18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Xiong Kuohai
Their plan was that during the test, those warriors would fight against each other and maybe half of them would die in the chaos. Then Yang Lin would close the city gates of Yangzhou to trap the rest half of warriors. After that, they would use bombs and fires to kill all those warriors. At that day, the first half of plan worked: many warriors including Wu Yunzhao were killed in the battles. However, Xiong Kuohai was late for the test due to some other issues. When he arrived at the gate of Yangzhou, the heavy portcullis was dropping down.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Xiong Kuohai
He suddenly realized the severe situation: he had to stop the closing gate or many warriors would die. Thus, he ran under the heavy portcullis (with a weight of 500 kg) and held it for a long time until most warriors escaped from Yangzhou. Then, he collapsed and died under the gate.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Yunzhao
In the book, Wu Yunzhao (伍云召) was the son of a notable official Wu Jianzhang (伍建章). He usually used a long spear as his weapon, and he was also good at using swords. After knowing the fact that the former emperor Yang Jian was actually killed by the current emperor Yang Guang, Wu Jianzhang chided the current emperor for his cruel, illegal and immoral behavior. Yang Guang was annoyed and sent Wu Jianzhang and all his family members to death penalty. Fortunately, Wu Yunzhao was not in the capital city.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Yunzhao
He was already a famous general and staying with his troop in Nanyang Pass. Knowing the tragedy, he rebelled without hesitating to revenge for his family and overthrow the immoral emperor. The emperor Yang Guang ordered Han Qinhu, Yuwen Chengdu, Xin Wenli (See Below) and Shang Shitu (See Below), all great warriors, to attack Nanyang Pass. Wu Yunzhao's troop defeated troops of Han Qinhu, Xin Wenli and Shang Shitu, but they could not challenge Yuwen Chengdu. Wu sent his assistant Jiao Fang to break the encirclement to ask for help from his cousin Wu Tianxi.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Yunzhao
Before Wu Tianxi could reach Nanyang Pass, Yuwen Chengdu broke the city gate. Wu Yunzhao had to break the surrounding and flee away. He went over to Li Zitong (李子通), a local warlord in Shouzhou (寿州). Later, with Wu Yunzhao's help, Li Zitong became one of the major forces fighting against the Sui Dynasty. During the martial art test in Yangzhou, as mentioned above, a foreign warrior called Zuo Xiong killed Wu Yunzhao with a mechanism device hidden in Zuo's horse's tail. Some people argue that Wu Yunzhao might have an archetype called Yang Xuangan (杨玄感), who had a notable social statues but rebelled after his father Yang Su’s (杨素) death. However, Yang Xuangan was killed as soon as his rebellion failed.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Tianxi
Wu Tianxi (伍天锡) was the cousin of Wu Yunzhao. His weapon was similar to Yuwen Chengdu's golden Tang, but slightly less in weight. Unlike Wu Yunzhao's notable social status, Wu Tianxi was a brigand in Tuoluo Ville. When Wu Yunzhao was attacked by Yuwen Chengdu, his assistant Jiao Fang went to Tuoluo Ville to ask for help. Wu Tianxi then led his troop to Nanyang Pass to help Wu Yunzhao. However, when they went through the Taihang Mountain areas, they were stopped by Xiong Kuohai because of some small conflicts. Either of them knew each other's relationship with Wu Yunzhao.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Tianxi
They fought against each other in Taihang Mountain for several days, until they both saw Wu Yunzhao and his remained troop fled to this place. It was then Wu Tianxi and Xiong Kuohai started to know each other. After Wu Yunzhao started to fight for Li Zitong, Wu Tianxi also joined that force. In Siming Mountain, Wu brothers and Xiong Kuohai defeated Yuwen Chengdu with the help from Pei Yuanqing. However, they were easily defeated by Li Yuanba in the next day.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Tianxi
When Wu Tianxi was travelling to Yangzhou to take part in the martial art test, he met Liang Shitai (see below), who was the assistant officer in Li Yuanba's troop. Liang and Wu had some conflicts with each other, so they started to fight. Liang was killed, and then Li Yuanba was annoyed. Knowing that Liang was working for Li Yuanba, Wu Tianxi was shocked. He tried to apologize to Li Yuanba, but it was too late. Wu Tianxi tried to flee, but he was reached by Li Yuanba quickly in front of the Tianchang Pass. Then he was killed by the superb warrior during the ensuing battle.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel
In the novel, Luo Cheng (罗成) was the son of Luo Yi (罗艺), a famous general guarding the northeastern frontier town of Sui Dynasty, the town of Jizhou (冀州), which is near modern-day Beijing. Luo's family had unique skills of using spears that outsiders were not allowed to learn. Luo Cheng was well educated, not only in martial arts, or especially, the family skills of spears, but also in traditional Chinese philosophy, literature, and military tactics and strategies. Most importantly, Luo Cheng was handsome in his appearance.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel
In the book of Shuo Tang, Luo Yi was always loyal to Sui Dynasty, but Luo Cheng took part in Wagang Fort rebellion. Later, after the failure of Wagang Fort rebellion, Luo Cheng joined Wang Shichong’s force. Years later, he was persuaded by his old time friends to switch to Li Shimin’s troop to fight for Li Yuan's Tang Dynasty. He defeated the ally of five warlords (Wang Shichong 王世充, Meng Haigong 孟海公, Gao Tansheng 高檀晟, Zhu Can 朱灿 and Dou Jiande 窦建德) within one day.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel
Two years later, another ally led by Liu Heita (刘黑闼), Xu Yuanlang (徐圆朗), Shen Faxing (沈法兴), Gao Kaidao(高开道) and Tang Bi (唐壁) invaded Tang Dynasty. Luo Cheng took part in this war and he was killed by a general in Liu Heita's troop, Su Dingfang (苏定方), with arrows. However, the story behind that was the envy of Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji towards Li Shimin. Luo Cheng was actually a victim of political conflicts among Li Yuan's sons.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel
There are much more folk stories about Luo Cheng outside of Shuo Tang, including his romantic love with Dou Jiande’s daughter Xianniang (窦线娘), and even with Hua Mulan (花木兰). His son Luo Tong (罗通) became a leading role in the sequel of Shuo Tang. The folk legends also believe that his descendant Luo Yanqing (罗延庆) was a general in Yue Fei’s troop in Song Dynasty.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel
Another interesting fact about Luo Cheng and his cousin Qin Shubao:


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, Archetype
In the real historical records, Luo Yi really had a son called Luo Cheng. However, other than his name, no more things Luo Cheng did were recorded. The novel Shuo Tang also glorified Luo Yi. In the novel, Luo Yi showed his loyalty. However, in reality, Luo Yi switched his position between Sui and Tang Dynasties and among many warlords for several times. Also, to glorify Luo Yi and Luo Cheng, this novel defamed Su Dingfang (苏定方), who was a loyal military genius in the history but a traitor in the novel.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, Archetype
Luo Cheng's stories in this novel were mostly based on stories of Luo Shixin (罗士信) in the history. Luo Shixin was a young general in late Sui and early Tang dynasty. He started his career as a cavalry guard, and then he took part in Wagang Fort. At last he joined Tang Dynasty's force and helped Li Yuan and Li Shimin with unifying the country. He was also killed during a battle against Liu Heita, like Luo Cheng did in the novel. One thing needs to be clarified: in some versions of the novel, there is also a character called Luo Shixin. However, that character is totally different from Luo Shixin in the history. That is just a different role in the novel.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel
Yang Lin (杨林) was a member in royal family of Sui Dynasty. He was the cousin of Yang Jian, the founder of Sui. His weapon was a long stick called Qiulongbang (literally, the stick to seal dragons). Before the establishment of Sui Dynasty, Yang Lin was a general in Northern Zhou Dynasty, a major kingdom ruled by Yuwen family during Southern and Northern Dynasties era. He took part in the war that Northern Zhou Dynasty annexed Northern Qi Dynasty, another major kingdom in the same era.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel
During the war, Yang Lin won a lot of battles, including the battle of Jizhou (济州) during which he killed the Northern Qi's general Qin Yi (秦彝), the father of Qin Shubao (see below). After his cousin Yang Jian took the place of Yuwen family and founded the Sui Dynasty, Yang Lin got a highest title of nobility. He was always loyal to Sui Dynasty even at the very end of his life. Yang Lin had several adopted sons; they were all well-skilled in the military or martial arts.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel
When he first met Qin Shubao, he was impressed by Qin's martial arts strategies and military tactics. As a result, Yang Lin asked Qin to be his 13th adopted son. Qin thought it was a great opportunity to revenge for his father Qin Yi, so he became the Yang Lin's 13th taibao (太保, adopted son). However, he never had a chance to revenge since Yang Lin was much stronger than him. Later, Qin escaped from Yang Lin's home and joined the rebellion in Wagang Fort. Yang Lin was very angry after knowing one of his adopted sons betrayed him.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel
He asked his troop to attack Wagang Fort, but unfortunately, just before Wagang Fort's collapse, Wagang Fort's smart officer Xu Shiji (徐世勣, or Xu Maogong 徐茂公) subverted Yang Lin's assistant general Tang Bi (唐壁 in the book, or 唐弼 in real history). At the same time, one of Yang Lin's former assistant, Cao Yanping (曹延平, see below), who was dismissed by Yang Lin without a good reason, came to reinforce Wagang Fort. Later, Qin Shubao's cousin Luo Cheng also came to help Wagang Fort.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel
In the next battle, half of his adopted sons, including Lu Fang (卢芳), Xue Liang (薛亮) and Yang Daoyuan (杨道源), were killed by warriors in Wagang Fort. To make things worse, another rebellion group, led by Liu Liuwang (刘留王), attacked Yang Lin's base camp in Dengzhou (登州). Yang Lin had no choice but to retreat from Wagang Fort. After the country totally falls into a chaos, Yang Lin started to put down rebellions around the whole country. Some small rebellion groups were destroyed by him.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel
However, in the battle of Siming Mountain (see above), Yang Lin was defeated and nearly killed by the angry Pei Yuanqing, who just suffered a loss in the battle against Li Yuanba. Yang Lin was the one who came up with the idea of Yangzhou's martial arts test. However, after the plan was proved to be a failure, Yang Lin and one of his adopted son, Yin Yue (殷岳), was ambushed by Qin Shubao and Luo Cheng. Yin Yue was killed by Qin Shubao during the battle, and Yang Lin was hurt by Luo Cheng.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel
It was a great time for Qin Shubao to revenge for his father, but Qin decided to forgive Yang Lin, for Qin was also Yang Lin's adopted son and Yang Lin taught him a lot about military and martial arts. Also, unlike many other local governors or generals at that time, Yang Lin never did harm on but often protect common people, and that was why Qin Shubao respected Yang Lin though Yang Lin killed Qin's father.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel
At that point, the dejected Yang Lin said that he never regretted to ask Qin Shubao to be his adopted son although later he knew Qin Shubao's father was Qin Yi, because Qin Shubao was a real hero. He said that he always respected Qin Yi for the loyalty he showed, but he had to kill Qin Yi because they were enemies at that time. He also told Qin Shubao that Sui Dynasty might not be able to survive at this point, but the good future of the common people would be relied on heroes like Qin Shubao and Luo Cheng. After that, Yang Lin committed suicide by cutting the throat.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, Archetypes
Generally speaking, Yang Lin had three possible archetypes. All they three had some aspects that should be similar to Yang Lin, but none of them could totally and perfectly reflect Yang Lin's figure in the novel. Yang Lin's identity and social status were according to Yang Xiong (杨雄), a famous general in Sui Dynasty's royal family. Yang Xiong was similar to Yang Lin because they were both close relatives to the emperors of Sui Dynasty and they were both military and martial arts elites.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, Archetypes
However, the difference was that in real history, Yang Xiong died at a much earlier time (612 A.D.) than Yang Lin's death in the novel (not mentioned exactly, but could be inferred to be around 618 A.D.). Yang Lin's stories were most likely based on stories of Lai Hu'er (来护儿) and Zhang Xutuo (张须陀). Lai Hu'er was a famous general in Sui Dynasty, and he was known for putting down rebellions in the basin of Huai River and the lower valley of Yangtze River.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, Archetypes
He was also the first one to discover the talent of Qin Shubao in the real history. Like Yang Lin, Lai Hu'er was always loyal to Sui Dynasty until his death. He was killed by Yuwen Huaji (宇文化及) during the military coup (see above). Although Lai Hu'er never appeared in the novel Shuo Tang, he was in the most accepted ranking list of the 18 warriors. Zhang Xutuo was another famous military genius in Sui Dynasty who was known for fighting against rebellion forces in Yellow River basin, including Lu Mingyue (卢明月) and Sun Xuanya (孙宣雅).


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, Archetypes
If Lai Hu’er was the first one to recognize Qin Shubao's talent, Zhang Xutuo was the first one who gave Qin Shubao the opportunity to foster his achievements. Qin Shubao and Luo Shixin became famous when he was an assistant general in Zhang Xutuo's troop. However, although Zhang Xutuo was the most considerable threats to Wagang Fort, it was Wagang Fort's forces that finally killed Zhang Xutuo during the battle of Xingyang.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Wei Wentong, In the novel
Wei Wentong (魏文通) was a major military officer whose base camp was in Tongguan Pass, one of the most important forts in central China. He had an appearance that was very similar to the famous Guan Yu in Three Kingdoms era, and his weapon was exactly the same as what Guan Yu used: a large-sized blade called Qinglong-Yanyue-Dao (青龙偃月刀, the Blade of Green Dragon & Crescent Moon). He took part in several remarkable battles including one with Wagang Fort. He was killed by the arrow from Wang Bodang (王伯当), the famous archer in Wagang Fort army.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Wei Wentong, Archetypes
Wei Wentong's name was from Wei Wentong (尉文通, same pronunciation but different characters), a leader of a small rebellion group in Yanmen Pass in late Sui Dynasty. However, his stories were more likely derived from stories of Wei Wensheng (卫文升) or Wei Xuan (卫玄). Wei Wensheng was a brave warrior in Sui Dynasty who got famous during a battle against Goryeo Koreans. After that battle, he became a general and was ordered to guard the Tongguan Pass. He died of an illness before the collapse of Sui Dynasty.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli
Shang Shitu (尚师徒) and Xin Wenli (新文理) were two totally fictional characters.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli, Shang Shitu
Shan Shitu was the general guarding the Linyang Pass. He was called the General with Four Treasures, because he had four unique treasures that no one else had: the Tilu Spear, the Horse of Hulei-Bao, the Yeming Helmet and the Fish Scale Armour. The Tilu Spear was a long spear with a fillister near the spearpoint. When enemies were hit by the Tilu Spear, their blood would come out quickly through the fillister which might lead them to die. The neighing of the Hulei-Bao would scare enemy's horses during the battle.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli, Shang Shitu
The Yeming Helmet was made with luminous material which would benefit Shang Shitu during battles at night. The Fish Scale Armour was so hard and tight that normal swards and spears could not cut through it. Shang Shitu took part in several large-scaled battles. When Wagang Fort's forces expanded to Linyang Pass, he united with Xin Wenli's force to fight against Wagang Fort troops. He always had ambivalence.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli, Shang Shitu
He was aware that what Wagang Fort did was good for common people, but he knew that he could never join Wagang Fort because he swore that he would never betray his country. At last, he chose to commit suicide, because by doing so he would neither betray the Sui Dynasty nor stop Wagang Fort from doing right things. Before his death, he gave the Tilu Spear and the Hulei-Bao to Qin Shubao as gifts.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli, Xin Wenli
Xin Wenli was the general guarding the Hongni Pass. His weapon was an iron Shuo (槊, a spear-like weapon with a big spearpoint). He was called the General of Eight Horses, not because he had eight horses for riding, but because his physical strength was superb enough to stop a cab towed by eight horses. His stories were similar to Shang Shitu's because they usually fight together. The most famous thing associated to Xin Wenli was that the famous warrior Pei Yuanqing was killed by bombs and fires from his troop. He died under the beleaguering of Wagong warriors including Qin Shubao, Cheng Yaojin, Wang Bodang and Shan Xiongxin. His sister, Xin Yue’e (新月娥), was a well-known female warrior at that time.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Cao Yanping
Cao Yanping (曹延平) was also called Ding Yanping (定延平) in different versions. He was only a small role in some versions of the book, and he did not have an archetype in real history. In both versions, his weapons were a pair of short spears.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Cao Yanping, Version 1
Cao Yanping was an assistant officer in Yang Lin's camp when both he and Yang Lin were young. One day, during a war-time tactical drill and simulation, his side defeated Yang Lin's side without mercy. Yang Lin was so annoyed and he dismissed Cao Yanping. Decades later, when Yang Lin's force attacked Wagang Fort, Cao Yanping reinforced Wagang Fort and fought against Yang Lin to revenge. Unfortunately, this time, he lost to Yang Lin and was killed during the battle. However, his reinforcement was one of keys for Wagang Fort to survive from Yang Lin's attacking. He was also the teacher of another great warrior, Zhang Shanxiang (张善相).


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Cao Yanping, Version 2
Ding Yanping was a friend of Luo Yi's, and he was also the teacher of Luo Cheng when Luo Cheng was very young. When Yang Lin was attacking Wagang Fort, he was invited to reinforce Yang Lin. When he was on his way to Yang Lin's camp, he came across Luo Cheng. He had not seen Luo Cheng for several years, so he did not know Luo Cheng was already a member in Wagang Fort. Knowing Ding Yanping was to fight for Yang Lin, Luo Cheng gained the military plans from Ding Yanping by cheating.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Cao Yanping, Version 2
Ding Yanping and Yang Lin did not realize the truth until they lost several battles continuously. At last, Ding Yanping realized that his student was his opponent. He was extremely sad and left the camp alone in an evening. He neither went to Wagang Fort nor came back to Yang Lin's camp. No one knew where he went, and he has never been heard since.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Lai Hu'er
As mentioned above, Lai Hu’er (来护儿) was a historic figure who was hardly mentioned in the book of Shuo Tang but appeared in this list. He was a navy general and got famous when fighting against Goguryeo Koreans. He also put down several rebel generals in eastern China. Lai Hu’er was always loyal to Sui Dynasty until his death, even though one of his sons, Lai Yuan (来渊), joined the rebellion led by Yang Xuangan(杨玄感). He was killed by Yuwen Huaji’s army when he was trying to protect the emperor Yang Guang in Jiangdu during the mutiny.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Liang Shitai, In the novel
Like Cao Yanping, Liang Shitai (梁师泰) was a small supporting role in this book. He was the master of a big manor, called Guachui-Zhuang (挂锤庄, literally: the manor with a pair of hammers hanging at the gate). He used a pair of copper hammers as his weapon. When other warriors or heroes came to his manor, he'd like to fight against those warriors. If he could be defeated by the guest, or the guest could hold on fighting with him for a certain time, he would invite the guest into his manor and made friends with them.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Liang Shitai, In the novel
One day, the Wagang Fort warrior Shan Xiongxin (单雄信, See below) came to the manor after losing a battle. The tired and hungry Shan Xiongxin was easily defeated by Liang Shitai, so he was not invited by the host. Ironally, when Shan Xiongxin was on his way back to Wagang Fort, he came across Li Yuanba. Since Shan Xiongxin and Li Yuanba's first assistant officer Chai Shao (柴绍) were old time friends, he asked Li Yuanba for help. Li Yuanba came to the manor and easily defeated Liang Shitai. However, Li Yuanba noticed Liang Shitai's talents during the fight, so he invited Liang Shitai to be his trailbreaker troop's officer in the army. Then Liang Shitai started to work for Li's family. He was killed by Wu Tianxi near Tianchang Pass (see above).


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Liang Shitai, Archetype
Liang Shitai's archetype might be Liang Shidu (梁师都), a leader of a rebellion group, and later a warlord, in Shuofang  (朔方). Liang Shidu rebelled in Sui Dynasty, and then obtained the support from Turks and became a powerful warlord in early Tang Dynasty. He was defeated by a troop led by Chai Shao and annexed by Tang's force in the year of 628. However, some people disagreed because they thought Liang Shidu was the archetype of another small character in the novel, Liang Shitu (梁师徒).


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Zuo Tiancheng
Zuo Tiancheng (左天成) was a fictional general guarding the Sishui Pass. He was hardly mentioned in the book Shuo Tang, but he was very popular in folk cultures. He used a golden blade as his weapon and he was regarded as a top warrior in Sui Dynasty. He became famous in a young age, when he bravely ambushed a strong troop from a major Turks tribe in northern frontier.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Zuo Tiancheng
He used to fight alone against the Wangang Five Tigers (five best warriors in Wagang Fort, i.e. Qin Shubao 秦叔宝, Qiu Rui 邱瑞, Cheng Yaojin 程咬金, Wang Bodang 王伯当 and Shan Xiongxin 单雄信). The first time he lost in a battle was when he was defeated by Pei Yuanqing. He was always loyal to Sui Dynasty and was eventually killed by Xiong Kuohai during another battle.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, In the novel
Qin Shubao (秦叔宝, or Qin Qiong 秦琼) was the most important role in Sui Tang. As mentioned above, he was the son of Qin Yi (秦彝, see Yang Lin's section) and used a pair of Jian (see Luo Cheng's section) as his weapons. Although he lost his father, he was well educated by his mother, Madam Ning. He was not only known for his great military and martial arts skills, but also for his reputation as a low-class government officer. He was kind to normal people but strict to his men.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, In the novel
In folk cultures, there were so many his stories derived from the book Shuo Tang, including he selling his horse, fighting against Yang Lin and Wei Wentong, saving Li Yuan's family in Lintong Pass, and serving as a door god along with Yuchi Gong (see below), etc. He started as a low-class officer in Jinan, and then served under Luo Yi, Tang Bi and Yang Lin before took part in the Wagang Fort rebellion. After the collapse of Wagang Fort, he briefly served for Wang Shichong (王世充) and then joined the troop led by Li Shimin (李世民).


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, In the novel
He played a significant role in unifying the country. After Li Shimin became the second emperor of Tang Dynasty, Qin Shubao led a troop and defeated the Turks in the north. When Goryeo Koreans invaded the northeastern frontier, both Qin Shubao and Yuchi Gong wanted to lead military force to fight back. They agreed that the one who could hold a stone lion sculpture longer would be the general to fight against Koreans.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, In the novel
Yuchi Gong could raise the lion but only for a while, but Qin Shubao could not only raise the lion but also walk back and forth in the yard for three times. However, after that, Qin Shubao suddenly collapsed. Later, Yuchi Gong became the general to fight against Goguryeo because Qin Shubao's situation was so bad. Qin Shubao died several weeks after Yuchi Gong left for Goguryeo Korea (see Luo Cheng's section). His son, Qin Huaiyu (秦怀玉), became one of the great warriors in next generation.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, Archetype
Refer to Qin Shubao for details. Qin Shubao was a real person in the history, and in this book, his life before joining the Tang Dynasty's troops was similar to the real history. However, some stories after he joined Tang Dynasty, especially after Li Shimin became the emperor, were fictional. In real history, Qin Shubao retired after Li Shimin became the emperor because of his illness. It was Li Jing (李靖) and Xu Shiji (徐世勣) rather than Qin Shubao that defeated the Turks.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
Yuchi Gong (尉迟恭 or Yuchi Jingde 尉迟敬德) was a major character in the latter half of the book Shuo Tang, as well as in the sequel. He had a dark skin, and used a Bian (a columnar- and pagoda-shaped traditional Chinese weapon) as his weapon. His teacher told him that he could not survive without his Bian. He started as a blacksmith living in Taiyuan. After Li Yuan claimed Taiyuan's independence from Sui Dynasty, two of Li Yuan's sons, Li Jiancheng (李建成) and Li Yuanji (李元吉) were ordered to recruit soldiers in Taiyuan.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
However, due to their poor reputation, they could not recruit enough soldiers. Then, Li Yuanji advised Li Jiancheng to recruit under Li Shimin’s name because Li Shimin's reputation was much better than theirs. Thought Li Shimin was the general recruiting in Taiyuan, Yuchi Gong went there and became a soldier. However, he was unfairly treated by Li Yuanji's men. He got angry and left the camp. He thought it was Li Shimin who treated him like that. Later, he joined another warlord, Liu Wuzhou (刘武周), near Taiyuan.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
The major military officer under Liu Wuzhou, Song Jingang (宋金刚), noticed Yuchi Gong's talent. Song asked Yuchi Gong to be his assistant officer. When Liu Wuzhou and Li Yuan came into a war, Yuchi Gong was extremely active during battles to revenge for the indignity he suffered in Li's camp. He led his men occupied Li Yuan's three cities during one day and eight villages during the following night. Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng were defeated. At that time, Li Yuanba was already dead, so Li Yuan had to send Li Shimin to stop Yuchi Gong.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
One evening, when Li Shimin and Cheng Yaojin (程咬金, or Cheng Zhijie 程知节, another warrior known for his three fighting tactics with an axe) were marching, they were ambushed by Yuchi Gong at a creek called Meiliang-Chuan (美良川). Although Li Shimin and Cheng Yaojin were both great warriors, they were defeated. Li Shimin asked Cheng Yaojin to retreat first and find Qin Shubao for help. Cheng Yaojin worried that Yuchi Gong might kill Li Shimin when he was away.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
Yuchi Gong told him that he would not even try to kill Li Shimin before Qin Shubao was there, or he would die under the Zhijin Gate, a major gate in Chang'an. When Cheng Yaojin left, Li Shimin asked Yuchi Gong why he did not join Li's troop as he was from Taiyuan. Yuchi Gong was annoyed because he thought it was Li Shimin who affronted him in the camp. Li Shimin explained that he was not the one recruiting in Taiyuan, but it just made Yuchi Gong angrier. Then Yuchi Gong could not stop himself from attacking Li Shimin.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
Fortunately, Qin Shubao arrived at that time. Qin and Yuchi engaged in fighting at once. They drew in that battle, but Yuchi Gong used three tactics with his Bian, while Qin Shubao only used two tactics with his Jian. The battle of Meiliang-Chuan was called Three Bians versus Two Jians (三鞭换两锏) in folk cultures, and that was why people usually regarded Qin Shubao was a little better than Yuchi Gong in martial arts. After that, Li Shimin beseeched Yuchi Gong to join his force for several times. Yuchi Gong was finally moved by Li Shimin.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
From others, Yuchi Gong also started to believe that it was not Li Shimin who treated him unfairly in the camp. Eventually, after the death of Liu Wuzhou and Song Jingang, Yuchi Gong surrendered to Li Shimin and became a major general fighting for Tang Dynasty. In the battle of Luo Yang, when Li Shimin was attacked by Shan Xiongxin, it was Yuchi Gong who saved Li Shimin. And when Li Shimin was framed by his brothers Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, Yuchi Gong played a big part in proving Li Shimin's innocence.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
Without Yuchi Gong, Li Shimin would never become the emperor. When Yuchi Gong was fighting against Goryeo Koreans in later years (see Qin Shubao's section), he noticed the talent of a young warrior called Xue Rengui (薛仁贵, or Xue Li 薛礼). He pointed Xue Rengui as his adopted son because he believe Xue Rengui would be a decant squad in Tang Dynast's military. However, Xue Rengui was envied by Zhang Shigui (张士贵) and Li Daozong (李道宗). Zhang and Li tried to frame Xue Rengui. Xue Rengui was sent to jail after being set up by Zhang and Li.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
To save Xue Rengui, Yuchi Gong had conflicts with Li Daozong, and then, the emperor Li Shimin who believed in Li Daozong rather than Xue Rengui. After the judge announced that Xue Rengui would be sent to the death row, Yuchi Gong was so disappointed and angry. He hit the Zhijin Gate with his Bian to show his discontentment. He hit the gate so hard that his Bian broke into several pieces. He suddenly realized his teacher's words as well as what he did to Li Shimin in Meiliang-Chuan.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel
He knew his time came, so he committed suicide in front of the Zhijin Gate. Li Shimin was very sad after knowing the death of Yuchi Jinde, so he put off the time to execute Xue Rengui and re-try the case. Later, Xue Rengui was proved to be innocent. Xue Rengui really became the best general in Tang Dynasty after several years. He defeated Turks, Tuyuhun, Tibetan Empire, Uighur Kingdoms, some city states and tribes along the Silk Road, and Korean Kingdoms in following years. Yuchi Gong's three sons, Yuchi Baolin (尉迟宝林, real in the history), Yuchi Baoqing (尉迟宝庆, fictional)and Yuchi Haohuai (尉迟号怀, fictional), were all great warriors in the next generation.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, Archetype
Refer to Yuchi Gong for details. Yuchi Gong was the person in Shuo Tang whose stories were closest to the real history. Although there was no Three Bians versus Two Jians in real history (Qin Shubao never used Jian in real history, and Yuchi Gong never used Bian either. They both used spears in real history), the battle of Meiliang-Chuan was real. Stories of the battle of Luo Yang and the conflict between Li Brothers were also true stories in the history. Yuchi Gong also had conflicts with Li Daozong in later years, which was recorded in different historical books.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, Archetype
However, the reason he argued and beat Li Daozong was not because of Xue Rengui. In reality, both Zhang Shigui and Li Daozong in real history were great and loyal generals who contributed a lot to Tang Dynasty. Their contributions were no less than Yuchi Gong's and Xue Rengui's. Xue Rengui's talent was actually discovered by Zhang Shigui. Of course, Yuchi Gong never committed suicide. When he was old, he retired from the government and became a devout Taoist priest. He lived a happy and easy life for 16 years before his death.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shan Xiongxin, In the Novel
Shan Xiongxin (单雄信, or Shan Tong 单通) was a major character in Shuo Tang. He was the master in the Erxian Manor and also the leader of greenwoods (绿林好汉, warriors and heroes that not worked for government). His weapon was a Shuo (see Xin Wenli's section). He was respected by various people because he was kind to poor people and heroes in need. He was Qin Shubao's best friend. He was also one of the leaders of Wagang Fort rebellion. After Wagang Fort's collapse, he served for the warlord Wang Shichong (王世充).


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shan Xiongxin, In the Novel
When his old time friends including Qin Shubao, Cheng Yaojin (程咬金) and Xu Shiji (徐世勣, or Xu Maogong 徐茂公) were all leaving for Li Shimin, he stayed with Wang Shichong, because Li Shimin's father Li Yuan mistakenly killed his brother Shan Xiongzhong (单雄忠, or Shan Dao 单道) in early years. Later, he married Wang Shichong's daughter. After the battle of Luoyang, the ally of Wang Shichong, Meng Haigong (孟海公), Gao Tansheng (高檀晟), Zhu Can(朱灿) and Dou Jiande (窦建德) collapsed. Wang Shichong surrendered to Tang Dynasty, but Shan Xiongxin chose to die.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shan Xiongxin, In the Novel
Before he was beheaded, Qin Shubao, Cheng Yaojin and Xu Shiji came to see him in the jail. They drank a lot and cried a lot, saying they would be friends again in afterlife. Then, before the execution, Xu Shiji cut off a piece of flesh from his leg and asked Shan Xiongxin to eat, because they believed that with that flesh, they would be together forever. After Shan Xiongxin ate the flesh, he was executed.


18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shan Xiongxin, Archetype
Shan Xiongxin was a real person in Sui Dynasty, and most stories in the book were close to the history. The book somehow glorified Shan Xiongxin because in real history he had several significant disadvantages in his personality. However, the story that he ate Xu Shiji's flesh was a real one which impressed people for thousand years.


18 Wheeler (band)
18 Wheeler were a Scottish rock band active in the1990s, consisting of Sean Jackson (vocals, guitar), David Keenan (guitar, vocals), Alan Hake (bass), and Neil Halliday (drums). Original bassist Chris "Pint Glass" Stewart left before any recordings were made, and was replaced by original drummer Hake.


18 Wheeler (band)
Keenan left in 1994 to start his own group, the Telstar Ponies and was replaced by guitarist Steven Haddow. In the same year, the band released their first album Twin Action on Creation Records on 25 July, and on 22 May 1995 they released their second album, Formanka.


18 Wheeler (band)
Their third album, Year Zero, which saw them take a more experimental sample-based approach, was released on 10 March 1997. The remixed single "Stay" was given mainstream radio play and gave them their only UK Top 75 hit single (peaking at No. 59 in March). They were subsequently dropped by Creation during the recording of what was to be their fourth studio release. Although Alan Hake has stated that Creation Records allowed the band to keep the master tapes to this album, no plans to officially release it have materialised. Hake went on to co-found the Must Destroy record label.


18 Wheeler (band)
The band were once introduced by Tony Blair at the 1996 Labour Party Conference. The future Prime Minister managed to wrongly introduce them as "Wheeler 18". Their biggest claim to fame, however, is that they were the band Oasis were supporting the night that Oasis were discovered by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow on 31 May 1993.


18 Wheeler (band)
After a hiatus of several years spent mainly in Central and Eastern Europe, Sean Jackson returned to the music world with the solo album Slots, recorded in 2005. The album, although written in Košice, Eastern Slovakia, and Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, is influenced by traditional British folk, as well as rock music, and was released on PoppyDisc Records in spring 2010. He read English as undergraduate at the University of Glasgow and subsequently obtained a post-graduate diploma in Russian language from the University of Strathclyde.


18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker
18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, known in Japan as 18 Wheeler (エイティーン･ホイーラー, Eitīn Hoīrā), is an arcade game developed by Sega AM2 and distributed by Sega. The game was released in arcades in 2000 and ported to the Dreamcast in 2001. It was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2001 and GameCube in 2002 by Acclaim Entertainment. Sega followed up on the success of 18 Wheeler with a sequel, The King of Route 66, which was released in the arcades in 2002 and ported to the PlayStation 2. This was one of the final arcade video games ports to be on the Dreamcast after its discontinuation before Sega became a third party developer.


18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Gameplay
The main purpose of the game is to make it to the finish line with the truck's cargo. Players are given a set amount of time, but can ram into special vans that will add three seconds to the timer. There are several characters to choose from, each with a unique truck and attributes.


18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Gameplay
The game starts out in New York City, New York and players travel across the United States of America, ending in San Francisco, California. After Stage 1, the game gives the player a choice of trailer. One trailer is harder to haul, but provides a bigger payoff while the other choice is easier to haul but provides a smaller payoff. Money is deducted from the total when the trailer is hit. Players can sound the truck's horn to make other cars on the road yield and slipstream behind large vehicles to gain a momentary speed boost.


18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Gameplay
In addition to the time limit, players also compete with the "Lizard Tail", a rival trucker. Crossing the finish line before the Lizard Tail yields additional money. In between levels, players can park the truck in a minigame to earn more cash and upgrades for their truck, such as an improved horn.


18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Ports
The first port of the game was released on the Dreamcast. Released by Sega, it is faithful to its arcade counterpart, but the voice actors for the characters were changed and it lacks the arcade's cross-country map loading screens. One of the selectable truckers in the arcade version, Nippon Maru was now made available as an unlockable character. A split screen multiplayer mode was added, allowing two players to race against each other. The game was released by Acclaim Entertainment (who also released Sega's Ferrari F355 Challenge on the Dreamcast) on the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube after Sega stopped making consoles and became a software based company.


18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Reception
The home versions of the game received "mixed or average reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Rob Smolka of NextGen said that the Dreamcast version was "definitely worth a weekend rental, but its lack of online play and limited number of stages in the arcade game flatten its tires." In Japan, Famitsu gave the same console version 29 out of 40.


18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Reception
Also in Japan, Game Machine listed the arcade version in their March 15, 2000 issue as the second most-successful dedicated arcade game of the month. AllGame wrote that the same arcade version "does have a fairly thorough scoring system that some will take to, but it lacks the gameplay that great arcade titles such as Crazy Taxi possess.


18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Reception
That isn't to say it's a bad game: it's beautiful to behold and will give you short term thrills, but it isn't one that you'll find yourself coming back to again and again after you've thrown down a couple of dollars playing it. In the end, it's a fun but short ride."


18 Wheels of Justice
18 Wheels of Justice is an American crime drama series that aired from 2000 to 2001 on TNN. It starred Lucky Vanous as federal agent Michael Cates (posing as a truck driver, with a Kenworth T2000 semi-truck), and G. Gordon Liddy as Jacob Calder, the crime boss Cates was chasing. The episodes followed a format not unlike The Incredible Hulk or The Fugitive or The Rebel, in that the wandering Cates would meet and interact with different people and help them with their particular problems before moving on. The series was distributed by King World Productions, and was filmed at Stu Segall Productions in San Diego.


18 Wheels of Steel
18 Wheels of Steel is a series of trucking simulators developed by SCS Software and published by ValuSoft from 2002 to 2011, as a spin-off of Hard Truck, with the first game becoming the third Hard Truck game released.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Across America [23 Sep 2003]
This installment is very similar to Hard Truck: 18 Wheels of Steel except that the graphics were updated, more trucks and cargo were added, and a new map was created that enables users to travel across the entire continental U.S., through 30 cities. In this version, players can choose from 30 trucks and 40+ trailers. Time is made up of a total of 24 minutes in a day in the clock. This game focuses on the delivery of cargo. Players also go against three AI drivers. Unlike Hard Truck: 18 Wheels of Steel, Across America does not feature a sleep timer. There is an improved traffic model as well as airplanes, helicopters, and trains with authentic sounds.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Pedal to the Metal [30 Aug 2004]
In this installment, released in 2004, the user can travel across the entire continental US, and also through northern Mexico and southern Canada, through 30 cities. The sleep timer was brought back in this version. It has an improved traffic model. 18 Wheels of Steel: Pedal to the Metal requires OpenGL. It also has the fastest map to date besides Haulin' and is the first trucking game to feature more than one country.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Convoy [1 Sep 2005]
In this updated installment, the player can travel through the United States, as well as southern Canada, though it differs from 18 Wheels of Steel: Pedal to the Metal in that Mexican cities are not present. The player can travel through 30+ cities and choose from 35+ rigs, 45+ cargoes and 47+ trailers. The player has to use the mouse to look outside of the cab at the mirrors.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Convoy [1 Sep 2005]
The graphics are also much improved in this version, and users can see drivers in other vehicles and when the trucks are "lugged" under 1500 RPM, they emit black exhaust much like older non-computerized trucks do. However, other graphical features such as dynamic dashboard gauges were replaced with simple inanimate textures, although this and minor bugs were fixed with a patch released by SCS Software in 2008. Players can also buy things to protect themselves.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Haulin' [8 Dec 2006]
This installment adds more cities and has more realistic graphics, but Mexico is gone from this installment, as in Convoy. The ability to use custom soundtracks and save games during deliveries was also added. Users can choose from 32 rigs, 45+ cargoes and 47+ trailers in the game, including double trailers. The game does not require a very powerful computer to operate properly since it can run on most older PCs. The game's engine, Prism3d, may not respond on older graphic cards resulting in a game crash on the game's start-up. Countries include the United States and Canada.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: American Long Haul [3 Dec 2007]
This installment of the game is very similar to and has the same gameplay as Haulin' but with renamed companies, 2 new trucks, and 3 cities in Mexico added. The previous 9 cities [Chihuahua, Guaymas, Monterrey, etc.] from 18 Wheels of Steel: Pedal to the Metal have returned but the map for each was slightly updated.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker [23 Sep 2009]
Extreme Trucker lets the player deliver cargoes in any of the three main areas of the game: Yungas Road (also known as Road of Death), Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road, and the Australian Outback. This game is quite different from the previous installments as the whole concept was changed. The player can no longer drive around in free roam unless they decide to go around the map during a delivery, but they can only pick a job offer from the selection menu if users have met its requirements of having multiple new trucks and accomplished deliveries.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker [23 Sep 2009]
The trucks and cars are modeled after real brands, although users can not own any vehicles through the game and are simply truck drivers seeking various jobs. Still, today's low to mediocre range computer will be able to run the game without getting low FPS. The game was mostly poorly received by critics. Game was criticised mostly for change of series concept, but was well received by players and some reviews were positive towards the game and praised the game for its graphics and gameplay.


18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker 2 [6 Jan 2011]
Released in 2011, Extreme Trucker 2 is a sequel to 18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker. The game has two additional locations: Montana and Bangladesh, and a few new types of cargo.


18 Years Later
18 Years Later (Italian: Diciotto anni dopo) is a 2010 Italian comedy-drama film written, directed and starring Edoardo Leo. For this film Leo was nominated for David di Donatello for Best New Director  and  for a Nastro d'Argento in the same category. The film also won several awards in a number of international film festivals, including the Audience Award at the Annecy Italian Film Festival and the awards for best film, best director, best actor and best actress at the 2010 Ibiza International Film Festival.


18 Years Old and Rising
18 Years Old and Rising (French: J'aime regarder les filles, lit. ' I like to watch girls') is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Frédéric Louf.


18 Years Old and Rising
The original French title of the film is taken from a 1981 Patrick Coutin hit song called "J'aime regarder les filles".


18 Years Old and Rising, Plot
Primo, son of Province florists, struggles paying his rent. He spends his tray for the second time. On the eve of 10 May 1981 he meets Gabrielle and he falls madly in love with her at first sight. Unfortunately they don't take to the same people. Primo then will try anything to get a place in this Parisian bourgeois society that seems so difficult to access. In order to show his passion and love for Gabrielle he doesn't hesitate to take risks, even if that requires him to become illicit and put his life in danger.


18 Years Old and Rising, Release
The film was presented at the Cabourg Film Festival (France), the Toronto International Film Festival (Canada), the São Paulo International Film Festival (Brazil) and the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival (Taiwan).


18 Yellow Roses
18 Yellow Roses is an album by American singer Bobby Darin, released in 1963.


18 Yellow Roses
The entire album was reissued on CD in 2002 with Darin’s earlier release You’re the Reason I’m Living.


18 Yellow Roses, Reception
In his Allmusic review, critic Richie Unterberger praised the single “18 Yellow Roses” and its B-side “Not For Me” but generally panned the rest of the album, writing “otherwise 18 Yellow Roses sounds like a bit of a rush job rather than an artistic statement.”


18 and 19 Brook Green
18 and 19 Brook Green are two Grade II listed Georgian houses at 18–19 Brook Green, Hammersmith, London, W6.


18 and Life
"18 and Life" is a song by American heavy metal band Skid Row. It was released in June 1989 as the second single from their self titled debut album. The song is the band's biggest hit, reaching No. 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 11 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It was certified Gold on September 13, 1989, when it sold 500,000 copies. The song also charted at No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart.


18 and Life
In April 2015, Skid Row released a new version of the song with current lead vocalist Tony Harnell.


18 and Life, Theme
The title of the song alludes to its subject, 18-year-old Ricky, receiving a sentence of life imprisonment for the murder of another teen. The song paints Ricky's youth as his undoing. It was believed for a long time that guitarist Dave Sabo got the idea from a newspaper article about an 18-year-old named Ricky who was sentenced to life imprisonment for murdering his friend with a gun, that due to alcohol, he most likely guessed was not loaded. However, in an interview with the Professor of Rock, Sabo states that the original inspiration was his brother Rick's life after coming home from Vietnam. The writing process eventually led the song to being about an accidental murder. The music video also alludes to this.


18 bästa
18 bästa is a compilation album by Swedish singer Carola Häggkvist, released on 29 December 2004. On the album charts, it peaked at number three in Sweden.


18 cm kurze Kanone M 80
The 18 cm kurze Kanone M 80 (short cannon) was a heavy siege howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. Designed to replace the M 61 series of siege guns the M 80 family of siege guns offered greater range and armor penetration than the older guns. The proven steel-bronze was used for the barrel and the iron carriage lacked any system to absorb recoil other than the traditional recoil wedges placed underneath and behind the wheels of the carriage.


18 cm kurze Kanone M 80
These wedges helped to absorb the recoil force and encouraged the wheels to run forward to bring the gun back into battery. Generally a wooden firing platform was constructed for these guns in action to provide a level and smooth surface. For transport the barrel was removed from the carriage by a crane and carried separately.


18 cm kurze Kanone M 80
These siege guns were no longer useful against modern armored fortresses by the outbreak of World War I and many saw action in the field to fill the need for heavy howitzers.


18 de Julio Avenue
Avenida 18 de Julio, or 18 de Julio Avenue, is the most important avenue in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is named after the date the first Constitution of Uruguay was written: July 18, 1830.


18 de Julio Avenue
It starts from Plaza Independencia at the limits of the Ciudad Vieja (the Old City), crosses the barrios Centro and Cordón and ends at the Obelisk of Montevideo in Tres Cruces, where it meets Artigas Boulevard. Although not the widest or longest avenue of the city, it is considered as the most important of Montevideo, both as a commercial center and because of the many tourist attractions along its length.


18 de Julio Avenue, Images
Plaza Cagancha, which is crossed by 18 de Julio Ave.


18 de Julio Avenue, Images
McDonald's Restaurant in 18 de Julio Ave. & Gaboto St.


18 de Julio Avenue, Images
18 de Julio Ave. between Cuareim St. & Yí St.


18 de Mayo
18 de Mayo or Dieciocho de Mayo is a city and municipality in the Canelones Department of Uruguay.


18 de Mayo, Establishment
After a process of evaluation at departmental level, this municipality was created in 15 March 2013.


18 de Mayo, Establishment
It includes several towns, belonging until that date to the municipalities of Las Piedras and Progreso, in the old Route 5 area: Villa Alegria, Vista Linda, El Dorado, San Francisco, Villa Cristina, San Isidro, El Dorado Chico and Villa Foresti.


18 de Mayo, Establishment
Its name commemorates the Battle of Las Piedras, which took place in 1811.


18 de Mayo, Establishment
There is concern at the political and local level for giving this populous area a city status.


18 de Mayo, Governation
The authority of the municipality is the Municipal Council, composed of the mayor and four councilors.


18 foot dinghy
The 18 foot Dinghy was used in the 1920 Summer Olympics as a double handed Olympic class. One team was present at the starting line and won the gold. Three races were scheduled, with final places decided by total points with point-for-place scoring for each race. Only one race was started with only Great Britain competing but accounts vary as to if they finished the race.


18 foot dinghy, Olympic results
Sources vary, giving the only participant the credits for the gold medal. Others rank them as AC?


18 in '08
18 in ’08 is a non-profit, nonpartisan peer to peer youth voter engagement and mobilization organization. It was co-founded in 2007 by David D. Burstein, who is the current executive director, and his parents. 18 in ‘08 is the first national youth voter organization to be run by someone under 21.


18 in '08, Purpose
18 in '08 promotes civic engagement among young people, specifically the 18- to 24-year-old age group. The organization emphasizes not just registration, but actual involvement in the political process.


18 in '08, Current activities
For the 2008 presidential election, 18 in ’08 is planning a 50 college tour and political dialogues with candidates and elected officials on the state and federal level focused exclusively on youth issues. On June 30, 2008 18 in ’08 announced the debut of its celebrity PSA series, releasing the first two pieces on MySpace featuring Olivia Wilde and Peter Sarsgaard. The cast of the documentary film "American Teen" will be among future PSA stars.


18 in '08, The Film
The organization began as a documentary film also called 18 in ’08.


18 in '08, The Film
The film features leading politicians and public figures including: Senator Barbara Boxer, Senator Sam Brownback, Governor Jeb Bush, Senator Robert Byrd, Democratic Strategist James Carville, General Wesley Clark, Senator Chris Dodd, Former ABC News Anchor Sam Donaldson, Academy Award Winning Actor Richard Dreyfuss, Presidential Advisor David Gergen, Senator Chuck Hagel, Senator John Kerry, Congressman John Lewis, Senator Joe Lieberman, Filmmaker Alexandra Pelosi, Human Rights Leader Samantha Power, Congressman Adam Putnam, Former Kennedy Advisor Ted Sorensen, Former MTV News Correspondent Gideon Yago, Historian Howard Zinn, as well as students from across the country.


18 in '08, Accomplishments
18 in '08 has screened its documentary film over 400 times since June 2007, and has also registered over 21,000 voters.


18 in '08, Affiliated organizations
18 in ’08 has partnerships with organizations including The National Constitution Center, Mobilize.org, Declare Yourself, Why Tuesday?, Generation Engage, SAVE, and Project Vote Smart.


18 in '08, Media coverage
18 in ’08 has been featured on the ABC Evening News, C-SPAN, CNN, NPR, Fox News, and in The New York Times, The Boston Globe, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Village Voice, The Huffington Post, and The Politico.


18 km
18 km (Russian: 18 км) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Vokhtozhskoye Urban Settlement of Gryazovetsky District, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2010.


18 km, Geography
The settlement is located on the bank of the Monza River, 79 km east of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road.


18 km, Khabarovsk Krai
18 km (Russian: 18 км) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Korfovskoye Urban Settlement of Khabarovsky District, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2012. There are 2 streets.


18 km, Khabarovsk Krai, Geography
18 km is located 22 km south of Khabarovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt
The 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt occurred on July 5, 1922, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, then the Federal District of Brazil. It was the first revolt of the tenentista movement, in the context of the Brazilian First Republic.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Tenentismo
Tenentismo is the political-military movement of various rebellions by young officers (mostly lieutenants) of the Brazilian army that occurred during the 1920s. The tenentes called for reforms in the power structure. Among these reforms was the end of the cabresto vote (a tool of political control through the abuse of authority, the buying of votes, the use of public institutions, violence, ghost voting, exchange of favors, and fraud). Other goals included the institution of a secret ballot, and the reform of public education.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Tenentismo
In 1922 until 1930, the tenentes constituted a minority in the officer corps. Their number was around 325, consisting of officers who graduated from Brazil's Escola Militar do Realengo. By 1930, the number of these tenentes exceeded 600 or about 11 percent of the 5,255-strong officer corps on active duty. Although the 1922 revolt at Copacabana fort ended in failure, the sheer audacity by which the small band of rebels attacked a much larger force captured the attention of the public and inspired similar movements by the tenentes later on. Some sources maintained that the uprising was doomed from the start because authorities, including the Brazilian president, knew of the plot. The officers involved were also said to have accepted death. These factors contributed to the way the rebels emerged as martyrs especially for their fellow soldiers.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Army Reasoning
The Army reasoned that itself was the only force capable of saving the Republic. As a result, the movement was based in only one part of society, the army, and this isolated the Tenentista movement from the rest of the society.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Reasons for the revolt
On October 3, 1919, a civilian - João Pandiá Calógeras - was designated as War Minister for the first time in the history of the Brazilian Republic by President Epitácio Pessoa. Calógeras held this post until November 15, 1922.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Reasons for the revolt
In 1921, the Correio da Manhã (Brazil), a Brazilian newspaper published in Rio de Janeiro from 1901 to 1974, published letters supposedly written by Artur Bernardes (Brazilian president from 1922 to 1926) and Raul Soares, a Brazilian politician who was Navy Minister during Epitácio Pessoa's government and Secretary of the Interior during Artur Bernardes’ government. These letters included insults directed at the Army and Marshal Hermes da Fonseca; the Brazilian president from 1910 to 1914, and one of the most important figures in the Army during Epitácio Pessoa's and Artur Bernardes’ governments. It was later found that the signatures in the letters were forged.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Reasons for the revolt
In 1922, Artur Bernardes (supposed author of the letters published in 1921) won the Presidential elections. The Militar Club, a traditional military college in Rio de Janeiro, and Borges de Medeiros, a famous Brazilian politician and lawyer, asked for the creation of a court to review the election results. However, the elections were recognized by the Congress, so the court was never created.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Reasons for the revolt
In June 1922, Epitácio Pessoa intervened in the state of Pernambuco’s elections, and this act was strongly criticized by Marshal Hermes da Fonseca. As a reaction, Epitácio ordered Marshal Hermes da Fonseca's arrest and the closure of the Militar Club.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, The Copacabana Fort revolt
The revolt was supposed to include supporters in many military bases, but only a few joined in: Fort Copacabana, at Copacabana, some marginal elements from the Military village, Vigia Fort, the Realengo Military School, the 1st Engineering Battalion, navy and army members, and the 1st Military Division. The response of pro-tenentistas was weak because the government received notice that the revolt would happen and removed the crucial pro-tenentista officers from the most important military bases.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, The Copacabana Fort revolt
The Fort Copacabana rebels fired their cannons against many important government and military bases during the early morning of the 5th. Throughout the rest of the day, the fort was bombed. In the early morning of the 6th, Captain Euclides da Cunha and Lieutenant Siqueira Campos permitted any soldiers who wanted to leave the fort to do so; 273 of 301 left the Fort. Meanwhile, a destroyer and two battleships took up positions near the Fort and started to shell it. Captain Euclides Hermes left to negotiate, but was arrested.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, The Copacabana Fort revolt
The government's last word to the rebels was an order to either surrender or be destroyed. The Tenentistas still inside the Fort then cut a Brazilian flag in 29 pieces, one for each rebel, and decided to march to the Catete Palace, the head office of the Executive Power. Most of them dispersed and only 24  were left (a civilian joined then to form this number).


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, The Copacabana Fort revolt
Walking down Avenida Atlantica next to the beach, they met a combined force of loyalist troops and police at the intersection of Avenida Atlantica and the street now renamed Rua Siqueira Campos in the middle of Copacabana. Only Lieutenants Siqueira Campos and Eduardo Gomes along with four other rebels survived. A photograph first published in the daily, O Malho shows eighteen rebels. For that reason, the public still erroneously refers to those who took part in the battle on the insurgent's side as “The Eighteen of the Fort.”


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Newspaper reports
"As forças que estão sitiando o forte de Copacabana, sob o comando do general Mena Barreto, tiveram ordem do governo para enviarem um 'ultimatum' à fortaleza, intimando-a a render-se dentro de uma hora. Em caso contrário será bombardeada por forças legais de terra e navios de guerra." O Combate, 5 July 1922.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Newspaper reports
"Na Villa Militar só houve um pequeno movimento subversivo, imediatamente abafado. Um pelotão, às ordens de um tenente, atirou contra a sala onde estavam reunidos os oficiais. O capitão da companhia a que pertencia esse pelotão, de nome Barbosa Monteiro, oficial de extraordinário valor moral e intelectual, saiu ao encontro dos soldados sublevados e recebeu uma descarga que o fez tomar morto. O pelotão, imediatamente cercado pelo resto da companhia, que acudiu, foi, com seu comandante, feito prisioneiro e desarmado. (...)" A União, 9 July 1922.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Newspaper reports
"- Nunca desejei e nunca pensei ter de assinar um ato como este, mas agora o faço gostosamente, certo de que estou prestando um serviço à República e às instituições." A Pátria, 6 July 1922.


18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, In literature
The Copacabana Fort revolt is depicted in a highly sympathetic way in an early chapter of The Knight of Hope (Portuguese: O cavaleiro da esperanca),  Jorge Amado's 1942 biography of the well-known Brazilian revolutionary Luis Carlos Prestes.


18 posyolok
18 posyolok (Russian: 18 посёлок) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Shatura Urban Settlement of Shatursky District, Russia. The population was 52 as of 2010.


18 posyolok, Geography
18 posyolok is located 269 km northwest of Shatura (the district's administrative centre) by road.


18 rating
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 112.206.212.88 (talk) at 06:19, 16 December 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


18 rating
18 rating refers to a type of age-based content rating that applies to media entertainment, such as films, television shows and computer games. The following articles document the rating across a range of countries and mediums:


18 til I Die
18 til I Die is the seventh studio album by the Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams. Released on 4 June 1996, by A&M Records, the album became a commercial success peaking at No. 1 in the United Kingdom and No. 2 in his home country Canada. It was recorded on different locations which included Jamaica and France. 18 til I Die featured the number one song "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?


18 til I Die
", which had been released as a single and on the soundtrack to the film Don Juan DeMarco over a year prior, and 4 other singles: "The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You" (the album's second single, released May 28), "Let's Make a Night to Remember", "Star", and "18 til I Die"; the album track "I'll Always Be Right There" was also released to radio in the United States. After the release of the album in June, to promote the album, Adams toured around North America and Europe. Perhaps the most memorable of these concerts was playing to more than 70,000 people at Wembley Stadium in July 1996. The album performed lower than expectations in the US but it sold 5 million copies worldwide.


18 til I Die, Music, Recording and production
The album was written and recorded and produced by Adams and R.J. "Mutt" Lange in a house in Ocho Rios, Jamaica, from Winter 1994 to Summer 1995 and in two different houses in Provence, France, from Autumn 1995 to Spring 1996 using the Warehouse Studio Mobile Unit. Even the mix was done in a house in Provence, France, in March 1996 by Bob Clearmountain. Adams played some of these songs live before release; for example, he played "Let's Make a Night to Remember" at a soundcheck in a gig in 1993 during the So Far So Good World Tour. Adams had completed 12 songs by 1995, but felt that something was lacking in the album, and went back and recorded two new songs: "The Only Thing" and "18 til I Die". Adams then named the album 18 til I Die.


18 til I Die, Release
18 til I Die was officially released in June 1996. In the United States the album peaked at 31 on the Billboard 200 and held that position for three weeks. In Adams' native Canada, 18 til I Die reached number 4. The album was released in Australia, Europe and New Zealand in late June 1996. The album was a massive commercial success during its release in Europe, reaching number one on the UK Albums Chart, Adams' second in a row. 18 til I Die reached the top ten in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Finland, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Germany and Australia, and was a moderate top 20 success in France.


18 til I Die, Release
The album was certified platinum in the United States, 18 til I Die was certified three-times platinum in Canada and Australia and two-times platinum in the UK.


18 til I Die, Release
18 til I Die included the hit singles "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman", "The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You", "Let's Make a Night to Remember", "Star", and "18 til I Die", all of which had accompanying music videos.


18 til I Die, Release
"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" had been the number-one song on the US Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks when originally released in spring 1995, while "Let's Make a Night to Remember", the second single from the album to chart in the United States, peaked at 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and number 6 on the adult contemporary chart). The other singles became big hits in Europe.


18 til I Die, Release
"The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You" was the most successful rock song from 18 til I Die, reaching number 5 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the Canadian Singles Chart. The music video for "The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You" received heavy airplay on music television. In early 1997, the track "I'll Always Be Right There" became the album's final single, reaching number 3 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart and number 59 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart.


18 til I Die, Release, Album differences
On 4 November 1996, a second Australian version of 18 til I Die was released, featuring the song "I Finally Found Someone" (a duet with Barbra Streisand) in place of "You're Still Beautiful to Me" and had an alternative cover with a purple background and a different track order, while the Japanese version contained the bonus song "Hey Elvis".


18 til I Die, Track listing
All tracks are written by and produced by Bryan Adams and Robert John "Mutt" Lange, except where noted..


18 til I Die, Certifications and sales
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.


18 til I Die (song)
"18 til I Die" is a rock song written by Bryan Adams, and Robert John "Mutt" Lange for Adams seventh studio recorded album 18 til I Die (1996). Its lyrics are about maintaining youthful traits, even as one grows older. Released as a single in the UK in April 1997, it peaked at number 22 in the charts. It found its biggest success in Adams' native Canada, where it peaked at number 21, while it failed to make a significant impact elsewhere. Despite barely charting anywhere, Adams continues to play this song at his concerts. Six songs recorded live at Adams' Wembley Stadium concert on July 27, 1996, were included as B-sides to its single release, spread out over two discs. They were later included in the album release of the concert.


18 til I Die (song), Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "The title cut to Adams' sadly underappreciated current album kicks with the kind of guitar-happy rock heat that makes radio fun to listen to during the summer. Fans of the singer who still go back to oldies like "Summer Of '69" would be wise to give this jam a listen, as it has a similar "forever young" energy and a stomping, anthemic beat. A perfect choice for car-stereo belters and closet air-guitar heroes."


18 til I Die (song), Critical reception
Dominic Pride from Music & Media commented, "In this pean to puberty Adams jokes about "being 18 goin' on 55"—possibly, one suspects, without a stroke of irony. The Canadian rocker continues to deliver rock standards which radio will use into the next decade, and this one is an anthem which you can easily see Adams using as a closing number at any one of his epic gigs."


18 to Life
18 to Life is a Canadian sitcom television series that debuted on January 4, 2010, on CBC Television. The series is shown in Quebec on Vrak.TV with the title Majeurs et mariés.


18 to Life, Synopsis
The show stars Stacey Farber and Michael Seater as Jessie Hill and Tom Bellow, a young couple who decide, on a dare, to get married right out of high school. The cast also includes Peter Keleghan and Ellen David as Tom's parents Ben and Judith Bellow, and Alain Goulem and Angela Asher as Jessie's parents Phil Hill and Tara Mercer. The two families live next door to each other and ascribe to the adage that "good fences make good neighbors." Jessie's parents are free-spirited and do not believe in societal constructs of marriage or organized religion.


18 to Life, Synopsis
They have a refugee from Iraq living in their basement. Tom's parents are traditional white-collar sticklers for rules. Tom's father is a judge who converted to Judaism when he married and his mother is a homemaker. Jessie and Tom eventually settle into the attic suite of Tom's parents' house as their first marital home and try to balance college, work, and the trials of being young newlyweds. The show is set in Montreal, Quebec.


18 to Life, Production
The series was originally announced in 2008 as a co-production between CBC and the American television network ABC, although ABC later dropped out of the production. The pilot was filmed in 2008 and the rest of the first season was filmed in the summer of 2009. The CW, another U.S. network, had interest in the series and announced on July 15, 2010 that it would pick up the show.


18 to Life, Production
Season 2 was filmed in the summer of 2010 and returned to CBC on January 3, 2011, with 13 new episodes.


18 to Life, Production
CBC has officially canceled the show and there will be no season three. The final episode, the 25th, was telecast on March 28, 2011.


18 to Life, International distribution
18 to Life was broadcast in the United States on The CW. The first six episodes were shown in August 2010. On August 19, 2010, The CW announced that it had removed the series from its schedule. On August 24, 2010 it was reported that Arnie Gelbart, executive producer of the series and CEO of the production company Galafilm Productions, said The CW would show the remaining six episodes of the first season in December 2010; this never did occur.


18 to Life, International distribution
In India, Zee Café began broadcasting the first season on February 9, 2011.


18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception
John Doyle of The Globe and Mail said that 18 to Life "crackles with wit" and that "Peter Keleghan is in fine fettle as Tom's uptight dad." Quebecor Media's Bill Harris called the premise "kind of refreshing" and described it as a "Canadian combination of Meet the Parents and Modern Family." Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette described the series as a "gentle, intermittently entertaining Canadian import." He also compared 18 to Life to the sitcom Dharma & Greg. Roger Catlin of The Hartford Courant found 18 to Life to be "kind of sweet in a Disney/ABC Family kind of way."


18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception
Brad Oswald of the Winnipeg Free Press said there is "plenty of next-door comedy" however he found the premise "simply isn't believable". Glenn Garvin of The Miami Herald does not like the series. "The CW, a network aimed at teenage girls, apparently couldn't find an American network stupid or venal enough to make a sitcom about the amusing foibles of teen marriage. Thanks for stepping in, Canada. What would we do without you?"


18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception
Megan Angelo of The Wall Street Journal leads off her review by mistakenly claiming this is "adapted from a Canadian hit" when there is no American adaptation of the show. She then mentioned the general critical decrying of the glamourisation of out-of-wedlock pregnancy in the films Juno and Knocked Up and then says that out-of-pregnancy wedlock is not any better for teenagers. Angelo goes on to say that "what makes it really hard to watch is Tom and Jessie's casual discourse on sex."


18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception
She further explains that what makes 18 to Life so difficult to watch compared to shows such as Gossip Girl and 90210 is that creating a believable world and "trying to legitimize the whole thing only makes it worse – and usually, the CW doesn't try." Mary McNamara, television critic for Los Angeles Times, opens her review by saying, "The setup for this CW show isn't anything new. Except, possibly, in its old-fashioned commitment to marriage." McNamara later says "It is much more shocking to see these young people leap into matrimony than it would be if they were just having sex or even moving in together." As to the writing, McNamara says it "plays like an improv exercise in a high school drama class".


18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception
Jaime Weinman of Maclean's reviewed the negative American reviews, in particular those from the Los Angeles Times and The Wall Street Journal, and had concern about their "criticizing the show because it's about two over-18 teenagers who get married." In writing of The Wall Street Journal review Weinman said it is an "odd presumption" that "a relatively realistic portrayal of teenage sex, of somewhat normal and (comparatively) de-glamorized teens who have been sexually active, is worse than the glossy version we get on the CW's own shows."


18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception
In response to McNamara's comment in Los Angeles Times about the marriage of the two main characters being shocking Weinman said, "That's part of the point of the show: the characters make a decision that has more impact, legally and culturally, than any other, and one that their parents fear will ruin their lives."


18 to Life, Reception, Ratings
The show premiered on January 4, 2010 on CBC. Only the weekly top 30 ratings are available to the public in Canada and 18 to Life never ranked in the top 30 during its first season.


18 to Life, Reception, Ratings
The U.S. premiere on The CW on August 3, 2010 garnered 1.01 million viewers and a 0.4 rating with adults 18–49 and even lost viewers from an encore of the low rated summer reality series Plain Jane which preceded the premiere. The next two episodes aired on The CW on August 10 and fell in the ratings even further with only 0.76 million viewers and a 0.3 rating in the adults 18–49 demographic.


18 to Life, Home video
On January 18, 2011 the first season was released on DVD in both the US and Canada. The second season has not been released or announced on DVD, but both the first and second seasons are available for purchase from the Canadian iTunes Store in both HD and SD format, and were previously available on Netflix. It is currently available to stream on the media content platform Tubi TV.


18 to Life, Streaming
In July 2019 the series has been released on the Canada Media Fund Encore + YouTube channel. It is also streaming on Amazon.


18 to Party
18 to Party is a 2019 American comedy film written and directed by Jeff Roda. The film premiered at the Woodstock Film Festival on October 4, 2019. Following its premiere, the film was also screened at the Big Apple Film Festival on November 21, 2019 and at the Florida Film Festival on August 11, 2020, where it won the Special Jury Prize for Ensemble Cast. The official trailer for the film was released on September 25, 2020, and featured Taylor Richardson and Sam McMarthy among others.


18 to Party, Plot
It is 1984. A group of teenagers spend the day waiting to get into a nightclub. Meanwhile school is approaching and a group of eight graders are forced to go back to their studies. The group includes nerdy Shel, his crush Amy, music fan Missy, bickering Peter and Dean, burly Brad, smart-ass Kira, and Lanky, who has been released from youth detention center and has been considering going back to school. While they wait outside for a nightclub to open, the teens raise hot topics that range from UFO sightings to music, and from Lanky's release to what's in store when school is back in session. While discussing those topics, they realize some crazy truths about each other.


18 to Party, Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 60% approval rating based on 14 reviews, with an average ranking of 6/10.


18 to Party, Reception
In August, 2021 critic WorldFilmGeek listed 18 To Party in their Top Ten Teen Movies of all-time at #9.


18 to Party, Reception
Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com wrote "18 to Party nudges that there's got to be something more to a story concerning youth like this, that it can't feel so limited to what they see and chat about".


18 to Party, Reception
Film Threat's Chris Salce said "18 to Party knows what it's going to be, and it does it well".


18 to Party, Reception
According to Selome Hailu of The Austin Chronicle, "[The film] need[s] more scrupulous eyes, but bears the palpable excitement of a new voice. It's worth the watch for indie lovers and coming-of-age aficionados, with just enough moments of true clarity to expect a more mature, balanced appeal in Roda's future".


18 éxitos de Franco De Vita
18 éxitos de Franco De Vita, is a Venezuelan compilation album of 2003, made by Franco De Vita with the label Sonográfica, in this album presents his best songs of his career.


18 – Allein unter Mädchen
18 – Allein unter Mädchen (18 – Alone Among Girls) was a German comedy television series broadcast between 2004 and 2005. It centered on four eighteen-year-old boys, who, due to a ministerial decision, are sent to a conservative boarding school, against the wishes of the strict school headmistress.


18" Mark 30 torpedo
The Mark 30 torpedo was a British 18-inch air dropped anti-submarine passive acoustic homing torpedo. The torpedo was air dropped from the Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod and Avro Shackleton aircraft.


18" Mark 30 torpedo
The Mark 30, also referred to by its project name as Dealer B, was an eight-fin passive homing torpedo using conventional propellers. Issued in June 1954, Mark 30 production saw approximately 1,200 being built. It served in both the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force until 1975. Development on a variant, the Mark 30 Mod 1, was cancelled in 1955 after the Royal Navy decided to purchase the American Mark 43 torpedo as a replacement.


18+ (band)
18+ is an American band consisting of musicians and visual artists Justin Swinburne and Samia Mirza.


18+ (band), History and career
Having met at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Swinburne and Mirza launched the 18+ project in 2011 under anonymous pseudonyms. Their first recordings, a trilogy of mixtapes entitled M1xtape, Mixta2e, and Mixtap3, were launched online under the anonymous titles of 'Boy' and 'Sis'.


18+ (band), History and career
Much of the band's lyrical content concerns sex. Mirza commented on this: "I don't ever think the way we represent sex is explicitly sexy; we're not trying to seduce. We're playing up to roles we still see in music today."


18+ (band), History and career
In August 2014, 18+ released their first single, "Crow"/"Horn", on London nightclub Fabric's record label Houndstooth. This was followed by their debut album, Trust, which was released on Houndstooth in November 2014. Killian Fox, writing in The Observer, said of the album "Trust moves at a stoned pace, oozing sex and a glitchy sense of unease, though it’s never clear whether it’s critiquing its excesses or revelling in them."


18+ (band), History and career
The band's follow-up single, "Dry", was released on Houndstooth on 23 February 2015.


18+ (band), History and career
In January and February 2015, 18+ toured Trust in the US and Europe, including dates in Los Angeles, London, Amsterdam, Berlin and Paris.


18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine
18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine (HS-599) is a didehydro derivative of buprenorphine. It has about twice the potency of buprenorphine. It has produced a long-lasting antinociceptive response in animal tests.


18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine
18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine never induced conditioned place-preference in test animals, unlike buprenorphine and morphine.


18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine
18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine has about three times higher affinity for the μ-opioid receptor but lower  affinity for δ- and κ-opioid receptors when compared with buprenorphine.


18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point
18-20a Munn Street is a heritage-listed row of terrace houses located at 18, 18a, 20, 20a Munn Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, History
Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. This Federation style terrace is one of two remaining terraces of an original group of six built c. 1911, the others having been demolished for the port expansion at Darling Harbour. It was first tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.


18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Description
A group of four houses (upper and ground level dwellings), well-integrated with the Palisade Hotel site. Main entrances to the south are accessible from a shared verandah walkway. Side yards are located on Bettington Street. Art nouveau fretwork and cast iron fencing are particularly noteworthy.


18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Description
The terraces are of face brick with sandstone trim to doors and windows (four pane), and with a two-storey verandah with timber balustrading.


18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
This group of early twentieth century terrace houses was previously larger, some being demolished for Darling Harbour Port expansion.


18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.


18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
18-20a Munn Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point
18-22 Kent Street is a heritage-listed row of three terrace houses located at 18, 20 and 22 Kent Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, History
Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. 18-22 Kent Street is terrace housing built during the 1860s. It was first tenanted by NSW Department of Housing in 1982.


18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, Description
A two-storey Victorian Filigree terrace house with three bedrooms. Features include painted stuccoed masonry, a cantilevered balcony over footpath, cast iron balustrade and verandah supports, a corrugated iron verandah, two french doors with fanlights on upper storey, fanlight over front door and a sash window with slab sill on ground floor.


18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
This 1860s terrace forms part of a cohesive streetscape element.


18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.


18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
18-22 Kent Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 917 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.


18-Crown-6
18-Crown-6 is an organic compound with the formula [C2H4O]6 and the IUPAC name of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid with a low melting point. Like other crown ethers, 18-crown-6 functions as a ligand for some metal cations with a particular affinity for potassium cations (binding constant in methanol: 106 M−1). The point group of 18-crown-6 is S6. The dipole moment of 18-crown-6 varies in different solvent and under different temperature. Under 25 °C, the dipole moment of 18-crown-6 is 2.76 ± 0.06 D in cyclohexane and 2.73 ± 0.02 in benzene. The synthesis of the crown ethers led to the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Charles J. Pedersen.


18-Crown-6, Synthesis
This compound is prepared by a modified Williamson ether synthesis in the presence of a templating cation: It can be also prepared by the oligomerization of ethylene oxide:


18-Crown-6, Synthesis
It can be purified by distillation, where its tendency to supercool becomes evident. 18-Crown-6 can also be purified by recrystallisation from hot acetonitrile. It initially forms an insoluble solvate. Rigorously dry material can be made by dissolving the compound in THF followed by the addition of NaK to give [K(18-crown-6)]Na, an alkalide salt.


18-Crown-6, Synthesis
Crystallographic analysis reveals a relatively flat molecule but one where the oxygen centres are not oriented in the idealized 6-fold symmetric geometry usually shown. The molecule undergoes significant conformational change upon complexation.


18-Crown-6, Reactions
18-Crown-6 has a high affinity for the hydronium ion H3O+, as it can fit inside the crown ether. Thus, reaction of 18-crown-6 with strong acids gives the cation [H3O⋅18−crown−6]+{\displaystyle {\ce {[H3O.18-crown-6]+}}}. For example, interaction of 18-crown-6 with HCl gas in toluene with a little moisture gives an ionic liquid layer with the composition [H3O⋅18−crown−6]+[HCl2]−⋅3.8C6H5Me{\displaystyle {\ce {[H3O.18-crown-6]+[HCl2]^{-}. }}3.8{\ce {C6H5Me}}}, from which the solid [H3O⋅18−crown−6]+[HCl2]−{\displaystyle {\ce {[H3O.18-crown-6]+[HCl2]-}}} can be isolated on standing. Reaction of the ionic liquid layer with two molar equivalents of water gives the crystalline product (H5O2)[H3O⋅18−crown−6]Cl2{\displaystyle {\ce {(H5O2)[H3O.18-crown-6]Cl2}}}.


18-Crown-6, Applications
18-Crown-6 binds to a variety of small cations, using all six oxygens as donor atoms. Crown ethers can be used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalysts. Salts which are normally insoluble in organic solvents are made soluble by crown ether. For example, potassium permanganate dissolves in benzene In the presence of 18-crown-6, giving the so-called "purple benzene", which can be used to oxidize diverse organic compounds.


18-Crown-6, Applications
Various substitution reactions are also accelerated in the presence of 18-crown-6, which suppresses ion-pairing. The anions thereby become naked nucleophiles. For example, using 18-crown-6, potassium acetate is a more powerful nucleophile in organic solvents:


18-Crown-6, Applications
The first electride salt to be examined with X-ray crystallography, [Cs(18-crown-6)2]+·e−, was synthesized in 1983. This highly air- and moisture-sensitive solid has a sandwich molecular structure, where the electron is trapped within nearly spherical lattice cavities. However, the shortest electron-electron distance is too long (8.68 Å) to make this material a conductor of electricity.


18-Deoxyaldosterone
18-Deoxyaldosterone is a steroidal antimineralocorticoid with mixed agonist–antagonist but predominantly antagonistic activity at the mineralocorticoid receptor.


18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone
18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (also known as 18-OH-DOC, 18,21-dihydroxyprogesterone, and 18,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) is an endogenous steroid and a mineralocorticoid. It is a hydroxylated metabolite of 11-deoxycorticosterone.


18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone
In rats, conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone into 18-OH-DOC is catalyzed by the CYP11B3 enzyme.


18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone
In humans, 18-OH-DOC is a weak mineralocorticoid. It may be increased in 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1) deficiency, in aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) deficiency, in primary aldosteronism, and may also indicate a histologic variant of the aldosteronoma. Excessive secretion of 18-OH-DOC can cause mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, although these cases are very rare.


18-Hydroxycorticosterone
18-Hydroxycorticosterone is an endogenous steroid. It is a derivative of corticosterone.


18-Hydroxycorticosterone, Function
18-Hydroxycorticosterone serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of aldosterone by the enzyme aldosterone synthase in the zona glomerulosa.


18-Hydroxycortisol, Function
18-hydroxycortisol has been proposed as a biomarker for certain diseases. In humans, 18-hydroxycortisol has no biological activity on glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptors. In healthy subjects, the biosynthesis of 18-hydroxycortisol is low. The highest synthesis of 18-hydroxycortisol was found in certain cases of hypertension like in type 1 familial hyperaldosteronism (glucocorticoid-curable hyperaldosteronism) and type 3 familial hyperaldosteronism, where the adrenal glands are enlarged up to six times their normal size. Increased synthesis is also found in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas. ACTH stimulation test increases urinary excretion of 18-hydroxycortisol, and dexamethasone inhibits the excretion.


18-J
18-j is a 2004 Argentine docudrama film. The motion picture is a collection of ten, ten-minute shorts, by ten Argentine directors. The film focuses on the July 18, 1994, bombing of the AMIA Building in Buenos Aires, where 86 people were killed and 300 others wounded. The perpetrators were never caught. AMIA is the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association, a charity, and the attack is considered the largest single incident of terrorism against Jews since World War II.


18-J
The film is a tribute to the memory of the victims from the Argentine cinema community, producers, and directors, and released on the ten-year anniversary of the attack. Each director portrays his or her memory and impressions of the event in their own way. The ten short films are shown in a sequence. The picture was co-produced by the INCAA (Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales) and ten of the most active Argentine producers. The film opens with a brief introduction by Argentine actor Norma Aleandro.


18-J, Background
Because the picture involved numerous explosions it was shot on an Argentine Army base. The short films capture Argentine life at several social levels, both Jewish and non-Jewish. The ten directors use a variety of cinematic styles: the sentimental, hard-hitting, and the abstract.


18-J, Distribution
The film opened in Argentina on August 19, 2004. In Brazil it opened October 4, 2004, at the Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival. The film has been screened at various film festivals, including: the Palm Beach Jewish Film Festival, Palm Beach, Florida; the Washington Jewish Film Festival, Washington, D.C.; the Haifa International Film Festival, Haifa, Israel; the San Francisco Jewish Film Festival, San Francisco; the Hong Kong Jewish Film Festival, Hong Kong; the Boston Jewish Film Festival, Boston; and others.


18-J, Production companies
Each of the following Argentine film production companies chose one director for the film:


18-J, Reception, Critical response
Jonathan Holland, film critic for Variety, liked the various stories and how they provide a "perceptive overview of Argentinian society". He wrote, "This worthy and affecting homage features styles from abstract to hard-hitting. Political fest sidebars are the pic's likeliest destination, along with arthouses in territories with a cultural interest in the tragedy... As a byproduct, pic reps an often perceptive overview of Argentine life at several social levels. Though many of the dead were Jewish, most helmers have significantly emphasized the universality of the tragedy rather than focusing on Jewish victimization."


18-Methoxycoronaridine
18-Methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) is a derivative of ibogaine invented in 1996 by the research team around the pharmacologist Stanley D. Glick from the Albany Medical College and the chemists Upul K. Bandarage and Martin E. Kuehne from the University of Vermont. In animal studies it has proved to be effective at reducing self-administration of morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine and sucrose. It has also been shown to produce anorectic effects in obese rats, most likely due to the same actions on the reward system which underlie its anti-addictive effects against drug addiction.


18-Methoxycoronaridine
18-MC was in the early stages of human testing by the California-based drug development company Savant HWP before being acquired by MindMed, a Canadian pharmaceutical company newly listed on the NASDAQ in April 2021. In 2002 the research team began raising funds for human trials, but were unable to secure the estimated $5 million needed. In 2010, Obiter Research, a chemical manufacturer in Champaign, Illinois, signed a patent license with Albany Medical College and the University of Vermont, allowing them the right to synthesize and market 18-MC and other congeners. In 2012 the National Institute on Drug Abuse gave a $6.5 million grant to Savant HWP for human trials. In 2017 it went into Phase-II trials in Brazil for treatment of Leishmaniasis at the Evandro Chagas Institute, but not for approval for use as a treatment for drug addiction.


18-Methoxycoronaridine, Pharmacology
18-MC is a α3β4 nicotinic antagonist and, in contrast to ibogaine, has no affinity at the α4β2 subtype nor at NMDA-channels nor at the serotonin transporter, and has significantly reduced affinity for sodium channels and for the σ receptor, but retains modest affinity for μ-opioid receptors where it acts as an agonist, and κ-opioid receptors. The sites of action in the brain include the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsolateral tegmentum and basolateral amygdala. (±)-18-MC competitively inhibits α9α10 nAChRs with potencies higher than that at α3β4 and α4β2 nAChRs and directly blocks CaV2.2.


18-Methoxycoronaridine, Chemistry, Derivatives
A number of derivatives of 18-MC have been developed, with several of them being superior to 18-MC itself, the methoxyethyl congener ME-18-MC being more potent than 18-MC with similar efficacy, and the methylamino analogue 18-MAC being more effective than 18-MC with around the same potency. These compounds were also found to act as selective α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine antagonists, with little or no effect on NMDA receptors.


18-Methylaminocoronaridine
(–)-18-Methylaminocoronaridine (18-MAC) is a second generation synthetic derivative of ibogaine developed by the research team led by the pharmacologist Stanley D. Glick from the Albany Medical College and the chemist Martin E. Kuehne from the University of Vermont.