1782
1782 (MDCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1782nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 782nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 82nd  year of the 18th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1782, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1782 Central Atlantic hurricane
The Central Atlantic hurricane of 1782 was a hurricane that hit the fleet of British Admiral Thomas Graves as it sailed across the North Atlantic in September, 1782. It is believed to have killed some 3,500 people.


1782 Central Atlantic hurricane, Impact
On 17 September 1782, the fleet under Admiral Graves was caught in a violent storm off the banks of Newfoundland. Ardent and Caton were forced to leave the fleet and make for a safe anchorage, Ardent returning to Jamaica and Caton making for Halifax in company with Pallas. Of the rest of the warships, only Canada and Jason survived to reach England. The French prizes Ville de Paris, Glorieux and Hector foundered, as did HMS Centaur. HMS Ramillies had to be abandoned, and was burnt. A number of the merchant fleet, including Dutton, British Queen, Withywood, Rodney, Ann, Minerva, and Mentor also foundered. Altogether around 3,500 lives were lost from the various ships.


1782 Edict of Tolerance
The 1782 Edict of Tolerance (Toleranzedikt vom 1782) was a religious reform of Emperor Joseph II during the time he was emperor of the Habsburg Monarchy as part of his policy of Josephinism, a series of drastic reforms to remodel Austria in the form of the ideal Enlightened state. Joseph II's enlightened despotism included the Patent of Toleration, enacted in 1781, and the Edict of Tolerance in 1782. The Patent of Toleration granted religious freedom to the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Serbian Orthodox, but it was not until the 1782 Edict of Tolerance that Joseph II extended religious freedom to the Jewish population.


1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1781 Patent of Toleration
The 1781 Patent of Toleration allowed certain rights and recognized the existence of non-Catholic religions in the Habsburg Empire. The Edict of Toleration allowed Protestants from other countries where religious tolerance was not enforced to immigrate to Austria and hold jobs such as pharmacists, carpenters and blacksmiths. The tolerated religions, however, were allowed to have congregations no larger than 100 people in a private home.


1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1781 Patent of Toleration
If a certain sect had more than 100 families living in an area, they were allowed to build a church only if the church did not have a direct entrance from the street and had no visible appearance of being a church. When it came to the case of mixed marriages, there were also laws that had to be followed: if a Catholic man had children with a non-Catholic woman, all the children would be raised Catholic. In the case of a Catholic woman with a non-Catholic man, the girls would be raised Catholic while the boys would be raised non-Catholic.


1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1781 Patent of Toleration
Scrutiny from Catholic officials occurred in places, like Bohemia, where the officials attempted to preserve religious unity. In order to do this they had printed out all the pamphlets that described this edict in German. The population whom this would affect, however, generally could not speak or read German.


1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1781 Patent of Toleration
Serbian Metropolitan Mojsije Putnik translated and published the tolerance patent in Serbian. The patent meant that there were equal rights for members of the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church in Sremski Karlovci.


1782 Edict of Tolerance, Jewish community before the Edict
Long before the Jews had been granted religious freedom by Joseph II, they were treated rather harshly by his mother, Maria Theresa and had been ostracized by others. During the Middle Ages, Austrian Jews had lived apart from the Christians and had not been allowed by the government to own immovable property. Although this was not the case for the more affluent Jews, those who were wealthy and were able to establish factories were recipients of preferential treatment by Maria Theresa, but otherwise there were restrictions on the rest of the Jewish population. Joseph II was the first one who made an attempt to eliminate these attitudes and sanctions that were toward the majority of the Jewish population.


1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1782 Edict of Tolerance
The 1782 Edict of Tolerance was issued on January 2, 1782. The Edict was initially put into effect in lower Austria. The prologue to the resolution stated "This policy paper aims at making the Jewish population useful to the state." This second edict allowed Jewish children to attend schools and universities. It allowed adults to engage in jobs such as being merchants or to open factories. Jews could learn trades, but were still not allowed to become master craftsmen.


1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1782 Edict of Tolerance
The Edict did eliminate some previous restrictions, which had forced the Jews to wear gold stars or to pay a tax that was only levied on the Jews and cattle. According to the edict, however, the Jewish languages, the written language Hebrew and the spoken language Yiddish, were to be replaced by the national language of the country. Official documents and school textbooks could not be printed in Hebrew. Also immigration of new Jews into Austria was severely restricted.


1782 English cricket season
The 1782 English cricket season was the 11th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of four first-class matches have survived. The great fast bowler David Harris made his first-class debut and the Hambledon Club moved to Windmill Down as a new home venue.


1782 English cricket season, Matches
Four first-class match scorecards survive from 1782, three of them matches between Kent XIs and Hampshire XIs. The other match was between a Hampshire XI and an England side.


1782 English cricket season, Other events
The Hampshire Chronicle reported in June the first meeting on Windmill Down, referring to the ground as "a field called the New Broad Halfpenny adjoining to the Town of Hambledon".


1782 Mendoza earthquake
The 1782 Mendoza earthquake took place in the province of Mendoza, Argentina, on 22 May 1782, at about 4 PM (UTC-3). It had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 in the Richter scale. Its epicenter was at , at a depth of 30 km.


1782 Mendoza earthquake
This was the first documented earthquake of many which would affect the provincial capital of Mendoza since its foundation. It was felt with grade VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and damaged several buildings, but did not produce casualties.


1782 Saigon massacre
The 1782 Saigon Massacre was a massacre of ethnic Chinese carried out by the Vietnamese Tây Sơn rebels under the leadership of Nguyễn Nhạc in 1782 in the city of Saigon, which is modern-day Ho Chi Minh city.


1782 Saigon massacre
During the early phase of the Vietnamese civil war (1771–1802), many Chinese formed a military group called the Hoà Nghĩa army that fought for the Nguyen lord who was the Tây Sơn's enemy. In 1782 the Tây Sơn led by Nguyễn Nhạc launched an attack on Saigon and succeeded in capturing the city. However, one of Nhạc's key lieutenants was killed by an ethnic Chinese general fighting for the Nguyen. Nhạc decided to clean out Chinese settlers in Saigon. Tây Sơn troops burned and pillaged the shops of Chinese merchants and massacred thousands of Chinese residents.


1782 Saigon massacre
This was more generally reflected by Tây Sơn's anger at the increasing support given by the Chinese community to their Nguyen rivals. After this savage victory, the Tây Sơn leaders returned north in June, leaving the city in the hands of their lieutenants. Chinese civilian death toll ranged from 4,000 to 20,000.


1782 Saigon massacre, Bibliography
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1782 Saigon massacre, Bibliography
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1782 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1782 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1782 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Manchester on October 10. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term as governor.


1782 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The popular vote indicated that no candidate for lieutenant governor had received a majority. In keeping with the Vermont Constitution, the choice fell to the Vermont General Assembly, which chose Paul Spooner for a one-year term. Ira Allen was re-elected to a one-year term as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.


1782 in Great Britain
Events from the year 1782 in Great Britain. The American Revolutionary War draws to a close.


1782 in Ireland
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 16:31, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1782 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1782 to Wales and its people.


1782 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1782.


1782 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1782 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1782 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1782 in science
The year 1782 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.


1782 in sports
1782 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1783
1783 (MDCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1783rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 783rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 83rd  year of the 18th century, and the  4th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1783, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1783 Albitskij
1783 Albitskij, provisional designation 1935 FJ, is a carbonaceous Adeonian asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1935, by Georgian–Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitzky.


1783 Albitskij, Orbit and classification
Albitskij is a member of the Adeona family (505), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids, when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. It has also been dynamically classified as a member of the Eunomia family (as many other members of the Adeona family), which can be ruled out, due to the fact, that this family consist of stony rather than carbonaceous asteroid.


1783 Albitskij, Orbit and classification
The asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.3–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,587 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic.


1783 Albitskij, Orbit and classification
In 1933, it was first identified as 1933 TB at the U.S. Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, two years prior to its discovery. The body's observation arc begins one month after its official discovery with the first used observation made at Uccle Observatory in Belgium.


1783 Albitskij, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomic scheme, Albitskij is a Ch-subtype, a hydrated C-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a common carbonaceous C-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. This agrees with the overall spectral type of the Adeona family (505).


1783 Albitskij, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Published by Cláudia Angeli and Maria Barucci, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations made at the French Haute-Provence and Pic du Midi observatories by astronomers at Meudon in the early 1990s. It gave a rotation period of 12 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.4 magnitude (U=2).


1783 Albitskij, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Albitskij measures between 20.47 and 25.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.07.


1783 Albitskij, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.07 and a diameter of 21.3 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.85.


1783 Albitskij, Naming
This minor planet is named after Soviet astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and head of Simeiz Observatory, Vladimir Albitzky (1891–1952). His research included variable stars and the measurement of radial velocities. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).


1783 Calabrian earthquakes
The 1783 Calabrian earthquakes were a sequence of five strong earthquakes that hit the region of Calabria in southern Italy (then part of the Kingdom of Naples), the first two of which produced significant tsunamis. The epicenters form a clear alignment extending nearly 100 km from the Straits of Messina to about 18 km SSW of Catanzaro. The epicenter of the first earthquake occurred in the plain of Palmi. The earthquakes occurred over a period of nearly two months, all with estimated magnitudes of 5.9 or greater. Estimates of the total number of deaths lie in the range 32,000 to 50,000.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Tectonic setting
The southwestern part of Calabria and the eastern part of Sicily are areas of active crustal extension within the Siculo–Calabrian Rift Zone. This 350 km long zone developed within the Apennine chain during the Pleistocene and takes up WNW–ESE directed extension.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 5
This earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 7.0, affected a large area including most of the southern Italian peninsula and shook the whole island of Sicily. Many villages were damaged and as many as 180 almost completely destroyed, with more than 25,000 casualties. A tsunami affected the coastline on both sides of the Straits of Messina, destroying the harbour walls at Messina. The earthquake had already caused widespread death and destruction in Messina. Homes were razed to the ground, the medieval Duomo was badly damaged and most of the historic buildings were reduced to rubble.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 5
Near the epicenter the ground shaking was so intense that people were knocked off their feet and heavy stones were found to be dislodged and upturned. Large landslides caused major destruction at Terranova and Molochio but even well-constructed buildings not thus affected were almost completely destroyed, such as in Oppido Mamertina and Casalnuovo.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 5
The earthquake is thought to have involved rupturing of the Galatro, Cittanova and Sant'Eufemia faults, which form the southeastern boundary to the Gioia Basin.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 6
This magnitude 6.2 event occurred during the night following the first event and struck the area just to the southwest. Most of the damage and casualties appear to have been caused by a tsunami that was set off by a major collapse of Monte Pací into the sea near Scilla shortly after the earthquake. Many of Scilla's residents, frightened by the tremors of the previous day had moved onto the open beach for the night, where they were overwhelmed by the waves. The tsunami caused severe flooding in the town, reaching as far as 200 m inland, and there were more than 1500 deaths.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 6
The earthquake is thought to have involved rupturing of the Scilla fault, which defines the coast around Scilla.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 7
This event occurred at about midday 40 km NE of the first mainshock on the 5th. Severe damage extended 15 km along the front of the Serre Mountains, levelling all the villages between Acquaro and Soriano Calabro.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 7
The earthquake is thought to have involved rupturing of the southern segment of the Serre fault that bounds the Mesima Basin.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, March 1
This earthquake was the weakest of the sequence and caused relatively little damage.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, March 1
The earthquake is thought to have involved rupturing of the northern segment of the Serre fault.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, March 28
The final event of the sequence was of similar magnitude to the first and had an epicenter about 20 km east of the fourth, near Girifalco and Borgia in the Catanzaro Basin. The earthquake lasted for about ten seconds, and many villages were destroyed with many hundreds dead in Borgia, Girifalco, Maida and Cortale. Landslides were common and sand volcanoes were seen, particularly on the banks of the Amato river.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, March 28
This earthquake has not been tied to a particular fault, but a recent re-evaluation of the intensity data indicates that the isoseismal areas are elongated NE–SW, suggesting faulting of similar trend to that observed for the other earthquakes in the sequence.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Summary of earthquakes
The earthquake parameters shown below are taken from the CFTI4 online catalogue. The epicentral locations are here related to the nearest large village or town.


1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Relationship between earthquakes
All the earthquakes in this sequence are thought to be linked by a process of triggering caused by stress redistribution following each individual event.


1783 English cricket season
The 1783 English cricket season was the 12th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of four first-class matches have survived.


1783 English cricket season, Matches
Four first-class match scorecards survive from 1783, including two matches between Kent XIs and Hampshire XIs. One of these matches, played in July at Windmill Down, is the first first-class match known to have finished as a tie.


1783 English cricket season, Other events
A portrait of Edward "Lumpy" Stevens was probably executed this year. The picture is at Knole House, seat of the Duke of Dorset in Sevenoaks.


1783 Great Meteor
The 1783 Great Meteor was a meteor procession observed on 18 August 1783 from the British Isles, at a time when such phenomena were not well understood. The meteor was the subject of much discussion in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and was the subject of a detailed study by Charles Blagden.


1783 Great Meteor, Observations
The event occurred between 21:15 and 21:30 on 18 August 1783, a clear, dry night. Analysis of observations has indicated that the meteor entered Earth's atmosphere over the North Sea, before passing over the east coast of Scotland and England and the English Channel; it finally broke up, after a passage within the atmosphere of around a thousand miles (around 1600 km), over south-western France or northern Italy.


1783 Great Meteor, Observations
There were many witnesses. Perhaps the most prominent was Tiberius Cavallo, an Italian natural philosopher who had happened to be amongst a group of people on the terrace at Windsor Castle at the time the meteor appeared. Cavallo published his account of the phenomenon in v. 74 of the Philosophical Transactions :


1783 Great Meteor, Observations
Some flashes of lambent light, much like the aurora borealis, were first observed on the northern part of the heavens, which were soon perceived to proceed from a roundish luminous body, whose apparent diameter equaled half that of the moon, and almost stationary in the same point of the heavens [...]  This ball at first appeared of a faint bluish light, perhaps from appearing just kindled, or from its appearing through the haziness; but it gradually increased its light, and soon began to move, at first ascending above the horizon in an oblique direction towards the east. Its course in this direction was very short, perhaps of five or six degrees; after which it directed its course towards the east [...] Its light was prodigious. Every object appeared very distinct; the whole face of the country, in that beautiful prospect before the terrace, being instantly illuminated.


1783 Great Meteor, Observations
Cavallo noted both that the meteor, which was visible for around thirty seconds in total, appeared to split into several smaller bodies (a meteor procession) immediately following the main mass and that a rumbling noise, "as it were of thunder at a great distance", was heard around ten minutes after the meteor appeared, which he speculated "was the report of the meteor's explosion". Other accounts, such as those of Alexander Aubert and Richard Lovell Edgeworth, noted red and blue colour tints in the fireball.


1783 Great Meteor, Observations
Some accounts appeared rather more fanciful; the London Magazine mentioned a letter by a lieutenant on a British warship which had been positioned north of Ireland "who relates he saw the same meteor moving along the north-east quarter [...] but he adds something singular enough, namely, that a little time afterwards, he saw it moving back again, the contrary way to which it came". The author added that "several other observations of this meteor have come into my hands, but they are so inconsistent with these already related, as well as with one another, that I forebear to mention them".


1783 Great Meteor, Observations
Gilbert White, writing in 1787, was to remember the "amazing and portentous" summer of 1783 as "full of horrible phaenomena [...] alarming meteors and tremendous thunder-storms that affrighted and distressed the different counties of this kingdom".


1783 Great Meteor, Visual depictions
One of Cavallo's five companions on the terrace was the artist Thomas Sandby, who in collaboration with his brother Paul based a now well-known engraving on the event. A print of this engraving is in the collection of the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery at Glasgow University. A second engraving was produced by a schoolmaster, Henry Robinson, who observed the meteor from the village of Winthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Further engravings, based on the drawings of the authors and presented in a fold-out form, were included with articles by Cavallo and Nathaniel Pigott in the Philosophical Transactions.


1783 Great Meteor, Visual depictions
A painting traditionally thought to be of the 1759 apparition of Halley's Comet and attributed to the "English Canaletto", Samuel Scott, has in more recent years been interpreted as depicting a large fireball meteor given its generally uncometary appearance. Further work by Jay Pasachoff and Roberta Olson has suggested that the painting is not in fact by Scott, and that it depicts the third stage of the 1783 fireball, viewed over the Thames.


1783 Great Meteor, Possible relation to meteorite falls
It has been speculated that the Hambleton Pallasite, a rare type of meteorite found in 2005 in Hambleton, North Yorkshire, may be related to the 1783 Great Meteor, based on the latter's track, and on weathering on the pallasite's surface. In support of this, in 2008 the terrestrial age of the Hambleton meteorite was determined to be around 225 years.


1783 Irish general election
General elections were held in the Kingdom of Ireland in 1783, the first after the passing of the series of constitutional legal changes known as the Constitution of 1782, which lifted the substantial legal restrictions on the Irish parliament. The elections were fought in a highly-charged political atmosphere, with a major emphasis on the issues of parliamentary reform and free trade.


1783 Irish general election
Following the election, Sexton Pery was re-elected Speaker. Henry Grattan, the leader of the Patriot Party, had rejected an office in government in 1782, choosing instead to continue his role in opposition. Instead, the Dublin Castle administration was undertaken by a group that was referred to by Edmund Burke as the Junta; dominated by individuals such as John FitzGibbon, the new Attorney General and later Lord Chancellor. John Foster was appointed as the Junta's Chancellor of the Exchequer, succeeding William Gerard Hamilton, who had treated the position as a sinecure posting. The new administration prioritised links with Great Britain, which from December 1783 was governed by Pitt the Younger.


1783 Irish general election, Background
The preceding several years had seen great social upheaval in Ireland. The 1770s had seen Britain at war with France and Spain as part of the American Revolutionary War, and British forces stationed in Ireland had been dispatched to fight in the Thirteen Colonies. Claiming that Irish defences against potential invasion had been weakened by a negligent Dublin Castle Administration, the Irish gentry began forming Volunteer companies to defend defending Ireland. In fact only 4,000 soldiers had been dispatched to the American colonies, leaving as many as 9,000 behind in Ireland.


1783 Irish general election, Background
These Volunteer Companies were independent of both the Irish Parliament and Dublin Castle, and became characterised by their patriotic and liberal political leanings. The companies were as concerned about British interference in Irish politics as they were about resisting potential foreign invasions, and pushed for free trade between Ireland and Great Britain. At the time the Navigation Acts had meant that Irish exports faced tariffs when entering Britain, although British exports met no tariffs in Ireland. Facing pressure both from the Volunteer movement and the Irish Parliament, whilst simultaneously engaged in a war with France, Spain, and the American Colonies, the British government relented and enacted a series of legal changes granting greater legislative autonomy to the Irish parliament.


1783 Irish general election, Dates
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1783 New Jersey earthquake
The 1783 New Jersey earthquake occurred on November 29 in the Province of New Jersey. With a magnitude estimated at 5.3, it stands as the most powerful earthquake to occur in the state.


1783 New Jersey earthquake, Damage
Shaking was felt from New Hampshire to Pennsylvania. A brief foreshock occurred at 9:00 PM on November 29 (02:00 UTC on November 30) and an aftershock five hours later were reported only in New York City and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The earthquake caused intensity VII damage on the Mercalli intensity scale. George Washington was sleeping at Fraunces Tavern when the earthquake struck, but he was not woken by the tremors.


1783 New York gubernatorial election
The 1783 New York gubernatorial election was held in April/May 1783 to elect the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1783 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The incumbent George Clinton ran for re-election. New York State Surveyor General Philip Schuyler and state senator Ephraim Paine also ran for Governor.


1783 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
Incumbent Pierre Van Cortlandt was the only candidate for Lieutenant Governor.


1783 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1783 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1783 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Westminster on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and governor's council members. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term as governor.


1783 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Spooner was re-elected to a second one-year term. In addition, Ira Allen was re-elected to a one-year term as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.


1783 in Canada, Historical documents
Listing African Americans taken to Nova Scotia, "Book of Negroes" includes Deborah, age 20, formerly enslaved by George Washington


1783 in Canada, Historical documents
Washington is surprised Blacks have been part of British evacuation, and wants to prevent future loss "of any Negroes or other Property"


1783 in Canada, Historical documents
Peace best policy in U.S. west because even totally expelling Indigenous people would be military and economic advantage to Canada


1783 in Great Britain
Events from the year 1783 in Great Britain. This year is notable for the conclusion of the American Revolution.


1783 in Spain
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1783 to Spain and its people.


1783 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1783 to Wales and its people.


1783 in architecture
The year 1783 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1783 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1783.


1783 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1783 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1783 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1783 in science
The year 1783 in science and technology involved some significant events:


1783 in sports
1783 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1783 in the United States
Events from the year 1783 in the United States. The American Revolution officially ended with the Treaty of Paris.


1784
1784 (MDCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1784th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 784th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 84th  year of the 18th century, and the  5th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1784, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1784 Benguella
1784 Benguella, provisional designation 1935 MG, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Johannesburg Observatory on 30 June 1935. It was named for the city of Benguela in Angola. The low-numbered asteroid has been studied poorly.


1784 Benguella, Orbit and classification
According to modern HCM-analyses, Benguella is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,362 days; semi-major axis of 2.41 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in June 1935.


1784 Benguella, Naming
This minor planet was named after Angola's city and chief port Benguela (São Felipe de Benguela), formerly spelled Benguella. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).


1784 Benguella, Physical characteristics
Benguella's spectral type is unknown, with no assumptions possible based on the asteroid's albedo (see below)


1784 Benguella, Physical characteristics
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Benguella has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Benguella measures between 10.48 and 16.68 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.076 and 0.24.


1784 British general election
The 1784 British general election resulted in William Pitt the Younger securing an overall majority of about 120 in the House of Commons of Great Britain, having previously had to survive in a House which was dominated by his opponents.


1784 British general election, Background
In December 1783, George III engineered the dismissal of the Fox–North coalition, which he hated, and appointed William Pitt the Younger as Prime Minister. Pitt had very little personal support in the House of Commons and the supporters of Charles James Fox and Lord North felt that the constitution of the country had been violated. The doctrine that the government must always have a majority in the House of Commons was not yet established and Fox knew he had to be careful.


1784 British general election, Background
On 2 February 1784 Fox carried a motion of no confidence which declared "That it is the Opinion of this House, That the Continuance of the present Ministers in their Offices is an Obstacle to the Formation of such an Administration as may enjoy the Confidence of this House, and tend to put an End to the unfortunate Divisions and Distractions of the Country" by 223 to 204. Pitt remained in office, and government supporters ensured petitions and resolutions of borough corporations were presented to Parliament to encourage members to back Pitt, and slowly Members changed sides.


1784 British general election, Background
By 1 March, Fox's motion which concluded by "beseech[ing] His Majesty, that He would be graciously pleased to lay the Foundation of a strong and stable Government, by the previous Removal of His present Ministers" was carried but only by 201 to 189. A week later, a more strongly worded motion threatening the withholding of supply was also passed—but only by 191 to 190. Fox thereafter declined to push motions, as his base continued to crumble. Pitt meanwhile decided to go to the country and on 24 March, Parliament was prorogued and on the following day the Parliament first elected in 1780 was dissolved.


1784 British general election, Course of the election
The election was fought very much as a national campaign around the questions of the fall of the Fox–North government and whether or not Pitt should continue in office, rather than a series of local campaigns, which was more common for 18th century British elections.


1784 British general election, Course of the election
Thanks to a combination of patronage and bribes paid by HM Treasury, many small pocket boroughs returned Pitt-supporting MPs as widely expected. Additionally, in the constituencies decided by large electorates there was massive support for candidates who backed Pitt. Many of Fox's supporters were forced either to withdraw or to make deals with their opponents to avoid electoral defeat. In the county constituencies only one Fox supporter was elected in a contest, although others returned due to local electoral pacts. Those Members who had remained in opposition, refusing to go over to support Pitt, who failed to return to the House of Commons as a consequence, became known as "Fox's Martyrs" in reference to John Foxe's Book of Martyrs (although the majority were supporters of North).


1784 British general election, Course of the election
The first day's polling, 30 March, saw thirteen government supporters and four opponents returned. By the conclusion of the fifth day (3 April), there were already more than 150 government Members and a lead of fifty over the supporters of the coalition. The government achieved an overall majority on 15 April and the election ended on 10 May.


1784 British general election, Notable contests, University of Cambridge
The contests involving both Pitt and Fox attracted particular attention. Pitt had long wished to be a Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge and had failed to be elected when he stood for the seat in the 1780 general election. Now he was returned at the top of the poll and would hold the seat for the rest of his life.


1784 British general election, Notable contests, Westminster
Fox was one of the two sitting members for the constituency of Westminster, which had the largest electorate of any in the country and a great deal of prestige. His position there was central to his claim to be representing the people. He stood against two Pitt supporters for the constituency's two seats; both sides spent heavily, campaigned bitterly, allegedly libelled and slandered their opponents relentlessly and resorted to all kinds of tactics, including Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, touring the streets and, according to the opposition, kissing many voters to induce them to vote for Fox. Even George, Prince of Wales, campaigned for Fox.


1784 British general election, Notable contests, Westminster
At the conclusion of polling on 17 May, Fox had narrowly succeeded, with 6,233 votes to Sir Cecil Wray's 5,998. However, Pitt's supporters then demanded a scrutiny of the votes and the Returning Officer therefore did not make the return. A scrutiny in a constituency as large as Westminster was an enormously time-consuming process; Fox, suspecting this might happen, had already arranged for his return for the Tain Burghs, which had elected him on 26 April, so that he would not be out of the House during such a scrutiny. The process did not show unexpectedly large numbers of unqualified voters and as the months went by it looked more and more like a political delaying tactic; on 4 March 1785 the House of Commons finally put an end to it by ordering the Returning Officer to declare the result.


1784 British general election, Notable contests, Westminster
A London constable, Nicholas Casson, was killed during the election.


1784 British general election, Notable contests, Ipswich
The election results were originally recorded as being 490 votes for William Fowle Middleton, 297 votes for John Cator and 7 votes for Charles Crickitt. However Crickitt filed a petition against Cator's election, accusing him of bribery. The petition was handled by Bamber Gascoyne, who was both Crickitt's political agent and godfather. John Strutt acted on Crickitt's behalf on the House of Commons committee which investigated the allegation. Crickitt also had the support of the Duke of Cumberland. Cator's election was declared void and Crickett was seated in June 1784.


1784 English cricket season
The 1784 English cricket season was the 13th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecard of only one first-class match has survived.


1784 English cricket season, Matches
A single first-class match scorecard survives from 1784. The match was played between an England side and a Hampshire XI at Sevenoaks Vine in June.


1784 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1784 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1784 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and governor's council members.


1784 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Spooner was chosen for a third one-year term. No candidate for treasurer obtained a majority. In accordance with the Vermont Constitution, the Vermont General Assembly was required to make a selection. On October 15, the Assembly (Vermont House of Representatives, governor, and governor's council) re-elected Ira Allen to a one-year term as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.


1784 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1784 to Wales and its people.


1784 in architecture
The year 1784 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1784 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1784.


1784 in paleontology
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1784.


1784 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1784 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1784 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1784 in science
The year 1784 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1784 in sports
1784 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1785
1785 (MDCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1785th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 785th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 85th  year of the 18th century, and the  6th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1785, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1785 English cricket season
The 1785 English cricket season was the 14th after matches have been first awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The season saw no top-class matches played in the country.


1785 English cricket season, Matches
No top-class matches were played during the year, after just one had been played the previous year. A number of other matches took place and scorecards survive of several. These include matches played by sides playing under the names of counties as well as by teams such as Hambledon Club, the White Conduit Club and the Gentlemen of Kent.


1785 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1785 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1785 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Windsor on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.


1785 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term, his eighth. In the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Spooner was chosen for a fourth one-year term. No candidate for treasurer obtained a majority. In accordance with the Vermont Constitution, the Vermont General Assembly was required to make a selection. On October 14, the Assembly (Vermont House of Representatives, governor, and governor's council) re-elected Ira Allen to his eighth one-year term as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.


1785 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1785 to Wales and its people.


1785 in architecture
The year 1785 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1785 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1785.


1785 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1785 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1785 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1785 in science
The year 1785 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1785 in sports
1785 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1786
1786 (MDCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1786th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 786th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 86th  year of the 18th century, and the  7th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1786, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1786 English cricket season
The 1786 English cricket season was the 15th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the last before the Marylebone Cricket Club was founded in 1787. The season saw five top-class matches played in the country.


1786 English cricket season, Matches
Five first-class matches for which scorecards exist were played during the year, four of them involving sides playing under the name of Kent. The season saw the first "great" matches played by the White Conduit Club, the direct predecessor of the Marylebone Cricket Club which was formed the following year. One of these matches saw Tom Walker scored 95 and 102 runs in his two innings, a pair of scores considered "an astonishing double by the standards of the day".


1786 English cricket season, Matches
In another match, Tom Sueter of Hampshire was given out hit the ball twice, the first time that this method if dismissal is recorded in a first-class scorecard.


1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake
An earthquake occurred on 1 June 1786 in and around Kangding, in what is now China's Sichuan province. It had an estimated magnitude of about 7.75 and a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The initial quake killed 435 people. After an aftershock ten days later, a further 100,000 died when a landslide dam collapsed across the Dadu river.


1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Tectonic setting
Sichuan lies within the complex zone of deformation associated with the continuing collision between the India Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The thickened crust of the Tibetan plateau is spreading to the east causing the southward motion of the Sichuan-Yunnan block. The eastern side of this block is bounded by the Xianshuihe fault system, a major left lateral strike-slip fault zone. Movement on this fault zone has been responsible for many major damaging earthquakes, such as the 1981 Dawu earthquake.


1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Earthquake
An isoseismal map constructed for this earthquake shows that the zone of maximum shaking was elongated in a northwest-southeast direction, parallel to the trace of the Xianshuihe Fault. The magnitude of 7.5–8.0 has been estimated from the extent of the intensity VIII (Severe) zone. Remote sensing techniques, backed up by a field survey, identified a 70-kilometre (43 mi) long zone of surface fault rupture thought to be associated with the earthquake. The active fault segment has been identified as the Moxi Fault.


1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Landslide dam
The earthquake triggered numerous landslides, one of which blocked the Dadu River, forming a temporary lake. The dam was about 70 metres (230 ft) high, holding back an estimated water volume of about 50,000,000 cubic metres (65,000,000 cu yd). By 9 June the lake had started to flow over the dam and an aftershock on 10 June caused the dam to collapse suddenly, releasing the impounded water and devastating areas downstream. It is the second-deadliest landslide disaster on record, after the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.


1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Damage
The earthquake caused widespread damage in the epicentral area. The city walls at Kangding collapsed and severe damage to many houses and government buildings caused 250 casualties. In Luding County 181 people were killed in collapsed buildings. At both Qingxi and Yuexi, parts of the city walls were destroyed and many buildings were severely damaged, causing further casualties.


1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Damage
The flood that resulted from the landslide dam failure reached the city of Leshan on 11 June, causing collapse of part of the city walls. Spectators who had gathered to watch the flood from the walls were thrown into the water. The destructive effects of the flood continued downstream at Yibin and Luzhou, with an estimated 100,000 people being killed overall. Local residents made a memorial tablet, describing these events, which is now kept at the Seismological Office in Luding.


1786 New York gubernatorial election
The 1786 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1786 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1786 New York gubernatorial election, Results
Incumbent Governor George Clinton and incumbent Lieutenant Governor Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected unopposed.


1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term, his ninth.


1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, no candidate received a majority. As required by the Vermont Constitution, the Vermont General Assembly convened on October 13 to make a choice. The balloting by the Assembly resulted in the selection of Paul Spooner for a fifth one-year term. Spooner subsequently declined the office. On October 14, the General Assembly selected Joseph Marsh, who began performing the duties in February 1787.


1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The election for treasurer also resulted in no candidate obtaining a majority. As with the lieutenant governor's office, the Vermont Constitution required the General Assembly to choose. On October 13, the Assembly chose Samuel Mattocks for treasurer, the first time since the republic's founding that Ira Allen was not selected. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded. According to contemporary newspaper articles, Chittenden was re-elected "by a respectable majority."


1786 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1786 to Wales and its people.


1786 in architecture
The year 1786 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1786 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1786.


1786 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1786 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1786 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1786 in science
The year 1786 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1786 in sports
1786 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1787
1787 (MDCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1787th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 787th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 87th  year of the 18th century, and the  8th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1787, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1787 Boricua earthquake
The 1787 Boricua earthquake struck the island of Puerto Rico on May 2. The magnitude of the earthquake was believed to have been around 8.0–8.5, however there is evidence that it was only about 6.9. The epicenter is thought to have been somewhere north of Puerto Rico, probably on the Puerto Rico Trench. Puerto Rican geomorphologist José Molinelli considers it "the strongest" in the seismic history of the country.


1787 Boricua earthquake, Effects
According to some sources, the earthquake was felt all across the Island. It demolished some structures like the Arecibo church, along with monasteries like El Rosario and La Concepcion. It is also reported that it damaged the churches at Bayamon, Toa Baja and Mayagüez. It also caused considerable damage to the forts of San Felipe del Morro and San Cristobal, breaking cisterns, walls and guard houses. Apparently, the earthquake did not cause major damage in the South of the island, but did crack the walls of the Our Lady of Guadalupe church in Ponce.


1787 Boricua earthquake, Effects
There are no historical records of damage to the surrounding islands, adding to the evidence that the quake was smaller than previously thought.


1787 Boricua earthquake, Evidence
The earthquake that struck the island has little historical record itself, but some of the little evidence that exists suggests that effects were done to the topography of the ocean floor. Also, soil deposits give evidence that the event may have had a physical effect on the island; this evidence suggests that the island may have sunk about 3 meters. It is estimated that the tsunami produced by the earthquake may have been some 40–60 ft. high, mostly because the Caribbean ocean in particular is quite shallow. Coastal regions of the island were swamped, producing a thin layer of the crust, showing that salt water had reached almost 2 miles inland.


1787 English cricket season
The 1787 English cricket season was the 16th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. It saw the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's Old Ground in London. The season saw 11 top-class matches played in the country.


1787 English cricket season, Foundation of MCC and Lord's
During 1786, Thomas Lord had been approached to establish his first ground at Dorset Fields in the Marylebone area of London, leasing land from the Portman Estate and fencing it off. Lord was backed financially by George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea and Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, leading members of the White Conduit Club, an aristocratic club based in Islington. The ground opened in May 1787 with White Conduit playing matches on the ground. The club are also believed to have used it as a practice ground. The first match on the ground to be considered first-class cricket was played at the end of May between a Middlsex XI and one from Essex.


1787 English cricket season, Foundation of MCC and Lord's
The Marylebone Cricket Club was formed at Lord's in the same year, partly from members of the White Conduit Club led by Winchelsea. It played its first matches the same season before undertaking a reissue of the Laws of Cricket the following year. MCC has developed into the custodian and publisher of the Laws of Cricket.


1787 English cricket season, Matches
A total of 11 top-class matches were played during the year, including four at Lord's. Middlesex XIs played in two of the matches at Lord's. Elsewhere, Kent played Hampshire in three matches.


1787 English cricket season, First mentions
A number of players are first noted during 1787. Among them were some famous names such as John Wells of Surrey and Thomas Lord of Middlesex.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election
Elections to the Massachusetts Senate were held during 1787 to elect 40 State Senators. Candidates were elected at the county level, with some counties electing multiple Senators.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election
For election, a candidate needed the support of a majority of those voting. If a seat remained vacant because no candidate received such majority, the Massachusetts General Court was empowered to fill it by a majority vote of its members.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election
The primary issue in this race was the ongoing ratification of the United States Constitution by a separate ratifying convention; the reaction divided the state (and nation) between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, though the factions did not appear as strictly formal political parties until 1789.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election
The elections were also held during the midst of Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts against the national government, formed in opposition to the ongoing debt crisis.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Dukes and Nantucket
Because Mayhew failed to achieve a majority, the election was put to the General Court, which certified his election with near unanimity.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Essex
Dalton, Choate, and Greenleaf would subsequently be elected by the General Court.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire
Hastings, Smead, and Phelps were subsequently elected by the General Court.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Middlesex
Based on returns from Weston, Ezra Sergant, Abraham Fuller, James Prescot, Joseph Curtis, Thomas Fairweather, Joseph Roberts, John Brooks, and Abner Sanderson also received votes, but how many they received county-wide is unknown.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Middlesex
Hosmer and MacFarland were subsequently elected by the General Court.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Plymouth
Turner and Cushing were subsequently elected by the General Court.


1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Suffolk
Austin and Dunbar were subsequently elected by the General Court. (No result is listed for Dunbar's election.)


1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, York
No candidate received a majority. Cutts and Jordan were subsequently elected by the General Court.


1787 New Spain earthquake
The 1787 New Spain earthquake, also known as the San Sixto earthquake, occurred on 28 March at 11:30 local time (17:30 UTC). It caused a large tsunami that affected the coast of the Puebla Intendancy (includes the current state of Guerrero) and the Oaxaca Intendancy (currently Oaxaca) in Southwestern New Spain (in currently boundary of Mexico). With an estimated magnitude of 8.6 on the moment magnitude scale, it was more powerful than any instrumentally recorded Mexican earthquake.


1787 New Spain earthquake, Tectonic setting
Southwestern Mexico lies above the convergent boundary where the Cocos Plate is being subducted below the North American Plate at a rate of 6.4 cm/yr. The dip of the subducting slab is about 15° as defined by focal mechanisms and earthquake hypocenters. Seismicity in this area is characterised by regular megathrust earthquakes along the plate interface.


1787 New Spain earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake was reported as lasting between 6 and 7 minutes. It was followed by three strong aftershocks on 29 March, 30 March, and 3 April, all of which were probably of magnitude 7 or more, based on estimates of the reported intensities in the city of Oaxaca. It was felt over a wide area from Valladolid to Tehuantepec along the coast and as far inland as Tulancingo. The magnitude of this earthquake has been estimated from contemporary reports of seismic intensity.


1787 New Spain earthquake, Earthquake
Analysis of other subduction interface earthquakes along this margin suggest that the extent of shaking of VIII or greater on the Mercalli intensity scale matches well with the rupture extent for each event. This suggests that the 1787 rupture extended for about 450 km along the coast, providing an estimate of magnitude 8.6, based on scaling against other similar earthquakes.


1787 New Spain earthquake, Tsunami
The tsunami triggered by the earthquake affected the Mexican Pacific coast for more than 500 km along the shores of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Chiapas. The maximum wave height has been estimated as 18.5 m, based on records of inundation and current elevations.


1787 New Spain earthquake, Damage
The earthquake caused damage to buildings in Mexico City and many buildings in Oaxaca City were destroyed. Three churches in Teuchitlan were destroyed.


1787 New Spain earthquake, Future earthquake hazard
The rupture behaviour of the subduction interface in the area of the 1787 earthquake involves occasional very large earthquakes, such as that in 1787, with smaller (M7) earthquakes rupturing just part of the plate boundary during the intervening period. Similar behaviour has been observed along the Colombia-Ecuador subduction zone, with three M7 earthquakes since the M8.8 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake rupturing just part of the same area that slipped in that great earthquake.


1787 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1787 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 4, 1787 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. John Collins beat William Bradford with 72.24% of the vote.


1787 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1787 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1787 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Newbury on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to his tenth one-year term.


1787 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor Joseph Marsh, who had served a partial term beginning in February, was elected to a full one-year term. The freemen re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his second one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded. One Vermont newspaper reported that Chittenden had been re-elected "by a great majority of the freemen."


1787 in Belgium
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Andreas Philopater (talk | contribs) at 17:06, 3 April 2020 (→Deaths:  space). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1787 in Belgium
Events in the year 1787 in the Austrian Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège (predecessor states of modern Belgium).


1787 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1787 to Wales and its people.


1787 in architecture
The year 1787 in architecture involved some significant events in architectural history.


1787 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1787.


1787 in paleontology
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1787.


1787 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1787 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1787 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1787 in science
The year 1787 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1787 in sports
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 16:40, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1787 in sports
1787 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1787 in the United States
Events from the year 1787 in the United States. The United States Constitution was written and the ratification process began.


1788
1788 (MDCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1788th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 788th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 88th  year of the 18th century, and the  9th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1788, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1788 English cricket season
The 1788 English cricket season was the 17th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the second after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 11 top-class matches played in the country.


1788 English cricket season
In May, MCC published a revised code of the Laws of Cricket, calling themselves the "Cricket Club at Marylebone". This established the club as being in charge of the Laws and responsible for the sport's governance.


1788 English cricket season, Laws of Cricket
MCC produced the first official Laws of Cricket in a meeting on 30 May. The Laws provided a more detailed version of the previous codes under which the game had been played, including specifying the size of the pitch, ball and wickets. It introduced a version of the Leg Before Wicket Law which specified that the ball was required to pitch between the stumps in order for a batsman to be out. The 1788 version of the Laws also included a section on dealing with the issue of gambling in the game - many 18th century matches attracted large gambling stakes and it was common for players to bet on matches they were taking part in.


1788 English cricket season, Matches
A total of 11 top-class matches were played during the season, most of them featuring sides from Hampshire, Kent or Surrey. Two matches were also played between teams named A to M and N to Z, one at Lord's Old Ground and the other at Bishopsbourne in Kent.


1788 English cricket season, Matches
A non-top-class match between MCC and White Conduit Club, from which it was largely derived, is the earliest featuring MCC for which a scorecard survives.


1788 English cricket season, First mentions
A number of players are first noted in first-class matches in 1788, amongst them the Hampshire professional Andrew Freemantle who played the first of his 134 first-class matches in a career which lasted until 1810.


1788 Kiess
1788 Kiess, provisional designation 1952 OZ, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 July 1952, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at the U.S. Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and later named after astronomer Carl Kiess.


1788 Kiess, Orbit and classification
The C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. The asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,010 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. Kiess was first identified as 1935 NE at Algiers Observatory in 1935. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.


1788 Kiess, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 2010, two rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12 and 11.0335 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 and 0.30 magnitude, respectively (U=2-/2).


1788 Kiess, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kiess measures 20.99 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.07. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 19.59 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.


1788 Kiess, Naming
This minor planet was named for American astronomer Carl C. Kiess (1887–1967), a graduate of Indiana University, who made distinguished contributions both in astronomy and spectroscopy at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards where he worked for over 40 years. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (M.P.C. 3508). Kiess was also a member of several eclipse expeditions. The lunar crater Kiess was named in his honour.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election
Elections to the Massachusetts Senate were held during 1788 to elect 40 State Senators. Candidates were elected at the county level, with some counties electing multiple Senators.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election
For election, a candidate needed the support of a majority of those voting. If a seat remained vacant because no candidate received such majority, the Massachusetts General Court was empowered to fill it by a majority vote of its members.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Berkshire
William Williams, Ebenezer Pierce, John Bacon, and William Walker also received votes, though exact totals are unknown.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Bristol
Thomas Durfee, Walter Spooner, and Elisha May also received votes, but their exact totals are unknown.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Essex
Unaffiliated candidates Peter Coffin and John Choate also received votes, but their exact totals are unknown.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Essex
Jonathan Greenleaf was subsequently be elected by the General Court.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire
Incumbent Senator David Smead was not re-elected, and his exact vote total is unknown.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire
Many other candidates received votes throughout the county, but their exact totals are unknown:


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire
Bliss and Sexton were subsequently elected by the General Court.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Lincoln
Waterman Thomas, Daniel Cony, and Henry Dearborn also received votes, but their exact totals are unknown.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Lincoln
Since no candidate received a majority of votes cast, the General Court elected Dummer Sewall to the seat.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Middlesex
Nathaniel Gorham, William Hunt, John Brooks (Federalist), William Hull, Joseph Curtis, James Winthrop and Elbridge Gerry also received votes, though their exact totals are unknown.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Plymouth
Isaac Winslow, Hugh Orr, Joseph Bryant, James Briggs, and Ebenezer White also received votes.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Suffolk
Many other candidates received votes throughout the county, but their exact totals are unknown:


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Worcester
Many other candidates received votes throughout the county, but their exact totals are unknown:


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, York
Nathaniel Low also received votes, but his exact total is unknown.


1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, York
No candidate received a majority. Edward Cutts and Nathaniel Wells were subsequently elected by the General Court.


1788 Polish-Lithuanian legislative election
The 1788 election held in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth marked one of the most crucial events in the history of both countries prior to 1795. The elections returned a significant pro-reform camp to the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth chosen to repair the Commonwealth's political system and prevent the country from collapsing. The Sejm that emerged as a result of the election has been dubbed the Great Sejm.


1788 Polish-Lithuanian legislative election, Background
The election was called by the King in May 1788 and the Sejmiks gathered to elect the deputies in August. The Sejm gathered on 28 September.


1788 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania
An Election to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held on November 26, 1788 for the 1st Congress.


1788 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Background
The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, and then ratified by the States. Pennsylvania's legislature ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787 by a vote of 46-23. On July 8, 1788, the Congress of the Confederation passed a resolution calling the first session of the 1st United States Congress for March 4, 1789, to convene at New York City and the election of senators and representatives in the meanwhile by the States.


1788 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Election
Pennsylvania's legislature scheduled the election for November 26, 1788, and provided for the election to be held on an at-large basis, an attempt by the Federalist-dominated legislature to prevent anti-Federalist Representatives from being elected in frontier districts. Both parties submitted tickets with 8 candidates each. The large German population in Pennsylvania tended to vote for German candidates, giving the Anti- Federalist Muhlenberg and Hiester enough votes to gain seats.


1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 24 and 25, 1788 to select five Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The elections resulted in two candidates in support of Washington's administration and three candidates opposed to his policies.


1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
William L. Smith defeated two candidates in the first election of the 1st congressional district, known as the Charleston District.


1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Aedanus Burke defeated Robert Barnwell in the first election of the 2nd congressional district, known as the Beaufort-Orangeburg District.


1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Daniel Huger won the first election of the 3rd congressional district, known as the Georgetown-Cheraw District.


1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Thomas Sumter won the first election of the 4th congressional district, known as the Camden District.


1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Thomas Tudor Tucker won the first election of the 5th congressional district, known as the Ninety-Six District.


1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania
The 1788 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, held on September 30, 1788, was the first United States Senate election held in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, elected Pennsylvania's first two United States Senators, William Maclay and Robert Morris.


1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, Results
Anti - Federalist William Maclay was elected to the two-year staggered term of the Class I seat, while Federalist and American Founding Father Robert Morris was elected to the full six-year term of the Class III seat. While no official results of the votes were recorded, the State House recorded minutes of its election:


1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, Results
Agreeably to the order of the day, the House proceeded to the election of Senators to represent this state in the Congress of the United States, agreeably to the constitution adopted for the government of the said states; and the ballots being taken, it appeared that the Honorable William Maclay and Robert Morris, Esquires, were duly elected.


1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, Results
Upon the expiration of Senator Maclay's term in 1791, the State House of Representatives would not be able to elect a new United States Senator due to a dispute regarding the rules and procedures of the election. The seat was finally filled in a 1793 election.


1788 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1788 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1788 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Manchester on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to his eleventh one-year term.


1788 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor Joseph Marsh, who re-elected to a one-year term. The freemen re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his third one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 1st Congress were held in 1788 and 1789, coinciding with the election of George Washington as first President of the United States. The dates and methods of election were set by the states. Actual political parties did not yet exist, but new members of Congress were informally categorized as either "pro-Administration" (i.e., pro-Washington and pro-Hamilton) or "anti-Administration".


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections
The first session of the first House of Representatives came to order in Federal Hall, New York City on March 4, 1789, with only thirteen members present. The requisite quorum (thirty members out of fifty-nine) was not present until April 1, 1789. The first order of business was the election of a Speaker of the House. On the first ballot, Frederick Muhlenberg was elected Speaker by a majority of votes. The business of the first session was largely devoted to legislative procedure rather than policy.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
In the 18th and much of the 19th century, each state set its own date for elections. In many years, elections were even held after the legal start of the Congress, although typically before the start of the first session. In the elections for the 1st Congress, five states held elections in 1788, electing a total of 29 Representatives, and six held elections in 1789, electing a total of 30 Representatives.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Two states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, did not ratify the Constitution until November 21, 1789 and May 29, 1790 respectively, well after the Congress had met for the first time, and, consequently, elected representatives late, in 1790, leaving North Carolina unrepresented in the 1st session and Rhode Island in the 1st and 2nd sessions of a total of 3 sessions.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, House composition, End of the 1st Congress (1791)
Six seats were filled late because North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late. One pro-Administration representative resigned and the seat remained open at the end of the Congress.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Special election
This was the first special election to the United States House of Representatives.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware
Delaware had a single representative. The election was held January 7, 1789. Under the law at the time, each voter cast two votes for representative, at least one of whom had to be from a different county.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia
Georgia had a mixed at-large/district system for the 1st Congress. Representatives were elected at-large, but for three district-based seats.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland
Maryland had a mixed district/at-large system similar to Georgia's. Under Maryland law, "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
Massachusetts required a majority vote, necessitating additional votes if no one won a majority. This was necessary in 4 of the districts.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The first election in the district was in part a reflection of the rivalry between Hampshire and Berkshire counties. Berkshire was the less populous county, but four of the six candidates who received the most votes - Theodore Sedgwick, William Whiting, Thompson J. Skinner, and William Williams - were residents of the county. The two Hampshire candidates were Samuel Lyman and John Worthington. The first election did not reflect the fact that the two counties were centers of agrarian discontent and of support for Shays's Rebellion.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
Nor did it reflect the fact that in the state Convention the Hampshire delegates voted 32 to 19 and the Berkshire delegates voted 16 to 6 against ratification of the Constitution. Only Whiting was regarded as a Shaysite and an Anti-Federalist, while the other five men were Federalists - and two of these - Worthington and Williams - had been virtual if not actual Loyalists during the Revolution. The issue of amendments to the Constitution was not raised during the first election in the district, but it became so important in the ensuing elections that Theodore Sedgwick, who opposed amendments, publicly promised to support them before the fifth election, which he won.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The only problem was whether Partridge could retain his post of sheriff of Plymouth County and accept a seat in Congress, as he had done in 1779-1782 and 1783-1785. He received a certificate from Governor Hancock on 10 January notifying him of his election. Partridge wrote three letters to the Governor. In the first, which he apparently did not send, he refused the appointment. He accepted in the two following letters but explained that he would not take the seat if he had to give up his post as sheriff (12, 20 January, 23 February).


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The issue of whether or not a state officeholder could retain a state post and still serve in Congress had been and would be raised in other states. On 12 February Governor Hancock asked his Council for advice about Partridge and about George Leonard, judge of probate in Bristol County, who had been elected to Congress from the Bristol-Dukes-Nantucket District.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The Council replied in writing the same day that it was 'inexpedient' for a man to hold the office of judge of probate and a seat in Congress, but that it did not find anything in the state constitution which prevented a sheriff from also being a member of Congress. The Council advised, however, that it would be inexpedient to introduce the practice of sheriffs being absent for long periods although Partridge 'may at present be indulged' and take a seat in Congress 'consistently with the safety of that county' (Council Proceedings, Thursday 12 February, M-Ar).


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The next day Governor Hancock sent the Council's written reply to the legislature and asked for its advice (13 February, Miscellaneous Legislative Documents, House Files, M-Ar). The two houses appointed a joint committee which wrote a report that was approved and sent to the Governor on Monday, 16 February. The legislature declared that if George Leonard continued to hold the office of judge of probate and also took a seat on Congress, any future legislature would address the Governor authorizing him and the Council to appoint another person judge of probate in Bristol County.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
But the legislature refused to give advice about George Partridge. It pointed out that sheriffs served during the pleasure of the governor, and (with the advice of his Council) were removable by him at any time. Sheriffs were not removable in any other way except through impeachment by the House and a trial before and conviction by the Senate. Therefore the House and Senate declared that intervention by the legislature was 'neither necessary or proper; and from the conduct and advice of your Council, they see no reason to doubt the wisdom of that constitutional provision' (House and Senate Proceedings, 13, 14, 16 February).


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
It was evident before the elections were completed in Worcester District that a candidate who did not support amendments to the Constitution had no chance of winning. The three leading candidates in the three Worcester District elections were Jonathan Grout, Timothy Paine, and Artemas Ward. Grout, a local leader during the Revolution, had voted against ratification of the Constitution and in 1788 was a member of the legislature. Paine, a prominent officeholder in the county for two decades before the Revolution, had been appointed to the Royal Council in 1774. Unlike most 'mandamus councillors,' he did not become a Loyalist.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
By 1788 he had regained much of his influence in the town of Worcester. Ward had been appointed commanding general of Massachusetts troops after Lexington and Concord, he remained in charge until George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in July 1775. The popular Ward resigned his commission in April 1776 and returned to state politics.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The past records of these three men did not become a public issue until shortly before the third and final election....AS in the two previous election, the two Worcester newspapers, with one exception, printed nothing until their last issues before the election on 2 March. The exception consisted of two items (one of which supported Timothy Paine) in the Massachusetts Spy on 19 February. Then on 26 February the Massachusetts Spy published five articles. Two of them supported Jonathan Grout, one supported Artemas Ward, one backed Timothy Paine, and the fifth did not mention any names.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
On the same day the American Herald published four items. One supported Grout, one opposed Paine because he had been a mandamus councillor, and the other two items urged that he be elected. The issue of Paine's appointment as a mandamus councillor by the British government in 1774 had been brought up for the first time by the Boston Independent Chronicle, 12 February, and not by the Worcester newspapers. Despite the ambivalence of the newspapers, there was a considerable increase of interest, for the vote almost doubled over the first election on 18 December 1788: from 1,886 to 3,484. Grout was elected Representative by a decisive majority. Artemas Ward, who ran a poor third in each of the three elections, finally defeated Grout in the election to the second Congress in 1791. Paine was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1789.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire
New Hampshire law required a winning candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (16.7% of votes). No candidate won such a majority on the first ballot, so a second ballot was held February 2, 1789.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey
The election of all four representatives was contested, but the records that explained the precise grounds on which the election was contested have been lost due to the burning of Washington in the War of 1812. It is known to have related to questions of regularity and procedure. All four representatives' elections were ruled valid.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, New York
New York held elections to the 1st Congress on March 3 and 4, 1789. At the time, districts were unnumbered. They are retroactively numbered in this section.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
North Carolina ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania held elections to the 1st Congress on November 26, 1788. For this first election (and again in 1792 election for the 3rd Congress), Pennsylvania chose to elect all of its representatives on a single statewide general ticket, an attempt by the pro-Administration-majority legislature to prevent anti-Administration candidates from winning seats.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island
Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.


1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina
In the 1st district, William L. Smith (Pro-Administration)'s election was contested by David Ramsay (Pro-Administration) who claimed that Smith had not been a citizen for the required 7 years at the time of his election, the House Committee on Elections ruled in Smith's favor


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1788 and 1789 were the first elections for the United States Senate, which coincided with the election of President George Washington. As of this election, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as "Pro-Administration", and the senators against him as "Anti-Administration".


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, senators were chosen by State legislatures.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Resulting composition
Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Resulting composition, Beginning of the 1st Congress
New York failed to elect its senators until after the Congress began, so its seats are labelled here as "Vacant." North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until after the Congress began, so their seats are not included here.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Race summaries
Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 1st Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected in advance of March 4, 1789, the date set to be the beginning of the 1st Congress. Ordered by state, then by class.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 1st Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected in 1789 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York
The election was held in July 1789. It was the first such election, and before the actual election the New York State Legislature had to establish rules for proceeding. They decided to ballot separately, and then pass a joint resolution once they had concurred in the election of two candidates.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York
On July 15, Schuyler was nominated first, and members of each chamber attempted to substitute the names of other candidates, including Ezra L'Hommedieu and Rufus King. These motions failed, and Schuyler was elected by a vote of 37 to 19 in the Assembly, and 13 to 6 in the Senate.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York
King's election came after individual legislators and the two chambers failed to agree on the election of James Duane, Ezra L'Hommedieu, or Lewis Morris. King was then elected unanimously by the Assembly, and by a vote of 11 to 8 in the Senate. On July 16, Schuyler and King were appointed to the U.S. Senate by a joint resolution of the State Legislature.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York
King took his seat on July 25, and drew the lot for Class 3, his term expiring on March 3, 1795. Schuyler took his seat on July 27, and drew the lot for Class 1, his term expiring on March 3, 1791. The 1st United States Congress convened at New York City, as did the regular session of the New York State Legislature in January 1790. Schuyler retained his seat in the State Senate while serving concurrently in the U.S. Senate.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York
Schuyler was also elected on January 15 a member of the State's Council of Appointments which consisted of the Governor of New York, and four State Senators elected annually by the State Assembly. On January 27, the New York State Legislature resolved that it was "incompatible with the U.S. Constitution for any person holding an office under the United States government at the same time to have a seat in the Legislature of this State", and that if a member of the State Legislature was elected or appointed to a federal office, the seat should be declared vacant upon acceptance.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York
Thus U.S. Senator Schuyler, Federal Judge James Duane and Congressmen John Hathorn and John Laurance vacated their seats in the State Senate. On April 3, John Cantine, a member of the Council of Appointments, raised the question if Schuyler, after vacating his State Senate seat, was still a member of the Council. Philip Livingston, another member, held that once elected a member could not be expelled in any case. On April 5, Governor Clinton asked the State Assembly for a decision, but the latter refused to do so, arguing that it was a question of law, which could be pursued in the courts. Schuyler thus kept his seat in the Council of Appointments until the end of the term.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, North Carolina
North Carolina was the 12th state to ratify the new United States Constitution, doing so in November 1789, months after the First Congress had first convened. A few days after that ratification, on November 26, 1789, the two houses of the state legislature jointly elected incumbent Governor Samuel Johnston (who was considered pro-Administration) as North Carolina's first United States Senator. The minutes of the state Senate indicate that the two houses had actually voted for both U.S. Senate seats, but that no candidate received a majority for the second seat.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, North Carolina
Days later, the state Senate sent messages to the state House of Commons nominating candidates for the state's other Senate seat. These included William Lenoir, William Blount, Benjamin Hawkins, and Timothy Bloodworth. Hawkins (who was also pro-Administration at the time) was elected jointly by the two houses on December 8, 1789.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
The election was held on September 30, 1788. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, elected Pennsylvania's first two United States Senators, William Maclay and Robert Morris. Anti - Federalist William Maclay was elected to the two-year staggered term of the Class 1 seat, while Federalist and founding father Robert Morris was elected to the full six-year term of the Class 3 seat.


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
While no official results of the votes were recorded, the State House recorded minutes of its election:


1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
Agreeably to the order of the day, the House proceeded to the election of Senators to represent this state in the Congress of the United States, agreeably to the constitution adopted for the government of the said states; and the ballots being taken, it appeared that the Honorable William Maclay and Robert Morris, Esquires, were duly elected.


1788 doctors' riot
The doctors' riot was an incident that occurred in April 1788 in New York City, where the illegal procurement of corpses from the graves of the recently deceased caused a mass expression of discontent from poorer New Yorkers that was directed primarily at physicians and medical students.