1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society
Abolitionists recognized the strength of this argument on public opinion in both the north and south. In correspondence to the New York Times in September 1861 (during the war), an abolitionist named J.B. Lyon addressed this as a prominent argument of his opponents:


1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society
We don't know any better than to imagine that emancipation would result in the utter extinction of civilization in the South, because the slave-holders, and those in their interest, have persistently told us ... and they always instance the "horrors of St. Domingo."


1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society
Lyon argued, however, that the abolition of slavery in the various Caribbean colonies of the European empires before the 1860s showed that an end to slavery could be achieved peacefully.


1804 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1804 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 2.


1804 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Federalist Governor Caleb Strong was re-elected to a fifth consecutive one-year term in office, defeating Democratic-Republican James Sullivan.


1804 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 12th congressional district on September 17, 1804 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Thomson J. Skinner (DR) on August 10, 1804


1804 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election, Election results
Larned took his seat on November 5, 1804, at the start of the 2nd session


1804 Mtiuleti rebellion
The 1804 rebellion in Mtiuleti was a conflict in the former Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia), at that time part of the Georgia Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was the first major Georgian rebellion directed against the Russian administration.


1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Background
In 1801, the Russians capitalized on the moment, and annexed the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti. The entity was then reduced to the status of a Russian region (Georgia Governorate). Though the Russian administration brought some peace, Kartli-Kakheti remained troubled.


1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Rebellion
It broke out at a vulnerable spot, to the west of the Darial Pass. A number of local Ossetians had complained about the grain and meat demands of Cossacks stationed in the area. They were thrown into a pit. The Cossacks then proceeded to punish more locals; peasants were put to forced labour, two men were killed by whip lashing, women were mistreated, and cattle was worked to death.


1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Rebellion
The people of the Aragvi valley then attacked the troops of Dmitri Mikhailovich Volkonsky, killing several of them. They then proceeded to occupy several of the forts on the nearby main road. In the summer of 1804, 4,000 Georgian and Ossetian rebels requested Prince Parnaoz to lead them. On 3 August 1804, the rebels and Russian forces clashed at Lomisi; the Russian forces reportedly only escaped defeat due to the "timidity" of the Kakhetian nobles and the return of Russian General Pavel Tsitsianov, who had just unsuccessfully besieged Erivan. The rebellion was eventually crushed; hundreds of highlanders were bayoneted or imprisoned. It would take eight years before more anti-Russian violence erupted.


1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Rebellion
A part of the Georgian nobles participated in the 1804 Mtiuleti rebellion. Zaza Jughashvili, Joseph Stalin's great grandfather, also took part in the rebellion.


1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Sources
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1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Sources
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1804 New England hurricane
The 1804 New England hurricane (also known as the Storm of October 1804) was the first tropical cyclone in recorded history known to have produced snowfall. An unusual late-season storm in 1804, it yielded vast amounts of snow, rain, and powerful winds across the northeastern United States. Prior to its approach towards the East Coast of the United States, it passed through the Caribbean Sea on 4 October, and later emerged near Georgetown, South Carolina. By early on 9 October, a trough near the Virginia Capes turned the disturbance toward New England.


1804 New England hurricane
Soon thereafter, the hurricane's abundant moisture clashed with an influx of cold Canadian air, leading to the deepening of the resulting pressure gradient and provoking inland intensification. While situated over Massachusetts, it attained its peak intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h), undergoing an extratropical transition. Even as it drifted towards the Canadian maritimes, consequently gradually weakening, precipitation persisted for another two days before the snowstorm finally subsided on 11 October.


1804 New England hurricane
Due to its unusual nature, both heavy snowfall and strong winds caused a swath of devastation stretching from the Mid-Atlantic states to northern New England. In the Middle-Atlantic region, moderate damage occurred at sea but little was noted inland. In New England, strong gusts inflicted significant damage to numerous churches. Widespread residential damage, in contrast, was mostly negligible and had no lasting consequences. Thousands of trees were knocked over, obstructing roads and fiscally damaging the timber industry throughout the region.


1804 New England hurricane
Cold temperatures, wet snow, and high winds downed numerous branches in fruit orchards, froze potato crops, flattened dozens of barns, and killed over a hundred cattle. In general, the agriculture, shipping, timber, and livestock trades suffered most acutely following the passage of the hurricane, while structural damage was widespread but generally inconsequential.


1804 New England hurricane
The storm's most severe effects were concentrated at sea and led to a majority of the hurricane's deaths. Winds swept dozens of watercraft and multiple ships ashore, while high waters capsized many others. Several wharves were destroyed, subsequently harming local shipping businesses. Snow and rainfall totals varied widely between states, with a clear delineation between areas that received frozen precipitation and rainfall in the Northeast. Areas of Massachusetts received up to 7 in (18 cm) of rain, in contrast to snow totals upward of 48 in (120 cm) measured in Vermont.


1804 New England hurricane
In all, the hurricane caused more than 15 deaths at sea and one inland, and also resulted in at least $100,000 (1804 USD) in damage. The hurricane of 1804, generally described as the most severe storm in the United States since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635 nearly 200 years earlier, set several major precedents which have only infrequently been replicated since. It was the first known tropical cyclone to generate snowfall, and its early and extensive accumulations throughout New England were not only unprecedented but unusually heavy.


1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history
The origins of the hurricane prior to its approach near New England are mostly unknown. Though a modern study conducted in 2006 traced its origins to north of Puerto Rico on 4 October 1804 and reports indicated it also passed by Dominique and Guadaloupe the same day, little else was known about the storm until its approach towards the East Coast of the United States and transit near South Carolina.


1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history
Weather historian David Ludlum concluded that both the hurricane's strength and its abnormally cold environment were derived from the influx of unseasonably cold air from the north converging upon the storm's abundant moisture, increasing the pressure gradient and leading to intensification. He also speculated that the storm could have formed non-tropically from the southern Appalachian Mountains before arriving on the Atlantic coast, but given meteorological circumstances, characteristics, and timing, it was evaluated that the storm was of tropical origin.


1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history
The earliest evidence of a disturbance near the United States was noted on 8 October, when rainfall was recorded in upstate New York, precipitated by the storm's western periphery in advance of an approaching trough. The following morning, the trough's motion near the Virginia Capes area was accompanied by intensifying winds and a change in their direction; initially southwesterly force 3, the incoming gale's winds rapidly turned towards the west-northwest, escalating to force 6 by the afternoon. A 2001 study noted the unusual orientation of the storm's winds; although a majority of New England hurricanes induced southeasterly gusts, the 1804 hurricane's, in contrast, were mostly southwesterly.


1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history
Historical records chronicled the remainder of the storm's track along the East Coast of the United States. A "dreadful squall" occurred near Cape Henry at noon on 9 October, and historical documents confirm it quickly reached Chesapeake Bay later that morning, maintaining west-to-north winds. While gusts in New York City, where the storm arrived that afternoon, initially blew towards the southeast, they soon shifted towards the north-northwest and coincided with a rapid drop in atmospheric pressure, which bottomed out at 977 mbar (28.87 inHg) by the early afternoon.


1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history
Though the barometer at the weather station remained at that point for much of the afternoon, the air temperature plummeted rapidly from 55 °F (13 °C) to 42 °F (6 °C) during the same period. A strong westerly circulation encouraged the swift eastward movement of the through's northern segment, steering the course of the storm northeasterly over New England. By the evening, the storm had fully traversed the northeastern United States, where accounts indicated the passage of the storm's eye.


1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history
The results of the 2001 study also suggested atypical strengthening occurred around this time, achieving its peak intensity with 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) over Massachusetts, equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The storm's maximum diameter was estimated to be 90 mi (150 km) at its largest point. As the hurricane weakened throughout the night, it underwent an extratropical transition, evidenced by a passageway of weak winds off of the trough's center. Its eye was consequently distorted as it meandered northward towards Canada, where it subsequently encountered an area of high pressure; though gusts diminished that evening, moderate precipitation persisted for another two days before the snowstorm finally departed on 11 October.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records
The hurricane brought strong gusts, copious snow, and heavy rain throughout New England and across the Mid-Atlantic region. High precipitation amounts were observed along the storm's trajectory, peaking at 7 in (18 cm) inches of rain in Salem, Massachusetts and 48 in (120 cm) of snow at Windsor, Vermont. It was the first known tropical cyclone to feature frozen precipitation, and remained the only instance until a later disturbance in 1841 and Hurricane Ginny in 1963, which triggered 13 in (33 cm) of snow in regions of northern and central Maine.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records
The unusually widespread and severe October snow was seen few times – if ever – until the 2011 Halloween nor'easter, which dropped several feet in New England at its worst. Similarly, Hurricane Sandy in 2012 brought heavy snow along areas of the East Coast, with its highest depths concentrated in Virginia, albeit while exhibiting extratropical characteristics. In addition, a modern survey concluded that the 1804 storm was the only known hurricane to strike New England with southwesterly winds, and it was also one of only two, the other being the 1869 Saxby Gale, confirmed to have intensified while inland over New England.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records
In the Middle-Atlantic states, it caused little injury overall, though many boats and ships were capsized. To the north in New England, many churches endured significant damage, and shipwrecks led to 15 deaths, with one other death owing to a building collapse. Due to intense gusts, hundreds of trees were uprooted and many buildings were unroofed. Agriculture, shipping, timber, and livestock industries also suffered substantial impairment, with considerable injury experienced by barns, crops, watercraft, timber, and livestock. Farther north, entire swaths of forest were leveled, and heavy snow blocked roads, paths, and turnpikes. Fruit orchards and sugar groves endured the worst of the storm, reducing the season's harvests. Private properties generally suffered damage to roofs, windows, and chimneys; several buildings throughout the region were reported to have collapsed. Overall, approximately $100,000 in damage and more than 16 deaths were recorded.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Mid-Atlantic and south
Though the hurricane was reported to have passed by Dominique, Guadaloupe, and Georgetown, South Carolina, few other details are known and no damage was observed. Losses in the Mid-Atlantic states were much less severe than those in New England, but isolated damage was still noted. Offshore Cape Henry, Virginia, a vessel weathered through a squall, but managed to escape without being capsized. To the north near Chesapeake Bay, a mail boat was impeded by unrelenting west-to-northwesterly gusts at Havre de Grace, Maryland, and consequently was unable to traverse the bay.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Mid-Atlantic and south
A negative storm tide at Baltimore grounded multiple boats, and farther north at Philadelphia, an arriving ferry was inundated by a sudden gale. In New Jersey, a ferry was overturned near Trenton, and another ran ashore within the proximity of Absecon Beach. The hurricane's impact in New York state was largely insignificant, though rain totals reached 2.27 in (5.8 cm) in New York City. Meanwhile, to the west in the Catskill Mountains, up to 18 in (46 cm) of snow accumulated, despite reports of fast-melting snow at Rochester.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Mid-Atlantic and south
Winds at Hudson were seemingly more extreme than any other previous storm in the region, and the Hudson Valley as a whole experienced intense gusts throughout the day; however, there was only a single report of inland damage, with houses flattened at Newburgh as a result of the severe winds. Shipping was slightly disrupted throughout the state of New York, with high winds forcing ships to travel with lowered sails, also preventing vessels from docking at New York Harbor on 10 October.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
Devastation was widespread throughout the state of Massachusetts, with high winds and heavy snow averaging 5 to 14 in (13 to 36 cm) causing significant havoc. In Boston, strong winds, described as "unprecedented in the annals" of the city, were documented during the afternoon of 9 October, with the intense gusts blowing off the steeple of the Old North Church. The steeple was eventually repaired and restored several times, yet was blown down by once more in 1954 by Hurricane Carol and mended once again.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
Meanwhile, the roof of the King's Chapel was tossed 200 ft (61 m) from its initial location, landing on an adjacent house and crushing two carriages into pieces. Churches and meetinghouses in Salem, Beverly, Charlestown, and Danvers were also seriously impaired. A residence in Boston caved in, killing one person and injuring three others, and consequently was to be demolished. All across the state, the storm bent and crumpled structures and also ruined many wharves. In Dighton and Milton, winds toppled several homes, while shipping was impacted by the storm in Gloucester. Property damage throughout the state – especially to chimneys, roofs, and windows – was generally severe, with chimneys even falling onto stage coaches in the streets of Boston. The Charlestown Navy Yard was dismantled to prevent its imminent collapse, and in Peabody, more than 30,000 unburnt bricks were wrecked.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
The storm uprooted thousands of trees throughout the easternmost sections of the state. In the town of Lynn, the storm was reportedly the most severe since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635, with roofs torn off structures, fences and chimneys toppled, and orchards bearing the brunt of formidable destruction. The chimney of the local schoolhouse collapsed into the roof and a bench was thrown into the cellar. Intense winds uprooted thousands of trees, of which many sank into local marshes. At Plum Island, gusts toppled trees and fences, yet no residential damage was observed.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
Close by at Plymouth, however, winds wrecked several houses and overturned numerous boats. At Rehoboth, winds brought down at least 80 trees, and in nearby Quincy, a few houses' roofs were torn away, more than a dozen barns were demolished, and gusts killed numerous cows, with similar damage noted at Taunton. Many ornamental and fruit trees also endured significant damage, high winds blew away many roofs, chimneys, and fences. Meanwhile, at Dedham, more than 130 trees toppled onto the fifth Massachusetts Turnpike, and many forests were razed throughout other parts of the region, making roads impassable.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
Remarkably, the Endicott Pear Tree in Danvers survived to later weather through three other hurricanes in 1815, 1843, and 1934. Approximately 4 in (10 cm) of rain was measured during the day in Salem, while an additional 3 in (7.6 cm) fell that evening, apparently "a greater quantity than has ever been known in the same space of time".


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
At least 27 vessels were damaged by the hurricane in Boston, with six watercraft having struck the South Boston Bridge, resulting in one death. Winds propelled several boats off of Gloucester out to sea, and their company was presumed to be lost. Ships elsewhere also withstood the hurricane's powerful gusts without much success – the Dove capsized at Ipswich Bar, killing seven people. The captain of the Hannah drowned at Cohasset and the vessel Mary was also beached, but the latter craft's crew survived.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
At Cape Cod, the Protector was swept inland near Highland Light, losing $100,000 (1804 USD) in goods and leading to one death, while the John Harris capsized nearby, its crew perishing with it. Three bodies were also washed ashore at Plymouth, apparently from drowning at sea. Dozens of watercraft were driven aground at Salem, Cape Ann, and Marblehead, causing significant damage. At Abington, the storm's effects to local shipping activities were detrimental, with many vessels shipwrecked by high winds. Despite being heavily occupied, the port at New Bedford experienced no losses of ships or boats.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
Powerful winds induced substantial destruction throughout other portions of the state. The diary of William Bentley featured an account on the hurricane, describing the destruction of two barns in Salem and the death of a horse. The property of Paul Revere and Bentley's own house suffered considerable injury, and in nearby Nahant, many buildings' roofs were hurled away by intense gusts. Bentley also observed the unusual abundance of seaweed which was swept inland during the aftermath of the storm.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
Where snow fell it was mainly heavy, with reports of snowfall totaling 24 to 30 in (61 to 76 cm) in the Berkshires and up to 18 in (46 cm) near Stockbridge; however, no accumulation was measured in Boston and Worcester due to higher-than-optimal temperatures. In Abington, the hurricane not only impacted the shipping industry but also inflicted severe damage to oak and pine forests. Severe damage was inflicted to crops as a result of the storm, with potatoes freezing, apples tossed from branches, and stacks of hay ruined. Livestock also encountered noteworthy losses, with "large numbers" of cattle, sheep, and fowl having died near Walpole, Newbury, and Topsfield – over a hundred cattle died at Topsfield alone.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
While reports of snowfall were generally sporadic in Massachusetts, snowfall was copious in Connecticut. More than 3 in (7.6 cm) of snow accumulated at Litchfield, while over 12 in (30 cm) was recorded at Goshen. Moderate snowfall also accrued at Woodbridge, and other regions of the state received up to 24 in (61 cm). However, the delineation between areas of rain and snow was clearly evident, with more than 3.66 in (9.3 cm) of rain measured in nearby New Haven. Devastation was also widespread in Rhode Island, with numerous houses damaged at Newport and Providence.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England
In Newport, many ships were damaged, and several deaths were recorded. Trees of immense size were also uprooted in both towns, and fence boards were scattered by strong gusts. In Providence, many ships were grounded, a brick house was impaired, and various other structures' chimneys collapsed. The hurricane was described as the "severest storm and gale of wind within the recollection of any of its inhabitants," although little else was known about its impacts in Rhode Island. Despite the high wind speeds and proximity to other snow-receiving areas, none fell in Providence as a result of warmer temperatures.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada
Although winds in New Hampshire, along the hurricane's northern edge, were less severe, higher snowfall totals were recorded. In Portsmouth, damage was minimal and mainly confined to fences. On 10 October, thundersnow was observed in Walpole as precipitation changed due to sinking temperatures, which soon followed by a period of high winds. Though the average snowfall amount in the Connecticut River Valley was estimated to be near 15 to 18 in (38 to 46 cm), much of it quickly melted, leaving only 4 to 5 in (10 to 13 cm) left by the snowstorm's departure.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada
Still, the heavy weight of the unusually early wet snow snapped many tree branches still in full bloom, ruining fruit orchards and sugar groves. As a result, production of cider, already in low supply, was reduced even further; damages to one orchard alone reached $300 (1804 USD). Due to snow-obstructed roads, post was delivered on horseback, and at Gilsum, the hurricane was so intense that a group of men traveling toward Keene were forced to return due to blocked roads smothered with over 10 in (25 cm) of snow.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada
The timber industry suffered the blizzard's detrimental effects, the worst blow to the trade since its formation in New Hampshire; in addition, several barns were obliterated. Totals reached 6 in (15 cm) at Hanover, 24 in (61 cm) at Goffstown, and over 36 to 48 in (91 to 122 cm) in the Green Mountains; meanwhile, in southern portions of the state, 4 in (10 cm) of ice accrued upon the accumulations already on the ground.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada
The storm's damage radius was estimated to be at least 50 mi (80 km), and encompassed the towns of Peterborough, Rindge, Lyme, and Amherst, each received 24 to 36 in (61 to 91 cm) of frozen precipitation. At Rye Beach, a woman, swept to sea on a stranded ship, was found dead with an infant in her hands, and the Amity was also wrecked along its shores, causing an additional death.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada
In contrast to the higher precipitation totals found in New Hampshire, accumulations merely averaged 5 in (13 cm) in Vermont. Even so, a source detailed snowfall depths of 20 in (51 cm) within the vicinity of Lunenburg by the time the hurricane's precipitation subsided, and reported higher depths of 3 ft (0.91 m) in other regions of the state. In the vicinity of Windsor, up to 48 in (120 cm) of snow may have fallen during the course of the snowstorm.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada
The snow was deep enough to cover the entire heights of corn stalks and potato crops, impeding the impending harvest, while massive drifts in the state's hills obstructed roads. Even farther north in Maine, the snowstorm's effects remained disastrous; following its passage, a 60 acres (240,000 m2) timber lot at Thomaston was nearly entirely uprooted, clearing a massive forested area and making towns from great distances away, previously obstructed, suddenly visible. The effect of the storm was so pronounced that, according to Sidney Perley, "people felt as if they were in a strange place".


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada
The storm was particularly severe on the Atlantic coast, especially in Kennebec, Wiscaset, Berwick, Kittery, and York, causing moderate destruction and killing several cattle. However, at Portland, the hurricane was less severe and its impact was minimal. Precipitation arrived in Canada on 9 October and persisted through the following day without triggering any recorded damage.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Records
Due to its unusual nature, the hurricane of 1804 set several major precedents which have only rarely occurred since then. Having defied many behaviors normally exhibited by New England hurricanes, the cyclone, described as the most severe in the United States since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635, was not only unique in its production of snow, but also in its meteorological characteristics and unusual timing.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Records
Though the disturbance developed within the confines of the Atlantic hurricane season, its widespread early-season snowfall was unprecedented, with few comparable storms since, among them being the 2011 Halloween nor'easter, producing several feet of snowfall in many areas. Similar circumstances occurred in 2012 with the arrival of Hurricane Sandy, which had a comparable track to the 1804 snowstorm, though it was extratropical by the time it made landfall. The storm was also the first known instance of snow instigated by a tropical cyclone until a later storm in 1841.


1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Records
Since that time, there has been only one other confirmed snowfall event as a result of a tropical cyclone while still considered to be tropical, which was caused by Hurricane Ginny in 1963, generating accumulations of 13 in (33 cm) in Maine. The storm also displayed abnormal meteorological characteristics which went against conventional understanding. Winds prevailed toward the southwest, the only known example of a northeastern hurricane producing winds in that direction; most generally yielded southeasterly gusts. In addition, it was one of only two systems to have strengthened while inland, the other being the 1869 Saxby Gale.


1804 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1804 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 13, 1804. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to an eleventh term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate, former Governor and U.S. Senator John Langdon in a re-match of the previous year's election.


1804 New Hampshire gubernatorial election, Notes
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1804 New York gubernatorial election
The 1804 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1804 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1804 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Clintonian faction of the Democratic Republican Party nominated former Attorney General of New York and Supreme Court of New York justice Morgan Lewis. They nominated state senator John Broome for Lieutenant General.


1804 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
Although a Democratic-Republican, incumbent Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr was backed by members of the Federalist Party who wanted to see New York join the New England states in an independent confederation. This scheme was opposed by High Federalist Alexander Hamilton, the party's national leader. Burr subsequently killed Hamilton in a duel. U.S. representative Oliver Phelps was nominated for Lieutenant Governor.


1804 New York's 1st congressional district special election
A special election was held in New York's 1st congressional district April 24–26, 1804 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Smith (DR) on February 22, 1804, after being elected to the Senate. The election was held at the same time as the elections for the 9th Congress and were combined into a single election, with the candidate receiving the most votes going to the 9th Congress and the candidate with the second most votes going to the 8th Congress.


1804 New York's 1st congressional district special election, Election results
Wickes won the seat for the 9th Congress and Riker for the remainder of the 8th Congress, taking his seat on November 5, 1804.


1804 New York's 2nd and 3rd congressional district special elections
A special election was held in New York's 2nd and 3rd congressional districts September 11-13, 1804 to fill a vacancy in the 9th Congress left by Representative-elect Daniel D. Tompkins (DR) resigning to accept an appointment to the New York Supreme Court.


1804 New York's 2nd and 3rd congressional district special elections
At the time, the 2nd and 3rd districts had combined returns, functioning as a single plural district, hence, both Tompkins' initial election and this special election covered both districts.


1804 New York's 2nd and 3rd congressional district special elections, Election returns
Mumford took his seat with the rest of the 9th Congress at the start of the 1st session.


1804 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district on November 2, 1804 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William Hoge (DR) on October 15, 1804.


1804 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election, Election results
John Hoge, the winner of this special election, was the brother of the outgoing incumbent William Hoge, and took his seat November 27, 1804


1804 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware
The Delaware United States House election for 1804 was held October 13–20, 1804. The incumbent Representative Caesar Augustus Rodney was defeated by the former Representative James A. Bayard Sr., whom he had defeated in the previous election, with 52.12% of the vote.


1804 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia
Initially, Cowles Mead (Democratic-Republican) was declared the winner of the 4th seat. The votes from Camden, Liberty and Tatnal counties were not received in time and were originally not counted. When it was later decided to count them as valid, it resulted in Thomas Spalding (Democratic-Republican) overtaking Cowles Mead for the fourth and final seat by 39 votes. Spalding was then given the seat in place of Mead.


1804 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey
The Federalist ticket was announced only a week before the election, with no active campaigning.


1804 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island, Notes
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1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
The majority requirement was met in all 17 districts in the 1804 elections.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes
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1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
The 1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1804, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 9th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 8th United States Congress.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1802 to a term in the 8th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1803. John Cantine had resigned his seat, and Isaac Bloom had died in April 1803. Josiah Hasbrouck and Daniel C. Verplanck were elected to fill the vacancies. In February 1804, John Smith was elected to the U.S. Senate, leaving a vacancy in the 1st District. The other 16 representatives' term would end on March 3, 1805. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1804, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1805, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 2, 1805.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
After the U.S. census of 1800, New York's representation in the House was increased to 17 seats. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts. After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Dem.-Rep. majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
Besides, Seneca Co. was split from Cayuga Co. inside the 17th District.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
15 Democratic-Republicans and 2 Federalists were elected to the 9th Congress, and one Democratic-Reopublican to fill the vacancy in the 8th Congress. The incumbents Mitchill, Van Cortlandt, Verplanck, Livingston, Van Rensselaer, Thomas and Sammons were re-elected; the incumbent Root was defeated.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
Note: The Anti- Federalists called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections
Daniel D. Tompkins, elected in the 2nd/3rd D., was appointed on July 2, 1804, to the New York Supreme Court and resigned his seat, before the congressional term began. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in October 1804, and was won by Gurdon S. Mumford, of the same party.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections
Samuel L. Mitchill, who had been re-elected in the 2nd/3rd D. to a third term, resigned his seat on November 22, 1804, after his election to the U.S. Senate. A special election to fill both vacancies (the remainder of his term in the 8th Congress and his seat in the 9th Congress) was held, and was won by George Clinton, Jr., of the same party. Clinton took his seat in the 8th Congress on February 14, 1805, and remained in office after March 4 in the 9th Congress.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections
The House of Representatives of the 9th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 2, 1805, and Blake, Halsey, Masters, Mumford, Russell, Sailly, Sammons, Schuneman, Thomas, Tracy, Van Rensselaer and Williams took their seats on this day. Livingston and Wickes took their seats on December 9; Van Cortlandt on December 10; Verplanck on December 11; and Clinton on December 16.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes
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1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held on October 9, 1804 for the 9th Congress.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background
In the previous election, a delegation of all Democratic-Republicans had been elected to Congress. At this time, a moderate wing of the Democratic-Republican party, known as the Constitutional Republicans or tertium quids ("quids" for short) had broken off from the majority and ran candidates in several districts. The Quids were generally allied with the Federalists.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts
Pennsylvania was divided into 11 districts, of which four were plural districts with 11 Representatives between them. Several new counties were created between the 1802 elections and the 1804 elections. The districts were:


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts
The borders between the 4th, 5th, and 8th districts were altered slightly in the erection of new counties from parts of several counties


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts
Note: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results
Fifteen incumbents ran for re-election, of whom 14 won. The incumbents Isaac Van Horne (DR) of the 2nd district, Joseph Hiester (DR) of the 3rd district and William Hoge (DR) of the 10th district did not run for re-election. One seat changed from Democratic-Republican to Federalist.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results
Returns are incomplete for the 8th, 9th, and 10th districts


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special election to the 8th Congress
William Hoge (DR) of the 10th district resigned October 15, 1804. A special election was held November 2, 1804 to fill his seat for the remainder of the 8th Congress


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections to the 9th Congress
Two special elections were held on October 8, 1805. In the 4th district, John A. Hanna (DR) died on July 23, 1805, while in the 11th district, John Lucas (DR) resigned prior to the first meeting of the 9th Congress.


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections to the 9th Congress
Michael Leib (DR) of the 1st district resigned February 14, 1806. A special election was held November 27, 1806


1804 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes
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1804 United States Senate special elections in New York
In 1804, there were two special elections for the U.S. Senate from New York:


1804 United States elections
The 1804 United States elections elected the members of the 9th United States Congress. The election took place during the First Party System. The Democratic-Republican Party continued its control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress.


1804 United States elections
In the Presidential election, incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson easily defeated Federalist former Governor Charles Pinckney of South Carolina. As the Twelfth Amendment had been ratified in 1804, this was the first election in which electors separately selected a president and a vice president.


1804 United States elections
In the House, Democratic-Republicans won moderate gains, boosting their already-dominant majority.


1804 United States elections
In the Senate, Democratic-Republicans made small gains, improving on their commanding majority.


1804 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1804, in 13 states, concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election.


1804 United States gubernatorial elections
Eight governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.


1804 United States presidential election
The 1804 United States presidential election was the fifth quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 2, to Wednesday, December 5, 1804. Incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson defeated Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina. It was the first presidential election conducted following the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reformed procedures for electing presidents and vice presidents.


1804 United States presidential election
Jefferson was re-nominated by his party's congressional nominating caucus without opposition, and the party nominated Governor George Clinton of New York to replace Aaron Burr as Jefferson's running mate. With former President John Adams in retirement, the Federalists turned to Pinckney, a former ambassador and Revolutionary War hero who had been Adams's running mate in the 1800 election.


1804 United States presidential election
Though Jefferson had only narrowly defeated Adams in 1800, he was widely popular due to the Louisiana Purchase and a strong economy. He carried almost every state, including most states in the Federalist stronghold of New England. Several states did not hold a popular vote for president, but Jefferson dominated the popular vote in the states that did. Jefferson's 45.6 percentage point victory margin in the popular vote remains the highest victory margin in a presidential election in which there were multiple major party candidates.


1804 United States presidential election, Background
Although the presidential election of 1800 was a close one, Jefferson steadily gained popularity during his term. American trade boomed due to the temporary suspension of hostilities during the French Revolutionary Wars in Europe, and the Louisiana Purchase was heralded as a great achievement.


1804 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination
The February 1804 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus selected the ticket. Unlike the previous election, the nominating caucus did not meet in secret. Jefferson's re-nomination was never in any real doubt, with the real issue being seen as who the party would nominate to replace Vice President Aaron Burr, whose relationship with Jefferson had soured. Governor George Clinton of New York was chosen as Jefferson's running mate, continuing the party's tradition of nominating a ticket consisting of a Virginian and a New Yorker.


1804 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist Party nomination
The Federalists did not hold a nominating caucus, but Federalist Congressional leaders informally agreed to nominate a ticket consisting of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina and former Senator Rufus King of New York. Pinckney's public service during and after the American Revolutionary War had won him national stature, and Federalists hoped that Pinckney would win some Southern votes away from Jefferson, who had dominated the Southern vote in the previous election.


1804 United States presidential election, General election
Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton's death in July 1804 following the Burr–Hamilton duel destroyed whatever hope the Federalists had of defeating the popular Jefferson. Leaderless and disorganized, the Federalists failed to attract much support outside of New England. The Federalists attacked the Louisiana Purchase as unconstitutional, criticized Jefferson's gunboat navy, and alleged that Jefferson had fathered children with his slave, Sally Hemings, but the party failed to galvanize opposition to Jefferson. Jefferson's policies of expansionism and reduced government spending were widely popular. Jefferson was aided by an effective Democratic-Republican party organization, which had continued to develop since 1800, especially in the Federalist stronghold of New England.


1804 United States presidential election, General election
Jefferson's victory was overwhelming, and he even won four of the five New England states. Pinckney won only two states, Connecticut and Delaware. This was the first election where the Democratic-Republicans won in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. This was the last time that Massachusetts voted for the Democratic-Republicans until 1820.


1804 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Source (popular vote): . . (February 10, 2006). Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825Source (electoral vote):


1804 United States presidential election, General election, Results
(a) Only 11 of the 17 states chose electors by popular vote. (b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.


1804 United States presidential election, General election, Popular vote by state
The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of North Carolina and Tennessee appear to be incomplete.


1804 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1804 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1804 United States presidential election in Connecticut
During this election, Connecticut cast nine electoral votes for Federalist Party candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (becoming the only state other than Delaware to do so). However, he would lose to Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson by a landslide margin nationally.


1804 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1804 presidential election in Georgia took place between November 2 to December 15, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. As occurred at the time, the state legislatures chose six electors to represent the state in the election.


1804 United States presidential election in Georgia, Results
Nationwide, Jefferson won in a landslide, winning all but two states and proving to be a very popular president in most areas. Georgia was no exception, with all six electors voting for Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson and his running mate George Clinton, over the Federalist candidates Charles Pinckney and Rufus King.


1804 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1804 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1804 United States presidential election in New Jersey
During this election, New Jersey cast eight electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.


1804 United States presidential election in New York
The 1804 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 19 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1804 United States presidential election in New York
During this election, New York cast 19 electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.


1804 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1804 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. Voters chose 20 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1804 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson, over the Federalist candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Jefferson won Pennsylvania by a wide margin of 89.38%.


1804 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1804 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1804 United States presidential election in South Carolina
During this election, South Carolina cast 10 electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.


1804 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1804 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1804 United States presidential election in Vermont
During this election, Vermont cast six electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.


1804 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1804 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.


1804 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.


1804 Vermont gubernatorial election
The committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for an eighth one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a ninth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a fifth one-year term as treasurer. According to contemporary newspaper accounts, the vote totals for governor were as follows.


1804 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the totals were not recorded, but Brigham and Swan were reported to have received majorities of over 4,000 votes.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 9th Congress were held at various dates in each state between April 24, 1804 (in New York) and August 5, 1805 (in Tennessee). The Congress first met on December 2, 1805. The elections occurred at the same time as President Thomas Jefferson's re-election.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections
Under Jefferson's popular administration, his party continued to gain seats in the House. Territorial acquisitions from the Louisiana Purchase and economic expansion gave voters a positive view of the Democratic-Republicans, whose majority, already commanding in the 8th Congress, now surpassed three-quarters of the total membership. Following this election, Federalists were able to secure few seats outside of New England and party legitimacy deteriorated as political thought turned away from Federalist ideals perceived to be elitist and anti-democratic.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1804 and 1805 during the 8th United States Congress and 9th United States Congress.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The majority requirement was met in all 17 districts in the 1804 elections.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey
The Federalist ticket was announced only a week before the election, with no active campaigning.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, New York
New York held elections for the 9th Congress on April 24–26, 1804. For this year and the next election year, the 2nd and 3rd districts had combined returns, effectively a plural district with 2 seats, though still numbered as separate districts. At the time, District 2 consisted of only part of New York County, while District 3 consisted of the remainder of New York County plus Kings and Richmond Counties. By consolidating the two, it ensured that New York County would be combined into a single district.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee
Beginning with the 9th Congress, Tennessee was divided into 3 districts.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont
Vermont required a majority for election, which frequently mandated runoff elections. The 2nd, and 3rd districts both required second elections in this election cycle, and  districts both required second elections in this election cyclethe 3rd district required a third election.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates
There were three territories with non-voting delegates in the 9th Congress, one of which (the Orleans Territory) did not send its first representative until 1806. The delegates were elected by the territorial legislatures, votes here are the number of members of the territorial legislatures voting for each candidate.


1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates
In the Mississippi Territory, the territorial legislature was locked. The first vote given above was on the 7th ballot, after which point the territorial legislature adjourned, the second vote was at a later session of the territorial legislature.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1804 and 1805 were elections that expanded the Democratic-Republican Party's overwhelming control over the United States Senate. The Federalists went into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (9 out of 34, or 27%) that even if they had won every election, they would have still remained a minority caucus.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Race summaries
Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 8th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1804 or before March 4, 1805; ordered by election date.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 9th Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1805; ordered by state.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 9th Congress
In this special election, the winner was seated in 1805 after March 4.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Delaware
There were two elections this cycle to the same seat, because Federalist William H. Wells, who had first been elected in 1799, resigned November 6, 1804.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Delaware, Delaware (Regular)
Federalist James A. Bayard was elected November 13, 1804, to finish the term ending the following March.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Delaware, Delaware (Special)
Federalist James A. Bayard also elected in 1805, to the next term.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
In February 1804 two senators were elected to finish vacant terms. The winner of the class 1 seat later resigned, leading to a November special election.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
Theodorus Bailey had been elected to the Class 1 seat (term 1803-1809) but resigned on January 16, 1804, after his appointment as Postmaster of New York City.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
John Armstrong had been re-elected to the class 3 seat to the term that would end March 3, 1807. He resigned February 5, 1802 and DeWitt Clinton was elected February 9, 1802 to finish the term.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
Clinton then resigned on November 4, 1803, after his appointment as Mayor of New York City, and Governor George Clinton appointed Armstrong to his old seat to continue the term temporarily until another special election.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
Armstrong was then elected to the Class 1 seat and so resigned from the Class 3 seat.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special), New York (February: Special Classes 1 and 3)
The first special election was held February 3, 1804, by the New York State Legislature to elect both senators. The class 1 term ended March 3, 1809 and the class 3 term ended March 3, 1813.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special), New York (February: Special Classes 1 and 3)
John Smith was seated February 23, 1804. John Armstrong was seated February 25, 1804.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special), New York (November: Special class 1)
Once again, John Armstrong resigned from the Senate on June 30, 1804 (a third time in three years) when appointed U.S. Minister to France. To fill the vacancy, the legislature held a special election November 9, 1804, and elected Samuel L. Mitchill.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island, Rhode Island (Regular)
Democratic-Republican James Fenner beat incumbent Democratic-Republican Christopher Ellery in 1804.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island, Rhode Island (Special)
Democratic-Republican Samuel J. Potter died October 14, 1804 Democratic-Republican Benjamin Howland was elected October 29, 1804 to finish the term.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, South Carolina, South Carolina (Special)
Democratic-Republican Pierce Butler resigned November 21, 1804 and Democratic-Republican John Gaillard was elected December 6, 1804.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Virginia
The incumbent senators effectively switched seats due to appointments and special elections.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Class 2, Virginia (Special, Class 2)
Democratic-Republican Wilson C. Nicholas resigned May 22, 1804 and Democratic-Republican Andrew Moore was appointed August 11, 1804 to continue the term. Moore was elected to the other seat, so he resigned and Democratic-Republican William B. Giles, who had already been elected to this seat's next term, was elected December 4, 1804 to finish the term.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Class 2, Virginia (Regular, Class 2)
Democratic-Republican William B. Giles was elected December 4, 1804 to the next term.


1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special, Class 1)
Democratic-Republican Abraham B. Venable resigned June 7, 1804 and Democratic-Republican William B. Giles was appointed August 11, 1804 to continue the term. Giles was elected to the other seat, so he resigned and Democratic-Republican Andrew Moore was elected December 4, 1804 to finish the term.


1804 dollar
The 1804 dollar or Bowed Liberty Dollar was a dollar coin struck by the Mint of the United States, of which fifteen specimens are currently known to exist. Though dated 1804, none were struck in that year; all were minted in the 1830s or later. They were first created for use in special proof coin sets used as diplomatic gifts during Edmund Roberts' trips to Siam and Muscat.


1804 dollar
Edmund Roberts distributed the coins in 1834 and 1835. Two additional sets were ordered for government officials in Japan and Cochinchina, but Roberts died in Macau before they could be delivered. Besides those 1804 dollars produced for inclusion in the diplomatic sets, the Mint struck some examples which were used to trade with collectors for pieces desired for the Mint's coin cabinet. Numismatists first became aware of the 1804 dollar in 1842, when an illustration of one example appeared in a publication authored by two Mint employees. A collector subsequently acquired one example from the Mint in 1843.


1804 dollar
In response to numismatic demand, several examples were surreptitiously produced by Mint officials. Unlike the original coins, these later restrikes lacked the correct edge lettering, although later examples released from the Mint bore the correct lettering. The coins produced for the diplomatic mission, those struck surreptitiously without edge lettering and those with lettering are known collectively as "Class I", "Class II" and "Class III" dollars, respectively.


1804 dollar
From their discovery by numismatists, 1804 dollars have commanded high prices. Auction prices reached $1,000 by 1885, and in the mid-twentieth century, the coins realized over $30,000. In 1999, a Class I example sold for $4.14 million, then the highest price paid for any coin. Their high value has caused 1804 dollars to be a frequent target of counterfeiting and other methods of deception.


1804 dollar, Background
The Coinage Act of 1792, the legislation which provided for the establishment of the Mint of the United States (today the United States Mint), authorized coinage of multiple denominations of gold, silver and copper coins. According to the act, the dollar, or "unit", was to "be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver".


1804 dollar, Background
The act went on to state that the coin would be struck in an alloy consisting of 89.2 percent silver and 10.8 percent copper. The purity and weight standards outlined in the Act were based on the mean of several assays conducted on Spanish milled dollars. However, the dollars were mandated by Spanish law to contain 90.2 percent silver, and most of the unworn examples in circulation in the United States at the time contained approximately 1.75 grains (0.113 g) more than the silver dollars authorized by the Act.


1804 dollar, Background
In 1793, President George Washington signed into law a bill which declared Spanish milled dollars legal tender, provided that they weighed no less than 415 grains (26.9 g), which meant that at the lowest weight allowed by law, the Spanish dollars would contain approximately 0.5 percent less silver than the United States dollar coins.


1804 dollar, Background
As a result, the United States silver dollars and unworn Spanish dollars were largely forced out of circulation in accordance with Gresham's law; the lighter Spanish dollars were shipped in quantity for circulation in the United States, while the heavier pieces would be turned in to the Philadelphia Mint to be recoined into United States coinage to take advantage of the discrepancy in weight. At that time, silver bullion was supplied to the Mint exclusively by private depositors, who, according to the Coinage Act of 1792, had the right to have their bullion coined free of charge. As large silver coins were a preferred method of commerce throughout the world, especially China, a considerable number of the United States dollars requested by silver depositors were exported to satisfy that demand.


1804 dollar, Background
The first dollar coins, known as Flowing Hair dollars, were issued by the Mint beginning in 1794. By 1800, a majority of depositors requested their bullion be struck as silver dollars, which were then utilizing the Draped Bust design. This contributed to a shortage of small change in circulation, and as a result, the public became increasingly critical of the Mint. Mint Director Elias Boudinot began encouraging depositors to accept fractional coins, and the production of dollars began to decrease in relation to the smaller coins.


1804 dollar, Background
Dollar coin production ceased in March 1804, although those pieces bore the date of 1803. In his 1805 report, Mint Director Robert Patterson stated that "[t]he striking of small coins is a measure which has been adopted to accommodate the banks and other depositors, and at their particular request, both with a view of furnishing a supply of small change, and to prevent the exportation of the specie of the United States to foreign countries." Though none had been struck for over two years, Secretary of State James Madison officially suspended silver dollar coinage on May 1, 1806, addressing a letter to Patterson:


1804 dollar, Background
Sir: In Consequence of a representation from the director of the Bank of the United States that considerable purchases have been made of dollars coined at the mint for the purpose of exporting them, and as it is probable further purchases and exportations will be made the President directs that all the silver to be coined at the mint shall be of small denominations, so that the value of the largest pieces shall not exceed half a dollar.


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
In 1832, commercial shipper Edmund Roberts began acting as an envoy to Asia on behalf of the United States government, with the intent of negotiating trade deals in the region. During his mission, he reached deals both with Said bin Sultan, the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, and the Phra Khlang of Siam (modern Thailand), an important financial minister of that nation. Roberts was given items which were to be presented as gifts to the officials with whom he was negotiating, but described them as being of "very mean quality, and of inconsiderable value".


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
After the treaties were ratified in the United States, Roberts had to return to Siam and Muscat to receive approval from the representatives of those nations. In a letter to the Department of State dated October 8, 1834, Roberts decried the gifts of his previous journey as inadequate and insulting to his hosts in the Orient. In addition to several other items, he requested a set of coins as an appropriate offering to Said bin Sultan:


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
I am rather at a loss to know what articles will be most acceptable to the Sultan, but I suppose a complete set of new gold & silver & copper coins of the U.S. neatly arranged in a morocco case & then to have an outward covering would be proper to send not only to the sultan, but to other Asiatics.


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
In a November 11, 1834, letter sent to Mint Director Samuel Moore, Secretary of State John Forsyth approved Roberts' suggestion, writing:


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
The President [Andrew Jackson] has directed that a complete set of the coins of the United States be sent to the King of Siam, and another to the Sultan of Muscat. You are requested, therefore, to forward to the Department for that purpose, duplicate specimens of each kind now in use, whether of gold, silver, or copper.


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
He also directed Moore to have two Morocco leather boxes made to house the coins. He stated that one should be yellow in color, and the other crimson, and that funds could be drawn from the Treasury for the value of the boxes and coins. Later, in a letter dated December 2, 1834, Forsyth directed Moore to include "national emblems" (including an eagle and stars) on the exterior of the cases.


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
In their book The Fantastic 1804 Dollar, numismatic historians Eric P. Newman and Kenneth E. Bressett assert that a problem arose at the Mint as to how to interpret Forsyth's order. As his initial correspondence indicated that the sets were to include coins of every type then in use, Mint officials included both the silver dollar and gold eagle. The moratorium on silver dollar coinage had been lifted in 1831, but none had been coined since those issued in March 1804.


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
Two sets of coins, minted in proof finish, were completed and delivered along with their boxes to Roberts shortly prior to his departure on the USS Peacock on April 27, 1835. The dollars included the sets bore the Draped Bust design, depicting an allegorical representation of Liberty on the obverse and a heraldic eagle on the reverse. A list of diplomatic gifts was also proposed for missions to Japan and Cochin-China (today part of Vietnam), which included two additional sets of coins.


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
Roberts delivered the first set of coins to Said bin Sultan on October 1, 1835. He delivered the next set to King Rama III of Siam the following year, on April 6. Roberts died in Macau on June 12, 1836, before he could initiate contact with any other nations. On June 30, Edmund P. Kennedy, commodore of the diplomatic fleet, wrote to the State Department that he had "directed that the presents [which remained ungifted due to Roberts’ death] be forwarded to the United States".


1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission
The proof sets meant for Cochin-China and Japan were likely included in the shipment of returned presents. All dollars struck for inclusion in the diplomatic gift sets were likely dated 1804. It is unknown why that date was chosen for the dollars, but numismatic historian R.W. Julian suggests that it could have been done to prevent angering collectors who would not have been able to acquire the 1834-dated coin for their collections; Chief Coiner Adam Eckfeldt, after consulting with Moore, mistakenly determined that 19,570 dollars bearing the date 1804 were struck in that year. The dollars minted for the diplomatic gift sets, as well as other examples struck with the same dies, are collectively known as "Class I" 1804 dollars. In total, eight specimens of this type are known today.


1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes
During the nineteenth century, Mint employees produced unauthorized copies of medals and coins, sometimes backdated. Although coin restrikes were created openly at the Philadelphia Mint from the 1830s, the practice became clandestine by the end of the 1850s. In the decades after the first 1804 dollars were produced, collectors became aware of their existence and desired to obtain them. Several were struck at the Mint in 1858.


1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes
Those coins, which became known as "Class II" 1804 dollars, had plain, unlettered edges, as opposed to standard issue Draped Bust dollars and those struck as diplomatic gifts, all of which had edge lettering applied by the Castaing machine. In 1859, James Ross Snowden unsuccessfully requested permission from the Treasury Secretary to create patterns and restrikes of rare coins for sale to collectors, and in that year, dealers began offering plain edge 1804 dollars to the public.


1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes
At least three were offered for sale by various dealers in 1859, and coin dealer Ebenezer Locke Mason claimed that he was offered three by Theodore Eckfeldt, a Mint employee and nephew of Adam Eckfeldt (who had died in 1852). After the public became aware that Mint officials had permitted restrikes, there was a minor scandal which resulted in a Congressional investigation and the destruction of outdated coinage dies. The controversy prompted William E. DuBois, Mint Assayer, to try, in 1860, to recall the examples of the 1804 dollar in private hands.


1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes
According to DuBois, five coins were known to be privately owned, of which four were recovered. He stated that three were destroyed in his presence, and one was added to the Mint's coin cabinet (of which he was curator, and which is today the National Numismatic Collection), where it remains today. The coin, which is the sole known Class II specimen in existence, was struck over an 1857 Swiss shooting thaler minted for the federal shooting festival held in   Bern.


1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes
The fifth coin, alluded to by DuBois, is not currently accounted for, although its edge may have been lettered after its recovery in an attempt to pass it as an original. Coins with added lettering are known as "Class III" 1804 dollars. The obverse coinage die used to strike the Class II and Class III 1804 dollars was deposited in safekeeping in 1860, and the reverse die was destroyed in that year. The obverse die was defaced in 1869.


1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes
Class III dollars are identical to the Class II dollar, except lettering similar to that on the Class I dollars was applied to the edge of the coins. Based on the slightly concave appearance of the Class III dollars, it is likely that all were given edge lettering at some point after striking; as the Castaing machine was meant to be used prior to striking, its improper use resulted in a deformation of the coin surface.


1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes
Newman and Bressett assert that they were struck at approximately the same time as the Class II dollars, and that the edges were lettered and the coins concealed by Mint employees until 1869, when one was offered to a coin collector, who rejected it as a restrike. However, numismatist S. Hudson Chapman believed that some Class III dollars were struck as late as 1876. In 1875, several were sold by Philadelphia coin dealer John W. Haseltine. Six specimens of the Class III dollar are known today.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest
Collectors first became aware of the existence of the 1804 dollar in 1842, when a pantograph reproduction of one specimen was featured in A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations, a work authored by Mint employees Jacob R. Eckfeldt and William DuBois. The first private collector to obtain an example was Matthew A. Stickney, who acquired the coin from the Mint on May 9, 1843, by trading certain rare coins from his collection, including a unique early United States Immune Columbia coin struck in gold.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest
Interest in coin collecting and the 1804 dollars began increasing, and by 1860, the dollars saw extensive coverage by numismatists. In 1885, auctioneer W.E. Woodward described the 1804 dollar as "the king of coins", a moniker which it maintains today. Numismatic historian Q. David Bowers asserts that the 1804 dollar has attracted more attention than any other coin. All fifteen extant specimens are acknowledged and studied by numismatists. They are identified by nicknames based on prominent owners, or the first individuals known to have possessed the coins.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest
At the 1962 American Numismatic Association convention, British numismatist David B. Spink announced that he was in possession of a theretofore unknown 1804 dollar specimen. The coin was housed in a yellow leather case embossed with an eagle and other ornamentation, conforming to the description of that made for the King of Siam. The set consisted of a half cent, cent, dime, quarter, half dollar, dollar, quarter eagle, half eagle and eagle.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest
As all of the coins in the set were dated 1834 with the exception of the dollar and eagle, it provided the first definitive proof that an 1804 dollar was included in the diplomatic presentation sets. According to Spink, the set was offered to him by two women whom he believed were descendants of Anna Leonowens, tutor of the children of Rama IV (half-brother and heir of Rama III) and fictionalized protagonist of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Years of production
The fact that no 1804 dollars were struck in 1804 was not widely accepted by numismatists until the early twentieth century. Before such time, the actual year in which they were struck remained contentious among numismatists. Early on, collectors assumed that the 1804 dollars were struck in 1804, and their rarity was explained by various theories. The bulk of the mintage was variously rumored to have been paid to Barbary pirates as ransom, lost at sea en route to China, and melted before leaving the Philadelphia Mint.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Years of production
In 1867, numismatist W. Elliot Woodward acknowledged that 1804 dollars were struck as diplomatic gifts in 1834, but he also believed that others were struck in 1804. Numismatists Lyman H. Low and William T. R. Marvin, writing for the American Journal of Numismatics in 1899, stated that "the journal confidently asserts that there is no dollar dated 1804 which was struck in that year by the U.S. Mint." In 1891, numismatist John A. Nexsen wrote that the Class I 1804 dollars were "without doubt coined in 1804". In 1905, he recanted his earlier assertions, stating that "no one now believes that they were coined in 1804."


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Years of production
According to Newman and Bressett, the manner in which the 1804 dollars were produced is proof that none were struck in 1804. They note that the Castaing machine's edging dies utilized an 'H' that was undersized in relation to the other letters, the same as those used on Draped Bust dollars throughout the regular production of those coins.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Years of production
However, the edge lettering on all Class I 1804 dollars is deformed and partially obliterated, meaning that they were not struck in an open-collared coinage press as was used in 1804, but one which used a steel collar that was not introduced to the Mint until 1833. The deformation of the edge lettering was caused by pressure pushing the coinage metal against the steel collar containing the coin blank. Additionally, many 1804 dollars were struck in proof finish, a technique which was first employed at the Mint in 1817.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Sale prices
From the time numismatists became aware of 1804 dollars, they have commanded high prices, both in relation to their face value and the numismatic value of other silver dollars. Some early examples were maintained in the Mint's coin cabinet for use in trades, and in 1859, dealers began offering Class II dollars priced at $75, while Theodore Eckfeldt reportedly offered a Philadelphia coin dealer three coins for $70 each. In 1883, a Class III dollar was reportedly purchased in Vienna for $740, and a Class I specimen was auctioned for $1,000 in 1885 by Henry and Samuel H. Chapman.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Sale prices
In 1903, an example sold for $1,800, and the same coin reportedly sold for $4,250 in 1941. In 1960, a Class III dollar fetched $28,000 at an auction conducted by Stack's, a coin firm, and the same coin reached $36,000 at another Stack's sale in 1963. A Class I specimen brought $77,500 at a 1970 Stack's auction, and during a 1980 rise in coin prices, a Class III example sold for $400,000 by Bowers and Ruddy Galleries. A Class I example reached $990,000 at a Superior Galleries auction in 1990, and an example once owned by coin collector Louis Eliasberg became the first 1804 dollar to surpass $1 million at auction, selling for $1,815,000 at a sale conducted by Bowers and Merena, Inc., in 1997.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Sale prices
The price reached an all-time high in 1999, when the finest known specimen, graded Proof-68 by the Professional Coin Grading Service, which is believed to have been the example presented to Said bin Sultan, was auctioned by Bowers and Merena for $4,140,000. At the time of the sale, this was the highest price paid for any coin. In 2008, a Class I example was sold by Heritage Auctions for $3,737,500, and a Class III was sold by the same firm for $2,300,000 in 2009.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Counterfeits and reproductions
Counterfeits and spurious reproductions of the 1804 dollar have been created since numismatists became aware of the coins' high value. James A. Bolen, a medallist and coin collector who created copies of valuable coins between 1862 and 1869, fabricated an 1804 dollar by altering the last digit in the date of a genuine 1803 example. Although Bolen added his name to the edge of the coin, other forgers created altered date coins with the intent to deceive. Nineteenth-century stage actor John T. Raymond purchased a specimen of the coin, which was later revealed to be a forgery, for $300. All silver dollars dated between 1800 and 1803 were subject to alteration to 1804 dollars, but 1801 was the date most commonly used for that purpose.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Counterfeits and reproductions
In addition to altered dates, electrotypes of the 1804 dollar were created, both for the purposes of study and fraud. One such coin in the collection of the San Francisco Mint was described by them as genuine from 1887 to 1927. Electrotypes were also created by Mint employees, and one was used as the basis for the pantograph reproductions which appeared in Eckfeldt and DuBois' 1842 A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations.


1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Counterfeits and reproductions
More modern replicas, known as "Saigon copies", were commonly offered as original at low prices to American soldiers during the Vietnam War. In Saigon and other South Vietnamese cities, as well in nearby Thailand, military personnel were offered the copies by vendors who sometimes claimed that they were family heirlooms. In 2012, Professional Coin Grading Service founder David Hall stated that counterfeit 1804 dollars had been available in Hong Kong for decades.


1804 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1804 in Australia.


1804 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1804 in Chile.


1804 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1804 in the Qajar dynasty.


1804 in New Zealand
As most sealing is taking place in Bass Strait, although the rookeries there are declining, there is little interest in Dusky Sound, the rookeries of which are also declining. It is however still being used as a provisioning stop and rendezvous by sealers looking for new sealing grounds to the south and east of New Zealand. Foveaux Strait is discovered in December but its existence does not become widely known for some time. There is a marked increase in the number of whalers operating in the north of New Zealand, due in part to attacks on British boats in the South Atlantic as a result of the Napoleonic wars. There is also an increase in American ships from New England.


1804 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1804 in South Africa.


1804 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1804 to Wales and its people.


1804 in art
The year 1804 in art involved some significant artistic events and new works.


1804 in art, Awards
The Prix de Rome had been expanded in 1803 to include musical composition as a category, but was not awarded in 1804.


1804 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1804.


1804 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1804 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1804 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1804 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1804.


1804 in science
The year 1804 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1804 in sports
1804 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1804–1805 Massachusetts legislature
The 25th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1804 and 1805 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. David Cobb served as president of the Senate and Harrison Gray Otis served as speaker of the House.


1804–1805 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont
Vermont law required a majority for election, which frequently mandated runoff elections. The 2nd, and 3rd districts both required second elections in this election cycle, and the 3rd district required a third election.


1804–1805 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont, Notes
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1805
1805 (MDCCCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1805th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 805th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 5th  year of the 19th century, and the  6th   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1805, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1805
After thirteen years the First French Empire abolished the French Republican Calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar.


1805 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in the Batavian Republic on 16 October 1805. Although a new constitution had been approved in an 1801 referendums, the French authorities put pressure on the Batavian State Council to pass a new constitution in which executive power was held by a single person, the Grand pensionary, a post initially filled by Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck. The new constitution had 87 articles, which provided for a 19-seat Parliament with a three-year term which could pass or reject bills, but not change them. It was approved by 99.96% of voters.


1805 Club
The 1805 Club was founded in 1990 to accomplish three objectives. To assist in the preservation of monuments and memorials relating to Vice- Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson and seafarers of the Georgian era. To promote research into the Royal Navy of the Georgian period, and especially of Vice Admiral Lord Nelson. To organize cultural and historical events.


1805 Club
1805 originates from the year of the Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805. Club chairman since 2019 is Gerald W (Bill) White. The club is a registered charity number 1071871 in England & Wales.


1805 Club, Restoration efforts
In 2006 it was reported that the 1805 club restored the grave of Capt Edward Berry, buried at St Swithin's Church in Walcot as part of their Trafalgar Captains' Memorial Project.


1805 Club, Restoration efforts
In 2008, it was reported that the 1805 club restored the grave of Capt John Richards Lapenotière RN, at Menheniot Parish Church near Liskeard. The club also 1805 Club recorded the graves of all the British commanding officers at Trafalgar and raised funds to repair seven that were found to be in poor condition. The 1805 club documented the graves in their book, The Trafalgar Captains: Their Lives and Memorials.


1805 Club, Cultural events
According to The Times, the club conducted a 200th anniversary memorial service at the tomb of Lord Nelson. Senior members of the Royal Navy, the Sea Cadets and HMS Victory's Cutter Crew were in attendance. The club vice-president, Mrs Anna Tribe, a 3rd great-granddaughter of Lord Nelson and Lady Emma Hamilton, laid a wreath at Nelson's tomb during the service.


1805 Club, Cultural events
The 1805 Club is also the official custodian of The Trafalgar Way from Falmouth to the Old Admiralty in London and has recently been awarded Libor funds by the Chancellor to further its activities.


1805 Club, Publications
The 1805 Club maintains a website with historical information about the Royal Navy and other state and merchant navies during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and concentrating on Lord Nelson and his fellow seamen, including a list of over seventy links to other Naval research databases.


1805 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1805 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 11, 1805. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to an eighth full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate William Hart in a re-match of the previous year's election.


1805 Connecticut gubernatorial election, Notes
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1805 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held in Delaware's at-large congressional district on October 1, 1805 to fill a vacancy resulting from the resignation of James A. Bayard, a Federalist, upon election to the Senate. Bayard had earlier served in the House in the 5th, 6th, and 7th Congresses before being narrowly defeated for re-election in 1802 by Caesar A. Rodney, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1804.


1805 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election
Broom took his seat with the rest of the 9th Congress on December 2, 1805.


1805 Dirikis
1805 Dirikis, provisional designation 1970 GD, is a stony Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter.


1805 Dirikis
It was discovered on 1 April 1970, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. It was named for Latvian astronomer Matiss Dirikis.


1805 Dirikis, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical population of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,034 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1805 Dirikis, Orbit and classification
It was first observed at the Finnish Turku Observatory during WWII in 1942. The body's first used observation was its identification as 1955 QL1 at Goethe Link Observatory in 1955, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1805 Dirikis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Dirikis was obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer René Roy In April 2003. It gave a rotation period of 23.0 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 magnitude (U=2). A 2013-published period of 23.45 hours was derived in an international study (U=n.a. ).


1805 Dirikis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Dirikis measures between 22.05 and 28.10 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.089 and 0.145. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.075 and calculates a diameter of 25.53 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4.


1805 Dirikis, Naming
This minor planet was named for astronomer Matiss A. Dirikis (1923–1993), who was a member of the Astronomical Observatory at the University of Latvia, and chairman of the Latvian branch of the Astronomical–Geodetical Society of the U.S.S.R.. His work on the motion of small Solar System bodies also contributed to the field of theoretical astronomy. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (M.P.C. 3569).


1805 English cricket season
1805 was the 19th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Lord Frederick Beauclerk became the first batsman known to have scored two centuries in the same season.


1805 English cricket season, Other matches
Aside from the six matches above which are generally regarded as having been important by reference to various substantial sources (including the ACS, Britcher and Haygarth), there were eight other matches first noted by Britcher and confirmed by Haygarth:


1805 English cricket season, Bibliography
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1805 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1805 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 2.


1805 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Federalist Governor Caleb Strong was re-elected to a sixth consecutive one-year term in office, defeating Republican James Sullivan for the second time, only narrowly achieving the majority necessary for election.


1805 Molise earthquake
The 1805 Molise earthquake occurred on July 26 at 21:01 UTC. It has an estimated magnitude of 6.6 on the equivalent magnitude scale (Me) (calculated from seismic intensity data) and a maximum perceived intensity of X on the Mercalli intensity scale. The area of greatest damage was between the towns of Isernia and Campobasso, while the area of intense damage extended over about 2,000 square kilometres. There were an estimated 5,573 deaths resulting from this earthquake and two of the aftershocks.


1805 Molise earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Southern Apennines originated as northeast moving fold and thrust belt. Since the Middle Pleistocene, the tectonics has been dominated by extension. The axial part of the Apennines is the most seismically active, with a series of damaging historical earthquakes up to about 7 in magnitude. The major normal fault in the epicentral area of the 1805 event is the Bojano fault system.


1805 Molise earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake was a result of movement on the NW–SE trending Bojano fault system. A surface rupture of 40 km has been attributed to this event, with a maximum displacement of 150 cm. The mainshock was preceded by a series of low intensity foreshocks throughout the previous day. The aftershock sequence continued until the following June.


1805 Molise earthquake, Damage
The damage was particularly intense in the foothills of the Matese massif and the Bojano plain, with 30 towns and villages being severely affected. Damage was recorded as far away as Naples and Salerno. Landslides and other slope failures were seen over an area of about 5,300 square kilometres.


1805 Molise earthquake, Damage
The official number of recorded deaths is given as 5,573, representing nearly 3% of the area's inhabitants, with a further 1,583 injured. Other estimates of the death toll are in the range 4,000 to 6,000.


1805 Molise earthquake, Aftermath, Response
The most affected area lay within the then Kingdom of Naples. The king, Ferdinand IV, took control of the response to this disaster. He sent Gabriele Giannocoli, a tax lawyer, to visit those areas of the countryside that has suffered the most, to evaluate the situation and to do what needed to be done. He was given considerable powers, together with the financial means, to allow him to carry out his task. He concentrated on visiting the most damaged areas, relying on reports from other officials in less affected parts.


1805 Molise earthquake, Aftermath, Response
At his request, soldiers were sent to restore order and to prevent looting in some areas. Only properties in a dangerous state were repaired or demolished. Temporary shelters were provided for the homeless and huts for use as hospitals. Taxes were suspended by the king for all of the countryside around Molise in August.


1805 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1805 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 12, 1805. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman was defeated for re-election by Democratic-Republican candidate, former Governor and U.S. Senator John Langdon in a re-match of the previous year's election.


1805 North Carolina's 5th congressional district special election
A special election was held in North Carolina's 5th congressional district on August 8, 1805 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative James Gillespie (DR) on January 5, 1805, before the 9th Congress began, but after the general elections had taken place for the 8th Congress.


1805 North Carolina's 5th congressional district special election, Election results
The first session of the 9th Congress began on December 2, 1805 so that this vacancy was filled prior to the first meeting of Congress.


1805 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1805 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 8, 1805. Incumbent governor Thomas McKean won a contentious election over the endorsed Democratic-Republican candidate, Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Simon Snyder.


1805 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
Although the Democratic-Republicans united behind the McKean ticket in each of the prior two election cycles, by 1805, the party had divided into moderate and radical wings. The former sought to balance the political power of the traditional elite and the lower classes; this group additionally supported liberal economic policies. The latter sought to directly increase political and economic opportunities for poor and working men. After the radicals took control of the state legislature under Snyder, they clashed with the moderate aligned McKean. Democratic-Republican newspapers were dominated by radical interests, and the press vociferously denounced McKean's support for strong executive and judicial power. The governor formed a working alliance with the Federalists called "the quids" and began to purge radicals from appointed offices. McKean ultimately won reelection by a six point margin.