1862 Atlantic hurricane season
The first tropical cyclone was observed as a tropical storm offshore the East Coast of the United States from June 15 to June 17. The second and third systems were active in mid-August and mid-September, respectively, and both attained Category 2 intensity at their peaks on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale and neither made landfall. A fourth tropical cyclone caused flooding in Saint Lucia and brought heavy rain to parts of Barbados on October 5, but its track prior to that date is unknown. The fifth hurricane was known to be active for a few days in October off the East Coast of the United States. Finally, a sixth system was centered near Panama – between November 22 and November 25.


1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
Based on reports from four ships, a tropical storm is known to have existed for two days in mid-June off the East Coast of the United States. It formed approximately 340 miles (550 km) east of Savannah, Georgia on June 15 and moved slowly north before dissipating two days later, while located about 250 miles (400 km) east of Virginia Beach, Virginia.


1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A Category 2 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale was first seen on August 18, while located approximately 620 miles (1,000 km) east of Florida. Over the next three days, it tracked north and moved parallel to the East Coast of the United States. The system dissipated roughly 310 miles (500 km) south of Newfoundland on August 21.


1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
On September 12, a Spanish ship, the Julian de Unsueta, was de-masted by a strong gale and thrown onto its beam ends. A few days later, she docked at Saint Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. On September 13, the barques Montezuma and Gazelle were also both de-masted by a hurricane near Barbados. No information is available on the hurricane between September 14 to September 16, but on September 17, the barques Abbyla and Elias Pike encountered the hurricane, roughly 500 miles (800 km) off the coast of North Carolina.


1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Several ships reported encountering hurricane conditions on September 19 off the East Coast of the United States, some as far north as Sable Island. Based on these reports, the track began about 500 miles (800 km) northeast of the Virgin Islands on September 12 and ended on September 20 off the coast of Nova Scotia.


1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four
On October 5, a tropical storm caused flooding in Saint Lucia. That day and throughout the next, high winds and heavy rain were observed in Speightstown, Barbados. The storm may also have affected Saint Vincent. No track has been identified for the storm and it has been assigned a single location in the HURDAT database.


1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
A modern-day Category 1 hurricane was first seen on October 14 approximately 310 miles (500 km) west of Bermuda. A schooner, Albert Treat, encountered the storm and was thrown onto its beam ends. The schooner suffered considerable damage and three men drowned. The next day, further north, the barque Acacia fell onto its beam ends, but managed to reach safety. Throughout October 16 the hurricane traveled northward, parallel to the East Coast of the United States. The ship Oder reported losing its sails in a hurricane off Sable Island that day. The Confederate cruiser Alabama lost its main yard and several sails, torn to shreds in the wind, and had two boats smashed. The storm became extratropical around midday on October 16 and dissipated completely by October 17.


1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six
Based on meteorological records kept by an officer of the U.S. steamer James Adger, a strong tropical storm was centered to the northwest of Aspinwall, Panama from November 22 through to November 25. The storm weakened late on November 24 and began drifting slowly westward on November 25 before dissipating later that day.


1862 Avon by-election
The 1862 Avon by-election was a by-election held on 11 June 1862 during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Christchurch electorate of Avon.


1862 Avon by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Alfred Richard Creyke.


1862 Avon by-election
The by-election was won by William Thomson. He was unopposed.


1862 Avon by-election
At two other Canterbury by-elections held in June 1862 for Ellesmere and Heathcote the candidates were also returned unopposed; see 1862 by-election and 1862 by-election.


1862 Birthday Honours
The 1862 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 23 May and 25 July 1862.


1862 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1862 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1862 saw the return of Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. to the mayoralty for a fourth non-consecutive term.


1862 Bruce by-election
The Bruce by-election 1862 was a by-election held in the multi-member Bruce electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament, on 31 July 1862. The by-election was caused by the death of incumbent MP Charles Kettle on 5 June, and was won by Edward Cargill.


1862 Bruce by-election, Background
The Bruce electorate was formed in the 1860 electoral redistribution. It covered the rural area surrounding Dunedin that had previously been part of the Dunedin Country electorate. The Bruce electorate was a two-member constituency. Charles Kettle and Thomas Gillies were the initial representatives. Kettle died on 5 June 1862, and this caused the by-election. The Otago Gold Rush had started in May 1861 and the wider area experienced a significant increase in population, including the Bruce electorate. The lists of registered electors in several electorate, including Bruce, were revised during July 1862.


1862 Bruce by-election, Background
The Miners' Representation Act, 1860 allowed miners to also vote under certain conditions, and they were not registered in lists; there were approximate 3,000 of them eligible in the Bruce electorate. It is thus not possible to say how many electors were qualified to vote in the by-election. Towards the end of June, it became known that William Baldwin, the gold fields commissioner at Waitahuna, would be a candidate in the by-election.


1862 Bruce by-election, Background
John Gillies, the father of Thomas Gillies, acted as the returning officer for the by-election, and he set the nomination meeting for Monday, 28 July at 12 noon. At that meeting, F. C. Fulton (a brother of James Fulton) proposed and Otago Provincial Councillor Andrew Todd seconded Baldwin. The second candidate, Edward Cargill, was proposed by William Reynolds and seconded by Johnny Jones, a former business partner of Cargill.


1862 Bruce by-election, Background
The third person to be proposed was John Cargill, the brother of Edward Cargill, but this came as a surprise to the former who stated that he was not available for election. The two candidates then addressed the electors, and the obvious policy difference between them was that Baldwin was a proponent of separation of the South Island from the North Island, whilst Cargill supported one New Zealand. Julius Vogel, himself a strong proponent of the separation question, then put some hard questions to Cargill. The meeting finished with a show of hands in favour of Cargill (42 to 8 hands), and Baldwin demanded a poll.


1862 Bruce by-election, Results
Polling booths were in Dunedin at the court house, and at the school houses in East Taieri and Tokomairiro (since renamed to Milton), and Warepa (a locality near Balclutha). The election was held on Thursday, 31 July, between 9am and 4 pm. By Saturday, 2 August, the Dunedin newspapers had not received the results from the Warepa booth, but Cargill was leading by 20 votes. The Warepa results were received later that morning, and the returning officer declared the official results that day. There were just two votes at Warepa, with one for each candidate, hence the majority did not change and Cargill was declared elected.


1862 Bruce by-election, Results
Cargill represented the Bruce electorate until 1865, when he resigned. He was succeeded by James Macandrew in the July 1865 by-election. Baldwin was elected in the 1863 supplementary election in the Gold Fields electorate.


1862 Carcoar colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Carcoar on 16 October 1862 because William Watt resigned.


1862 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1862, Democrat Francis Cornwall Sherman won a second non-consecutive term, defeating Republican Party nominee Charles N. Holden.


1862 Chicago mayoral election
Sherman had previously served as mayor two decades earlier, after winning the 1841 election. He had also been an unsuccessful candidate in the 1856 mayoral election.


1862 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
The election was held on April 15, 1862. It was the second of four Chicago mayoral elections which took place during the course of the American Civil War. It was also last regularly-scheduled Chicago mayoral election to a one-year term.


1862 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
Democratic nominee Francis Cornwall Sherman, was a businessman who had previously served as mayor from 1841 through 1842. He was also supported by a nonpartisan ticket which bore the slogan "for the Union and the Constitution". Due to the fact that his son was a noted brigadier in the Union Army, Sherman was able to comfortably avoid accusations that his own loyalties sided anywhere but with the Union.


1862 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
Charles N. Holden, a former Chicago alderman and former Chicago City Treasurer, was the nominee of the Republican Party. Efforts had been made for the party to nominate former congressman and mayor John Wentworth. However, Holden supporters succeeded in getting him nominated over Wentworth. Some Wentworth supporters, angered over this, placed their support behind Sherman instead.


1862 City of Auckland West by-election
The 1862 City of Auckland West by-election was a by-election held  on 14 June 1862 in the City of Auckland West electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament. It was then a two-member electorate, with the other member being John Williamson


1862 City of Auckland West by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Josiah Firth, on 30 April 1862.


1862 City of Auckland West by-election
James Williamson of Remuera was declared elected unopposed, as he was the only candidate nominated.


1862 City of Dunedin by-elections
The 1862 City of Dunedin by-elections were three by-elections held in the City of Dunedin electorate in Dunedin following three resignations.


1862 City of Dunedin by-elections
The City of Dunedin electorate was one of the original 24 electorates used for the 1st New Zealand Parliament in 1853.


1862 City of Dunedin by-elections
In 1862 it was a two-member electorate in the 3rd New Zealand Parliament. That year, the following by-elections were held.


1862 City of Dunedin by-elections, March 1862
Thomas Dick had resigned as his business interests meant that he could not travel to Auckland for the current session. Major Richardson was nominated to replace Dick, who then decided to stand again. At a nomination meeting on Tuesday, 18 March, a show of hands gave 15 for Dick and 14 for Richardson; Richardson called for a poll. But later it was found that Richardson had been nominated by Mr Lloyd who was not an elector for the same district and so was not qualified to nominate him. So Dick was re-elected on 18 or 19 March without a poll being held. Apart from the period before his re-election, he was a member for the electorate for the whole of 1862.


1862 City of Dunedin by-elections, May 1862
Edward McGlashan resigned and on 30 May was replaced by John Richardson. He was opposed by James Paterson. The result of the poll was:


1862 City of Dunedin by-elections, November 1862
John Richardson resigned and on 15 November was replaced by James Paterson. Major Richardson was transferred to the new electorate of Dunedin and Suburbs North, and thought it fair to let the electors of the new electorate have a vote. However, the writ was issued for the abolished electorate of the City of Dunedin, and the two individuals present nominated Paterson, the only nomination. As the last person elected, Paterson was transferred to the new electorate of Dunedin and Suburbs South


1862 Coleraine by-election
The Coleraine by-election of 31 January 1862 was called on the death of the previous M.P. John Boyd in January 1862. The only candidate was Sir Henry Hervey Bruce, 3rd Baronet. He retained the seat until the 1874 United Kingdom general election when he was defeated by the Liberal Daniel Taylor.


1862 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1862 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1862. It was a rematch of the 1861 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated Democratic nominee James Chaffee Loomis with 56.48% of the vote.


1862 Connecticut gubernatorial election
As this was the first gubernatorial election held following the start of the American Civil War, a Unionist party convention (called the "Union Party of Connecticut") was held in Hartford on January 8, 1862. James T. Pratt, the Democratic nominee in both the 1858 and 1859 elections, presided. Tennessee Senator Andrew Johnson was supposed to attend, and made it as close as New York City, but was called to Kentucky at the last minute to participate in the movement of troops there.


1862 Connecticut gubernatorial election
This convention endorsed a fusion ticket of both Republicans and War Democrats, and adopted resolutions supporting the Union side and eliminating traditional party labels. The Republican convention held on January 16, 1862, endorsed the same candidates, who went on to win the election. As a result, Republican governor Buckingham was re-elected, and Roger Averill, previously a Democrat, was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut.


1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein
The 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein was signed into law by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein on September 26 at Eisgrub, Moravia. It was heavily influenced by the constitutions of Vorarlberg (1861) and Sigmaringen (1863).


1862 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1862 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1862. Incumbent Democratic Governor William Burton was unable to seek re-election. Samuel Jefferson ran to succeed him as the Democratic nominee, and he faced National Union candidate William Cannon, the former State Treasurer. Cannon narrowly defeated Jefferson, and in so doing, was the last Republican-affiliated candidate to be elected Governor until 1894.


1862 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1862 Drayton and Toowoomba colonial by-election
The Drayton and Toowoomba colonial by-election, 1862 was a by-election held on 11 August 1862 in the electoral district of Drayton and Toowoomba for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1862 Drayton and Toowoomba colonial by-election, History
On 26 July 1862, John Watts, the member for Drayton and Toowoomba, resigned. William Henry Groom won the resulting by-election on 11 August 1862.


1862 Eastern Downs colonial by-election
The Eastern Downs colonial by-election, 1862 was a by-election held on 2 May 1862 in the electoral district of Eastern Downs for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1862 Eastern Downs colonial by-election, History
On 22 April 1862, Ratcliffe Pring, the member for Eastern Downs, resigned. John Donald McLean won the resulting by-election on 2 May 1862.


1862 Ellesmere by-election
The 1862 Ellesmere by-election was a by-election held on 9 June 1862 during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Canterbury electorate of Ellesmere.


1862 Ellesmere by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Thomas Rowley.


1862 Ellesmere by-election
The by-election was won by James FitzGerald. He was unopposed.


1862 Ellesmere by-election
At two other by-elections held in June 1862 for Avon and Heathcote the candidates were also returned unopposed; see 1862 by-election and 1862 by-election.


1862 Grand National
The 1862 Grand National was the 24th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 12 March 1862.


1862 Grand National
The race was marred by the only recorded human fatality in the history of the race when Jame's Wynne suffered chest injuries from which he died hours after the race.


1862 Greek head of state referendum
From 19 November 1862 (1 December New Style), a plebiscite in Greece was held in support of adopting Prince Alfred of the United Kingdom, later Duke of Edinburgh, as king. The results were announced in February 1863. Of the 240,000 votes reported, over 95% were in favour of the appointment. The previous king, Otto, who had been deposed in a popular revolt, received one vote. There were six votes for a Greek candidate and 93 for a Republic.


1862 Greek head of state referendum
Despite the apparently overwhelming result, the Great Powers of Britain, France and Russia refused to permit any member of their respective royal families to accept the Greek throne. Eventually, Prince William of Denmark, who had received six votes in the referendum, was appointed as the new "King of the Hellenes".


1862 Greek head of state referendum, Prelude
In October 1862, King Otto of Greece was deposed in a popular revolt, but while the Greek people rejected Otto, they did not seem averse to the concept of monarchy per se. Many Greeks, seeking closer ties to the pre-eminent world power, Great Britain, rallied around the idea that Prince Alfred, the second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, could become the next king. British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston believed that the Greeks were "panting for increase in territory", hoping that the election of Alfred as king would also result in the incorporation of the Ionian Islands, which were then a British protectorate, into an enlarged Greek state.


1862 Greek head of state referendum, Prelude
The London Conference of 1832, however, had prohibited any of the Great Powers' ruling families from accepting the crown of Greece, and in any event, Queen Victoria was adamantly opposed to the idea. Nevertheless, the Greeks insisted on holding a plebiscite on the issue of the head of state in November 1862. It was the first referendum ever held in Greece.


1862 Greek head of state referendum, Results
The results were announced to the Greek National Assembly in February 1863. The number of votes differs slightly between reports, and the total votes reported sometimes exceeds the total in the official list. Differences arise through inaccuracies, misprints, and delays in the collection and count of votes. Votes were rarely if ever secret, and there were no uniformly printed ballot papers. Voters could write the name of their preference for king, and votes generally took the form of signed petitions.


1862 Greek head of state referendum, Aftermath
Despite the apparently overwhelming support for Alfred, and the declaration by the Assembly that Alfred was elected as king, the Great Powers refused to alter their position, and Alfred declined the throne. The runner-up, Prince Leuchtenberg, as well as several of the other candidates, were also unacceptable to the Great Powers since they were members of the French and Russian royal families, also excluded from contention by the London Conference. The Greeks and Great Powers considered alternative candidates, and their choice eventually fell to Prince William of Denmark, who was the second son of King Christian IX. William was elected unanimously by the Greek Assembly, becoming "George I, King of the Hellenes", and reigned for the next 50 years. Prince Alfred was created Duke of Edinburgh by his mother in 1866, and became the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany in 1893.


1862 Greek head of state referendum, Aftermath
At George's enthronement, to the great joy of the Greeks, the British government announced that they would cede the Ionian Islands to Greece as a goodwill gesture.


1862 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece between 24 and 27 November 1862. The elected Parliament was also responsible for drawing up a new constitution. Dimitrios Voulgaris became Prime Minister on 23 December as head of the Provisional Government.


1862 Hampden by-election
The 1862 Hampden by-election was a by-election held  on 14 June 1862 in the Hampden electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1862 Hampden by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Thomas Fraser, on 30 April 1862. He had been vacated for absence.


1862 Hampden by-election
James Williamson was declared elected unopposed, as he was the only candidate nominated. Julius Vogel was also nominated, but declined.


1862 Heathcote by-election
The 1862 Heathcote by-election was a by-election held on 12 June 1862 during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Christchurch electorate of Heathcote.


1862 Heathcote by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP George Williamson Hall.


1862 Heathcote by-election
The by-election was won by William Sefton Moorhouse. He was unopposed.


1862 Heathcote by-election
At two other by-elections held in June 1862 for Avon and Ellesmere the candidates were also returned unopposed; see 1862 by-election and 1862 by-election.


1862 International Exhibition
The International Exhibition of 1862, or Great London Exposition, was a world's fair. It was held from 1 May to 1 November 1862, beside the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington, London, England, on a site that now houses museums including the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum.


1862 International Exhibition, Organisation
The exposition was sponsored by the Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures and Trade, and featured over 28,000 exhibitors from 36 countries, representing a wide range of industry, technology, and the arts. William Sterndale Bennett composed music for the opening ceremony. All told, it attracted about 6.1 million visitors. Receipts (£459,632) were slightly above cost (£458,842), leaving a total profit of £790.


1862 International Exhibition, Organisation
It was held in South Kensington, London, on a site now occupied by the Natural History Museum. The buildings, which occupied 21 acres, were designed by Captain Francis Fowke of the Royal Engineers, and built by Charles and Thomas Lucas and Sir John Kelk at a cost of £300,000 covered by profits from the Great Exhibition of 1851. They were intended to be permanent, and were constructed in an un-ornamented style with the intention of adding decoration in later years as funds allowed. Much of the construction was of cast-iron, 12,000 tons worth, though façades were brick.


1862 International Exhibition, Organisation
Picture galleries occupied three sides of a rectangle on the south side of the site; the largest, with a frontage on the Cromwell Road was 1150 feet long, 50 feet high and 50 feet wide, with a grand triple-arched entrance. Fowke paid particular attention to lighting pictures in a way that would eliminate glare. Behind the picture galleries were the "Industrial Buildings" . These were composed of "naves" and "transepts", lit by tall clerestories, with the spaces in the angles between them filled by glass-roofed courts.


1862 International Exhibition, Organisation
Above the brick entrances on the east and west fronts were two great glass domes, each 150 feet wide and 260 feet high - at that time the largest domes ever built. The timber-framed "Machinery Galleries", the only parts of the structure intended to be temporary, stretched further north along Prince Consort Road.


1862 International Exhibition, Organisation
The opening took place on 1 May 1862. Queen Victoria, still in mourning for her consort Prince Albert did not attend, instead her cousin the Duke of Cambridge presided from a throne sited beneath the western dome. An opening address was delivered by the Earl Granville, chairman of Her Majesty's Commissioners, the group responsible for the organisation of the event.


1862 International Exhibition, Organisation
An official closing ceremony took place on 1 November 1862, but the exhibition remained open to the public until 15 November 1862. Over six million people attended.


1862 International Exhibition, Organisation
Parliament declined the Government's wish to purchase the building and the materials were sold and used for the construction of Alexandra Palace.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
The exhibition was a showcase of the advances made in the industrial revolution , especially in the decade since the first Great Exhibition of 1851. Among the items on display were; the electric telegraph, submarine cables, the first plastic, Parkesine , machine tools, looms and precision instruments.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
Exhibits included such large pieces of machinery as parts of Charles Babbage's analytical engine, cotton mills, and maritime engines made by the firms of Henry Maudslay and Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes. There was also a range of smaller goods including fabrics, rugs, sculptures, furniture, plates, porcelain, silver and glass wares, and wallpaper.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
The manufacture of ice by an early refrigerator caused a sensation.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
The work shown by William Morris's decorative arts firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. attracted much notice. The exposition also introduced the use of caoutchouc for rubber production and the Bessemer process for steel manufacture.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
William England led a team of stereoscopic photographers, which included William Russell Sedgfield and Stephen Thompson, to produce a series of 350 stereo views of the exhibition for the London Stereoscopic Company. The images were made using the new collodion wet plate process which allowed exposure times of only a few seconds. These images provide a vivid three-dimensional record of the exhibition. They were on sale to the public in boxed sets and were delivered to the Queen by messenger so that she could experience the exhibition from her seclusion in mourning.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
The London and North Western Railway exhibited one of their express passenger locomotives, No. 531 Lady of the Lake. A sister locomotive, No. 229 Watt had famously carried Trent Affair despatches earlier that year, but the Lady of the Lake (which won a bronze medal at the exhibition) was so popular that the entire class of locomotive became known as Ladies of the Lake.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
There was an extensive art gallery designed to allow an even light without reflection on the pictures.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
The exhibition also included an international chess tournament, the London 1862 chess tournament.


1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions
A large tiger skin, shot in 1860 by Colonel Charles Reid, was exhibited here. The skin was mounted by Edwin H. Ward and subsequently became "The Leeds Tiger", still on display at Leeds City Museum, UK.


1862 International Exhibition, Music
Unlike The Great Exhibition of 1851, the Society of Arts chose to have a distinctive musical component to the exhibition of 1862. Music critic Henry Chorley was selected as advisor and recommended commissioning works by William Sterndale Bennett, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Daniel Auber, and Gioacchino Rossini. Being in his retirement, Rossini declined, so the Society asked Giuseppe Verdi, who eventually accepted.


1862 International Exhibition, Music
William Sterndale Bennett wrote his Ode Written Expressly for the Opening of the International Exhibition (upon a text by Alfred, Lord Tennyson), Meyerbeer wrote his Fest-Ouvertüre im Marschstil, and Auber wrote his Grand triumphal march. These three works premiered at the opening of the exhibition on 1 May 1862, with the orchestra led by conductor Prosper Sainton. Controversies involving Verdi's contribution, the cantata Inno delle nazioni, prevented the work from being included in the inaugural concert. It was first performed on 24 May 1862 at Her Majesty's Theatre in a concert organized by James Henry Mapleson.


1862 International Exhibition, Music
At another concert, the French pianist and composer Georges Pfeiffer created his Second Piano Concerto.


1862 International Exhibition, Music
The pianist Ernst Pauer performed daily piano recitals on the stage under the western dome.


1862 International Exhibition, Accident
At the opening of the exhibition on 1 May 1862, one of the attending Members of the British Parliament, 70-year-old Robert Aglionby Slaney, fell onto the ground through a gap between floorboards on a platform. He carried on with his visit despite an injured leg, but died from gangrene that set in on the 19th.


1862 International Exhibition, Gallery
Foreigners over for the great exhibition. A satirical sketch by Frances Elizabeth Wynne


1862 International Exhibition, Gallery
The Ross Fountain in Edinburgh, manufactured in Paris, was an exhibit at the Great London Exposition.


1862 International Exhibition, Gallery
The Hubert Fountain in Victoria Park, Ashford, Kent, was an exhibit at the International Exhibition.


1862 International Exhibition, Gallery
Old Mrs Jamborough. Punch, 14 June 1862, satirising the fashion for crinolines popular at the time of the exhibition.


1862 International Exhibition, Gallery
Sculpture of Urania by Carrier-Belleuse atop conical mystery clock by Eugène Farcot. Made for Great London Exhibition of 1862


1862 International Exhibition, Gallery
The members of the First Japanese Embassy to Europe (1862) visiting the 1862 International Exhibition.


1862 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein in November 1862. Twelve of the seats in the Landtag were indirectly elected by electors selected by voters.


1862 Liechtenstein general election, Electors
Electors were selected through elections that were held between 3 and 17 November. Each municipality had two electors for every 100 inhabitants.


1862 Liechtenstein general election, Results
All 156 electors met on 24 November in Vaduz to elect 12 Landtag members and five substitute members. The Landtag members and their substitutes were elected in three ballots.


1862 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1862. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1862 Liverpool Town Council election
This was the first year that the 'Proceedings of the Council' were printed.


1862 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because eleven of the sixteen seats were uncontested, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1862 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
At the meeting of the Council on 10 November 1862, the terms of office of eight alderman expired.


1862 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
The following eight were elected as Aldermen by the Council (Aldermen and Councillors) on 10 November 1862 for a term of six years.


1862 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 15, South Toxteth, November 1862
Caused by the election of Councillor John Farnworth (Conservative, South Toxteth, elected 1 November 1861) by the Council as an alderman on 10 November 1862.


1862 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 1, Everton & Kirkdale, November 1862
Caused by the election of Councillor Maurice Hubback (Conservative, Everton & Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1862) by the Council as an alderman on 10 November 1862.


1862 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. ?, November 1862
Caused by the election of Councillor John Grant Morris (Party?, ward?, elected ???) by the Council as an alderman on 10 November 1862.


1862 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1862 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 4.


1862 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Governor John Albion Andrew was re-elected to a third term in office over Democratic General Charles Devens.


1862 Massachusetts legislature
The 83rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1862 during the governorship of John Albion Andrew. John Henry Clifford served as president of the Senate and Alexander Hamilton Bullock served as speaker of the House.


1862 Melbourne Cup
The 1862 Melbourne Cup was a two mile  handicap horse race which took place on Thursday, 13 November 1862.


1862 Melbourne Cup
This year was the second running of the Melbourne Cup and Archer's back-to-back wins would not be repeated again for over one hundred years, until Rain Lover's wins.


1862 Melbourne Cup
This is the list of placegetters for the 1862 Melbourne Cup.


1862 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1862 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1862. Incumbent Republican Austin Blair defeated Democratic nominee Byron G. Stout with 52.53% of the vote.


1862 Montgomeryshire by-election
The 1862 Montgomery by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 14 July 1862 for the British House of Commons constituency of Montgomeryshire, known at the time as Montgomery.


1862 Montgomeryshire by-election, Cause
The seat had become vacant when the constituency's Member of Parliament (MP), Herbert Williams-Wynn died.


1862 Montgomeryshire by-election, Candidates
- Charles Williams-Wynn was the son of Charles Wiliams-Wynn, who was M.P. for Montgomeryshire 1796–1850, and was a Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Montgomeryshire, and captain in the Montgomery Yeomanry Cavalry. He was the Conservative Party candidate.


1862 Montgomeryshire by-election, Candidates
- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy was a British colliery owner. He succeeded his father as Baron Sudeley in February 1863, aged 25. He also succeeded his father as Lord-Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire, a post he held until his death aged 40. He was the Liberal Party candidate.


1862 Morpeth colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Morpeth on 18 September 1862 because David Buchanan was insolvent and resigned his seat. Buchanan had unsuccessfully sued the Sydney Morning Herald for libel and was required to pay their legal costs. He was unable to pay and declared himself bankrupt.


1862 New England colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of New England on 28 June 1862 because George Markham resigned, to be appointed superintendent for the southern district in the establishment of the Police Force.


1862 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1862 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1862. Democratic nominee Joel Parker defeated Republican nominee Marcus Lawrence Ward with 56.8% of the vote.


1862 New York state election
The 1862 New York state election was held on November 4, 1862, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.


1862 New York state election, History
The Constitutional Union state convention met on September 9 at Association Hall in Troy, New York. B. Davis Noxon was temporary chairman and made a speech stating that the object of this political body was to stop the American Civil War. Eli P. Morton was chosen president of the convention. Ballots were taken for governor and lieutenant governor. The vote stood as follows. For governor: Horatio Seymour 32, John Adams Dix 20, Millard Fillmore 6, Frederick A. Tallmadge 1, James Brooks 1, Lorenzo Burrows 1. For lieutenant governor: William C. Hasbrouck 29, Burrows 13, Washington Hunt 8, Brooks 3, William Duer 2, Tallmadge 1. No ticket was nominated, the Constitutional Unionists instead joined the Democratic convention on the following day.


1862 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 10 at Tweddle Hall in Albany, New York. Henry C. Murphy was temporary chairman until the choice of Alonzo C. Paige as chairman. Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour (who was in office 1853–54, and had already twice lost the gubernatorial elections in 1850 and 1854) was nominated for governor by acclamation. Seymour then made a lengthy speech disagreeing with the political course of the Republican federal government.


1862 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 24 at Wieting Hall in Syracuse, New York. Ex-Chief Judge Alexander S. Johnson (a former Democrat) was temporary chairman until the choice of Henry J. Raymond as president. James S. Wadsworth was nominated for governor on the first ballot. Lyman Tremain (a former Democrat) was nominated for lieutenant governor.


1862 New York state election, Result
The whole Democratic/Constitutional Union ticket was elected. The total votes cast were more than 70,000 less than in the previous election because the soldiers in the field were not allowed to vote, which is believed to have given a slight majority (about 10,000 votes of a total of more than 600,000) to those opposed to the American Civil War.


1862 New York state election, Result
The incumbent Skinner was re-elected. The incumbent Hughes was defeated.


1862 New York state election, Result
64 Republicans and 64 Democrats were elected for the session of 1863 to the New York State Assembly.


1862 Northumberland colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Northumberland on 23 December  1862 because Thomas Lewis resigned, as he was unable to afford to attend to the Legislative Assembly at a time when members were not paid. He accepted an appointment as an inspector of coal fields in February 1863.


1862 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1862. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was reduced from 117 to 111. Voter turnout was 44.6%, although only 4.8% of the country's population was eligible to vote.


1862 Open Championship
The 1862 Open Championship was the third Open Championship and was again held at Prestwick Golf Club, Ayrshire, Scotland. Four professionals and four amateurs contested the event, with Tom Morris, Sr. winning the championship for the second time, by 13 shots from Willie Park, Sr..


1862 Open Championship
As in previous years, the contest was held over three rounds of the 12-hole links course. There was no prize money, the winner receiving the Challenge Belt for the next year.


1862 Open Championship
After the first round Morris led by seven strokes over Park, a lead extended to 11 shots after the second round. Eventually Morris won by 13 strokes, which remains the record margin of victory in the Open Championship. It was also the record margin of victory for any major championship until Tiger Woods won the 2000 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach by 15 shots.


1862 Orange colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Orange on 28 June 1862 because John Peisley resigned. Piesley had rarely attended the Legislative Assembly and a public meeting in Orange called on him to attend to his parliamentary duties or resign. Piesley's letter of resignation stated that he had been unable to attend to his parliamentary duties due to the pressure of business.


1862 Oregon gubernatorial election
The 1862 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on June 2, 1862 to elect the governor of the U.S. state of Oregon. The election matched Republican Addison Crandall Gibbs against Democratic former member of the Territorial Legislature John F. Miller. Gibbs defeated Miller in a landslide.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic was a smallpox outbreak that started in Victoria on Vancouver Island and spread among the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and into the indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, killing a large portion of natives from the Puget Sound region to Southeast Alaska. Two-thirds of British Columbia natives died—around 20,000 people. The death rate was highest in southeast Alaska and Haida Gwaii—over 70% among the Haida and 60% among the Tlingit.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
Almost all native nations along the coast, and many in the interior, were devastated, with a death rate of over 50% for the entire coast from Puget Sound to Sitka, Alaska, part of Russian America at the time. In some areas the native population fell by as much as 90%. The disease was controlled among colonists in 1862 but it continued to spread among natives through 1863.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
While colonial authorities used quarantine and smallpox vaccine and inoculation to keep the disease from spreading among colonists and settlers, it was largely allowed to spread among indigenous peoples. The Colony of Vancouver Island made attempts to save some natives, but most were forced to leave the vicinity of Victoria back to their homelands, despite awareness that it could result in a major smallpox epidemic among natives along the Pacific Northwest coast. Many colonists and newspapers were vocally in favor of expulsion.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
The situation in the Puget Sound region was similar, with newspapers encouraging settlers to get vaccinated, but with little effort towards protecting natives. Most papers supported removing natives. The effect of the epidemic in the Puget Sound area is not well documented and it appears it did not spread south beyond the Chehalis people of the Chehalis River area.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
Some historians have described it as a deliberate genocide because the Colony of Vancouver Island and the Colony of British Columbia could have prevented the epidemic but chose not to, and in some ways facilitated it. According to historian Kiran van Rijn, "opportunistic self-interest, coupled with hollow pity, revulsion at the victims, and smug feelings of inevitability, shaped the colonial response to the epidemic among First Nations". And that for some residents of Victoria the eviction of native people was a "long-sought opportunity" to be rid of them and, for some, an opportunity to take over First Nation lands. Some natives believed that the epidemic was being spread deliberately for the purpose of stealing their land.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
Pacific Northwest indigenous peoples experienced several earlier smallpox epidemics, about once per generation after European contact began in the late 18th century: in the late 1770s, 1801-03, 1836-38, and 1853. These epidemics are not as well documented in historical records.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Introduction and spread of smallpox
Smallpox was brought to Victoria by the ship Brother Jonathan, which carried 350 passengers from San Francisco. The population of Victoria at the time was about 4,000 colonists and slightly more indigenous people from all over the Pacific Northwest coast camped nearby. There were several large semi-permanent native camps around Victoria at the time. The largest, known as the "Northern Encampment", had been in place since the gold rush of 1858 and was populated by northern coastal natives, especially Tsimshian, Haida, Tlingit, Heiltsuk, and Kwakwakaʼwakw. There were also Songhees villages and other natives from nearby areas, including Halkomelem and Wakashan speaking peoples, such as the Sto:lo and Nuu-chah-nulth.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Introduction and spread of smallpox
Brother Jonathan arrived at Victoria on 12 March, 1862. The ship left the next day. On 18 March The Daily British Colonist reported one passenger had the disease. A second case was reported on 19 March. By 22 March this second infected person was in the Lower Mainland at New Westminster, having traveled across the Strait of Georgia on the Otter. On 24 March another vessel from San Francisco, the Oregon arrived with at least one passenger infected with smallpox. California was struggling with smallpox at the time, but vaccinations and other preventative measures had kept the death toll relatively low.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response
In late March the paper The Daily British Colonist published the first of several articles calling upon the government to take action, including quarantine and vaccination, to control the spread of smallpox among colonists as well as native people camped near Victoria. By 1 April about half of the colonists in Victoria had been vaccinated. On the same day the first infected native was reported. It is unclear how large a supply of the smallpox vaccine was available. Some sources stated that there was a shortage of vaccines. During May, 3,400 Indians along the lower Fraser River were reportedly vaccinated, as were others, in Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia. These groups avoided much deaths from the epidemic.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response
Governor James Douglas enlisted Hudson's Bay Company physician Dr. John Helmcken to vaccinate the Songhees. Little was done to prevent smallpox from spreading to the other natives encamped near Victoria. Two missionaries tended to the sick at the Northern Encampment and asked for government assistance. The colonial police commissioner, Augustus Pemberton, said the colony had no authority to interfere or even help bury the dead. On 28 April the Daily British Colonist called upon the government to "remove...the entire Indian population" from the Victoria area. Pemberton, with Governor Douglas's permission, ordered the Tsimshians to leave within one day, had a gunboat stationed to enforce the order, and placed armed guards around Victoria to prevent natives from entering.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response
Most of the Tsimshians left on 1 May, along with a number of Haida and Tlingit. However during May the epidemic continued to ravage the natives still living in the Northern Encampment. Many moved to other nearby camps. The Haida set up a large camp at Cadboro Bay. In early May two gunboats arrived, HMS Grappler and HMS Forward. On 11 May Police Commissioner Pemberton brought the gunboats and many policemen to Cadboro Bay. They forced about 300 natives to evacuate in 26 canoes. One of the gunboats towed the canoes.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response
When the Cadboro Bay camp was empty the police went to what remained of the Northern Encampment and burned all the dwellings, leaving about 200 Haidas with no canoes. On 13 May the Daily British Colonist reported that these Haida were to be evicted "to one of the islands in the Straits—there to rot and die with the loathsome disease which is now destroying the poor wretches at the rate of six each day." Police efforts to drive the natives away from Victoria continued through late May, as small groups still remained near Victoria. Reports of natives dying of smallpox near Victoria continued into June. The number of native deaths near Victoria in 1862 is not known, but on 11 June newspapers reported about 1,000 to 1,200 unburied Northern Indian corpses just west of Victoria.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response
In April, when the outbreak was just starting, Dr. Helmcken vaccinated about 500 Songhees. On 29 April the Songhees abandoned their villages and moved to Discovery Island in Haro Strait. Due to this and Dr. Helmcken's vaccines the Songhees survived the epidemic with few deaths.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response
Most of the Halkomelem-speaking people of the Lower Mainland were saved due to the vaccination efforts of missionaries. The Catholic Oblate missionary Leon Fouquet and his partner Father Pandosy vaccinated a large number Halkomelem peoples such as the Cowichan Quwutsun, as well as some members of other groups like the Squamish and Shishalh. Fourquet also sent a large supply of vaccine to Casimir Chirouse at Tulalip. Chirouse vaccinated most of the Tulalip and Nooksack people. In August, when smallpox arrived in the Puget Sound area the Tulalip and Nooksack were mostly safe, while other native groups were devastated. The Anglican missionary John Good vaccinated the Snuneymuxw.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response
Some Hudson's Bay Company officials took part in vaccination efforts, such as Hamilton Moffat who vaccinated over 100 natives near Fort Rupert, and William Manson who vaccinated "a large number" at Fort Kamloops. Despite Manson's efforts he reported "violent outbreaks" of smallpox in the Kamloops area. Some natives attempted to inoculate themselves, although how many and how effective it was is not known.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north
Starting in May, 1862, thousands of infected natives were evicted from the Victoria area and forced to return to their homes in the north, all along the coast from Nanaimo to the Stikine River in southeast Alaska. Unlike the region around the Salish Sea the northern coast had little previous exposure to smallpox and no vaccines available. As the disease spread indigenous peoples suffered devastating losses. There are no first-hand accounts of the initial stages of the epidemic in the north. By mid-June Victoria newspapers began receiving reports of the toll the disease was taking. The Pentlatch, Eeksen, and Qualicom peoples were greatly reduced and merged with the K'ómoks (Comox). Although a few Shishalh people had been vaccinated the nation as a whole was devastated.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north
Many Kwakwakaʼwakw lived near Fort Rupert, on northern Vancouver Island. Over the summer of 1862 various ships reported high death tolls. The disease reduced the Kwakwakaʼwakw population by over 50%. Likewise there were harrowing reports about the Heiltsuk people of the Bella Bella area. On 18 July 1862 the Daily British Colonist reported that smallpox had killed about 60% of the Heiltsuk people. Robert Boyd estimates the Heiltsuk population fell by about 72% due to the epidemic. Many villages were abandoned and survivors soon moved to the consolidated settlement at Bella Bella. Large areas of traditional Heiltsuk territory were abandoned. By 1899 the Heiltsuk population had dropped to 319, almost all at Bella Bella. The Nuxalk people were also decimated by smallpox, with a loss of about 58%, and a similar abandonment of villages and whole regions, with consolidation at Bella Coola.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north
The Haida people suffered the most from the smallpox epidemic. Haida Gwaii experienced a large amount of village abandonment and consolidation. No contemporary accounts describe what happened when the first infected Haida returned, but later reports suggest that smallpox circulated among Haida villages for over a year killing about 72% of the Haida people. Many historic Haida villages were abandoned in the years following the epidemic, including Ninstints, Kloo, Skedans, Cumshewa, Dadens, Haina, Hiellen, Kung, Klinkwan, and "Old" Kasaan, among others. Survivors consolidated in four main settlements: Skidegate, Masset, Hydaburg, and "New" Kasaan.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north
The Tsimshian forced away from Victoria brought smallpox to Fort Simpson, whence it spread widely starting in June of 1862. By early July the native settlement outside the fort was deserted due to deaths and people fleeing the area. The Tsimshian settlement at Metlakatla had only just been founded by the missionary William Duncan, who intended it to be a utopian Christian community. Duncan was able to quarantine Metlakatla by refusing to allow natives to be admitted who showed any signs of smallpox. His efforts resulted in Metlakatla being mostly spared from the disease.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north
Duncan also used the epidemic to proselytize, saying that the epidemic had been sent by God as a punishment for the sins of the Tsimshian, and that those who repented and "came to Jesus" and were baptized would be spared. Duncan also recorded news about the spread of the disease up the Skeena River, and elsewhere, as refugees sought entrance to Metlakatla.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north
Tlingits driven from Victoria brought smallpox to the Stikine River area. Some of the refugees were escorted by the gunboat HMS Topaz all the way from Victoria to Alaska. No records survive of the situation in the Stikine area during July and August, when the epidemic was likely at its height. In early September HMS Devastation visited the area and noted major population loss and the continuing spread of smallpox. The epidemic spread north into the Alexander Archipelago but was limited due to an extensive Russian vaccination program. Some Tlingit groups had not been part of the Russian program and these were decimated by the disease, especially the Henya Tlingit of northern Prince of Wales island. The Mainland Tlingit suffered losses of about 60%, and the Island Tlingit about 37%.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north
Other indigenous peoples who suffered major population loss include the Saanich (about 72%), Nisga'a (about 37%), Gitxsan (about 22%), Sabassas or Kitkatla Tsimshian (about 67%), Wuikinuxv (Oweekeno), as well as the interior nations of the Nlaka'pamux, Stʼatʼimc, Dakelh, Tsilhqotʼin, and Secwepemc, among others.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Aftermath
Up until the 1862–1863 epidemic the colonial authorities acquired indigenous land through treaties. Governor James Douglas had signed 14 land cession treaties on Vancouver Island, known as the Douglas Treaties. In 1864, after the epidemic, the colony's Chief Commissioner of Land and Works Joseph Trutch decided to stop recognizing indigenous title and abandon the treaty process. This set the precedent of British Columbia taking indigenous land by fiat rather than treaty.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Aftermath
The large population losses also caused widespread native village abandonment and consolidation, cultural loss, increased conflict and hostility with colonists. In Haida Gwaii, following the 1862 epidemic, over nineteen villages diminished to four by the early 20th entury.


1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Aftermath
The Tsilhqotʼin people resisted when a wagon road began to be built through their territory without permission, resulting in the Chilcotin War. One of the foremen of the road-building project threatened the Tsilhqotʼin with smallpox. The war ended with the hanging of six Tsilhqotʼin chiefs. In 2014 British Columbia Premier Christy Clark formally exonerated the executed chiefs and apologized for these acts, acknowledging that "there is an indication [that smallpox] was spread intentionally."


1862 Philadelphia mayoral election
The 1862 Philadelphia mayoral election saw the reelection of Alexander Henry to a third consecutive term. It was the first Philadelphia mayoral election to a three-year term, as previous elections since 1854 had been for two-year terms.


1862 Shoalhaven colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Shoalhaven in January 1861 because John Garrett resigned to become a police magistrate at Scone. The by-election allowed John Robertson to return to the Legislative Assembly after the Legislative Council had passed the Robertson Land Acts, which would open up the free selection of Crown land.


1862 South Australian colonial election
Colonial elections were held in South Australia from 10 November to 28 November 1862. All 36 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election.


1862 South Australian colonial election
Since the inaugural 1857 election, no parties or solid groupings had been formed, which resulted in frequent changes of the Premier. If for any reason the incumbent Premier of South Australia lost sufficient support through a successful motion of no confidence at any time on the floor of the house, he would tender his resignation to the Governor of South Australia, which would result in interested members declaring their intent to run for the vacant position. A parliamentary ballot would then take place, resulting in the member with the most votes being sworn in by the Governor as the next Premier.


1862 South Australian colonial election
Informal groupings began and increased government stability occurred from the 1887 election. The United Labor Party would be formed in 1891, while the National Defence League would be formed later in the same year.


1862 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The 1862 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held  on 5 May in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1862 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, William Richmond.


1862 Town of New Plymouth by-election
Watt was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.


1862 United States elections
The 1862 United States elections occurred in the middle of Republican President Abraham Lincoln's first term, during the Third Party System and the Civil War. Members of the 38th United States Congress were chosen in this election. West Virginia and Nevada joined the union during the 38th Congress, but several states were in rebellion, reducing the size of both chambers of Congress. The Republican Party kept control of Congress, although it was reduced to a plurality in the House.


1862 United States elections
In the House, Democrats won several seats, ending the Republican majority. Republicans won a plurality of seats, while several seats were occupied by politicians identifying as Unionists. Republican Schuyler Colfax won election as Speaker of the House.


1862 United States elections
In the Senate, Republicans picked up a small number of seats, retaining a commanding majority.


1862 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1862 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 2. In keeping with the "Mountain Rule", incumbent Republican Frederick Holbrook was a candidate for a second one-year term. The Democratic nominee was Benjamin H. Smalley, who had been on the ballot in 1861 as the gubernatorial candidate of the "Peace Democrats," who favored compromise with the Confederacy.


1862 Vermont gubernatorial election
Vermont continued to strongly support the Union and the Republican Party. Holbrook was backed by Republicans and pro-Union Democrats, and easily defeated Smalley to win a one-year term that began on October 10.


1862 Warwick colonial by-election
The Warwick colonial by-election, 1862 was a by-election held on 4 February 1862 in the electoral district of Warwick for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1862 Warwick colonial by-election, History
On 14 January 1862, St. George Richard Gore, member for Warwick, resigned to contest a ministerial by-election after being made Secretary of Public Lands and Works. He was defeated by John Gore Jones at the resulting by-election on 4 February 1862.


1862 Wellington colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Wellington on 26 February 1861 because of the resignation of Silvanus Daniel, who was then appointed a Commissioner of Crown Lands, a position he had held prior to entering parliament.


1862 West Moreton colonial by-election
The West Moreton colonial by-election, 1862 was a by-election held on 15 December 1862 in the electoral district of West Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1862 West Moreton colonial by-election, History
On 3 November 1862, Joseph Fleming, the member for West Moreton, resigned. Joshua Peter Bell won the resulting by-election on 15 December 1862.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held during President Abraham Lincoln's first term at various dates in different states from June 1862 to November 1863. Republicans lost 22 seats and the majority, while Democrats gained 28.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections
The Civil War to date had been only weakly successful for the Union, but had wrought major, disruptive change in the size and reach of the Federal Government, which before the war had been small and little seen beyond post offices, customs houses in ports, and scattered military posts. The Republican Party was also relatively new, yet had led the Union down a radical path of rapid industrialization and destructive total war.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections
Voters turned on the Administration over its failure to deliver a swift victory over the Confederate rebellion (at times verging on military incompetence), along with rising inflation and new taxes to pay for the war effort, the suspension of habeas corpus, and the introduction of conscription.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections
Expressing a typical sentiment, the Cincinnati Gazette had editorialized that voters "are depressed by the interminable nature of this war, as so far conducted, and by the rapid exhaustion of the national resources without progress."


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections
Short of a majority, Republicans retained control with the support of the Unionist Party. In September 1862, President Lincoln had warned the South that he planned by executive order, and as a war measure, to liberate all slaves in rebelling states as of January 1, 1863. The popularity of emancipation varied by region. It was more popular in New England and areas near the Great Lakes, and less popular in cities with large immigrant populations and in the southern portion of the North.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections
While Democrats hailed the elections as a repudiation of emancipation, the results did not alter Lincoln's plan or hamper prosecution of the war.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections
In Lincoln's home district of Springfield, Illinois, John T. Stuart, a Democrat and one of Lincoln's former law partners, defeated the Republican incumbent. A fear of an influx of freed slaves competing for jobs and depressing wages, and a desire by white voters to prevent black suffrage, helped drive this result and others.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections
The sitting House Speaker, Galusha Grow of Pennsylvania, also lost re-election, but he would return to the House 30 years later in 1894.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The eight Representatives remaining from Tennessee and Virginia in the 37th Congress were absent from the 38th Congress. Other seceded states remained unrepresented, leaving 58 vacancies Upon admission, West Virginia was allotted three Representatives  and during the second session one seat was added for the new state of Nevada.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Reapportionment transpired according to the 1860 Census, under the 1850 Apportionment Act providing a total of 233 seats. A later Act added eight seats, increasing the total to 241.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were seven special elections during the 37th Congress, and two during the 38th Congress.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama
Alabama elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Arkansas
Arkansas elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, California
Note: From statehood to 1866, California's representatives were elected state-wide at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858. In 1860, when California gained a seat, the top three vote-getters were elected.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, California
California elected its members September 2, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut
Connecticut elected its members April 6, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Florida
Florida elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia
Georgia elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky
Kentucky elected its members August 3, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana
Louisiana elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland
Maryland elected its members November 3, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi
Mississippi elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, New York
New York elected its members November 4, 1862. The state lost two seats in reapportionment, going from 33 members to 31.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
North Carolina elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island
Rhode Island elected its members April 1, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina
South Carolina elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee
Tennessee elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Texas
Texas elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont
Vermont elected its members September 1, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia
Virginia elected its members May 28, 1863, but they were all disqualified.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, West Virginia
West Virginia elected three representatives on October 22, 1863 after becoming a state on June 20, 1863 but before the Congress convened. It was made up of three districts that previously belonged to Virginia, all of which were vacant before the elections. They were seated on December 7, 1863.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin
Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 4, 1862, picking up two Democratic gains.


1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin
Three of seats were newly apportioned. One incumbent was redistricted and won re-election, but died three weeks after the general election. A special election was held December 30, 1862, to replace him.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1862 and 1863 were elections during the American Civil War in which Republicans increased their control of the U.S. Senate. The Republican Party gained three seats, bringing their majority to two-thirds of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists, giving them a commanding majority.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections
As many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, six senators resigned to join the Confederacy, and 14 were expelled for supporting the rebellion: these seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections
As this election was prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 37th Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1862 or in 1863 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the 38th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863; ordered by state.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 38th Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Illinois (Special)
Republican appointee Orville Browning, who had been appointed in June 1861 on the death of Stephen A. Douglas, retired instead of running to finish the class 2 term.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Illinois (Special)
Democrat William Richardson won the January 12, 1863 special election over Governor of Illinois Richard Yates.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Illinois (Special)
Richardson would lose renomination in the 1865 election to the next term, which Yates would win.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)
Democratic incumbent Jesse D. Bright was expelled from the Senate February 5, 1862 for supporting the Confederacy.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)
The governor appointed Unionist former-Governor Joseph A. Wright February 24, 1862, until a successor could be elected to finish the term.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)
Democrat David Turpie was elected to finish the term, ending March 3, 1863.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)
Turpie was not a candidate for the next term, however.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Regular)
Democratic former member of the U.S. House, Thomas A. Hendricks, who had not been a candidate to finish the current term, was elected in 1862 to the next term, starting March 4, 1863.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Maine
First-term Republican Lot M. Morrill was elected to his first full term January 13, 1863.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts
Sumner would be re-elected again in 1869 and serve until his death in 1874.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Minnesota
Minnesota's U.S. Senate election was held January 14, 1863 by the state legislature in a joint convention. Alexander Ramsey was a former Whig U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 14th Congressional District (1843-1847), former Minnesota Territorial Governor (1849-1853), former Mayor of St. Paul (1855), and sitting Minnesota Governor (1860-1863). Ramsey's main challengers for the Republican nomination were Cyrus Aldrich, David Cooper, and James Smith during balloting on January 12, 1863. Andrew G. Chatfield was a former New York state legislator and Associate Justice of the Minnesota Territorial Supreme Court (1849-1858).


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Missouri, Missouri (Regular)
Democrat Trusten Polk was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 1 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) John B. Henderson was appointed January 17, 1862 to finish the term.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Missouri, Missouri (Special)
Democrat Waldo P. Johnson was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 3 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) Robert Wilson was appointed January 17, 1862 to continue the term, pending a special election.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Missouri, Missouri (Special)
Fellow Unconditional Unionist Benjamin Gratz Brown was elected and would align with the Radical Republicans. He would retire at the end of his term in 1867 due to ill health.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New Jersey
In both elections, the New Jersey legislature elected its senators in joint convention.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Special)
Wall was not elected to the next term, so he only served for less than two months.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
The New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
Republican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
At the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862–1863) in the state senate. At the state election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
The election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
The Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
The Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co.. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator, managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
The caucus of Republican State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859–1862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent senator Preston King was voted down.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that "each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper." They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
In the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem. ), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union general in the Civil War.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
A second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican state senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
Both houses of the legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York
Edwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the state legislature.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863, to elect a senator as follows:


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island
Two-term (once in the 1840s and again until 1863) Republican James F. Simmons resigned August 15, 1862 as the Senate was preparing to expel him for bribery.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island, Rhode Island (Special)
Republican Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island Samuel G. Arnold was elected September 5, 1862 to finish Simmons's term.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island, Rhode Island (Regular)
Republican Governor of Rhode Island William Sprague IV was elected to the next term.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, West Virginia
Peter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey, both Unconditional Unionists, were elected August 4, 1863.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, West Virginia
Van Winkle would serve just until the 1869 end of his term.


1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, West Virginia
Before being elected senator from West Virginia, Willey was a senator from Virginia representing the Restored Government of Virginia, presenting their petition to Congress for West Virginia's statehood. He would be re-elected in 1865 to the next term served until the end of that term in 1871.


1862 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1862 in Australia.


1862 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1862.


1862 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1862 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1862 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1862 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1862 in Canada, Historical documents
Published letter describes Fraser River riches in the Cariboo Gold Rush


1862 in Canada, Historical documents
Settling Indigenous people near Winnipeg is opposed by residents in published letter


1862 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1862 in Chile.


1862 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1862 in New Zealand.


1862 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls
The Auckland club is now playing on its own green.


1862 in New Zealand, Sport, Rowing
1 January – The first recorded rowing regatta takes place on Lyttelton Harbour.


1862 in New Zealand, Sport, Rowing
Later in the year the Canterbury Rowing Club is formed to row on the Avon River in Christchurch.


1862 in Siam
The year 1862 was the 81st year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). It was the twelfth year in the reign of King Mongkut.


1862 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1862 in South Africa.


1862 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1862 to Wales and its people.


1862 in architecture
The year 1862 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1862 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1862.


1862 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1862.


1862 in poetry
-- first stanza of Julia Ward Howe's Battle Hymn of the Republic conceived as both poem and lyrics to a popular tune and first published in February in The Atlantic Monthly


1862 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1862 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1862 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1862 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1862.


1862 in science
The year 1862 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1862 in sports
1862 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections
Argentina held nine presidential elections between 1862 and 1910, every six years.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, Background
These elections were all indirectly decided in the electoral college, and not reflective of popular vote (whose turnout averaged 10% of male suffrage). The cosmetic nature of this electoral system, which became known locally as the voto cantado (the "outspoken vote" because of its non secrecy), resulted from a period of intermittent civil wars between those who favored a united Argentina with a strong central government (Unitarians) and Buenos Aires Province leaders who favored an independent nation of their own (Federalists). These conflicts had dominated local political life since 1820, and did not immediately subside with the enactment of the Argentine Constitution of 1853.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, Background
The military guarantor of the Argentine Confederation, General Justo José de Urquiza, lost control over his appointed successor, Santiago Derqui, and this led Buenos Aires Governor Bartolomé Mitre to take up arms in defense of autonomy against what he saw as Derqui's reneging on their 1860 gentlemen's agreement. Victorious at the 1861 Battle of Pavón, Mitre obtained important concessions from the national army - notably the amendment of the Constitution to provide for indirect elections through an electoral college comprised - by design - somewhat disproportionately of electors from the nation's hinterland provinces.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1862
A skilled negotiator, Mitre placated restive sentiment in Buenos Aires and Entre Ríos Provinces (where separatist sentiment was highest), and nominated Marcos Paz, a Federalist and former Mitre foe, as his running mate. Arranging an electoral college election on September 4, 1862, he and Paz received the body's unanimous support.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1868
Presiding over a prosperous economy overshadowed somewhat by the costly Paraguayan War, President Mitre was at pains to avoid risking the tenuous national unity his administration had secured. Though he hand-picked prospective candidates, Mitre avoided the appearance of direct support for any one figure, while limiting the field to those he considered acceptable. Electors from Buenos Aires Province favored Autonomist Party candidate Adolfo Alsina, who was instead persuaded by Mitre to run for the vice-presidency. The nomination was handed to the Ambassador to the United States, Domingo Sarmiento, who remained at his post and did not campaign.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1868
Mitre also supported former Unitarian Party leader Rufino de Elizalde and his running mate General Wenceslao Paunero, a key figure in Mitre's victory at the Battle of Pavón. These candidates were all preferred by the president over that year's dark horse, former President Justo José de Urquiza (whom Mitre attempted to dissuade from running for fear of the separatist conflict his presence might provoke).


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1868
These candidates were, with the exception of Sarmiento, contentious in many circles and provided the new system its first real test. The electoral college met on April 12, 1868, and selected Sarmiento by 79 out of 131 votes, making this the only closely contested race during this era.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1874
President Sarmiento's pragmatic approach to Buenos Aires demands and his successful control of separatist revolts in the north paved the way to high office for his vice president, Autonomist Party leader Adolfo Alsina. Alsina gained the support of a sizable facion of Mitre's Nationalist Party, resulting in the formation of the paramount political group in Argentina for the next 42 years: The National Autonomist Party (PAN). Mitre himself did not support Alsina, however, whom he viewed as a veiled Buenos Aires separatist. The elder statesman ran for the presidency again, though the seasoned Alsina outmaneuvered him by fielding Nicolás Avellaneda, a moderate lawyer from remote Tucumán Province. The electoral college met on April 12, 1874, and awarded Mitre only three provinces, including Buenos Aires.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1874
As he had repeatedly up to 1861, Mitre took up arms again. Hoping to prevent Avellaneda's October 12 inaugural, he mutineered a gunboat; he was defeated, however, and only President Avellaneda's commutation spared his life.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1880
A leader of the Conquest of the Desert, as well as of the suppression of Mitre's 1874 uprising and others, President Avellaneda had decided on General Julio Roca as his successor, early on. Memories of Mitre's defeat did not sit well with Buenos Aires separatists, and this faction nominated the Governor of Buenos Aires Province, Carlos Tejedor. Roca's April 11, 1880, selection by the electoral college was followed by Tejedor's armed insurrection, and though the latter was defeated, Mitre brokered negotiations between Tejedor's separatists and the national government. These negotiations eventually result in the Federalization of Buenos Aires in September, stabilizing the powerful province's position within Argentina.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1886
Confident of his authority following six years of peace and prosperity, President Roca was by then known for his shrewdness as "the fox." Enjoying the support of the agricultural elites - as well as of the London financial powerhouse, Barings Bank - Roca daringly fielded his brother-in-law, Córdoba Province Governor Miguel Juárez Celman, as the PAN candidate for president. A number of distinguished candidates appeared, including Buenos Aires Governor Dardo Rocha and Foreign Minister Bernardo de Irigoyen. Roca tolerated no opposition against his dauphin, however, who was selected nearly unanimously on April 3, 1886.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1892
An 1888 massacre of a May Day gathering and an unprecedented financial crisis led to the formation of the first meaningful opposition to develop as reform movements in urban areas, culminating in the Revolution of the Park that forced Juárez Celman's 1890 resignation. These developments gathered speed when the Civic Youth Union became the Radical Civic Union (UCR), in 1891. Instability also prompted moderates from within the PAN to advance a diplomat, Roque Sáenz Peña, as the nominee.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1892
Roca foiled this move by persuading former Supreme Court Chief Justice Luis Sáenz Peña (Roque's father) to run - forcing the young reformist to withdraw. The UCR's appeal, for its part, helped lead President Carlos Pellegrini (who replaced the besieged Juárez Celman) to declare a state of siege a week before the April 10, 1892, elections. The resulting UCR electoral boycott left the ruling PAN as the only party on the ballot, handing its nominee the presidency unanimously.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1898
Having obtained the aging Luis Sáenz Peña's resignation in favor of Vice President José Evaristo Uriburu (who was good stead with both Roca and Mitre), Roca once again carried the PAN standard in 1898. The UCR, which had lost its founder, Leandro Alem, to suicide in 1896, was divided between those who backed Senator Bernardo de Irigoyen's drive to form coalitions with more conservative parties, and those who supported the party's new leader, Hipólito Yrigoyen (who boycotted this and future "election songs" - establishing what later became known as the UCR's "break before bending" policy). Public debate was heated on the eve of the January 30 elections to a constitutional assembly entrusted to increase the number of congressmen and cabinet members, as well before the April 10, 1898, general election. The electoral college yielded no surprises, though, and Roca was returned to the presidency.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1904
Riding high after another term of prosperity and important diplomatic accomplishments such as the May 1902 Pact with neighboring Chile over a border dispute and Foreign Minister Luis Drago's settlement of imminent war between the German Empire and Venezuela, President Roca enlisted Congressman Manuel Quintana as the PAN standard bearer. Within the PAN itself, some dissent was evident over Roca's dominance. These voices rallied behind former Presidents Carlos Pellegrini (as an Autonomist) and José Evaristo Uriburu (as a Republican). The UCR maintained its boycott, and the aging Quintana was selected by the electoral college on April 10, 1904.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1904
The year's legislative elections were more historically significant than the headline presidential selection: the Buenos Aires district of La Boca elected Alfredo Palacios, the first Socialist Congressman in the western hemisphere.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1910
The ailing President Quintana's death in 1906 was the beginning of the end of Roca's dominance of national politics and policy. Moderate opposition to the PAN had greatly eroded its majorities in Congress, the very day the president died, and within months, Bartolomé Mitre and Carlos Pellegrini were dead, as well. President José Figueroa Alcorta defied Roca by signing many of Congressman Palacios' labor law reform bills and by 1909, Figueroa Alcorta was poised to nominate the reformist who had been turned away in 1892: Roque Sáenz Peña.


1862–1910 Argentine presidential elections, 1910
Other prominent conservatives, such as La Nación publisher Emilio Mitre and Buenos Aires Governor Marcelino Ugarte, presented token candidacies. Sáenz Peña, who was the Ambassador to Italy and did not campaign, was selected unanimously on April 12, 1910. He promptly began negotiations with UCR leader Hipólito Yrigoyen for the introduction of legislation providing for universal male suffrage and the secret ballot. The president struggled over the bill with a still-conservative Congress, and on February 10, 1912, the Senate narrowly passed Law 8871. Providing for free and fair elections, as well as for the country's first uniform system of voter registration, the Sáenz Peña Law brought the prolonged "outspoken vote" to an end.


1862–63 Barnes F.C. season
This was the first season of Barnes FC following its foundation in 1862. Since a standard set of laws of football did not yet exist (the Football Association would not be founded until 1863), Barnes drew up its own rules to govern play, choosing to prohibit carrying the ball. Though its rules stated that "the season shall commence on the first Saturday in October", Barnes FC's first game (against neighbouring Richmond FC) is not recorded until the end of November.


1862–63 Barnes F.C. season
In December, Barnes played Blackheath FC, a club which played a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball and "hacking" (kicking opponents in the shins). The resulting clash of styles forced "mutual concessions" to be made as to the rules for this game. It was nevertheless a lively match, featuring "dangerous mélées" in which club captain Ebenezer Morley narrowly escaped being "garrotted". In the first half of 1863, Barnes played against N.N. Club and Forest FC (later renamed Wanderers FC), two teams who, like Barnes, preferred a dribbling game; both would join Barnes in becoming founder members of the Football Association later that year.


1863
1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1863rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 863rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 63rd  year of the 19th century, and the  4th   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1863, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1863 Akaroa by-election
The 1863 Akaroa by-election was a by-election held on 30 October 1863 during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Canterbury electorate of Akaroa.


1863 Akaroa by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Augustus White on 28 August 1863.


1863 Akaroa by-election
It appears that there were no other candidates, and he was declared duly elected. There are no newspaper reports of a poll being held. Although two reports suggested that Captain R. Greaves was proposing to stand, a third said he had withdrawn.


1863 Antinous
1863 Antinous /ænˈtɪnoʊəs/, provisional designation 1948 EA, is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object, approximately 2–3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1948 by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory on the summit of Mount Hamilton, California. It was named after Antinous from Greek mythology.


1863 Antinous, Orbit and classification
Antinous is also classified as a Mars-crosser and Apollo asteroid. The SU/Sq-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 0.9–3.6 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,240 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.61 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic.


1863 Antinous, Orbit and classification
It has an Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.1836 AU. In the 20th century Antinous passed within 30 Gm of the Earth five times; it will do so only once in the 21st. The nearest distance increases each time, from 26 to 29 Gm.


1863 Antinous, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen and SMASS taxonomic scheme, Antinous is characterized as a SU and Sq type, respectively, which are subtypes of the broader group of S-type asteroids. The Apollo asteroid has a rotation period of 7.46 hours and an albedo between 0.10 and 0.240,


1863 Antinous, Naming
This minor planet was named after Antinous from Greek mythology. Antinous was one of the many unwelcome suitors for Penelope's hand while her husband, Odysseus, was away on his travels (also see 201 Penelope and 1143 Odysseus). Antinous, being the most insolent of all, was the first to be killed by Odysseus on his return. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).


1863 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1863 Atlantic hurricane season featured five landfalling tropical cyclones. In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. There were seven recorded hurricanes and no major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale.