1813 Vermont gubernatorial election
On October 21, the General Assembly met to select the governor. In secret balloting, Chittenden was elected by a vote of 112 to 111. Supporters of Galusha argued that 112 members of the Assembly had voted for Galusha, which would have resulted in a tie, so a ballot must have been lost or intentionally not counted. They proposed to place all 112 Galusha supporters under oath to affirm that they had voted for Galusha. Chittenden supporters claimed that one supposed Galusha supporter (not named) had promised to withhold his vote in order to give Chittenden an advantage. While the House debated the question, Chittenden took the oath of office from Nathaniel Chipman, the chief judge of the Vermont Supreme Court, and notified the House that he was ready to deliver his inaugural speech. Chittenden was allowed to proceed, effectively ending the controversy over his election.


1813 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, after the legislature's canvassing committee disallowed ballots for Brigham, contemporary newspaper articles reported the popular vote results as William Chamberlain (Federalist) 15,557 (48.8%); Paul Brigham (Democratic-Republican) 15,393 (48.2%); scattering 958 (3.0%). Because neither Chamberlain nor Brigham attained a majority, the contest was decided by the General Assembly. In the Assembly vote, Chamberlain was declared the winner by the same 112 to 111 margin by which Chittenden defeated Galusha.


1813 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his fourteenth, though the vote totals were not recorded. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection.


1813 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains
The 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains was the expedition led by Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth, which became the first successful crossing of the Blue Mountains in New South Wales by European settlers. The crossing enabled the settlers to access and use the land west of the mountains for farming, and made possible the establishment of Australia's first inland settlement at Bathurst.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background
The European settlement at Sydney Cove, established in 1788 after the arrival of the First Fleet, grew rapidly. By the early 19th century, the Blue Mountains had become a barrier to the expansion of the colony, which required more farming land to meet its needs, particularly after the droughts of 1812 and 1813. The local indigenous people knew at least two routes by which to cross the mountains.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background
The first was along Bilpin Ridge, later followed by Archibald Bell with the assistance of the local Darug people (now the location of Bells Line of Road), and the second was along Coxs River. Until 1813 however, the settlers remained unaware of how to cross the mountains despite several attempts, including two by Blaxland himself. Early in 1813 Blaxland, who wanted more grazing land, obtained the approval of Governor Lachlan Macquarie and approached Lawson and Wentworth to secure their participation in a new exploratory expedition following the mountain ridges.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, Gregory Blaxland
Gregory Blaxland was born Sunday, 17 June 1778 in Kent, England. He sailed for Australia on Wednesday, 1 September 1805 with his wife, three children, two servants, an overseer, a few sheep, seed, tools, groceries and clothing. When he reached Sydney he sold many of these items and made a profit which enabled him to buy eighty head of cattle so that he could breed cattle and sell the meat. He located 1,600 hectares of land that the government had promised to new settlers as well as forty convict servants and established his farm. He was also one of the first people to plant grapes in Australia and make wine, for which he was awarded a silver medal and later a gold one from the Royal Society of Arts, London.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, Gregory Blaxland
The town of Blaxland in the Blue Mountains is named after this man.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, William Lawson
William Lawson was born in England where he later trained to become a surveyor. He then migrated to Sydney, Australia, arriving in year 1800. He was an officer in the New South Wales Corp and owned land where he then raised many cattle and sheep. He was invited to join the 1813 expedition with Gregory Blaxland.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, William Lawson
The town of Lawson in the Blue Mountains is also named after him.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, William Charles Wentworth
William Charles Wentworth was born in Australia to Irish parents. In 1802 he was sent to school in England and returned to Sydney in 1810, where he worked for the governor, Lachlan Macquarie, and was given a land grant of 708.2 hectares (1,750 acres) on the Nepean River. The town of Wentworth Falls in the Blue Mountains is named after him.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Departure and crossing of the Blue Mountains
On the presumed date of May 11, 1813, Mr. Gregory Blaxland, Mr. William Wentworth, and Lieutenant Lawson, attended by four servants, with five dogs, and four horses laden with provisions, ammunition, and other necessities, left Mr. Blaxland's farm at South Creek, for the purpose of endeavouring to effect a passage over the Blue Mountains, between the Western River, and the River Grose.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Departure and crossing of the Blue Mountains
Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson led an expedition party, which included four servants, four pack horses and five dogs. Two of the four men who assisted the party have been identified as James Burne (or Burnes), a guide and kangaroo hunter, and Samuel Fairs, a convict who arrived in Australia in 1810. The two others, also thought to be convicts, remain unidentified.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Departure and crossing of the Blue Mountains
The party left from Blaxland's South Creek farm near the modern suburb of St Marys in western Sydney, on 11 May 1813 and crossed the Nepean River later that day. They made their way over the mountains, following the ridges, and completed the crossing in 21 days. The explorers' success has been attributed to their methodical approach and decision to travel on the ridges instead of through the valleys. The three explorers and two of their servants would set out each day, leaving the other two men at their campsite, and mark out a trail, before turning back later in the day to cut a path for the horses and allow the rest of the party to progress.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Departure and crossing of the Blue Mountains
The group first saw the plains beyond the mountains from Mount York. They continued on to Mount Blaxland 25 km south of the site of Lithgow, on the western side of the mountains. From this point Blaxland declared there was enough forest or grassland "to support the stock of the colony for thirty years", while Lawson called it "the best watered Country of any I have seen in the Colony". The party then turned back, making the return journey in just six days.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party
All three explorers wrote an account of their expedition. Blaxland was the only one to publish his account, Journal of a Tour of Discovery Across the Blue Mountains, which he did in 1823 during a return visit to England. His journal, written in the third person, records their progress in detail, including their reasons for believing they had achieved their goals and deciding to turn back:


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party
They now conceived that they had sufficiently accomplished the design of their undertaking, having surmounted all the difficulties which had prevented hitherto the interior of the country from being explored, and the colony from being extended. ... Their provisions were nearly expended, their clothes and shoes were in very bad condition, and the whole party were ill with bowel complaints. These considerations determine them, therefore, to return home.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party
A country of so singular a description could in my opinion only have been produced by some Mighty convulsion in Nature – Those immense unconnected perpendicular Masses of Mountain which are to be seen towards its Eastern Extremity towering above the Country around, seem to indicate that the whole of this tract has been formed out of the Materials of the primitive mountains of which these masses are the only parts that have withstood the violence of the concussion.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party
Lawson, as a trained surveyor, kept detailed notes about the route itself including the distances covered each day, as well as his impressions of the landscape. He recorded on 22 May:


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party
Reached the summit of the Highest land we have yet been, ... and Encamped by a fine stream of water. Here we had a fine view of all our Settlements, our progress was here stoped by an impassable Clift from going either South or West- Mr. Blaxland Wentworth and Self left our Camp with a determination to get down some parts of this broken land. But found it impracticable in some places 500 feet perpendicular here we saw the course of the Western River and that broken Country at Natai the back of the Cow pasters. No doubt this is the Remnant of some dreadful Earthquake


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Aftermath
In recognition of the successful crossing, all three explorers were rewarded by Macquarie with a grant of 1000 acres of land west of the mountains. Blaxland later claimed to have led the expedition, however records from the time of the crossing imply that they were joint leaders.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Aftermath
Surveyor-General George William Evans was dispatched by Macquarie in November 1813 to follow the path taken and travel further to determine the best route to access the arable farmland. Evans continued past Mount Blaxland to the Macquarie and Lachlan Rivers and the site of modern Bathurst. Upon his return, he was rewarded with 1000 acres of land in Tasmania. Macquarie then commissioned William Cox in July 1814 to construct a road, following the path taken by the three explorers and extended by Evans.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Aftermath
Cox's team of convict workers completed the job in six months and Cox was rewarded by Macquarie with a grant of 2000 acres of land near the site chosen by Macquarie for Bathurst. Macquarie travelled along the new road, naming it the Great Western Road, in 1815. Artist John Lewin accompanied Macquarie on the tour.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Aftermath
The colonial expansion into the lands of the Wiradjuri nation, west of the Blue Mountains, led to the Bathurst war.


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Commemorations
The crossing and the three explorers have been commemorated in a number of ways, including:


1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Commemorations
It has been claimed that Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson may have carved their initials into the tree now referred to as the Explorers tree, located about 5 kilometres west of Katoomba. This claim is not universally supported and the tree is not specifically mentioned in the journals kept by the explorers, although they did mark trees to record their route.


1813 in Australia
1813 in Australia featured a number of important developments. Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains which opened up the interior of New South Wales for European settlement. John and Elizabeth Macarthur sent the first wool exports from their properties.


1813 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1813 in Chile.


1813 in Chile, Incumbents
Royal Governor of Chile (in opposition): José Antonio Pareja (-21 May), Juan Francisco Sánchez (21 May-)


1813 in Chile, Incumbents
President of the Provisional Government Junta: José Miguel Carrera Verdugo (-8 April), PatriotPresident of the Superior Junta: Francisco Antonio Pérez (12 April-23 August), Patriot, José Miguel Infante (23 August-), Patriot


1813 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1813 in the Sublime State of Persia.


1813 in New Zealand
By the end of the year reports from London regarding Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, and from the Bay of Islands regarding the hospitality of the Māori, encourage Samuel Marsden into thinking the time for the establishment of a Christian mission to New Zealand is now imminent.


1813 in New Zealand
Whaling ships are a regular occurrence off the coasts of New Zealand, usually calling into the Bay of Islands. A number have Māori among their crew. Sealing ships operate in both Bass Strait and Macquarie Island, occasionally calling into New Zealand. A few have Māori among their crew.


1813 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1813 in South Africa.


1813 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1813 to Wales and its people.


1813 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1813.


1813 in paleontology
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1813.


1813 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1813 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1813 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1813 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1813.


1813 in rail transport, Deaths
1813, February – United Kingdom – A 13-year-old boy named Jeff Bruce was killed whilst running alongside the Middleton Railway tracks. The Leeds Mercury reported that this would "operate as a warning to others".


1813 in science
The year 1813 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1813 in sports
1813 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic
The 1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic (Maltese: il-pandemija tal-pesta tal-1813–1814) was the last major outbreak of plague on the islands of Malta and Gozo. It occurred between March 1813 and January 1814 on Malta and between February and May 1814 on Gozo, and the epidemic was officially declared to be over in September 1814. It resulted in approximately 4500 deaths, which was about 5% of the islands' population.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic
The plague outbreak had begun in Constantinople in 1812 and it spread to other parts of the Ottoman Empire including Egypt. The disease was imported to Malta from Alexandria on board the brigantine San Nicola in late March 1813. Some of its crew members had contracted the disease and died, and although the vessel and crew were quarantined, the disease spread to the local population since infected cargo from the vessel was stolen and sold in Valletta. The disease appeared in the city in mid-April, and the outbreak was severe by mid-May.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic
The British colonial government took strict measures in order to contain the plague, although this was done too late to prevent the outbreak from spreading in its early stages. The urban area around the Grand Harbour was isolated from the rest of the island, and settlements with high mortality rates were cordoned off. Violations of these regulations were met with harsh penalties including death, and several people were executed for concealing their infection. The outbreak was particularly severe in the capital Valletta and its suburb Floriana, and in the villages of Birkirkara, Qormi and Żebbuġ.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic
The epidemic began to subside by late 1813 and it was believed to be over by January 1814. However, the disease was inadvertently introduced to Gozo through contaminated clothes in February, and another outbreak occurred in the village of Xagħra. Containment measures were imposed immediately, limiting the spread and resulting in a much lower mortality rate in Gozo.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Background
The second plague pandemic began with the Black Death in the 14th century, and it continued to recur until the 19th century. Bubonic plague outbreaks had occurred in Malta in 1592–1593, 1623, 1655 and 1675–1676. The latter was the most severe, having killed some 11,300 people.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Background
In 1813 Malta was a British protectorate and it was undergoing a financial and demographic boom due to the war economy and the presence of the Royal Navy, the relocation of British factories from Palermo, Naples and Livorno to the islands, and the free port status which meant that Malta was well-connected with other Mediterranean harbours. During the plague outbreak, the islands underwent a political change from a protectorate to a crown colony.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Background
The source of 1813–1814 epidemic is believed to have been an outbreak that began in Constantinople in 1812. The plague had spread to Alexandria in Egypt, and by January 1813 the authorities in Malta had been aware of this outbreak.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Origin
The plague arrived in the Maltese Islands by infected crew members on board ships sailing from Alexandria to Malta. The San Nicola (or St. Nicholas), a Maltese brigantine flying the British flag, had left Alexandria on 17 March 1813, and two of its crew members became sick a week after the vessel left port. The vessel arrived in Malta on 28 March, and it was quarantined in Marsamxett Harbour for two weeks. Health guards were sent to ensure that there was no communication between the ship and the shore.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Origin
Two other ships which also arrived in Malta from Alexandria on 28 March, the British brigantine Nancy and the Spanish polacca Bella Maria, also had cases of the plague on board. Two crew members from the Nancy were infected, while one crew member on the Bella Maria had died of the disease.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Origin
The crew of the San Nicola were taken to the Lazzaretto on nearby Manoel Island on 29 March, after they had taken standard precautions. On 1 April, the ship's captain Antonio Maria Mescara became sick, and a day later so did a servant who had looked after the two infected crew members on board the vessel. Mescara and the servant died on 7 April, and their corpses were examined, confirming suspicions that they died of the plague. The San Nicola was sent back to Alexandria on 10 April, under the escort of HMS Badger.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout Valletta
It was initially believed that the disease was contained without coming into contact with the population, but while the San Nicola was in quarantine, some of its guards had stolen linen from its cargo which was infected. This was stored in a wine shop in Sliema before being sold to Salvatore Borg, a shoemaker, fence and smuggler who lived at 227, Strada San Paolo in Valletta.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout Valletta
On 16 April, Salvatore Borg's 8-year-old daughter Anna Maria became sick, and she died three days later. It was not immediately realised that the cause of her death was the plague, and she was given a customary funeral at the church of Ta' Ġieżu and was buried in the church's crypt. Soon after the girl died, her mother also developed a fever, causing alarm among physicians who informed the authorities of the case. The woman died on 3 May, and her husband Salvatore also became sick and eventually died. On 4 May, the Committee of Health issued a warning that the public health was in danger, and confirmed the disease to be the plague a day later.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout Valletta
Panic spread throughout Valletta, and many people left the city and went to the countryside or boarded ships to leave the islands. Most of the British and some Maltese isolated themselves within their homes. At the time, the only person known to have the disease was Borg, and he was transferred to the Lazzaretto, By 7 May there were a number of suspected cases, but the disease initially spread slowly, such that people began to doubt its existence.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout Valletta
The outbreak increased by 16 May, as Borg's father became ill and died and many new cases were reported around Valletta, especially in Strada Reale, Strada San Cristoforo, Strada San Giuseppe, Strada Pozzi and Strada San Giovanni. By 17 May, the disease had spread throughout the entire city. The guards who stole the linen, as well as those who stored and purchased the stolen goods, were among the first people to contract the plague and die.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout the rest of Malta
The first cases of the plague outside Valletta was detected on 21 May in Mdina, when five cases were reported. Within days, it spread to other towns and villages in the country, with some being more severely affected than others. The outbreak was particularly severe in Birkirkara, one of the largest settlements outside the harbour area, whose population had increased by about 3000 refugees fleeing the plague from Valletta.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout the rest of Malta
By the end of July 1813, the death toll had reached 1602 people.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout the rest of Malta
Towns and villages which were severely affected by the plague included Qormi and Żebbuġ. In Qormi, the long duration of the disease was attributed to residents' resistance to government countermeasures attempting to control the outbreak. Some towns and villages were not affected at all by the plague, including Għargħur, Balzan, Kirkop, Safi, Għaxaq, Qrendi and Senglea.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures
The authorities introduced measures in an attempt to contain the outbreak, but these were initially ineffective. The spread was aggravated since the causes of the disease were unknown at the time, containment measures were not introduced immediately, and some people resisted by refusing to transfer the infected to government-designated depots.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures
Trade stopped immediately after the outbreak was identified as the plague. On 5 May, public buildings including the law courts and the theatre were closed down. The urban settlements in the harbour area: Valletta and its suburb Floriana, and the Three Cities of Birgu, Cospicua and Senglea were placed under medical observation. Direct and indirect contact between people was discouraged, especially at markets. On 7 May, any communication between ships and the shore was forbidden, and Bishop Ferdinando Mattei ordered all churches to be closed on 9 May. The government published an account of the 1743 plague in Messina to inform the public of the consequences of an outbreak.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures
On 17 May, Civil Commissioner Sir Hildebrand Oakes ordered that any suspected case was to be reported to the Board of Health, and anyone concealing the existence of the disease was liable to the death penalty. The sentence was first carried out to Anthony Borg, who had concealed his infection from the authorities, and he was publicly executed by firing squad in Valletta on 17 August. Houses of people who had been infected were closed but initially no attempts were made to purify them.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures
Some infected animals from these buildings might have escaped and contributed to the spread of the plague. Eventually, domestic animals were restrained in homes or placed in cages while stray animals began to be killed in order to prevent further spread. Many people hid contaminated goods in order to prevent them from being destroyed by the authorities.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures
On 19 June, various barriere were set up in and around Valletta, Floriana and the Tree Cities. These were railings which were spaced such that they allowed people on opposite sides to be able to talk without coming in contact with each another. This was done in order to ensure supply of food from the countryside to the cities. Valletta was subdivided into eight districts and movement of people was restricted under the death penalty. Similar restrictions were also imposed on the Three Cities.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures
Oakes established a Corps of Civic Guards to watch houses of the infected and enforce regulations, and he appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Francesco Rivarola to the temporary post of Inspector General, who had power over the Civic Guards as well as the police. Shops selling food were only allowed to open for four hours a day. Throughout the epidemic, the postal service continued to function and it was the only means of communication between individuals in the quarantined cities of the Grand Harbour and the rest of the islands.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures
The soldiers deployed to enforce the containment measures included the Maltese Veterans and the Maltese Provincial Battalion, and their duties also included assisting the police and civil authorities. Prisoners were forced to carry the dead from their homes to burial sites in specially-made carts, and they were known as beccamorti. Many prisoners became infected themselves and died in the process, and the authorities brought prisoners from Sicily to continue the work, but these also died. The Maltese population were scared of these prisoners, who at times might have committed rape and robbery.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures
By mid-September, there were fewer new cases of the plague and the disease seemed to be diminishing.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Hospitals and isolation centres
Infected people were taken to the Lazzaretto of Manoel Island, a hospital and quarantine facility which had been built to deal with outbreaks of infectious diseases. Fort Manoel, which is located adjacent to the Lazzaretto, was converted into a depot where suspected cases of the plague were isolated. By late June 1813, the Lazzaretto had reached its capacity and it became crowded with patients, so no distinction was made between confirmed and suspected cases gathered close together in Fort Manoel. The fort therefore became one of the main focal points of the disease.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Hospitals and isolation centres
Temporary hospitals were set up at other locations, including Villa Bighi in Kalkara (later the site of a naval hospital) and St Dominic's Convent in Rabat. Huts known as barracche (Maltese: barrakki) were built in various locations, mostly as shelters for people evacuated from their homes or as hospitals. Others were used as guard rooms, market stalls and shops, an abattoir, offices (including a post office), stores and privies. The huts became very hot in the summer causing discomfort to their occupants, and on one occasion some of them collapsed in a thunderstorm.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Hospitals and isolation centres
Many barracche were built in the ditches of fortifications, including the main ditch of the Valletta land front, and the Floriana Lines ditches near Porta Sant'Anna and Porte des Bombes. Others were also built within Valletta and Floriana and at Ta' Xbiex, Fort Manoel, Bighi, Birkirkara, Qormi, Żebbuġ and outside the Cottonera Lines near Birgu. A temporary hospital consisting of 59 huts was built at Santa Venera in September 1813.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Change of governor
In 1813, the British changed Malta's status from a protectorate to a crown colony, and the office of Civil Commissioner was replaced by that of a Governor. Oakes was offered the new position, but he declined on the grounds of his own poor health. There have been suggestions that Oakes' resignation was due to the plague outbreak, but a letter he wrote before the disease broke out already expressed his wishes to resign. The office of Governor was given to Sir Thomas Maitland, who arrived in the islands on 3 October and assumed office two days later. Maitland took strict actions in order to eliminate the disease.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Change of governor
Restrictive measures were also imposed in the villages in order to prevent the disease from spreading. The population was not allowed to go to the countryside or to the ports, and cotton fields were abandoned. On 10 September, movement from settlements with high mortality rates was restricted, and soldiers surrounded and cordoned off Qormi, Żebbuġ and Birkirkara to prevent any inhabitants from leaving. Violations of this restriction were liable to the death penalty.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Change of governor
The mortality rate had decreased to 196 people in October, and by then the epidemic was on the decline. On 13 November, Maitland ordered houses and shops in Valletta and Floriana to be purified under the supervision of doctors and the police for a period of 15 days. People who had concealed potentially infected objects were pardoned if they revealed their items to the police within 10 days. In December, the number of districts in Valletta was increased to 24, while Floriana was divided into 7 districts.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Change of governor
The situation had improved greatly by December 1813, and on 7 January 1814 the restrictions on Valletta were lifted. Restrictions on other towns and villages were removed in the following days, except in Qormi which remained isolated until early March. The outbreak was said to be over by the end of January. On 27 January, the barracche were dismantled and burnt.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo
While parts of Malta were devastated by the plague, there was no outbreak of the plague on the island of Gozo in 1813. Communication with mainland Malta was restricted when the outbreak occurred in Valletta, which initially prevented the disease from reaching Gozo. However, when restrictions were lifted upon the end of the epidemic in Malta, an outbreak in Gozo occurred, although it was much smaller than the one in Malta.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo
It is believed that the disease was imported to the island through infected clothing which had been concealed during the Malta epidemic. Angelo Galea, a Gozitan who was in Qormi at the time out the outbreak, hid a box of clothes (including an għonnella) from the authorities and took them with him when he returned to Gozo in late February 1814. He died in his house in Xagħra on 22 February 1814, a couple of days after his arrival. Like the first case in Malta, it was not believed that he died of the plague and his funeral was held at the village's parish church.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo
On 28 February, Galea's daughter Rosa became ill and died soon afterwards at the hospital at Rabat. There were fears that the plague had reached Gozo, and within a few days a number of Xagħra residents died of the disease. An outbreak of fever was reported on 2 March 1814, and it was confirmed to be plague five days later.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo, Containment measures
On 8 March, Maitland cut off all communication between the islands, and the military was sent to cordon off Xagħra to prevent the spread of the plague to the rest of Gozo. The disease was successfully contained within the village, resulting in Gozo having a much lower death toll than Malta. On 13 March, Joseph Said wandered out of his house in a state of delirium after being infected, and he was shot dead by the police. Another man was executed by firing squad for concealing the disease on 31 March.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo, Containment measures
A farmhouse known as tal-Qassam located south of the village was requisitioned and converted into a hospital by 19 March. Known as the Tal-Fewdu plague hospital, it was led by the military doctor George McAdam. The dead were buried in a nearby field so as to limit the possibility of infection while transporting corpses. On 31 March, people who lived in houses where others had been infected were moved into a tented camp. The outbreak was already in decline by mid-April, but McAdam contracted the disease and died on 5 or 6 May.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo, Containment measures
The last death from the plague on Gozo was on 28 May. On 12 June, family members of plague victims were taken to Ramla Bay and were told to bathe in the sea three times a day under police supervision. This was believed to disinfect them from traces of the disease.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo, Containment measures
The Maltese Islands were officially declared to be free from the disease on 8 September 1814, and communication between the islands was restored on 14 September.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Transmission
Plague is caused by microbes in rats, which spread to humans through infected fleas from the rats. At the time of the outbreak, this cause was not known, and this hampered containment efforts and led to speculation on the cause and spread of the disease. At the time, the miasma theory which believed that the disease was caused by "bad air" was popular, and those who believed that it was contagious traced it to unusual sources.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Transmission
Hair, paper, feathers and straw were believed to be easily infected, so care was taken when these items were handled. Mail was disinfected at the Lazzaretto by slitting letters open and soaking them in vinegar or exposing them to fumes of a mixture of substances. During the outbreak, some wrote on wooden tablets instead of paper, and in January 1814 the registers of the Monte di Pietà were unbound, disinfected and rebound to ensure that they were not contaminated.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Transmission
In the Valletta outbreak, it was observed that families of victims were more likely to contract the disease than neighbours, such that the disease spread whenever there was contact between people, but not between people who lived close but did not make contact with each other. This led to the realisation that the disease was not airborne. The fact that the plague devastated Valletta but did not seriously affect the nearby Three Cities was also cited as proof of this.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact
The death toll of the plague outbreak on Malta has been variously reported as being either 4487, 4549, 4572 or 4668. About 740 of the deaths were in the town of Qormi. The death tolls in the Three Cities were 33 in Birgu and 12 in Cospicua; there were no deaths from the plague in Senglea. Despite the high death toll of civilians, the British garrison of around 3700 men only lost 20 men to the plague.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact
The death toll in Gozo was reported to either 96 or 104, out of a population of over 15,000. Notable victims of the plague include Xagħra's parish priest Vincenzo Cauchi, and George McAdam, the army surgeon who had volunteered to help set up the hospital in Xagħra.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact
At the time, the islands' population was about 97,000, so the plague is estimated to have killed approximately 5% of the population. In the 1820s, an author wrote that the disease "swept away more than one-twentieth of the inhabitants of one of the most populous islands under the British crown". The death toll played a role in reducing population pressure in the densely populated islands.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries
Due to the high death toll, a number of special cemeteries known as clausure were established for the victims. These were extramural cemeteries located outside settlements, contrasting with the usual practice of burying the dead within churches. Dedicated cemeteries had been created for earlier epidemics such as the plagues of 1592 and 1675–1676, and they were also created for outbreaks of cholera and smallpox later on in the 19th century.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries
Some of these cemeteries were dedicated to Saint Roch due to the devotion to the saint in instances of plague, while others did not have a specific dedication. Many of the 1813 cemeteries bore this date on the outside.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries
Some of these cemeteries were later used for other burials, such that they became the main cemetery for a particular town or village. Examples of these include the cemeteries of Qormi and Lija. Other cemeteries, such as that of ta' Gadaf near Naxxar, were left in a state of abandonment.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries
Some victims were also buried in abandoned churches (such as the old Parish Church of St Mary in Birkirkara), in fields or in sealed tombs in crypts.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Economic impact
The plague outbreak caused severe economic disruption as trade links and communication were cut off, both internally and with neighbouring countries. Ties between Malta and Gozo were cut off for a long period of time, although there were instances where limited trade between the islands were allowed. Fearing the disease, a number of foreign business people had left the island by August 1813. Government expenditure also increased during the outbreak.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Economic impact
The plague contributed to an economic depression which lasted until well after the disease was eradicated from the islands. Some ports imposed quarantines on Maltese ships until 1826, negatively impacting trade in the process. Other factors such as the Greek War of Independence, growing popularity of Egyptian cotton and the French conquest of Algeria also contributed to the poor state of Malta's economy in the 1820s and 1830s.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Religious and superstitious beliefs
Some regarded the plague as a form of divine punishment, and many who survived attributed this to grace. When the epidemic ended, a pilgrimage was held from Valletta to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mellieħa.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Religious and superstitious beliefs
During the plague, some linked the year 1813 with the superstition that the number 13 is unlucky, regarding the 13th year of a century as an annus horribilis.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy
A hand-drawn hearse which was used in the 1813 plague outbreak still survives. It was rediscovered in 1992 in the crypt of the Żabbar parish church, and it is now exhibited at the Żabbar Sanctuary Museum.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Ex voto and other commemorations
A number of ex-votos were offered to churches by people who survived the outbreak. These are often examples of folk art which are not necessarily of a high artistic quality, but they have historical significance since they are primary sources which portray life during the course of the epidemic. Churches which contain ex voto paintings include the Church of Saint Barbara in Valletta and the Mensija sanctuary at San Ġwann.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Ex voto and other commemorations
A statue of Saint Sebastian, a patron saint of the plague-stricken, was erected on the outskirts of Qormi (facing Marsa and the harbour) after the outbreak. The statue was sculpted by Ċikku and Girolamo Fabri (although it sometimes attributed to Vincenzo Dimech), and an inscription commemorates that it was given an indulgence in 1816. In the 1880s, a church dedicated to the same saint was built near the statue, and it became a separate parish in 1935. A much larger parish church was built nearby later on in the 20th century.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Ex voto and other commemorations
In Senglea, a statue of Our Lady was commissioned to commemorate deliverance of the city's inhabitants from the plague. Salvatore Debarro paid for the statue, which was sculpted out of marble by Vincenzo Dimech. It was erected in the city and it was blessed on 19 May 1816. The statue was relocated in 1955 and it still exists today.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Ex voto and other commemorations
In 1991, a street in Xagħra was named Triq George McAdam after the military doctor who died in the plague. A street in Qormi is named Triq il-Barrakki after the huts built to house the infected in the epidemic.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Literary works
A number of accounts of the plague were written, such as G. M. de Piro's Ragguaglio storico della pestilenza che afflisse le isole di Malta e Gozo negli anni 1813 e 1814 which was published in Livorno in 1833.


1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Literary works
Gioacchino Ermolao Barbaro, who had lost three children in the plague, wrote three sonnets and a poem in Italian about the epidemic. They are all entitled Per la peste di Malta nell'anno 1813 and they were published in 1843.


1813–1814 Massachusetts legislature
The 34th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1813 and 1814 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.


1814
1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1814th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 814th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th  year of the 19th century, and the  5th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1814, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1814 (band), History
The band began in 2004 as a three-piece act formed by Patu Colbert and his sons Shaun and Jimmy. Five other members joined the band over the next five years as the original members felt they needed more musicians to produce the sound they wanted. The band's lead singer is Darren Katene.


1814 (band), History
The name 1814 was taken from the year that missionary Samuel Marsden held the first sermon in the Bay of Islands. The band have played alongside several Kiwi favourites including Ardijah, Katchafire, Cornerstone Roots, Unity Pacific, Che Fu, and Moana and the Tribe and many more


1814 (band), History
Their first album, Jah Rydem, was released in 2008. It was produced by Wiremu Karaitiana and recorded at the Muscle Music Studios in the north of New Zealand. With positive reviews. In 2011 The Covers Album was released in New Zealand by producer Hayden Taylor of Yorkstreet Recording Studios and mastered by Chris Winchcombe.


1814 (band), History
The band's second album, Relax, was released in 2012. A new feel and direction for the summer reggae sounds like "Sunshine", written by saxophonist Chris Pierce and "Unite" cowritten by female vocalist Kalani Marsters sung by Neihana Mackey Harrison. The Relax album was produced and mastered by band founder Patu Colbert and producer Hayden Taylor at Yorkstreet Recording Studios in Auckland.


1814 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election
A special election was held in Kentucky's 2nd congressional district in 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Henry Clay (DR) on January 19, 1814 to accept a diplomatic position to the United Kingdom.


1814 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election, Election results
Hawkins took his seat March 29, 1814, during the 2nd (of 3) Session of the 13th Congress. Hawkins did not run for re-election in the 14th Congress and was succeeded by Henry Clay again.


1814 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 12th congressional district on August 4, 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Daniel Dewey (F) on February 24, 1814, having been appointed justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts


1814 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election
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1814 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district on May 23, 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William M. Richardson (DR) on April 18, 1814.


1814 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election, Election returns
Dana took his seat September 22, 1814. His opponent in this election would go on to defeat him in the general elections later that year.


1814 New Jersey's 3rd congressional district special election
A special election was held in New Jersey's at-large congressional district October 10–11, 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Jacob Hufty (F) on May 20, 1814.


1814 Ohio's 6th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Ohio's 6th congressional district on June 7, 1814, to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Reasin Beall (DR) to accept an appointment to the Federal Land Office in Wooster, Ohio.


1814 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1814 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 11, 1814. After contemplating retirement, incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Simon Snyder instead chose to run for reelection. He earned a third term as the state's executive after defeating Federalist candidate Isaac Wayne, a former member of the Pennsylvania State Senate.


1814 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Results
*Note: Although Latimer ran as a Federalist, Wayne was the only Federalist to carry any counties, as shown on the map.


1814 Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district special election
A special election was held in Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district on October 11, 1814 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Jonathan Roberts (DR) upon being elected to the Senate.


1814 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election
A special election was held in Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district on October 11, 1814 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of James Whitehill (DR) on September 1, 1814. This was the second resignation from the 3rd district in the 13th congress, the previous resignation having been in the previous year.


1814 State of the Union Address
The 1814 State of the Union Address was given by the fourth president of the United States, James Madison, to the 13th United States Congress. It was given on Tuesday, September 20, 1814, during the height of the War of 1812. It was given during President Madison's turbulent second term. One month after he gave the speech, the British burning of Washington occurred on August 24, and President Madison fled and lived in The Octagon House. Madison lived there until 1816, until the White House could be rebuilt. The three key points are:


1814 Tennessee's 5th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Tennessee's 5th congressional district September 15–16, 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Felix Grundy (DR) earlier that year.


1814 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware, Notes
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1814 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia, Notes
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1814 United States House of Representatives election in Louisiana, Notes
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1814 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey
New Jersey held its election October 10–11, 1814. The state returned to an at-large basis for electing its representatives, abolishing the short-lived districts of the previous election.


1814 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont
Vermont held its elections September 6, 1814. Voters swung from one party to the other. The margins were close, actually, but to toss the entire six-member delegation out of office.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes
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1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
The 1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 26 to 28, 1814, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 14th United States Congress.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
27 U.S. Representatives had been elected in December 1812 to a term in the 13th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1813. Representative-elect William Dowse died in February 1813, and John M. Bowers was declared elected in a special election, and seated. Isaac Williams, Jr. contested Bowers's election, and succeeded to the seat in January 1814. Egbert Benson resigned his seat in August 1812, and William Irving was elected to fill the vacancy. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1815. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1814, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1815, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 4, 1815.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
The districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1812, only one new county was created: in the 12th D., Warren Co. was split from Washington Co.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
19 Democratic-Republicans and 8 Federalists were declared elected to the 14th Congress. The incumbents Irving, Grosvenor, Lovett, Moffitt, Taylor, Kent and Comstock were re-elected; the incumbents Winter, Shipherd and Geddes were defeated. Adams and Smith, both Federalists, had credentials issued but their Democratic-Republican opponents successfully contested the elections, so that New York was represented by 21 Democratic-Republicans and 6 Federalists in the 14th Congress.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
Note: The Anti- Federalists called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election
Benjamin Pond, elected in the 12th District, died on October 6, 1814, before the congressional term began. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1815, and was won by Asa Adgate, of the same party.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election
Jonathan Fisk, elected in the 6th District, accepted in March 1815 an appointment as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, and resigned his seat. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1815, and was won by James W. Wilkin, of the same party.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election
The House of Representatives of the 14th United States Congress met for the first time at the Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 4, 1815, and Betts, Birdsall, Brooks, Comstock, Crocheron, Gold, Hammond, Lovett, Moffitt, Savage, Schenck, Taylor, Throop, Townsend, Ward and Wilkin took their seats on this day. Adgate took his seat on December 7; Porter on December 11; Cady on December 12; Kent on December 13; Grosvenor and Yates on December 18; Birdseye on December 20; Wendover on December 21; and Irving on January 22, 1816.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election
Westel Willoughby, Jr. contested the election of William S. Smith in the 17th District. The Committee on Elections found that the election inspectors in the towns of German Flatts and Litchfield had returned 299 votes for "Westel Willoughby" although all these votes had in fact been given for "Westel Willoughby, Jr." The Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Smith. On February 23, 1815, Willoughby, Jr., gave notice to Smith, informing that he would claim the seat, and appointed a time and place to take testimony. Smith did not appear in Congress to claim the seat, and on December 13, 1815, the House declared Willoughby, Jr., entitled to the seat instead of Smith, and Willoughby, Jr., took his seat.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election
Erastus Root contested the election of John Adams in the 8th District. The Committee on Elections found that a deputy county clerk of Greene Co. had mistakenly written Root's name as "Rott" when transcribing the returns from the towns of Catskill, New Baltimore, Coxsackie, Durham and Greenville. The Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Adams, but Adams did not appear to claim the seat. A total of 576 votes had been given for Root in these towns and, added to the correctly transcribed returns, gave him a majority of 246 in the district. On December 26, 1815, the House declared Root entitled to the seat instead of Adams, and Root took his seat.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election
Peter B. Porter had been appointed a Commissioner under the Treaty of Ghent. Article I, Section 6, of the United States Constitution says that "...no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office." Porter was determined to keep his seat, but after some debate, resigned on January 23, 1816. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1816, and was won by Archibald S. Clarke, of the same party. Clarke took his seat on December 2, 1816.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election
After being defeated for re-election, Enos T. Throop resigned his seat on June 4, 1816. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in September 1816, and was won by Daniel Avery, of the same party. Avery took his seat on December 3, 1816.


1814 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes
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1814 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes
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1814 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1814 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 10, 1814. Incumbent Jonathan Roberts was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1814 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Background
After the resignation of Democratic-Republican Sen. Michael Leib in February 1814, fellow Democratic-Republican Jonathan Roberts was elected by the General Assembly in a special election to fill the vacancy and serve out the term ending on March 4, 1815. This election, held in December 1814, was the regularly scheduled election to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning upon the expiration of the previous term.


1814 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 10, 1814, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1815. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1814 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania
The 1814 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held February 24, 1814. Jonathan Roberts was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1814 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background
The Democratic-Republican Michael Leib was elected to the United States Senate by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in December 1808. Sen. Leib resigned on February 14, 1814, to become postmaster of Philadelphia.


1814 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results
Following the resignation of Sen. Michael Leib, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on February 24, 1814, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1814 United States elections
The 1814 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President James Madison's second term, during the First Party System. Members of the 14th United States Congress were chosen in this election. During the 14th Congress, Indiana joined the union. The election took place during the War of 1812.


1814 United States elections
Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate both houses of Congress, and slightly increased their majority in the House. Federalists picked up a small number of seats in the Senate.


1814 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1814 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Martin Chittenden to a one-year term.


1814 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that neither Jonas Galusha nor Martin Chittenden had attained the majority required by the Vermont Constitution. In such cases, the governor is chosen by the combined vote of the Vermont General Assembly.


1814 Vermont gubernatorial election
On October 14, the General Assembly met to select the governor. In secret balloting, Chittenden was elected to his second one-year term by a vote of 123 to 91, with one vote counted as scattering.


1814 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that neither William Chamberlain nor Paul Brigham had attained a majority. According to contemporary newspaper articles, the vote totals were: Chamberlain, 16,648 (49.1%); Brigham, 16,598 (49.0%); scattering, 655 (1.9%). The contest was decided by the General Assembly, which elected Chamberlain to a second one-year term by a vote of 118 to 91.


1814 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his fifteenth, though the vote totals were not recorded. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection.


1814 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 14th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1814 and August 1815 during President James Madison's second term.


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections
This election happened in the middle of the War of 1812. The war was extremely unpopular in certain regions, particularly New England. The failed American invasion of Upper Canada (Ontario) and the 1814 Burning of Washington were embarrassing military setbacks, but the Democratic-Republican Party remained dominant and the declining Federalist Party was unable to convert war opposition into political gain.


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1814 and 1815 to the 13th United States Congress and 14th United States Congress.


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
Massachusetts held its elections November 7, 1814. State law required a majority vote for election which was not met in two districts, leading to a second election January 6, 1815.


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
District numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey
New Jersey held its election October 10–11, 1814. The state returned to an at-large basis for electing its representatives, abolishing the short-lived districts of the previous election.


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont
Vermont held its elections September 6, 1814. Voters swung from one party to the other. The margins were close, actually, but to toss the entire six-member delegation out of office.


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates
Four territories sent delegates to the 14th Congress. There was no election held in Illinois Territory


1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates
This was the last election for Indiana Territory, as it was admitted to the Union as a state in 1816. In Missouri Territory, Hempstead resigned and Easton also filled his seat for the remainder of the 13th Congress


1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1814 and 1815 were elections that had the Democratic-Republican Party lose a seat but still retain an overwhelming majority in the United States Senate. Unlike in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with a chance of regaining their long-lost majority had they swept almost all the seats. However, only one seat switched parties. Two seats held by Democratic-Republicans were left unfilled until long after the next Congress began.


1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Race summaries
Except when noted, number following candidates is whole number votes.


1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the preceding Congress
In these special elections, the winner was elected during 1814 or before March 4, 1815; ordered by election date.


1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1815; ordered by state.


1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the next Congress
In this special election, the winner was elected in 1815 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Kentucky (Special)
There were two special elections in Kentucky: one in 1814 and the other in 1815.


1814 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1814 in Australia.


1814 in New Zealand
With the purchase of a vessel by Samuel Marsden for use by the Church Missionary Society at the beginning of the year the establishment of a mission in New Zealand is at last possible. After a preliminary scouting trip Marsden and the missionaries arrive at the end of the year and the first mission is begun at Rangihoua Bay in the Bay of Islands.


1814 in New Zealand
A small number of sealing vessels are operating/visiting Campbell, Macquarie and Auckland Islands. At least one visits the Bay of Islands while other also make provisioning stops in Foveaux Strait. Whaling ships and ships collecting timber from Tahiti and other islands in the Pacific also visit the Bay of Islands.


1814 in Norway, Overview
1814 has historically been considered the most important year in the history of Norway. Sovereignty was transferred from the King of Denmark to the King of Sweden. The Constitution of Norway was signed at Eidsvoll on May 17, later to be designated and celebrated as Norwegian Constitution Day. For a detailed account of the events surrounding the re-formation of the country in modern times, see the article Kingdom of Norway (1814).


1814 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1814 in South Africa.


1814 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1814 to Wales and its people.


1814 in birding and ornithology
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1814 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1814.


1814 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1814 in poetry, Events
—last stanza of Francis Scott Key's "The Battle of Fort McHenry"


1814 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1814 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1814 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1814.


1814 in science
The year 1814 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1814 in sports
1814 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1814–1815 Massachusetts legislature
The 35th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1814 and 1815 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.


1814–1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
Massachusetts held its elections November 7, 1814. State law required a majority vote for election, which was not met in two districts, leading to a second election January 6, 1815.


1814–1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes
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1815
1815 (MDCCCXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1815th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 815th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 15th  year of the 19th century, and the  6th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1815, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1815 Beethoven
1815 Beethoven, provisional designation 1932 CE1, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 January 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory. The uncommon F-type asteroid seems to have a long rotation period of 54 hours (tentative). It was named after Ludwig van Beethoven.


1815 Beethoven, Orbit and classification
Beethoven is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements and in previous analysis by Zappalà, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis.


1815 Beethoven, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,043 days; semi-major axis of 3.15 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in January 1992.


1815 Beethoven, Naming
This minor planet was named after German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).


1815 Beethoven, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Beethoven is an uncommon, carbonaceous F-type asteroid, while in the Barucci taxonomy, it is a C0 type.


1815 Beethoven, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2005, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Beethoven was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at his Santana Observatory (646) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 54±1 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.2 magnitude (U=1).


1815 Beethoven, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and several publications by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Beethoven measures between 23.7 and 33.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.10.


1815 Beethoven, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0548 and a diameter of 30.36 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.36.


1815 French constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum on the constitution of the First French Empire, with Napoleon I restored to power in place of Louis XVIII, was held on 22 April 1815. As in all previous French referendums, the officially announced result was nearly unanimous. Out of seven million eligible voters, 77.46% abstained that day.


1815 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election
Although elected in the 1814–1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Daniel A. White (Federalist) of the 3rd district was offered, and accepted, the position of probate judge in Essex County before taking his seat in Congress.


1815 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election, Special election
A special election was held July 17, 1815, electing Jeremiah Nelson (Federalist) to fill the vacated seat. and he was seated with the rest of the House at the beginning of the 14th United States Congress December 4, 1815.


1815 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election, White's "lost" election
For unknown reasons, some records credit Nelson with White's votes as if Nelson were elected during the regular cycle without regard for White's election.


1815 New England hurricane
The Great September Gale of 1815 (the word "hurricane" was not yet current in American English) is one of five "major hurricanes" (Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale) to strike New England since 1635. At the time it struck, the Great September Gale was the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years.


1815 New England hurricane
After striking on Long Island, the hurricane caused major damages in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island. Rhode Island suffered the worst damage, as the storm surge flooded towns along Narragansett Bay up to and including Providence.


1815 New England hurricane, Origin
The hurricane first struck the Turks Islands near the Bahamas on September 20, with a strength estimated to have been equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, New York
The storm struck Long Island on September 23, 1815, probably coming ashore near Center Moriches (Ludlum) around 7:00 A.M. On the south shore of Long Island it broke through the barrier beach and created the inlet that still isolates Long Beach, which had previously been an eastward extension of The Rockaways.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Connecticut
Around 9:00 A.M. the storm came ashore at Saybrook, Connecticut with the force of what would now be considered a Category 3 hurricane. Waves of up to six feet were reported in New London.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
The "Great Storm" (or "Great Gale"), as it was known there, hit Providence, Rhode Island on the morning of September 23. From about 10:00 A.M. to noon, the storm delivered a storm surge that funneled up Narragansett Bay where it destroyed some 500 houses and 35 ships. Dozens of ships were deposited on the streets of Providence. The bowsprit of the ship "Ganges" was smashed into the third story of the Washington Insurance Company building. The Second Baptist Meeting House was destroyed. Most of the buildings on the east side from south of the Market House to India Point were destroyed. At India Point, houses and wharves were destroyed. Both the Washington Bridge and the Central (Red) Bridge were uprooted from their piers and destroyed.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
The rain appears to have been saturated with salt. The leaves on trees which were not blown away were covered with a white salt coating that resembled a light frost. Even houses turned white.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
A line on the Old Market Building marks the 11-foot (3.4 m) storm surge that was unsurpassed in the city until the 1938 New England hurricane, which brought a 17.6-foot (5.4 m) storm surge. There is still a worn plaque on the Rhode Island Hospital Trust building (built in 1917), along with a newer plaque showing the higher 1938 hurricane water level. At Matunuck, Rhode Island, sediment studies have identified the overwash fan of sediments in Succotash Marsh, where the 1815 hurricane storm surge overtopped the barrier beach.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
The financial loss was estimated at one and a half million dollars, one-quarter the total valuation of the city. Fortunately, only two lives were lost, both in India Point.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
After the storm, much of the Narragansett Bay area was rebuilt with higher riverbanks, raised wharves, and more durable building practices, to help protect against future storms.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Massachusetts
In Dorchester, Massachusetts, just south of Boston, local historian William Dana Orcutt wrote in the late 19th century of the hurricane's impact: "In 1815 there was a great gale which destroyed the arch of the bridge over the Neponset River. This arch was erected over the bridge at the dividing line of the towns [Dorchester and Milton] in 1798." Dorchester's First Parish Meeting House was too badly damaged to repair.


1815 New England hurricane, Impact, New Hampshire
The eye passed into New Hampshire near Jaffrey and Hillsborough.


1815 New England hurricane, Meteorology
In the aftermath of the Great Gale, the concept of a hurricane as a "moving vortex" was presented by John Farrar, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Harvard University. In an 1819 paper he concluded that the storm "appears to have been a moving vortex and not the rushing forward of a great body of the atmosphere".


1815 New York's 12th congressional district special election
On October 6, 1814, prior to the beginning of the Fourteenth Congress, Representative-elect Benjamin Pond (DR), who'd been elected to New York's 12th district, died. A special election to fill this vacancy was held in April, 1815.


1815 New York's 12th congressional district special election, Election results
Adgate took his seat at the beginning of the 14th Congress.


1815 New York's 6th congressional district special election
In March 1815, Jonathan Fisk (DR), who'd been re-elected to New York's 6th district, resigned to accept an appointment as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. A special election was held in April of that year to fill the vacancy left by his resignation.


1815 New York's 6th congressional district special election, Election results
Wilkin took his seat at the start of the 14th Congress.


1815 North Carolina hurricane
The 1815 North Carolina hurricane caused the most severe flooding in New Bern, North Carolina since 1795. First detected east of the Lesser Antilles on 26 August, the disturbance drifted toward the northwestern Leeward Islands, arriving by 29 August. The hurricane soon approached Charleston, South Carolina, on 1 September, and subsequently made landfall near Cape Lookout in North Carolina on 3 September. The gale reached New England by 5 September, departing the region on 6 September. The hurricane caused significant impact even before coming ashore: many vessels were damaged, grounded, capsized, or destroyed offshore throughout the course of the storm. Extensive damage to corn, cotton, and rice crops was also noted. Flood waters brought rivers as much as 8 ft (2.4 m) above normal, inundating streets and structures. Overall, the hurricane inflicted at least 15 deaths throughout its existence, and more than $60,000 (1815 USD) in property damage.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Meteorological history
The 1815 North Carolina hurricane was first detected far east of the Lesser Antilles on 26 August. The disturbance was next sighted at Saint Barthélemy on 29 August, where it produced severe winds. Eventually, it approached Charleston, South Carolina by 1 September, before making landfall near Cape Lookout, North Carolina on 3 September, where the hurricane's effects lasted for three days. The storm then swept inland, curving east of Wilmington and nearing New Bern soon thereafter.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Meteorological history
The hurricane subsequently veered northeastward at Edenton, its deviation in track coinciding with a shift in winds toward the northeast west of the system's trajectory. Tracking northeast, the system entered the Chesapeake Bay and passed into the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean after transiting over Norfolk, Virginia on 5 September, and continued to parallel the East Coast of the United States. Gales were observed on Long Island and in portions of New England, with heavy rain and strong winds noted. The disturbance remained offshore, however, and the system eventually departed the region on the morning of 6 September.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
Maritime losses as a result of the hurricane were considerable. On the evening of 31 August, the 140-ton British vessel Spring, which originated from Liverpool, was beached near Cape Romain within the vicinity of the Raccoon Keys. Massive waves caused the boat to disintegrate, and the crew fled on a longboat toward Charleston, South Carolina, surviving but losing the ship's cargo. The craft Brutus, meanwhile, overturned while en route toward Charleston from New York City, suffering the loss of its rigging and main boom. Despite experiencing damage to its cargo of cheese and potatoes, the ship arrived in Charleston safely.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
Meanwhile, off of Savannah, Georgia, the storm dismasted the clipper Richmond Packet which was delivering Spanish wine. Along the coast of Charleston, high waves prevented ships from docking at port, and boats did not remain with their moorings, with one breaking free and washing aground at James Island. Moving up the coast, the storm leveled fields of cotton, pushed salt water upstream, and destroyed dams protecting rice fields on the Cooper River, destroying the year's harvest. An editor of the newspaper Savannah Republican composed a poem reflecting upon and lamenting the plight of seamen who died in the storm. At Sullivan's Island near Charleston, the hurricane beached several vessels, and from Charleston to Georgetown, intense gusts and copious rainfall ruined cotton and rice fields in low-lying regions.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
The hurricane destroyed ships from Cape Fear to Currituck, North Carolina, ruined crops, uprooted forests, displaced gristmills, and demolished roads inland. At Wilmington, the storm inflicted damage to numerous buildings, among them the Cape Fear Bank, which suffered the loss of its chimneys. The city's wharves also experienced moderate damage, with a sloop from Bermuda capsizing and a brig separating from port, drifting toward a nearby plantation.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
A saltworks at Masonboro Island and several other offshore barrier islands endured severe damage, with the hurricane producing a 14 ft (4.3 m)-high storm surge in some regions, driving thousands of pounds of salt to sea. In all, the salterns at Masonboro Island suffered approximately $60,000 (1815 USD) in losses. Damage was similarly severe near Bear Island and locations along the White Oak River. At Swansboro, meanwhile, two schooners struck a sand bar and another two were grounded nearby, and three other vessels later washed into a nearby forest.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
A second saltworks was completely obliterated, and on a nearby beach, a residence was destroyed, with five family members drowned. A second house was also swept away, with four individuals inside killed. Majestic shade trees throughout the state were uprooted, and doors of houses near Cape Lookout burst open despite being firmly locked shut. At Edenton, the hurricane was believed to have been worse than the 1806 Great Coastal hurricane. Winds uprooted numerous trees at Fayetteville, obstructing roads, with similar impacts at Raleigh. Significant crop damage was also noted at Winston-Salem, where fences were toppled, and fields of corn, orchards, and forests ruined.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
The remnants of a small unidentified vessel were discovered, abandoned, near the origin of the New River, likely delivering cheese from New England. At Beaufort on the Outer Banks, several structures along the shoreline experienced damage, and several under construction ships were wrecked. Nearby at the Shackleford and Bogue Banks, several watercraft were destroyed. On the eastern sector of the latter, Fort Hampton was nearly washed away by the high storm surge generated by the hurricane. The barracks of the fort were lifted afloat for some time, with survivors clinging to its roof.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
To the north, another 30 boats were found destroyed near Ocracoke. Six men were killed after being knocked overboard upon the Julia, which was washed aground between Hatteras and Ocracoke. Additionally, a number of vessels were grounded near Cape Hatteras. Inland, thousands of trees and many structures were toppled, and fields of crops were flooded, disrupting the impending harvests. New Bern suffered especially acutely, with the waters of the Neuse River breaking their banks and inundating the town with 6 ft (1.8 m) of water; there, the flood was considered to be the worst since 1795.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
Buildings disintegrated under the force of high winds and flood waters, and many people attempted to escape their residences. Meanwhile, at Washington, the storm caused the neighboring Pamlico River to rise at a speed of 15 in (38 cm) per hour before peaking at a height 8 ft (2.4 m) above normal. Massive amounts of lumber and naval goods were swept away by the high waters, and numerous ships broke free of their moorings, of which two were beached.


1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact
Four British ships were forced to dock at Norfolk, Virginia after experiencing damage on 5 September, and at Long Island, similarly severe gales were endured by ships at Long Island. Heavy rain occurred in sections of New England on 5 and 6 September, though no significant damage occurred.


1815 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1815. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents.


1815 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election
On May 16, 1815, Representative-Elect Jonathan Williams (DR) who'd been elected for Pennsylvania's 1st district, died before the start of the 14th Congress. A special election was held on October 10 of that year to fill the vacancy left by his death.


1815 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election, Election results
Williams had been the sole Democratic-Republican elected to Pennsylvania's 1st district (a plural district with 4 seats), and so with Sergeant's win, all four of the 1st district's seats were held by Federalists. Sergeant took his seat in the Congress on December 6, 1815


1815 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election
On July 2, 1815, Representative-elect Amos Ellmaker (DR) of Pennsylvania's 3rd district resigned after being appointed and commissioned president judge of the Twelfth Judicial District of Pennsylvania, composed of the counties of Dauphin, Lebanon, and Schuylkill, and before the 14th Congress' first session began. A special election was held on October 10, 1815 to fill the vacancy left by his resignation.


1815 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election, Election results
Wallace took his seat on December 4, 1815 at the start of the 1st session of the 14th Congress.


1815 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election
On March 12, 1815, a few days after the legal start of the 14th Congress, but long before the first meeting of that Congress, David Bard (DR), who'd been re-elected to the 9th district, died. A special election was held on October 10 to fill the vacancy left by his death.


1815 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election, Election results
The 9th district did not change parties with this election. On December 11, Burnside took his seat in the 14th Congress. He would subsequently resign, in April, 1816, to accept a judicial position, resulting in a second special election. He thus served for only a few months as Representative.


1815 Philadelphia train accident
The 1815 Philadelphia train accident occurred on 31 July 1815, in Philadelphia, County Durham, England, when an early experimental railway locomotive, Brunton's Mechanical Traveller, suffered a boiler explosion. This engine, also known as the Steam Horse, ran on four wheels but was pushed by mechanical feet. This was both the first recorded boiler explosion and the first railway accident causing major loss of life with 13 people were killed.


1815 Philadelphia train accident
The accident is not included in many texts because it was on an industrial waggonway or plateway, rather than a public railway. Nevertheless, it predated William Huskisson's fatal accident at Parkside by 15 years, and the death toll was not exceeded by any railway accident until 1842 worldwide (see Versailles train crash), and 1861 in the UK (Clayton Tunnel). It also killed more people than any other railway boiler explosion of all time.


1815 Philadelphia train accident
Most boiler explosions caused severe mechanical damage but often only the locomotive crew suffered physically; however, Brunton's locomotive was surrounded at the time by a crowd of curious sightseers, who formed the majority of the victims. The first high-pressure steam locomotive, Trevithick's Penydarren engine, had only appeared 11 years earlier in 1804, and engineering understanding of the forces and safety risks involved was still primitive.


1815 State of the Union Address
The 1815 State of the Union Address was given by the fourth president of the United States, James Madison. It was given to the 14th United States Congress on Tuesday, December 5, 1815, but not verbally by the president. The War of 1812 was over, and he said, "It is another source of satisfaction that the treaty of peace with Great Britain has been succeeded by a convention on the subject of commerce concluded by the plenipotentiaries of the two countries.


1815 State of the Union Address
In this result a disposition is manifested on the part of that nation corresponding with the disposition of the United States, which it may be hoped will be improved into liberal arrangements on other subjects on which the parties have mutual interests, or which might endanger their future harmony." He concluded with, "As fruits of this experience and of the reputation acquired by the American arms on the land and on the water, the nation finds itself possessed of a growing respect abroad and of a just confidence in itself, which are among the best pledges for its peaceful career."


1815 Tennessee's 2nd congressional district special election
On September 24, 1815, John Sevier (DR), representative for Tennessee's 2nd district, died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy December 7–8, 1815.


1815 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes
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1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
The United States state of Virginia held elections in April 1815.


1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes
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1815 United States Senate election in New York
The 1815 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 7, 1815, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1815 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Obadiah German had been elected in 1809 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1815.


1815 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in April 1814, a Democratic-Republican majority was elected to the Assembly, and eight of the nine State Senators up for election were Democratic-Republicans. The 38th New York State Legislature met from September 26 to October 24, 1814; and from January 31 to April 18, 1815, at Albany, New York. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the vote for Speaker was: 61 for Samuel Young and 35 for James Emott.


1815 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
State Senator Nathan Sanford was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.


1815 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
Assemblyman James Emott, the Speaker of the previous Assembly session, was the candidate of the Federalist Party.


1815 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
State Senator Philetus Swift received a "complimentary vote" from Sanford, traditionally the candidates did not vote for themselves.


1815 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Nathan Sanford was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.


1815 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1815 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.


1815 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that former governor Jonas Galusha had defeated incumbent Martin Chittenden to win a one-year term.


1815 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that former lieutenant governor Paul Brigham had attained a majority over incumbent William Chamberlain to win election to a one-year term. According to a contemporary newspaper article, the vote totals were: Brigham, 16,942 (50.4%); Chamberlain 15,841 (47.2%); scattering, 807 (2.4%).


1815 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his sixteenth, though the vote totals were not recorded. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection.


1815 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.


1815 Virginia's 15th congressional district special election
On May 27, 1815, Representative Matthew Clay (DR) of Virginia's 15th district died in office before the start of the 1st session of the 14th Congress. A special election was held in October of that year to fill the resulting vacancy.


1815 Virginia's 15th congressional district special election, Election results
Kerr had been defeated for re-election in the regular 1815 elections and took his seat December 5, 1815, at the start of the 1st session.


1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded human history, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. The eruption ejected 160–213 cubic kilometres (38–51 cu mi) of material into the atmosphere. It is the most recently known VEI-7 event and the most recent confirmed VEI-7 eruption.


1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
Mount Tambora is on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia, then part of the Dutch East Indies. Although its eruption reached a violent climax on 10 April 1815, increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions occurred during the next six months to three years. The ash from the eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816. This brief period of significant climate change triggered extreme weather and harvest failures in many areas around the world. Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed after any other large volcanic eruption since the early Stone Age.


1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption
Mount Tambora experienced several centuries of dormancy before 1815, caused by the gradual cooling of hydrous magma in its closed magma chamber. Inside the chamber at depths between 1.5 and 4.5 kilometres (5,000 and 15,000 ft), the exsolution of a high-pressure fluid magma formed during cooling and crystallisation of the magma. An over-pressurization of the chamber of about 4,000–5,000 bars (400–500 MPa; 58,000–73,000 psi) was generated, with the temperature ranging from 700–850 °C (1,290–1,560 °F). In 1812, the volcano began to rumble and generated a dark cloud.


1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption
On 5 April 1815, a giant eruption occurred, followed by thunderous detonation sounds heard in Makassar on Sulawesi 380 kilometres (240 mi) away, Batavia (now Jakarta) on Java 1,260 kilometres (780 mi) away, and Ternate on the Molucca Islands 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) away. On the morning of 6 April, volcanic ash began to fall in East Java with faint detonation sounds lasting until 10 April. What was first thought to be the sound of firing guns was heard on 10 April on Sumatra, more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) away.


1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption
At about 19:00 on 10 April, the eruptions intensified. Three plumes rose up and merged. The whole mountain was turned into a flowing mass of "liquid fire". Pumice stones of up to 20 centimetres (8 in) in diameter started to rain down around 20:00, followed by ash at around 21:00–22:00. Pyroclastic flows cascaded down the mountain to the sea on all sides of the peninsula, wiping out the village of Tambora. Loud explosions were heard until the next evening, 11 April. The ash veil spread as far as West Java and South Sulawesi. A nitrous odor was noticeable in Batavia, and heavy tephra-tinged rain fell, finally receding between 11 and 17 April.


1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption
The first explosions were heard on this Island in the evening of 5 April, they were noticed in every quarter, and continued at intervals until the following day. The noise was, in the first instance, almost universally attributed to distant cannon; so much so, that a detachment of troops was marched from Djocjocarta, in the belief that a neighboring post was being attacked, and along with the coast, boats were in two instances dispatched in quest of a supposed ship in distress.


1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption
The explosion had an estimated VEI of 7. An estimated 41 cubic kilometres (10 cu mi) of pyroclastic trachyandesite were ejected, weighing about 10 billion tonnes. This left a caldera measuring 6–7 kilometres (3+1⁄2–4+1⁄2 mi) across and 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft) deep. The density of fallen ash in Makassar was 636 kg/m3 (39.7 lb/cu ft). Before the explosion, Mount Tambora's peak elevation was about 4,300 m (14,100 ft), making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago. After the explosion, its peak elevation had dropped to only 2,851 m (9,354 ft), about two-thirds of its previous height.