1833 United States Senate election in New York, Election
On the other side, § 11 provided that "if any person shall, while a member of the legislature, be elected to Congress ... his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat," which considers the possibility of such an election. The majority decided that Tallmadge was eligible. However, a large minority of State legislators insisted that Tallmadge was ineligible, § 11 applying only to U.S. Representatives elected by popular vote, and refused to vote.


1833 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Nathaniel P. Tallmadge received majorities in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected. Due to the controversy about his eligibility, he received only very small majorities - one more than necessary in the Senate, and four more than necessary in the Assembly - although his party had large majorities in both houses of the Legislature.


1833 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
Tallmadge served a full term (1833–1839), but faced another controversy when running for re-election. In 1839, no choice was made and the seat became vacant. In 1840, Tallmadge was re-elected and served until June 17, 1844, when he resigned to become Governor of the Territory of Wisconsin.


1833 United States Senate special election in New York
The 1833 United States Senate special election in New York was held on January 4, 1833, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Background
William L. Marcy had been elected in 1831 to this seat. In November 1832, Marcy was elected Governor, and upon taking office resigned his Senate seat on January 1, 1833.


1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Background
At the State election in November 1832, a very large Jacksonian-Democratic majority was elected to the Assembly, and six of the eight State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 56th New York State Legislature met from January 1 to April 30, 1833, at Albany. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the election for Speaker was: 99 for Jacksonian Democrat Charles L. Livingston and 22 for Anti- Mason John C. Spencer.


1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Candidates
New York State Comptroller Silas Wright, Jr., was the candidate of the Jacksonian Democrats.


1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Result
Silas Wright, Jr., was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.


1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath
Wright took his seat on January 14, 1833, was re-elected twice (in 1837 and 1843) and remained in office until November 1844 when he resigned after his election as Governor of New York.


1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath
Comptroller Wright's election to the U.S. Senate produced a shuffle in the State's administration: Secretary of State Azariah C. Flagg succeeded Wright as Comptroller; Adjutant General John Adams Dix succeeded Flagg as Secretary of State; and Levi Hubbell was appointed Adjutant General of the State Militia.


1833 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1833 in Australia.


1833 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1833 in Chile.


1833 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1833 in the Qajar dynasty, Iran.


1833 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1833 in New Zealand.


1833 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1833 in South Africa.


1833 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1833 to Wales and its people.


1833 in archaeology
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Camboxer (talk | contribs) at 09:03, 24 October 2019 (→Births:  addition). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1833 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1833.


1833 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1833.


1833 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, Newly named dinosaurs
Hylaeosaurus was named in 1833 by Mantell for most of a skeleton including an isolated tail. This material was then later described in more detail by Mantell and Alexander Gordon Melville in an 1849 publication entitled Additional Observations on the Osteology of the Iguanodon and Hylaeosaurus.


1833 in paleontology, Pterosaurs, New taxa
A gnathosaurine ctenochasmatid. This is one of two species assigned to Gnathosaurus, the other being G. macrurus. Aurorazhdarcho is a potential junior synonym of Gnathosaurus subulatus. Gnathosaurus as well as related genera such as Germanodactylus, Ctenochasma, and Pterodactylus all possessed large soft tissue crests. All four genera are from the Solnhofen Limestone, and share a common ancestor which, presumably, also had a crest.


1833 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1833 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1833 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1833 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1833.


1833 in science
The year 1833 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1833 in sports
1833 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1833 territorial division of Spain
The 1833 territorial division of Spain divided the country into provinces, in turn classified into "historic regions" (Spanish: regiones históricas). This division was followed (helped by the enforcing of the 1834 Royal Statute) by the ensuing creation of provincial deputations, the government institutions for most of the provinces, remaining up to this date. Nearly all of the provinces retain roughly or precisely the 1833 borders. Conversely, many of the historic regions correspond to present-day autonomous communities.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Background
Immediately after the death of King Ferdinand VII on 29 September 1833, the regent Maria Christina attempted to find a moderate third way between the absolutist Carlists—the followers of the Infante Carlos—and the liberals. This mission was given to First Secretary of State Francisco Cea Bermúdez, leader of a government that lasted only into the following January, having been unable to satisfy either side, let alone both. Despite his vain efforts to gain the support of either the liberals or the Carlists, his government undertook a major reform of the territorial division of Spain whose effects are still felt after more than a century-and-a-half: the division of Spain into provinces.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Background
A royal decree of 20 November 1833 ratified a plan put forth by Javier de Burgos, secretary of state for development (secretario de estado de Fomento), which created the basis for a centralized state divided into 49 provinces. All but four of the provinces received the name of their capital cities; those four—Navarre with its capital at Pamplona, Álava with Vitoria, Gipuzkoa with San Sebastián, and Biscay (Spanish: Vizcaya) with Bilbao—reflected long standing entities, and retained their historic names.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Background
Javier de Burgos's division is practically the same as the short-lived 1822 territorial division of Spain, dating from the "Liberal Trienium" (Trienio Liberal), but without the provinces of Calatayud, Vierzo, and Játiva; also, in contrast to the 1822 division, several provinces were given names other than those of their capitals.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Background
Rather than the merit of having initiated, directed and produced a new provincial division of Spain, Don Javier de Burgos deserves credit for the courage and political will have put in place the previous division of 1822 with the adjustments and modifications that he believed appropriate.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and "historic regions"
Javier de Burgos' 1833 provincial division included 49 provinces. The same decree that created the provincial division grouped the provinces into "historic regions". However, these were merely honorary and classificatory: there was no level of administration between the central government and the provinces. These "historic regions" had no powers, no administrative organs, no common jurisdiction over the provinces grouped within them. Each province had a governor (jefe político, "political chief") appointed by the central government.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and "historic regions"
Besides looking to the 1822 arrangement, Javier de Burgos took as his model the departments of France. While many of the borders and inclusions in the provinces may at first appear arbitrary from a historical and geographical point of view, he was operating under a set of rational criteria: area (it was intended to be possible to travel between the capital and any point in the province in a single day), population (wherever feasible, the provinces had populations between 100,000 and 400,000), and geographic coherence.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and "historic regions"
The provincial division restored the traditional names of the Basque provinces and Navarre, which had been renamed in the 1822 territorial division of Spain, but few concessions were made to historic enclaves and exclaves. The most important of these that were retained were the Rincón de Ademuz (part of Valencia, but located between Teruel and Cuenca) and the Treviño enclave (part of Burgos, but surrounded by Álava); another notable exclave is Llívia (part of Gerona, but one must pass 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) through France to reach it).


1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and "historic regions"
The provincial division consolidated rapidly and remains with rather few changes down to the present day. This is in part because the provincial capitals all became the seats of basic government institutions. The jefes políticos would eventually be replaced by civil governors, and eventually delegates of the central government. The provincial division was followed by all branches of government and formed the basis for all future divisions and combinations. Each of Spain's municipalities (ayuntamientos) falls within a single province.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and "historic regions"
In 1834, Spain was divided into legal districts (partidos judiciales); these took provincial borders into account. These legal districts later became the basis of electoral districts and tax districts. Civil health districts also followed provincial lines (though military health districts sometimes did not). By 1868 there were 463 legal districts; the number of municipalities has repeatedly risen and fallen.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Conflict with the Basque districts
The new design arranged by Jorge de Burgos and government officials in Madrid opened a scenario of overt confrontation with the Basque territories and institutions, who kept a separate legal and institutional status, including taxation and customs with the Spanish heartland on the Ebro. Navarre was still a semi-autonomous kingdom with its own parliament and government—the Cortes and Diputación—while Álava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay (the Basque Provinces, known also as "Biscay" up to the Peninsular War), were also autonomous. News of the central government's decision overruling native institutions spread to the Basque districts, sparking uproar and anger. The new design thus notably paved the way to the outbreak of the First Carlist War.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Conflict with the Basque districts
While Jorge de Burgos' design of provincial Spain suppressed enclaves, it did keep the ones located in Basque territories—Trucios in Biscay, and Treviño in Álava. According to the new arrangement, the Basque enclaves were to be attached to the closer Spanish province of Common Fiscal Regime. That meant they would be paying taxes to Madrid, not to the relevant Basque government (Álava, Biscay). Oñati was incorporated into Gipuzkoa—definitely in 1845. Despite their close ties of cultural, linguistic, institutional, and legal nature (cf. fueros), it was decided to nominally regroup the above districts into two different "historic regions": Provincias Vascongadas and Navarra.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Later modifications
As remarked above, the 1833 system of provinces has undergone only minimal changes. Jefes políticos were replaced by civil governors, and eventually by delegates and sub-delegates of the central government. There were a few minor adjustments of borders, and several provinces have been renamed to accord with local languages or in view of other issues of regional identity. The "historic regions" went by the wayside during the Spanish transition to democracy in the later 1970s and early 1980s, when they were replaced by the autonomous communities, many of which coincide precisely with an earlier "historic region". Some authors writing about present-day Spain use the term "historic regions" to refer only to the Basque Country, Catalonia, usually Galicia, and occasionally Andalusia, all of which have historically had the strong local nationalisms.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Later modifications
Under Article 141 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978, the provinces remain Spain's basic units of territorial organization. They are the basis for electoral constituencies (Article 68) and autonomous communities are normally formed out of one or more provinces, with no province divided between two or more autonomous communities (Article 143). The revised Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia that went into effect in August 2006 ignored the provincial division within Catalonia, replacing it with a division into seven veguerias.


1833 territorial division of Spain, Later modifications
However, the number of senators or deputies that Catalonia contributes to Spain's parliament, the Cortes Generales: remained regulated by Article 69 of the Constitution in terms of provinces. While the veguerias project remained controversial, the Catalan government intended to put it into effect in January 2010. However, the 2010 Catalan regional election produced a new legislature which has put these plans on hold.


1834
1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1834th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 834th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 34th  year of the 19th century, and the  5th   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1834, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1834 Additional Act
The Additional Act was an amendment to the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, passed on August 12, 1834. The amendment enhanced the autonomy of the provinces.


1834 Central American federal election
Francisco Morazán’s first four-year term ended in 1834 and new elections for President of the Federal Republic of Central America were held that year. Morazán become very unpopular among the liberal elites that were his main supporters when he change the federal capital from Guatemala to El Salvador, so this time moderate conservative leader José Cecilio del Valle won the election undisputedly. Unfortunately, Valle died before taking the oath while traveling between Honduras and Guatemala, so new elections were call for February of the next year.


1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 11, 1834. Former senator and Whig nominee Samuel A. Foot was elected, defeating incumbent governor and Democratic nominee Henry W. Edwards with 49.83% of the vote.


1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election
Foot won a plurality of the vote, but fell just short of a majority, by 63 votes. The state constitution required in that case, the Connecticut General Assembly would elect the governor. Foot won the vote in the state legislature, 154 to 70, and was elected governor.


1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election
This was the first appearance of the Whig Party in a Connecticut gubernatorial election.


1834 Dudley by-election
The Dudley by-election of 1834 was fought on 27 February 1834 after the sitting MP, Sir John Campbell, was appointed as Attorney General, triggering a by-election. Campbell's opponent was Thomas Hawkes, a local industrialist who owned a glass factory. The two men had previously contested the constituency of Stafford in 1830 and 1831.


1834 Dudley by-election
The writ for the election arrived at Dudley on Sunday, 23 February and on the following day, the Returning Officer, Mr. Jenkins, announced that nominations would take place on Thursday 27 February. On the Monday and Wednesday before the election, disorder broke out in the town, with injuries inflicted and windows broken. At the hustings on election day, the candidacy of Campbell was proposed by Mr J. Twamley and seconded by James Foster. Hawkes was proposed and seconded respectively  by Mr C. Cartwight and Mr. W. Fellows.


1834 Dudley by-election
After election addresses, the Returning Officer asked for a show of hands in support of the rival candidates and Campbell was adjudged to have won this. The Hawkes' camp then requested a poll and at about 3pm voting ended and the result revealed that Thomas Hawkes had won the Dudley seat with a majority of 68. The result provoked considerable further disorder in the town resulting in a request for the military to intervene. Two troops of the 3rd Dragoon Guards arrived from Birmingham to clear the streets of rioters.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split
The 1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, or the Secession of 1834 (Dutch: Afscheiding van 1834), known simply as Afscheiding ("separation, secession, split"),  refers to a split that occurred within the Dutch Reformed Church in 1834. The federation of churches resulting from this split, the Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken (CGK) (translated to the Christian Reform Church) still exists in the Netherlands today. The Free Reformed Churches are the North American counterpart.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Leading up to Secession
The Secession of 1834 began in Ulrum, a town in the north of the Dutch province of Groningen. Leading up to the secession, their pastor, reverend Hendrik de Cock was forbidden by the government to preach and ordered not to warn people against what he believed to be the erroneous teachings of some of his colleagues. Hendrik, along with other ministers, publicly opposed and denied some of the heresies that were being tolerated by the churches. They also rejected the introduction of manmade hymns into worship in place of the use of the Psalms.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Leading up to Secession
He was also forbidden to baptize the children of believers who refused to have their children baptized by their own ministers who they believed were not sound in the faith. The people that decided to leave had a very hard time at the beginning. Some people were fined, some were jailed.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Outcome
Therefore, on 14 October 1834, a large majority of the congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in Ulrum, signed "The Act of Secession and Return", breaking away from the State Church. The Secession would play a role in the 1857 Dutch Reformed Church split between the Reformed Church in America and the Christian Reformed Church in North America in 1857. There were three major principles that went along with the split: 1.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Outcome
They withdrew from the church "false", 2. gave loyalty to the three reforms and the "Order of Dort", and 3. wanted to make connections with other churches with the same values and beliefs. Various churches came and left the movement, but the ones that stayed united under the Christian reform church. They were not allowed to conjugate in groups larger than twenty people, and they were not able to get buildings or property to have churches built for their meetings. Here and there over time, they gained respect and were able to worship, but because of all these repercussions at the beginning, the act of praying before a church service derived from the meetings they would hold in secret.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Outcome
Many of those trying to secede were treated poorly, so they looked for a different way out to partake in their religion in peace. Some reformers decided it was time to move, so they migrated to America, some going to what is today known as New York and Michigan. In 1957 the Christian Reformed Church was finally created in Grand Rapids, Michigan. After more trouble and the leaders not accepting and wanting to preach certain aspects, they then formed the Christian Protestant church.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Outcome
These two denominations flourished when a spike in Dutch immigration occurred at the end of the second world war. From these two denominations, they then took full advantage of their freedom of religion in America, and created a series of denominations from the two, they could pick and choose the aspects they wanted to include in their religions and what they did not want to preach on, and sometimes it came down to being as simple as them being loyal to a certain leader or priest, so they followed them through the changes in denominations.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Abraham Kuyper
This was a brilliant man from the years of the reformation of the Churches. He founded the Anti Revolutionary party after deciding he was converted by a Godly woman at one of his first congregations. In 1880 he became a very important and influential mover in the Free University of Amsterdam, which gave the reformed a higher education. He shared some of the same views as Calvinism, but not he did not preach all of the aspects of Calvin's teachings. For one, he did not press the need for conversion, or being saved.


1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Abraham Kuyper
He believed that children of those already were saved unless they showed otherwise. That being said, he and his people did not see the need to be saved or partake in that practice unless they had reason to believe the person at hand showed they were not converted. When learning that the local church did not agree with his views, his people decided they needed to once again break from the church. When denied a chance to create an entirely new church and following, Kuyper and his people decided to find a way to unite his church with that of the local church.


1834 French legislative election
The 1834 general election organized the third legislature of the July Monarchy. The election was held on 21 June.


1834 French legislative election, Results
Louis-Philippe of France dissolved the legislature on 3 October 1837.


1834 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1834 Illinois gubernatorial election was the fifth quadrennial election for this office. U.S. Representative Joseph Duncan was elected by a majority of the voters. He defeated former Lt. Governor William Kinney and former state treasurer Robert K. McLaughlin. Kinney had run in the election before as well. This was the only election of a Whig Governor in Illinois history.


1834 Illinois state capitol referendum
In the Illinois State Capitol Referendum of 1834, voters in the state of Illinois were asked on August 4, 1834 to choose the next state capitol. Six locations were placed on the ballot: Alton, Springfield, Peoria, Jacksonville, the Geographic center of the state, and the current capital, Vandalia. The Geographic center was at the time assumed to be Illiopolis, but this is now known to be untrue.


1834 Illinois state capitol referendum
Alton received the most votes, but the General Assembly never acted on this, and it never was the capitol. Eventually, the capitol would be moved to Springfield.


1834 Java earthquake
The 1834 Java earthquake struck the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) island of Java, in the city of Bogor. The earthquake occurred on the morning of October 11, 1834. It was assigned VIII (Severe) to IX (Violent) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale.


1834 Java earthquake, Description
It was preceded by a number of strongly felt foreshocks the night before on October 11. When the mainshock struck the next morning, it was violently felt. Vibrations were also detected by people as far as Tegal in Central Java and Lampung on the neighboring island of Sumatra.


1834 Java earthquake, Description
Although the earthquake caused very few deaths and injuries, it severely damaged many and collapsed a few. Damage to roads such as cracks were reported from Bogor to Cianjur, Cianjur Regency. Many warehouses and factories were also badly affected. A postal station in the city was buried under a landslide, killing five people and ten horses. Many homes and stone building in Batavia were damaged. A country warehouse and a number of townhouses were also damaged. The Bogor Palace in the city, which was the residence of Jean Chrétien Baud, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies,  was so severely damaged that Jean Chrétien Baud ordered it be demolished. The palace was rebuilt with a new 19th century European architecture style.


1834 Java earthquake, Earthquake
Modelling the earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw ) of 7.0 at a depth of 12 km along a 45-km-long reverse fault known as the Baribis Fault was consistent with the historical descriptions about the earthquake and its effects. In the simulation of ground motions, Batavia, Buitenzorg, Tjanjor and Tjiandjawar suffered the most intense shaking, at IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. The simulation also predicted severe to violent shaking in Bantam, Krawang and Tegal but no descriptions of extensive damage there was reported, possibly due to historical bias.


1834 Jerusalem earthquake
The 1834 Jerusalem earthquake occurred on 13 May during the first few days of the Peasants' revolt in Palestine against Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. The earthquake's epicenter was in the Jerusalem area. After a brief lull, fighting resumed the next day.


1834 Jerusalem earthquake
Damage from the quake included the collapse of part of the city wall near the Dome of the Rock, the collapse of the dome over the Chapel of the Ascension, a minaret in the city and one on the Mount of Olives, the collapse or damage of several large Jerusalem homes, and the severe damage of Latin and Armenian monasteries in Bethlehem. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre suffered minor damage.


1834 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1834 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the seventh gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.


1834 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1834 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1834. Incumbent Democratic Governor Robert P. Dunlap defeated Whig candidate Peleg Sprague.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 10.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Whig Governor John Davis was re-elected to a second term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton and Anti- Mason John Bailey.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic
Although some had hoped for an alliance between the Anti- Masons and the National Republicans after John Quincy Adams had stepped aside for John Davis in the 1833 election, this was not to be. Many Anti- Masons remained dissatisfied with Davis's performance as governor and the newly-christened Whig Party in general, particularly in their handling of political appointments along partisan lines.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic
On August 14, a conference was called at the home of George Odiorne between John Quincy Adams and Henry Dana Ward of New York. The three men debated the subject of the gubernatorial race, with Odiorne objecting to the nomination of Governor Davis and suggesting John Bailey, Heman Lincoln, Samuel Lathrop, or Marcus Morton. Adams countered that Worcester would back Davis, and so the choice was between Davis or Morton. Adams began to suspect the effort to fuse the Anti- Masons with Morton was a prelude to an attempt to throw Anti- Mason votes to Martin Van Buren in the 1836 presidential election.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic
Marcus Morton also began to organize an attempt at fusion himself, sounding out Democratic and Anti-Masonic leadership in an effort to overthrow the Whigs. Radical Anti- Masons like Benjamin F. Hallett supported this move, leading moderates like Pliny Merrick to appeal to Davis directly to denounce Masonry and avoid a union with the Democrats.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic
Ultimately, the Anti- Masons did not ally directly with the Jacksonian Morton or Whig Davis. At the September state convention, with both John Quincy Adams and Edward Everett declining the party's support, the Anti- Masons nominated John Bailey, an ally of Adams in the State Senate.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic
The Democratic Party was certain to nominate Marcus Morton for the tenth consecutive election and did so at its convention in September.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Working Men's
The Working Men's Party met at a convention in Northampton during October and nominated Samuel Allen again. There were fourteen delegates to the convention.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign
A major issue in the campaign was the arson of the Charlestown Ursuline convent in August, which some attributed to the presence of the preacher Lyman Beecher in the state. The arson and anti-Catholic riots brought sectarian and immigration issues to the fore during the summer months.


1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
The election brought about the demise of the Anti-Masons, as Bailey failed to come close to Adams's 1833 support. Support for Samuel Allen also declined. However, both Davis and Morton increased their raw vote totals from 1833. Increasing focus on the issue of the bank divided the state between the two major parties with declared stances on the issue: the pro-Bank Whigs and the anti-Bank Democrats.


1834 Massachusetts legislature
The 55th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1834 during the governorship of John Davis. Benjamin T. Pickman served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.


1834 Naval Air Squadron
1834 Naval Air Squadron (1834 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.


1834 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography
This United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1834 New York gubernatorial election
The 1834 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 3 to 5, 1834 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York. This was the first fall election in which the Whig Party participated.


1834 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
Incumbent Governor William L. Marcy was re-nominated by the Democratic Party to run against the nominee of the Whig Party, future governor William H. Seward. The Democratic Party nominated the incumbent John Tracy for Lieutenant Governor.


1834 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
Seward had had to fight hard for the nomination; those considered included Amos P. Granger, Daniel C. Verplanck, and others. Eventually Seward, then 33 years old, emerged as the consensus choice. The Whig Party nominated state assemblyman Silas M. Stilwell for Lieutenant Governor.


1834 New York gubernatorial election, Campaign
During the campaign, the Democratic press charged that Seward was too young to serve; the Whig press countered by giving examples of famous people, including DeWitt Clinton, who had served at young ages.


1834 New York gubernatorial election, Sources
This New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1834 Palach
1834 Palach, provisional designation 1969 QP, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 August 1969 by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, and named after Czech student Jan Palach.


1834 Palach, Orbit and classification
Palach is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids.


1834 Palach, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Palach's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1969.


1834 Palach, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2006, a rotational lightcurve for Palach was obtained from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi at St. Michel sur Meu. It gave a rotation period of 3.139 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=2). In May 2010, a second lightcurve, obtained by Zachary Pligge at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, gave a period of 3.1358 hours with an amplitude of 0.13 (U=2).


1834 Palach, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Palach measures between 17.16 and 20.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.109 and 0.151. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Eoan asteroids of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 19.52 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.


1834 Palach, Naming
It was named in memory of Czech student Jan Palach (1948–1969), who burned himself to death, as a protest against the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia that followed and ended the national reform movement known as the Prague Spring. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 August 1991 (M.P.C. 18643).


1834 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 13 and 27 July 1834.


1834 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
Following the victory of the Liberals in the Liberal Wars and the accession of Maria II to the throne, the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was reinstated, having been suspended prior to the 1828 elections. The 1834 elections were held under the same system used for the 1826 elections, with the Electoral Law of 7 August 1826 (annulled by Dom Miguel in 1828) also reinstated.


1834 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The Charter provided for a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Gerais, with an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Most Worthy Peers whose members were appointed by the monarch or were members of the nobility. The number of Deputies increased from 138 in 1826 to 143.


1834 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The 1826 electoral law provided for an indirect electoral system, in which voters elected provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the Chamber of Deputies. Voting and candidature were restricted to those who met income requirements. There were eleven constituencies for the mainland and islands.


1834 Portuguese legislative election, Campaign
The campaign was marred by intimidation and personal insults. The press was censored and bribery and violence were used to support government candidates.


1834 Portuguese legislative election, Campaign
The opposition Vintistas were unable to campaign in the press, but distributed leaflets, even attempting to gain support from supporters of the deposed Miguel.


1834 Portuguese legislative election, Results
The result was a victory for the Cartistas led by José da Silva Carvalho and Agostinho Freire.


1834 Portuguese legislative election, Results
Of the 138 seats, only 119 were filled, with 43 Deputies supporting the government, 32 opposing it (led by Manuel da Silva Passos and Saldanha) and 44 independents. The opposition had won a majority of seats in Porto.


1834 Portuguese legislative election, Aftermath
The new Cortes Gerais met for the first time on 15 August.


1834 Spanish general election
General elections to the Cortes Generales were held in Spain in 1834. At stake were all 188 seats in the Congress of Deputies.


1834 Spanish general election, History
The 1834 elections were the first ones since the 1822, and signaled the return of liberalism to Spain after the absolutist Década Ominosa. The elections were held under the Spanish Royal Statute of 1834, not under a full constitutional system. Only around 18,000 people were allowed to vote, out of a population of 12 million.


1834 Spanish general election, Constituencies
A majority voting system was used for the election, with 48 multi-member constituencies and 1 single-member constituency.


1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania
The 1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on December 6, 1834. Future President of the United States James Buchanan was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background
Democrat William Wilkins was elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1830. Sen. Wilkins resigned on June 30, 1834, after being appointed U.S. Minister to Russia by President Andrew Jackson.


1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results
Following the resignation of Sen. William Wilkins, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 6, 1834, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Four ballots were recorded. The results of the fourth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:


1834 United States elections
The 1834 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President Andrew Jackson's second term. Members of the 24th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Taking place during the Second Party System, elections were contested between Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party and opponents of Jackson, including the remnants of the National Republican Party. During this election, the anti-Jackson faction began to transition into the Whig Party. Arkansas and Michigan joined the union during the 24th Congress. Democrats retained the majority in the House, and won control of the Senate.


1834 United States elections
In the House, the anti-Jackson faction picked up some seats from the Anti-Masonic Party, but the Democrats retained a commanding majority.


1834 United States elections
In the Senate, the Democrats picked up a moderate number of seats and gained control of the majority with the aid of Democratic Vice President Martin Van Buren, who cast the tie-breaking vote.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 24th Congress were held in 1834 and 1835 during Andrew Jackson's second term as President of the United States.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections
Jacksonians benefitted from the president's continued popularity and the tight party organization of the nascent Democratic Party to win a large majority of House seats for the new Congress. Their primary opponents, the Anti-Jacksonians, were coalescing and unifying as the Whig Party, reducing the influence of single-issue parties, the Anti-Masonic Party (an anti-Masonry movement) and the Nullifier Party (a John C. Calhoun-led states' rights party that supported South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis in 1832 and 1833). The Whig Party evolved from the National Republican Party and these minor parties.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections
It appealed to diverse opponents of Jackson, including voters who perceived him as autocratic and brash, voters supporting greater spending and development on institutions and infrastructure, anti-Masons, and former Federalists. As the balance of power in the House remained unchanged, with Jacksonians holding 142 seats, this was the smallest loss by a President's party in the House as a result of the so-called six-year itch.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections
When the House convened in December 1835, future president James K. Polk, a staunch Jacksonian, was elected speaker. He defeated the incumbent speaker, John Bell, a Jacksonian who had split with the president on the national bank and other issues. Bell subsequently aligned himself with the Anti- Jacksonians in the 24th Congress.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama
Alabama elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut
Connecticut elected its members April 9, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana
Indiana elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky
Kentucky elected its members August 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland
Maryland elected its members October 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
Elections were held November 10, 1834, but at least one district's elections went to multiple ballots into 1835.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Michigan
Michigan elected its member October 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Michigan
The House refused to admit the member from Michigan due to a conflict with Ohio, so he was seated only as a non-voting delegate until January 27, 1837.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi
Mississippi elected its members November 3–5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Missouri
Missouri elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
North Carolina elected its members August 13, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island
Rhode Island elected its members August 25, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee
Tennessee elected its members August 5–6, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia
Virginia elected its members April 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1834 and 1835 were elections that had the Anti- Jackson coalition maintain control of the United States Senate. However, during the 24th Congress, the Jacksonian coalition gained control of the Senate.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections
As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 23rd Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1834 or before March 4, 1835; ordered by election date.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 24th Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1835; ordered by state.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special election during the 24th Congress
In this special election, the winner was seated in 1835 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Early elections during the 24th Congress
In these elections, the winners were not seated until 1837.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Georgia
Georgia had two elections this cycle: a regular election for the class 2 seat and a special election for the class 3 seat.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Georgia, Georgia (Regular)
In the class 2 seat, incumbent Jacksonian John Pendleton King, who had served since winning an 1833 special election, was re-elected sometime in 1834.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Georgia, Georgia (Special)
In the class 3 seat, incumbent Jacksonian John Forsyth, who had served since winning an 1829 special election, resigned June 27, 1834 to become U.S. Minister to Spain.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Maine
Maine had two elections this cycle, both for the class 2 seat.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Maine
Incumbent Anti- Jacksonian Peleg Sprague, who was elected in 1829, resigned January 1, 1835.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Maine, Maine (Regular)
Jacksonian John Ruggles was elected January 19, 1835 to the next term. He was then elected to finish the current term, see below.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Maine, Maine (Special)
Jacksonian John Ruggles was elected January 20, 1835 to finish the term that would end March 3, 1835.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Michigan
The new state of Michigan elected its new senators in 1835, both Jacksonians: Lucius Lyon (Class 1) and John Norvell (Class 2). They were not seated until January 26, 1837 due to a territorial dispute with Ohio.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Virginia
Virginia had two elections this cycle, both for the class 2 seat.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Virginia
Incumbent Jacksonian William Rives, who had just won the 1832 special election, resigned February 22, 1834.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Regular)
Anti - Jacksonian Benjamin W. Leigh was re-elected sometime in 1835 to the next term.


1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special)
Anti - Jacksonian Benjamin W. Leigh was elected February 26, 1834 to finish the term that would end March 3, 1835. He was then elected to the next term, see above.


1834 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1834 in Australia.


1834 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1834 in Chile.


1834 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1834 in the Qajar dynasty, Iran.


1834 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1834 in New Zealand.


1834 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1834 in South Africa.


1834 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1834 to Wales and its people.


1834 in architecture
The year 1834 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1834 in birding and ornithology
New bird species described in this work in 1834 include Lincoln's sparrow, the king rail,  Swainson's warbler and the Carolina chickadee


1834 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1834.


1834 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1834.


1834 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1834 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1834 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1834 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1834.


1834 in science
The year 1834 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1834 in sports
1834 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1834 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1834 in the United Kingdom. Uniquely, four Prime Ministers serve during the year.


1834 looting of Safed
The 1834 looting of Safed (Hebrew: ביזת צפת בשנת תקצ"ד, "Plunder of Safed, 5594 AM") was a prolonged attack against the Jewish community of Safed, Ottoman Empire, during the 1834 Peasants' Revolt. It began on Sunday June 15 (7 Sivan), the day after the Jewish holiday of Shavuot, and lasted for the next 33 days. Most contemporary accounts suggest it was a spontaneous attack which took advantage of a defenseless population in the midst of the armed uprising against Egyptian rule. The district governor tried to quell the violent outbreak, but failed to do so and fled. The event took place during a power vacuum, whilst Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt was fighting to quell the wider revolt in Jerusalem.


1834 looting of Safed
Accounts of the month-long event  tell of large scale looting, as well as killing and raping of Jews and the destruction of homes and synagogues by Arabs. Many Torah scrolls were desecrated and many Jews were left severely wounded. The event has been described as a pogrom or "pogrom-like" by some authors. Hundreds fled the town seeking refuge in the open countryside or in neighbouring villages. The rioting was quelled by Lebanese Druze troops under the orders of Ibrahim Pasha following the intervention of foreign consuls. The instigators were arrested and later executed in Acre.


1834 looting of Safed, Prelude
By the 19th-century, Safed had long been inhabited by Jews. It had become a kabbalistic centre during the 16th-century and by the 1830s there were around 4,000 Jews living there, comprising at least half the population. Throughout their history, the Jews of Safed, though supported by the Porte, had been the target of oppressive exactions by corrupt local officials. In 1628 the Druze seized the city, and holding it for several years,  despoiled the local community, and the Jewish population declined as Safed Jews moved to Hebron and Jerusalem. and again in the 1660 destruction of Safed.


1834 looting of Safed, Prelude
The 1831 annexation of Palestine to Egypt by Muhammad Ali rendered life relatively more secure than had been the case under the Ottomans. In 1833, however, at the approach of Ibrahim Pasha, the Jewish quarter of Safed was plundered by the Druze, although the inhabitants managed to escape to the suburbs.


1834 looting of Safed, Prelude
A year later in 1834, it was announced that new taxation laws were to be imposed and conscription introduced, drafting fellahin into the Egyptian army, who were at the same time to be disarmed by local notables. Jews and Christians were to be exempted from the disarmament policy. The news was greeted by widespread anger. It resulted in a mass uprising by the fellahin which broke out in the spring.


1834 looting of Safed, Prelude
Safed had been severely damaged by an earthquake in May of that year, and following the uprising attacks broke out on the weaker members of Palestinian towns, namely the Jews and Christians. It was in this setting that the plunder at Safed was unleashed, causing many Jews to seek refuge among friendly Arabs in the neighbouring town of Ein Zeitim. One account, retold by several Safed Jews to the 25-year-old Alexander William Kinglake, who visited in 1835, blamed the incident on the intolerant rantings of a local Muslim cleric named Muhammad Damoor. The account stated that at the beginning of 1834, Damoor publicly prophesied that on June 15 the "true believers would rise up in just wrath against the Jews, and despoil them of their gold and their silver and their jewels."


1834 looting of Safed, Attack
The account of Neophytos, a monk of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre described the looting of the town, alongside similar events in Ramla, Lydda, Jaffa, Acre and Tiberias, noting that the perpetrators "robbed the Jews, who lived in these towns, of immense property, as is reported, for there was no one to offer any opposition".


1834 looting of Safed, Attack
The 1850 account of Rabbi Joseph Schwartz stated that "Everything was carried off which could possibly be removed, even articles of no value; boxes, chests, packages, without even opening them, were dragged away; and the fury with which this crowd attacked their defenceless victims was boundless... [ The perpetrators] were perfectly safe and unmolested; for they had learned that Abraim Pacha was, at the moment, so much occupied at Jerusalem and vicinity with his enemies there, that he could not go into Galilee."


1834 looting of Safed, Attack
One anecdote suggests the rioting was premeditated, organised by a local anti-Semitic Muslim cleric, According to the anecdotes narrated to Kinglake, when June 15 arrived, Muhammad Damoor appeared to the gathered Muslim crowd and incited them to fulfill his prophesy. Kinglake only mentions the occurrence of looting, writing that "the most odious of all outrages, that of searching the women for the base purpose of discovering such things as gold and silver concealed about their persons, was perpetrated without shame." Kinglake's is the only account which mentions the individual involvement of a local Muslim clergyman.


1834 looting of Safed, Attack
Other reports suggest the attack was more violent in nature. Isaac Farhi (d. 1853) described how several Jews were killed and raped in the attack. Men, women and children were robbed of their clothes and then beaten. Some fled into the surrounding fields and remained there naked "like wild animals" until the danger passed. 12 year-old Jacob Saphir was among a number of refugees who found sanctuary in the adjacent village of Ein al-Zeitun assisted by a sympathetic Arab sheikh.


1834 looting of Safed, Attack
He describes how for the first three days they had nothing to eat and how they hid in fear of their lives for forty days. Afterwards they had found their homes completely ransacked and emptied, "not even small jugs, doors or windows had been left behind." Menachem Mendel Baum, a prominent member of the Ashkenazi community, published a book (Korot Ha-Eytim, 1839) vividly detailing his recollections. He describes an aggressive onslaught, including one incident in which a group of elderly Jews including pious rabbis were beaten mercilessly while hiding in a synagogue.


1834 looting of Safed, Attack
In May 1934, an article appearing in Haaretz by  historian and journalist Eliezer Rivlin (1889-1942) described the event of 100 years earlier in detail. His article, based on similar first hand accounts, tells of how the head of the community, Rabbi Israel of Shklov, was threatened with his life and another rabbi who had fled to the hills seeking refuge in a cave was set upon and had his eye gouged out. Rivlin states many Jews were beaten to death and severely wounded. Thirteen synagogues along with an estimated 500 Torah scrolls were destroyed. Valuable antique books belonging to the 14th-century rabbi Isaac Aboab I were also lost. Jewish homes were ransacked and set on fire as looters searched for hidden gold and silver.


1834 looting of Safed, Attack
Some Jews managed to escape to a nearby fortress and held out there for a few weeks. The mob unsuccessfully tried to break into the building to reach the fugitives. The sources do not indicate how many Jews died. It seems to have not been many, though hundreds were wounded.


1834 looting of Safed, Attack
The sole Hebrew printing press in Palestine was destroyed along with many copies of the Bible. It was three years before the press started functioning again. Israel Bak, who established the printing house in Safed, incurred a wound on his foot which left him with an enduring limp. Among the distinguished men who gave their lives helping others were Rabbis Leib Cohen, Shalom Hayat and Mendel of Kamnitz, who wandered around the streets without fear of the attackers, to return little children to their mothers, rescuing the victims physically and emotionally, and burying the dead.


1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath
Rabbi Joseph Schwartz noted the justice that once calm had been restored, Ibrahim Pasha's army arrested and executed a number of perpetrators, and enforced summary justice on many suspects to ensure stolen goods were returned:


1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath
The most respectable Mahomedans of Zafed and its environs were arrested as the authors of the outrage, and some of them were afterwards publicly executed, and whatever could be found of the stolen property of the Jews was restored. Every Jew was believed, when saying that he recognised this or that Arab among the robbers. The person so accused was instantly arrested, and punished with blows till he at last confessed and gave up his booty.


1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath
Even many of the richest and most respectable of the Arabs were arrested, loaded with chains, and punished, upon the mere assertion of a very poor and common Jew. The word of a Jew was regarded as equal to the command of the highest authority, and severe punishment was at once resorted to, without any previous investigation, without any grounds or proofs. In this manner much of the stolen property was discovered; since many, in order not to be exposed to the violence of the Druses, delivered up everything of their own accord.


1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath
The Jews were now required, by order of the Pacha, through the intervention of the consuls, to make out a correct list of all they had lost, of whatever they missed, and to indicate the true value of the same, and to hand it in to Abraim Pacha through means of the European consuls.


1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath
With great effort, Israel of Shklov had managed to send letters to foreign consuls in Beirut and informed them of the details of the troubles that befell the Jews, many of whom were the subjects of foreign states. Their complaints encouraged Ibrahim Pasha to send his Lebanese ally Bashir II to restore order. When Bashir and his forces entered Safed on July 17, 1834, the riots ceased immediately. He made sure the Jews were protected from harm and pursued the culprits.


1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath
Most of the rebels fled, but thirteen ringleaders along with the town's governor were captured, tried and publicly hanged in Acre. The Jews returned to their homes and gathered their few remaining belongings. According to Löwe's investigations, the loss incurred amounted to 135,250 piasters. The consuls tried to raise sums of money as compensation for their subjects and made lists of the damages. When Ibrahim Pasha returned, he imposed an indemnity on the surrounding villages, but the victims received only 7% of the value of the damage. Only a small proportion of stolen property was ever recovered.


1835
1835 (MDCCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1835th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 835th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 35th  year of the 19th century, and the  6th   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1835, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1835 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1835 Alabama gubernatorial election was an election held on August 3, 1835, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democratic candidate Clement Comer Clay beat Whig candidate Enoch Parsons with 65.44% of the vote.


1835 Belgian general election
Partial legislative elections were held in Belgium on Tuesday 9 June 1835. In the Senate elections Catholics won 31 seats and Liberals eight. Only 23,000 people were eligible to vote in the election.


1835 Belgian general election
Under the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Liège and Limburg. Thus, 51 of the 102 Chamber seats were up for election.


1835 Belgian general election
The incumbent government was led by Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt.


1835 Central American federal election
Early presidential elections were held in the Federal Republic of Central America on 2 February 1835 following the unexpected death of president-elect José Cecilio del Valle during a journey from his native Honduras and the Federation's capital in Guatemala to take the oath. Valle had been elected in June 1834 and was due to take office in 1835.


1835 Central American federal election
The elections saw former president and Liberal leader Francisco Morazán win virtually unopposed. However, they were to be the last elections in the Federation, as it was dissolved in 1839, before the end of Morazán's term in office.


1835 Concepción earthquake
The 1835 Concepción earthquake occurred near the neighboring cities of Concepción and Talcahuano in Chile on 20 February at 11:30 local time (15:30 UTC) and has an estimated magnitude of about 8.5 Mw. The earthquake triggered a tsunami which caused the destruction of Talcahuano. A total of at least 50 people died from the effects of the earthquake and the tsunami. The earthquake caused damage from San Fernando in the north to Osorno in the south. It was felt over a still wider area from Copiapó in the north to the island of Chiloe in the south and as far west as the Juan Fernández Islands.


1835 Concepción earthquake, Tectonic setting
Chile lies above the convergent boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate, with a convergence rate of 66 mm/yr. This boundary has been the site of many historical megathrust earthquakes, including the largest earthquake ever recorded. The rupture area of the 1835 earthquake was noted as a prominent seismic gap, leading to a forecast in 2009 of a large earthquake (Mw 8.0–8.5) within a few decades. The 2010 Chile earthquake appears to have ruptured this part of the plate interface.


1835 Concepción earthquake, Damage
Concepción was devastated, with most buildings being destroyed. A later survey found that 33% of kiln-dried brick buildings, 71% of mud-brick buildings and 95% of stone-built constructions were destroyed with all the rest being damaged. Despite this degree of damage only 50 people were reported dead. The low level of fatalities was attributed to the gradual increase in the intensity of shaking and that the earthquake occurred during the middle of the day, giving most of the inhabitants time to get clear.


1835 Concepción earthquake, Damage
The destruction at Talcahuano was greater still due to the effects of the tsunami, which left only the lower parts of some buildings standing. A schooner was swept about 200 m inland, into the middle of the ruined town. There were few deaths, as the inhabitants had time to run up the hills behind the town.


1835 Concepción earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
The shaking lasted for two minutes, with gradually increasing intensity. At least 300 aftershocks were noted during the next 12 days. The land was instantly uplifted along parts of the coast, as much as 3 metres (9.8 ft) in places, although this was followed by subsidence in the following days.


1835 Concepción earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami
There were three separate waves reported at Talcahuano, the first of which had a run-up of 23 feet (7.0 m). The maximum run-up of 24 metres (79 ft) was recorded at Coelemu.


1835 Concepción earthquake, Remarks
Charles Darwin was visiting the area while on the second voyage of HMS Beagle and recorded his observations of the earthquake in Valdivia and its effects and the subsequent tsunami in Concepción and Talcahuano. He remarked:


1835 Concepción earthquake, Remarks
Charles Darwin, Travel and A naturalist's voyage round the world: Observations of the Concepción earthquake, 1835.


1835 Concepción earthquake, Remarks
Beagle's captain, Robert FitzRoy, wrote a paper suggesting that the earthquake had affected the currents running along the South American coast. The paper was submitted to the Admiralty during the court martial of Captain Michael Seymour of HMS Challenger, whose ship was run ashore on rocks in May 1835 near the mouth of the Leübu River. Seymour was exonerated due in part to Fitzroy's argument.


1835 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1835 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 10, 1835. It was a rematch of the 1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Former governor, senator and Democratic nominee Henry W. Edwards was elected, defeating incumbent governor and Whig nominee Samuel A. Foot with 52.13% of the vote.


1835 Connecticut gubernatorial election
This was the last appearance of the Anti-Masonic Party in a Connecticut gubernatorial election.


1835 Constitution of Serbia
The Constitution of the Principality of Serbia (Slavonic-Serbian: Уставъ Княжества Сербїе) known as the Sretenje Constitution ("Candlemas Constitution"), was the first constitution of the Principality of Serbia, adopted in Kragujevac in 1835. The Constitution was written by Dimitrije Davidović. The Constitution divided the power into legislative, executive and judicial branches, which is still considered the standard of democracy and constitutionality today.


1835 Constitution of Serbia
The government consisted of the prince, the State Council and the National Assembly. The constitution stipulated that the prince and the State Council share the executive power. Citizens' rights and freedoms were protected, such as: the inviolability of personality, the independence of the judiciary and the right to a lawful trial, freedom of movement and settlement, the right to choose a profession, equality of citizens, regardless of religion and ethnicity.


1835 Constitution of Serbia
Although enacted by the Grand National Assembly, the constitution was suspended after only 55 days under pressure from the Great Feudal Powers (Turkey, Russia and Austria). Today, the original copy of the document is kept in the National Archives of Serbia.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Background, War and autonomy
The Revolutionary War first began as a local uprising against the usurper of Dahija in 1804 after the assembly at Sretenje in Orašac, where Đorđe Petrović Karađorđe was elected as leader. During the First Serbian Uprising, three constitutional acts were drafted. The first in 1805, the second in 1808 and the last in 1811. The act written on 14 December 1808 represents the first written and formal act of independent organization of Serbia. This act formally abolishes Nahija and self-government and establishes a centralist system of administration.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Background, War and autonomy
The period of mixed Serbian-Turkish administration, which lasted from 1815 to 1830, was marked by the gradual suppression of the Turkish authorities and the concentration of power in the hands of Miloš Obrenović. The Turkish authorities were represented by the Belgrade Pasha or Vizier, the Kadija and the Muselli, while the Serbian authorities were represented by the Supreme Prince of Serbia, the People's Office  and others,  and since 1820, special Serbian courts have been established.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Background, War and autonomy
In October 1826, the Ottoman Empire pressured by the request of the new Russian emperor was forced to accept the conclusion of the so-called Akerman conventions. The fifth article of the Convention stipulated that the Porta would immediately enforce the provisions, the eighth item of the Bucharest Peace, concerning the Serbian people.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Background, War and autonomy
Feeling the agitation of the  masses of people , the prince promised significant legislative and administrative reforms at the 1 February 1834 Assembly.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion
The absence of the state system and the court in Serbia was very felt, the number of humiliated officials, who were beaten. They were not ready to suffer the behavior of Prince Miloš and his closest associates. In addition, Miloš still avoided organizing the Council, according to the 1830 constitution, but he was obliged to do that . Despite formally relieving the peasants of feudal relations, Prince Miloš still retained certain feudal obligations, which would almost cost him his reign a little later.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion
Feeling the agitation of the  masses of people , the prince promised significant legislative and administrative reforms at the 1 February 1834 Assembly. He also gave one draft constitution, and before it was drafted he appointed five ministers. He appointed Lazar Teodorović as Minister of Justice and Education, Đorđe Protić as Minister of the Interior, Koca Marković as Minister of Finance, Toma Vučić Perišić as Minister of army and Minister of Foreign Affairs Dimitrije Davidović. However, he did not specify their duties by any decree.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion
As Miloš continued to behave as before, his opponents believed that he will do something if a  rebellion was clearly shown. This is how the plot against the prince began. At the beginning of January 1835, in Kruševac, in the house of Stojan Simić, an agreement was made between the oppositionists by Milosav Zdravković Resavac, Mile Radojković, Đorđe Protić, Milutin Petrović Era (brother of Hajduk Veljko) and Avram Petronijević. The collusion, which the opposition reached,entails filing a request to Prince Miloš, as well as violent means if he refuses the request.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion
At the meeting, some suggested killing, others to overthrow and expel, however, the view of Mileta Radojković prevailed, according to which the rebellion was named - Mileta's rebellion, to restrict the power of Prince Miloš by constitution, abolish the kulak, allow the people the right to the use of forest and, most importantly, for disenfranchised merchants, abolishes the monopoly on trade. When the time came for action, Simić brought a few people from Kruševac, while the others failed to gather anyone behind. Only Mileta Radojković brought a large number of people from Jagodina to Kragujevac.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion
When the revolutionaries arrived near Kragujevac, they were greeted by an assembled people to whom Petronijević gave a burning speech accusing Prince Miloš of acting as a pasha and imposing on the people his state as his heritage. The revolutionaries were met by Toma Vučić Perišić, who stood in defense of Prince Miloš, but left an army of 150 horsemen to take care of Captain Petar Tucaković, avoiding conflict until he knew the reasons for the rebellion.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion
In the meantime, the rebels in Kragujevac suggested that Požarevac might be attacked ( that is where Prince Miloš was located ), but Mileta still remained to limit the prince's authority. Vučić agreed to be the mediator and conveyed the news to the prince, who even thought of running away. Miloš decided, and most probably after Vučić's speech, to reach a final agreement with the leaders of the popular rebellion. Frightened by this rebellion, Prince Miloš decided to issue a constitution and establish a State Council after the meeting. He entrusted making of the constitution to Dimitrije Davidović, and convened the Assembly on 2 February / 14 February 1835.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Passing a Constitution
The constitution was drafted by Dimitrije Davidović, modeled on the French constitution of 1791 and the constitutional charters of 1814 and 1830, and the Belgian constitution of 1831. He gave a brief outline of the U.S. Constitution in "Serbian Gazette" No. 15 of 25 April 1835. He coined a new term for the constitution that replaced the former on Serbian term "конштитуција". In a semi-independent principality, Davidović drafted the supreme legal act of a liberal organization in a very free-spirited manner, and the Constitution was divided into 14 chapters and 142 articles.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Passing a Constitution
The constitution divided power into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Legislative and executive power belonged to the prince and the Council of State, and the courts were independent courts. The executive power consisted of six ministers, and the Council President also chaired ministerial sessions.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, Passing a Constitution
On 2 February 1835, according to the new calendar, on 15 February, a Sretenje Constitution was passed in the prince's meadows in Kragujevac and with the presence of 2.5 thousand participants and 10 thousand of curious world, after which the prince was taken from the mass of the world in his hands, and while voting was previously conducted in districts without a main hearing. The next day, the constitution was read and published in a solemn manner, with flags and ceremonial music, the prince's cavalry and infantry guards, and with the presence of the state top and deputies. In the evening a fireworks show and a theater play were held.


1835 Constitution of Serbia, The outcome of the Constitution
The Constitution was in force for only 14 days (55 days). The largest European empires of Russia, Turkey, Austria, Prussia, as well as many smaller countries, did not have Constitutions at the time, nor did they adopt them in due course. That is why all of them opposed and agreed that the constitution was revolutionary and against their feudal order. On 11 April 1835 the Constitution was repealed.


1835 Costa Rican Head of State election
In the 1835 election for the Head of State of Costa Rica, Braulio Carrillo Colina won using the model of indirect suffrage. At that time the Constitution established a system in which male Costa Ricans voted publicly to elect their electoral delegates who, in proportion to the population of the area they represented, then elected the Head of State. San Jose chose 11, Cartago 8, Heredia 8, Alajuela 5, Bagaces 1, Escazú 3, Ujarrás 2, Térraba 1 and Nicoya 3.


1835 Costa Rican Head of State election
Other candidates were; Juan José Lara, Manuel Aguilar, Joaquín Iglesias, Manuel Fernández and Agustín Gutiérrez. In total, Carrillo obtained eleven electoral votes, mostly from San José, Lara received 11, Aguilar received 6, Iglesias 3 and the rest 1 each.


1835 Democratic National Convention
The 1835 Democratic National Convention was held from May 20 to May 22, 1835, in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the second presidential nominating convention held in the history of the Democratic Party, following the 1832 Democratic National Convention. The convention nominated incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren for president and Representative Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky for vice president.


1835 Democratic National Convention
Former Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson served as the convention chairman. With the support of President Andrew Jackson, Van Buren won the presidential nomination unanimously. Johnson narrowly won the two-thirds majority necessary for the vice presidential nomination, overcoming a challenge from William Cabell Rives of Virginia. The Democratic ticket of Van Buren and Johnson went on to win the 1836 presidential election.


1835 Democratic National Convention, Background
On February 23, 1835, President Andrew Jackson wrote to James Gwin of Tennessee and claimed a preference for someone who would "most likely to be the choice of the great body of republicans" in regard to his successor. He expressed the desire to hold another national convention to nominate candidates for the presidency and vice presidency. He instructed Gwin to show the letter to the editor of the Nashville Republican. The newspaper later reprinted the letter.


1835 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings
Andrew Stevenson of Virginia served as the chairman and convention president. Six convention vice presidents and four secretaries were appointed.


1835 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings
Tennessee, Illinois, South Carolina, and Alabama sent no delegates to the convention.


1835 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
President Jackson had long planned for Vice President Martin Van Buren to succeed him, and Van Buren was the unanimous choice of the delegates for the presidency.


1835 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates
Jackson and other major Democrats had settled on Richard Mentor Johnson, a Kentucky representative who had fought in the War of 1812, as Van Buren's running mate, but many Virginia Democrats backed William Cabell Rives, the former Ambassador to France.


1835 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates
A man from Tennessee, Edward Rucker, who was present at the convention but was not sent as a delegate, cast all 15 votes Tennessee was entitled to for Van Buren, and for Johnson for the vice presidential nomination. Johnson was nominated for vice president after winning one vote more than the two-thirds majority required.


1835 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates
The delegation of Virginia declared that it had no confidence in Johnson's character and principles, and would not support him.


1835 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates
Letters went out on May 23 from the convention president and vice presidents asking for the acceptance of the nominations by the nominees. Van Buren replied and accepted the nomination on May 29; Johnson, likewise on June 9.


1835 Democratic National Convention, General election
The Whigs did not put forward a national ticket nominated by national convention. Van Buren defeated his many competitors for the presidency in the general election. While the electors of Virginia supported Van Buren for the presidency, they cast their vice presidential votes for William Smith. Consequently, Johnson received a plurality, but not a majority, of the electoral votes for the vice presidency. In the subsequent contingent election in the Senate, Johnson was elected vice president.


1835 Gajdariya
1835 Gajdariya, provisional designation 1970 OE, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12.5 kilometers in diameter.


1835 Gajdariya
It was discovered on 30 July 1970, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after Russian writer Arkady Gaidar.


1835 Gajdariya, Characteristics
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family, which is named after 158 Koronis and consists of about 300 known bodies with nearly ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,741 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. Its spectra is that of an S-type asteroid with a geometric albedo of about 0.24. It has a rotation period of 6.33 hours.


1835 Gajdariya, Naming
It was named in honor of Soviet–Russian writer and children's author Arkady Gaidar (1904–1941), who joined the partisans and became a machine gunner during the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. Gaidar was killed in combat in October 1941. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3825).


1835 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Saturday 26 December 1835.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election
This was the first election to Liverpool Town Council. It was conducted under the provisions ofthe Municipal Corporations Act 1835. As this was the first election to the Council, all three seats for each of the sixteen wards were up for election. The candidate in each ward with the highest number of votes was elected for three years, the candidate with the second highest number of votes was elected for two years and the candidate with the third highest number of votes was elected for one year. All of the sixteen wards were contested.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election
The terms Whig and Reformer are used interchangeably. The local press, at the time, referred exclusively to Reformers.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election
After the election of Councillors on 26 December 1835 and the Aldermanic election in January 1836, the composition of the council was:


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results
* - Previously a member of the preceding Common Council


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton and Kirkdale
The polling place for the township of Kirkdale was Mrs. Stretch's public house in Kirkdale Village.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton and Kirkdale
The polling place for Everton township was Halliday's, Everton Coffee-house


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland
The Polling place was Mr. Horner's at the corner of Eccles-street and Vauxhall-road.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall
The polling place was at the Vauxhall Vaults, corner of Banastre-street and Vauxhall-road.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's
Polling place : At Mather's Baths, corner of St. Paul's-square and Virginia-street


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange
Polling places : Surnames A to K : at the south end of the Sessions'-house in South Chapel-street. Surnames L to Z : at the north end of the Sessions'-house in Chapel-street.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Castle Street
Polling place : At the two windows of the King's Arms Hotel fronting Castle-street


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's
Polling place : At the two windows of the Horse and Jockey public-house fronting Seel-street


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street
Polling place : At two compartments in the South Free School in Park-lane.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George
Polling place : At a warehouse, east side of St. James's-street, near the corner of St. Vincent-street.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street
Polling place : A to K : at a new shop at the entrance of the New Arcade from Renshaw Street. L to Z : at a window of an empty-house, opposite the Unitarian Chapel, in Renshaw-street.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby
Polling place : At the Phoenix Inn, at the top of Mount Pleasant


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street
Polling places : A to K : at a window in the Black Bell Inn, London-road. L to Z : at a window in Challinor's Public-house, on the opposite side of London-road.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, South Toxteth
Polling place : At the southernmost of the Shops recently built by Dr. Hughes, on the west side of Park-road.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth
Polling place : At two windows of the Royal Oak Public-house, at the corner of Upper Warwick-street and Park-place.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
At the meeting of the Council in January 1836, sixteen Aldermen were elected by the Council,eight for a term of six years and eight for a term of three years.


1835 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 12, Lime Street, 7th January 1836
Caused by the disqualification of Joseph Langton (Reformers, Lime Street, elected 26 December 1835) because he did not sign the councillors' declaration. Mr. Langton was the manager of the Bank of Liverpool and the directors of the bank did not think him being a town councillor was compatible with his role as manager of the bank.


1835 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1835 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 14, 1835. Incumbent Democratic Governor Robert P. Dunlap defeated Whig candidate William King.


1835 Market Street
1835 Market Street, formerly known as Eleven Penn Center (or 11 Penn Center), is a high-rise building located in the Market West region of Philadelphia. The building stands at 425 feet (130 meters) with 29 floors . Radnor Corp. the real estate arm of Sun Co. began development of the property in 1984. It opened in 1986 and Colonial Penn was one of the anchor tenants. The architectural firm who designed the building was the Kling Lindquist Partnership. 1835 Market Street is a part of Penn Center complex, which includes several notable skyscrapers such as the Mellon Bank Center and Five Penn Center.


1835 Market Street, Ownership
In 2002, a joint venture including the California State Teachers' Retirement System (CalSTRS) purchased the tower for US$80,000,000. CalSTRS sold it to Nightingale Group for US$100,000,000 in 2014.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 9.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Acting Whig Governor Samuel T. Armstrong ran for re-election to a full term in office, but was defeated for the Whig nomination by Edward Everett. In the general election, Armstrong ran without party support but finished a distant third behind Everett and Democrat Marcus Morton.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background
Governor John Davis resigned in March after his election to the United States Senate, to succeed the retiring Nathaniel Silsbee.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Whig
The Whig convention nominated Edward Everett. Despite the suggestions of Everett, Senator Daniel Webster, and Senator Davis, acting Governor Samuel T. Armstrong would not stand aside, and remained in the race.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic
The Anti-Masonic convention nominated Everett as well, recalling his earlier "martyrdom" for the anti-Masonic cause.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic
However, the party nominated the Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor, William Foster, over Whig George Hull, ostensibly because Hull was a Mason. The party also endorsed Martin Van Buren for the presidency in 1836 over Daniel Webster, though some anti-Masons embraced Webster.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign
Everett was somewhat distressed by the Anti-Masonic campaign in his name, which was conducted by Benjamin F. Hallett and suggested that Everett supported Martin Van Buren over moderate Democrat Hugh Lawson White for President in 1836. However, Everett resolved not to involve himself in Democratic politics on the advice of Caleb Cushing. The Democratic press joined Hallett's campaign, likely to draw Anti-Masonic votes away from the Whigs and into the Democratic camp.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign
A separate campaign was conducted by George Bancroft to draw the Working Men's Party vote, which was largely rural and Western, to Marcus Morton. Morton's campaign was largely based on "radical" egalitarian opposition to aristocratic rule in the state.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign
In total, the state was divided between the Everett Whigs, Armstrong Whigs, Everett Anti-Masons, Van Buren Anti-Masons, "integrant" Van Buren Democrats, agrarian Democrats, and finally a dissatisfied "Free Bridge" group drawing from all parties.


1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
Everett won easily, but Morton gained his largest support yet. Despite Everett's nominal endorsement, Morton succeeded in drawing away many anti-Masonic voters and consolidated nearly all of the Working Men's support, which had gone for Samuel Allen in the previous two elections. Morton's running mate, running with the explicit Anti-Masonic endorsement, outpolled him by another 5,000 votes.


1835 Massachusetts legislature
The 56th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1835 during the governorship of John Davis. Benjamin T. Pickman and George Bliss served as presidents of the Senate. Julius Rockwell served as speaker of the House.


1835 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1835 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on October 5, 1835. Democrat nominee Stevens T. Mason defeated Whig nominee John Biddle with 91.22% of the vote.


1835 Naval Air Squadron
1835 Naval Air Squadron (1835 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.


1835 New Brunswick, New Jersey tornado
The 1835 New Brunswick, New Jersey, tornado of Friday, June 19, 1835, was the deadliest recorded in New Jersey history. It struck what is now part of downtown New Brunswick, along a path that stretched through or near what is now Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital property, rambled towards the site of Monument Square, and went downhill to the river from there, after wreaking havoc on George Street. The twister then destroyed all but two of twelve houses in Piscataway, New Jersey.


1835 New Brunswick, New Jersey tornado, Reporting
On June 20, 1835, the New York Evening Star reported: "About 5 o'clock yesterday afternoon, a tornado passed over the town of Piscataway, about two miles from New Brunswick, which destroyed every house but two. The current proceeded towards the City of New Brunswick, and made dreadful havoc in that place, destroying and injuring nearly one hundred and fifty houses in Liberty, Richmond and Schureman streets. The most melancholy part of the accident is the death of several persons. There were 5 deaths, and here are 4 of them. A widow lady by the name of Van Arsdale, a man called Henry Boorsem, formerly a midshipman in the Navy, who was killed in the street, and a boy named Bayard."


1835 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1835. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 95 to 96. Voter turnout was 52.3%, although only 5.6% of the country's population was eligible to vote.


1835 Paterson textile strike
The 1835 Paterson textile strike took place in Paterson, New Jersey, involved more than 2,000 workers from 20 textile mills across the city. The strikers, many of whom were children and of Irish descent, were seeking a reduction in daily working hours from thirteen and a half hours to eleven hours. Support from other workers in Paterson and nearby cities allowed the strikers to sustain their efforts for two weeks.


1835 Paterson textile strike
Employers refused to negotiate with the workers, and were able to break the strike by unilaterally declaring a reduction in work hours to twelve hours daily during the week and nine hours on Saturdays. Many leaders of the strike and their family were blacklisted by employers in Paterson after it ended.


1835 Paterson textile strike, Background
As the Industrial Revolution got under way, the 1830s were a time of significant labor unrest in the United States. Workers throughout the country had over the previous decade sought to secure shorter working days and higher wages, but many of these efforts and strikes failed. The famous but unsuccessful 1834 Lowell Mill strikes in Lowell, Massachusetts, had garnered widespread public attention and were followed closely by workers in other mill towns. In 1835, construction workers in Boston struck seeking shorter hours.


1835 Paterson textile strike, Background
This strike failed as well, despite support from unionists in a number of other cities including Philadelphia, Paterson, and Newark. Inspired by Boston, workers in a number of trades in Philadelphia began a campaign to secure a ten-hour day, and after receiving support from professionals in the city, were almost universally successful.


1835 Paterson textile strike, Strike
Workers in Paterson hoped to achieve similar success to those in Philadelphia. Just before Independence Day, they began a strike demanding shorter hours. They also demanded an end to the use of fines to enforce discipline in the mills, wage withholding, and the company store system in the town. In support of the strikers, an organization called the Paterson Association for the Protection of the Working Class was established. They also received monetary support from workers in Newark and New York City. The strikers were mainly children, mainly female, and many of them were of Irish descent. Due to this last fact, debate around the strike quickly became infused with nativist and anti-immigrant rhetoric, especially from the Lowell Intelligencer, a pro-management newspaper.


1835 Paterson textile strike, Strike
Management refused to meet with the strikers, and as a result workers at other mills began to walk out and join in. At its peak, 2000 workers from 20 mills were participating in the strike. In response, employers reduced hours, not to eleven as the strikers wanted, but to twelve on weekdays and nine on Saturday. This reduction broke the strike, and most of the workers returned to the mills. A few strikers continued to hold out for an eleven-hour day, but unsuccessfully.


1835 Paterson textile strike, Strike
Strike leaders and their families were permanently barred from employment in Paterson, having been blacklisted by the mill owners. Although the strike was broken, it achieved a significant reduction in work hours. According to historians David Roediger and Philip Foner, "...the strike, which added a dozen hours to each worker's weekly leisure, must have been counted a success by the children initiating it."


1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was among three candidates. Incumbent Governor George Wolf ran as an Independent Democrat. In the end Joseph Ritner won the election and became Pennsylvania's only Anti-Masonic governor.


1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Democratic schism
In March 1835 factionalism came to a head in Pennsylvania's dominant Democratic party as it convened at Harrisburg to nominate its candidate for governor. The supporters of the incumbent Wolf and those of Lutheran pastor Henry Muhlenberg, known respectively as the "Wolves" and the "Mules", deadlocked and adjourned to reconvene at Lewistown in May. The Wolf delegates, however, remained at Harrisburg and in a rump convention renominated the governor. The outraged "Mules" then proceeded as scheduled to Lewistown to nominate Muhlenberg.


1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Democratic schism
The resulting split Democratic vote enabled the Anti-Masons, with Whig support, to finally elect Ritner, who had lost the previous two elections.


1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Democratic schism
Tension between the "Wolves" and the "Mules" lasted until the mid-1840s.


1835 Philadelphia general strike
The 1835 Philadelphia general strike took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the first general strike in North America and involved some 20,000 workers who struck for a ten-hour workday and increased wages. The strike ended in complete victory for the workers.


1835 Philadelphia general strike, Background
Prior to the shorter work day movement, employers had hired and paid workers on the basis of the agriculture working day of "sun to sun" (sunrise to sunset) – a situation which meant comparatively short hours in the winter months but days extending to as many as fifteen hours during the late spring and early summer.


1835 Philadelphia general strike, Background
For some trades this worked out to a manageable average over the course of a year, but for the construction trades in particular, a business marked by heavy unemployment during the winter months owing to the weather, this state of affairs was regarded as an intolerable burden. As a result, the idea emerged that the length of the work day should be fixed by time rather than the rise and fall of the sun, and agitation for a ten-hour day began.