1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results
Thirteen incumbents (10 Democratic-Republicans and 3 Federalists) ran for re-election, of whom 11 won re-election. The incumbents Jacob Richards (DR) of the 1st district, John Hiester (DR) of the 3rd district, Daniel Montgomery (DR) of the 5th district and William Hoge (DR) of the 10th district did not run for re-election. There was also a vacancy in the 1st district. One seat changed from Federalist to Democratic-Republican control.


1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special election
Benjamin Say (DR) of the 1st district resigned in June, 1809, and a special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy


1808 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes
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1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont, Notes
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1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on June 2, 1808.


1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
This unusually early election was called after incumbent Federalist John Quincy Adams broke with his party over the Embargo Act of 1807. The Federalist legislature elected State Senator James Lloyd, Jr. to the term beginning in March 1809.


1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background
John Quincy Adams, son of former Federalist president John Adams, was elected senator by the Massachusetts legislature as a Federalist in 1803. His six-year term was scheduled to expire in March 1809.


1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background
However, Adams supported President Thomas Jefferson's foreign policy during the Napoleonic Wars, including the Louisiana Purchase and Embargo Act of 1807. Adams was the lone Federalist in Congress to vote for the Non-importation Act of 1806. In response to Adams's continued distance from Federalist orthodoxy, the Federalist legislature in Massachusetts held this early election for the United States Senate term beginning in March 1809.


1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath
Adams resigned immediately following his defeat, triggering a special election for the remainder of his term on June 9. Lloyd won the special election as well.


1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath
Adams soon formally joined the Democratic-Republicans and was appointed Minister to Russia by President James Madison. Adams was later Secretary of State in the Cabinet of James Monroe and was elected President of the United States in 1824.


1808 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1808 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 13, 1808. Michael Leib was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1808 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
Incumbent Democratic-Republican Senator Samuel Maclay, who was elected in 1802, was not a candidate for re-election to a second term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 13, 1808, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1809. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1808 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
Although Leib's regular term did not begin until March 4, 1809, Leib assumed office in January 1809 following the resignation of his predecessor, Samuel Maclay. He subsequently served out the remainder of Sen. Maclay's term until his own term began in March 1809.


1808 United States elections
The 1808 United States elections elected the members of the 11th United States Congress. The election took place during the First Party System. In the aftermath of the Embargo of 1807, the Federalists picked up Congressional seats for the first time since their defeat in the 1800 election. However, the Democratic-Republican Party maintained control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress.


1808 United States elections
In the Presidential election, Democratic-Republican Secretary of State James Madison easily defeated Federalist Governor Charles Pinckney of South Carolina. Incumbent Vice President George Clinton was re-elected, making him the first vice president to serve under two different presidents.


1808 United States elections
In the House, Federalists won moderate gains, but Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate the chamber.


1808 United States elections
In the Senate, Federalists picked up one seat, but Democratic-Republicans retained a dominant majority.


1808 United States presidential election
The 1808 United States presidential election was the sixth quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 4, to Wednesday, December 7, 1808. The Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney decisively. Madison's victory made him the first individual to succeed a president of the same party.


1808 United States presidential election
Madison had served as Secretary of State since President Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801. Jefferson, who had declined to run for a third term, threw his strong support behind Madison, a fellow Virginian. Sitting Vice President George Clinton and former Ambassador James Monroe both challenged Madison for leadership of the party, but Madison won his party's nomination and Clinton was re-nominated as vice president. The Federalists chose to re-nominate Pinckney, a former ambassador who had served as the party's 1804 nominee.


1808 United States presidential election
Despite the unpopularity of the Embargo Act of 1807, Madison won the vast majority of electoral votes outside of the Federalist stronghold of New England. Clinton received six electoral votes for president from his home state of New York. This election was the first of two instances in American history in which a new president was selected but the incumbent vice president won re-election, the other being in 1828.


1808 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Caucus
Nominations for the 1808 presidential election were made by congressional caucuses. With Thomas Jefferson ready to retire, supporters of Secretary of State James Madison of Virginia worked carefully to ensure that Madison would succeed Jefferson. Madison's primary competition came from former diplomat James Monroe of Virginia and Vice President George Clinton. Monroe was supported by a group known as the tertium quids, who supported a weak central government and were dissatisfied by the Louisiana Purchase and the Compact of 1802.


1808 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Caucus
Clinton's support came from Northern Democratic-Republicans who disapproved of the Embargo Act (which they saw as potentially leading towards war with Great Britain) and who sought to end the Virginia Dynasty. The Congressional caucus met in January 1808, choosing Madison as its candidate for president and Clinton as its candidate for vice president.


1808 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Caucus
Many supporters of Monroe and Clinton refused to accept the result of the caucus. Monroe was nominated by a group of Virginia Democratic-Republicans, and although he did not actively try to defeat Madison, he also refused to withdraw from the race. Clinton was also supported by a group of New York Democratic-Republicans for president even as he remained the party's official vice presidential candidate.


1808 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist Party nomination
The Federalist caucus met in September 1808 and re-nominated the party's 1804 ticket, which consisted of General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina and former Senator Rufus King of New York.


1808 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The election was marked by opposition to Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807, a halt to trade with Europe that disproportionately hurt New England merchants and was perceived as favoring France over Britain. Nonetheless, Jefferson was still very popular with Americans generally and Pinckney was soundly defeated by Madison, though not as badly as in 1804. Pinckney received few electoral votes outside of New England.


1808 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Pinckney retained the electoral votes of the two states that he carried in 1804 (Connecticut and Delaware), and he also picked up New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and three electoral districts in North Carolina besides the two electoral districts in Maryland that he carried earlier. Except for the North Carolina districts, all of the improvement was in New England.


1808 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Monroe won a portion of the popular vote in Virginia and North Carolina, while the New York legislature split its electoral votes between Madison and Clinton.


1808 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Source (Popular Vote): . . (February 10, 2006). Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825Source (Electoral Vote):


1808 United States presidential election, General election, Results
(a) Only 10 of the 17 states chose electors by popular vote. (b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. (c) One Elector from Kentucky did not vote.


1808 United States presidential election, General election, Popular vote by state
The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of North Carolina and Tennessee appear to be incomplete.


1808 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1808 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1808 United States presidential election in Connecticut
During this election, Connecticut cast its nine electoral votes to Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. 4 of the 5 New England states voted for Pinckney, barring Vermont, which voted for Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison, who nationally won the election.


1808 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1808 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1808 United States presidential election in New Jersey
During this election, New Jersey cast its eight electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison.


1808 United States presidential election in New York
The 1808 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 19 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1808 United States presidential election in New York
During this election, New York split its 19 electoral votes among two Democratic Republican candidates. 13 electoral votes went to Secretary of State James Madison while the remaining 6 went to incumbent Vice President George Clinton. Clinton was also supported by a group of New York Democratic-Republicans for president even though he had remained the party's official vice presidential candidate.


1808 United States presidential election in New York
This would be the final election until 1972 in which New York did not have the largest number of electors in the Electoral College.


1808 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1808 United States presidential election in Ohio took place as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors, to vote for president and vice president.


1808 United States presidential election in Ohio
James Madison, the nominee of the governing Democratic-Republican Party, defeated Federalist Party challenger Charles C. Pinckney and fellow Democratic-Republican James Monroe, who ran as the candidate of the Tertium quids, by 2,471 votes (41.23%). Monroe would later succeed Madison as the fifth president of the United States in 1817.


1808 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1808 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. Voters chose 20 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1808 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, James Madison, over the Federalist candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison won Pennsylvania by a margin of 56.74%.


1808 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1808 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1808 United States presidential election in South Carolina
During this election, South Carolina cast its 10 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison.


1808 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1808 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1808 United States presidential election in Vermont
During this election, Vermont cast its six electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison. As the other four New England states cast their electoral votes for Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Vermont became the only state in New England to vote for Madison.


1808 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1808 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.


1808 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.


1808 Vermont gubernatorial election
The committee's examination of the votes showed that former Governor Isaac Tichenor defeated incumbent Israel Smith for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for his thirteenth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his ninth.


1808 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the vote totals and names of other candidates were not recorded. In the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.


1808 Vermont's 1st congressional district special election
A special election was held in Vermont's 1st congressional district on September 6, 1808 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of James Witherell (DR) on May 1 of the same year, to accept a position as judge of the Supreme Court of Michigan Territory.


1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 11th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1808 and May 1809 as James Madison was elected president.


1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections
Despite Madison's victory, voters in districts whose economies were driven by shipping or manufacturing rather than agriculture shifted to the Federalist Party mainly due to the unpopularity of the Embargo Act of 1807 and fears that Democratic-Republican Party policies could trigger a naval war with France or Britain. The politically dominant Democratic-Republicans won their smallest majority since the pivotal, realigning election of 1800.


1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1808 and 1809 during the 10th United States Congress and 11th United States Congress.


1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections, New York
Between the 1806 and 1808 elections, New York went through a redistricting that reduced the number of districts to 15 by creating two plural districts with two seats each. This brought the state's 17-seat delegation from a 15-2 ratio favoring Democratic-Republicans to a nearly-even 9-8 split in their favor.


1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates
Indiana Territory elected by popular vote for the first time. Mississippi Territory also elected its delegate by popular vote. Orleans Territory retained legislative election of its delegate.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1808 and 1809 were elections that had the Federalist Party gain one seat in the United States Senate, and which coincided with the 1808 presidential election. The Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (6 out of 34, or 18%) that even if they had won every election, they would have still remained a minority caucus.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries
Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the preceding Congress
In these special elections, the winner was elected during 1808 or before March 4, 1809; ordered by election date.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1809; ordered by state.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the next Congress
In this special election, the winner was elected in 1809 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Early race leading to the Congress-after-next
In this regular election, the winner was seated on March 4, 1811; ordered by state.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Class 1
Democratic-Republican Joseph Anderson had served in this and the other Senate seat on-and-off since 1797.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Class 1, Tennessee (Regular, Class 1)
The seat would have become vacant at the March 4, 1809 beginning of the term, but the Governor of Tennessee appointed Anderson to begin the term, pending a special election.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Class 1, Tennessee (Special, Class 1)
Anderson was elected April 11, 1809 to finish the term.


1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Class 2, Tennessee (Special, Class 2)
Democratic-Republican Jenkin Whiteside was elected April 11, 1809 to finish Smith's term, which would end 1809.


1808 in Australia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:25, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1808 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1808 in Australia.


1808 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1808 in Chile.


1808 in Chile, Incumbents
Royal Governor of Chile: Luis Muñoz de Guzmán(-11 February), Francisco Antonio García Carrasco(February-)


1808 in Chile, Births
8 July - Buenaventura Cousiño Jorquera, member of Chilean parliament


1808 in Chile, Deaths
11 February - Luis Muñoz de Guzmán, Royal Governor of Chile


1808 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1808 in the Sublime State of Persia.


1808 in New Zealand
As sealing at Bass Strait and the Antipodes Islands declines, Foveaux Strait becomes the focus for sealers from the middle of the year. The Bounty and Auckland Islands are also visited. Whaling is carried out on the east coast of New Zealand with the Bay of Islands being the usual port of call for provisioning. As many as nine ships whaling together for months at a time can occur. The behaviour of the whalers at the Bay of Islands is again commented on unfavourably, this time by a former missionary on one of the whaling ships. There are also a number of vessels collecting sandalwood from Tonga or Fiji; the majority call at the Bay of Islands en route.


1808 in New Zealand
The administration in New South Wales is beginning to be seen by some Māori chiefs as the authority to whom to appeal to in cases of some activities by the crews of visiting ships. Some are also boarding vessels to visit New South Wales and England and are also taken to various Pacific Islands.


1808 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1808 in South Africa.


1808 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1808 to Wales and its people.


1808 in archaeology
The year 1808 CE in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.


1808 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1808.


1808 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1808.


1808 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1808 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1808 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1808 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1808.


1808 in science
The year 1808 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1808 in sports
1808 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1808 mystery eruption
The 1808 mystery eruption was a large volcanic eruption conjectured to have taken place in late 1808, possibly in the southwest Pacific. A VEI-6 eruption, comparable to the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, is suspected of having contributed to a period of global cooling that lasted for years, analogous to how the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora (VEI-7) led to the Year Without a Summer in 1816.


1808 mystery eruption, Background
Before the 1990s, the deterioration of the weather in the early 1810s was considered by climatologists as normal for the Little Ice Age. A study of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores in the 1990s found markers that implied that a massive volcanic eruption had occurred in early 1809. The problem facing climatologists and volcanologists was that there were no recorded eruptions of the order of significance needed in this period. Further research and bristlecone pine tree ring data pointed to the eruption being in 1808.


1808 mystery eruption, Location and date
Adding to the mystery was the expectation that any eruptions of that magnitude should have been noticed at the time. Records from the time throughout the world were checked but nothing appeared viable until the summer of 2014, when PhD student Alvaro Guevara-Murua and Dr Caroline Williams of the University of Bristol discovered an account of atmospheric events consistent with such an event by Colombian scientist Francisco José de Caldas.


1808 mystery eruption, Location and date
Caldas served as Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Bogotá between 1805 and 1810 and in 1809 reported a transparent cloud that obstructs the sun's brilliance at Bogotá. It had first been observed by him on 11 December 1808 and was visible across Colombia. The cloud might have been a "dry fog", which is a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosol. He also reported that the weather had been unusually cold, with frosts.


1808 mystery eruption, Location and date
To the south, in Peru, similar observations were made by physician Hipólito Unanue of Lima. These reports led those involved to suggest that the window of the eruption was within 7 days of 4 December 1808. Caldas' and Unanue's accounts indicated the existence of a stratospheric aerosol veil spanning at least 2600 km into both northern and southern hemispheres. The only likely source for this would be a tropical volcano, most likely located in the southern hemisphere but not likely further than 20 degrees south latitude.


1808 mystery eruption, Location and date
An area in the tropics to the west of Colombia and Peru with candidate volcanoes and with little reporting at that time is the south-western Pacific Ocean between Indonesia and Tonga. This area had no European settlements at the time. Apart from the occasional sighting by European explorers, most of the reporting on volcanic activity, such as that in the Rabaul area, which has had VEI 6 eruptions, went back only to the mid-19th century. There were oral histories of eruptions among the indigenous populations in these areas but these could not be dated with any degree of certainty.


1808 mystery eruption, Known significant eruptions in 1808
In 1808 there were major eruptions in Urzelina, Azores, in May (1st to 4th), and in Taal Volcano, Philippines, in March. Neither of these occurred within the correct time period for the visual observations.


1808 mystery eruption, Known significant eruptions in 1808
It is known that the Chilean Putana volcano also had a major eruption around this time with an approximate date of 1810 (with a 10-year margin of error), but is located 22 degrees south.


1808: The Flight of the Emperor
1808: The Flight of the Emperor, subtitled How a Weak Prince, a Mad Queen, and the British Navy Tricked Napoleon and Changed the New World (Portuguese: 1808: Como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a História de Portugal e do Brasil, which translates as How a mad queen, a coward prince and a corrupt court fooled Napoleon and changed the History of Portugal and Brazil) is a non-fiction historical book written by Laurentino Gomes, edited by Planeta.


1808: The Flight of the Emperor
In 2008, the book was awarded as the best essay book by Academia Brasileira de Letras. It was also awarded twice a Prêmio Jabuti, at the categories "best reportage-book" and "non-fiction book of the year".


1808–1809 Massachusetts legislature
The 29th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1808 and 1809 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Sr. Harrison Gray Otis served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.


1809
1809 (MDCCCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1809th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 809th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th  year of the 19th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1809, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1809 English cricket season
1809 was the 23rd season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Thomas Lord opened his Middle Ground after refusing to pay increased rent at the Old Ground.


1809 Epsom Derby
The 1809 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on  18 May 1809. It was the 29th running of the Derby, and it was won by Pope. The winner was ridden by Tom Goodisson and trained by Robert Robson.


1809 Epsom Derby, Full result
Note: Finishing position of 0 here indicates also ran, but finished lower than 6th


1809 Epsom Derby, Full result
* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. shd = short-head; hd = head; PU = pulled up.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion
The 1809 Gottscheer rebellion (German: Gottscheer Bauernaufstand) was a revolt by the Gottschee Germans against the First French Empire during the French occupation of Gottschee following the War of the Fifth Coalition.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Background: War of the Fifth Coalition and Treaty of Schönbrunn
In April 1809, the Austrian Empire declared war against Napoleon I to start the War of the Fifth Coalition. After suffering some major setbacks, notably the Battle of Aspern-Essling, the French swiftly triumphed over the Austrian commander Archduke Charles. At the Battle of Wagram, the French ultimately had already won the war. Following this battle, the French troops marched south to occupy Carniola, and with it Gottschee County, that had been centuries earlier settled by Austrians from Tyrol and Carinthia.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Background: War of the Fifth Coalition and Treaty of Schönbrunn
Determined not to be occupied by the French, the German-speaking Gottscheers hastily assembled a local militia who marched north from the City of Gottschee to face the advancing French. At the Battle of Kerndorf, located just north of the City, 900 Gottscheer peasants stood against the French army. In a quick fight, the Gottscheers were thoroughly routed. After this brief episode, the French occupied the remainder of the region with little incident, however French troops were needed to disperse 600 Gottscheer farmers on September 10, 1809, when they  protested the new war tax imposed on them. On October 14, 1809, the Treaty of Schönbrunn transferred the region of Carniola, which Gottschee was in, to France along with many other territories.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
It was the riot of September 10 in the town of Gottschee that escalated the turmoil in the Gottschee region and the adjacent Slovene counties. On October 6, a squad of 18 French soldiers entered the Slovene village of Kostel, south of the Gottschee German region. When the French could not find any tax money, they threatened to burn down the town in retribution. The town mayor managed to escape the French, and he rallied the neighboring villagers (mostly Gottschee Germans) and on the morning of October 7 attacked the French squadron in Kostel.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
After a brief fight, only 1 farmer and 2 French soldiers were wounded. With their backs to the Kolpa River, the French officer surrendered. The rebels then delivered their captives to Austrian positions on the other side of the river, in present-day Croatia. Later that day, once word of the action in Kostel spread, the Slovene villagers of the village of Pölland, also just south of the Gottschee region, drove out a French garrison of 28 men. They fled to nearby Altenmarkt, where the following morning they were surrounded by 300 rebels, a mix of Gottschee Germans and Slovenes. The French surrendered and were summarily marched to the banks of the Kolpa and executed.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
News of these victories spread deep into Gottschee and on the early hours of October 9, a swarm of hundreds of rebels from Gottscheer villages near the town fell upon the French troops stationed there under Commissioner Gasparini. Seeing the attack, Gasparini sent a messenger to Reifnitz just as the Gottschee Germans closed in. All the French troops fell back to Auersperg Castle, and a siege ensued for several hours. Finally, the Gottschee Germans broke down the doors and captured and killed the entire garrison. Gasparini was dragged from the fortress, found hiding in a back room.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
He was dragged through the streets while being kicked and hit and had rocks thrown on him. He finally was killed in the village of Lienfeld, south of the town, and his body unceremoniously disposed of. According to legend, his final words were "Vive L'Empereur". Out of the French defenders in Gottschee, 42 were captured and they were also handed over to the Austrians in Croatia like the prisoners from Kostel. The amount of the total French troops in the town was from 50 to up to 100. Rebel casualties are unknown.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
Gasparini's messenger reached Reifnitz after the town fell, and a small detachment was dispatched to go to his aid. However, the relief force never made it as they were waylaid by Gottschee Germans who were hiding along the road before they reached the town and the majority of the unit was killed.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
All throughout the Gottschee region in the next few days, the Gottschee German rebels triumphed. They ambushed a French squad between the villages of Schalkendorf and Seele, forcing them to flee into the nearby caves where they either were massacred or surrendered. In the village of Malgern, Captain Chambelli led a tax convoy from Neustadt, which was north of the Gottschee region. The rebels pounced on his caravan, killing at least him and his lieutenant and presumably others.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
The victory was short lived, however. On October 15 the Gottschee Germans and some Slovene peasant farmers who joined them after the initial success assaulted the French garrison in Neustadt. They planned to attack in the early morning, but after many delays the French and Italian soldiers defending were prepared. After some small gains in the early stage of the battle, the Gottschee Germans and other peasants were ultimately driven off by shrapnel from Neustadt's two artillery pieces. In the end, 35 to 40 rebels were killed, the other 400 scattering. For the French, losses were three killed, five wounded, and 11 taken prisoner. This was the turning point in the uprising.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
The French quickly marched reinforcements into the area under General Zucchi and when they entered the town of Gottschee on October 16 they crushed and scattered the Gottschee German rebels and restored French control. Once the French reinforcements liberated the garrison, they planned to raze Gottschee. Father Georg Jonke, a Gottschee German priest, interceded here and pleaded to the French to spare the town. Due to his actions to spare the lives of many of the French prisoners, the French listened to him and decided to plunder the town rather than burn it to the ground.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion
From October 16 to 18, 1809, Gottschee was pillaged by the French troops. In one final act of punishment for this uprising, on October 18 the five Gottschee German leaders of the rebellion captured by the French were executed by firing squad in the churchyard of the town: Johann Jonke (from the town of Gottschee), Matthias Dulzer and Georg Eisenzopf (from Malgern), Johann Erker (from Windischdorf), and Bartholomäus Kusold (from Eben).


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Aftermath
Under the rule of the French, Gottschee and the rest of Carniola was incorporated into the Illyrian Provinces which was a territory under Napoleon's direct control. Even though their rebellion was destroyed and the French had increased their military presence in the area, the Gottscheers were still defiant.


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Aftermath
As it was written in the article "Gottschee und sein Volk":"Fewer and fewer soldiers of the French patrols returned home because the peasants lay in waiting for them and a good many of them were killed, In order to end this violence of the Gottscheers, the French took 200 Gottscheer citizens, placed them in back of the Stadtpfarr (parish church) and every tenth person was shot to death. In many sections of Gottschee, you can still (1947) find the mounds which are known as Franzosengräber (French graves)".


1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Aftermath
Until the Gottscheers had all left their homeland following World War Two, these French graves were marks of pride for the Gottscheers. It was custom for someone to throw a stone onto a mound when he passed. In 1813, the War of the Sixth Coalition broke out and Austria invaded the Illyrian Provinces, liberating the Gottscheers from French rule and ending the Franzosenzeit (time of the French) in Gottschee. The Gottscheers remained under Austrian rule for the next 105 years, until the end of the First World War.


1809 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1809 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 14, 1809. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor John Langdon was defeated for re-election by Federalist candidate, Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature Jeremiah Smith.


1809 New Hampshire gubernatorial election, Notes
This New Hampshire elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1809 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election
A special election was held in Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district on October 10, 1809, to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Representative Benjamin Say (DR) in June of that year. Say himself had been elected in a special election the previous year. He thus spent a little under a year in Congress, serving in the second session of the 10th Congress and the first session of the 11th Congress.


1809 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election, Election results
Seybert took his seat November 27, 1809, at the start of the second session of the 11th Congress


1809 Prometheus
1809 Prometheus /prəˈmiːθiːəs/ is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. Discovered during the Palomar–Leiden survey in 1960, it was given the provisional designation 2522 P-L and named after Prometheus from Greek mythology.


1809 Prometheus, Orbit and classification
Prometheus orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 5.00 years (1,827 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1809 Prometheus, Discovery
It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by the Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis Johannes van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar, California, in the United States. On the same night, the team of astronomers discovered several other minor planets including 1810 Epimetheus.


1809 Prometheus, Discovery
Prometheus was first identified as 1943 EA1 at the Hungarian Konkoly Observatory in 1943. In 1955, its first used observation was taken at Goethe Link Observatory, when it was identified as 1955 SW, extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1809 Prometheus, Discovery
The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.


1809 Prometheus, Naming
This minor planet was named for Prometheus, a Titan from Greek mythology, who stole the fire from the gods. The name has also been given to a moon of Saturn, Prometheus (moon), discovered by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1980. The asteroid 1810 Epimetheus is named after his brother. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).


1809 Prometheus, Physical characteristics
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Prometheus measures 14.2 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.126. As of 2017, its spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1809 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes
This Tennessee elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1809 United States Senate election in New York
The 1809 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 7, 1809, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1809 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Samuel L. Mitchill had been elected in November 1804, after the seat had been occupied by Theodorus Bailey (1803-1804) and John Armstrong (1804). He took his seat on November 23, 1804, and his term would expire on March 3, 1809.


1809 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in April 1808, a Democratic-Republican majority was elected to the Assembly, and 8 of the 9 State Senators up for renewal were Democratic-Republicans. Due to the split of the public opinion over the embargo against Great Britain, which eventually led to the War of 1812, the Federalists managed to elect a much larger number of assemblymen than during the previous years. The party strength in the Assembly was estimated at 60 to 45, this being the vote for Speaker: 60 for James W. Wilkin and 45 for Stephen Van Rensselaer. The 32nd New York State Legislature met from November 1 to 8, 1808; and from January 17 to March 30, 1809, at Albany, New York.


1809 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
Assemblyman Obadiah German was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.


1809 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
The incumbent U.S. Senator Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill ran for re-election.


1809 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
Ex-Clerk of Dutchess County David Brooks, a former Congressman (1797-1799), was the candidate of the Federalist Party.


1809 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1809 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.


1809 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.


1809 Vermont gubernatorial election
The committee's examination of the votes showed that Jonas Galusha had defeated incumbent Governor Isaac Tichenor for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a one-year term, his fourteenth. Benjamin Swan was elected to his tenth one-year term as treasurer.


1809 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the vote totals and names of other candidates were not recorded. In the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.


1809 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1809 in Australia.


1809 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1809 in Chile.


1809 in New Zealand
Foveaux Strait is the centre of attention for sealing ships. Sealing gangs are dropped along the coast from southern Fiordland to Otago Harbour and on Stewart Island/Rakiura. The Bay of Islands is sometimes on the journey to or from Port Jackson. The Chatham Islands are also visited. A few whalers also operate around New Zealand; some also collect timber from Bay of Islands.


1809 in New Zealand
In November the Boyd massacre occurs in Whangaroa Harbour. It is precipitated by ill-treatment of a Māori crew member. There are only four survivors and the ship is later accidentally set on fire. It takes several months for all vessels operating around New Zealand to hear what has happened and through confusion and misrepresentation the wrong chief is blamed.


1809 in New Zealand
Māori are taken on as crew or passengers on various vessels that travel throughout the Pacific and also to England.


1809 in New Zealand, Incumbents
The colony of New South Wales encompasses New Zealand from 1788 to 1840. Therefore, the head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, represented by the Governor of New South Wales. However, British sovereignty was not established over New Zealand per se until 1840, at which point the Treaty of Waitangi retroactively recognised that it had been an independent territory until then. Furthermore, the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand signed by a number of Maori chiefs in 1835 was formally recognised by the British government at the time, indicating that British sovereignty did not yet extend to New Zealand.


1809 in New Zealand, Events
Late 1808 or early this year the Unity, Captain Daniel Cooper, is probably the first identifiable European ship to visit Otago Harbour. For a while the harbour is called 'Port Daniel' by visiting sealers. Hooper's Inlet, on the seaward side of the Otago Peninsula is named for the Unity's First Officer Charles Hooper.


1809 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1809 in South Africa.


1809 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1809 to Wales and its people.


1809 in archaeology
The year 1809 CE in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.


1809 in architecture
The year 1809 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1809 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1809.


1809 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1809 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1809 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1809 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1809.


1809 in science
The year 1809 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1809 in sports
1809 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1809–1810 Massachusetts legislature
The 30th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1809 and 1810 during the governorship of Christopher Gore. Harrison Gray Otis served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.


180mm Pattern 1931-1933
The 180mm Pattern 1931-1933 were a family of related naval guns of the Soviet Navy in World War II, which were later modified for coastal artillery and railway artillery roles. They were the primary armament of the Soviet Union's first cruisers built after the Russian Civil War.


180mm Pattern 1931-1933, History
The 180mm Pattern 1931-1933 weren't a single model of gun, but instead were a family of related guns, either built from converted 203 mm (8.0 in)/50 Pattern 1905 guns which were relined down to 180 mm (7.1 in) or they were newly built guns. The original guns were constructed of a three piece A tube, reinforced by two layers of outer tubes and a jacket. The lengths of these guns varied between 56-60 calibers and their weights varied, but their performance was similar.


180mm Pattern 1931-1933, Naval use
In 1933 the Soviets purchased plans for the contemporary Raimondo Montecuccoli-class (third in the sequence of Italian Condottieri-class light cruisers) from the Italian firm of Ansaldo. This new class of cruisers was known as the Kirov-class and were armed with nine 180mm/57 B-1-P Pattern 1932 (7.1 in) guns in three MK-3-180 triple turrets. Like their Italian contemporaries the Kirov-class cruisers suffered many of the same design flaws. These included abnormally high muzzle velocity and poor barrel life. Shot dispersion due to the guns being mounted too closely together on a common cradle and crowded turrets which hampered crew efficiency, ammunition handling and rate of fire.


180mm Pattern 1931-1933, Coastal Artillery
180mm/56 Pattern 1933 -  Coastal artillery built from converted 203mm guns. The barrels for these guns were shortened from the original 60 calibers to 56 calibers and they were mounted on open MO-8-180 or MO-1-180 single mounts and MB-2-180 twin turrets. Ballistic performance was similar to the 180mm/60 B-1-K Pattern 1931, these guns also had short barrel lives and reduced charges were used to prolong barrel life. These guns were deployed in defensive emplacements along the Pacific, Arctic, Baltic and Black Sea coasts.


180mm Pattern 1931-1933, Railway Artillery
180mm/56 Pattern 1933 -  Railway artillery built from converted 203mm guns. The barrels for these guns were shortened from the original 60 calibers to 56 calibers and they were mounted on TM-1-180, single gun, shielded mounts. Ballistic performance was similar to the 180mm/60 B-1-K Pattern 1931, these guns also had short barrel lives and reduced charges were used to prolong barrel life.


180mm Pattern 1931-1933, Photo gallery
A single mount ТМ-1-180 railway gun at Krasnaya Gorka fort.


180s
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 10:29, 12 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


180s
The 180s decade ran from January 1, 180, to December 31, 189.


180s BC
This article concerns the period 189 BC – 180 BC.


180th (2/5th London) Brigade
The 180th (2/5th London) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was assigned to the 60th (2/2nd London) Division and served in the Middle East.


180th (2/5th London) Brigade, Formation
In June 1918 three battalions (2/17th, 2/18th and 2/20th) were replaced by


180th Airlift Squadron
The 180th Airlift Squadron (180 AS) is a unit of the Missouri Air National Guard 139th Airlift Wing located at Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, St. Joseph, Missouri. The 180th is equipped with the C-130H2 Hercules.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was constituted on 19 June 1942 during World War II as the 438th Bombardment Squadron (Medium), and was activated on 26 June at Barksdale Field, assigned to the 319th Bombardment Group, equipped with the Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber. After training with the group under the Third Air Force in Louisiana, it was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations through England, where it was based between September and October. The ground echelon of the squadron landed at Arzew, Algeria during Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, on 8 November.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
In Algeria, the group became part of the Twelfth Air Force; the squadron was based at Saint-Leu Airfield around 10 November, moving to Tafaraoui Airfield on 17 November, Maison Blanche Airport around 26 November, and Telergma Airport on 13 December. It flew its first combat mission of the North African Campaign on 28 November, engaging in raids on Axis airdromes, harbors, railroads, and shipping off the North African coast among other targets until 13 February 1943.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The 438th was withdrawn with the group to French Morocco between 27 February and 31 May for reorganization and re-equipping, being based at Oujda Airfield from 3 March and Rabat–Salé Airport from 25 April. After moving forward to Sedrata Airfield, Algeria, on 1 June, it returned to combat on 6 June, flying missions to reduce Axis strength on Pantelleria and striking targets on Sicily in preparation and in support of the Allied invasion of that island.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The 438th was relocated to Djedeida Airfield on 26 June, and after the capture of Sicily in August it flew most of its missions against bridges, airdromes, marshalling yards, viaducts, gun sites, defensive positions, and other targets in Italy, later in support of Operation Avalanche, the Allied landings at Salerno in southwestern Italy.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
In November, it moved to Sardinia, to strike Axis targets in central Italy. Early in 1944, the squadron supported Allied ground forces as they advanced in the Monte Cassino and Anzio areas. Later in the year, the group attacked German supply lines in northern Italy, bombing bridges, marshalling yards, and roads. During the summer, it bombed bridges over the Po River in northern Italy to block the stream of German supplies and reinforcements going southward. Supported Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944 by attacking coastal batteries, radar stations, and bridges. From Corsica, it hit railroad bridges in Northern Italy and late in the year attacked railroad lines through the Brenner Pass that connected Germany and Austria with Italy.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
In January 1945, the squadron returned to the United States, where it began to train with A-26 aircraft for operations in the Pacific Theater. Between May and July 1945, moved by ship to Okinawa, and on 16 July flew its first mission against Japan. From then until the end of the fighting in early August, the squadron attacked enemy targets such as airfields and industrial centers on Kyūshū and occupied Shanghai area of China, and shipping around the Ryukyu Islands and in the East China Sea. In November and December 1945, the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard
The wartime 438th Bombardment Squadron was reactivated and redesignated the 180th Bombardment Squadron, and was allotted to the Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Rosecrans Memorial Airport, St Joseph and was extended federal recognition on 22 August 1946. The squadron was equipped with Douglas B-26 Invaders and was assigned to the 66th Fighter Wing at Lambert Field, St Louis.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation
On 1 April 1951 the 180th was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War. It moved to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. At Langley, the 180th Bombardment Squadron was assigned to the federalized 126th Bombardment Group, equipped with B-26 Invaders. The 126th Group consisted of the 180th, along with the 108th and the 168th Bombardment Squadrons from the Illinois Air National Guard. The aircraft were marked by various color bands on the vertical stabilizer and rudder. Black/Yellow/Blue for the 108th; Black/Yellow/Red for the 168th, and Black/Yellow/Green for the 180th.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation
After training and organization, the 126th Bombardment Wing was reassigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe and deployed to Bordeaux-Merignac Air Base, France with the first elements arriving in November 1951. By 10 November, Bordeaux was considered an operational base and was assigned to the 12th Air Force. It flew B-26's for training and maneuvers and stayed at Bordeaux AB until being transferred Laon-Couvron Air Base, France on 25 May 1952.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation
At Laon, the 126th used its B-26's for training and maneuvers until December until being relieved from active duty and transferred, without personnel and equipment, back to the United States where the unit was returned to the control of the Air National Guard on 1 January 1953.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
Returning to Rosecrans Airport, the 180th was reformed as a light bombardment squadron in January 1953. It received B-26 Invaders that returned from the Korean War and trained primarily in night bombardment missions, which the aircraft specialized in while in Korea.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
With the removal of the B-26 from bombing duties in 1957 as neared the end of their service lives, the squadron received some Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star jet fighters and some Republic RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance aircraft. They were redesignated as the 180th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 July 1957, then transferred out the F-80s and were redesignated as the 180th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 10 April 1958


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Transport
On 14 April 1962, the 180th was gained by Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Thunderflassh jet reconnaissance aircraft for 4-engined Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was redesignated the 180th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy).


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Transport
With the transition to MATS, the 180th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 139th Air Transport Group was established, the 180th becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 139th group headquarters, 139th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 139th Air Base Squadron, and the 139th USAF Dispensary.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Transport
From St. Joseph, the 180th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Europe, Alaska, the Caribbean, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. With the replacement of MATS by Military Airlift Command, the squadron was redesignated the180th Military Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1966.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Refueling
In 1969, military requirements resulted in a change in mission when the group was reassigned from MAC transport duties to Strategic Air Command (SAC). Under SAC the group became an air refueling unit, being equipped with the air refueling version of the C-97 transport, the KC-97. Familiarity with the aircraft led to a smooth transition from MAC to the new refueling mission. It supported the United States Air Forces in Europe flying aerial refueling missions in the KC-97 supporting missions of deploying aircraft to NATO for tactical exercises.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In 1976 the KC-97s were retired by SAC and the unit returned to MAC as its gaining command. The 180th was re-equipped with Lockheed C-130A Hercules tactical airlifters and returned to its transport mission. With the C-130s the 180th supported Operation Volant Oak and Operation Coronet Oak at Howard Air Force Base, Panama.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
During a 180th deployment to Howard in November 1978, they were caught up in a "real world" situation when the world began to learn of the events unfolding in Jonestown, Guyana. The 180th, flying the C-130, was the first US military aircraft landing at Timehri International Airport, Guyana with US embassy officials that they had picked up in Venezuela as well as food and supplies meant for the survivors the Americans hoped to take out of Guyana. That, of course, was before it became apparent that most of the more than 900 Peoples Temple members were lying dead in Jonestown.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In December 1989, the 180th was once again deployed at Howard when Operation Just Cause began. The 180th flew combat missions in support of the Operation. In late 1980 and through 1983, members of the 180th embarked on a special project to enhance survivability of C-130 aircrews while flying in a hostile environment. The need for this type of training became apparent after C-130 units from MAC began to participate in Red Flag exercises at Nellis Air Force Base.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
It was obvious that the C-130s were not doing well against the ground and air threats posed in the Red Flag exercise. After approval from the National Guard Bureau and tacitly from MAC, they began service test to validate the training program. After more than three service test, the program proved it worth and the Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center was approved and instituted on 4 February 1984.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In March 1987, the 180th began to receive brand new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft replacing the C-130A model aircraft they had flown for the past ten years. In October 1987, the 180th deployed two C-130H2 aircraft supporting a United States Army Special Forces and the Royal Australian Special Air Service Regiment in a combined personnel airdrop exercise called Badge Anvil 1987 at RAAF Learmonth, Australia. The exercise provided high altitude low opening and high altitude high opening parachute training. Since all of the airdrops occurred above 10,000 feet and as high as 24,500 feet, the 15th Physiological Training Flight also supported the exercise and provided supplemental oxygen equipment, training and support for the training missions. Each flight was like going to the altitude chamber.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In 1989, the 180th with four C-130H2 aircraft deployed to Kimhae International Airport, Republic of Korea in support of Operation Team Spirit 1989. During the exercise, the 180th flew challenging missions including tactical resupply, fuel bladder missions, assault landings on short runways including landing on highway landing strips, numerous airdrop missions including both visual, high altitude and radar drop scenarios.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, 1991 Gulf War
The 180th Tactical Airlift Squadron was ordered to the active service on 28 December 1990, as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait to support Operation Desert Shield. For some unit members, this would be a return to the Persian Gulf as they had volunteered and deployed with 2 C-130H aircraft, aircrews, maintenance and support personnel, to form the first Air National Guard provisional airlift squadron in September 1990. On 2 January 1991, the 180th TAS and its 8 C-130H aircraft and personnel departed Rosecrans Air National Guard Base for Al Ain Air Base, United Arab Emirates.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, 1991 Gulf War
Deployed elements were assigned to the 1632nd Tactical Airlift Squadron (Provisional) as part of the 1630th Tactical Airlift Wing (Provisional) which was under the 1610th Airlift Division (Provisional). The unit remained at Al Ain Air Base through the air war and the ground war flying combat and combat support missions in support of the allied operations. Beginning on 22 March 1991, the 180th redeployed to Al Kharj Air Base, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The 180th departed Al Kharj Air Base on 28 May 1991, and returned to Rosecrans Air National Guard Base on 30 May 1991. The 180th was relieved from active duty and released back to state control on 24 June 1991.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, 1991 Gulf War
During the 1990s, the 180th provided airlift support to the United States Air Forces Europe during the airlift operations into Bosnia and Herzegovina. These operations were named Operation Provide Promise, Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Joint Guard and Operation Joint Forge. Members of the 180th along with operations support and maintenance personnel would deploy to Rhein-Main Air Base and, after it closed, to Ramstein Air Base and assigned to "Delta Squadron".


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, 1991 Gulf War
The Air National Guard would generally be responsible for a 90- or 120-day period and guard members would typically volunteer for duty for a minimum of a two- to three-week period although some would volunteer for longer periods. Deployed elements were assigned to the 1630th Tactical Airlift Wing (Provisional), 28 December 1990 – 24 June 1991 : Elements operated from: Al Ain International Airport, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 28 December 1990 – 24 June 1991


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Following the attacks on 11 September 2001, the 180th served in a support role flying missions transporting personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.


180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
The 180th Airlift Squadron was notified in February 2003 that it would be partially mobilized as a result of the impending conflict in Iraq which would later be known as Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit deployed in March 2003 to the Iraqi theater and later supported Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and was released from active duty in March 2006 and reverted to state control. This was a historic partial mobilization that lasted three years. The 180th remained in a state of partial activation for three years until it was released from mobilization in March 2006 and reverted to state control.


180th Airlift Squadron, Notes, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


180th Battalion (Sportsmen), CEF
The 180th (Sportsmen) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 3rd Reserve Battalion on January 6, 1917. The 180th (Sportsmen) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. R. H. Greer.


180th Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Squadron, 180th Cavalry Regiment is a formation of the United States Army, headquartered in McAlester, Oklahoma. It is a part of the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Oklahoma Army National Guard and is one of the oldest units in the brigade.


180th Cavalry Regiment
The 180th Infantry Regiment (redesignated to Cavalry in 2008) saw action during World War I as the 142nd Infantry Regiment of the 36th Infantry Division (Texas and Oklahoma) and World War II and the Korean War as part of the 45th Infantry Division and again in Afghanistan and Iraq as part of the 45th Infantry Brigade.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 1st Infantry Regiment, Oklahoma Volunteer Militia was first formed on 2 May 1890 and organized as the Oklahoma National Guard on 21 December 1895. Three years later with impending hostilities between the United States and Spain, the Oklahoma and Indian Territories Guard and those of the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico would be consolidated to form the 1st Regiment Territorial Volunteer Infantry, United States Volunteers.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History
This regiment was mustered into federal service 4–23 July 1898 but too late to join the fighting in Cuba, the regiment mustered out on 11–15 February at Albany, GA.On 20 March 1916 Pancho Villa, a Mexican hero and revolutionary raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico. President Woodrow Wilson ordered Regular Army and Guard units to border patrol duty and expeditions into Mexico to hunt down the hero.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History
Villa would not be caught, but the former 1st Infantry Regiment, Oklahoma National Guard which had been reorganized in 1899 as the 1st Regiment of Infantry, was ordered to federal service 27 June-1 July 1916 at Fort Sill, OK, for this duty and mustered out 1 March 1917 at Fort Sill.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I
It was called back to federal service on 31 March 1917 and assigned on 18 July 1917 to the 36th Division (Oklahoma and Texas). It was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917 at Fort Sill and was consolidated on 15 October 1917 with 7th Infantry, Texas National Guard, and redesignated as 142nd Infantry. At the same time the 3rd Infantry, Oklahoma National Guard was organized in Eastern Oklahoma for service at home and was federally recognized on 3 September 1918. The 36th Division was demobilized on 17 June 1919 at .


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I
During World War I, two Oklahoma members of the 142nd Regiment were presented with the Medal of Honor; Cpl Samuel M. Sampler and Cpl Harold L. Turner, both credited with eliminating machine gun nests and continuing an advance near St. Etienne, France on 8 October 1918 which would prepare for a major attack along the Aisne River.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I
On 12–13 October 1918, the regiment attacked toward the line of the Aisne (Ayn) River on the right of a four regiment/two brigade attack that advanced the American line and eliminated a German salient south of the Aisne. During this campaign the numerous American Indian members of the old Oklahoma National Guard were used as telephone talkers, becoming a legend as the "Choctaw Code Talkers", presaging the "Code Talkers" of World War II.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I
Fourteen Choctaw Indian men, trained to use their language, helped the American Expeditionary Force win several key battles in the Meuse-Argonne Campaign in France, the final big German push of the war. The fourteen Choctaw Code Talkers were Albert Billy, Mitchell Bobb, Victor Brown, Ben Caterby, James Edwards, Tobias Frazer, Ben Hampton, Solomon Louis, Pete Maytubby, Jeff Nelson, Joseph Oklahombi, Robert Taylor, Calvin Wilson, and Walter Veach.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I
With at least one Choctaw man placed in each field company headquarters, they handled military communications by field telephone, translated radio messages into the Choctaw language, and wrote field orders to be carried by "runners" between the various companies. The German army, which captured about one out of four messengers, never deciphered the messages written in Choctaw. The Choctaws were recognized as the first to use their native language as an unbreakable code in World War I. The Choctaw language was again used in World War II.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I
In 1919, the 3rd Infantry Regiment was called out to protect coal mining operations during threatened strikes and to enforce martial law in six southeast Oklahoma counties.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I
The returning Eastern Oklahoma elements of the former 142nd Infantry merged during 1920–21 with the 3rd Infantry, and the resulting unit was designated in the Oklahoma National Guard as 3rd Infantry. During this time the regiment responded to a declaration of martial law in Tulsa, Oklahoma in order to restore order following the Tulsa Race Riot.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I
3rd Infantry was redesignated on 14 October 1921 as 180th Infantry Regiment, and assigned to the newly organized 45th Division, reuniting Oklahoma's Guardsmen with those from Arizona and New Mexico and adding Colorado as well.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II
In preparation for possible entry into World War II and in response to obvious changes in military doctrine as practiced in the new conflict, the 180th was inducted into federal service on 16 September 1940 at Muskogee to participate in the experimental Louisiana Maneuvers. The 45th Division itself was reorganized and redesignated on 11 February 1942 as 45th Infantry Division. After 511 days of combat in Europe the unit inactivated 22–29 November 1945 at Camp Bowie, TX.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II
During the Allied Invasion of Sicily, after the capture of Biscari airfield on 14 July 1943 American soldiers from the regiment murdered 74 Italian and two German prisoners of war in two massacres at Biscari airfield in July–August 1943. Sergeant Horace T. West and Captain John T. Compton were charged with a war crime; West was convicted and sentenced to life in prison and stripped of his rank but was released as a private. Compton was charged with killing 40 prisoners in his charge but was acquitted and transferred to another regiment, where he died a year later in the fighting in Italy.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II
World War II produced five recipients of the Medal of Honor from the 180th Infantry: 2nd Lieutenant Ernest Childers, Private First Class William Johnston, Private First Class Salvador Lara, and 1st Lieutenant Jack Montgomery, all for actions in Italy and Captain Jack Treadwell for actions along the Siegfried Line in Germany.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War
The 180th was again ordered into active federal service on 1 September 1950, this time to prepare of mobilization to Korea. The 180th Infantry [NGUS] was organized and federally recognized on 15 September 1952 with headquarters at Holdenville. After 429 days of combat it was released from active federal service 30 April 1954 and reverted to state control.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War
One of the most significant actions was the assault on Old Baldy and Pork Chop Hills. The 45th Infantry Division was holding the right flank of the I Corps' line in west-central Korea, facing the 39th Army of the Chinese 13th Field Army. In order to take the high ground in front of the division's main line of resistance the division developed a plan to seize a dozen forward hills, stretching from northeast to southwest. The last two in the southwest, Pork Chop and Old Baldy (Hill 266), were held by the Chinese 116th Division.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War
On 6 and 7 June, the 180th Infantry advanced on the six southern hills. Company I of the 180th took Pork Chop after a one-hour firefight and immediately fortified the position. The Chinese 346th, 347th and 348th regiments counterattacked over the next several days, but I Company, with artillery support, held off the human wave counter assaults.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War
In two further reorganizations, the 180th Regiment was reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of 1st and 2nd Battle Groups, on 1 May 1959 and again on 1 April 1963 to consist of 1st and 2nd Battalions. It was again reorganized on 1 February 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, a non-divisional unit of the 45th Infantry Brigade, with the 45th Division being reorganized as the 45th Infantry and Field Artillery Brigades and 90th Troop Command.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War
In 1973, the 180th was one of many Guard units activated to quell a major prison riot at . In the late 1970s-early 1980s, 2nd Battalion, 180th Infantry was the first TOW Light Anti-Tank (TLAT) jeep-mounted TOW missile battalion of four formed in the ARNG.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 altered the character of the planned six-month deployment of the 1st Battalion, 180th to Egypt in 2003 as a part of the Multinational Force and Observers. The 1st Battalion, 180th was the 44th battalion to complete an MFO rotation.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
While deployed to Egypt, the 1st Battalion, 180th was asked to provide volunteers to go with the 45th Infantry Brigade to Afghanistan on a second deployment, Task Force Phoenix II, that would follow their own by only a few months. Many of the soldiers of the 180th volunteered and some were at home as little as 20 days between deployments. The 45th Brigade, with individual members of the 180th in tow, deployed to Afghanistan November 2003, providing embedded trainers / advisors to the newly formed Afghan National Army and security forces for American bases in Afghanistan. Members of the 180th saw combat action in Afghanistan and won a number of awards, including citations for valor.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the US Gulf Coast in September 2005. Soon after returning from Afghanistan, the 180th sent 200 soldiers to Louisiana in support of relief operations immediately following Katrina. The commander of the Oklahoma contingent was made the commander of the 13,000 person multi state and service task force on the ground. In support of relief operations the 180th saved many lives and received several awards.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
In late 2005 the 180th was notified of an upcoming deployment to Afghanistan in support of Task Force Phoenix V, as the security force for the Oregon Army National Guard's 41st Infantry Brigade. Companies C, D, and Headquarters Company deployed in March 2006. Members of other companies accompanied the battalion to provide needed critical skills. While in Afghanistan the 180th received eight Purple Hearts and several citations for valor. The 180th lost its first combat casualty in the conflict in Afghanistan. of Poteau, OK was killed in action while performing duties as a combat medic on 19 February 2007.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
While these elements of the 180th were deployed to Afghanistan, the 180th's higher headquarters, the 45th Infantry Brigade, was alerted of an upcoming mission to Iraq. The remaining elements of the 180th Headquarters in Durant, the rifle company in McAlester and remnants of the battalion prepared to mobilize to go to Iraq, even as the 180th still had over 400 soldiers deployed to Afghanistan. The 180th provided over 200 soldiers to support the 45th Brigade deployment to Iraq. The soldiers of Alpha Company served as a detainee operations company, securing and safeguarding criminal and insurgent detainees in Iraq.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
The members of the 180th provided other services around the country, including convoy escort and management of critical services in the International Zone in downtown Baghdad. This deployment ended with the return of the 45th in October 2008 and the reorganization of 1st Battalion, 180th to become a cavalry squadron.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
In 2010 the 45th Infantry Brigade received a warning order for pending  in early summer of 2011. The newly re-designated 180th Cavalry Regiment mobilized at Camp Shelby, MS along with the rest of the Brigade. During the pre-mobilization the 180th and 160th Field Artillery Regiment were reassigned to Kuwait, as part of President Obama's planned troop draw down in Afghanistan. While deployed to Kuwait the 180th supported the RPAT (Redistribution Property Accountability Teams), running security escorts for the drawdown in Iraq, and conducting a security presence on the patriot missile sites in Bahrain. This deployment ended with their return to the United States in March 2012.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
In 2017, the 180th was once again deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel. While there, soldiers of the 180th participated in advisor force protection missions. All soldiers assigned to the 180th returned to the United States in September 2018.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
Through this period of supporting combat operations the 180th also continued to provide support for natural disasters, power outages and other state directed mission in Oklahoma.


180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror
Also of note; at the beginning of the GWOT (Global War on Terrorism), E Troop, 145th Cavalry was the separate cavalry troop in the 45th under the legacy infantry brigade composition. Under the infantry brigade combat team composition, the 180th Cavalry has absorbed E Troop into the 180th Cavalry.


180th Cavalry Regiment, Current units
Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), 1st Squadron, 180th Cavalry (1-180th Cavalry) at McAlester, OK


180th Cavalry Regiment, Current units
Additionally, the 1st Squadron, 180th Cavalry is supported by its Forward Support Company (FSC)


180th Cavalry Regiment, Honors, citations and decorations
(In 2008 the 180th Infantry was converted to the 180th Cavalry after demobilization. Because of this, Charlie Company's lineage was transferred to Alpha Troop. Resulting in Alpha Troop rating this Meritorious Unit Commendation and not Charlie Troop.)


180th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Oklahoma Army National Guard:  From a wreath Argent and Azure an Indian's head with war bonnet all Proper.


180th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism
The shield is blue for Infantry, the unit's original designation. The arrows are indicative of the Indian heritage of Oklahoma. The language used in the motto is that of the Choctaw Indian.


180th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism
The crest is that of the Oklahoma Army National Guard.


180th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Background
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 180th Infantry Regiment on 3 May 1923. It was amended to revise the symbolism on 10 May 1979. It was redesignated for the 180th Cavalry Regiment with the description and symbolism updated effective 1 December 2008.


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 180th Division (Chinese: 第180师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 24th Brigade, 8th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to 24th Brigade, 8th Column of Jinjiluyu Field Army formed in July 1947.


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division was part of 60th Corps. Under the flag of 180th division it took part in the Chinese Civil War. Before the Korean War it was stationed in Chengdu, Szechuan.


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
From March 1951 the division entered Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men.


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
During what the Chinese call the 5th campaign (22 April 1951 – 10 June 1951), the PVA/CPV suffered its largest loss during the war: the 180th Division of the 60th Army was totally destroyed. Roughly 3,000 men escaped earlier (including the division commander and other high-ranking officers), but the majority of the division were killed or captured. During the final days of the 5th campaign, the main body of the 180th Division was encircled during a UN counterattack, and after a few days of hard fighting, the division was fragmented, and regiments fled in all directions. Soldiers either deserted or were abandoned by their officers during failed attempts to wage guerilla warfare without support from locals. Finally, out of ammunition and food, some 5,000 soldiers were captured. The division commander and other officers who escaped were subsequently investigated and demoted back in China.


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
Most of those captured from the 180th Division were sent to Koje Island, 25 miles southwest of Pusan, including the Division Commissar Pei Shan. Since many of the officers were former Nationalist Chinese Army Military cadets many chose to join their former units and complete their training in Taiwan. A large portion remained in Taiwan after the Korean War.


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The remaining part of the division absorbed 3 replacement regiments and took part in the Battle of Kumsong.


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In September 1953 it pulled out from Korea. In 1953 it renamed as 180th Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第180师).


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In April 1960 the division was renamed as 180th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第180师). By then the division was composed of:


180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
On December 20, 1964, the division was disbanded in Anhui Province. The 540th Infantry and 560th Artillery Regiments formed the basis for the Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District.


180th Fighter Wing
The 180th Fighter Wing (180 FW) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard, stationed at Toledo Air National Guard Base, Ohio. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


180th Fighter Wing
The 112th Fighter Squadron, assigned to the Wing's 180th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 112th Aero Squadron, established on 18 August 1917. It was reformed on 20 June 1927, as the 112th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


180th Fighter Wing, Overview
The mission of the 180th Fighter Wing is to train, organize, and equip expeditionary war fighters to deploy, fight, and win worldwide, with minimum response time, in cases of national emergency or war.


180th Fighter Wing, Overview
180 FW unit supports state and local contingencies when directed by the Governor of Ohio.


180th Fighter Wing, History
On 15 October 1962, the Ohio Air National Guard 112th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 180th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 112th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 180th Headquarters, 180th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 180th Combat Support Squadron, and the 180th USAF Dispensary.


180th Fighter Wing, History
Upon activation, the 180th TFG was assigned to the Ohio ANG 121st Tactical Fighter Wing at Lockbourne Air Force Base.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
The Group performed normal peacetime training throughout the 1960s. Individual squadron members volunteered for duty during the Vietnam War, however the unit was not federalized in 1968 as the F-84F Thunderjets flown by the 112th TFS were not considered front line combat aircraft. In 1971, the squadron retired its Thunderstreaks and converted to the F-100 Super Sabre as a result of the American draw-down from the Vietnam War. In 1975, the 112th began a NATO commitment, deploying five F-100s to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany 9–25 October 1975 for Operation Cornet Razor.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
In the summer of 1979, the F-100s were retired, being replaced with A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from Tactical Air Command units that were converting to the new A-10 Thunderbolt II. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
It continued its NATO commitment, deploying six A-7D aircraft to RAF Sculthorpe, England in April 1983 for Operation Cornet Miami; eight A-7Ds in June–July 1986 for Cornet Pine, and thirteen A-7Ds in May–June 1989 for Cornet Pine. The 180th Tactical Fighter Group received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1985 and again in 1990. In 1989, while deployed at Panama for a Coronet Cove deployment, 180th A-7s were employed during Operation Just Cause.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command
The 112th TFS did not deploy to Saudi Arabia in 1990 during Operation Desert Shield or Operation Desert Storm as the A-7Ds were considered a second-line aircraft. Squadron volunteers, however were deployed to CENTAF during the crisis and subsequent combat operations.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command
In March 1992, the 180th adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and became simply the 180th Fighter Group; the 112th as a Fighter Squadron. On 1 June of that year, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force restructuring after the end of the Cold War. Air Combat Command (ACC) became the gaining major command for the 180th. Another event in 1992 was the retirement of the A-7Ds, being replaced by Block 25 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command
The first F-16 to arrive with the 112th FS was a two-seat model, F-16D #83-1175, which was the first F-16D to come off the production line at Fort Worth. It came from the 312th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron at Luke AFB, Arizona on the rare leap year date 29 February 1992. F-16s continued to arrive and the last A-7D departed on 18 May 1992. Many of the block 25s that came from the 363d Tactical Fighter Wing at Shaw AFB, South Carolina were Desert Storm veterans.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command
The squadron didn't operate the block 25 for very long. Starting in very early 1994 the squadron gave up its block 25s, which it had only flown for a year, for the much more modern block 42s. The block 25s were sent to various units but mostly to Luke AFB, Arizona. A large amount of the block 42s came from Shaw AFB, South Carolina where that base was converting to the block 50.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command
On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 180th Fighter Group was expanded and changed in status to the 180th Fighter Wing. Under the Objective Wing organization, the 112th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 180th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 180th Maintenance Group, 180th Mission Support Group and the 180th Medical Group.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command
In October 1996, the 112th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (112 EFS) was first formed from 162d FW personnel and eight aircraft and deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. The 112th EFS joined with the 124th EFS (Iowa ANG) and the 125th EFS (Oklahoma ANG) as part of a "rainbow" deployment to support Operation Provide Comfort. In January 1997, this changed to Operation Northern Watch just prior to the unit's return to Toledo to enforce the No-Fly-Zones over Iraq. More Operation Northern Watch deployments were made to Incirlik AB by the 112th EFS in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2002 respectively. The 112th EFS deployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, for Operation Southern Watch in 2001.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command
After the events of 11 September 2001 unit members have volunteered to support both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in 2005 and again for Operation Iraqi Freedom again in 2007.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, NORAD Air Defense
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Des Moines Air National Guard Base, Iowa. The F-16 aircraft currently assigned to the 132d Fighter Wing at Des Moines would be redistributed to the 180th Fighter Wing (nine aircraft) Des Moines' F-16s would be distributed to Toledo to support the Homeland Defense Air Sovereignty Alert (ASA) mission and to consolidate the precision-guided weapon employment capability that exists in the Air National Guard.


180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, NORAD Air Defense
In August 2008 the 112th FS took over the alert role for the region from the Detroit-based Michigan 107th Fighter Squadron which was converting to the A-10 Thunderbolt II in the next year. The 112th FS officially took over on 2 October 2008.


180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO
The 180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (180th Guards IAP) was a military unit of the Red Army Air Force, which took part in the fighting of the Great Patriotic War, and then became part of the Russian Air Defence Forces and finally the Russian Air Force.


180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO
The regiment traced its heritage back to the 181st Fighter Aviation Regiment, which began forming just before the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The regiment flew the Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 and the Lavochkin La-5 fighters during the war and in mid-1944 was converted into the 180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment. Postwar, the regiment became an interceptor-equipped air defence unit, and during the Korean War it trained People's Liberation Army Air Force pilots while stationed in China. In 1952 it was moved west to Leningrad Oblast, and from 1953 to its 2002 disbandment the 180th Guards served as an air defence unit based at Gromovo.


180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II
The 181st Fighter Aviation Regiment began forming on 24 May 1941 at Shatalovo air field near Pochinok, part of the Air Force of the Western Special Military District. As a result of the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June, the regiment was withdrawn to Rostov-on-Don, where it finished forming on 27 July, training with the 11th Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment on the Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter. The new regiment was organized according to shtat 015/134.


180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II
The 181st continued training there until 19 August, where it entered combat, directly subordinated to the Air Force of the Southern Front (VVS). On 24 August, the regiment became part of the Air Force of the Southwestern Front's 44th Fighter Aviation Division (IAD), which was transferred to the VVS Southern Front's Air Force of the 6th Army only three days later. The 181st was shifted to the VVS Southwestern Front' 64th Fighter Aviation Division on 7 September. On 1 January 1942, it was reorganized on the front according to shtat 015/174 at Novo-Astrakhan, Voroshilovgrad Oblast in eastern Ukraine. Between 10 February and 2 July, the regiment was assigned to the VVS 6th Army. It fought in the Second Battle of Kharkov.


180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II
Worn down from months of fighting, the regiment was pulled out of the front on 2 July and by 10 July was assigned to the 2nd Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Air Forces of the Moscow Military District, stationed at the Seyma station in Volodarsk. There, it was reorganized according to shtat 015/284 and reequipped with the new Lavochkin La-5 fighter. On 23 September, the 181st became part of the 1st Fighter Aviation Corps' 235th Fighter Aviation Division in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK).


180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II
The regiment would remain with the 235th for the rest of its existence. A month later, it was sent to the Kalinin Front with the corps and division, which became part of the 3rd Air Army. The regiment only remained on the Kalinin Front for a few weeks, and on 6 November it and the 235th IAD was rushed to the Stalingrad Front, where it was included in the 2nd Mixed Aviation Corps. Two days later the corps became part of the 8th Air Army, and the regiment entered combat in the Battle of Stalingrad.


180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II
The regiment became part of an aviation group commanded by Colonel V.A. Sryvkin, tasked with supporting the advancing troops in the battle. The group was transferred to the right bank of the Volga, and in early December its planes suffered heavy losses to German fighters and anti-aircraft fire. After eight days of fighting, the several regiments of the group mustered only 38 serviceable aircraft, and among them not one La-5. As a result, the group was withdrawn back over the Volga in mid-December.


180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II
On 3 January 1943, the regiment was transferred to the Southern Front with the entire 8th Air Army. Between 5 March and 31 May, it was held in reserve with the 235th IAD in the 7th Mixed Aviation Corps as part of the Southwestern Front and then the Steppe Military District from 30 April. On 4 May, the 181st received the honorific "Stalingrad" in honor of its actions during that battle.