18-Methylsegesterone acetate
18-Methylsegesterone acetate (18-methyl-SGA; also known as 18-methylnestorone) is a progestin medication of the 19-norprogesterone group which was never marketed. It was first described in a patent in 1997 and then in a literature paper in 2003. 18-Methyl-SGA is the C18 methyl or C13β ethyl derivative of segesterone acetate (SGA; 16-methylene-17α-acetoxy-19-norprogesterone), and shows 3 to 10 times the progestogenic potency of SGA in bioassays. This is analogous to the case of the 19-nortestosterone progestin norethisterone and its 18-methyl derivative levonorgestrel, the latter showing substantially increased potency relative to the former similarly. As SGA is already one of the most potent progestins to have been developed, with 100-fold the potency of progesterone and 10-fold the potency of levonorgestrel in bioassays, 18-methyl-SGA is an extremely potent progestogen, among if not the most potent known.


18-Methylsegesterone acetate
SGA is a highly selective progestogen. Like SGA, 18-methyl-SGA shows negligible affinity for the androgen receptor. While 18-methyl-SGA has not been assessed at the other steroid hormone receptors, it is expected to be highly selective for the progesterone receptor similarly to SGA. 18-Methyl-SGA shows over 16 times the affinity of progesterone for the progesterone receptor expressed in rat uterus. In terms of oral bioavailability, it is known that SGA is not active orally, while the oral activity of 18-methyl-SGA is unknown. The addition of an 18-methyl group to SGA is unlikely to affect its rate of delivery from sustained release systems. As such, 18-methyl-SGA should be ideally suited for use via routes of administration like subcutaneous implants and transdermal patches.


18-Methyltestosterone
18-Methyltestosterone (18-MT) is an androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) which was never marketed. Along with 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone) and 17α-ethynyltestosterone (ethisterone), it is a parent structure of a number of progestogens and AAS. These include the progestogens levonorgestrel (17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone) and its derivatives (e.g., desogestrel, gestodene, norgestimate, gestrinone) as well as AAS such as norboletone (17α-ethyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone) and tetrahydrogestrinone (THG; δ9,11-17α-ethyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone).


18-Norabietane
18-Norabietane is a diterpene perhydrogenated phenanthrene derivative. It occurs in the mineral fichtelite.


18-Year-Old Virgin
18-Year-Old Virgin is a 2009 American sex comedy film directed by Tamara Olson, written by Naomi L. Selfman and starring Olivia Alaina May, Lauren Walsh and Todd Leigh. It was produced by The Asylum.


18-Year-Old Virgin, Premise
18 year old virgin, Katie Powers lusts after fellow student, Ryan Lambert and hopes to have sex with him at the high school graduation party. However, Ryan has a policy of not having sex with virgins. This leads Katie on a quest to lose her virginity before the night of the party.


18-bit computing
In computer architecture, 18-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are  18 bits (2.25 octets) wide. Also, 18-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size.


18-bit computing
18 binary digits have 262144 (1000000 octal, 40000 hexadecimal) distinct combinations.


18-bit computing
18 bits was a common word size for smaller computers in the 1960s, when large computers often used 36 bit words and 6-bit character sets, sometimes implemented as extensions of BCD, were the norm. There were also 18-bit teletypes experimented with in the 1940s.


18-bit computing, Example computer architectures
Possibly the most well-known 18-bit computer architectures are the PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-9 and PDP-15 minicomputers produced by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1960 to 1975. Digital's PDP-10 used 36-bit words but had 18-bit addresses.


18-bit computing, Example computer architectures
The UNIVAC produced several 18-bit computers, including the UNIVAC 418 and several military systems.


18-bit computing, Example computer architectures
The IBM 7700 Data Acquisition System was announced by IBM on December 2, 1963.


18-bit computing, Example computer architectures
The BCL Molecular 18 was a group of systems designed and manufactured in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s.


18-bit computing, Example computer architectures
The NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer NSSC-1 was developed as a standard component for the MultiMission Modular Spacecraft at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in 1974.


18-bit computing, Example computer architectures
The flying-spot store digital memory in the first experimental electronic switching systems used nine plates of optical memory that were read and written two bits at a time, producing a word size of 18 bits.


18-bit computing, Character encoding
The DEC Radix-50, called Radix 508 format, packs three characters plus two bits in each 18-bit word.


18-bit computing, Character encoding
The Teletype packs three characters in each 18-bit word; each character a 5-bit Baudot code and an upper-case bit.


18-bit computing, Character encoding
The DEC SIXBIT format packs three characters in each 18-bit word, each 6-bit character obtained by stripping the high bits from the 7-bit ASCII code, which folds lowercase to uppercase letters.


18-electron rule
The 18-electron rule is a chemical rule of thumb used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulas for stable transition metal complexes, especially organometallic compounds. The rule is based on the fact that the valence orbitals of transition metals consist of five d orbitals, one s orbital and three p orbitals which can collectively accommodate 18 electrons as either bonding or nonbonding electron pairs. This means that the combination of these nine atomic orbitals with ligand orbitals creates nine molecular orbitals that are either metal-ligand bonding or non-bonding.


18-electron rule
When a metal complex has 18 valence electrons, it is said to have achieved the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the period. The rule is not helpful for complexes of metals that are not transition metals, and interesting or useful transition metal complexes will violate the rule because of the consequences deviating from the rule bears on reactivity. The rule was first proposed by American chemist Irving Langmuir in 1921.


18-electron rule, Applicability
The rule usefully predicts the formulas for low-spin complexes of the Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co triads. Well-known examples include ferrocene, iron pentacarbonyl, chromium carbonyl, and nickel carbonyl.


18-electron rule, Applicability
Ligands in a complex determine the applicability of the 18-electron rule. In general, complexes that obey the rule are composed at least partly of π-acceptor ligands (also known as π-acids). This kind of ligand exerts a very strong ligand field, which lowers the energies of the resultant molecular orbitals so that they are favorably occupied. Typical ligands include olefins, phosphines, and CO. Complexes of π-acids typically feature metal in a low-oxidation state. The relationship between oxidation state and the nature of the ligands is rationalized within the framework of π backbonding.


18-electron rule, Applicability, Consequences for reactivity
Compounds that obey the 18-electron rule are typically "exchange inert". Examples include [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, Mo(CO)6, and [Fe(CN)6]4−. In such cases, in general ligand exchange occurs via dissociative substitution mechanisms, wherein the rate of reaction is determined by the rate of dissociation of a ligand. On the other hand, 18-electron compounds can be highly reactive toward electrophiles such as protons, and such reactions are associative in mechanism, being acid-base reactions.


18-electron rule, Applicability, Consequences for reactivity
Complexes with fewer than 18 valence electrons tend to show enhanced reactivity. Thus, the 18-electron rule is often a recipe for non-reactivity in either a stoichiometric or a catalytic sense.


18-electron rule, Applicability, Duodectet rule
Computational findings suggest valence p-orbitals on the metal participate in metal-ligand bonding, albeit weakly. However, Weinhold and Landis within the context of natural bond orbitals do not count the metal p-orbitals in metal-ligand bonding, although these orbitals are still included as polarization functions. This results in a duodectet (12-electron) rule for five d-orbitals and one s-orbital only.


18-electron rule, Applicability, Duodectet rule
The current consensus in the general chemistry community is that unlike the singular octet rule for main group elements, transition metals do not strictly obey either the 12-electron or 18-electron rule, but that the rules describe the lower bound and upper bound of valence electron count respectively. Thus, while transition metal d-orbital and s-orbital bonding readily occur, the involvement of the higher energy and more spatially diffuse p-orbitals in bonding depends on the central atom and coordination environment.


18-electron rule, Exceptions
π-donor or σ-donor ligands with small interactions with the metal orbitals lead to a weak ligand field which increases the energies of t2g orbitals. These molecular orbitals become non-bonding or weakly anti-bonding orbitals (small Δoct). Therefore, addition or removal of electron has little effect on complex stability. In this case, there is no restriction on the number of d-electrons and complexes with 12–22 electrons are possible. Small Δoct makes filling eg* possible (>18 e−) and π-donor ligands can make t2g antibonding (<18 e−). These types of ligand are located in the low-to-medium part of the spectrochemical series. For example: [ TiF6]2− (Ti(IV), d0, 12 e−), [Co(NH3)6]3+ (Co(III), d6, 18 e−), [Cu(OH2)6]2+ (Cu(II), d9, 21 e−).


18-electron rule, Exceptions
In terms of metal ions, Δoct increases down a group as well as with increasing oxidation number. Strong ligand fields lead to low-spin complexes which cause some exceptions to the 18-electron rule.


18-electron rule, Exceptions, 16-electron complexes
An important class of complexes that violate the 18e rule are the 16-electron complexes with metal d8 configurations. All high-spin d8 metal ions are octahedral (or tetrahedral), but the low-spin d8 metal ions are all square planar. Important examples of square-planar low-spin d8 metal Ions are Rh(I), Ir(I), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II). At picture below is shown the splitting of the d subshell in low-spin square-planar complexes. Examples are especially prevalent for derivatives of the cobalt and nickel triads. Such compounds are typically  square-planar. The most famous example is Vaska's complex (IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2), [PtCl4]2−, and Zeise's salt [PtCl3(η2-C2H4)]−. In such complexes, the dz2 orbital is doubly occupied and nonbonding.


18-electron rule, Exceptions, 16-electron complexes
Many catalytic cycles operate via complexes that alternate between 18-electron and square-planar 16-electron configurations. Examples include Monsanto acetic acid synthesis, hydrogenations, hydroformylations, olefin isomerizations, and some alkene polymerizations.


18-electron rule, Exceptions, 16-electron complexes
Other violations can be classified according to the kinds of ligands on the metal center.


18-electron rule, Exceptions, Bulky ligands
Bulky ligands can preclude the approach of the full complement of ligands that would allow the metal to achieve the 18 electron configuration. Examples:


18-electron rule, Exceptions, Bulky ligands
Sometimes such complexes engage in agostic interactions with the hydrocarbon framework of the bulky ligand. For example:


18-electron rule, Exceptions, High-spin complexes
High-spin metal complexes have singly occupied orbitals and may not have any empty orbitals into which ligands could donate electron density. In general, there are few or no π-acidic ligands in the complex. These singly occupied orbitals can combine with the singly occupied orbitals of radical ligands (e.g., oxygen), or addition of a strong field ligand can cause  electron-pairing, thus creating a vacant orbital that it can donate into. Examples:


18-electron rule, Exceptions, High-spin complexes
Complexes containing strongly π-donating ligands often violate the 18-electron rule. These ligands include fluoride (F−), oxide (O2−), nitride (N3−), alkoxides (RO−), and imides (RN2−). Examples:


18-electron rule, Exceptions, High-spin complexes
In the latter case, there is substantial donation of the nitrogen lone pairs to the Mo (so the compound could also be described as a 16 e− compound). This can be seen from the short Mo–N bond length, and from the angle Mo–N–C(R), which is nearly 180°. Counter-examples:


18-electron rule, Exceptions, High-spin complexes
In these cases, the M=O bonds are "pure" double bonds (i.e., no donation of the lone pairs of the oxygen to the metal), as reflected in the relatively long bond distances.


18-electron rule, Exceptions, π-donating ligands
Ligands where the coordinating atom bear nonbonding lone pairs often stabilize unsaturated complexes. Metal amides and alkoxides often violate the 18e rule


18-electron rule, Exceptions, Higher electron counts
Often, cases where complexes have more than 18 valence electrons are attributed to electrostatic forces – the metal attracts ligands to itself to try to counterbalance its positive charge, and the number of electrons it ends up with is unimportant. In the case of the metallocenes, the chelating nature of the cyclopentadienyl ligand stabilizes its bonding to the metal. Somewhat satisfying are the two following observations: cobaltocene is a strong electron donor, readily forming the 18-electron cobaltocenium cation; and nickelocene tends to react with substrates to give 18-electron complexes, e.g. CpNiCl(PR3) and free CpH.


18-electron rule, Exceptions, Higher electron counts
In the case of nickelocene, the extra two electrons are in orbitals which are weakly metal-carbon antibonding; this is why it often participates in reactions where the M–C bonds are broken and the electron count of the metal changes to 18.


18-electron rule, Exceptions, Higher electron counts
The 20-electron systems TM(CO)8− (TM = Sc, Y, La) have a cubic (Oh) equilibrium geometry and a singlet (1A1g) electronic ground state. There is one occupied valence MO with a2u symmetry, which is formed only by ligand orbitals without a contribution from the metal AOs. But the adducts TM(CO)8−  (TM=Sc, Y, La) fulfill the 18-electron rule when one considers only those valence electrons, which occupy metal–ligand bonding orbitals.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun
The 18"/48 caliber Mark 1 – United States Naval Gun was the initial name and design for a large caliber naval gun in the early 1920s. After the Washington Naval Treaty prohibited the development of guns larger than 16 in (406 mm), the gun was relined and finished as a high velocity 16"/56 Mark 4 gun. After the start of World War II, the gun was again relined to 18" and tested with a new Super Heavy Shell. The gun in its final form is currently displayed at the Dahlgren Naval Weapons Facility in Virginia, USA.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, Description
After World War I, the erstwhile allies were poised to start a massive and costly naval arms race, with the United Kingdom, United States, and Japan creating plans for large fleets of new battleships and battlecruisers. The 18"/48 cal Mark 1, designed in 1920, was the result of the progression to larger and more heavily armed capital ships. It was designed to fire a 2,900 lb (1,315 kg) AP shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s (823 m/s). The gun prototype was halfway completed when the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 prohibited the development of guns larger than 16-inches. Consequently, the prototype was converted to a long barrel 16-inch gun and thus never fired in its original design configuration.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, Description
Despite the treaty, battleship studies conducted in 1927-1928 had considered this gun, but was rejected due to excessive weight, very short liner life, and poor deck penetrating capability. The gun's size and weight meant that fewer 18-inch guns could be carried than 16-inch gun on a ship of a given size, while the large size and weight of the shells also reduced rate of fire.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 16"/56 caliber Mark 4
The 18"/48 cal Mark 1 was finished with an extra thick 16-inch liner, and the resulting weapon became the 16"/56 cal Mark 4. The gun was first tested at the Dahlgren proving grounds in 1927, with tests continuing into the 1930s. It fired a 2,100 lb (953 kg) AP shell at 3,000 ft/s (914 m/s) muzzle velocity, with a range of 49,383 yd (45,156 m) at 40° elevation. The high muzzle velocity of the prototype resulted in very short liner life of only 45 rounds, with a predicted liner life of 125 full charge rounds for the service weapon. During the early stages of the design process for the  Iowa-class battleship, the gun was briefly considered for the main battery, but was rejected due to short liner life; the belt armor of the Montana class was also designed against the 16"/56 cal gun.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18"/47 caliber Mark A
In 1938, with Japan's refusal to sign the Second London Naval Treaty and worsening situation in Europe and Asia, battleship studies once again considered 18-inch caliber main guns. During the early design stages of a 45,000-ton "slow" battleship alternative to the "fast" battleship design that would eventually result in the  Montana class, the 18"/48 cal gun option was considered in several proposals. The 16"/56 cal


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18"/47 caliber Mark A
Mark 4 had its threaded tip cut off and was then relined to 18-inches; this weapon was then designated as the 18"/47 cal Mark A and was used to test a 3,850 lb (1,746 kg) "Super Heavy" AP shell, which the gun fired at a nominal 2,400 ft/s (732 m/s) muzzle velocity, with a range of 43,453 yd (39,733 m) at 40° elevation. The highest energy shot was with a 3,848-lb projectile fired at 2,508 ft/s (764 m/s) with a maximum pressure of 19.91 tons per square inch.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18"/47 caliber Mark A
Ultimately, the General Board decided that a 16"/50 cal gun offered the best combination of performance and weight, and the new 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun was used by the  Iowa-class battleship design. The preeminence of naval aviation ended further developments into large caliber naval guns.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18"/47 caliber Mark A
While the 18"/47 cal Mark A was used to test the new "Super Heavy" 18-inch AP shell, if the caliber had been selected, a new lightweight 18"/48 cal Mark 2 gun would have been built. The new lightweight 18-inch gun would have fired the 3,850 lb "Super Heavy" shell at 2,500 ft/s (762 m/s) muzzle velocity, with a design reflecting those used in the contemporary 16"/50 cal Mark 7 gun rather than the 1920s technology used in the 18"/47 cal Mark A construction.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18"/47 caliber Mark A
While the development of large caliber naval guns ceased after World War 2, the gun was subsequently used for the development of low-drag aerial bombs. In this role, the gun fired a total of 114 shots, with the final shot occurring on 7 November 1957. With the conclusion of testing, the gun was placed on display at the Dahlgren Naval Weapons Facility in Virginia, USA.


18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, Construction
The built-up gun is constructed of liner, a tube, jacket, nine hoops, six locking rings, a separate yoke ring and screw box liner. The breech mechanism was a down-swinging Welin block with vertical lever operating gear. Chromium plating of the bore was considered in the 1940s but never carried out.


18-point agreement
The 18-point agreement, or the 18-point memorandum, was a list of 18 points drawn up by Sarawak, proposing terms to form Malaysia, during negotiations prior to the creation of the new federation in 1963.


18-point agreement
A Commission of Enquiry, headed by Lord Cameron Cobbold, and The Lansdowne Committee, an inter-governmental committee, were appointed to aid in the drafting of the Malaysia Agreement. Lord Lansdowne served for Britain and Tun Abdul Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, served for Malaya. The 18 points were based on the Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah. A similar memorandum, known as the 20-point agreement, was prepared and submitted by North Borneo. The 18-point agreement often serves as a focal point amongst those who argue that Sarawak's rights within the Federation have been eroded over time like Sabah.


18-pounder long gun
The 18-pounder long gun was an intermediary calibre piece of artillery mounted on warships of the Age of sail. They were used as main guns on the most typical frigates of the early 19th century, on the second deck of third-rate ships of the line, and even on the third deck of late first-rate ships of the line.


18-pounder long gun, Usage
As the 18-pounder calibre was consistent with both the French and the British calibre systems, it was used in many European navies between the 17th and the 19th century. It was a heavy calibre for early ships of the line, arming, for instance, the main batteries of Couronne in 1636. From the late 18th century, the French Navy used the 18-pounder in three capacities: as the main gun on frigates, as the battery on the upper gundeck of two-deckers, and lastly on the top deck of three-deckers.


18-pounder long gun, Usage
French frigates began carrying the 18-pounder under Louis XV, when the two  Pourvoyeuse-class frigates, originally designed to carry 24-pounders, were equipped with it; at the time, a typical frigate would carry 12-pounders. Under Louis XVI, from 1779, the 18-pounder gradually became the standard calibre for frigates, starting with the  Hébé class. These frigates were built on standard patterns designed by Jacques-Noël Sané, carrying 26, and later 28 main guns, complemented with smaller pieces on the forecastle. Around 130 of these frigates were built. At the end of the First French Empire, 24-pounder frigates began supplanting the 18-pounder frigates. Frigates built after the Bourbon Restoration used a different artillery system, one involving 30-pounders.


18-pounder long gun, Usage
On two-deckers, the 18-pounder was mounted on the upper deck as secondary artillery, to complement the 36-pounder main artillery on the lower deck. A 74-gun would carry thirty 18-pounders; this lighter secondary battery added firepower to the ship without raising the centre of gravity too much.


18-pounder long gun, Usage
In rough weather, vessels often could not use their main battery lest water enter through the gun-ports, and the secondary battery then became the vessel's main armament; for example, the Droits de l'Homme was effectively reduced to the firepower of a frigate when she fought the action of 13 January 1797 in stormy weather, leading to her destruction at the hand of two British frigates that would normally not have been a match for her; in the opposite case, during the Glorious First of June, Vengeur du Peuple used her main batteries but became unmanageable and sank after taking in water from her lower gun-ports, whose covers had been ripped off in a collision with HMS Brunswick.


18-pounder long gun, Usage
Three-deckers used 36-pounders on their lower decks and 24-pounders on their second deck. Until 1803, the third deck was equipped with 12-pounder guns, as a heavier gun would have destabilised the ship; after this date, however, Sané introduced design improvements that allowed installation of 18-pounders on the third deck of Impérial; later 120-gun ships of the line used the same arrangement; these ships carried thirty-four 18-pounders. During the First French Empire, 18-pounders would also arm Type 1 Model Towers for coastal defence.


18-pounder long gun, Usage
After introduction of rifled artillery in the middle 19th century, long 18-pounders were converted into so-called "14 cm n° 1 rifled muzzle-loaders Model 1864", by etching grooves on the inside of the barrel.


18-pounder long gun, Usage
The Royal Navy used the 18-pounder on frigates, which carried 28 guns. Fourth-rate ships carried 26 on their secondary batteries, and third rates carried 28. Unlike the French, the British used second rates, of 90 to 98 guns; the 90-gun vessels carried thirty 18-pounders on their middle deck, while the 98-gun vessels carried a total of sixty 18-pounders, distributed over both the second and the third deck. First rates carried thirty-four 18-pounders on their third deck and 24-pounders on the middle deck.


18-pounder long gun, Usage
In his discussion of the single-ship action in which the French frigate Piémontaise captured the East Indiaman Warren Hastings on 11 June 1805, the naval historian William James compared the 18-pounder medium guns on Warren Hastings with the 18-pounder long guns that the British Royal Navy used. The medium 18-pounder was 6 ft (1.8 m) long, and weighed 263⁄4 cwt (2,996 lb, 1,359.0 kg); the Royal Navy's long 18-pounder was 9 ft (2.7 m) long and weighed 421⁄2 cwt (4,760 lb, 2,159.1 kg).


18-pounder short gun
The 18-pounder short gun was an intermediary calibre piece of artillery mounted on warships and merchantmen of the Age of sail. It was a lighter version of the 18-pounder long gun, compromising power and range for weight.


18-pounder short gun
In his discussion of the single-ship action in which the French frigate Piémontaise captured the East Indiaman Warren Hastings on 11 June 1805, the naval historian William James compared the 18-pounder medium guns on Warren Hastings with the 18-pounder long guns that the British Royal Navy used. The medium 18-pounder was 6 ft (1.8 m) long, and weighed 263⁄4 Cwt (2,996 lb (1,359.0 kg)); the Royal Navy's long 18-pounder was 9 ft (2.7 m) and weighed 421⁄2 Cwt (4,760 lb (2,159.1 kg)).


18. Oktober 1977
18. Oktober 1977 is the title of a series of paintings by Gerhard Richter. It is based on photographs that document the deaths of three leading terrorists  of the Baader-Meinhof Group in the Stammheim Prison after the release of the hostages in the hijacking by four members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine of Lufthansa Flight 181. The series shows events from a period of several years, from the capture of the terrorists to their burial. A youth portrait of Ulrike Meinhof occupies a special position.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
The series consists of 15 paintings in dull grey tones executed in oil paint after police and press photos, their contours blurred. The terrorism of the Red Army Faction (RAF), which kept the Federal Republic of Germany in suspense for ten years, is for Richter a metaphor for any ideology based on inhumanity. In an interview the artist clarifies his motives and responds to the question of whether the RAF is a victim of its own ideology: Certainly. But not victim of a certain left- or right-wing ideology, but of ideological behaviour in general. It has more to do with the eternal human dilemma: revolutionize and fail. The series originated between March and November 1988, ten years after the events. From hundreds of photos, Richter selected twelve motifs that he used to create 18 paintings, of which he later rejected three.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Holger Meins are depicted in the paintings, but the characters are neither easily identifiable by their facial features nor by the titles of the paintings. The titles and the images are kept impersonal. The level of blur of the images differs; Only Meinhof and Ensslin are recognizable because they are less blurred, the others can only be identified after comparison with the source photos.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
Tote (English: Dead) is the title of three paintings (62 × 67 cm, 62 × 62 cm, 35 × 40 cm, Catalogue Raisonné: 667/1-3), that show a side view of the head and shoulders of Ulrike Meinhof lying on her back after her suicide on May 9, 1976. The images become progressively more blurry as their size decreases, and the clipping varies.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
The painting Erhängte (English: Hanged) (200 × 140 cm, Catalogue Raisonné: 668) reveals the shadowy figure of Gudrun Ensslin, who hanged herself on 18 October 1977 from the bars of her cell in Stammheim. There was a second version that Richter did not include in the cycle and painted over (Decke, Catalogue Raisonné: 680/3).


18. Oktober 1977, Description
In the paintings Erschossener 1 und Erschossener 2 (English: Man Shot Down 1 and Man Shot Down 2) (both 100 × 140 cm, Catalogue Raisonné: 669 / 1-2) the body of Andreas Baader can be seen lying on the cell floor. Both pictures were made after a police photo published in the Stern magazine in 1980, the second picture being more blurred.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
Zelle (English: Cell) (200 × 140 cm, Catalogue Raisonné: 670) Shows Baader's cell after the discovery of the suicides. Like the others, this picture refers to a police photo. It was published in Stern in 1980. The right side of the picture is dominated by a book case, with notable blurring in the vertical direction.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
The paintings Gegenüberstellung 1-3 (English: Confrontation 1-3) (112 x 120 cm. Catalogue Raisonné: 671/1-3) were based on press photos made after the arrest of Gudrun Ensslin in the summer of 1972. Richter heavily cropped the image to the upper body of the prisoners, the situation can only be conjectured from the shadow cast on the wall.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
The least amount of blurring is evident in Jugendbildnis (English: Youth portrait) (67 × 62 cm, Catalogue Raisonné: 672-1), that represents a 22 year old Ulrike Meinhof. The original photograph is from October 10, 1966.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
No other image shows its subject in such clarity. [ ...] Presentient, but unencumbered in its youthfulness is the gaze of the young Ulrike Meinhof who looks into the viewer's space from the black of the background. Temporarily ahead of the other motifs, the look signals dreamy confidence. Like in no other picture, the figure prevails against the texture of blurring and signals a remainder of immediacy; a directness that negates the entire series in its thematization of mediated communicability.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
Relatively clear is also Plattenspieler (English: Record Player) (62 × 83 cm, Catalogue Raisonné: 672-2). It takes a special role in the cycle. With tone arm resting beside the record, it seems to fix a moment of silence, but in fact the record player was the "catalyst for the tragic outcome of history"; Baader's pistol was hidden inside it, and to the left of the machine are the cables that served Ensslin as a deadly sling.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
Beerdigung (English: Funeral) (200 × 320 cm, Werkverzeichnis: 673) is the largest image in the series. It shows the burial of Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin und Jan-Carl Raspe at the Dornhaldenfriedhof in Stuttgart on October 27, 1977. Their three coffins are clearly visible in the centre of the painting, surrounded by an anonymous crowd of mourners.


18. Oktober 1977, Description
Festnahme 1 and Festnahme 2 (English: Arrest 1 and Arrest 2 ) (both 92 × 126 cm, Catalogue Raisonné: 674/1-2) are based on police photographs that were taken during the arrest of Holger Meins, Andreas Baader und Jan-Carl Raspe on June 1, 1972 in Frankfurt am Main and that were published on June 8, 1972 in the magazine Stern. A garage yard is recognizable, with several cars, including an armoured police car. Of the arrested terrorists, only Holger Meins is visible in the second image.


18. Oktober 1977, Exhibitions
The series was first exhibited in Museum Haus Esters in Krefeld in 1989. In the same year, exhibitions at Portikus in Frankfurt am Main, the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London and Museum Boymans van Beuningen in Rotterdam followed. In 1990 the paintings were exhibited in the Saint Louis Art Museum, the Grey Art Gallery in New York, the Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal and the Lannan Foundation in Los Angeles.


18. Oktober 1977, Exhibitions
The series was on display at the Museum für Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt am Main, as a long-term loan from the artist until it was sold to the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1995. In 2004 it was part of the exhibition Das MoMA in Berlin in the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. From February 5, 2011 to May 15, 2011 the Bucerius Kunst Forum in Hamburg showed the work as part of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche. From May 18, 2014 to September  7, 2014 the work was at the Fondation Beyeler in Riehen (Basel). From May 18, 2014 to September 2014 it was exhibited at the Fondation Beyeler in Riehen (Basel, Switzerland).


18.05.2009
18.05.2009 (read as 18 May 2009) is a 2018 Indian Tamil language drama war film written and directed by K Ganeshan. The film is about the bloody end to the Sri Lankan Civil War .K Ganeshan states he believes he has the “blessings of the thousands of Tamils who were massacred by the Sri Lankan Army on May 18, 2009.” Dhaanya made her acting debut through this film which she depicted it as a difficult debut. She plays a journalist in the film.


18.05.2009
The music for the film is composed by veteran music director Ilaiyaraaja.


18.05.2009, Release
The film released on 18 May 2018. Actress Dhanya received death threats for acting nude in the film. Maalai Malar praised the director's intention, the performances of the film's cast, and the film's soundtrack.


18.11: A Code of Secrecy
18.11: A Code of Secrecy  is a 2014 Indian Hindi action film written and directed by Mohibul Haque and Produced by Merina Hauque. Under the banner of Ultimate Pictures, the film stars Rehal Khan, Gulshan Grover and Mukesh Tiwari in the lead roles. The movie has been listed as one of the worst Hindi movies ever by many critics.


18.11: A Code of Secrecy, Production
This film produced by Merina Haque. Gulshan Grover visit Assam first time for this movie shooting. This film shot in Dhubri, Hajo, Guwahati and Shillong.


18.11: A Code of Secrecy, Soundtrack
The music of 18.11 A Code of secrecy is composed by Jaan Nissar Lone. Lyrics were by Tanveer Ghazi &Sahil Fatehpuri.


18.61
18.61 is the fifth studio album by the American metallic hardcore band 108. The album follows 2007's A New Beat from a Dead Heart. The album was the first to be recorded with drummer Michael Justian, formerly of Trap Them and Unearth. 18.61 was released on April 13, 2010, through Deathwish Inc.


18.61, Background
The band entered the studio to record 18.61 with Alex Garcia-Rivera, formerly of Give Up the Ghost, in February 2009 originally intending to record a four-song EP. The band stated, "Our desire was to record a raw and stripped down record, and once we hit the studio, things developed so quickly that it was clear that recording just an EP was out of the question." 18.61 was mixed by Kurt Ballou of Converge at his own GodCity studio.


18.61, Background
18.61 is the final album released by 108 with lead singer Robert Fish. In March 2010, before the official release of 18.61, Fish announced his departure citing that he was "struggling to find my place within 108 due to the personal evolution I have gone through." After the departure of Fish, the remaining members of 108 discussed the possibilities of ending the band and breaking up. However, in April 2010, the band announced that 108 would continue without Robert Fish.


18.61, Background
While the band has no intention of replacing their former lead singer, 108 will still tour in support of 18.61 and continue writing new music. Commenting on the departure of Fish, guitarist Vic DiCara stated, "Robert's contribution to the band was so vast and touched so many aspects of 108, that we fully realize [we] can not 'replace' him. We don't plan to try. Instead, we will do something very different from what we did as a band with him."


18.61, Background
The theme of 18.61 continues with 108's strong interest in Hare Krishna. The title of the album references the 61st couplet of the 18th chapter of the sacred Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita. The passage translates in English to "The controller of all lies at the heart of the machine, and connects its wires to the living being who is under its spell."


180
Year 180 (CLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Condianus (or, less frequently, year 933 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 180 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


180 (2011 American film)
180 (also known as 180: Changing the Heart of a Nation or 180 Movie) is a 2011 American anti-abortion documentary short film produced by New Zealand evangelist Ray Comfort, founder of Living Waters Publications. The film is self-distributed by Living Waters on DVD and has been posted publicly on the group's official website and YouTube channel. The film is notable for comparing abortions to the Holocaust.


180 (2011 American film), Synopsis
The film begins by showing images of the Holocaust, and stating that Adolf Hitler sanctioned the killing of 11 million people. This is followed by Comfort interviewing people about Hitler; their responses indicate a lack of historical knowledge, although he also finds a neo-Nazi who says he loves Hitler. Comfort proposes a hypothetical situation to his interviewees, asking if they would kill Hitler if they had the opportunity at that time in history. He asks more hypotheticals dealing with what his interviewees might do in other circumstances related to the Holocaust.


180 (2011 American film), Synopsis
He then switches his topic to make similar comparisons to abortion within the United States and the right to life.


180 (2011 American film), Synopsis
The documentary concludes with Comfort stating that over 50 million abortions have occurred to date; he calls this the "American Holocaust".


180 (2011 American film), Background
The documentary was originally intended to be a free DVD supplement to Comfort's book Hitler, God, and the Bible. Comfort compared his film to the YouTube video Charlie Bit My Finger, which had accumulated millions of views, and offered his hope that 180 would achieve the same viewership and thus serve to shift opinion on abortion.


180 (2011 American film), Reception
Within days, 180 had over half a million views on YouTube, while weeks later, it hit the 1.2 million mark.


180 (2011 American film), Reception
On October 12, 2011, The Huffington Post wrote an article critical of 180. The article quoted Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel, who said in a 1991 interview with On The Issues Magazine, "It is blasphemy to reduce a tragedy of such monumental proportions to this human tragedy, and abortion is a human tragedy." According to The Huffington Post, "the film, which shows a series of graphic images, is gaining attention not only because of its controversial comparison, but because it highlights 14 people who do not know who Adolf Hitler was".


180 (2011 American film), Reception
The Christian Examiner called the film "dramatic" and stated that it was "gaining national attention". It reported on Ray Comfort's use of "morally charged" questions and his attempts to change the minds of "mostly college-aged" interviewees, and how eight of those interviewed who previously espoused a pro-choice view changed their minds as a result of the interview.


180 (2011 American film), Reception
British newspaper The Catholic Herald criticised the film for bludgeoning and hectoring its subjects and audience and using "verbal violence" when love was the better way to change people's minds; however it also found that many of its readers agreed with the film's message and tactics.


180 (2011 American film), Reception
The Anti- Defamation League criticized the film for equating the World War II murder of Jews during the Holocaust to abortion in the United States and called it "cynical and perverse". It criticized the film's use of images of bodies in concentration camps and Jews being shot and in mass graves intercut with segments of people offering opinions about the Holocaust and abortion. It also challenged Comfort's method of critically questioning those interviewees who spoke negatively about Hitler and yet were more liberal in the views about abortion and women's right to choose.


180 (2011 American film), Reception
Abraham H. Foxman, the national director of the ADL and himself a Holocaust survivor, criticized the film, stating "This film is a perverse attempt to make a case against abortion in America through the cynical abuse of the memory of those killed in the Holocaust," adding "It is, quite frankly, one of the most offensive and outrageous abuses of the memory of the Holocaust we have seen in years." He decried the film's assertion that there is somehow "a moral equivalency between the Holocaust and abortion" and its bringing Jews and Jewish history into a discussion that then urges viewers to "repent and accept Jesus as their savior."


180 (2011 American film), Reception
The Florida Independent reported that Ray Comfort is "turning his attention to high schools" in order to "fill in gaps in education about the Holocaust". It reports the film as "largely anti-abortion propaganda" which has "become extremely popular in anti-abortion circles".


180 (2011 American film), Reception
The makers also had trouble with some billboard owners who refused to carry advertising for the film, with Comfort complaining one Jewish company owner was particularly opposed. Comfort also said "three of the largest billboard companies in Southern California" refused to advertise it.


180 (2011 American film), Reception
In 2015, a woman from the United Kingdom was dismissed from a Christian school and then contacted by Child Protective Services for showing the film to her own children.


180 (2011 American film), Release
The documentary was produced by Ray Comfort with the help of his ministry, Living Waters Publications. It was released on Sunday, September 18, 2011. As of November 4, 2011, the film had received over 1 million views on its official website.


180 (2011 Indian film)
180 is a 2011 Indian romantic drama film directed by Jayendra Panchapakesan who co-wrote the film with Subha and Umarji Anuradha. The film was shot simultaneously in Telugu and Telugu, the latter titled  Nootrenbadhu. It stars Siddharth, Priya Anand and Nithya Menen with notable roles being played by Moulee, Tanikella Bharani and Geetha among others.


180 (2011 Indian film)
Nootrenbadhu marks Siddharth's comeback to Tamil cinema after seven years; his last Tamil outing being Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004). The film was shot on a Red One camera. Produced by SPI Cinemas and Aghal Films, the film's Tamil version was distributed by Ayngaran International. The music was composed by Sharreth, with cinematography handled by Balasubramaniem and editing work done by Kishore Te. The film was released on 25 June 2011.


180 (2011 Indian film), Plot
Dr. Ajay "AJ" Kumar (Siddharth) comes to Hyderabad (Chennai in the Tamil version) and introduces himself as Mano. He rents a house owned by elderly couple S. V. S. Murthy (T. S. B. K. Moulee) and Jayam (Geetha). A do-gooder, Ajay lives life with a purpose. He gets along with everyone and wins the hearts of those whom he is close with. D. "Vidya" Vidyalakshmi (Nithya Menen), a newspaper photojournalist, gets acquainted with him. Ajay is the sort of person who finds satisfaction in helping others.


180 (2011 Indian film), Plot
He sponsors the education of street children with the help of Vidya, who is attracted by his good nature. Things take a turn when she tells him about her feelings. Ajay, without informing her, decides to leave the city. Meanwhile, a flashback reveals that Ajay was a doctor in San Francisco, where he meets Renuka "Renu" Narayanan (Priya Anand), an interior designer. They get married only to be told months later that Ajay has pancreatic cancer and has about six months left - hence the title 180 (180 days).


180 (2011 Indian film), Plot
As Ajay is about to leave Chennai, Vidya meets with an accident and has to be operated upon. Ajay takes Vidya to San Francisco for treatment. While in San Francisco, he meets his friend RJ "Sam" Sambasivam (Sricharan) who asks him to meet Renu, but Ajay leaves as he sees her life happier without him. It is revealed that Ajay had faked his death to make Renu believe that he had died so that she would not suffer thinking about him every day. Now seeing her content, he decides not to meet Renu. He misses his flight to India and goes to Brazil instead. Now in Rio de Janeiro, he goes by the name Jose. He is seen playing football, waiting for his death.


180 (2011 Indian film), Production
Advertisement film maker Jayendra announced his first feature film, as a bilingual on 15 June 2010 at AVM Studios in Vadapalani, Chennai; featuring Siddharth in the lead role, marking his return to Tamil cinema after seven years since Aaytha Ezhuthu (2004). Priya Anand and Nithya Menen were roped in to play the lead roles alongside Siddharth. This film marks Menen's Tamil debut. The film crew features Sharreth, Balasubramaniem and Kishore Te as the composer, cinematographer and editor respectively.


180 (2011 Indian film), Production
Filming took place on 15 June 2010, at the day on the launch, and shot in Chennai, Hyderabad and San Francisco; and was shot using Red Digital cinema camera. The film is titled as 180 but for Tamil versiontitle was speculated to be Putham Pudhu Kadhali, before announcing the title as Nootrenbadhu, which means 180 in Tamil, in order to get tax-exemption.


180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack
The soundtrack for 180 was composed by Malayalam composer Sharreth. The film was his third project in Tamil and second in Telugu. Think Music, a subsidiary of SPI Cinemas, the film's production company, acquired the music rights for both Tamil and Telugu versions. The album consists of 7 tracks, primarily performed by Malayalam playback singers, and also features an additional track "Continua" which was composed by Mani Sharma.


180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack
The film's Tamil version of the soundtrack album was released on 13 May 2011, at Sathyam Cinemas, with noted film director Mani Ratnam, cinematographer P. C. Sreeram being present along with actors Arya, Jayam Ravi and Shiva and the entire film crew. The audio of the Telugu version was launched on 28 May 2011 at Prasad Labs in Hyderabad, and the launching event was graced by actors Ram, Shruti Hassan, Sunil, producer Allu Aravind, Shyam Prasad Reddy, Daggubati Suresh Babu, director B. V. Nandini Reddy, among with the film's cast and crew. The audio CDs were released by D. Suresh Babu and Allu Aravind.


180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack
As an interesting experiment, Swaroop Reddy, the CEO of Think Music had launched an e-store for the audio label, where the tracks could be purchased for the price you quote, which is a new concept for Indian music industry. The songs were made available on the store, upon its release.


180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack
All lyrics are written by Madhan Karky, except the track "Nyaayam Thaana" is written by lyricist Viveka; all music is composed by Sharreth, except the track "Continua" is composed by Mani Sharma.


180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack
All lyrics are written by Vanamali; all music is composed by Sharreth, except the track "Continua" is composed by Mani Sharma.


180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack, Critical response
The soundtrack received positive reviews. Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff gave the album a score of three stars out of five and quoted "Sharreth seems to be a music composer who doesn't play by the rules; he veers this way and that in his songs, which actually provides spice and makes for an interesting listening experience. Nee Korinal and AJ make for pleasant listens, while the rest offer something out of the ordinary. Go for it."


180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack, Critical response
Behindwoods.com gave a rating of three and a half stars out of five and said that the album was "Novel and worth listening to", further citing: "The music arrangement is again different. Very situational, with right visuals, the song has good chances of making it big. Overall, Sharreth and Jayendra have gone full throttle in experimenting with music in 180's album. Such initiatives should be welcomed with both hands." Indiaglitz said: "The songs are new, refreshing and nice to listen to. Sharreth has ensured that he delivers with different sound, apparently to reach the target audience - the youngsters.


180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack, Critical response
Jayendra seems to have extracted what he wanted to from the music composer. The lyrics too are simple and catchy. A blend of new and seasoned singers gives solidity to the songs." Milliblog reviewed the soundtrack as "180 is unconventional in every way, right from the title to all its songs! Overall, an enchanting soundtrack from Sharreth!" MusicAloud rated the album 8.5/10, choosing "Sandhikkaatha Kangalil", "Nee Korinaal", "AJ", "Siru Siru Kanavugal" as their top picks, while stating a bottomline "One of Sharreth’s best works in recent times that sees him in fabulous touch. Hope he contributes an equally wonderful soundtrack to Malayalam soon."


180 (2011 Indian film), Release
The film's first posters were released in Tamil and Telugu on 14 February 2011, coinciding with Valentine's Day. A formal press meet held at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai on 30 March 2011, where the makers launched the film's official website. Theatrical trailer of the film's Tamil version was unveiled on 25 May 2011, and the Telugu version was released on 28 May 2011, during the film's audio launch event. It was unveiled by Ram, Shruti Hassan and producer Allu Aravind.


180 (2011 Indian film), Release
Initially, the film was scheduled to release on 20 May 2011, and pushed to 10 June 2011, but the makers finally announced that the film will be released on 25 June 2011, in both Tamil and Telugu versions.


180 (2011 Indian film), Release
The satellite rights of the film's Tamil version were sold to Jaya TV, and the Telugu version was sold to Gemini TV. The media rights include satellite rights and ringtones.


180 (2011 Indian film), Release
On 4 August 2011, Ayngaran International released the Tamil version of the movie on Blu-ray, DVD and VCD formats. The Telugu version was released by Volga Video on 15 September 2011.


180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, Nootrenbadhu
Behindwoods.com gave two and a half out of five, claiming the film had "great visuals, wonderful colors, weak screenplay" further citing that "one gets a feeling that the screenplay, especially in second half might be the weakest link". CNN-IBN rated it two and a half, claiming that "Jayendra has made a stylish film using the essentials of an ad film" and that the film had come out as a "finely made film with some good performances without novelty or the gripping element".


180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, Nootrenbadhu
Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff also gave two and a half out of five, concluding: "180 is a visual feast, no doubt about it. Sadly it falls prey to clichés and lagging pace". Sify.com noted the film was totally different from the "assembly line mass masalas that is flooding the screens" and "worth a look for its superior packaging with a touch of class". Karthik Subramaniam from The Hindu criticized that the film lacked is in its screenplay and narration, that the story failed to engage and that the pace was slow.


180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, Nootrenbadhu
He summarized that the film felt like a "present with more attention paid to the wrapper than what's inside". N. Venkateswaran from The Times of India gave two and a half stars out of five and said "The weakest link in the story/screenplay (by Jayendra and Subha) is the character of Dr Ajay Kumar – though he is shown to be a highly educated doctor, he loses the plot when he finds out that is suffering from pancreatic cancer".


180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, Nootrenbadhu
However, Rohit Ramachandran of Nowrunning.com rated it four out of five stars, stating that there was not "a flash of brilliance in Nootrenbadhu but instead, a big heart and an empathetic soul giving it honesty, meaning and eloquence", further citing it had "both high and low spirits but it tugs at your emotional chords mainly in the second half". He also hailed it as the best film of 2011.


180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, 180
Idlebrain.com gave three out of five and stated that the plus points of the film were "casting and technical aspects (cinematography, music and post-production). On the flip side, the narration of the film is very slow and the last half-an-hour of the film is a bit confusing". Daily News and Analysis gave one and a half and said: "180 feels like there was an explosion at the sob story factory and little pieces from dozens of different films were jammed together into one dreadful mutant. The whole terminal illness melodrama attacks your chest so relentlessly, that by the time it's over you’re forced to beg for a defibrillator".


180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Box office
The film collected ₹8 million in Chennai in the first three days with theaters reporting around 90% occupancy. After two weeks, it collected ₹12 million with occupancy going up to 90%.


180 (album)
180 is the first studio album by London indie rock group Palma Violets. It was released on 25 February 2013 and follows their debut single "Best of Friends" the previous year, which was selected as 'Best Track Of 2012' by NME magazine.


180 (album), Background
The album title is taken from the studio in Lambeth, London in which the band often performs. Palma Violets signed to Rough Trade Records in May 2012, a label that features The Libertines, The Strokes and The Smiths as signed artists.


180 (number)
180 (one hundred [and] eighty) is the natural number following 179 and preceding 181.


180 (number), In mathematics
180 is an abundant number, with its proper divisors summing up to 366. 180 is also a highly composite number, a positive integer with more divisors than any smaller positive integer. One of the consequences of 180 having so many divisors is that it is a practical number, meaning that any positive number smaller than 180 that is not a divisor of 180 can be expressed as the sum of some of 180's divisors. 180 is a refactorable number.


180 (number), In mathematics
180 is the sum of two square numbers: 122 + 62. It can be expressed as either the sum of six consecutive prime numbers: 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41, or the sum of eight consecutive prime numbers: 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37. 180 is an Ulam number, which can be expressed as a sum of earlier terms in the Ulam sequence only as 177 + 3.


180 (number), In mathematics
Summing Euler's totient function φ(x) over the first + 24 integers gives 180.


180 (number), In mathematics
180 is a Harshad number in base 10, and in binary it is a digitally balanced number, since its binary representation has the same number of zeros as ones (10110100).


180 (number), In religion
The Book of Genesis says that Isaac died at the age of 180.


180 (video game)
180 is a darts video game released for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, Atari 8-bit family in 1986 and MSX in 1987.


180 (video game), Gameplay
The player competes in 501 darts against other darts players waiting in a championship tournament with normal darts rules applying, subtracting your score from 501 to zero whilst finishing on a double. Beginning at the quarter finals, the player must win a best of three match to advance through the tournament. Win another match in the semi final stage to advance to the final and face the World Champion Jammy Jim. In the final match however, the player needs to win just one leg against him to win the tournament. Players can also compete against another human player or play Round the Clock, throwing darts around the dartboard from 20 to 1 within a time limit.


180 (video game), Gameplay, Opponents
There are a total of eight computer-controlled opponents in the game. Before the start of the match, the computer randomly selects an opponent, though Jammy Jim can only be played in the final. The opponents are Del Boy Desmond Sure Shot Sidney, Devious Dave, Limp Wrist Larry, Beer Belly Bill, Mega Mick,Tactical Tel, and Jammy Jim.


180 (video game), Reception
At the time of its release, ratings for the game were favourable. The Spectrum version got a 72% rating from Crash magazine who labelled it as "the best darts game ever". The Commodore 64 version received a 70% rating from ZZAP! magazine. The Amstrad version got a rating of 67% from Amstrad Action.


180 (video game), Reception
The game was reviewed in Sinclair User, which rated the game 5 out of 5, stating "Darts ought to be boring and tedious, but with 180 it has been made funny, exciting and very impressive, a closet hit." The game was reviewed in Your Sinclair, which rated the game 9 out of 10, stating "In its presentation, 180 does veer toward the macho, crafty cockney Bristow school of darts rather than that of Gentleman John Lowe, but otherwise there's little to quibble about - a winner across the board!" The game was reviewed in ACE, stating "The definitive computer darts game. If you must play arrows on your micro then this is the one to get."


180 AM
No licensed radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 180 kHz any longer. In the United States, this frequency falls within the 160-190 kHz LowFER band allowed by Part 15 of the Federal Communications Commission, and hobby stations are permitted to use this frequency.


180 BC
Year 180 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Luscus and Piso/Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 574 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 180 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


180 Brisbane
180 Brisbane is a 152-metre skyscraper in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The site is owned by Daisho.


180 Brisbane
The modern style office building is located at 180 Ann Street in the Brisbane central business district. The building was nicknamed the Brisbane River Tower as the building facade shows a huge imprint of the Brisbane River.


180 Brisbane
The Commonwealth Bank of Australia is the anchor tenant who have leased six floors and the building's sky signage rights.


180 Brisbane
Construction of the tower was delayed due to a slump in Brisbane's commercial property market. The building was completed in late 2015.


180 Degree (MC Mong album)
180 Degree is a 2004 album by MC Mong. This album is MC Mong's first solo album. This album features female vocalist Lyn.


180 Degree Capital
180 Degree Capital Corp. (f/k/a Harris & Harris Group) ("180") is a publicly traded registered closed-end management investment company. 180 was incorporated in 1981, and it completed an initial public offering (IPO) in 1983. In March 2017, 180 changed its investment focus from investing in privately held companies to investing in microcapitalization publicly traded companies with a constructive activist approach.


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless
180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, or simply 180° South, is a 2010 documentary directed by Chris Malloy that covers the journey of Jeff Johnson as he travels from Ventura, California to Patagonia, Chile. He retraces the 1968 trip that Yvon Chouinard and Doug Tompkins took in their Ford E-Series Econoline Van with the end goal of climbing Fitz Roy, one of the more difficult climbs in the Andes. After finding footage of the 1968 expedition, Johnson decided to make climbing the Corcovado Volcano in Patagonia his own goal and, after speaking to Chouinard and Tompkins, planned his own journey.


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless
The subtitle of the film comes from Lionel Terray's mountaineering autobiography, Les Conquérants de l'inutile or Conquistadors of the Useless (1961). Terray was the first to summit Fitz Roy, in 1952, and his book was influential with Chouinard and Tompkins.


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Plot
The film emulates the 1968 trip made by Yvon Chouinard and Doug Tompkins to Patagonia, but rather than by land, Jeff Johnson travels by sea from Mexico and south along the west coast of Chile.


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Plot
The film opens with original home movie footage as taken by Chouinard and Tompkins, and then continues with Johnson's own footage, in which he includes surfing, sailing and climbing as the film follows Johnson signing on with a small boat heading for Chile, his being delayed for several weeks on Easter Island, his meeting travel partner Makohe, and in his reaching Patagonia, Johnson meeting with Chouinard and Tompkins. The film concludes with his attempt to climb Cerro Corcovado (the Corcovado volcano), an attempt that was halted 200 feet from the summit out of concerns for safety.


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Release
The film debuted February 10, 2010 at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, followed in April 2010 by limited theatrical release, as well as festival screenings at the Newport Beach International Film Festival. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in June 2010, followed by additional festival screenings in September 2010 at the Asbury Park Independent Film Festival, in November 2010 at the Banff Film Festival and Save the Waves Film Festival. The film had theatrical release in Japan in January 2011.


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception
Seattle Post Globe wrote "180° South is a thinking person’s adventure film, one that stimulates the mind rather that the adrenal gland," in that it "is not one of those extreme sports movies set to heavy metal music in which daredevils boast of pitting themselves against nature." The reviewer notes that while the film instead has a message of conservationism, the director "does not pitch this conservation message in a fit of hysterical propaganda, as have the directors of so many ecological horror documentaries on topics ranging from global warming to the corn syrup in our peanut butter." He writes "The regard for the planet shown in 180° South comes from the quiet, philosophical  nature of the people profiled in the film, who realize there is more adventure in the preservation of nature than in its conquering."


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception
Minneapolis Star-Tribune praised the film by writing "If you are this close to chucking it all in, packing your bags and going vagabond, by all means do not see "180° South." Director Chris Malloy's eco-tourist documentary could stoke your wanderlust to the point of no return." They noted that the cinematography tended to meander at times and did not allow the viewer to learn much about Johnson himself, but that the film began to "brighten" after Johnson meets with Chouinard and Tompkins at the wildlife preserve that Tompkins founded in Patagonia in 1991.


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception
Spectrum wrote that the beginning of the film was deceptive in that its initial "Conversations of high adventure spliced between footage of rock climbing, surfing and mountaineering may easily trick the viewer into thinking this is a film about extreme sports," but that the "main clue that hints at a different purpose is the chill sound track."


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception
They expanded that it was not until after Johnson's unscheduled delay on Easter Island that viewers "first learn what 180° South is most obviously about," when "the theme of ecological conservation is played out in conversations about national parks, hydro-electric dams, indigenous wildlife, sustainable farming, consumerism, commercial fishing, reforestation and even development models." They note that the final two-thirds of the film shares the "intrinsic tension between conservation on the one hand and the mass-produced technological innovations that make the trip and film possible on the other".


180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception
The Washington Post writes "Chris Malloy's film strikes so deeply into the heart of Patagonia's wilderness we come to feel at home there".


180 Ebury Street
180 Ebury Street in the Belgravia district of London was the home of the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his family from 5 August 1764 to 24 September 1764 during the Mozart family's grand tour of Europe.


180 Ebury Street
The house was built in the early to mid-eighteenth century as part of a terrace. Mozart composed his first symphony here in 1764. The house has been listed at Grade I due to its association with Mozart.


180 Ebury Street
The building is now marked with a London County Council plaque placed in 1939 to commemorate Mozart's residence. The plaque was re-erected in 1951 following damage in the Second World War.


180 Garumna
Garumna (minor planet designation: 180 Garumna) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Henri Joseph Perrotin on January 29, 1878. Its name comes from the ancient Latin name for the Garonne River in France. In the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it with the Sr sub-type.


180 Garumna
The rotation period of this asteroid is very nearly equal to that of the rotation of the Earth. This means that only a small portion of the light curve can be observed from any one location, requiring measurements from multiple sites in order to build a complete curve. In 2012, this mission was accomplished, giving a period of 23.866 ± 0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 ± 0.02 in magnitude. Allowing for a margin of error and changes in phase angle, this finding agrees with previous measurements made in 2008 and 2011.


180 George Street, Parramatta
180 George Street (also known as the Charles and George Towers) is a residential skyscraper complex currently under-construction in Parramatta. New South Wales, Australia. The complex is being developed by property developer Meriton, with the towers being designed by Woods Bagot. Initial proposals were first lodged in 2016, with final approval being given in October 2019.Construction commenced in the same year and upon completion, the towers will become the tallest residential buildings in the suburb of Parramatta. The complex consists of the north tower, standing at a height of 213 metres (699 ft) and the south tower, standing at a height of 189 metres (620ft). It will contain 553 residential dwellings, while the hotel component will comprise 346 rooms.


180 Montgomery Street
180 Montgomery Street is a 25-story, 98 m (322 ft). Class A office building in the financial district of San Francisco, California. The building serves as the corporate headquarters for Bank of the West, and has offices for other major tenants such as, Ameriprise Financial, Berlitz, Hanjin Shipping, Kforce, Valimail, Lexmark, Prudential Insurance, the Union Labor Life Insurance Company, and Western Union.


180 Montgomery Street
180 Montgomery is owned by a joint venture formed in 2007 between Mitsui FudosanAmerica, Inc. and The Swig Company.


180 Montgomery Street
It sits on the site of the former Occidental Hotel which was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake.


180 Out
180 Out is an American Christian punk and Christian rock band, and they primarily play punk rock, pop punk, and skate punk. They come from Escondido, California. The band started making music in 2008, and their members are vocalist and guitarist, Joe Dukes, vocalist and drummer, Spencer Dukes, vocalist and bassist, Mike Trunnell. Their first release, Send Down Your Love, an album, was released in 2010, independently. The subsequent release, Black & White, a studio album, was released by Thumper Punk Records, in 2012.


180 Out, Background
180 Out is a Christian rock and pop punk band from Escondido, California. Their members are vocalist and guitarist, Joe Dukes, vocalist and drummer, Spencer Dukes, vocalist and bassist, Mike Trunnell..


180 Out, Music history
The band commenced as a musical entity in January 2008, with their first release, Send Down Your Love, an independently-made album, that was released in 2010. Their subsequent release, Black & White, was released by Thumper Punk Records, on October 11, 2012.


180 astetta
180 astetta (translation: 180 degrees) is the eighth studio album by the Finnish thrash metal band Mokoma. The album was released through Sakara Records on October 19, 2012, and was produced by Miitri Aaltonen in addition to the band itself. The album peaked on the top position of the The Official Finnish Charts.


180 mm gun S-23
The 180 mm gun S-23 (Russian: 180-мм пушка С-23) was a Soviet heavy gun of Cold War era. It was developed in the early 1950s, with the design based on naval guns. Its first public appearance was the 1955 May Day parade in Moscow. For some time, it was believed in the West that the S-23 was actually a 203mm weapon, and as a result it was often referred to as the 203 mm M1955 gun howitzer. However, after an example was captured in the Middle East during the 1970s this misconception was dispelled.


180 mm gun S-23, Design history
The S-23 was designed by NII-58 as part of a new series of heavy artillery systems consisting of the following types:


180 mm gun S-23, Design history
All were to be based on the same carriage. The order to start series production was given but after the production of seven S-23s (GRAU index: 52-P-572), one S-33 and one S-43 by PO "Barrikady" in 1955 the project was cancelled. The seven guns remained in service until 1967 and were regularly shown during the annual May Day parades, being towed by AT-T artillery tractors.


180 mm gun S-23, Design history
At the request of Syria, who needed a large-calibre gun system, the project was shortly revived at the end of the 1960s and twelve more S-23 guns were produced in 1971, as well as the new VOF28 round with RAP projectile OF43. The other rounds were the VF-572 with HE projectile F-572 and the VG-572 with concrete-piercing projectile G-572.


180 mm gun S-23, Operational history
The West assumed that the S-23 was issued within the Soviet Army at a ratio of 12 weapons per heavy artillery brigade. It was exported to Syria and some sources suggest that it might have been exported to other Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt and Iraq, and likely the Indian Army. The howitzer is believed to be seeing use by the Syrian Army in the Syrian Civil War.


180 mm gun S-23, Operational history, Yom Kippur War
180mm S-23 guns were deployed to forward positions as part of the Syrian Army's General Staff reserve during the Yom Kippur War. In the opening day of the war, they shelled Mount Canaan, an intelligence base near Safed, and Mahanayim airfield. This early shelling succeeded in disrupting Israeli intelligence installations and communications.


180 mm gun S-23, Operational history, Lebanese Civil War
During the Lebanese Civil War, Syrian Army 180mm guns and 240mm mortars shelled East Beirut in 1989 as part of an offensive to dislodge Christian faction leader Michel Aoun, inflicting over 900 casualties.


180 nm process
The 180 nm process refers to the level of MOSFET (CMOS) semiconductor process technology that was commercialized around the 1998–2000 timeframe by leading semiconductor companies, starting with TSMC and Fujitsu, then followed by Sony, Toshiba, Intel, AMD, Texas Instruments and IBM.


180 nm process
The origin of the 180 nm value is historical, as it reflects a trend of 70% scaling every 2–3 years. The naming is formally determined by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS).


180 nm process
Some of the first CPUs manufactured with this process include Intel Coppermine family of Pentium III processors. This was the first technology using a gate length shorter than that of light used for contemporary lithography, which had a minimum feature size of 193 nm.


180 nm process
Some more recent microprocessors and microcontrollers (e.g. PIC) are using this technology because it is typically low cost and does not require upgrading of existing equipment.


180 nm process, History
In 1988, an IBM research team led by Iranian engineer Bijan Davari fabricated a 180 nm dual-gate MOSFET using a CMOS process. The 180 nm CMOS process was later commercialized by TSMC in 1998, and then Fujitsu in 1999.


180-Byō de Kimi no Mimi o Shiawase ni Dekiru ka?
180-Byō de Kimi no Mimi o Shiawase ni Dekiru ka? (180秒で君の耳を幸せにできるか?) is an upcoming Japanese original short anime television series about ASMR co-animated by Ekachi Epilka and Indivision and directed by Yoshinobu Kasai, with character designs provided by Takayuki Noguchi. The series is set to premiere on October 15, 2021 on Tokyo MX.


180-degree rule
In filmmaking, the 180-degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene. By keeping the camera on one side of an imaginary axis between two characters, the first character is always frame right of the second character. Moving the camera over the axis is called jumping the line or crossing the line; breaking the 180-degree rule by shooting on all sides is known as shooting in the round.


180-degree rule
The 180-degree rule enables the audience to visually connect with unseen movement happening around and behind the immediate subject and is particularly important in the narration of battle scenes.


180-degree rule, Examples
In a dialogue scene between two characters, a straight line can be imagined running through the two characters. If the camera remains on one side of this line, the spatial relationship between the two characters will be consistent from shot to shot. Shifting to the other side of the characters on a cut will reverse the order of the characters from left to right and may disorient the audience.


180-degree rule, Examples
The rule also applies to the movement of a character as the "line" created by the path of the character. For example, if a character is walking in a leftward direction and is to be picked up by another camera, the character must exit the first shot on frame left and enter the next shot frame right.


180-degree rule, Examples
A jump cut can be used to denote time. If a character leaves the frame on the left side and enters the frame on the left in a different location, it can give the illusion of an extended amount of time passing.


180-degree rule, Examples
Another example could be a car chase: If a vehicle leaves the right side of the frame in one shot, it should enter from the left side of the frame in the next shot. Leaving from the right and entering from the right creates a similar sense of disorientation as in the dialogue example.


180-degree rule, Reverse cuts
The imaginary line allows viewers to orient themselves with the position and direction of action in a scene. If a shot following an earlier shot in a sequence is located on the opposite side of the 180-degree line, then it is called a "reverse cut". Reverse cuts disorient the viewer by presenting an opposing viewpoint of the action in a scene and consequently altering the perspective of the action and the spatial orientation established in the original shot.


180-degree rule, Reverse cuts
There are a variety of ways to avoid confusion related to crossing the line due to particular situations caused by actions or situations in a scene that would necessitate breaking the 180-degree line. The movement in the scene can be altered, or cameras set up on one side of the scene so that all the shots reflect the view from that side of the 180-degree line.


180-degree rule, Reverse cuts
Another way to allow for crossing the line is to have several shots with the camera arching from one side of the line to the other during the scene. That shot can be used to orient the audience to the fact that they are looking at the scene from another angle.


180-degree rule, Reverse cuts
In the case of movement, if a character is seen walking into frame from behind on the left side walking towards a building corner on the right, as they walk around the corner of the building, the camera can catch them coming towards the camera on the other side of the building entering the frame from the left side and then walk straight at the camera and then exit the left side of the frame.


180-degree rule, Reverse cuts
To minimize the "jolt" between shots in a sequence on either sides of the 180-degree line, a buffer shot can be included along the 180-degree line separating each side. This lets the viewer visually comprehend the change in viewpoint expressed in the sequence.


180-degree rule, Style
In professional productions, the applied 180-degree rule is an essential element for a style of film editing called continuity editing. The rule is not always obeyed. Sometimes a filmmaker purposely breaks the line of action to create disorientation. Carl Theodor Dreyer did this in The Passion of Joan of Arc; Stanley Kubrick also did this, for example, in the bathroom scene in The Shining. Directors Jacques Demy, Tinto Brass, Yasujirō Ozu, Wong Kar-wai, and Jacques Tati have also ignored this rule sometimes, as has Lars von Trier in Antichrist.


180-degree rule, Style
In the seminal French New Wave film À bout de souffle (Breathless), Jean-Luc Godard breaks the rule in the first five minutes in a car scene which jumps between the front and back seats, improvising an "aesthetic rebellion" for which the New Wave would become known. When the rule is broken accidentally, or for a technical reason (such as the inability to place a camera physically in the correct position), there are techniques which may be employed to attempt to hide the mistake. For example, the editor may pre-lap a word or two of dialog prior to the cut, so that the viewer will concentrate on what is being said as a distraction from the breaking of cinematic convention.


180-degree rule, Style
Some styles used with the 180-degree rule can elicit an emotion or create a visual rhythm. By moving the camera closer to the axis for a close-up shot, it can amp up the intensity of a scene when paired with a long shot. When the camera is moved further away from the axis for a long shot after a close-up shot, it may provide a break in the action of the scene.


180-degree rule, Style
In the Japanese anime feature Paprika, two of the main characters discuss, and demonstrate, the disorientating effect of crossing the line.


180-degree rule, Empirical research
Empirical evidence exploring the importance of maintaining the 180-degree rule is limited. The basic premise is that abiding by the rule helps keep characters on the correct side of the screen. Thus, it is assumed that if the rule is violated, it can lead to distraction, and disrupt the flow of the moment. This is then extrapolated to affect the rhythm, or emotions of the scene. However, these notions are rooted in filmmakers' subjective reports, rather than empirical evidence.


180-degree rule, Empirical research
There has been research that demonstrated crossing the line can negatively affect the accuracy of spatial representation of the scene. Furthermore, flipping the characters' positions can disrupt the audience’s understanding of the relative orientations on screen. Violations appear to also affect spatial memory for the location of objects in a scene, but does not affect memory for the narrative, the order of unfolding events, nor the understanding of narrative flow.


180-degree rule, Empirical research
Broadly speaking, empirical research indicates that abiding by the 180-degree rule is not important in a practical sense. Accurate spatial representations are not important for the scene, nor is it remembered across the longer duration of a movie. Furthermore, more recent research demonstrated that while viewers can spot violations, the presence of these violations have no effect  on the enjoyment of the scene nor movie, when compared to not having violations.


180-line television system
180 lines is an early electronic television system. It was used in Germany after on March 22, 1935, using telecine transmission of film, intermediate film system, or cameras using the Nipkow disk. Simultaneously, fully electronic transmissions using cameras based on the iconoscope began on January 15, 1936 with a definition of 375 lines.


180-line television system
The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised, using both closed-circuit 375 lines fully electronic iconoscope-based cameras and 180 lines intermediate film cameras transmitting to Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Nuremberg and Bayreuth via  special Reichspost long distance cables in August 1936. In Berlin, twenty-eight public 180 lines television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set. After February 1937 both 180 and 375 lines systems were replaced by a superior 441-line system.


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
180/Movement for Democracy and Education or MDE was a U.S. national campus activist organization active from 1998 to 2004. Its mission was


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
"dedicated to helping build a campus-based movement for political empowerment and participatory democracy. Through education and organizing we hope to encourage a radical political presence in our schools to transform them and our communities into truly democratic spaces."


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
Its main goal was fighting against the corporatization of education, and subsequently aiming toward "campus democracy." In its mission statement it said,


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
We oppose corporate control of the university and society, inequitable and disempowering elementary education, shrinking access to higher education, and the racism, sexism, homophobia, and other forms of systemic oppression in our world. We support all efforts in these and other struggles for democratic empowerment; the focus of our organizing will evolve in practice. Our goal is to help build a mass movement to reinvigorate a political culture of engaged democracy and social justice in our schools, in our communities, across our country and beyond.


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
MDE had its beginnings through the renewed anti-corporate sentiment that emerged in the mid-1990s, and took off in different forms of student activism, such as the Pepsi boycott in solidarity with Burma. In 1996, Democracy Unlimited of Wisconsin, Cooperative staffer Ben Manski, together with John E. Peck and others, coordinated the "National Teach-Ins on Corporations, Education, and Democracy." This became the "Democracy Teach-Ins," and in their first year occurred on over 120 campuses. Their central question was, "can we pursue democracy and social justice when corporations are allowed to control so much wealth and power?" The next year another series of teach-ins were organized on some 246 campuses, with more sentiment for a national campus organization coming up. At the Campus Democracy Convention at the UW-Madison in 1998, the 180/ Movement for Democracy and Education was founded.


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
MDE was noted for confronting the transformation of the university into a corporate entity. The solution to corporatization, with the undemocratic nature of corporate structures, was to increase campus democracy. MDE also organized Teach-ins on campuses leading up to the WTO protests in Seattle in 1999, and analyzed the effects of WTO policies on higher education.


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
During this time a new student activist organization was formed in the labor movement-financed United Students Against Sweatshops, and MDE chapters often were dually-affiliated. In 2000 the two organizations jointly organized a conference in Eugene, Oregon.


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
In 2001, right after the attacks of September 11, MDE initiated what became the National Youth and Student Peace Coalition, the first major student anti-war coalition of the current moment. NYSPC organized the Books Not Bombs student walkouts on March 5, 2003, just before the Iraq invasion, showing student resistance to that upcoming war.


180/Movement for Democracy and Education
At its peak at least 15 chapters were affiliated with MDE. It eventually collapsed in 2004 for lack of funding. It has been succeeded in spirit by the Democratizing Education Network, an initiative of the Liberty Tree Foundation for the Democratic Revolution.


1800
1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1800th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 800th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1800, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1800
As of March 1 (O.S. February 18), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 12 days until February 28 (O.S. February 16), 1900.


1800 Aguilar
1800 Aguilar, provisional designation 1950 RJ, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.


1800 Aguilar
It was discovered on 12 September 1950, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at La Plata Astronomical Observatory in Argentina. The asteroid was named after Argentine astronomer Félix Aguilar.


1800 Aguilar, Orbit and classification
The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Vesta family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,322 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Aguilar's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.


1800 Aguilar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Aguilar was obtained from photometric observations taken by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.478 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 in magnitude (U=3).


1800 Aguilar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Aguilar measures 7.38 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.295, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.18 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.8.


1800 Aguilar, Naming
This minor planet was named for Argentine astronomer Félix Aguilar (1884–1943), former director of the discovering observatory and founder of the University School of Astronomy and Geophysics. He contributed significantly to the development of Argentine astronomy in the first half of the 20th century (also see Félix Aguilar Observatory). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).


1800 Club
1800 Club is a residential skyscraper in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, Florida, United States. It was completed in 2007. The building is located east of Biscayne Boulevard and fronts Margaret Pace Park and Biscayne Bay. The building is 423 feet (129 m) tall, and contains 40 floors. Floors 1-5 are occupied by retail, while floors 6-40 are residential condominiums and apartments. The building is located at the corner of North Bayshore Drive and Northeast 18th Street. It was awarded the SARA Design Award in 2002 for its exterior architectural appeal.


1800 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1800 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 10, 1800. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to a third full term, effectively unopposed.


1800 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held in Connecticut's at-large congressional district on September 15, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Jonathan Brace (F) in May, 1800.


1800 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election, Election results
Smith took his seat on November 17, 1800, at the start of the 2nd session of the 6th Congress.


1800 English cricket season
The 1800 English cricket season was the 29th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the 14th after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw five top-class matches played in the country.


1800 English cricket season, Matches
Just five top-class matches were played during the season, three of them featuring Surrey sides. All five matches were played at Lord's Old Ground.


1800 English cricket season, Debutants
Players who made their first-class cricket debuts in 1800 included:


1800 French constitutional referendum
A referendum ratifying the constitution of the French consulate was held in February 1800. 53.74 % of voters abstained. The official results, as announced by Lucien Bonaparte, Minister of the Interior and brother of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, were 99.9% in favor of the new constitution. However, academics have claimed that Lucien massaged the votes in favor of the constitution, alleging that only 1,550,000 Frenchmen voted for the change.


1800 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1800 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 7.


1800 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Lieutenant Governor Moses Gill, who had been acting as Governor since the June 7 death of Increase Sumner, preferred to run for re-election to that position, and he won re-election in a concurrent election. However, he received a significant number of votes for Governor as well.


1800 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Acting Governor Gill actually died before the 1801 term began, leaving the Governor's Council to conduct gubernatorial duties until Strong's term started.


1800 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district on August 25, 1800 and October 20, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Samuel Sewall (F).


1800 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election, Election results
Massachusetts electoral law required a majority for election, which was not met on the first election, necessitating a second election.


1800 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district on December 15, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Samuel Lyman (F) on November 6, 1800.


1800 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election, Election results
Mattoon took his seat on February 2, 1801. Mattoon had also been elected to the same district for the 7th Congress.


1800 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district on August 25, 1800, and October 20, 1800, to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Dwight Foster (F) after his election to the Senate, the second election required because the first did not result in a majority.


1800 N. Clybourn
1800 N. Clybourn was an enclosed shopping center located at 1800 N. Clybourn Ave. in the Clybourn Corridor area of Lincoln Park, Chicago.


1800 N. Clybourn
The building was once a factory making springs and later Turtle Wax, which was converted to a three-level enclosed specialty shopping center that retained the structure's wood beams and brickwork. At its opening, developer Tem Horwitz described it as "an industrial environment with the atmosphere of a traveling fair come to town." News reports pointed out the interior's exuberant architecture and unconventional merchandising plan, and that  only half its 40 spaces were leased at its opening.


1800 N. Clybourn
Among the tenants in 1990 included "pricey apparel and accessories stores, gift shops, and such services as a travel agency, a nail salon and a family aerobics club," plus restaurants and entertainment venues like "Goose Island Brewery; Metropolis 1800; Par Excellence, an artist-designed miniature golf course; Muddler's Pool Room; and its adjoining espresso bar, Caffe Lupi." Entertainment was a major focus; the mall opened with Willow Street Carnival, a 450-seat cabaret-style theater founded by Bernard Sahlins, and had proposed a 10-screen cinema on site.


1800 N. Clybourn
What Horwitz called a "wild and crazy and fun" mall did not last long amidst a recession, and the building was foreclosed upon in April 1993 amidst numerous store closures. The building was soon purchased by CRM Properties, which demolished the richly decorated enclosed courts and left three buildings separated by parking lots.


1800 N. Clybourn
As of 2015, one large L-shaped building houses anchor Bed Bath & Beyond, Goose Island Brewery (the only original tenant remaining), plus a furniture retailer and real estate offices on upper floors. Two smaller buildings house Patagonia and GapKids. The building's pair of crenellated, four-story towers still face Clybourn, but much of the structure between them was demolished.


1800 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1800 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 11, 1800. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to a seventh term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate Timothy Walker.


1800 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held in New Hampshire's at-large congressional district on August 25, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by William Gordon (F) resigning to accept an appointment as New Hampshire Attorney General on June 12, 1800.


1800 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election, Election results
New Hampshire electoral law required a majority for election, which was not met on the first ballot, requiring a run-off election on October 27, 1800


1800 Seconds
1800 Seconds: Curated By Pusha-T, commonly referred to as 1800 Seconds, is a compilation album by ten different DIY artists curated by the hip-hop artist Pusha T, released on December 7, 2018, by Re-Up Gang Records and Mass Appeal Records. The album consist of up-and-coming voices, hailing from all over the United States.


1800 Seconds
Ant White from Philly, PA, Cartel Count Up from Hampton, VA, Don Zio P from Middletown, CT, Hass Irv from Harlem, NY, Monalyse from Detroit, MI, Nita Jonez from Houston, TX, Sam Austins from Detroit, MI, T Got Bank from Brooklyn, NY, Trevor Lanier from Wilmington, NC, and Tyler Thomas from Los Angeles, CA.


1800 State of the Union Address
The 1800 State of the Union Address was given by John Adams, the second president of the United States, on Tuesday, November 11, 1800, to a joint session of the 6th United States Congress. It was the first State of the Union Address delivered at the new United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.


1800 State of the Union Address
Delivered in the Senate chamber, Adams began his speech by congratulating members on their new seat of government and—pointedly—"on the prospect of a residence not to be changed." He added, optimistically, "Although there is some cause to apprehend that accommodations are not now so complete as might be wished, yet there is great reason to believe that this inconvenience will cease with the present session." This would be the last annual message any president would personally deliver to Congress for the next 113 years.


1800 State of the Union Address
This would be the last State of the Union address delivered as a speech until Woodrow Wilson deliver the 1913 State of the Union Address, as President Thomas Jefferson delivered the 1801 State of the Union Address as a written message because he felt a speech to Congress felt too monarchical.


1800 Tequila
1800 Tequila is a Mexican brand of tequila owned by the Beckmann Family, who also own the Jose Cuervo tequila brand. The 100% blue agave tequila is bottled in Jalisco, Mexico. 1800 is named after the year tequila was first aged in oak casks, and is sold throughout the world. In the United States, the brand is imported and distributed by the Beckmann family's US distribution company, Proximo Spirits.


1800 Tequila, History
The first officially licensed tequila manufacturer was Jose Antonio Cuervo of Jalisco, Mexico, in 1758, after he was given the rights by King Ferdinand VI of Spain to cultivate a portion of land. Shortly thereafter, the production of tequila was banned, until 1795, when King Carlos IV lifted the ban. 1800 is widely known as the year in which tequila was first successfully aged in wood.


1800 Tequila, History
Originally known as Cuervo 1800 Tequila, 1800 Tequila was launched in 1975 as a premium sipping tequila. The Silver, Añejo and Reposado labels were introduced in 2004. Since 2008, it has been distributed in the US by Proximo Spirits. That year, the Select Silver label was introduced, as the first and only 100 proof clear tequila. In 2006, 1800 introduced The Ultimate Margarita, 19.9 proof and the only pre-mixed, ready-to-serve margarita mix made with 100% blue agave tequila (1800 Silver).


1800 Tequila, Honors and awards
At the 2008 San Francisco Wine and Spirits Competition, the Silver, Reposado and Añejo tequilas each won the silver medal, while the Milenio and Select Silver both received the bronze medal. In 2009, Bloomberg Businessweek named 1800 Select Silver one of the world's 20 best-tasting tequilas. Wine Enthusiast placed the 1800 Coleccion, an extra añejo, in its "96–100" scoring category. It was described by The New York Times as "sweetly vegetal and very rich with an elegant aftertaste."


1800 Tequila, Packaging, Bottle
1800s bottles have a trapezoidal shape and used to have a top designed to serve as a shot glass, by loosening the top slightly, turning the bottle upside down, and filling up the top.