1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Ringer's study
They also noted the tsunami reached distant locations with heights greater than what would be expected for a landslide-induced tsunami. Had the tsunami been triggered by a submarine landslide, the waves would have weakened significantly at a faster rate than if triggered by faulting.


1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Ringer's study
Furthermore, Cummins' counter-argued the megathrust earthquake and tsunami claim by Fisher and Harris on the absence of a drawback along the coast which was not described in observational accounts but reflected in their model. The accounts of survivors recalled a surge in seawater first, followed by the tsunami waves. Ringer's paper stated that the non-existent record of a drawback associated with the negative wave does not rule out the plausibility of a megathrust earthquake. His team also distinguished the day and period of the event, which was during the spring tide, meaning tide levels were at the extreme lows. This would mean even a negative wave would not result in a significant difference in sea level. It is therefore unlikely that Dutch officials who took account of the earthquake and tsunami would document a barely noticeable change in tide level.


1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Ringer's study
Modelling of their earthquake show that the 1852 event had a magnitude of approximately 8.8 Mw . The earthquake epicenter coordinate is located at 4.5°S, 131.5°E, southeast of Seram Island.


1852 Belgian general election
Partial general elections were held in Belgium on 8 June 1852. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Liberal Party, who won 57 of the 108 seats. Voter turnout was 69.2%, although only 42,053 people were eligible to vote.


1852 Belgian general election
Under the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Liège and Limburg. Thus, 54 of the 108 Chamber seats were up for election.


1852 Belgian general election, Constituencies
The division of seats among the electoral districts was as follows:


1852 Carpenter
1852 Carpenter, provisional designation 1955 GA, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 1 April 1955, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States.


1852 Carpenter, Description
Carpenter is a core member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,913 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.


1852 Carpenter, Description
This minor planet was named after American astronomer Edwin Francis Carpenter (1898–1963), second director of the Steward Observatory who researched spectroscopic binaries and interacting galaxies. He played a major role in enabling the construction of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5282).


1852 Chicago mayoral election
In the 1852 Chicago mayoral election, incumbent Democrat Walter S. Gurnee defeated former mayor James Curtiss (running as an independent) as well as Temperance candidate Amos G. Throop and Mechanics candidate Peter Page by a ten-point margin.


1852 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
B.W. Raymond was the initial nominee of the Temperance (Prohibition) Party. However, for unspecified reasons, his candidacy was withdrawn in late February in favor of Throop.


1852 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
The election was an energetic one, particularly due to the debate over liquor.


1852 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
Other issues that were debated in the election were the reduction of taxes, avoiding an increase in city debt, preventing lawyers from obtaining gratuities, eliminating connection between the city government and private corporations, and suffrage.


1852 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
It was alleged during the campaign that a candidate in the previous election had spent $3,000 in buying voters liquor.


1852 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1852 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1852. Incumbent governor and Democratic Party nominee Thomas H. Seymour defeated incumbent Lieutenant Governor and Whig nominee Green Kendrick  with 50.39% of the vote.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
The 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, written in both English and Hawaiian, was constructed by King Kamehameha III. The purpose of its construction was to not only revise, but add to the 1840 Constitution in great length. The new constitution created a more democratic government much like those of the United States and Europe.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, King Kamehameha III
The writer of the Hawaiian Constitution of 1852 was Kauikeaouli, referred to by the Hawaiian public as King Kamehameha III. He was the successor of Liholiho, King Kamehameha II. Kauikeaouli was the brother of Liholio and son of Kamehameha I. Kauikeaouli took over the throne at age eleven under the "regency" of his mother Ka‘ahumanu. Kauikeaouli enacted the first constitution of Hawaii in 1840 which created a more western-like government with a two-body legislature. This was later revised in 1852. King Kamehameha III was the first Hawaiian monarch to rule as a "constitutional monarch" rather than an absolute monarch like his predecessors. This means he ruled in accordance with the sovereign people and a constitution declaring their rights.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1840 Constitution to 1852 Constitution
The 1840 constitution was the first written constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and was heavily influenced by Europeans and Americans living on the Island and especially by Protestant missionaries who had arrived in 1820. It created two houses; the House of Nobles and House of Representatives. It also created a judicial branch similar to the one used in the continental U.S., which established a supreme court of which the king would be the chief judge. This first written constitution did effectively split the government in a European fashion, however it was very general.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1840 Constitution to 1852 Constitution
It contained nothing about foreign affairs or even civil affairs regarding land rights and organization of the communities. Because of the notable gaps becoming evident in the existing constitution, King Kamehameha III and the Hawaiian Kingdom Legislature picked three commissioners to revise the constitution of 1840. One commissioner was chosen by the King, one by the House of Nobles, and one by the House of Representatives. These commissioners were given the daunting task of revising the constitution and in doing so, practically rewrote it.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1840 Constitution to 1852 Constitution
The new Constitution contained 106 sections. This was a major increase from the 47 that made up the previous constitution. The 1852 version created a much more specific Declaration of Rights than the previous. This helped to clearly outline the rights of the people in regards to land and the organization of communities which solved the confusion left unaddressed in the 1840 edition. The new constitution also served to declare freedom from servitude for all adult males. It also restructured the House of Nobles so that the members were no longer determined by heredity, but were rather appointed for life by the King. The delegated powers of the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive (Monarchy) branches of the Hawaiian government were also specified.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852
The Constitution of 1852 served as the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom from 1852 through 1864. It heavily liberalized the structure of the Hawaiian government compared to the previous 1840 constitution, introducing new elements of democracy into the government and reducing the influence of the monarch in kingdom affairs.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852
The 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was divided into seven parts.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852
The Declaration of Rights stated that the Hawaiians were a free people.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852
The Form of Government stated that Hawaiʻi was a Constitutional Monarchy.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852
The section "Of the Executive Power" declared the powers of the executive power.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852
The section "Of the Legislative Power" declared the powers of the legislative power.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852
The section "Of the Judiciary" declared the powers of the judiciary.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852
The General Provisions stated anything unmentioned earlier besides the amending power.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
An amendment to the constitution of 1852 was proposed during the legislative session in the year 1855. It was ratified on September 15, 1856. The amendment contained eight articles. The primary focus of the amendment was to allow the legislature to meet biennially rather than annually.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
Article 1 changed the 27th article of the constitution but only in the native language. One word was changed.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
Article 2 amended the 29th article of the constitution. The 29th article of the constitution allowed the king to convene the legislature at the seat of the government or at a different location if safety was an issue. It also allowed the king to adjourn the legislature for up to one year in case of a disagreement between the two houses or with the king himself. Under the new amendment, the king had the discretion to adjourn the legislature for up to two years.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
Article 3 amended the 32nd article of the constitution to remove the King's power to appoint the head of any executive office. The amended article would now only give the King the authority to remove the head of an executive office as well as to demand written information from any department head or officer regarding the oversight of their office.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
Article 4 amended the 43rd article of the constitution. The original constitution stated that any Chief of Rank as appointed by the King would have the title "highness". The amendment removed this title and instead declared that any Chief of Rank would be known by their birth title or any other title the King gave them.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
Article 5 amended the 54th article of the constitution. Article 5 of the 1856 amendment changed the requirement of each governmental department to report its transactions and business. The reports were now due by the start of each new fiscal year rather than just being a general annual requirement.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
Article 6 amended the 61st article of the constitution. Under the amendment, the legislature was only required to meet on behalf of the welfare of the nation biannually rather than annually as previously defined by the constitution. This biannual convention would be held when and where the king dictated.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
Article 7 amended the 100th article of the constitution. Under the new amendment the legislature would vote every two years on the appropriations based on an analysis of the previous two years revenue and spending as well as the projected revenue and spending of the next two years as given by the finance minister.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856
Article 8 amended the 72nd article of the constitution. The amendment addressed the possibility of members of the House of Nobles being able to resign from their position. Under the amendment the king would appoint members of the House of Nobles who would hold their seats for life except in cases of resignation. Members of the House of Nobles were subject to provisions stated in article 67 of the constitution and there would be a maximum of 30 members allowed.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1852 Constitution to 1864 Constitution
The constitution of 1852 lasted through the reign of King Kamehameha III and King Kamehameha IV. When King Kamehameha IV died in 1863, King Kamehameha V resumed power but refused to endorse the constitution of 1852. King Kamehameha V despised the liberal nature of the 1852 constitution and wanted to restore power to the monarchy. He gathered a small group of delegates consisting of chiefs from the House of Nobles, some common citizens, and some missionaries to assemble a convention to re-write the constitution.


1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1852 Constitution to 1864 Constitution
Members at the convention refused to ratify the new constitution, so King Kamehameha V dismissed them and implemented the new constitution himself. The constitution of 1864 expanded the powers of the king, created a unicameral legislature, restricted freedom of the press, weakened the judicial, and discriminated against the poor through the institution of a property requirement for people to vote or serve in the legislature. The new constitution of 1864 contained 80 articles compared to the 106 articles in the constitution of 1852.


1852 Danish Folketing election
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 4 August 1852. Although the National Liberal Party became the largest party, Christian Albrecht Bluhme of the Højre party remained Prime Minister after the elections.


1852 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system
The elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as "dependents" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.


1852 Democratic National Convention
The 1852 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met from June 1 to June 5 in Baltimore, Maryland. It was held to nominate the Democratic Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1852 election. The convention selected former Senator Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire for president and Senator William R. King of Alabama for vice president.


1852 Democratic National Convention
Four major candidates vied for the presidential nomination- Lewis Cass of Michigan, the nominee in 1848, who had the backing of northerners in support of the Compromise of 1850; James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, popular in the South as well as in his home state; Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, candidate of the expansionists and the railroad interests; and William L. Marcy of New York, whose strength was centered in his home state. Cass led on the first nineteen ballots of the convention, but was unable to win the necessary two-thirds majority. Buchanan pulled ahead on the twentieth ballot, but he too was unable to win a two-thirds majority. Pierce won votes for the first time on the 35th ballot, and was nominated almost unanimously on the 49th ballot.


1852 Democratic National Convention
King was nominated on the second vice presidential ballot, defeating Senator Solomon W. Downs and several other candidates. The Democratic ticket went on to win the 1852 election, defeating the Whig ticket of Winfield Scott and William Alexander Graham.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Location
The Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, then an academic institution founded 1825-1826 with a variety of curriculums including mechanical arts along with visual art and design, was located on the second floor of their recently constructed 1851 landmark structure with two clock towers at each end of the long structure set atop arched, stone and brick piers which covered the ancient "Centre Market", founded in the 1760s as the original main marketplace of old Baltimore Town.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Location
Located at Market Place (formerly Harrison Street) and South Frederick Street between East Baltimore Street on the north and Water Street (old colonial shoreline) to the south. It was also known as "Marsh Market" because of the old colonial marsh of Thomas Harrison then located along the western bank of the Jones Falls stream which flowed through downtown Baltimore to the Harbor, and east of "The Basin" (today's "Inner Harbor re-developed entertainment, commercial and hotel area) along the northern shore of the Patapsco River's Northwest Branch.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Location
16th President Abraham Lincoln spoke at the Institute a decade later with his "Liberty Address" or "Baltimore Address" during the Sanitary Fair to raise money to benefit orphans and widows of Union Army soldiers and sailors, held by the United States Sanitary Commission in April 1864. Old Maryland Institute and the Centre Market buildings perished in the Great Baltimore Fire of February 1904.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Location
The Institute's buildings were rebuilt with three new parallel structures here for the marketplace and the second floors for the M.I. 's mechanical arts along with another "Main Building" at Mount Royal Avenue in northwestern city in 1906. They were razed in the 1980s for an entranceway into the new Baltimore "Metro" subway system, and one building (the old "Fish Market") was renovated as the "Port Discovery" children's museum, part of the new "Power Plant Live!" entertainment complex of the 1990s.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Officials
The convention was called to order by Democratic National Committee chairman Benjamin F. Hallett. Romulus M. Saunders served as the temporary convention chairman and John W. Davis served as the permanent convention president.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Balloting
As Democrats convened in Baltimore in June 1852, four major candidates vied for the nomination - Lewis Cass of Michigan, the nominee in 1848, who had the backing of northerners in support of the Compromise of 1850; James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, popular in the South as well as in his home state; Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, candidate of the expansionists and the railroad interests; and William L. Marcy of New York, whose strength was centered in his home state. Throughout the balloting, numerous favorite son candidates received a few votes.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Balloting
With a two-thirds majority required to win, Cass led on the first 19 ballots, with Buchanan second and Douglas and Marcy exchanging third and fourth places. Buchanan took the lead on the 20th ballot and retained it on each of the next nine tallies. Douglas managed a narrow lead on the 30th and 31st ballots. Cass then recaptured first place through the 44th ballot. Marcy carried the next four ballots.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Balloting
Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a former Congressman and Senator, did not get on the board until the 35th ballot, when the Virginia delegation brought him forward as a compromise choice, selecting Pierce as their dark horse by one vote over former New York Congressman and Brooklyn Mayor Henry C. Murphy, and then supporting him as a unit. After being nominated by the Virginia delegation, Pierce's support remained steady until the 46th ballot, when it began to increase at Cass's expense. Pierce's support was consolidated in subsequent voting, and he was nominated nearly unanimously on the 49th ballot.


1852 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Balloting
According to Edward Stanwood, there was "no doubt that the nomination of General Pierce was carefully planned before the convention met. The originator of the scheme was James W. Bradbury, then a senator from Maine, a college mate and lifelong friend of Pierce."


1852 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined
In a peace gesture to the Buchanan wing of the party, Pierce's supporters allowed Buchanan's allies to fill the second position, knowing that they would select Alabama Senator William R. King, to whom Pierce had no objections. King won the nomination on the second ballot. During the ensuing campaign, King's tuberculosis, which he believed he had contracted while living in Paris, denied him the active behind-the-scenes role that he might otherwise have played, although he worked hard to assure his region's voters with the statement that New Hampshire's Pierce was a "northern man with southern principles."


1852 East Suffolk by-election
The 1852 East Suffolk by-election was held on 1 May 1852 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Frederick Thellusson, Lord Rendlesham. It was retained by the Conservative candidate Fitzroy Kelly, the Solicitor General for England and Wales and previously MP for Harwich, who was elected unopposed.


1852 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1852 Florida gubernatorial election was held on October 4, 1852. Democratic nominee James E. Broome defeated the Whig nominee George T. Ward.


1852 Florida gubernatorial election
The Election was only decided by the slim margin of 211 votes.


1852 French Second Empire referendum
A referendum on re-establishing the Empire was held in France on 21 and 22 November 1852. Voters were asked whether they approved of the re-establishment of the Empire in the person of Louis Napoléon Bonaparte and family. It was approved by 96.9% of voters with a 79.8% turnout.


1852 French legislative election
The 1852 general election organized the first legislature of the French Second Empire. The election was held on 29 February and 14 March. Out of 9,836,043 registered voters, 6,222,983 voted (representing an abstention rate of 36.73%).


1852 French legislative election
Emperor Napoleon III's Bonapartists won a huge majority consisting of 258 seats out of 261. (5 Royalists allied with the Bonapartists). The Parti de l'Ordre that had won a majority in the 1849 election was banned following their opposition to the 1851 coup by President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.


1852 French legislative election, Sources
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1852 Grand National
The 1852 Grand National was the 14th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 3 March 1852. The winning jockey, Alec Goodman, was also to ride the 1866 winner.


1852 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1852 Illinois gubernatorial election was the tenth election for this office. Democratic governor Augustus C. French did not seek re-election. Democrat Joel Aldrich Matteson was elected to succeed him. At this time in Illinois history the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain the case until the adoption of the 1970 constitution.


1852 Iowa Senate election
In the 1852 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the fourth Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 19 to 31 seats in 1852, elections were held for 22 of the state senate's 31 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1852 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election in 1850, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 14 seats to Whigs' five seats.


1852 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Whigs needed to net 11 Senate seats.


1852 Iowa Senate election
Democrats maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1852 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding 20 seats and Whigs having 11 seats (a net gain of 6 seats for both Democrats and Whigs). Democratic Senator William E. Leffingwell was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the fourth General Assembly, succeeding Democratic Senator Enos Lowe in that leadership position.


1852 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1852. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1852 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1852 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the first election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1852. The new constitution shortened the term of Governor Walker and also the term of his successor to make calendar adjustments.


1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8.


1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Democratic Governor George S. Boutwell declined to run for a third term in office. John H. Clifford won the race to succeed him. Because no candidate received a majority of the vote, the legislature selected Clifford as the winner.


1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote
The Massachusetts House of Representatives certified the popular returns on January 12. John Clifford was the first candidate nominated for Governor with 148 votes. On a second ballot, Henry Bishop was nominated with 189 votes. In the Massachusetts State Senate, Clifford defeated Bishop 29-5.


1852 Massachusetts legislature
The 73rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1852 during the governorship of George S. Boutwell. Henry Wilson served as president of the Senate and Nathaniel Prentice Banks served as speaker of the House.


1852 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1852 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1852. Incumbent Democrat Robert McClelland defeated Whig nominee Zachariah Chandler with 51.07% of the vote.


1852 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1852 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 2, 1852, the Democratic nominee, Sterling Price, defeated Whig candidate James Winston.


1852 Naval Air Squadron
1852 Naval Air Squadron (1852 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.


1852 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography
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1852 New York state election
The 1852 New York state election was held on November 2, 1852, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.


1852 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 1 and 2 in Syracuse. Wheeler H. Bristol was Temporary President on September 1, Henry Stevens from Cortland County was elected president on September 2. Seymour was nominated for governor on the second ballot (Seymour 78, Augustus Schell 21, 5 other candidates with fewer votes). Lt . Gov. Church was re-nominated on the first ballot (Church 69, Augustus Schell 54, 2 other candidates with a few votes). Canal Commissioner Follett was re-nominated on the first ballot with 81 votes. Prison Inspector Clark was re-nominated on the first ballot with 82 votes.


1852 New York state election, History
The Whig state convention met on September 22 at the City Hall in Syracuse, Henry W. Taylor from Ontario County presided. Governor Hunt was re-nominated by acclamation. Judge Kent was nominated for Lt. Gov. on the second ballot (Kent 64, James M. Cook 28, 4 other candidates with fewer votes). Kempshall was nominated for Canal Commissioner by acclamation. Crosby, from Dutchess County, was nominated for Prison Inspector on the second ballot.


1852 New York state election, History
The Free Democratic state convention met on September 29 in Syracuse, New York, and passed a series of strong free soil resolutions. They nominated Tompkins, Gates, Wheaton, Curtis, and Hiram Barney and Alfred Babcock for presidential electors at large.


1852 New York state election, Candidates
Minthorne Tompkins was the son of U.S. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins, William Kent was the son of Chancellor James Kent. Seth M Gates and Charles A. Wheaton ran for the second time (also 1848) unsuccessfully for Lt. Gov. and Canal Commissioner.


1852 New York state election, Results
The incumbent governor Hunt was defeated, the incumbent Church, Follett and Clark were re-elected.


1852 New York state election, Results
86 Democrats, 41 Whigs and one Independent were elected for the session of 1853 to the New York State Assembly.


1852 Newfoundland general election
The 1852 Newfoundland general election was held in 1852 to elect members of the 5th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. There were 9 Liberals and 6 Conservatives elected.


1852 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1852 saw the reelection of Charles Gilpin to a third consecutive term.


1852 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system
Beginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.


1852 Portuguese legislative election
The Portuguese legislative election, 1852 was held on 12 December.


1852 State of the Union Address
The 1852 State of the Union Address was given by the 13th president of the United States, Millard Fillmore, on Monday, December 6, 1852. It was spoken to the 32nd United States Congress by a clerk, not the president. He said, "Besides affording to our own citizens a degree of prosperity of which on so large a scale I know of no other instance, our country is annually affording a refuge and a home to multitudes, altogether without example, from the Old World. We owe these blessings, under Heaven, to the happy Constitution and Government which were bequeathed to us by our fathers, and which it is our sacred duty to transmit in all their integrity to our children."


1852 United Kingdom general election
The 1852 United Kingdom general election was a watershed in the formation of the modern political parties of Britain. Following 1852, the Tory/Conservative party became, more completely, the party of the rural aristocracy, while the Whig/Liberal party became the party of the rising urban bourgeoisie in Britain. The results of the election were extremely close in terms of the numbers of seats won by the two main parties.


1852 United Kingdom general election
As in the previous election of 1847, Lord John Russell's Whigs won the popular vote, but the Conservative Party won a very slight majority of the seats. However, a split between Protectionist Tories, led by the Earl of Derby, and the Peelites who supported Lord Aberdeen  made the formation of a majority government very difficult. Lord Derby's minority, protectionist government ruled from 23 February until 17 December 1852. Derby appointed Benjamin Disraeli as Chancellor of the Exchequer in this minority government. However, in December 1852, Derby's government collapsed because of issues arising out of the budget introduced by Disraeli. A Peelite–Whig-Radical coalition government was then formed under Lord Aberdeen. Although the immediate issue involved in this vote of "no confidence" which caused the downfall of the Derby minority government was the budget, the real underlying issue was repeal of the Corn Laws which Parliament had passed in June 1846.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Corn Laws
A group within the Tory/Conservative Party called the "Peelites" voted with the Whigs to achieve the repeal of the Corn Laws. The Peelites were so named because they were followers of Prime Minister Robert Peel. In June 1846, when Peel was the Prime Minister of a Tory government, he led a group of Tory/Conservatives to vote with the minority Whigs against a majority of his own party.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Corn Laws
"Corn" was important to the cost of living of the average person in Britain during the early 19th century. The term "corn" did not refer to maize, as it did in the United States. In Britain, "corn" refers to wheat, rye and/or other grains. Wheat, or corn, was used in the baking of bread and was the "staff of life". Thus the price of wheat was a very substantial part of the cost of living. The Corn Laws enforced a very high "protective" tariff against the importation of wheat into England.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Corn Laws
These high tariffs raised the cost of living and increased the suffering of poor people in England. Agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws had begun in England as early as 1837, and bills for their repeal had been introduced in Parliament each year from 1837 until their actual repeal in 1847.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Split in the Tory party
For some parliamentary leaders, like John Bright, Richard Cobden and Charles Pelham Villiers, the repeal of tariffs on imported corn was not enough. They wished to reduce the tariffs on all imported consumer products. These parliamentary leaders became known as "free traders". The repeal of the Corn Laws irrevocably split the Tory/Conservative party. The Peelites were not free traders, but both the Peelites and the free traders were originally Tories. Thus both the free traders and the Peelites tended to side with the Whigs against the Tories on international trade issues.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Split in the Tory party
This presented a real threat to any government the Tories attempted to form. The effect of this split was felt in the election of July–August 1847, when the Whig party won a 53.8% majority of seats in Parliament. The Whigs knew that they could count on the Peelite Conservatives when an international trade issue came before Parliament. In June 1852, the effects of the split in the Tory/Conservative party was having even more effect.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Split in the Tory party
The period 1847–48 had been one of economic stagnation in Britain, but 1849–52 saw a return to prosperity. Indeed, 1852 proved to be "one of the most signal years of prosperity England ever enjoyed". The Whigs and Peelites felt that the repeal of the Corn Laws had brought about the prosperity, and wished to take credit for this. The Free Traders agreed, and continued to press for the repeal of all tariffs on consumer goods to achieve continued prosperity.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Ministerialists and Oppositionists
The split in the Tory party was a significant cause of the reformation of the political parties in Britain in the February 1852 election. To understand this, it may be easier to consider the British political party structure in 1852 by using the labels "Ministerialists" (the protectionist Tory/Conservatives) and the Oppositionists (the Whigs, Free Traders and Peelites).


1852 United Kingdom general election, Ministerialists and Oppositionists
As noted above, in the election of 1852 the Ministerialists became the party of the rural landholders, while the Oppositionists became the party of the towns, boroughs and growing urban industrial areas of Britain. In the 1852 election, the borough constituencies of England elected 104 Ministerialists to Parliament and 215 Oppositionists; while the (more rural) county constituencies of England elected 109 Ministerialists and only 32 Oppositionists. There were similar results in Wales and Scotland: the boroughs of Wales elected 10 Oppositionists and only 3 Ministerialists, while the counties of Wales elected 11 Ministerialists and 3 Oppositionists.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Ministerialists and Oppositionists
The Scottish boroughs elected 25 Oppositionalists and not a single Ministerialist, while Scottish counties elected 14 Ministerialists and 13 Oppositionists. Only in Ireland was this political formation less clear-cut, as the boroughs in Ireland elected 14 Ministerialists and 25 Oppositionists,  while the counties of Ireland elected 24 Ministerialsts and 35 Oppositionists. The Irish Oppositionists were known as the "Irish Brigade".


1852 United Kingdom general election, Fall of the government in December 1852
Although the Ministerialists, elected in 1852, were initially loyal to the Tory/Conservatives, the Irish Brigade knew that they would be able to count on support from some of the Irish Ministerialists if and when a purely Irish issue arose in Parliament. The Irish were seeking tenant rights for Ireland. An opportunity for the Irish Oppositionists to pull some Irish Ministerialists over to the Opposition arose in December 1852 when the Chancellor of Exchequer, Benjamin Disraeli, introduced the budget of the Derby minority government.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Fall of the government in December 1852
This budget imposed a number of tax increases on the profits of the rising bourgeoisie and granted a number of tax cuts for the rural landed aristocracy. This budget also extended the income tax to the Irish bourgeoisie, thus angering some of the Irish Ministerialists who had been supporting the minority government. Consequently, a number of Irish Ministerialists voted against the minority government on the Disraeli budget on 17 December 1852. This vote of "no confidence" caused the government to fall.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Fall of the government in December 1852
Following the fall of the minority government, Lord Aberdeen was called on to form a government, and he formed a Peelite/Whig government on 19 December 1852. This government served until 30 January 1855, when it too collapsed due to issues surrounding British involvement in the Crimean War.


1852 United Kingdom general election, Results
While the Conservatives had, in theory, a slim majority over the Whigs, the party was divided between Protectionist and Peelite wings: the former numbered about 290 and the latter 35–40. The Whigs themselves represented a coalition of Whigs, Liberals, Radicals, and Irish nationalists. The above numbers therefore do not represent the true balance of support in Parliament.


1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
The 1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Tuesday, October 5, 1852 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 33rd Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the presidential election, the gubernatorial election, and various state and local elections.


1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
The winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1855.


1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign
Despite a very popular tenure as a compromise candidate, by 1852, Cabell became very unpopular among Democrats in Florida after a number of smear campaigns accused him of supporting abolitionism. In reality, Cabell was one of Congress' biggest supporters of slavery, and was one of the spearheads behind the Compromise of 1850. Cabell also refused to support the Whig candidate for president, General Winfield Scott, as Scott was perceived to be a trojan horse for abolitionism among many Southern Whigs, most of whom supported President Millard Fillmore at the 1852 Whig National Convention. Cabell opted instead to support the Democratic candidate, former New Hampshire Senator Franklin Pierce, drawing the ire of many staunch Whig supporters in Pensacola.


1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign
By the time of the election, after guaranteeing that no Democrat would vote for him and Whig turnout for him would be significantly lower, Cabell narrowly lost the election to Maxwell by just 22 votes.


1852 United States elections
The 1852 United States elections elected the members of the 33rd United States Congress. The election marked the end of the Second Party System, as the Whig Party ceased to function as a national party following this election. Democrats won the presidency and retained control of both houses of Congress.


1852 United States elections
In the presidential election, Democratic former senator Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeated Whig General Winfield Scott. Pierce won the popular vote by a margin of seven percent, and dominated the electoral college. John P. Hale of the Free Soil Party also took about five percent of the popular vote. Pierce won on the 49th ballot of the 1852 Democratic National Convention, defeating 1848 nominee Lewis Cass, former Secretary of State James Buchanan, former Secretary of War William L. Marcy, and Senator Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois.


1852 United States elections
Incumbent Whig president Millard Fillmore ran for a full term, but the 1852 Whig National Convention chose Scott, another popular general similar to former Whig presidents William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor. Fillmore became the first incumbent president to lose his party's presidential nomination. Scott was the last Whig presidential candidate, as the party collapsed during the 1850s. However, this election was also the last time a Democratic candidate would win a majority of the popular and electoral vote until Franklin D. Roosevelt did so in 1932.


1852 United States elections
In the House, Democrats won several seats, boosting their majority.


1852 United States elections
In the Senate, Democrats won minor gains, maintaining their commanding majority.


1852 United States presidential election
The 1852 United States presidential election was the 17th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1852. Democrat Franklin Pierce, a former Senator from New Hampshire, defeated Whig nominee General Winfield Scott.


1852 United States presidential election
Incumbent Whig President Millard Fillmore had succeeded to the Presidency in 1850 upon the death of President Zachary Taylor. Endorsement of the Compromise of 1850 and enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law earned Fillmore Southern voter support and Northern voter opposition. On the 53rd ballot of the sectionally divided 1852 Whig National Convention, Scott defeated Fillmore for the nomination. Democrats divided among four major candidates at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. On the 49th ballot, dark horse candidate Franklin Pierce won nomination by consensus compromise. The Free Soil Party, a third party opposed to the extension of slavery in the United States and into the territories, as in their name free-soil meaning land should be free instead of slave, nominated New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale.


1852 United States presidential election
With few policy differences between the two major candidates, the election became a personality contest. Though Scott had commanded in the Mexican–American War, Pierce also served. Scott strained Whig Party unity as his anti-slavery reputation gravely damaged his campaign in the South. A group of Southern Whigs and a separate group of Southern Democrats each nominated insurgent tickets, but both efforts failed to attract support.


1852 United States presidential election
Pierce and running mate William R. King won a comfortable popular majority, carrying 27 of the 31 states. Pierce won the highest share of the electoral vote since James Monroe's uncontested 1820 re-election. Overwhelming defeat and disagreement about slavery soon drove the Whig Party to disintegrate.


1852 United States presidential election
Not until 1876 would Democrats again win a popular majority vote for president and not until 1932 would they win both a popular majority vote and the Presidency with Democratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations
The 1852 presidential election conventions of the parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
As Democrats convened in Baltimore in June 1852, four major candidates vied for the nomination: Lewis Cass of Michigan, the nominee in 1848, who had the backing of northerners in support of the Compromise of 1850; James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, popular in the South as well as in his home state; Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, candidate of the expansionists and the railroad interests; and William L. Marcy of New York, whose strength was centered in his home state. Throughout the balloting, numerous favorite son candidates received a few votes.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Cass led on the first nineteen ballots, with Buchanan second, and Douglas and Marcy exchanging third and fourth places. Buchanan took the lead on the 20th ballot and retained it on each of the next nine tallies. Douglas managed a narrow lead on the 30th and 31st ballots. Cass then recaptured first place through the 44th ballot. Marcy carried the next four ballots. Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a former Congressman and Senator, did not get on the board until the 34th ballot, when the Virginia delegation brought him forward as a compromise choice. He consolidated his support in subsequent voting and was nominated nearly unanimously on the 49th ballot.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
In a peace gesture to the Buchanan wing of the party, Pierce's supporters allowed Buchanan's allies to fill the second position, knowing that they would select Alabama Senator William R. King. On the second ballot, with only minor opposition, King finally obtained the Democratic vice-presidential nomination. During the ensuing campaign, King's tuberculosis, which he believed he had contracted while in Paris, France, denied him the active behind-the-scenes role that he might otherwise have played, although he worked hard to assure his region's voters that New Hampshire's Pierce was a "northern man with southern principles." King died shortly after his inauguration on April 18, 1853.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination
The 1852 Whig National Convention, held in Baltimore, Maryland, was bitterly divided. Supporters of President Fillmore pointed to the successful Compromise of 1850 and the failure of a nascent secession movement in the Southern states in 1850–1851. The northern Whigs believed that the Compromise of 1850 favored the slaveholding South over the North. Northern Whigs favored heroic Mexican–American War General Winfield Scott of New Jersey. Scott had earned the nickname of "Old Fuss and Feathers" in the military due to his insistence on appearance and discipline, and while respected, was also seen by the people as somewhat foppish.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination
A deadlock occurred because most New England delegates supported Daniel Webster. On the first ballot, Fillmore received all delegate votes from the South save four, but only received eighteen northern delegate votes. The vote was 133 for Fillmore, 131 for Scott, and 29 for Webster. Scott was nominated on the 53rd ballot by a margin of 159–112 (with 21 for Webster), again with a highly sectional vote; Scott won the North by a 142–11 vote (with 21 for Webster) while Fillmore won the South by a margin of 101–17.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination
William Alexander Graham was chosen as the vice-presidential nominee. 1852 would be the last time the Whig Party would nominate its own candidate for president, albeit it would endorse Fillmore's run as a Know Nothing candidate in 1856. Within the decade, the party fell apart and ceased to exist, principally due to regional divisions caused by the slavery issue.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Free Soil Party nomination
The Free Soil Party was still the strongest third party in 1852. However, following the Compromise of 1850, most of the "Barnburners" who supported it in 1848 had returned to the Democratic Party while most of the Conscience Whigs rejoined the Whig Party. The second Free Soil National Convention assembled in the Masonic Hall in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale was nominated for president with 192 delegate votes (sixteen votes were cast for a smattering of candidates). George Washington Julian of Indiana was nominated for vice-president over Samuel Lewis of Ohio and Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Party nomination
The Union party was formed in 1850, an offshoot of the Whig party in several Southern states, including Georgia. As the 1852 presidential election approached, Union party leaders decided to wait and see who was nominated by the two major parties. The movement to nominate Daniel Webster as a third-party candidate began in earnest following the Whig Convention, largely driven by those who had been strenuously opposed to Winfield Scott's nomination, among them Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, and George Curtis. While Webster was against what he perceived as a "revolt" from the Whig Party and preferred not to be nominated, he let Americans vote for him should the party choose to nominate him.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Party nomination
The Union Party held its Georgia state convention on August 9, 1852, and nominated Webster for president and Charles J. Jenkins of Georgia for vice-president. A formal convention was held at Faneuil Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 15, affirming the nominations made at the state convention in Georgia and rejecting Winfield Scott as nothing more than a military figure. The Webster/Jenkins ticket received nationwide support, particularly among Southern Whigs, but also in Massachusetts and New York, but it was largely perceived by many as nothing more than getting voters who would, in different circumstances, support Scott.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Party nomination
Webster had no real chance of winning the election, but even the new Know-Nothing party endorsed Webster, nominating him without even his own permission. However, Webster died nine days before the election of a cerebral hemorrhage on October 24, 1852.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Native American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination
Around the mid-1830s, nativists were present in New York politics, under the aegis of the American Republican Party. The American Republican party was formed in 1843 in major opposition to immigration and Catholicism. In 1845, the party changed its name to the Native American Party. Their opponents nicknamed them the "Know Nothings" and the party liked the name and it became the nickname of the party after that until it collapsed in 1860. In 1852, the original candidate planned by the Native American Party was Daniel Webster, the nominee of the Union party as well as Secretary of State.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Native American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination
They nominated Webster without his permission, with George Corbin Washington (grandnephew of George Washington) as his running mate. Webster died of natural causes nine days before the election, and the Know-Nothings quickly replaced Webster by nominating Jacob Broom as president and replaced Washington with Reynell Coates. With Webster collecting a few thousand votes, Broom received too few and lost the election. In the future, former president Millard Fillmore would be their candidate in 1856.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination
The Southern Rights Party was an offshoot of the Democratic party in several Southern states which advocated secession from the Union, electing a number of Congressmen and holding referendums on secession in a number of southern states, none of which were successful.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination
It was unclear in early 1852 if the Party would contest the presidential election. When the Alabama state convention was held in early March, only nine counties were represented. The party decided to see who was nominated by the two major national parties and support one of them if possible. When Georgia held its state convention, it acted as the state Democratic Party and sent delegates to the national convention.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination
After the Democratic National Convention, the Party was not sure that it wanted to support Franklin Pierce, the Democratic nominee. Alabama held a state convention from July 13–15 and discussed at length the options of running a separate ticket or supporting Pierce. The convention was unable to arrive at a decision, deciding to appoint a committee to review the positions of Scott and Pierce with the option of calling a "national" convention if the two major-party candidates appeared deficient. The committee took its time reviewing the positions of Pierce and Scott, finally deciding on August 25 to call a convention for a Southern Rights Party ticket.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination
The convention assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, with 62 delegates present, a committee to recommend a ticket being appointed while the delegates listened to speeches in the interim. The committee eventually recommended former Senator George Troup of Georgia for President, and former Governor John Quitman of Mississippi for Vice-President; they were unanimously nominated.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination
The two nominees accepted their nominations soon after the convention, which was held rather late in the season. Troup stated in a letter, dated September 27 and printed in the New York Times on October 16, that he had planned to vote for Pierce and had always wholeheartedly supported William R.D. King. He indicated in the letter that he preferred to decline the honor, as he was rather ill at the time and feared that he would die before the election. The Party's executive committee edited the letter to excise those portions which indicated that Troup preferred to decline, a fact which was revealed after the election.


1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination
The Liberty Party had ceased to become a significant political force after most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848. Nonetheless, some of those who rejected the fusion strategy held a Liberty Party National Convention in Buffalo, New York. There were few delegates present, so a ticket was recommended and a later convention called. The Convention recommended Gerrit Smith of New York for president and Charles Durkee of Wisconsin for vice-president. A second convention was held in Syracuse, New York, in early September 1852, but it too failed to draw enough delegates to select a nominee. Yet a third convention gathered in Syracuse later that month and nominated William Goodell of New York for president and S.M. Bell  of Virginia for vice-president.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Fall campaign
The Whigs' platform was almost indistinguishable from that of the Democrats, reducing the campaign to a contest between the personalities of the two candidates. The lack of clearcut issues between the two parties helped drive voter turnout down to its lowest level since 1836. The decline was further exacerbated by Scott's antislavery reputation, which decimated the Southern Whig vote at the same time as the pro-slavery Whig platform undermined the Northern Whig vote. After the Compromise of 1850 was passed, many of the southern Whig Party members broke with the party's key figure, Henry Clay.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Fall campaign
Finally, Scott's status as a war hero was somewhat offset by the fact that Pierce was himself a Mexican–American War brigadier general.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Fall campaign
The Democrats adopted the slogan: The Whigs we Polked in forty-four, We'll Pierce in fifty-two, playing on the names of Pierce and former President James K. Polk.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Fall campaign
Just nine days before the election, Webster died, causing many Union state parties to remove their slates of electors. The Union ticket appeared on the ballot in Georgia and Massachusetts, however.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results
When American voters went to the polls, Pierce won the electoral college in a landslide; Scott won only the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Vermont, while the Free Soil vote collapsed to less than half of what Martin Van Buren had earned in the previous election, with the party taking no states. The fact that Daniel Webster received a substantial share of the vote in Georgia and Massachusetts, even though he was dead, shows how disenchanted voters were with the two main candidates.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results
In the popular vote, while Pierce outpolled Scott by 220,000 votes, 17 states were decided by less than 10%, and eight by less than 5%. A shift of 69,000 votes to Scott in Delaware, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, Ohio and Pennsylvania would have left the electoral college in a 148–148 tie, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results
As a result of the devastating defeat and the growing tensions within the party between pro-slavery Southerners and anti-slavery Northerners, the Whig Party quickly fell apart after the 1852 election and ceased to exist. Some Southern Whigs would join the Democratic Party, and many Northern Whigs would help to form the new Republican Party in 1854.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Some Whigs in both sections would support the so-called "Know-Nothing" party in the 1856 presidential election. Similarly, the Free Soil Party rapidly fell away into obscurity after the election, and the remaining members mostly opted to join the former Northern Whigs in forming the Republican Party.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The Southern Rights Party effectively collapsed following the election, attaining only five percent of the vote in Alabama, and a few hundred in its nominee's home state of Georgia. It would elect a number of Congressmen in 1853, but they would rejoin the Democratic Party upon taking their seats in Congress.


1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results
This was the last election in which the Democrats won Michigan until 1932, the last in which the Democrats won Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio or Rhode Island until 1912, the last in which the Democrats won Wisconsin until 1892, the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut until 1876 and the last in which the Democrats won New York until 1868. It was, however, the last election in which the Democrats' chief opponent won Kentucky until 1896, and indeed the last until 1928 in which the Democrats' opponent obtained an absolute majority in the Bluegrass State.


1852 United States presidential election, Results by state
Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.


1852 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1852 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1852 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Alabama by a margin of 26.77%.


1852 United States presidential election in Arkansas
The 1852 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1852 United States presidential election in Arkansas
Arkansas voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Arkansas by a margin of 24.36%.


1852 United States presidential election in California
The 1852 United States presidential election in California was held on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Votes chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1852 United States presidential election in California
California voted in its first ever presidential election, having become the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The state was won by the Democratic nominee, New Hampshire Senator Franklin Pierce, who defeated the Whig nominee, United States Army general Winfield Scott.


1852 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1852 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a narrow margin of 4.33%.


1852 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1852 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Delaware by a very narrow margin of 0.19%, only 25 votes.


1852 United States presidential election in Florida
The 1852 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Florida, Results
Democrat Franklin Pierce defeated Whig Party candidate Winfield Scott by a margin of 20.06% or 1,443 votes. Pierce won all of Florida's 3 electoral votes and was the first Democrat to win the state.


1852 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1852 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Georgia
Georgia voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Commanding General Winfield Scott, the nominee of the Whig Party, and Senator Daniel Webster. Having been denied the Whig nomination at the party's 1852 National Convention, Webster was placed on the ballot without permission by a group of former Whigs, known as the Know Nothings, but died of natural causes shortly before the election. Pierce won Georgia by a margin of 38.10%.


1852 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1852 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Illinois
Illinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott and Free Soil candidate John P. Hale. Pierce won Illinois by a margin of 10.10%.


1852 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1852 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Illinois by a margin of 7.88%. This would be the last occasion Porter County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate until Bill Clinton won a plurality in 1996.


1852 United States presidential election in Iowa
The 1852 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Iowa
Iowa voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Iowa by a margin of 5.39%.


1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky
Kentucky voted for the Whig candidate, Winfield Scott, over Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce. Scott won Kentucky by a margin of 3.12%.


1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky
Kentucky was one of the four states to vote for Scott in the 1852 election with the other three being Massachusetts, Tennessee and Vermont.


1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky
With 51.44% of the popular vote, Kentucky would prove to be Scott's strongest victory in the nation.


1852 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1852 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Louisiana by a narrow margin of 3.88%.


1852 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1852 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 11.03%.


1852 United States presidential election in Maine
Pierce would be the last Democratic candidate to win Maine until Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and the last one until Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 to win a majority of the popular vote.


1852 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1852 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Maryland
Maryland voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Maryland by a margin of 6.59%. This was the first presidential election in which Maryland voted Democratic.


1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts voted for the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott, over the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce. Scott won the state by a narrow margin of 6.38%.


1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts was one of the only four states to vote for Scott. The other three were Kentucky, Tennessee and Vermont.


1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Free Soil Party candidate John P. Hale won 22.05% of the vote in the state, making Massachusetts his strongest state.


1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Daniel Webster died 9 days before the election of a cerebral hemorrhage on October 24, 1852. This caused many Union and Native American state parties to remove him and his running mate Charles Jones Jenkins from their slates of electors and was replaced by Jacob Broom and Reynell Coates. The Webster-Jenkins Union ticket however, remained on the ballot in both Massachusetts and Georgia.


1852 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1852 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Michigan
Michigan voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott and Free Soil candidate John P. Hale. Pierce won Michigan by a margin of 9.62%.


1852 United States presidential election in Michigan
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last and only time Sanilac County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. It would be the last time Michigan would send a full slate of Democratic electors to the Electoral College until Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932, although it did send five Grover Cleveland electors in 1892.


1852 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1852 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Mississippi voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Mississippi by a margin of 21.00%.


1852 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1852 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Missouri
Missouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Missouri by a margin of 12.84%.


1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won his home state by a margin of 25.76%. His margin of victory in New Hampshire is the second largest for a Democrat, surpassed only by Lyndon B. Johnson's 27.78% in 1964.


1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Both Pierce and Free Soil Party candidate John P. Hale were from New Hampshire. Pierce had been born in Hillsborough while Hale was born in Rochester.


1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
This would be the last election when New Hampshire voted for the Democratic Party until Woodrow Wilson won it in 1912 with a narrow plurality, as the anti-slavery Republican Party would monopolize the state at a presidential level between 1856 and 1908. It was to also be the last election that a Democrat won a majority of the vote in the state until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. Cheshire County would indeed never again vote Democratic until supporting Lyndon Johnson in 1964, and Sullivan County would not do so for a Democrat until Wilson in 1916. This would also be the last time a Democrat would carry every single county until Barack Obama in 2008.


1852 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1852 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 6.91%, making him the first Democratic presidential candidate since Andrew Jackson in 1832 to win the state.


1852 United States presidential election in New York
The 1852 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 35 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in New York
New York voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 5.21%.


1852 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1852 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in North Carolina
North Carolina voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won North Carolina by a margin of 0.94%.


1852 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1852 United States presidential election in Ohio was held on November 2, 1852 as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. State voters chose 23 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio was narrowly won by the Democratic Party candidate, Franklin Pierce, who won the state with a plurality of 47.83 percent of the popular vote. The Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott, garnered 43.18 percent of the popular vote, and Free Soil Party candidate John P. Hale gained 8.98 percent, a figure exceeded by a third-party candidate in Ohio only six times since.


1852 United States presidential election in Ohio
Pierce would become the final Democrat to win Ohio until Woodrow Wilson won it in 1912.


1852 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1852 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won Pennsylvania by a margin of 5.02%.


1852 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1852 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 6.52%.


1852 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
This would be the final time until 1912 that a Democratic presidential candidate was able to win Rhode Island and the final time until 1928 that a Democratic candidate won a majority of the popular vote.


1852 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1852 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in South Carolina
South Carolina cast eight electoral votes for the Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.


1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee voted for the Whig candidate, Winfield Scott, over Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce. Scott won Tennessee by a narrow margin of 1.46%.


1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee was one of the four states to vote for Scott in the 1852 election with the other three being Kentucky, Massachusetts and Vermont.


1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee
With 50.73% of the popular vote, Tennessee would prove to be Scott's second strongest state in the nation after Kentucky.


1852 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1852 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. State voters chose four electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.


1852 United States presidential election in Texas
Texas voted for the Democratic nominee Franklin Pierce, who received 73.068% of Texas's votes. Texas was Pierce's strongest state by about 9% (Georgia was 2nd with 62.7% of the vote from the state).


1852 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1852 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont voted for the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott, over the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce. Scott won the state by a margin of 20.8%. This would be the last election until 1916 where a Democratic candidate won more than 40% of the vote in a Vermont county.


1852 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont was one of the only four states to vote for Scott. The other three were Massachusetts, Kentucky, and Tennessee.


1852 United States presidential election in Vermont
With 50.52% of the popular vote, Vermont would prove to be Scott's third strongest state after Kentucky and Tennessee. It was also Scott's strong state by margin by victory.


1852 United States presidential election in Vermont
Free Soil Party candidate John P. Hale won 19.64% of the popular vote in the state, making Vermont his second strongest state after neighboring Massachusetts. Lamoille County was won by Hale, which would make him the final third party candidate to win a single county in Vermont until Progressive Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt won six counties in 1912.


1852 United States presidential election in Vermont
After this election, Vermont would vote for the nominee of the Republican Party, which would be formed in 1854, for 27 consecutive elections, from 1856 through 1960--as of 2020, still the most of any state.


1852 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1852 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia voted for the Democratic candidate, former U.S. Senator Franklin Pierce over the Whig candidate, military lieutenant general Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 11.42%.


1852 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The 1852 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 2, 1852 as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1852 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
Democratic Party candidate Franklin Pierce won the state with 52.04 percent of the popular vote, winning Wisconsin's five electoral votes.


1852 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
This would be the final time a Democratic presidential candidate would win Wisconsin until Grover Cleveland won the state in 1892. No Democratic presidential candidate would again win a majority of Wisconsin’s popular vote until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.


1852 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1852 Vermont gubernatorial election was held on Tuesday, September 7. Incumbent governor Charles K. Williams, a Whig, was not a candidate for reelection. In the voting, Whig Erastus Fairbanks received 49.2 percent, Democrat John S. Robinson 31.3 percent, and Free Soil Party nominee Lawrence Brainerd 19.6 percent.


1852 Vermont gubernatorial election
In accordance with the Vermont Constitution, because no candidate received 50 percent of the vote, the election was decided by the Vermont General Assembly. On October 16, with 110 votes by the combined Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate necessary for a choice, Fairbanks won on the first ballot with 117 votes to 61 for Robinson and 40 for Brainerd. On Monday October 18, Fairbanks took the oath of office and began a one-year term.


1852 Whig National Convention
The 1852 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from June 17 to June 20, in Baltimore, Maryland. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1852 election. The convention selected General-in-Chief Winfield Scott (commanding the United States Army and led in the recent war with Mexico) for president and U.S. Secretary of the Navy William A. Graham for vice president.


1852 Whig National Convention
In the aftermath of the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and the Compromise of 1850, the Whig Party was torn over the issue of slavery. President Millard Fillmore, who had succeeded to the presidency in July 1850 after the death of President Zachary Taylor, had the strong backing of Southern Whigs. However, his enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 had alienated many Northern Whigs, who supported either Scott or Secretary of State Daniel Webster. Scott and Fillmore essentially tied on the first presidential ballot, while a smaller fraction of the vote went to Webster. There was little delegate movement over the next 46 ballots, but Scott gained momentum on the 48th ballot and clinched the nomination on the 53rd ballot.


1852 Whig National Convention
Graham, Edward Bates of Missouri, and James Pearce of Maryland all won significant support on the first vice presidential ballot, but Graham clinched the nomination on the second ballot. In the general election, Scott and Graham were defeated by the Democratic candidates, Franklin Pierce and William R. King who took office the following March 1853. This 1852 convention was the last Whig Party presidential convention to be held independent of other parties, as the 1856 Whig National Convention was held by a rump faction of Whigs and nominated the ticket previously selected by the competing 1856 American National Convention.


1852 Whig National Convention, Schedule
The Congressional Whig caucus, led by North Carolina Senator Willie P. Mangum, a supporter of Scott, met on April 9, 1852, to decide the date and location for the 1852 convention.


1852 Whig National Convention, Schedule
The party chose to hold the convention in Baltimore, Maryland, at the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts (now the Maryland Institute College of Art), an assembly hall/auditorium with classrooms on second floor built above arched brick piers for Centre Market (also known as "Marsh Market" from the colonial era Harrison's Marsh area) below on ground level), built 1851, on East Baltimore Street at Market Place/South Frederick Street on the west bank of the Jones Falls (stream – flows into the Patapsco River and Baltimore harbor) during the second week of June.


1852 Whig National Convention, Schedule
Also later site of "Sanitary Fair" held to support Union Army and Navy soldiers and sailors' domestic and health needs sponsored by U.S. Sanitary Commission during the Civil War and site of famous Abraham Lincoln visit and "Liberty Speech" (or "Baltimore Address") on April 18, 1864. The site often used for numerous assemblies, mass meetings and conventions during the later half of the 19th century, burned during the Great Baltimore Fire of February 1904.


1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention
In late 1851 and early 1852, state conventions began to meet to select delegates to the national convention. The party was split between those who felt that Fillmore could not win the election and those who favored the president's nomination. Northern Whigs favored Scott while Southern Whigs tended to prefer Fillmore.


1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention
The party was also torn on the issue of slavery. Most in the party wanted to prevent slavery from becoming the dominating issue in the election. However, the Whigs were split on the issue of the Compromise of 1850, proposed and designed by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky. President Zachary Taylor, a Southern Whig, had tried to avoid the issue altogether by proposing that California and New Mexico be admitted as free states immediately. After Taylor's death in July 1850, Fillmore, a moderate Whig, had supported Clay's compromise and was instrumental as president in its passage. Northern Whigs, led by William Henry Seward of New York, (former Governor and Senator), adamantly opposed the compromise because it did not apply the Wilmot Proviso (which banned slavery in any federal territory acquired from Mexico after the Mexican-American War) to the western territories.


1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention
Northern Whigs launched an effort to associate Scott with the Free Soil wing of the party. Scott did not agree with the Free Soilers, who opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Just days before the convention was scheduled to begin, Southern Whigs warned that they would not support Scott unless he pledged to disavow the Free Soilers and to exclude them from his administration if he was elected.


1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention
Encouraged by Fillmore's professed lack of desire to pursue the Whig nomination, Webster launched another campaign for the presidency in 1851. Fillmore was sympathetic to the ambitions of his secretary of state, but he was unwilling to completely rule out accepting the party's 1852 nomination, as he feared doing so would allow Seward to gain control of the party through Scott. Scott had supported the Compromise of 1850, but his association with Seward made him unacceptable to Southern Whigs. As Southerners retained a lingering distrust of Webster, they threw their backing behind Fillmore. Thus, Scott emerged as the preferred candidate of most Northern Whigs, Fillmore became the main candidate of Southern Whigs, and Webster was only able to win backing from a handful of delegates, most of whom were from New England.


1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention
On the eve of the convention, The New York Times estimated that Fillmore would have the support of 133 delegates, Scott 120 and Webster 40.


1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention
Two weeks before the Whig convention was set to begin, the Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, a northerner from New Hampshire. Supporters of DanielWebster in the North decided that Scott, not Fillmore, could defeat Pierce in the general election, and several switched their support.


1852 Whig National Convention, The convention, Day 1
Delegates to the fourth Whig Party National Convention assembled also in the same Maryland Institute auditorium, above "Centre Market" at Market Place/South Frederick and East Baltimore Streets, alongside the Jones Falls stream in eastern downtown Baltimore, Maryland. Although each state was granted one delegate for each of their electoral votes, several sent more than their allotted number.


1852 Whig National Convention, The convention, Day 1
The convention convened on June 17, 15 minutes before the scheduled time. Delegates quickly selected former Senator George Evans of Maine as temporary chairman. Because a large number of delegates had not yet arrived, many on the floor objected to the selection. The delegates also appointed the Whig Party's National Committee, as well as a Committee on Credentials and a Committee on Permanent Organization, before adjourning.


1852 Whig National Convention, The convention, Day 1
An evening session was held later in the day. The Credentials Committee submitted a report which was adopted and the Committee on Permanent Organization was assembled.


1852 Whig National Convention, The convention, Day 2
The second day began with the organization of the convention. Several states had sent delegations that far outnumbered their allowed size. Virginia was allotted 15 votes and sent 45 delegates. Delegates voted to restrict states to one delegate for each of its electoral votes. The convention also adopted the party's platform. Southern delegates submitted a platform, but it was rejected in favor of a relatively weak one which caused little controversy and was easily passed by a vote of 227 to 66.


1852 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
The divided convention began the process of nominating a candidate. Fillmore led on the first ballot, receiving 133 votes. Scott placed a close second with 131 votes. Webster received 29 votes. Five more ballots were held with little change in the vote before the convention adjourned for the weekend.


1852 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
Although both Webster and Fillmore were willing to withdraw in favor of the other, their respective delegates at the convention were unable to unite around either candidate during the weekend adjournment.


1852 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
The delegates resumed voting on Monday. On the 8th ballot, Scott took the lead with 133 votes to 131 for Fillmore, but neither received the necessary majority for nomination. The convention was deadlocked, and a number of delegates unsuccessfully moved to allow a nomination with a plurality, rather than a majority, of votes. After the 46th ballot, with Scott ahead by seven votes (but still without a majority), the delegates voted to adjourn for the night.


1852 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
On the first ballot of the final day of the convention, the 47th overall, Scott still had not received the majority of votes necessary for nomination. Several more votes were taken. Fillmore lost votes on each successive ballot. On the 52nd ballot, Scott received exactly half of the vote. Scott was finally nominated on the next ballot, obtaining a majority when several delegates from New England and Virginia switched their support.


1852 Whig National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined
Secretary of the Navy William A. Graham was nominated unanimously by the convention after the second ballot.


1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 33rd Congress were held at various dates in different states from August 1852 to November 1853.


1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections
Democrats increased their House majority while electing national compromise candidate Franklin Pierce, a Northerner favorable to Southern interests, to the Presidency. Effects of the Compromise of 1850 temporarily had reduced sectional tensions, and both major parties, Democrats and Whigs, unified around the 1852 Presidential campaign, with Whig unity more tenuous. Two small parties, the Constitutional Unionists and States' Rights parties, collapsed before this election, while the Free Soil Party, opposing slavery in the Western territories, retained four seats. One Independent, Caleb Lyon, was elected from New York.


1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Following the 1850 Census, the House was reapportioned. In the initial apportionment bill, the number of seats was unchanged at 233, but later one seat was added to California's delegation, increasing the total apportionment to 234, due to returns from California being determined to be incomplete.


1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections, California
Note: From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858; in 1860 when California gained a seat in the House the top three vote-getters were elected.


1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The elections were held November 8, 1852. However, many of the districts went to a December 13, 1852 second ballot.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1852 and 1853 were elections which had the Democratic Party gain two seats in the United States Senate, and which coincided with the 1852 presidential election. Only six of the twenty senators up for election were re-elected.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections
As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 32nd Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1852 or in 1853 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the 33rd Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1853; ordered by state.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 33rd Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1853 on or after March 4; ordered by date.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Regular)
The legislature had failed to elect a senator for the other seat, previously held by Democrat Jeremiah Clemens. On November 28, 1853, Democrat Clement Claiborne Clay was elected late to the seat.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Special, Class 3)
On December 20, 1852, Democrat William R. King resigned due to poor health. On January 14, 1853, Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick was appointed to continue the term, and he was elected November 28, 1853 to finish the term.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Arkansas
Democratic senator William K. Sebastian had been appointed May 12, 1848 to continue the term, to which he was elected later that year to finish.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, California (Special)
The California legislature had failed to elect a successor to Democrat John C. Frémont in time for the 1851 beginning of the class 1 term.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, California (Special)
In fact, this time it took eight ballots for Democrat John B. Weller (71 votes, 80.7%) to be elected January 30, 1852 over Whig Pierson B. Reading (17 votes, 19.3%).


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Connecticut (Special)
The Connecticut legislature had failed to elect a senator for the term beginning in 1851. Democrat Isaac Toucey was elected in May 1852 to finish the term.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Delaware
First-term Whig Presley Spruance retired and Whig former senator John M. Clayton was elected January 12, 1853.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Delaware
Clayton received 17 votes and there were 13 blank ballots cast.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Georgia
Second-term Whig John M. Berrien resigned May 28, 1852 and Democrat Robert M. Charlton was appointed May 31, 1852 to finish the term.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Georgia
Democrat Robert Toombs was elected in 1852 and would serve through re-election in 1858 and until he withdrew in 1861.


1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Illinois
Two-term Democrat Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected January 5, 1853. He would be re-elected in 1859 and serve until his 1861 death.