1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
Soon after the election, Samuel P. Carson (Jacksonian), the winner of the race in the 12th district, challenged his opponent, Robert B. Vance (Anti-Jacksonian) to a duel over a comment made during the campaign about Carson's father. Vance was mortally wounded in the duel. Carson left immediately afterwards to go to Washington.


1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island
Rhode Island elected its members August 30, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee
Tennessee elected its members August 2–3, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont
Vermont elected its members September 5, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met on the first vote in two districts, requiring additional elections held December 4, 1826 and February 5, 1827.


1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia
Virginia elected its members April 30, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1826 and 1827 were elections that had the majority Jacksonians gain a seat in the United States Senate.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections
Senators who called themselves "Anti- Jacksonian" or "National Republicans" were also called "Adams" or "Adams Men."


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Result of the special elections
Before the March 4, 1827 beginning of the new Congress.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 19th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1826 or before March 4, 1827; ordered by election date.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 20th Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1827; ordered by state.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 20th Congress
In this election, the winner was seated in 1827 after the new Congress began on March 4.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Delaware
Delaware had two elections: A special for the class 2 seat and a regular election for the class 1 seat. The elections flipped both seats from Anti- Jacksonian to Jacksonian.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Delaware, Delaware (Special)
Anti - Jacksonian senator Nicholas Van Dyke died May 21, 1826 and Anti- Jacksonian Daniel Rodney was appointed to continue the class 2 term (ending March 3, 1829) until a special election.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Delaware, Delaware (Regular)
Anti - Jacksonian Thomas Clayton had served since winning an 1824 special election. It is unknown if Clayton was a candidate for re-election in 1827, but that election was won by Jacksonian Louis McLane.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Mississippi
Jacksonian interim appointee Powhatan Ellis had served in the class 1 seat since 1825 for the term ending March 3, 1827.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Mississippi
He faced a special election to finish the term and a regular election to the next term.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Mississippi, Mississippi (Special)
Jacksonian Thomas Buck Reed was elected January 27, 1826 to finish the term, but not to the next full term.


1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Mississippi, Mississippi (Regular)
Jacksonian interim appointee Powhatan Ellis was elected sometime (date unknown) to the next term, and would go on to serve until 1832.


1826 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1826 in Australia.


1826 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1826 in Chile.


1826 in Chile, Incumbents
President of Chile: Manuel Blanco Encalada (9 July-9 September), Agustín Eyzaguirre (9 September-)


1826 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1826 in the Sublime State of Persia.


1826 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1826 in New Zealand.


1826 in Norway
The following details notable events from the year 1826 in Norway. Norway is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Key domestic issues include maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness. See also: Norway


1826 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1826 in South Africa.


1826 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1826 to Wales and its people.


1826 in architecture
The year 1826 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1826 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1826.


1826 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1826.


1826 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1826 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1826 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1826 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1826.


1826 in science
The year 1826 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1826 in sports
1826 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1826–1827 Massachusetts legislature
The 47th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1826 and 1827 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. John Mills served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.


1826–1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine
Maine elected its members September 8, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met in the 7th district, requiring additional elections December 18, 1826, April 2, and September 27, 1827.


1826–1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine, Notes
This Maine elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1826–1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
Massachusetts elected its members November 6, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met on the first vote in 3 districts requiring additional elections held March 5 and May 14, 1827.


1826–1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes
This Massachusetts elections–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1826–1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont
Vermont elected its members September 5, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met on the first vote in two districts, requiring additional elections held December 4, 1826 and February 5, 1827.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic
The second cholera pandemic (1826–1837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across western Asia to Europe, Great Britain, and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan. Cholera caused more deaths, more quickly, than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century. The medical community now believes cholera to be exclusively a human disease, spread through many means of travel during the time, and transmitted through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods. During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, First pandemic
The first cholera pandemic (1817–24) began near Calcutta and spread throughout Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went further; it reached as far as China and the Mediterranean Sea before receding. Hundreds of thousands of people died as a result of this pandemic, including many British soldiers, which attracted European attention. This was the first of several cholera pandemics to sweep through Asia and Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. This first pandemic spread over an unprecedented range of territory, affecting almost every country in Asia.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, Origins of the second pandemic
Historians believe that the first pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, Origins of the second pandemic
Although not much is known about the journey of the cholera pandemic in east India, many believe that this pandemic began, like the first, with outbreaks along the Ganges Delta in India. From there, the disease spread along trade routes to cover most of India. By 1828, the disease had traveled to China. Cholera was also reported in China in 1826 and 1835, and in Japan in 1831. In 1829, Iran was apparently infected with cholera from Afghanistan.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, Origins of the second pandemic
Cholera reached the southern tips of the Ural Mountains in 1829. On 26 August 1829, the first cholera case was recorded in Orenburg with reports of outbreaks in Bugulma (7 November), Buguruslan (5 December), Menselinsk (2 January 1830), and Belebeevsk (6 January). With 3500 cases including 865 fatal ones in Orenburg province, the epidemic stopped by February 1830.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
The second cholera pandemic spread from Russia to the rest of Europe, claiming hundreds of thousands of lives. By 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns. Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland in February 1831. There were reported to have been 250,000 cases of cholera and 100,000 deaths in Russia.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
The cholera epidemic struck Warsaw during the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 between 16 May and 20 August 1831; 4,734 people fell ill and 2,524 died. The epidemic of cholera brought to Poland and East Prussia by Russian soldiers forced Prussian authorities to close their borders to Russian transports. There were "cholera riots" in Russia, caused by the tsarist government's anticholera measures.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
By early 1831, frequent reports of the spread of the pandemic in Russia prompted the British government to issue quarantine orders for ships sailing from Russia to British ports.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
By late summer, with the disease appearing more likely to spread to Britain, its board of health, in accordance with the prevailing miasma theory, issued orders recommending as a preventive the burning of  "decayed articles, such as rags, cordage, papers, old clothes, hangings...filth of every description removed, clothing and furniture should be submitted to copious effusions of water, and boiled in a strong ley (lye); drains and privies thoroughly cleansed by streams of water and chloride of lime...free and continued admission of fresh air to all parts of the house and furniture should be enjoined for at least a week".


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
Based on the reports of two English doctors who had observed the epidemic in St. Petersburg, the board of health published a detailed description of the disease's symptoms and onset:


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
Giddiness, sick stomach, nervous agitation, intermittent, slow, or small pulse, cramps beginning at the tops of the fingers and toes, and rapidly approaching the trunk, give the first warning.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
Vomiting or purging, or both these evacuations of a liquid like rice-Water or whey, or barley-water, come on; the features become sharp and contracted, the eye sinks, the look is expressive of terror and wildness;  the lips, face, neck, hands, and feet, and soon after the thighs, arms, and whole surface assume a leaden, blue, purple, black, or deep brown tint according to the complexion of the individual, varying in shade with the intensity of the attack. The fingers and toes are reduced in size, the skin and soft parts covering them are wrinkled, shrivelled and folded.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
The nails put on a bluish pearly white; the larger superficial veins are marked by flat lines of a deeper black; the pulse becomes either small as a thread, and scarcely vibrating, or else totally extinct. The skin is deadly cold and often damp, the tongue always moist, often white and loaded, but flabby and chilled like a piece of dead flesh. The voice is nearly gone; the respiration quick, irregular, and imperfectly performed. The patient speaks in a whisper. He struggles for breath, and often lays his hand on his heart to point out the seat of his distress.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
Sometimes there are rigid spasms of the legs, thighs, and loins. The secretion of urine is totally suspended; vomiting and purgings, which are far from being the most important or dangerous symptoms, and which in a very great number of cases of the disease, have not been profuse, or have been arrested by medicine early in the attack, succeed. It is evident that the most urgent and peculiar symptom of this disease is the sudden depression of the vital powers: proved by the diminished action of the heart, the coldness of the surface and extremities, and the stagnant state of the whole circulation.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
The epidemic reached Great Britain in December 1831, appearing in Sunderland, where it was carried by passengers on a ship from the Baltic. It also appeared in Gateshead and Newcastle. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France. In 1832, the epidemic reached Quebec, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, Canada; and Detroit and New York City in the United States. It reached the Pacific Coast of North America between 1832 and 1834. The pandemic prompted the passage of the landmark Public Health Act and the Nuisances Removal Act in 1848 in England.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s
In mid-1832, 57 Irish immigrants died who had been laying a stretch of railroad called Duffy's Cut, 30 miles west of Philadelphia. They had all contracted cholera.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, Causes
During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. In France, doctors believed cholera was associated with the poverty of certain communities or poor environment. Russians believed the disease was contagious, although doctors did not understand how it spread. The United States believed that cholera was brought by recent immigrants, specifically the Irish, and epidemiologists understand they were carrying disease from British ports. Lastly, the British thought the disease might rise from divine intervention.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, Legacy
Norwegian poet Henrik Wergeland wrote a stage play inspired by the pandemic, which had reached Norway. In The Indian Cholera (Den indiske Cholera, 1835), he set his play in Colonial India, lambasting the poor response to the pandemic by authorities.


1826–1837 cholera pandemic, Legacy
As a result of the epidemic, the medical community developed a major advance, the intravenous saline drip. It was developed from the work of Dr Thomas Latta of Leith, near Edinburgh. Latta established from blood studies that a saline drip greatly improved the condition of patients and saved many lives by preventing dehydration, but he was one of the many medical personnel who died in the epidemic.


1827
1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1827th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 827th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 27th  year of the 19th century, and the  8th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1827, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1827 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1827 Alabama gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on August 6, 1827, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Jacksonian candidate John Murphy ran unopposed and won 99.25% of the vote. Various write-in candidates made up the other 0.75%.


1827 Atkinson
1827 Atkinson, provisional designation 1962 RK, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1962, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after British astronomer Robert d'Escourt Atkinson.


1827 Atkinson, Orbit and classification
Atkinson is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,629 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1827 Atkinson, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1931 VC at Uccle Observatory in November 1931, almost 31 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.


1827 Atkinson, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Atkinson is similar to a dark D-type asteroid, though with an unusual spectrum (DU). This strongly disagrees with the albedo obtained by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which indicates that is rather a stony S-type asteroid.


1827 Atkinson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Atkinson has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.


1827 Atkinson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Atkinson measures 8.855 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.249.


1827 Atkinson, Naming
This minor planet was named after British astronomer, physicist and inventor, Robert d'Escourt Atkinson (1898–1982), noted for his contributions to fundamental astronomy. Atkinson pioneered in studying nuclear energy-generation in the Sun and stars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236).


1827 Chilean presidential election
The Chilean presidential election of 1827 took place on February 13, 1827 after the National Congress of Chile decided by vote to elect a new President.


1827 Chilean presidential election
Following the coup d'état by Colonel Enrique Campino and the resignation of Vice President and acting President —since Manuel Blanco Encalada's resignation— Agustín Eyzaguirre, Congress petitioned General Ramón Freire to take the seat of President on January 30, 1827.


1827 Chilean presidential election
On February 5, Freire presented his resignation before Congress, which decided to elect a new President of the Republic on February 13. The Congress elected Freire as the new President with 37 votes, and Francisco Antonio Pinto as Vice President with 27 votes, from a total of 48 deputies present. Congress knew Freire would resign after Pinto's arrival in Santiago, so the election was only a sign of appreciation towards him.


1827 Chilean presidential election
Pinto's election, although won with a scant majority, signified a great victory for the liberals.


1827 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1827 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 12, 1827. Former congressman, speaker and Democratic-Republican candidate Gideon Tomlinson defeated incumbent governor and Democratic-Republican candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr., winning with 56.71% of the vote.


1827 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The Democratic-Republicans in Connecticut had grown tired of governor Wolcott, and wished to replace him. They nominated Tomlinson instead, and Tomlinson fended off a challenge from Wolcott and his supporters.


1827 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held October 2, 1827 in Delaware's at-large congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Louis McLane (J) before the start of Congress, after being elected to the Senate


1827 French legislative election
The 1827 legislative elections organized the third legislature of the Second Restoration. The election was held on 17 and 24 November.


1827 French legislative election
Only citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote, and despite this, the Ultra-royalists loyal to Charles X of France came in second.


1827 French legislative election
Charles X of France dissolved this Assembly in 1830 and sparked the 1830 election.


1827 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election
A special election was held in Georgia's 1st congressional district on October 1, 1827 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Edward F. Tattnall (J) prior to the start of the 20th Congress.


1827 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election, Background
From 1792 until 1824, Georgia had elected its representatives at-large. In 1826, Georgia switched, for that election only, to using districts. In the new 1st district, Edward F. Tattnall (J) was re-elected to a 4th term, but resigned before the start of the 20th Congress.


1827 Georgia's 2nd congressional district special election
A special election was held in Georgia's 2nd congressional district in 1827 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of John Forsyth (J).


1827 Georgia's 2nd congressional district special election, Background
From 1792 to 1824, Georgia had elected its representatives at-large. In 1826, for that election only, Georgia switched to using districts. In the new 2nd district, John Forsyth was re-elected to a 3rd term. Some time after the election, Forsyth resigned, having been elected Governor, and a special election was held for his replacement.


1827 Honduran coup d'état
Dionisio de Herrera was appointed governor of the province of Tegucigalpa on 23 March 1823. The first Congress of Honduras, a constituent assembly convened on 16 September 1824, and effected the union of Comayagua and Tegucigalpa, declaring them alternate capitals of Honduras, and chose Dionisio de Herrera as First Chief of the State of Honduras, with Lieutenant General José Justo Milla as his deputy. At the time Honduras was part of the short-lived Federal Republic of Central America, established in 1823.


1827 Honduran coup d'état
The first constitution of Honduras, dated 11 December 1825, established four-year terms for the head of state, with Herrera's initial term to end on 16 September 1827. He was however unable to finish his term due to a coup d'état. The assembly took the position that his position was provisional.


1827 Honduran coup d'état, Background
The president of the Federal Republic of Central America, Manuel José Arce, opposed Herrera and the Liberal Party of Honduras. In October 1826 Arce dissolved Congress and the Senate, trying establish a centralist or unitary system, allying himself with the conservatives, by which he lost the support of his own party, the liberals. This brought him into conflict with both the federal government and the states, denounced by Herrera and Mariano Prado, Chief of State of El Salvador. On 1 November 1826 Herrera was attacked in his house; hired men fired from the street into his bedroom.


1827 Honduran coup d'état, Background
In December of 1826 the conservative priest José Nicolás Irías Midence excommunicated Herrera, claiming that he was influenced by freemasons and heretics.


1827 Honduran coup d'état, Coup d'état
Arce called on the Honduran army commanded by the deputy chief of state, José Justo Milla Pineda, to support Irías. On 4 April 1827 the siege of Comayagua began. On 10 May, after 36 days, the square was surrendered by the military chief Fernández.


1827 Honduran coup d'état, Aftermath
Herrera was taken prisoner May 9, and sent to Guatemala, where he remained in prison for two years.


1827 Honduran coup d'état, Aftermath
On 15 March 1829 General Francisco Morazán and his army were intercepted by the federal troops of Colonel Prado in Las Charcas. Morazán held a superior position and crushed Prado's army. Later, Morazán moved to recover his former positions in Pínula and Aceytuno, putting him once more in control of Guatemala City, where he finally freed Herrera.


1827 Kentucky's 11th congressional district special elections
Two special elections were held in Kentucky's 11th congressional district in 1827 to fill a single vacancy.


1827 Kentucky's 11th congressional district special elections, Background
In the 1827 elections, William S. Young (A) was re-elected to a 2nd term, but died on September 20, 1827 before Congress assembled. A special election was called to fill the resultant vacancy, held on November 5, 1827


1827 Kentucky's 11th congressional district special elections, November election
The vote of one county had been thrown out, giving the election to Calhoon. By mutual agreement of both candidates, Calhoon subsequently resigned, and both Calhoon and Chilton petitioned the Governor to call a new election, which was held on December 20, 1827.


1827 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1827 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 10, 1827. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Enoch Lincoln won re-election to a second term.


1827 Maine's 1st congressional district special election
A special election was held in Maine's 1st congressional district on September 27, 1827 to fill a vacancy left by the death of William Burleigh (A) on July 2, 1827


1827 Maine's 1st congressional district special election, Election results
McIntire took his seat December 3, 1827. Holmes was subsequently elected to the Senate, taking his seat January 26, 1829


1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 1.


1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Governor Levi Lincoln Jr., an Adams Republican, was re-elected to a third term in office over William Jarvis, nominated on a "free bridge" platform. Jarvis declined to actively run for the office and his support was effectively limited to Middlesex and Essex, where the bridge issue was salient; in most other counties, he received only a handful of votes.


1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background
In 1826, controversy arose over the Warren Bridge Company proposal to build a toll-free bridge over the Charles River, which would connect Boston to Charlestown and deprive the existing Charles River Bridge Company of business.


1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background
The bill establishing the bridge passed both houses of the Massachusetts General Court, but was returned without signature by Governor Levi Lincoln Jr. Lincoln's decision drew criticism from populist elements opposed to the conservative Charles River Bridge Company and Middlesex County farmers who would have utilized the toll-free bridge to ship their produce into Boston. Middlesex residents who had backed Governor Lincoln in 1826 refused to renominate him and instead chose William Jarvis, who declined to actively run.


1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
Lincoln easily won re-election without an active opponent. Jarvis did win several towns in Middlesex and carried the county as a whole. In rural Southern and Western Massachusetts, some Old Republicans cast votes for Marcus Morton.


1827 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 1st congressional district on July 23, 1827 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Daniel Webster (A) on May 30, 1827 after being elected to the Senate.


1827 North Carolina hurricane
The 1827 North Carolina hurricane caused severe impacts along its track through the northeastern Caribbean Sea and up the East Coast of the United States in late August 1827. First observed over the Leeward Islands on August 17, the storm continued northwest, passing over Puerto Rico and the northern coastline of Hispaniola. It moved through the Turks and Caicos Islands and then the Bahamas by August 21 and curved northward.


1827 North Carolina hurricane
Although there is some discrepancy in its track, the hurricane moved ashore somewhere along the North Carolina coastline on August 25, perhaps at Category 4 intensity on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The cyclone emerged back into the Atlantic Ocean around Norfolk, Virginia, and grazed the New England coastline before last being observed offshore Nova Scotia on August 28. Along its track, numerous vessels were damaged, capsized, or run aground. The combination of heavy rainfall and ferocious winds caused severe crop damage, damaged or destroyed structures, and snapped and uprooted trees. Overall, the storm was responsible for more than six deaths and at least two injuries.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
The origin of the 1827 North Carolina hurricane is unclear in the absence of reliable data across the Atlantic Ocean, but it is surmised the storm began as a classic Cape Verde hurricane. On a west-northwest track, the hurricane moved through the Lesser Antilles on August 17 and August 18, grazing the coastline of Hispaniola the following day. It reached the Turks and Caicos Islands on August 20 and the Bahamas on August 21, subsequently curving northward east of Florida and South Carolina a few days later.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
On August 25, the storm – thought to have been as strong as Category 4 strength on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – moved ashore along the North Carolina coastline. Its exact landfall point remains unclear, with one study suggesting a landfall along the Outer Banks, and a second study concluding a landfall along the Carolinas border on the basis of surface observations from Wilmington, North Carolina. Nonetheless, the storm then turned northeast and emerged into the Atlantic around Norfolk, Virginia. It grazed the New England coastline before being last documented around Sable Island offshore Nova Scotia on August 28.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
The 1827 hurricane first made its presence known in Antigua and Saint Croix on August 17, where on the latter island the wind was regarded as "the worst in forty years" and continued for up to ten hours. In nearby Saint Kitts, the storm was considered the most violent in half a century. Puerto Rico bore the brunt of the cyclone on August 18, where severe crop damage was reported. Offshore the Southeastern United States, the ship Lavinia en route to New Orleans from New York City intercepted the powerful hurricane.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
A combination of high waves and strong winds caused severe damage to the vessel, and it was saved only by the storm's passage. Almost simultaneously, the ship Brandt from Charleston, South Carolina bound for New York encountered winds that "blew a perfect hurricane," with its sails torn apart and reduced to bare poles. Tumbled about by southwesterly winds and a strong current, the vessel soon found itself in 60 feet (18 m) waves, with up to 9 feet (2.7 m) of standing water in the hold. A 14-year-old boy was washed overboard.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
Aided by a French frigate, as well as a lessening of the tumultuous weather, the ship eventually found ground in Norfolk. In late August, passengers aboard the schooner Mary Ellen from Baltimore observed a second schooner partially disassembled. She soon also intercepted the system and was knocked on its side by a large wave. It was righted and continued on its course to Charleston, but not before sustaining substantial damage. Another schooner, the Solon from New Orleans, passed through the hurricane offshore the Georgia or South Carolina coastlines.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
Massive waves wrecked the ship, washing overboard all passengers except the captain and his crew member. Both men were rescued by the Mary Eleanor of Savannah, Georgia, but the captain died a day later from fatigue. Although the eye of the cyclone passed well east of Charleston, winds "blew with great violence" for six hours. Only minimal damage occurred in the city and surrounding areas as the storm passed by during low tide.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
Throughout North Carolina, the 1827 hurricane was considered more severe than a similar-tracked cyclone that impacted the region 12 years prior. In the city of Wilmington, a few buildings saw their chimneys destroyed, roofs ripped off, and fences flattened. One resident recounted that waves washed above garden fences up to 1.3 miles (2.1 km) inland, while other reports suggested that storm tides surpassed 10 feet (3.0 m) above normal levels. Less than a dozen vessels were driven ashore along the banks of the Cape Fear River.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
Outside the city, the hurricane widened the Masonboro Sound by at least 0.5 miles (0.80 km) and destroyed several of the accompanied saltworks. Fayetteville recorded a 30-hour period of gales and rain, where an abundant corn crop sustained insignificant loss. The cotton and tobacco crops did not fare so well, and many roads were rendered impassible by fallen trees or high water. Raleigh, meanwhile, saw many of its water courses flooded, mills and bridges carried off, and trees and chimneys downed.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
Corn and cotton crops were in some cases torn to pieces, and piles of wheat which had been stacked in fields were swept downstream. In Bethabara, or modern-day Winston-Salem, the hurricane's onslaught downed fences, tore off roofs, and damaged orchards and forests. Several bridges were swept away by floodwaters, and numerous washed-out roadways impeded travel for weeks following the storm's passage. In Washington, floodwaters rose to as much as 6 feet (1.8 m) in the first floor of houses along Water Street, while storm tides exceeded 12–15 feet (3.7–4.6 m). One schooner was driven aground causing damage to a wharf while several others combined to dislodge and carry away a bridge. Most crops were destroyed. In nearby New Bern, residents were forced to navigate the city by canoe.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
Across Ocracoke, five out of the six vessels harbored in Wallace's Channel were driven aground, with the remaining craft being blown into the Pamlico Sound. Two packet boats from New York were pushed ashore and smashed to pieces. A newly placed lightship off Ocracoke Inlet broke loose and was pushed onto Ocracoke Island, where the captain, his wife, and their three daughters were rescued. At Cedar Hummock, a large ship en route from the Bay of Honduras to London ran aground during the height of the hurricane but was set back on its way after the storm passed.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
The ships Amphibious and Mary were both wrecked and pushed ashore near Portsmouth, and both captains drowned. The most well-known encounter with this hurricane came about 13.5 miles (21.7 km) offshore Cape Hatteras, where the Diamond Shoals lightship was positioned just four years prior. Rough seas created by the hurricane broke the ship from its moorings and drove it ashore on the Core Banks near Portsmouth, drowning the carpenter and the ship's mate in the process. No new lightship was replaced in this position for another half a century. Around the cape itself, only two out of twenty sails along Portsmouth Road were spared from running aground or being carried out to sea. Only one mill in 10 miles (16 km) remained standing after the hurricane's passage.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
After departing North Carolina, the hurricane tracked through southern Virginia, where it was described as "a severe gale which continued for three days changed the climate here entirely ..." Thanks to a subsiding tide, damage along the coastline of Virginia was not nearly as severe as the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, although winds were said to have been just as intense. Still, fodder was rendered useless, and many corn crops were damaged.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
A two-story building on Talbot Street in Norfolk had its second floor carried downwind, numerous cattle were swept away, and a mill dam was completely destroyed, with the bridge above it removed in the process. In Nansemond County, fruit trees were severely damaged. Along the James River, the low-grounds were completely submerged; crops along the waterway were also ruined. A brick building was destroyed, a team boat was sunk at its wharf, and some ships at the Navy Yard were ripped from their fasts but otherwise sustained no damage.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
The schooner Albion was gravely injured when nearly all of its sails were blown away, when it lost its main, jib-boom, and fore-top mast, and when all objects were swept off the ship's deck, including the caboose. Two crew members sustained injuries. Around Hampton, the pilot boats James Barron, Virginia and Mary Ann were both run aground. In Gloucester County, corn crops were damaged. The sloop Flag was capsized on the Middle Ground of the Chesapeake River with no survivors.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
The brig Liberty from Boston ran aground on the south side of Portsmouth, while the schooner Mulberry sustained severe damage; passengers overthrew cargo to prevent the ship from sinking. As far north as Baltimore, it is said "considerable mischief" was inflicted by the hurricane. In New York City, two vessels were pushed ashore while two pleasure boats were overturned along the East River. Heavy rainfall and gale-force winds were recorded throughout Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Cape Cod.


1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath
As president, John Quincy Adams had previously disallowed trade between the United States and West Indies during his tenure. However, following the passage of the 1827 hurricane, the politician allowed free trade for three months. Presidential candidate Andrew Jackson soon became outspoken against cutting ties between the two regions, and his support for free trade garnered support from shipping interests that helped him win the presidency a year later.


1827 Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district special election
In the 1826 elections in Pennsylvania, a tie vote occurred in the 2nd district. As a result, no candidate won in that district and a special election was held on October 9, 1827.


1827 Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district special election, Election results
Sergeant took his seat at the start of the First Session of the 20th Congress. His election was unsuccessfully contested.


1827 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1827 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 4, 1827 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jackson Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote. Jackson Republicans were a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party which favoured Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams for president.


1827 State of the Union Address
The 1827 State of the Union Address was written by John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States. It was given on Tuesday, December 4, 1827, to the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. Adams said, "A revolution of the seasons has nearly been completed since the representatives of the people and States of this Union were last assembled at this place to deliberate and to act upon the common important interests of their constituents." It was given to the 20th United States Congress.


1827 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
Connecticut elected its members April 12, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1827 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its members March 13, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1827 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island elected its members August 30, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama
Alabama elected its members August 1–3, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky
Kentucky elected its members August 6, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes
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1827 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
North Carolina elected its members August 9, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1827 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes
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1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
Tennessee elected its members August 2–3, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes
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1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
Virginia elected its members April 30, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes
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1827 United States Senate election in New York
The 1827 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 6, 1827, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1827 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Martin Van Buren had been elected in 1821 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1827.


1827 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Although nominally in the same party, the Democratic-Republicans were split into two fiercely opposing factions: the "Clintonians" (allies of Governor DeWitt Clinton), and "Bucktails" (a combine of the Tammany members from New York City and Clinton's upstate adversaries led by Martin Van Buren). Both factions were divided into supporters of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, the Clintonian majority for Adams, the Bucktail majority for Jackson.


1827 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in November 1826, although Clinton was re-elected Governor, a Bucktails majority was elected to the Assembly, and eight of the ten State Senators elected were Bucktails. The 50th New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 17, from June 27 to July 24 (Senate only), and from September 11 to December 4, 1827, at Albany, New York. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the vote for Speaker was: 74 for Bucktail Erastus Root and 33 for Clintonian Francis Granger.


1827 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
The Adams-Clintonians called a caucus of all Adams supporting State legislators which was held on January 26, 1827, but was attended by only two Adams-Bucktails. Since the U.S. Senator would be active in federal politics, the Adams-Clintonians thought it possible to form an Adams majority in the State Legislature across Clintonian-Bucktail party lines, to outvote the Bucktail majority. However, the Bucktails were unwilling to cross the line, and the incumbent U.S. Senator Van Buren, although behind the scenes maneuvering on behalf of Jackson, had not made public his choice, contending that he was neither for nor against the Adams administration. The caucus nominated Congressman and Canal Commissioner Stephen van Rensselaer, the man who was said to have cast the deciding vote for Adams in the presidential election of 1824 which had been referred to a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives.


1827 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
The incumbent U.S. Senator Martin Van Buren ran for re-election as the Bucktails candidate.


1827 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Martin Van Buren received large majorities, including votes from the Jackson-Clintonians, in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.


1827 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
Martin Van Buren resigned his seat on December 20, 1828, after his election as Governor of New York. The State Legislature held a special election to fill the vacancy in January 1829, and elected Charles E. Dudley.


1827 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1827 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Ezra Butler to a one-year term as governor.


1827 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that Ezra Butler had won election to a second one-year term.


1827 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Henry Olin had won election to a one-year term. Newspapers of the time reported the vote totals as: Olin, 9,411 (67.5%); Samuel C. Crafts, 2,667 (19.1%); Israel P. Dana, 1,865 (13.4%).


1827 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-eighth. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. According to a contemporary news account, Swan was chosen nearly unanimously, with no major opposition and only 17 votes scattering.


1827 Vermont gubernatorial election
The vote totals in the governor's race were reported as follows:


1827 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1827 in Australia.


1827 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1827 in Chile.


1827 in Chile, Incumbents
President of Chile: Agustín Eyzaguirre (-25 January), Ramón Freire (25 January-8 May), Francisco Antonio Pinto (-8 May)


1827 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1827 in New Zealand.


1827 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1827 in South Africa.


1827 in Spain
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 18:17, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1827 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1827 to Wales and its people.


1827 in archaeology
The year 1827 CE in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.


1827 in architecture
The year 1827 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1827 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1827.


1827 in literature, New books, Children
Agnes Strickland – The Juvenile Forget Me Not; Or, Cabinet of Entertainment and Instruction


1827 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1827 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1827 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1827 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1827.


1827 in science
The year 1827 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1827 in sports
1827 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1827–1828 Massachusetts legislature
The 48th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1827 and 1828 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. John Mills served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.


1828
1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1828th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 828th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 28th  year of the 19th century, and the  9th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1828, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1828 Clare by-election
The Clare by-election of 1828 was notable as this was the first time since the reformation that an openly Roman Catholic MP, Daniel O'Connell was elected.


1828 Clare by-election
Clare was held by William Vesey Fitzgerald when he became the President of the Board of Trade. As this was seen to be an office of profit, Vesey-FitzGerald had to stand in a by-election.


1828 Clare by-election
It was not unusual for such ministerial by-elections to be uncontested. However the Catholic Association, a group campaigning for Catholic civil rights and the repeal of the Act of Union, had vowed to oppose every member of the current government, who had declined to allow for Catholic Emancipation. A number of candidates were approached but refused to stand, Vesey-FitzGerald was reasonably popular with Catholics in Clare.


1828 Clare by-election
Daniel O'Connell decided to exploit a loophole in the Act of Union. It stated that Catholics could not sit in Westminster as a Member of Parliament (MP), but there was nothing about them standing for an election.


1828 Clare by-election
Like all Parliamentary elections at the time, Clare was held as an open vote, which meant that all votes would be known. This meant that Protestant and pro-union landowners could influence their tenants, who were far more likely to be Catholic and anti-union.


1828 Clare by-election, Result
O'Connell won the by-election. Since he was a Catholic, he could not take the Oath of Supremacy, which was incompatible with Catholicism and so could not take his seat in parliament. This meant that his demand rose to allow him to become an MP for County Clare as it did not have representation. O'Connell hinted that he would get more Catholics elected to force the situation saying "they must crush us or conciliate us".


1828 Clare by-election, Consequences
The Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, and the Home Secretary, Sir Robert Peel, even though they opposed Catholic participation in Parliament, saw that denying O'Connell his seat would cause outrage and could lead to another rebellion or uprising in Ireland, which was about 85% Catholic. This led directly to the Catholic Relief Act 1829.


1828 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1828 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 10, 1828. Incumbent governor and National Republican nominee Gideon Tomlinson ran essentially unopposed, winning with 97.73% of the vote amidst a scattering of votes.


1828 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election
A special election was held in Kentucky's 2nd congressional district on August 4, 1828 to fill a vacancy in Kentucky's representation.


1828 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election, Background
In the 1827 elections, Thomas Metcalfe (A) was re-elected to a 5th term and served until June 1, 1828 when he resigned to run for governor.


1828 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1828 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the fifth gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.


1828 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1828 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1828. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Enoch Lincoln won re-election to a third term.


1828 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1828 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 7.


1828 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Governor Levi Lincoln Jr., an Adams supporter, was re-elected to a fourth term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton, of the Jacksonian faction.


1828 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
Morton carried only eighteen towns, all of them rural with the exception of Charlestown. The others were Adams, Cheshire, New Ashford, Alford, Tyringham, Montgomery, Westfield, Southwick, Holland, Dana, Charlton, Oxford, Sutton, Seekonk, Berkley, Freetown, and Woburn.


1828 Mexican general election
The federal elections of Mexico of 1828 were held on September 1, 1828. In those the positions were elected through indirect election:


1828 Mexican general election
Two weeks later Antonio López de Santa Anna rose in rebellion against the election and at the end of November the rebels entered Mexico City. Gómez Pedraza abandoned his position and left the country. The Congress of the Union, pressured by the adherents of Guerrero, decided to cancel the elections and designated Vicente Guerrero as President of the Republic and Anastasio Bustamante as Vice-president from April 1, 1829. This arrangement proved unsustainable and on December 4 Bustamante rebelled against Guerrero, taking the presidency from January 1, 1830. A further rebellion in 1832 led to an agreement by which Gómez Pedraza would return to the presidency, at least until the elections of 1833 which Santa Anna (more interested in the title than the position) would win.


1828 Mississippi's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held in Mississippi's at-large congressional district on October 20, 1828 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William Haile (J) on September 12, 1828


1828 Mississippi's at-large congressional district special election, Election results
Hinds took his seat December 8, 1828. Hinds had earlier won the general election to the 21st Congress.


1828 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1828 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 4, 1828. Governor John Miller was elected unopposed to a full term as governor (having previously won the 1825 special election to succeed Abraham J. Williams, who succeeded the late Frederick Bates).


1828 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held in New Jersey's at-large congressional district to fill two vacancies caused by the deaths of George Holcombe (J) on January 14, 1828 and Hedge Thompson (A) on July 23, 1828. The elections were held at the same time as the election for the 21st Congress.


1828 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election, Election results
Sinnickson and Randolph took their seats on December 1, 1828. Randolph was also elected to the 21st Congress.


1828 New South Wales census
The 1828 New South Wales census was the first population census held in the Crown Colony of New South Wales. The month used for the census, was taken in November 1828. The total population of the colony was counted as 36,598 and recorded all inhabitants, both convict and free. Only the European population were enumerated. Censuses were taken periodically in the colony thereafter.


1828 New South Wales census, History
Before 1828, the population count was originally gathered through surveys and musters, however they were largely undercounted. The first survey of the NSW settlement was made in 1795. The general musters were held annually from 1795 to 1825 with separate ones being taken, for example - musters of settlers, livestock, convicts, or ones that included only males, females or children. An act (9 Geo IV No. 4) was passed to allow the census. The incumbent Governor Sir Ralph Darling on 29 July 1828 transferred to the Rt. Hon. William Huskisson for King George IV's approval.


1828 New South Wales census, Results
The total population was counted as 36,598, 20,870 were free and 15,728 were convicts. There were 25,248 Protestants and 11,236 Catholics. The Indigenous population were not counted.


1828 New South Wales census, Results
A quote from the Sydney Gazette in December 1828 describes life as:


1828 New South Wales census, Results
"At the end of 1828, Sydney had 1,409 houses, 176 cottages, 121 skillings and 67 wooden tenements, making a total of 1,773 dwellings. Its urban population was 10,815, and the town occupied a large space of ground; if it had been as well fitted with houses as a town of similar size in England, the population would have been eight or ten times as numerous".


1828 New South Wales census, Results, Religion
The following table is compiled from the actual religion given on the returns and from the Public Record Office.


1828 New South Wales census, Copies
Only two copies of the census results were produced, all compiled within two years of the census. One comprising six-volumes was kept in New South Wales (NRS 1272), with a seven-volume draft copy sent to the Public Record Office (PRO) in London. Copies are available on microfilm from the State Archives and Records NSW and from The National Archives (TNA) at Kew. The copy in Sydney was handed over in 1901 to the Registrar General; kept in a locked case and highly guarded for over 60 years. In 2019 the  held by NSW State Archives and Records were inscribed on the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register.


1828 New York gubernatorial election
The 1828 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 3 to 5, 1828, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1828 New York gubernatorial election
United States Senator Martin Van Buren was elected Governor over United States Supreme Court Justice Smith Thompson and journalist Solomon Southwick.


1828 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Democratic Party nominated U.S. senator Martin Van Buren. They nominated former U.S. representative and Judge of the Seventh Circuit Enos T. Throop for Lieutenant Governor.


1828 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The National Republican Party nominated Supreme Court Justice Smith Thompson. They nominated state assemblyman Francis Granger for Lieutenant Governor.


1828 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Anti-Masonic Party nominated newspaper publisher Solomon Southwick. They nominated state senator John Crary for Lieutenant Governor.


1828 New York gubernatorial election, Results
The Democratic ticket of Van Buren and Throop was elected.


1828 Ohio's 6th congressional district special election
In Ohio's 6th district, incumbent William Creighton Jr. resigned before December 19, 1828 when he was given a recess appointment to be a United States District Judge. He was also nominated for the judgeship, but that appointment was not approved by the U.S. Senate by February 1829. Creighton was already elected to the next term and was reseated in his old position when the next Congress began in March 1829.


1828 Ohio's 6th congressional district special election
Francis S. Muhlenberg was elected December 2, 1828 only to finish that short term.


1828 Portuguese legislative election, Background
After Dom Miguel returned to the country in February, the electoral law of 7 August 1826 was annulled by a decree by Miguel on 3 March. The Constitutional Charter of 1826 was suspended, and the Cortes Gerais was subsequently dissolved on 13 March 1828, with the Three Estates was restored. Elections were called to the People's Branch of the Estates and held in May to elect 154 members.


1828 Portuguese legislative election, Aftermath
The Three Estates met in Ajuda on 23 May, although delegates from Braga, Guimarães and Viseu were unable to attend due to the nascent civil war.


1828 Proclamation of Demarcation
The 1828 Proclamation of Demarcation was issued by George Arthur, governor of Tasmania, and ordered the white colonial populations and Tasmanian Aboriginal populations be temporarily separated from each other. Arthur clarified that the proclamation would not limit Aboriginals from traveling through Tasmania to shellfish hunting territories, provided a passport was coordinated with their leaders. The proclamation was justified as protecting Aboriginals from violence from colonists, and to protect the colonists from "repeated and wanton barbarous murders and other crimes" by the Aboriginals.


1828 Proclamation of Demarcation
The proclamation established a line of military outposts separating the declared Aboriginal and colonial territories, which the Aboriginals were forbidden to pass. Tasmanian Aboriginals were pressed into remote areas of Tasmania, and eventually relocated to Flinders Island; scholar Rod Edmond notes that the pretext of "protecting" the Aboriginals served as a mechanism to clear desirable land for colonial use.


1828 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1828 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 2, 1828 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jackson Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote. Jackson Republicans were a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party which favoured Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams for president.


1828 Sanjō earthquake
The 1828 Sanjō earthquake (Japanese: 三条地震) occurred on December 18, 1828 at Sanjo, Niigata Prefecture (then Echigo Province) in Japan. According to the official confirmed report, 21,134 houses and buildings were damaged, and 1,204 of them burned down. There were around 1,450 casualties.


1828 Siebold typhoon
The Siebold typhoon (Japanese: シーボルト台風) was a typhoon that struck Japan (northern Kyushu Island in particular) on September 17, 1828. There were 19,113 confirmed deaths, according to the official report.


1828 Siebold typhoon, Overview
According to the official report, the typhoon's estimated central pressure was 935hPa, with a maximum wind speed of 198 kilometres (123 mi). A storm surge occurred in the Ariake Sea and in Hakata Bay. The official death toll was 19,113, and 18,625 were injured. The heaviest damage occurred at Saga, Omura, Yanagawa, and Fukuoka. This is the worst storm in Japanese history.


1828 Siebold typhoon, Overview
It was discovered that the map of Japan was taken out of the country when the ship that Philipp Franz von Siebold was aboard ran aground due to this typhoon. The mapr was discovered when the contents of the cargo were examined while the ship was being repaired. This discovery led to the Siebold incident (Japanese: シーボルト事件). Therefore, this typhoon was named the "Siebold typhoon".


1828 State of the Union Address
The 1828 State of the Union Address was written by John Quincy Adams, on Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It was read to both houses of the 20th United States Congress by a clerk on that day.


1828 State of the Union Address
He said, "If the enjoyment in profusion of the bounties of Providence forms a suitable subject of mutual gratulation and grateful acknowledgment, we are admonished at this return of the season when the representatives of the nation are assembled to deliberate upon their concerns to offer up the tribute of fervent and grateful hearts for the never failing mercies of Him who ruleth over all."


1828 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia
Georgia returned to electing its members at-large for the 1828 election and elected its members October 6, 1828. Despite two retirements, the entire delegation remained Jacksonians.


1828 United States House of Representatives election in Missouri
Missouri elected its representative to the United States House of Representatives for the 1828–1830 term on August 4, 1828.


1828 United States House of Representatives election in Missouri, Bibliography
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1828 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey, Bibliography
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1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
Indiana elected its members August 4, 1828, swapping a Jacksonian and Anti- Jacksonian but retaining its 2-1 Anti- Jacksonian majority.


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
The majority requirement for election was met in all 13 districts in 1828.


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes
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1828 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Bibliography
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1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes
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1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania for the 21st Congress were held October 14, 1828. Members of three different parties were elected to the 21st Congress, the first time in US history that a third party won seats. The new Anti-Masonic Party won a total of 5 seats, 1 of which was in Pennsylvania.


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background
In the previous election, 20 Jacksonians and 5 Anti- Jacksonians had been elected with one vacancy, which was filled in a special election by an Anti-Jacksonian, for a total of 20 Jacksonians and 6 Anti-Jacksonians.


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts
Pennsylvania was divided into 18 districts, 6 of which were plural districts


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts
Note: Several of these counties covered larger areas than today, having since been divided into smaller counties


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results
20 incumbents (15 Jacksonians and 5 Anti-Jacksonians) ran for re-election, of whom 12 (all Jacksonians) were re-elected. The incumbents Charles Miner (AJ) of the 4th district, George Kremer (J), Espy Van Horne (J), and Samuel McKean (J) of the 9th district, John Mitchell (J) of the 12th district and Robert Orr, Jr. (J) of the 16th district did not run for re-election.


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results
A total of 8 seats changed parties. One seat changed from Jacksonian control to Anti-Masonic control, one changed from Jacksonian to Anti-Jacksonian, and six changed from Anti- Jacksonian to Jacksonian, for a net change of five seats lost by the Anti-Jacksonians, four gained by the Jacksonians, and one gained by the Anti-Masonics.


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections
Two special elections were held in 1829 for the 21st Congress. The first was held on October 13, 1829 in the 8th district to fill two vacancies caused by the resignations of Samuel D. Ingham (J) and George Wolf (J) before the first meeting of the 21st Congress. Wolf's resignation was due to his having been elected Governor of Pennsylvania. The second was held on December 15, 1829 in the 16th district, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of William Wilkins (AM) on November 9, 1829, before the first session of the 21st Congress began.


1828 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes
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1828 United States elections
The 1828 United States elections elected the members of the 21st United States Congress. It marked the beginning of the Second Party System, and the definitive split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Democratic Party (organized around Andrew Jackson) and the National Republican Party (organized around John Quincy Adams and opponents of Jackson). While the Democrats cultivated strong local organizations, the National Republicans relied on a clear national platform of high tariffs and internal improvements.


1828 United States elections
Political scientists such as V.O. Key, Jr. consider this election to be a realigning election, while political scientists such as James Reichley instead see the election as a continuation of the Democratic-Republican tradition. Additionally, this election saw the Anti-Masonic Party win a small number of seats in the House, becoming the first third party to gain representation in Congress.


1828 United States elections
In a re-match of the 1824 Presidential election, Democratic General Andrew Jackson won a large victory over incumbent National Republican President John Quincy Adams. Adams again won New England, but Jackson took most of the rest of the country. Jackson was the first successful presidential candidate who had not served as secretary of state or vice president in the preceding administration (aside from George Washington). Adams was the first President to lose re-election since his father, John Adams, lost re-election in 1800. John C. Calhoun was re-elected vice president, making him the second and last vice president to serve under two different presidents. Jackson's election as president marked the start of Jacksonian democracy, and an ongoing expansion in right to vote saw a dramatic increase in the size of the electorate.


1828 United States elections
In the House, Democrats won several seats, increasing their majority. The Anti-Masonic Party won a small number of seats, gaining representation in Congress for the first time.


1828 United States elections
In the Senate, opponents of Jackson won minor gains, but Democrats retained control of the chamber.


1828 United States presidential election
The 1828 United States presidential election was the 11th quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It featured a rematch of the 1824 election, as President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party. Both parties were new organizations, and this was the first presidential election their nominees contested. Jackson's victory over Adams marked the start of Democratic dominance in federal politics.


1828 United States presidential election
With the collapse of the Federalist Party, four members of the Democratic-Republican Party, including Jackson and Adams, had sought the presidency in the 1824 election. Jackson had won a plurality (but not majority) of both the electoral vote and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the contingent election that was held in the House of Representatives. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Henry Clay of having reached a "corrupt bargain" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of Secretary of State. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a rematch in 1828, and the Democratic-Republican Party fractured into the National Republican Party and the Democratic Party during Adams's presidency.


1828 United States presidential election
The 1828 campaign was marked by large amounts of "mudslinging", as both parties attacked the personal qualities of the opposing party's candidate. Jackson dominated in the South and the West, aided in part by the passage of the Tariff of 1828. Adams swept New England but won only three other small states. With the ongoing expansion of the right to vote to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for president, compared with 3.4% in 1824. Several states transitioned to a popular vote for president, leaving South Carolina and Delaware as the only states in which the legislature chose presidential electors.


1828 United States presidential election
The election marked the rise of Jacksonian Democracy and the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics by removing key barriers to voter participation and establishing a stable two-party system. Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia, while Adams was the second to lose re-election, following his father John Adams.


1828 United States presidential election
Adams was also the first of three elected presidents to lose the popular vote in two consecutive elections, the next two being Benjamin Harrison in the late 19th century and Donald Trump in the early 21st century. Martin Van Buren also lost the popular vote twice in 1840 and 1848 after winning both the popular and electoral vote in the 1836 United States Presidential Election.


1828 United States presidential election, Background
While Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes and the popular vote in the election of 1824, he lost to John Quincy Adams as the election was deferred to the House of Representatives (by the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a presidential election in which no candidate wins a majority of the electoral vote is decided by a contingent election in the House of Representatives). Henry Clay, unsuccessful candidate and Speaker of the House at the time, despised Jackson, in part due to their fight for Western votes during the election, and he chose to support Adams, which led to Adams being elected president on the first ballot.


1828 United States presidential election, Background
A few days after the election, Adams appointed Clay his Secretary of State, a position held by Adams and his three immediate predecessors prior to becoming president. Jackson and his followers promptly accused Clay and Adams of striking a "corrupt bargain," and continued to lambaste the president until the 1828 election.


1828 United States presidential election, Background
In the aftermath of the 1824 election, the national Democratic-Republican Party collapsed as national politics became increasingly polarized between supporters of Adams and supporters of Jackson. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the 1826 Congressional elections, with Jackson ally Andrew Stevenson chosen as the new Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker, John W. Taylor).


1828 United States presidential election, Nominations, Jacksonian Party nomination
Within months after the inauguration of John Quincy Adams in 1825, the Tennessee legislature re-nominated Jackson for president, thus setting the stage for a rematch between these two very different politicians three years thence. Congressional opponents of Adams, including former William H. Crawford supporter Martin Van Buren, rallied around Jackson's candidacy. Jackson's supporters called themselves Democrats, and would formally organize as the Democratic Party shortly after his election. In hopes of uniting those opposed to Adams, Jackson ran on a ticket with sitting Vice President John C. Calhoun.


1828 United States presidential election, Nominations, Jacksonian Party nomination
Calhoun would decline the invitation to join the Democratic Party, however, and instead formed the Nullifier Party after the election; the Nullifiers would remain largely aligned with the Democrats for the next few years, but ultimately broke with Jackson over the issue of states' rights during his first term. No congressional nominating caucus or national convention was held.


1828 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Jacksonian Party nomination
President Adams and his allies, including Secretary of State Clay and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, became known as the National Republicans. The National Republicans were significantly less organized than the Democrats, and many party leaders did not embrace the new era of popular campaigning. Adams was re-nominated on the endorsement of state legislatures and partisan rallies. As with the Democrats, no nominating caucus or national convention was held. Adams chose Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush, a Pennsylvanian known for his protectionist views, as his running mate. Adams, who was personally popular in New England, hoped to assemble a coalition in which Clay attracted Western voters, Rush attracted voters in the middle states, and Webster won over former members of the Federalist Party.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The campaign was marked by large amounts of nasty "mudslinging." Jackson's marriage, for example, came in for vicious attack. When Jackson married his wife Rachel in 1791, the couple believed that she was divorced, however the divorce was not yet finalized, so he had to remarry her once the legal papers were complete. In the Adams campaign's hands, this became a scandal. Charles Hammond, in his Cincinnati Gazette, asked: "Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramour husband be placed in the highest offices of this free and Christian land?"


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Jackson also came under heavy attack as a slave trader who bought and sold slaves and moved them about in defiance of modern standards of morality (he was not attacked for merely owning slaves used in plantation work). The Coffin Handbills attacked Jackson for his courts-martial, execution of deserters and massacres of Indian villages, and also his habit of dueling.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Jackson avoided articulating issue positions, instead campaigning on his personal qualities and his opposition to Adams. Adams avoided popular campaigning, instead emphasizing his support of specific issues. Adams's praise of internal improvements in Europe, such as "lighthouses of the skies" (observatories), in his first annual message to Congress, and his suggestion that Congress not be "palsied by the will of our constituents" were given attention in and out of the press. John Randolph stated on the floor of the Senate that he "never will be palsied by any power save the constitution, and the will of my constituents." Jackson wrote that a lavish government combined with contempt of the constituents could lead to despotism, if not checked by the "voice of the people." Modern campaigning was also introduced by Jackson. People kissed babies, had picnics, and started many other traditions during the campaign.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
Thomas Jefferson wrote favorably in response to Jackson in December 1823 and extended an invitation to his estate of Monticello: "I recall with pleasure the remembrance of our joint labors while in the Senate together in times of great trial and of hard battling, battles indeed of words, not of blood, as those you have since fought so much for your own glory & that of your country; with the assurance that my attempts continue undiminished, accept that of my great respect & consideration."


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
Jefferson wrote in joy at the outcome of the contingent election of 1825 to Congressional caucus nominee William H. Crawford, saying that he had hoped to congratulate Crawford but "events had not been what we had wished."


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
In the next election, Jackson's and Adams's supporters saw value in establishing the opinion of Jefferson in regards to their respective candidates and against their opposition. Jefferson died on July 4, 1826.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
A goal of the pro-Adams was to depict Jackson as a "mere military chieftain." Edward Coles recounted that Jefferson told him in a conversation in August 1825 that he feared the popular enthusiasm for Jackson: "It has caused me to doubt more than anything that has occurred since our Revolution." Coles used the opinion of Thomas Gilmer to back himself up; Gilmer said Jefferson told him at Monticello before the election of Adams in 1825, "One might as well make a sailor of a cock, or a soldier of a goose, as a President of Andrew Jackson."


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
Daniel Webster, who was also at Monticello at the time, made the same report. Webster recorded that Jefferson told him in December 1824 that Jackson was a dangerous man unfit for the presidency. Historian Sean Wilentz described Webster's account of the meeting as "not wholly reliable." Biographer Robert V. Remini said that Jefferson "had no great love for Jackson."


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
Gilmer accused Coles of misrepresentation, in Jefferson's opinion had changed, Gilmer said. Jefferson's son-in-law, former Virginia Governor Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., said in 1826 that Jefferson had a "strong repugnance" to Henry Clay. Randolph publicly stated that Jefferson became friendly to Jackson's candidacy as early as the summer of 1825, perhaps because of the "corrupt bargain" charge, and thought of Jackson as "an honest, sincere, clear-headed and strong-minded man; of the soundest political principles" and "the only hope left" to reverse the increasing powers assumed by the federal government. Others said the same thing, but Coles could not believe Jefferson's opinion had changed.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
In 1827, Virginia Governor William B. Giles released a letter from Jefferson meant to be kept private to Thomas Ritchie's Richmond Enquirer. It was written after Adams's first annual message to Congress and it contained an attack from Jefferson on the incumbent administration. Giles said Jefferson's alarm was with the usurpation of the rights of the states, not with a "military chieftain."


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
Jefferson wrote, "take together the decisions of the federal court, the doctrines of the President, and the misconstructions of the constitutional compact acted on by the legislature of the federal bench, and it is but too evident, that the three ruling branches of that department are in combination to strip their colleagues, the State authorities, of the powers reserved by them, and to exercise themselves all functions foreign and domestic."


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion
Of the Federalists, he continued, "But this opens with a vast accession of strength from their younger recruits, who, having nothing in them of the feelings or principles of '76, now look to a single and splendid government of an aristocracy, founded on banking institutions, and moneyed incorporations under the guise and cloak of their favored branches of manufactures, commerce, and navigation, riding and ruling over the plundered plowman and beggared yeomanry." The Jacksonians and states' rights men heralded its publication; the Adams men felt it a symptom of senility. Giles omitted a prior letter of Jefferson's praise of Adams for his role in the embargo of 1808. Thomas Jefferson Randolph soon collected and published Jefferson's correspondence.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The selection of electors began on October 31 with elections in Ohio and Pennsylvania and ended on November 13 with elections in North Carolina. The Electoral College met on December 3.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Adams won the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800 (the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware) and Maryland, but Jackson won all other states and won the election in a landslide.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The Democratic Party in Georgia was hopelessly divided into two factions (Troup and Clark) at the time. Despite this, both factions nominated Jackson for President, with the election being primarily a test of the strength of these two factions - the Adams electors ran a very poor third, with just 3.21% of the vote. The winning slate, which received a 3,000 vote majority, was not pledged to any Vice-Presidential candidate; consequently, seven of the nine Presidential Electors who voted for Jackson for President chose William Smith for Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
This was the first election in American history in which the incumbent president lost re-election despite winning a greater share of the popular vote than they did the previous election. This would not happen again until 2020.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
This was the last election in which the Democrats won Kentucky until 1856. It is also the only election where Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Vermont voted for the National Republicans, and the last time that New Hampshire voted against the Democrats until 1856.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
It was also the only election in which an electoral vote split occurred in Maine until the election of 2016, the first election in which the winning ticket did not have a north–south balance, and the first election in which two northerners ran against two southerners.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Source (Popular Vote): Dubin, Michael J. United States Presidential Elections, 1788- 1860Source (Electoral Vote):


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
(a) The popular vote figures exclude Delaware and South Carolina: both states' electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by a popular vote.


1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results
(b) The other vote was from Georgia where two slates pledged to Jackson, representing factions of the party, ran. The winning slate was Jackson with Smith - the Troup Faction - and the other was Jackson with Calhoun - the Clark faction. Many sources combine the vote when reporting the Georgia results, but this is legally incorrect.


1828 United States presidential election, Results by state, Close states
John Quincy Adams received a similar number of electoral college votes in 1824 and 1828.


1828 United States presidential election, Aftermath
Rachel Jackson had been having chest pains throughout the campaign, and she was traumatized by the personal attacks on her marriage. She became ill and died on December 22, 1828. Jackson accused the Adams campaign, and Henry Clay even more so, of causing her death, saying, "I can and do forgive all my enemies. But those vile wretches who have slandered her must look to God for mercy."


1828 United States presidential election, Aftermath
Andrew Jackson was sworn in as president on March 4, 1829. After the inauguration, a mob entered the White House to shake the new president's hand, damaging the furniture and lights. Jackson escaped through the back, and large punch bowls were set up to lure the crowd outside. Conservatives were horrified at this event, and held it up as a portent of terrible things to come from the first Democratic president.


1828 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1828 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Alabama by a margin of 79.80%.


1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Connecticut by a margin of 48.41%.


1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut
With 71.36% of the popular vote, Connecticut would prove to be Adams' fourth strongest state in the 1828 election after Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Vermont.


1828 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1828 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware cast three electoral votes for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. These electors were elected by the Delaware General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.


1828 United States presidential election in Georgia
In the 1828 United States presidential election, Georgia voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Georgia by a margin of 93.58%.


1828 United States presidential election in Georgia
Seven Georgian electors voted for William Smith for vice president, rather than Jackson's official running mate, John C. Calhoun.


1828 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1828 United States presidential election in Illinois took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1828 United States presidential election in Illinois
Illinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Illinois by a margin of 34.44%.


1828 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1828 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Indiana by a margin of 13.24%.


1828 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1828 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Kentucky
Kentucky voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Kentucky by a margin of 11.08%.


1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Louisiana by a margin of 6.02%.


1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana
In January 1828, Jackson had visited New Orleans to celebrate the 13th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans in response to an invitation from the Louisiana legislature; he and his supporters financed the visit, as the legislature rejected providing any money, and lingering anger against Jackson's conduct in 1815 prompted the legislature to disclaim any adherence to Jackson as a political candidate. The legislature remained dominated by Adams supporters. His supporters had a mixed record in the fall elections, winning the governor's mansion and the legislature but losing two seats in the federal House of Representatives. And while the presidential election ultimately saw Adams defeated in Louisiana, it was a slim defeat, in contrast to nearly unanimous support for Jackson throughout the other southern states.


1828 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1828 United States presidential election in Maine took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Maine by a margin of 19.68%. Adams received eight electoral votes and Jackson received one.


1828 United States presidential election in Maine
With 59.71% of the popular vote, Maine would prove to be Adams' fifth strongest state in the 1828 election after Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont and Connecticut.


1828 United States presidential election in Maine
This was the only time prior to the 2016 election (when Republican nominee Donald Trump received one of the state's four votes) that an electoral vote split occurred in Maine.


1828 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1828 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Maryland
Maryland voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Maryland by a margin of 0.5%.


1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts voted for the National Republican candidate, incumbent president John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Massachusetts by a margin of 60.97%.


1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
With 76.36% of the popular vote, Adams' home state would prove to be his second strongest victory in the 1828 election after neighboring Rhode Island.


1828 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1828 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Mississippi voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Mississippi by a margin of 62.1%.


1828 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1828 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Missouri
Missouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Missouri by a margin of 41.28%.


1828 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1828 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.