1848 Tampa Bay hurricane
The 1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, also known as the Great Gale of 1848, was the most severe hurricane to affect Tampa Bay in the U.S. state of Florida and one of only two major hurricanes to make landfall in the area, the other having occurred in 1921. It affected the Tampa Bay Area September 23–25, 1848, and crossed the peninsula to cause damage on the east coast on or about September 26. It reshaped parts of the coast and destroyed much of what few human works and habitation were then in the Tampa Bay Area. Although available records of its wind speed are unavailable, its barometric pressure and storm surge were consistent with at least a Category 4 hurricane. A survivor called the storm "the granddaddy of all hurricanes."


1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Meteorological history
The storm appears to have formed in the central Gulf of Mexico before moving northeast to make landfall near Clearwater, Florida. It then crossed the Florida peninsula and exited near Cape Canaveral. After moving into the extreme western Atlantic, the cyclone continued to the northeast just offshore of the East Coast of the United States to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.


1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida
Fort Brooke recorded peak winds of 72 miles per hour (116 km/h), and a barometer at the fort measured a minimum pressure of 28.18 inches of mercury (954 mb), though the winds were still blowing at the time that reading was made. The storm produced the highest storm tide ever experienced in Tampa Bay. The water rose and fell about 15 feet (4.6 m) in six to eight hours. The tide inundated Pinellas County "at the waist," covering all low-lying elevations, and reportedly submerged most of the Interbay Peninsula, where South Tampa and MacDill Air Force Base currently reside.


1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida
"The bays [Hillsborough and Old Tampa] met." General R. D. A. Wade, commanding at Fort Brooke, reported the destruction of the wharves, public buildings, and storehouses. B. P. Curry, the fort's assistant surgeon, reported the hospital destroyed. Only five houses were left standing in Tampa, and they were all damaged. The water rose twelve feet higher than had been noted in the past, and strong winds downed many old trees. On the Pinellas Peninsula, the storm destroyed the fishing rancho of Antonio Máximo Hernández, reputedly lower Pinellas' first white settler, forcing him to emigrate permanently.


1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida
The storm almost obliterated the citrus crop and destroyed the main house at St. Helena plantation—now part of Safety Harbor—forcing the residents to shelter on an elevated Tocobaga midden. Even so, they nearly drowned as the storm tide eroded part of the shell mound. Winds also felled almost all of the trees along what is now Indian Rocks Road in Largo.


1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida
The storm completely altered the coastal geography of the Tampa Bay area, cutting new inlets, filling in others, and altering the shape of bays and keys, thereby making navigational charts useless to mariners. Allen's Creek was widened from less than 200 feet (61.0 m) to about half a mile at its mouth. Passage Key, between Egmont Key and Anna Maria, was obliterated but reformed later. The storm created what would become known as "Soldier's Hole" at Mullet Key, so called because soldiers at Fort De Soto used it as a swimming hole.


1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida
John's Pass was opened but has since shifted north. After the storm destroyed the lighthouse on Egmont Key, the keeper (Marvel Edwards) rode out the storm in a rowboat tied to a palmetto tree. The end of the rope was later found 9 ft (2.74 m) off the ground, which had an elevation of about 6 ft (1.83 m).


1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida
At Englewood, Stump Pass was cut. Casey's Pass was opened at Venice. New Pass was opened between Sarasota Bay and the Gulf, splitting Palm Island into Longboat and Lido Keys. Farther south, the storm significantly damaged the Charlotte Harbor area near present-day Fort Myers. Elsewhere, ships also encountered the storm. A brig, sighted in the Gulf of Mexico near Cedar Key, encountered the storm while at most 80 miles (129 km) from St. Marks, Florida; the ship lost its mast to the storm.


1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida
Damage on the east coast may have been less severe, but the storm still produced significant effects and was described in the Savannah Republican as, "blowing 'great guns' – the hardest blow felt [on the St. Johns River] for several years." It blew down houses in Jacksonville and caused flooding in St. Augustine, as well as interference with shipping on the St. Johns River.


1848 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
The 1848 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 2, 1848 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 31st Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the presidential election, the senatorial election, the gubernatorial election, and various state and local elections.


1848 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
The winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1849, to March 4, 1851.


1848 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign
Cabell, despite being a Whig in the deeply Democratic supporting South, and despite running against a popular former governor in Duval, had the blessing of running alongside two other popular Whigs in the state of Florida: Zachary Taylor for president and Thomas Brown for governor, both of whom served as generals during the Second Seminole War and were seen as war heroes in the state. Despite winning by an extremely small margin in 1846, the coattail effect expanded Cabell's margin in this election.


1848 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin
The 1848 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin were held on May 8, 1848 to elect the first U.S. representatives from the newly admitted state of Wisconsin. These representatives were elected to terms that would last the remainder of the 30th U.S. Congress. Members were elected to full terms on November 7, 1848, which would begin on the upcoming 31st U.S. Congress.


1848 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin
Upon statehood, Wisconsin was originally delegated two districts which were both held by Democratic representatives. The state gained a third seat in the general election, leading to the opposing Whig and Free Soil parties gaining seats.


1848 United States elections
The 1848 United States elections elected the members of the 31st United States Congress and the 12th president of the United States. The election took place during the Second Party System, nine months after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican–American War. With the issue of slavery (and its extension into western territories) dividing the nation, the Free Soil Party established itself as the third most powerful party in Congress. California joined the union before the next election, and elected its first Congressional delegation to the 31st Congress. Whigs won the Presidency, but Democrats won a plurality in the House and retained control of the Senate.


1848 United States elections
In the Presidential election, Whig General Zachary Taylor defeated Democratic former Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and the Free Soil candidate, former President Martin Van Buren. Taylor won most of the Northeast and several Southern states, giving him a fairly comfortable majority in both the electoral and popular vote. One-term incumbent Democratic President James K. Polk chose to retire rather than seek re-election (becoming the first elected president to do so), and Cass defeated Supreme Court Justice Levi Woodbury and Secretary of State James Buchanan on the fourth ballot at the 1848 Democratic National Convention.


1848 United States elections
Van Buren, the former Democratic President, ran against Cass for political reasons (Cass was a prominent supporter of slavery) and possibly for personal reasons (Cass helped defeat Van Buren's 1844 bid for the Democratic nomination). Taylor was recruited by the Whigs to replicate the success of the Whig's only previous successful candidate, General William Henry Harrison, and he easily triumphed over other Whig candidates. Taylor's win made him the last President to win election as neither a Democrat nor a Republican.


1848 United States elections
In the House, Democrats picked up a small number of seats, taking the plurality. The Whigs lost a small number of seats but remained the second largest party, while the Free Soil Party picked up a handful of seats. The House elected Democrat Howell Cobb as Speaker after sixty-three ballots.


1848 United States elections
In the Senate, the Whigs won minor gains, cutting into the Democratic majority.


1848 United States elections
This was the first time the presidency and one house of Congress flipped control to different parties. In this instance, the Whig Party flipped the presidency but lost control of the House of Representatives. This would not happen again until 2000 where the Republican Party flipped the presidency but lost control of the senate.


1848 United States elections, Campaign
The main two parties failed to rally the people to any important issue, and as such both campaigns were fought without much enthusiasm.


1848 United States elections, Campaign
Whig campaigners, who included Abraham Lincoln and Rutherford B. Hayes, talked up Taylor's "antiparty' opposition to the Jacksonian commitment to the spoils system and yellow-dog partisanship. In the South, they stressed that he was a Louisiana slaveholder, while in the North they highlighted his Whig-like willingness to defer to Congress on major issues (which he subsequently did not do).


1848 United States elections, Results
With Taylor as their candidate, the Whigs won their second and last victory in a Presidential election. Taylor won 163 of the 290 Electoral College votes, although the popular vote was much closer: Taylor won only 1,360,099 votes (47%), outvoting Cass, (who won 42.5 of the vote) by 137,933 votes.


1848 United States elections, Results
A shift of less than 6000 votes to Cass in Georgia and Maryland would have left the electoral college in a 145–145 tie, while a shift of less than 27,000 votes to Van Buren in Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts would have left both Taylor and Cass short of the 146 electoral votes required to win, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.


1848 United States presidential election
The 1848 United States presidential election was the 16th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1848. In the aftermath of the Mexican–American War, General Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party defeated Senator Lewis Cass of the Democratic Party.


1848 United States presidential election
Despite Taylor's unclear political affiliations and beliefs, and the Whig opposition to the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Whig National Convention nominated the popular general over party stalwarts such as Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. For vice president, the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore, a New York Whig known for his moderate views on slavery. Incumbent President James K. Polk, a Democrat, honored his promise not to seek re-election, leaving his party's nomination open. The 1848 Democratic National Convention rejected  former President Martin Van Buren's bid for a second term, instead nominating Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan. Van Buren broke from his party to lead the ticket of the Free Soil Party, which opposed the extension of slavery into the territories.


1848 United States presidential election
The Whig choice of Zachary Taylor was made almost out of desperation; he was not clearly committed to Whig principles, but he was popular for leading the war effort. The Democrats had a record of prosperity and had acquired the Mexican cession and parts of Oregon country. It appeared almost certain that they would win unless the Whigs picked Taylor. Taylor won a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, while Van Buren won 10.1% of the popular vote, a strong showing for a third party candidate.


1848 United States presidential election
Taylor's victory made him the second of two Whigs to win a presidential election, following William Henry Harrison's victory in the 1840 presidential election. Like Harrison, Taylor died during his term, and he was succeeded by Fillmore. Discounting Republican Abraham Lincoln's 1864 re-election on the National Union ticket, Taylor is the most recent individual who was not a member of the Democratic or Republican parties to win a presidential election. The contest was the first presidential election that took place on the same day in every state, and it was the first time that Election Day was statutorily a Tuesday. It is also the first election in which the two candidates that received electoral votes carried the same number of states and the only time that it happened between Democrat and Whig candidates. This would only happen again twice, in 1880 and 2020.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination
Mexican–American War General Zachary Taylor of Louisiana, an attractive candidate because of his successes on the battlefield, but who had never voted in an election himself, was openly courted by both the Democratic and Whig parties. Taylor ultimately declared himself a Whig, and easily took their nomination, receiving 171 delegate votes to defeat Henry Clay, Winfield Scott, Daniel Webster and others.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination
After Webster turned down the vice-presidential candidacy, Millard Fillmore received the party's nomination for vice-president, defeating—among others—Abbott Lawrence, a Massachusetts politician whose mild opposition to slavery led him to be dubbed a "Cotton Whig".


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
While former President Martin Van Buren once again sought the Democratic nomination, he withdrew before balloting began due to a dispute over the seating of the New York delegation that culminated in the convention voting that half of the state's delegates be made up of the anti-slavery "Barnburner" faction, led by Van Buren, with the remaining half from the pro-slavery "Hunker" faction.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Van Buren, knowing he had no feasible path to winning the nomination without the full support of the New York delegation, promptly led the Barnburners in walking out of the convention. After it was further ruled the Hunkers would not be allowed to take the vacated seats of their absent Barnburner counterparts, they cast blank ballots during the voting.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
As a result of Van Buren's withdrawal, Senator Lewis Cass and incumbent Secretary of State James Buchanan were seen as the only serious contenders for the nomination, with a draft effort also focusing on Supreme Court associate justice Levi Woodbury. In stark contrast to the highly contested and protracted convention at the previous (and subsequent) election, Cass held a wide lead on all four ballots, only being denied victory on the third due to the convention rules requiring a two-thirds majority, before the Buchanan and Woodbury campaigns quietly released enough delegates to allow Cass victory on the fourth ballot.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Cass had served as Governor and Senator for Michigan, as well as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson, and from 1836 to 1842 as ambassador to France. General William O. Butler was nominated to join Cass on the ticket, garnering 169 delegate votes to defeat five other candidates, including future Vice-President William R. King and future Confederate President Jefferson Davis.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Though he had made few public statements on the matter, Cass had long been suspected of pro-South leanings (while Butler was known to be a moderate abolitionist, he still owned slaves himself), and the convention agreed on a platform that made no mention of the issue. This failed to mollify Van Buren's supporters, most of whom bolted to form the Free Soil Party, eventually followed by Van Buren himself.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Free Soil Party nomination
The Free Soil Party was organized for the 1848 election to oppose further expansion of slavery into the western territories. Much of its support came from disaffected anti-slavery Barnburner Democrats and Conscience Whigs, including former President Martin Van Buren. The party was led by Salmon P. Chase and John Parker Hale and held its 1848 convention in Utica and Buffalo, New York. On June 22, Van Buren defeated Hale by a 154-129 delegate count to capture the Free Soil nomination, while Charles Francis Adams, whose father (John Quincy Adams) and grandfather (John Adams) had both served as president, was chosen as the vice-presidential nominee.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Free Soil Party nomination
Van Buren knew that the Free Soilers had not the slightest chance of winning, rather that his candidacy would split the Democratic vote and throw the election to the Whigs. Bitter and aging, Van Buren did not care despite the fact that his life had been built upon the rock of party solidarity and party regularity. He loathed Lewis Cass and the principle of popular sovereignty with equal intensity.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination
Despite their significant showing in the prior presidential election, certain events would conspire to remove the Liberty Party from political significance.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination
Initially, the nomination was to be decided in the fall of 1847 at a Convention in Buffalo, New York. There, Senator John P. Hale was nominated over Gerrit Smith, brother-in-law to the party's previous nominee James G. Birney. Leicester King, a former judge and state senator in Ohio, was nominated to be Hale's running mate. Anti -slavery Democrats and Whigs, disappointed with their respective nominees, would form a new movement in conjunction with members of the Liberty Party such as John Hale and Salmon Chase to form the Free Soil Party that summer.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination
At this point, both Hale and King withdrew in favor of a Free Soil ticket led by former President Martin Van Buren, and the great majority of members of the Liberty Party followed them into the new political party. A small faction refused to support Van Buren for the presidency, however. They held another convention in June 1848 as the "National Liberty Party." Gerrit Smith was nominated almost unanimously with Charles Foote, a religious minister from Michigan, as his running-mate.


1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Other nominations
The Native American Party, a precursor to the Know Nothings, which had split from the Whig Party in 1845, met in September 1847 in Philadelphia, where they nominated Zachary Taylor for president and Henry A. S. Dearborn of Massachusetts for vice-president. However, when the Whig Party nominated Taylor for the presidency with Millard Fillmore as his running mate the following year, this rendered his previous nomination moot and the Native American Party failed to make an alternate nomination.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The campaign was fought without much enthusiasm, and practically without an issue. Neither of the two great parties made an effort to rally the people to the defense of any important principle.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Whig campaigners, who included Abraham Lincoln and Rutherford B. Hayes, talked up Taylor's "antiparty" opposition to the Jacksonian commitment to the spoils system and yellow-dog partisanship. In the South, they stressed that he was a Louisiana slaveholder, while in the North they highlighted his Whiggish willingness to defer to Congress on major issues (which he subsequently did not do).


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Democrats repeated, as they had for many years, their opposition to a national bank, high tariffs, and federal subsidies for local improvements. The Free Soilers branded both major parties lackeys of the Slave Power, arguing that the rich planters controlled the agenda of both parties, leaving the ordinary white man out of the picture. They had to work around Van Buren's well-known reputation for compromising with slavery.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The Whigs had the advantage of highlighting Taylor's military glories. With Taylor remaining vague on the issues, the campaign was dominated by personalities and personal attacks, with the Democrats calling Taylor vulgar, uneducated, cruel and greedy, and the Whigs attacking Cass for graft and dishonesty. The division of the Democrats over slavery allowed Taylor to dominate the Northeast.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The Free Soilers were on the ballots in only 17 of the 29 states with the popular vote, making it mathematically possible for Van Buren to win the presidency, but he had no real chance. Still, the party campaigned vigorously, particularly in the traditional Democratic strongholds in the northeast.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
While some Free Soilers were hopeful of taking enough states to throw the election into the House of Representatives, Van Buren himself knew this was a long shot and that the best that his party could do was lay the groundwork for a hopefully improved showing in 1852.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, 1848 campaign artwork
Artwork for "Fort Harrison March," a campaign song for Zachary Taylor's presidential campaign which recalled his triumph at the Siege of Fort Harrison in 1812.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, 1848 campaign artwork
Political cartoon about the election campaign, titled "Shooting the Christmas Turkey"


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, 1848 campaign artwork
"Grand Presidential sweep-stakes" - political cartoon of the three main candidates


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
With Taylor as their candidate, the Whigs won their second and last victory in a Presidential election. Taylor won the electoral college by capturing 163 of the 290 electoral votes. Taylor out-polled Cass in the popular vote by 138,000 votes, winning 47% of the popular vote, and was elected president.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
A shift of less than 6000 votes to Cass in Georgia and Maryland would have left the electoral college in a 145–145 tie, while a shift of less than 27,000 votes to Van Buren in Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts would have left both Taylor and Cass short of the 146 electoral votes required to win, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
A study of the county returns reveals that Free Soil strength drawn at the expense of the major parties differed by region. In the East North Central States, it appears at least the majority of the Free Soil strength was drawn from the Whig Party.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Conversely, in the Middle Atlantic region, Free Soil bases of strength lay in the areas which had hitherto been Democratic, particularly in New York and northern Pennsylvania. The Free Soil Democrats nomination of Van Buren made the victory of Taylor nearly certain in New York. On election day, enough Democratic votes were drawn away by Van Buren to give the Whig ticket all but two Democratic counties, thus enabling it to carry hitherto impregnable parts of upper New York state. The Democrats, confronted with an irreparable schism in New York, lost the election.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
In New England, the Democratic vote declined by 33,000 from its 1844 level, while the Whig vote likewise declined by 15,000 votes. The third-party vote tripled, and the total vote remained nearly stationary: a partial indication, perhaps, of the derivation of the Free Soil strength in this section. For the first time since the existence of the Whig Party, the Whigs failed to gain an absolute majority of the vote in Massachusetts and Vermont. In addition, the Democrats failed to retain their usual majority in Maine; thus only New Hampshire (Democratic) and Rhode Island (Whig) of the states in this section gave their respective victorious parties clear-cut majorities.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Of the 1,464 counties/independent cities making returns, Cass placed first in 753 (51.43%), Taylor in 676 (46.17%), and Van Buren in 31 (2.12%). Four counties (0.27%) in the West split evenly between Taylor and Cass. This was the first time in the Second Party System in which the victorious party failed to gain at least a plurality of the counties as well as of the popular vote.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
As one historian remarks, somewhat sarcastically, practically the only thing it decided was that a Whig general should be made President because he had done effective work in carrying on a Democratic war.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
This was the last election in which Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island voted for the Whigs. It was also the last time that Georgia voted against the Democrats until 1964, the last time Delaware and Louisiana did so until 1872, and the last time Florida and North Carolina did so until 1868.


1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): (a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.


1848 United States presidential election, Results by state
This was the first election where the two leading candidates each carried half of the states. As of 2018, it has subsequently happened just once, in 1880 and again in 2020. Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.


1848 United States presidential election, Electoral college selection
* Massachusetts law provided that the state legislature would choose the Electors if no slate of Electors could command a majority of voters statewide. In 1848, this provision was triggered.


1848 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1848 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. Cass won Alabama by a margin of 1.12%.


1848 United States presidential election in Arkansas
The 1848 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Arkansas
Arkansas voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. Cass won Arkansas by a margin of 10.14%.


1848 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1848 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil Party candidate Martin Van Buren. Taylor won Connecticut by a margin of 5.24%.


1848 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1848 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won the state by a narrow margin of 4.26%.


1848 United States presidential election in Florida
The 1848 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. This was the first time Florida participated in a U.S. presidential election since its admission into the Union on March 3, 1845.


1848 United States presidential election in Florida
Florida voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Florida by a margin of 14.40%.


1848 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1848 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10  representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Georgia
Georgia voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Georgia by a narrow margin of 2.98%. This was the last time Georgia voted against the Democrats until 1964.


1848 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1848 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Illinois
Illinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Illinois by a margin of 2.49%.


1848 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1848 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Indiana by a narrow margin of 3.16%.


1848 United States presidential election in Indiana
This is one of just two times (the other being the extremely disputed and very narrow election of 1876) that a losing Democratic candidate carried Indiana, and the only time that a Democrat who lost the popular vote carried the state.


1848 United States presidential election in Iowa
The 1848 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Iowa
Iowa voted for the Democratic candidate Lewis Cass in the state's first presidential election, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Iowa by a margin of 5.87%.


1848 United States presidential election in Iowa
This is one of just three times (the others being 1988 and 2000) that a losing Democrat carried Iowa.


1848 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1848 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Kentucky
Kentucky voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Kentucky by a margin of 14.92%.


1848 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1848 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Louisiana by a margin of 9.18%.


1848 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1848 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Maine by a margin of 5.62% over Taylor.


1848 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1848 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1848 United States presidential election in Maryland
Maryland voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Maryland by a narrow margin of 4.38%.


1848 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1848 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won the state by a margin of 19.4%.


1848 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
With 28.45% of the popular vote, Massachusetts would prove to by Van Buren's second strongest state in the country after neighboring Vermont.


1848 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1848 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Michigan
Michigan voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Michigan by a margin of 10.44%.


1848 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1848 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Mississippi voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. Cass won Mississippi by a margin of 1.2%.


1848 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1848 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 7, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Missouri
Missouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. Cass won Missouri by a margin of 10.18%.


1848 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1848 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Cass won the state by a margin of 25.91%.


1848 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1848 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won the state by a narrow margin of 4.01%.


1848 United States presidential election in New York
The 1848 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 36 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in New York
New York voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren and Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won New York by a margin of 21.51% over Van Buren. As of 2019, Van Buren's performance remains the best ever by a third-party candidate in New York presidential election history. With 26.43% of the popular vote, New York was Van Buren's fourth strongest state after Vermont, Massachusetts and Wisconsin.


1848 United States presidential election in New York
Van Buren's 26.4% of the popular vote was mostly taken from Cass' voters. If Van Buren had not been in the election and Cass had won New York, then Lewis Cass would have won the election.


1848 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1848 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in North Carolina
North Carolina voted for the Whig candidate Zachary Taylor over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won North Carolina by a margin of 10.37%.


1848 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1848 United States presidential election in Ohio was held on November 7, 1848 as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. State voters chose twenty-three electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Lewis Cass, who won the state with a plurality of 47.12% of the popular vote. The Whig Party candidate, Zachary Taylor, garnered 42.12% of the popular vote. This is the only election where the Democratic candidate won Ohio but lost the general election.


1848 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1848 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 26 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass. Taylor won Pennsylvania by a margin of 3.62%. Pennsylvania proved to be decisive as Cass would have won the Electoral College if he had carried Pennsylvania.


1848 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1848 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 7, 1844, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won the state by a margin of 28.09%.


1848 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
With 60.77% of the popular vote, Rhode Island would prove to be Taylor's strongest state in the election in terms of percentage in the popular vote.


1848 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1848 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in South Carolina
South Carolina cast 9 electoral votes for the Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.


1848 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1848 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee voted for the Whig candidate Zachary Taylor over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Tennessee by a margin of 5.04%.


1848 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1848 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. State voters chose four electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.


1848 United States presidential election in Texas
Texas had become the 28th state on December 29, 1845 and would be officially annexed by the United States on February 19, 1846, making this the first presidential election in which the state participated. The area which was Texas was much larger than it is today and was used as rural farming land, making the Democratic pro-slavery voters more likely to vote for Lewis Cass and as a result, he won Texas and the 4 electoral votes that went with it.


1848 United States presidential election in Texas
Texas overwhelmingly voted for the Democratic nominee Lewis Cass, who received 70.3% of the vote. Texas was Cass's strongest state by far, indeed the solitary state where he received over 56% of the popular vote.


1848 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1848 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won the state by a margin of 19.4%.


1848 United States presidential election in Vermont
This would be the first presidential election in Vermont where a third party candidate carried second place. Van Buren did somewhat better in Vermont in this election than he did in 1840. Van Buren received 13,887 popular votes with 28.87% of the vote in 1848 compared to 1840, where he only received 35.47% of the popular vote with 18,009 votes when he lost to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison, who received 63.9% of the popular vote with 32,445 votes. Vermont would prove to be Van Buren's strongest state in the election.


1848 United States presidential election in Vermont
While Cass won Washington County and Van Buren won Lamoille County, this would be the last presidential election in Vermont until 1912 where a Democratic candidate would carry at least one county in the state.


1848 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1848 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 17 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1848 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia was a closely contested state during this election and narrowly voted for the Democratic candidate, former U.S. Senator Lewis Cass over the Whig candidate, military general Zachary Taylor. Cass won the state with a margin of 1.6%. As of 2020, this is the last election in which Morgan County, now part of West Virginia, voted for the Democratic candidate.


1848 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The 1848 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 7, 1848 as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. It was the first presidential election held in Wisconsin since its admission to the Union on May 29th, earlier the same year. Democratic candidate Lewis Cass won the state with 38% of the vote, carrying the state's 4 electoral votes.


1848 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
With 26.6% of the popular vote, Wisconsin would prove to be Van Buren's third strongest state after Vermont and Massachusetts.


1848 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1848 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 5, 1848, and resulted in the election of Whig Party candidate Carlos Coolidge to a one-year term as governor.


1848 Whig National Convention
The 1848 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held on June 7 in Philadelphia. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1848 election. The convention selected General Zachary Taylor of Louisiana for president and former Representative Millard Fillmore of New York for vice president.


1848 Whig National Convention
Taylor and General Winfield Scott had both emerged as contenders for the Whig presidential nomination after serving in the Mexican–American War, while two long-time party leaders, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, also commanded support in the party. With Southern delegates united around his candidacy, Taylor took the lead on the first ballot. Clay finished a strong second to Taylor on the first ballot of the convention, but his support faded on subsequent ballots and Taylor took the nomination on the fourth ballot.


1848 Whig National Convention
After Webster declined the vice presidential nomination, Fillmore and businessman Abbott Lawrence of Massachusetts emerged as the top choices for vice president. Fillmore clinched the nomination on the second ballot. The Whig ticket went on to win the 1848 presidential election, defeating the Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William O. Butler.


1848 Whig National Convention, The Convention
The convention was quick, convening for only a day on June 7. Taylor had been courted by both the Democrats and the Whigs. Taylor ultimately declared himself a Whig.


1848 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination
By 1847, General Zachary Taylor had emerged as a contender for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Despite Taylor's largely unknown political views, many Whigs believed he was the party's strongest possible candidate due to his martial accomplishments in the Mexican–American War. Henry Clay initially told his allies that he would not run in the 1848 presidential election, but he was unwilling to support Taylor, a "mere military man.". Although Daniel Webster and General Winfield Scott each commanded a limited base of support in the party, Taylor and Clay each saw the other as their lone serious rival for the Whig nomination.


1848 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination
Taylor led on the first ballot and grew his lead on subsequent ballots. On the fourth ballot, he secured 171 votes and won the presidential nomination.


1848 Whig National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Balloting
Webster was offered the vice presidential spot on the ticket, but declined. Former New York Representative Millard Fillmore was chosen as the vice presidential candidate on the second ballot.


1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on May 8, 1848. This was the election for the first Governor of Wisconsin, which became a U.S. state that year, as it was held concurrent with a public referendum to ratify the Constitution of Wisconsin.


1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
Democrat Nelson Dewey, of Grant County, won the election with nearly 56% of the vote. Dewey defeated Whig Party candidate John Hubbard Tweedy, of Milwaukee.


1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party
Nelson Dewey was a prominent lawyer and real-estate investor in Grant County, Wisconsin. He did extensive business with the lead-mining industry, which was a major component of the economy of the Wisconsin Territory. He had been a member of nearly every session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, first as a member of the Territorial Assembly, from 1838 to 1842, then as a member of the Territorial Council from 1842 to 1846. He served as Speaker of the Territorial Assembly in 1840, and President of the Territorial Council in 1846.


1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party
Dewey was chosen as a compromise candidate at the Democratic Party Convention after delegates became deadlocked between the lead-mining region's preferred candidate, Hiram Barber, and the eastern region's preferred candidate, Morgan Lewis Martin.


1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Whig Party
John Hubbard Tweedy was, at the time of the 1848 election, the non-voting representative of the Wisconsin Territory to the United States House of Representatives for the 30th Congress. He had been a delegate to Wisconsin's first constitutional convention, and had served in the Wisconsin Territorial Assembly during the second session of the third legislature (Winter of 1841-1842).


1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Independent candidate
Charles Durkee was a merchant, and one of the founders of Southport (now Kenosha, Wisconsin). He was a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Assembly for the first legislature (1836 to 1838).


1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Notes
This Wisconsin elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 31st Congress were held at various dates in different states from August 1848 to November 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections
These elections spanned the presidential election of 1848 and took place amid the U.S. victory over Mexico in the (1846–48) Mexican–American War. The Whigs lost their House majority as Democrats, whose support had driven the war, gained a House plurality. Among minor parties, the Free Soil Party won nine Northern seats, while the American or "Know Nothing" Party retained one.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections
Following the discovery of gold in January 1848, California boomed, creating immediate pressure for statehood. The Compromise of 1850, though largely crafted in the Senate, was also passed by the House, brokering its admission to the Union. Anticipating statehood, California elected two members at-large on November 11, 1849, to be seated September 11, 1850.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections
As neither major party held a majority when Congress convened on December 3, 1849 - the Democrats finished three seats short, while the Whigs had lost 12 seats and the majority - the election of a Speaker proved contentious.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections
The Whigs were sectionally split, with Northern Whigs nominating incumbent speaker Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts and Southern Whigs supporting Meredith P. Gentry of Tennessee. Democrats primarily supported Howell Cobb of Georgia; 13 other Democratic hopefuls also garnered support. The small Free Soil Party, opposing expansion of slavery into the Western territories, supported David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, author of the Wilmot Proviso, calling attention to slave power's hold over both major parties.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections
After nearly three weeks of heated debate, the House suspended its majority rule for the Speaker election: Cobb was elected on the 63rd ballot by plurality.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Wisconsin was apportioned an additional seat in 1848, and two more seats were added for the new state of California.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama
Elections were held August 6, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, California
California two at-large members were elected November 11, 1849 in anticipation of statehood and seated September 11, 1850.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut
Elections were held April 2, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana
Elections were held August 10, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky
Elections were held August 6, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana
Elections were held November 5, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland
Elections were held October 3, 1849 elections were after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi
Elections were held November 5–6, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire
Elections were held March 13, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
Elections were held August 7, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island
Elections were held April 4, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia
Elections were held April 26, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin
Wisconsin members were first elected in advance of its June 1848 statehood. It elected two members to finish the current term in the 30th Congress, and then it gained an elected an additional member for elections to the 31st Congress.


1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates
Going into these elections, there were no incumbent delegates, because the only territory — Wisconsin Territory — became a state in 1848. Two new territories — Minnesota Territory and Oregon Territory — were granted delegates in 1849.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1848 and 1849 were elections which had the Democratic Party lose seats but maintain control of the United States Senate.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections
As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Change in Senate composition, As a result of the elections
Note: "Re-elected" includes incumbent appointee elected to the next term.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 30th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1848 or in 1849 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 31st Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1849; ordered by state.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 31st Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1849 after March 4.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, New York
The New York election was held February 6, 1849. Barnburner John Adams Dix had been elected in 1845 to this seat after the resignation of Silas Wright, and Dix's term would expire on March 3, 1849. In November 1848, Dix was the Barnburners/Free-Soilers candidate for Governor of New York, but was defeated by Whig Hamilton Fish.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, New York
At this time New York Democratic Party was split in two fiercely opposing factions: the Barnburners" and the "Hunkers". The Barnburners organized the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nominated Martin Van Buren for U.S. President. Due to the split, the Whig Party won most of the elective offices by pluralities.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, New York
At the State election in November 1847, 24 Whigs and 8 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1848-1849) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1848, 106 Whigs, 15 Free Soilers and 7 Hunkers were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1849. The 72nd New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 11, 1849, at Albany, New York.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, New York
Ex-Governor of New York William H. Seward was nominated by a caucus of Whig State legislators on February 1, 1849. The vote was 88 for Seward, 12 for John A. Collier, 18 scattering and 4 blanks. The incumbent U.S. Senator John Adams Dix ran for re-election supported by the Free Soilers. Ex-Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth was the candidate of the Hunkers. Walworth had been third place in the last gubernatorial election, behind Fish and Dix. Ex-Congressman Daniel D. Barnard (Whig) received 2 scattering votes in the Senate. William H. Seward was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, Ohio
The two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met in joint session February 22, 1849, with 72 representatives and 35 senators present to elect a Senator (Class 3) to succeed incumbent Wiliam Allen. On the fourth ballot, Salmon P. Chase was elected with a majority of the votes cast, as follows:


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, Ohio
The second ballot was declared a nullity by Speaker of the Senate Brewster Randall, because there were one more ballots cast than members present.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania election was held January 10, 1849. James Cooper was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.


1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, Pennsylvania
Incumbent Democrat Simon Cameron, who was elected in 1845, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 10, 1849, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1849. Three ballots were recorded. The results of the third and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:


1848 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1848 in Australia.


1848 in France
The year 1848 in France, like in other European countries, is mostly remembered as the year of a revolution that deposed king Louis Philippe and brought Napoleon III to power as president of the second republic.


1848 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1848 in the Qajar dynasty.


1848 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1848 in New Zealand.


1848 in New Zealand, Population
The estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1848 is 68,300 Māori and 17,166 non-Māori.


1848 in New Zealand, Sport, Cricket
Cricket is played on the present site of The Octagon, Dunedin. A team from Otago challenges Wellington to a match, but the challenge is not accepted. (see 1860 for the first inter-provincial game)


1848 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1848 in South Africa.


1848 in Spain, Deaths
This year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1848 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1848 to Wales and its people.


1848 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1848.


1848 in literature, Births
probable year – Bithia Mary Croker, Irish novelist (died 1920)


1848 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1848.


1848 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1848 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1848 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1848 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1848.


1848 in science
The year 1848 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1848 in sports
1848 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania
The 1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania were committed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. According to the historian Ákos Egyed, 14,000 to 15,000 people were massacred in Transylvania in this period. The victims comprised 7,500–8,500 Hungarians, 4,400–6,000 Romanians, and about 500 Transylvanian Saxons, Armenians, Jews, and members of other groups.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians
Throughout 1848 and 1849, the Hungarians in Transylvania became exposed to the opposition and repression of Romanians and Transylvanian Saxons. The Romanian massacres were justified as revenge for the Székely offensive against Romanian communities.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians
On 18 October 1848, Romanians attacked and murdered inhabitants of the village of Kisenyed (now Sângătin), located near Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt, now Sibiu). Another important event of the 1848–1849 conflict was the massacre at Nagyenyed (today Aiud) (8–9 January 1849). During the event, Romanians massacred around 600-1,000 people in the town. Additionally, the troops of Transylvanian Romanians organized by Avram Iancu, who were supporting the Emperor of Austria, fought the organized Hungarian forces from Zalatna (today Zlatna) and Körösbánya (Baia de Criș).


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians
During the fight of Zalatna in October 1848, about 640 citizens of the town were killed including teachers, priests, doctors, and merchants. Thirteen thousand gold and twenty thousand silver coins were robbed from the town's treasury. The massacre was incited and led by local Romanian lawyer Petru Dobra. Thirty Hungarians were killed in Boklya. About 200 Hungarians were killed in Gerendkeresztúr (Grindeni) and some 90 beaten to death near Marosújvár (Ocna Mureș).


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians
Massacres with recorded, mostly civilian, Hungarian victims occurred in the following places:


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians
This table contains only the recorded victims, however, the exact number of deceased civilians is hard to determine. There are several dozens of villages all over Transylvania where the number of massacred locals (predominantly Hungarians) is unknown. Furthermore, these numbers might not include those who did not perish in the massacres per se but during their imprisonment, fleeing, disappearance, or forced resettlement to Naszód, Hátszeg, or Monorfalva by the Romanians.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians
Soon after the war, in 1850, the Habsburg court conducted a census of the victims. However, the authenticity of this census has been questioned and heavily criticized over time, as the authorities only conducted the census in Romanian and Saxon-populated areas and ignored even mentioning some of the largest massacres against Hungarian civilians in Transylvania, such as Nagyenyed, Abrudbánya, or Zalatna.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians
Among the victims of the Romanian massacres, relatives of important contemporary Hungarian personalities were to be found. Mária, the sister of the Hungarian dramatist Imre Madách was caught together with her husband and her son, being all killed by the Romanian insurgents, and thrown in front of pigs to be eaten. Africa's first female researcher, Florence Baker's (her original, Hungarian, name was Sass Flóra) parents and brothers and sisters were killed by the Romanian militia, led by Ioan Axente Sever in Nagyenyed (now Aiud) during the massacre of the Hungarian  population of the town at 8 January 1849.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Beginning: the clash in Mihálcfalva
Encouraged by the enlightened declarations of the revolutionaries of Pest about the liberation of all serfs in Hungary and the abolition of feudalism, as well as by the declarations of the Romanian national assemblies on 30 April and 15 May in the Transylvanian town of Balázsfalva (now Blaj), villagers in the southern Transylvanian Mihálcfalva (now Mihalț) illegally occupied a parcel of land belonging to the Esterházy family. On 1 June 1848, an imperial committee was appointed in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia) and sent out to Mihálcfalva (now Mihalț) to investigate the illegalities that took place in May.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Beginning: the clash in Mihálcfalva
However, thousands of armed peasants from Obrázsa (now Obreja), Oláhcsesztve (now Cistei), and Alsókarácsonfalva (now Crăciunelu de Jos) gathered against them and refused their entry to the village. On the next day, 2 June 1848, an official regiment was sent from Gyulafehérvár by Anton von Puchner, commander in chief of the Austrian troops in Transylvania to disarm the armed peasants and guarantee the safety of the imperial committee during their investigation. However, the peasants resisted and the resulting armed clash killed 12 Romanian peasants and 1 Hungarian soldier. Other sources put the number of Romanian peasants shot dead at 14, with 50 other wounded, many of whom subsequently died. This was the first Transylvanian armed conflict in 1848.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Beginning: the clash in Mihálcfalva
An important strategic step of Anton von Puchner in the days leading up to the clash was his specific choice for a Székely Hungarian regiment to be sent against the armed Romanian peasants. In doing so, Anton von Puchner played a major role in the exacerbation of political-ethnic differences in the region and in the further radicalization of both Romanian and Hungarian peasants in Transylvania.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Beginning: the clash in Mihálcfalva
As the power of Austrians weakened due to the initial successes of the Austrian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, and Hungarian revolutionaries throughout the Habsburg Empire, the events in Mihálcfalva were published in the pro-imperial newspaper Der Siebenbürger Bote and were interpreted as a radical Hungarian assault against Romanian civilians, despite the fact that at the time of the conflict, the Székely frontier guards were still directly subordinate to the imperial court and to Anton von Puchner, commander in chief of the Transylvanian Austrian troops. The event, followed by the pro-imperial propaganda further boosted unrest and hostility in the region, and largely contributed to the mass-armament of Transylvanian Romanians and to the organization of the second national assembly in the town of Balászfalva in September 1848.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Further incidents
In the autumn of 1848, dozens of Romanians from a village in Northern Transylvania who opposed the forced conscription into the Hungarian army were killed after the attack of a 200-man force. On 10 September 1848 Hungarian military units from Arad killed 3 Romanians in Nadab (now part of Chișineu-Criș) after a conflict with several thousand locals armed with scythes who refused recruitment into the Hungarian Army, while other were imprisoned in Nagyvárad (now Oradea), Arad and Szeged.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Further incidents
On 12 September 1848, in the village Aranyoslóna (now part of Luna), the count of Torda, Miklós Thorotzkai, gave the order to fire into the crowd that opposed recruitment into the Hungarian army, killing 30 people and wounding several tens. On 18 October 1848 one Romanian peasant in Almás (now Almaș) was executed for refusing to join the Hungarian army. Additionally, Avram Iancu distributed copies of the "emperor's message" among village priests in the region of the Apuseni Mountains. The command called all minorities across the Hungarian Kingdom to get armed and resist the Hungarian Revolution.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Further incidents
A total of nine Romanian priests from 6 villages were found guilty for having read out this message in front of the villagers, and were charged with public incitement and executed. After entering Balázsfalva on 18 January 1849, Hungarian troops looted the town and reportedly committed plundering against the local Romanian population but a massacre did not take place. 6 people from Butyin (now Buteni), 1 person from Keszend (now Chisindia), and 1 person from Barza (now Bârsa) were killed for opposing the plundering in the region, committed by the Hungarian military.


1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Timeline of massacres of Romanians by Hungarians
According to the official lists (that were published in the newspaper Wiener Zeitung) 4425 men, 340 women and 69 children were killed without trial by the Hungarian military tribunals in Transylvania, exclusive of the ones who died in open fighting. 4425 of the victims appear to have been Romanians, 165 Hungarians, 252 Saxons and 72 Jews, Gypsies and others.


1849
1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1849th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 849th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 49th  year of the 19th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1849, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1849 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1849 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 6, 1849, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat Henry W. Collier won his first term with over 98% of the votes.


1849 Baden Revolution
The Baden Revolution of 1849 was a war fought between the rebels who overthrew the government of the Grand Duchy of Baden in favor of a republic and the Imperial forces of Prussia who fought to suppress republicanism.


1849 California gubernatorial election
The 1849 California gubernatorial election was held on November 13, 1849, to elect the first governor of California. Peter Hardeman Burnett won in a five-way race.


1849 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1849, incumbent James H. Woodworth was reelected in a landslide.


1849 Chicago mayoral election
This election made Woodworth the first Chicago mayor to be successfully reelected to a second consecutive term (an accolade that would have belonged to Augustus Garrett had the results of the March 1844 Chicago mayoral election not been declared null). Woodworth was also only the third mayor to be elected to a second term, after only Benjamin Wright Raymond and Augustus Garrett.


1849 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
The election is notable for the lack of political party involvement. With the major national political parties disintegrating over the national debate surrounding slavery, the 1849 mayoral campaign lacked party conventions to nominate candidates. Instead, candidates were self-nominated. There was also a lack of party-organized efforts to support any candidate.


1849 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1849 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 4, 1849. Former congressman and Whig nominee Joseph Trumbull defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee Thomas H. Seymour as well as former Senator and Free Soil nominee John M. Niles with 49.35% of the vote. Niles had previously been the Democratic nominee for this same office in 1840.


1849 Connecticut gubernatorial election
Trumbull won a plurality of the vote, but fell short of a majority. As a result, the Connecticut General Assembly elected the governor, per the state constitution. Trumbull won the vote over Seymour 122 to 110 in the General Assembly, and became the governor. This was the first of six consecutive elections in which the Free Soil Party participated.


1849 Costa Rican general election
The Costa Rican general election of 1849 was held to elect the President of the State. This was the first presidential election in Costa Rica's history as the Reformed Constitution of 1848 created the title of "President", before that point the equivalent office was called "Head of State".


1849 Costa Rican general election
The Costa Rican election of 1849 took place after the coup against José María Castro Madriz, who was forced to resign. At that time, the vice president, Miguel Mora Porras, held the presidency temporarily and his brother, Juan Rafael Mora Porras, was elected over Rafael Moya Murillo and Manuel Antonio Bonilla Nava.


1849 Costa Rican general election
The Constitution in force in this period restricted the right to vote for men over 21 years old owners of an immovable property equivalent to 300 pesos and an annual income of at least 150 pesos who also knew how to read and write, so that these elections were carried out mostly among the bourgeoisie.


1849 Costa Rican general election
The inhabitants chose 90 Electors who, in the second-grade elections, chose the president. San Jose chose 26, and Guanacaste 12 which voted in block for Mora, while the 17 from Heredia, the 12 from Alajuela and the 2 from Puntarenas did it for Moya. Cartago had 20 electors of which 11 voted for Mora and the remaining 9 who were the only ones who voted for Bonilla.


1849 Danish Folketing election
The first Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 4 December 1849. Adam Wilhelm Moltke remained Prime Minister after the elections.


1849 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system
The elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 14% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as "dependents" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.


1849 French legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in France on 13 and 14 May 1849. Voters elected the first National Assembly of the Second Republic. The conservative Parti de l'Ordre won an overall majority of 450 seats. The Parti de l'Ordre was a bourgeois, traditionalist, and conservative party opposed to the Presidency of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and the subsequent 1851 coup.


1849 French legislative election in Réunion
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Réunion on 30 September 1849 as part of the wider French elections, with a second round on 21 October. The territory elected two seats, with voters able to cast two votes. The seats were won by Charles Ogé Barbaroux and Jean-Baptiste de Greslan.


1849 French legislative election in Senegal
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Senegal on 12 August 1849 as part of the wider French elections. Incumbent MP Barthélémy Durand Valantin was re-elected with 65% of the vote.


1849 French legislative election in Senegal, Electoral system
The single Senegalese seat in the National Assembly was created by decree on 5 March 1848. Following an order of 5 November 1830 and a law of 24 April 1833, all free-born people and freed slaves in Senegal had full civic and political rights, the only French African colony to give such rights until the end of World War II. The right to vote was given to all men over the age of 25 and who could prove they had lived in their municipality for the previous five years. In total 4,991 men registered to vote, up from 4,706 in the 1848 elections.


1849 French legislative election in Senegal, Aftermath
Valantin retired from politics in 1851, but before a by-election could be held, a decree of 2 February 1852 abolished Senegalese representation in the National Assembly.


1849 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1849 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 1, 1849.


1849 Georgia gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic Governor George W. Towns was re-elected to a second term in office. The election was decided by 3,182 votes.


1849 Grand National
The 1849 Grand National Steeplechase was the 11th official annual running of a handicap steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday, 28 February. It attracted a field of twenty-four competitors for a prize valued at £825.


1849 Grand National
The race was won by Tom Cunningham on Finch Mason's Peter Simple, having also trained the horse himself. Cunningham wore Finch Mason's colours of green silks with salmon sleeves and pink cap. (*there was no Liverpool Mercury published on this date. Unsure where the source found the info on the colours) The horse won in a time of 10 minutes 56 seconds, seventeen seconds slower than the course record set two years earlier.


1849 Grand National
For the second consecutive year there were three equine fatalities during the race, taking the number of fatalities in the history of the race to eight and leading to heavy criticism in the press. The owner was not the same Finch Mason who achieved fame painting racing scenes in the latter half of the 19th century.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
Prince George was sent off as the 4/1 favourite as the mount of Tom Olliver who was also the most experienced rider in the race, being the only man to have taken part in every official National. The duel winning rider was one of several to benefit from a false start, which was not recalled, the roars of encouragement from nearby spectators drowning out the calls of starter, Lord Sefton to recall the runners. The favourite remained prominent until the runners approached the racecourse for the final time where Olliver realised he had nothing left to offer, being nursed home a distant third to finish.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
The Curate had been a long time pre race favourite in the betting rooms of Manchester where most pre race wagers were struck, having been beaten by just half a length in the previous year's race. With Tom Olliver's defection to the favourite it was Horatio Powell who took the ride in what proved to be his last of seven rides in the race, including one regarded as unofficial, being sent off at 7/1. Powell was one of those caught out in the false start and, in desperately trying to make back the lost ground, blundered and fell at the second fence, the vet having to be summoned to end the horse's pain when he was found to be badly injured.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
The Knight of Gwynne found popularity on the day of the race from those spectators with military affiliations as the horse was to be ridden by his owner Captain D'Arcy who was one of nine riders making his debut in the race. The Captain himself placed sizable bets on his mount winning, being sent off at 8/1. It is unclear whether the horse managed to get away among those in the false start but at the start of the second circuit he had moved through the field to take position behind the eventual winner.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
However, his rider found that his horse had little to offer upon turning for home and resorted to shouting ahead to his rival to take a pull, meaning to deliberately slow his horse in order to allow The Knight of Gwynne to pass and win the race. The Captain's first offer was £1,000 to his rival, though, as his desperation to win increased, so did his offer, to £4,000 before the winner passed the post three lengths clear.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
With no official governing body in place for the sport at the time D'Arcy had technically broken no rules in offering financial inducements to another rider and the only action that could be taken would have been for Lord Sefton to ban him from competing or entering horses at Aintree again. History does not record if Sefton took this action but D'Arcy never again competed or entered horses at Liverpool.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
Proceed was another mount of an owner and military Captain, William Peel who was taking his fifth ride in the race and had been thought to have had a share in the ownership of the previous year's winner of the race. Like D'Arcy, Peel gained great support from those in military circles and was also sent off at 8/1. Peel was among those who were part of the false start and was well placed behind the leader at the end of the first circuit but the second time round took its toll and the tired horse fell when beaten in the latter stages of the race.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
Wolverhampton was owned by the 1840 winner rider, Bartholomew Bretherton who took the ride himself, making it his eighth, when unofficial pre 1839 Nationals are included. Bretherton was a local man from a well known family and as such found popular support on the course for his mount, who was sent off at 12/1 but was never involved at the business end of the race and fell at a fence alongside the Canal on the second circuit. Bretherton never again took part in a National, though he remained a regular visitor to Aintree over the next quarter of a century.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
The British Yeoman returned after finishing third in the previous year's race and was again partnered by Charles Bevill, taking his third and final ride in the National. The former flat race, who had once been well fancied in the Epsom Derby was sent off at 12/1 but never got into contention and finished last of the six recorded finishers.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
Alfred was the mount of 1847 winner Denny Wynne, who was having his fourth ride in the race and had already become the popular rider among Irish visitors to Aintree. Wynne guided his mount through the problems of the race without ever challenging the leader to finish fourth.


1849 Grand National, Leading contenders
Peter Simple was among the each way chances at 20/1 and won the race without ever being headed, going to the front at the head of those who broke with a false start.


1849 Grand National, The Course
While the course was almost as it is today the fences to be jumped were mostly the natural hedges banks and ditches that they encountered along the route rather than the man made obstacles of the modern era. The land away from the main section of the racecourse, known today as the country during the National was indeed open countryside and was being farmed, resulting in the fields the horses ran across being either ploughed or grazing land, only the racecourse itself was laid to turf or contained man made obstacles.


1849 Grand National, The Course
Riders instructions when racing in the country were simply to stay outside a set of flags which had been placed on the inner ring of the course and while these aimed to direct the riders towards the jumps, such as Becher's Brook, Canal Turn and Valentine's Brook they did not necessarily have to jump the fences and could instead take a wider path along country lanes if they felt the route worthwhile, however by 1849 it was rare for any rider to gain an advantage by taking a route, which bypassed a fence.


1849 Grand National, The Course
As a result of the make up of the course and fences the Grand National of 1849 would have more resembled a fox hunt than a steeplechase to a modern observer while press reporters relayed the action in their newspapers as the runners crossing from field to field rather than from fence to fence.


1849 Grand National, The Course
A map of the course from 1848 shows that the start was at a location which today sits halfway between Melling Road and the first fence. Becher's Brook was the fifth fence the runners jumped before making for the Canal Turn, fence seven, and Valentine's Brook, fence eight. Two further fences were jumped alongside the Canal before the runners jumped into and out of the lane that divided the racecourse from the countryside beyond, today known as Anchor Bridge crossing. Thus the runners had jumped eleven obstacles on the first circuit before entering the racecourse where they jumped the monument fence, today known as the chair, followed by the water jump, both of these fences had to be jumped.


1849 Grand National, The Course
The runners then crossed the lane again, jumping a fence as they did so which they had not jumped on the first circuit to set off on the second circuit. The line of country run towards Becher's for the second time was slightly different from the first as the runners jumped the first fence of the second circuit some fifty metres away from where they would have met it first time around.


1849 Grand National, The Course
As they continued towards Becher's they would meet each fence at a closer point to where they jumped on the first circuit until the two paths of the first and second circuits finally met at Becher's itself, this time being the nineteenth fence. The runners then followed the same path as first time round with the Canal Turn being fence twenty-one and Valentine's Brook being fence twenty-two. After jumping out of the lane, which this time was fence twenty-five, the runners once again deviated from the first circuit, this time having to continue out to the widest extreme of the racecourse before turning into the home straight, on the first circuit they followed the path used today.


1849 Grand National, The Course
By taking the widest extreme of the course the runners then had a home run of about a quarter of a mile in front of all of the stands and enclosures, this being deliberately designed to give as many spectators as possible a close up view of the action. A hurdle was placed halfway up the run in, this being the twenty-sixth and final flight. The winning post was about thirty metres beyond its present location at the very end of the straight.


1849 Grand National, Finishing order
No official returns for the Grand National exist prior to 1865. The return below is taken from the account published by the reporter of The Times newspaper the day after the race. While all the newspapers that reported on the race agree with the finishing order of the six who passed the post they are often at odds over the fate of those who did not complete the course, resulting in many different accounts of what fate befell each competitor that did not complete. The press of the day are in agreement that three horses were killed and that there was some melee at the third fence on the second circuit, which resulted in several competitors being knocked out of the race.


1849 Grand National, Finishing order
The custom among riders at the time would have been to continue in the race unless impossible to do so, regardless of how many times they had met with mishap. Therefore, many of the competitors would have been remounted once or more during the race, or put to fences again after refusing. Only those horses that had been injured, run loose after falling, persistently refused an obstacle or had riders too injured or fatigued to continue would not have completed the course.


1849 Grand National, Finishing order
As a result, a judge was placed on a chair on a pedestal situated alongside the thorn fence on the course, which became known as the Monument fence. His job was to record all the horses that he could see on the finishing straight at the point the first horse in the race reached his position. Only these horses would be recorded as finishers and any that followed on after were regarded under the term 'distanced'. This however added to the confusion of exactly how many horses finished in the Grand Nationals prior to 1865 when the practice was done away with.


1849 Grand National, Finishing order
The race was threatened by the potential for snow in the twenty-four hours leading up to the race but it never came and the race was run on very heavy ground, which most of the competitors struggled on, especially through the ploughed land.


1849 Grand National, Finishing order
The starter, Lord Sefton attempted to recall the runners from a false start but was drowned out by the crowd in the proximity of the start whose shouts of encouragement made a recall impossible. Despite the starter stating clearly that the race was a false start the result was allowed to stand.


1849 Grand National, Finishing order
The race was noted for a pile up at the third fence on the second circuit, which may have accounted for some of the six runners whose fate is not recorded. In addition a journalist, writing for the London Illustrated News, reported that he walked the course some twenty minutes after the race and found three horses at the second, third and fourth fences, each lying dead where they fell, having been destroyed by the vet.


1849 Grand National, Finishing order
Unquoted horses were those offered by bookmakers at any price they felt fair, usually 66 or 100/1. Bookmakers only issued a quoted price for a horse when the odds being asked for by the public suggested that the bookmaker stood to make a loss if said horse were to win.


1849 Kresák
1849 Kresák (prov. designation: 1942 AB) is a carbonaceous Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in the middle of World War II on 14 January 1942. The asteroid was later named after Slovak astronomer Ľubor Kresák.


1849 Kresák, Orbit and classification
Kresák is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.1 AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,950 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 6 days after its official discovery observation.


1849 Kresák, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Slovak astronomer Ľubor Kresák (1927–1994) from the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava and president of IAU's Commission 20 in the 1970s.


1849 Kresák, Naming
Kresák is known for his theoretical work on meteors and the question of their relationship with comets and minor planets, as well as for the rediscovery of the short-period comet 41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák at the Skalnaté Pleso Observatory in 1951. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).


1849 Kresák, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Kresák was obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. In the R-band, it gave a rotation period of 19.10 hours with a brightness variation of 0.19 magnitude (U=2).


1849 Kresák, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kresák measures 21.7 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.114, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 26.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.64.


1849 Liberian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Liberia on 1 May 1849, alongside general elections. The constitutional changes would increase the number of members of the House of Representatives for Sinoe County from one to three. The proposals were approved by voters.


1849 Liberian general election
General elections were held in Liberia on 1 May 1849, alongside a constitutional referendum. The result was a victory for incumbent President Joseph Jenkins Roberts.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1849. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election
The major issues were the Rivington Pike Water Scheme and the imposition of rates on the dock and corporation estates. In several wards Candidates with the same party affiliation stood for election against each other over these issues


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Of the sixteen councillors elected, fourteen were opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme and two were in favour.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby
Bernard Hall was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme and in favour of imposing rates on the docks and corporation estate.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Castle Street
Thomas Avison was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme, whereas James Aikin was in favour.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton
Thomas Chalmer was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange
James Tyrer was in favour of the Rivington Pike water scheme and opposed to imposing rates on the docks and corporation estate.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George
John Rogers was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme and in favour of imposing rates on the docks and corporation estate.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street
James Allanson Picton was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth
Thomas Lloyd was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street
Thomas Toulmin was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street
Samuel Holmes was in favour of the Rivington Pike water scheme, which Algernon Frederick Jones opposed.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Anne Street
William Bennett was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's
Thomas Godfrey was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme and in favour of imposing rates on the dock and council estates, as was Dr. John Games.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's
John Charles Fernihough and Thomas Clarke were both opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.


1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland
John Bingham was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme, but James Holme was in favour.