nothing of military strategy or tactics, causing more mayhem than anything. They apparently did not reach out to the British. By August 7, the Delaware government became aware of the insurrection and moved to suppress them. A pro-American militia, led by the Revolutionary War General John Dagworthy, were sent down from Kent County to disperse the group. Dagworthy's militia spent three days chasing the insurrectionists between their various camps until they were effectively dispersed.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology
Some two hundred insurrectionists were detained by Dagworthy's forces and were brought before an ad hoc military tribunal. Heavy fines up to £10,000 were levied on most of the defendants, although some consideration was given to the general poverty of the defendants (For instance, tenant farmers William Deputy, Solomon Veach, and John Workman were only assessed £1). Some were ordered to serve in the Continental Army, and thirty-seven were indicted for treason and sentenced to death. However, no death sentences were actually carried out, and the Delaware General Assembly pardoned all of the participants on November 4, 1780.


1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology
Nonetheless, many of the participants were stigmatized by their neighbors for months afterwards and suffered ongoing indignities in the hopes of encouraging them to move out of the area. Despite this rough treatment, the bulk of the loyalists remained in the County even after hostilities ended. In 1790 the General Assembly removed the requirement that voters had to take an oath of allegiance, and the loyalists in general became supporters of the Federalist Party while those who supported the war became supporters of the Democratic-Republican Party in the early 1790s.


1780 British general election
The 1780 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 15th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election was held during the American War of Independence and returned Lord North to form a new government with a small and rocky majority. The opposition consisted largely of the Rockingham Whigs, the Whig faction led by the Marquess of Rockingham. North's opponents referred to his supporters as Tories, but no Tory party existed at the time and his supporters rejected the label.


1780 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1780 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 6 September 1780 and 18 October 1780.


1780 British general election, Dates of election
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1780 English cricket season
The 1780 English cricket season was the ninth in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of four first-class matches have survived. The first six-seam cricket balls were used during the season.


1780 English cricket season, Matches
Four first-class match scorecards survive from 1780, two of them matches between England sides and Hampshire XIs and two between sides organised by John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset and Horatio Mann.


1780 English cricket season, Matches
Four other matches are known to have been played during the season, including one between a Kent XI and a Surrey XI and three involving Berkshire XIs, including one against an Oxfordshire XI.


1780 English cricket season, Other events
Duke & Son of Penshurst made the first six-seam cricket ball during the year. It was presented to the Prince of Wales.


1780 English cricket season, Other events
Duke & Son of Penshurst made the first six-seam cricket ball and it was presented to the Prince of Wales.


1780 Epsom Derby
The 1780 Epsom Derby was the inaugural running of The Derby – the horse race which would become the "greatest turf event in the world" and after which more than 140 other horse races, including the famous Kentucky Derby, are named. It took place on 4 May 1780 on Epsom Downs in Surrey, England, and was won by Diomed, owned by Sir Charles Bunbury and ridden by Sam Arnull.


1780 Epsom Derby, Background
At the previous year's Epsom May race meeting, Lord Derby had instigated a 1 1/2 mile race for three-year-old fillies, which he had named the Oaks after his nearby estate. His filly Bridget had won the race, and it had been a great success. Accordingly, a post-race celebration was held by Lord Derby, at which it was decided to hold another new race for both colts and fillies the following year.


1780 Epsom Derby, Background
The matter of naming the race was discussed, with the options being naming it after Derby himself or naming it after Sir Charles Bunbury, a member of the Jockey Club, who was Derby's guest at the Oaks. According to legend, the matter was settled in Derby's favour on the toss of a coin, although it seems likely that Bunbury actually deferred to his host.


1780 Epsom Derby, Background
This first Derby was set to be run over only 1 mile, as were the next three. It was not until 1784 that the race was run over its now familiar distance of 1 mile 4 furlongs. Colts were to be allotted a weight of 8 stone, fillies 7 stone 11 lbs, another difference between this first race and subsequent runnings.


1780 Epsom Derby, Pre-race form
Initially, there were 36 subscribers to the race, 27 of which remained at the forfeit stage. Of these, 9 finally went to post on the day.


1780 Epsom Derby, Pre-race form
Among them were three colts sired by the unbeaten Eclipse – Boudrow (owned by Eclipse's owner-breeder, the gambler and conman Dennis O'Kelly),  Spitfire (owned by a Mr Walker) and Polydore (owned by the Duke Of Cumberland).


1780 Epsom Derby, Pre-race form
Also in the field was Diomed, which in his only outing so far had won a 500 guineas sweepstake at the Second Newmarket Spring meeting, carrying 8 stone. He was less auspiciously bred, being by Florizel, but was beginning to be compared to the sire of his rivals, Eclipse. Another representative from the same line was Drone, a colt by Herod who was Florizel's sire and Diomed's grandsire. The field was completed by Diadem, which had been behind Diomed at Newmarket, Wotton, and unnamed colts by Gimcrack and Matchem.


1780 Epsom Derby, Pre-race form
Diomed's unbeaten form led to him going to post as the 6/4 favourite. The two Eclipse colts, Boudrow and Spitfire, were next in the betting at 4/1 and 7/1 respectively. The Matchem colt, owned by the Duke of Bolton was at 10/1.


1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday
The first running of the Derby had "nothing like its later glamour and importance." Rather than being the showpiece event it is today, it was sandwiched into a programme that included "cokfights [sic] between the gentlemen of Middlesex and the gentlemen of Wiltshire". In fact, Lord Derby himself was known to prefer cock-fighting to horse racing. Moreover, in those days, the journey from London to Epsom took around 12 to 14 hours over difficult roads.


1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday
All this combined to mean there were few spectators. The day is reported to have a comparatively meagre attendance, probably fewer than 5,000. Also in contrast to today, there were no professional bookmakers, the gentlemen making books among themselves. All in all, it could be said that, "no public interest had yet attached itself to a race destined ultimately to become world famous".


1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday
There are at least two published notices of the result. One was in the London Evening Post on 6 May 1780 which read thus:


1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday
Thursday – The Derby Stakes of 50gs each; h. ft. colts and fillies. The last mile of the course. –     Sir C. Bunbury's ch c, 1; –     Mr O'Kelly's b c 2; –      Mr Walker's f, 3; –     Sir Evelyn's br c, 4.


1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday
The other in the 1780 Racing Calendar gave the full result. Diomed had won as the betting market had predicted, followed by the two Eclipse colts, Boudrow and Spitfire. The field trailed back to the Duke of Bolton's colt by Matchem.


1780 Epsom Derby, Aftermath
The victory proved to be the high water mark of Diomed's racing career. Although he went unbeaten through his seven three-year-old races, at four he proved more than beatable. He was beaten for the first time in the Nottingham Stakes by Fortitude owned by Lord Grosvenor, a race he was fully expected to win. Boudrow also got his revenge, beating Diomed in a 300 guineas match race at Newmarket. Diomed was in fact to win only once more before being put out to stud, where after initial problems he became tremendously successful, especially in the United States where he founded many important families. He died aged 31.


1780 Epsom Derby, Aftermath
Boudrow's owner, Dennis O'Kelly, would not have to wait long for his first Derby win, Young Eclipse triumphing the following year. Meanwhile the race itself "fairly caught hold on the public imagination." It became the premier British classic and many of the world's top championship races were named after it.


1780 Kippes
1780 Kippes, provisional designation A906 RA, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 September 1906, by astronomer August Kopff at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after German Catholic priest and amateur astronomer Otto Kippes.


1780 Kippes, Orbit and classification
Kippes is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,914 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.


1780 Kippes, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in 1906, one week after its official discovery observation.


1780 Kippes, Physical characteristics
Kippes is an assumed S-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.


1780 Kippes, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In July 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Kippes was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard P. Binzel at the CTIO and McDonald Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18.0 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.23 magnitude (U=2).


1780 Kippes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kippes measures between 25.77 and 31.262 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.0966 and 0.143.


1780 Kippes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1212 and a diameter of 27.92 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.68.


1780 Kippes, Naming
This minor planet was named after German Catholic priest and amateur astronomer Otto Kippes (1905–1994). He was a precise observer, acknowledged for his orbit calculations and identifications of hundreds of minor planets in widely separated oppositions. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (M.P.C. 3508).


1780 New York gubernatorial election
The 1780 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1780 to elect the Governor of New York and the Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1780 New York gubernatorial election, Results
Incumbent Governor George Clinton and incumbent Lieutenant Governor Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected unopposed.


1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
The 1780 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 31 October 1780.


1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Opening the debate, Lord George Germain complimented the "great honour, great diligence, and great dignity" of the incumbent Speaker Sir Fletcher Norton, but claimed that his health was too impaired to continue in office, and therefore proposed that Charles Wolfran Cornwall take the chair. Welbore Ellis seconded Cornwall. John Dunning proposed an amendment nominating Norton, and Thomas Townshend seconded.


1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Norton himself acknowledged his ill health, and stated that he intended to step down as Speaker, and wished to decline the nomination. However, he did not believe that his state of health was the true motive behind the government's wish for a new Speaker, and was surprised at his treatment. He called upon Germain and Ellis "to tell him why he was thus disgracefully dismissed". He stated that if anything could induce him to seek the Speakership, it was the contempt with which he was treated.


1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Charles James Fox, George Byng and Lord Mahon praised Norton and condemned the government's treatment of him.


1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Ellis reiterated the government line that they sought a Speaker in better health than Norton. Richard Rigby opposed Norton outright, stating that his statement in presenting the supply bill to King George III in May 1777 – that the supply was "great, beyond your Majesty’s highest expense" – was unwarranted and insulting to the King.


1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
On the motion "That Charles Wolfran Cornwall, esq. do take the chair of this House as Speaker," Cornwall was elected by 203 votes to 134.


1780 Tabriz earthquake
The 1780 Tabriz earthquake occurred at 01:15 local time on 8 January. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.4 and a maximum felt intensity of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. The city of Tabriz was almost completely destroyed. The number of reported casualties varies from 40,000 to as many as 200,000, with 50,000 being a more likely estimate.


1780 Tabriz earthquake, Tectonic setting
Tabriz lies within the complex zone of collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The main structures accommodating this oblique collision are west-east trending thrust faults and WNW-ESE trending dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faults. The North Tabriz Fault is an active 150 km long dextral strike-slip fault that passes close to the northern edge of Tabriz city. It has two main segments and an estimated overall slip rate of about 7 mm per year. The southeastern segment is interpreted to have ruptured in the 1721 Tabriz earthquake, while the northwestern segment ruptured during the 1780 earthquake.


1780 Tabriz earthquake, Tectonic setting
Both events produced associated ground rupture, which is still observable. An average slip of about 4 m has been estimated for earthquakes along the northwestern segment. A recurrence interval of about 800 years has been estimated, suggesting that a major earthquake along this structure is unlikely in the next few centuries, although a recurrence interval of 250–300 years has also been proposed, indicating that there is potential for a major earthquake in the relatively near future.


1780 Tabriz earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake sequence started with a strong foreshock. The mainshock was felt over a large area, including at Divrigi over 700 km away. Aftershocks continued for several years, the most damaging being on 12 and 20 February. The observed surface fault break extended for 60 km. There is evidence of some vertical movement in addition to the horizontal displacement.


1780 Tabriz earthquake, Damage
All buildings within the city of Tabriz were reported destroyed and similar levels of damage affected many villages in the neighbouring area. The degree of destruction may in part relate to the weakening effects of the 1721 earthquake, which also caused severe damage to the city.


1780 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1780 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1780 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Bennington on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected governor. Benjamin Carpenter was re-elected lieutenant governor, and Ira Allen was re-elected as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.


1780 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1780 to Wales and its people.


1780 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1780.


1780 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1780 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1780 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1780 in science
The year 1780 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1780 in sports
1780 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1780s
The 1780s (pronounced "seventeen-eighties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1780, and ended on December 31, 1789. A period widely considered as transitional between the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, the 1780s saw the inception of modern philosophy. With the rise on astronomical, technological, and political discoveries and innovations such as Uranus, cast iron on structures, republicanism and hot air balloons, the 1780s kick-started a rapid global industrialization movement, leaving behind the world's predominantly agrarian customs in the past.


1780s BC
The 1780s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1789 BC to December 31, 1780 BC.


1780s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1780s in South Africa.


1780s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1780 - 1789 to Wales and its people.


1780s in archaeology
The decade of the 1780s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1780s in rail transport
This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1780s.


1781
1781 (MDCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1781st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 781st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 81st  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1781, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1781 English cricket season
The 1781 English cricket season was the 10th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of six first-class matches have survived. Broadhalfpenny Down in Hampshire was abandoned in favour of Windmill Down and the earliest known mention of cricket in Lancashire has been found during the season.


1781 English cricket season, Matches
Six first-class match scorecards survive from 1781, all of them featuring sides from Kent.


1781 English cricket season, Other events
Broadhalfpenny Down, which had been used by the Hambledon Club as their home venue, was used for the last time by the club as a home venue in first-class cricket.


1781 English cricket season, Other events
A match on Brinnington Moor in August is the earliest known reference about cricket being played in Lancashire. It was reported in the Manchester Journal on 1 September.


1781 Epsom Derby
The 1781 Epsom Derby was the second running of The Derby - the horse race known as the "greatest turf event in the world". It took place on 24 May 1781 on Epsom Downs in Surrey, England, and was won by Young Eclipse, owned by gambler Dennis O'Kelly and ridden by Charles Hindley.


1781 Epsom Derby
The previous year, Lord Derby had instigated a race at Epsom Racecourse for three-year-old horses, the name of which had been decided on a coin toss between Derby and Sir Charles Bunbury, a member of the Jockey Club (although it may have been that Bunbury deferred to Derby, who was his host at the time). The race was over 1 mile (although in 1784 that would be increased to 1 mile 4 furlongs, the distance it has been ever since).


1781 Epsom Derby
The 1780 race had been won by Bunbury's horse Diomed, which was the favourite, beating Boudrow, owned by Dennis O'Kelly. In this second running of the race, it was O'Kelly who had the winner, Young Eclipse, another colt by the pre-eminent sire of the day, Eclipse. He beat Sir John Lade's Crop who was much the more fancied of the runners, going off 5/4 favourite.


1781 Van Biesbroeck
1781 Van Biesbroeck (prov. designation: A906 UB) is a Vesta asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1906, by German astronomer August Kopff at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was named after astronomer George Van Biesbroeck.


1781 Van Biesbroeck, Orbit and classification
Van Biesbroeck orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,354 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. It is not known whether the member of the Vesta family of asteroids is in fact a V/J-type, or if it is an unrelated interloper, as currently assumed to be more likely. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no previous identifications were made.


1781 Van Biesbroeck, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Van Biesbroeck measures 8.5 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.203. A generic absolute magnitude-to-diameter conversion gives an inferred diameter between 8 and 14 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 for an absolute magnitude of 12.8. As of 2017, Van Biesbroeck's composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1781 Van Biesbroeck, Naming
This minor planet was named after renowned Belgian–born observational astronomer George Van Biesbroeck, who naturalized as U.S. citizens in 1922. He specialized in the observation of double stars, variable stars, comets and asteroids, of which he discovered sixteen at the U.S. Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, between 1922 and 1939. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (M.P.C. 3569).


1781 Van Biesbroeck, Naming
In 1961, he published the Van Biesbroeck's star catalog of low-mass, low-luminosity stars. The mountain Van Biesbroeck near the McDonald Observatory, the lunar crater Van Biesbroeck, and most notably the red dwarf Van Biesbroeck's Star, were also named in his honour. (There are very few stars named after people). The George Van Biesbroeck Prize, awarded by the American Astronomical Society for achievements in astronomy, also bears his name.


1781 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1781 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1781 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Charlestown, New Hampshire on October 12. The meeting site was chosen as part of a short-lived effort to create a union of Vermont with 17 Connecticut River Valley towns of New Hampshire.


1781 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and governor's council members. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected governor. The popular vote indicated that no candidate for lieutenant governor had received a majority. In keeping with the Vermont Constitution, the choice fell to the Vermont General Assembly, which chose Elisha Payne, a New Hampshire resident who supported the union of New Hampshire's western towns with Vermont. Ira Allen was re-elected as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.


1781 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1781 to Wales and its people.


1781 in architecture
The year 1781 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1781 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1781.


1781 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1781 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1781 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1781 in science
The year 1781 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1781 in sports
1781 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1781 in the United States
Events from the year 1781 in the United States. This year marked the beginning of government under the Articles of Confederation as well as the surrender of British armed forces in the American Revolution.


1781 revolt in Bihar
The 1781 revolt in Bihar was an uprising by certain Zamindars and chieftains against the British East India Company in the Indian state of Bihar. The majority of the rebel zamindars were from South Bihar and were likely pushed to revolt due to the recurring droughts which hampered their revenue collections.


1781 revolt in Bihar, Causes
Ever since the British acquired Bihar after the Battle of Buxar, many of the zamindars had been causing troubles for the administration by withholding revenue or participating in looting. The British therefore had to take expeditions to bring them back under control. Among the zamindars causing disturbances prior to the revolt were Jugal Kishore of Bettiah Raj which was one of the largest estates in Bihar.


1781 revolt in Bihar, Causes
After the Battle of Buxar, JWF James noted that the zamindars had become "restless". Following Chait Singh's rebellion in 1781 in Varanasi, many of the zamindars in Bihar used this as an opportunity to regain their autonomy. This was seen as an attempt to take advantage of the sudden challenge to British power.


1781 revolt in Bihar, The revolt
The zamindar of Huseypur, Fateh Bahadur Sahi had prior to 1781, been waging a guerrilla warfare campaign against the East India Company after being deposed from his estate. Taking advantage of Chait Singh's revolt, he decided to increase the frequency of his raids and met the British forces in a pitched battle accompanied by 20,000 of his own men. However his forces were eventually routed and he was killed in battle.


1781 revolt in Bihar, The revolt
The zamindar of Seris-Kutumba in Aurangabad, Raja Narain Singh, had also had a tradition of rebelling and joined Fateh Sahi's revolt. He had been remiss in providing his revenue payments. He had gathered a force of 15,000 soldiers and joined with allies of Chait Singh including Bachu Singh. His rebellion was swiftly put down by John Crawfurd and he was jailed. He was restored to his "forfeited" zamindari in 1790 after his release. He had assisted other zamindars with resources and was in secret correspondence with others in an attempt to stir up anti-British sentiment before his arrest.


1781 revolt in Bihar, The revolt
Raja Akbar Ali of the Mayi clan controlled the Narhat and Samoy estates in modern-day Gaya district also took part in the rebellion. He had previously been arrested in Patna for owing large unpaid revenue to the British. His estate had been badly affected by the Great Bengal famine of 1770. Akbar Ali likely viewed revolt as the best method of escaping the payment of his arrears. He was able to raise a body of 4000 matchlock men and they murdered a servant of the company by the name of Hotchiss. This was followed by a period of plundering in the region however he was forced to retreat by the EIC's Captain Powell. He also laid waste to neighbouring zamindaris but eventually, he was forced to flee to Delhi and his zamindari was confiscated.


1781 revolt in Bihar, Aftermath
The British were able to put down the revolt without too much trouble given the disorganised approach of the rebels. In the aftermath, the British were able to reassert their control of the region and install loyal zamindars in place of the ones that had been deposed. These new zamindars could be relied upon to provide revenue when required. The revolt itself, however, could be seen as a signal of the discontent in Bihar towards the British that later reemerged in the 1857 Rebellion.


1781–1782 Massachusetts legislature
The 2nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1781 and 1782 during the governorship of John Hancock. Jeremiah Powell and Samuel Adams served as presidents of the Senate and Caleb Davis served as speaker of the House.