1839 Martinique earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Lesser Antilles subduction zone marks the boundary where the North American Plate subducts or dives beneath the Caribbean Plate at ~2 cm/yr along the subduction interface. Interaction between these two lithospheres can sometimes produce megathrust earthquakes although there has been no recent megathrust quakes on the fault other than the 1839 and 1843 events. Moderately large earthquakes have occurred near the megathrust in recent years but none on the megathrust. Since 1973, there have only been just a little over 30 thrust earthquakes on the subduction zone with magnitudes around the 5.0 range.


1839 Martinique earthquake, Tectonic setting
A plausible explanation for this is the slow rate of convergence resulting in the megathrust becoming seismically devoid of activity for hundreds to thousands of years before rupturing in great quakes. A similar effect was seen prior to the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, and in Japan's Nankai Trough and the Cascadia subduction zone. At the present moment, the Lesser Antilles subduction zone has been determined to be locked, and have the potential to generate an earthquake of Mw 8.95 to 9.58.


1839 Martinique earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake of 1839 had a probable epicenter located east of Martinique, where intensity IX was felt throughout the island. On the island of Saint Lucia and Dominica, intensity IX persisted, but weakened to VIII at the southern and northern part of the islands respectively. Level VIII to VI was felt in Guadeloupe and on Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Barbados was hit with VII shaking. Weaker intensities of V and lesser was felt in the northern Lesser Antilles and in Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname.


1839 Martinique earthquake, Earthquake
It is believed that the megathrust ruptured for 140 km and had an average slip of 8 meters. The magnitude of the quake varies between 7.5 and 8.0 on the Mw  and Ms  scales.


1839 Martinique earthquake, Impact
The morning of January 11 in Martinique was disrupted by three instances of violent shaking which varied in duration from 30 seconds to two minutes. The earthquake was felt throughout the Lesser Antilles but the most serious damage was on the island of Martinique. At Fort Royal, the entire city was near totally destroyed. Of the 800 buildings, only 50 to 60 were still safe for occupancy, with 600 completely collapsed and the other 200 partially destroyed. Hotels, a theater, artillery barracks, hospital, and official buildings were among the infrastructures destroyed. The earthquake also damaged the aqueduct which supplies the city with water. Heaps of rubble up to three meters high was left in the quake's aftermath. The devastation was great due to the city being built on marshlands rather than on a stable rocky base.


1839 Martinique earthquake, Impact
Other cities saw serious destruction but not as severe like in Fort Royal. An area in Saint-Pierre was heavily affected where all but two or three houses were left standing. In other parts of the island, churches and stone construction collapsed in the quake. About 300 to 4,000 people died from the earthquake, this was because officials had not counted the number of slaves killed to avoid compensation requests by their owners.


1839 Martinique earthquake, Impact
Like the earthquake which occurred in 1843, no tsunami was generated.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was a tightly-contested race won by Marcus Morton. Under Massachusetts law at the time, a majority of the votes cast was required to win, and Morton received exactly half the votes cast. Despite the presence of some irregularities, incumbent Whig Governor Edward Everett refused to contest the results once a legislative committee dominated by his party accepted a report giving Morton 51,034 votes out of 102,066 cast.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background
In the 19th century Massachusetts held annual elections for its statewide elective offices. From 1825 to 1838 a succession of National Republican and then Whig politicians won the governor's seat, at first by wide margins, and only later in the 1830s by narrower margins. The principal opponent of the Whigs was Democratic candidate Marcus Morton, who ran for governor each year from 1828 to 1843.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background
Abolitionism became a significant political force in the mid-1830s in Massachusetts, even though both Whig and Democratic politicians sought to avoid the issue in pursuit of other political objectives. Abolitionist activists attempted to force attention on the issue, demanding that candidates for office answer questionnaires on the subject. Marcus Morton was known to be personally opposed to slavery, but he did not often let the matter affect his politics, and expressed concern over abolitionist tactics.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background
His Whig opponent since 1835 was Edward Everett, who once gave a speech expressing sympathy for the property rights of slaveholders and was not seen as sympathetic to the abolitionist cause. In the elections of 1837 and 1838 abolitionist support increased Morton's vote counts, but he was never able to achieve the majority of votes needed to win election in the state.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Candidates
The newly formed temperance movement considered putting a candidate into the race but was satisfied that Everett had linked himself to their movement through his support and signature of a temperance law.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign
In the 1838 term, Governor Everett directed the Whig legislature to pass moral legislation, including a bill barring the imprisonment of debtors and a bill promoted by temperance activists that banned the sale of liquor in quantities less than 15 U.S. gallons (57 L). Everett also campaigned on the state's rapid economic recovery from the Panic of 1837 and an end to direct taxation. Everett emphasized the debtor bill's effect on mariners, who had been excluded from previously debtor protection laws. Everett also elaborated on his record of establishing and reforming state institutions: a state lunatic hospital, an improved penitentiary system, and a set-aside state education fund under the direction of Horace Mann.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign
Despite the fact that their candidate was the first president of the American Temperance Society, Massachusetts Democrats led by George Bancroft argued that the liquor law was discriminatory against Catholic immigrants and poor urbanites. Everett also drew opposition over a bill requiring volunteer militias to pay an annual fee of $5; as a result, a "military ticket" was nominated against Everett Whigs in many parts of the state. National politics, such as the independent treasury system issue, were largely left out of the opposition campaign.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
The election was held on Monday, November 11, 1839. Early returns gave Everett the lead, although his showing in Boston, a Whig stronghold, was particularly weak. On November 14, the accumulated returns indicated that Everett led by 100 votes, with 250 communities still to report. The next day, Morton was reported to lead by just two votes. A number of Whig officials (notably including Adjutant General of Massachusetts Henry A. S. Dearborn), failed to vote, prompting Everett to observe, despite their protestations that they supported his candidacy, "a better mode of showing [their support] would have been to vote". A number of irregularities were identified during the initial count. The ballots from Easton had not been properly sealed by the town clerk, and the Winchendon return was dated 1809 instead of 1839. These votes were counted.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
The vote was so close that no result was certified until the legislature met. On January 1, 1840, the new Whig-dominated legislature met, and sent the election issue to a joint committee. One ballot for Morton contained the scrawl "Maccus Mattoon"; despite efforts by Whig partisans to deny the writer intended to vote for Morton, no person with that name was found anywhere in the state. A more serious issue was raised with respect to the returns from Westfield: the town clerk there had not properly sworn to the accuracy of the result, and Everett was of the opinion that these results should be rejected.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
The legislative joint committee issued its report on January 13, 1840. It stated that a total of 102,066 votes had been cast (including all of the votes affected by the irregularities, which were accepted), and that therefore 51,034 votes were required to win. Morton was found to have received exactly that number, while Everett received 50,725, and a scattering of candidates received votes on the remaining 307 ballots cast.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
Morton's victory was driven by a large increase in turnout that exclusively favored Democrats, rather than a defection from existing Whig voters. He won 169 towns and seven counties: Middlesex, Hampden, Berkshire, Norfolk, Bristol, and Dukes. Plymouth county narrowly flipped to Everett. Morton made heavy gains in Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, and Hampshire while the Whigs gained in Hampden, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, and Nantucket.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Aftermath
Despite pressure from partisans to contest this result, Everett refused. He recorded in his journal, "Principle is no longer sufficiently powerful even in Massachusetts to warrant an adherence to the strict provisions of the Constitution on a question of this kind." Everett also refused to let his friend and Whig colleague Robert Charles Winthrop publish a partisan tribute to him, noting "I am willing to let the election go." Morton was sworn in as governor on January 18, 1840.


1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Aftermath
Although the Democrat won the governor's seat, the legislature remained firmly Whig, and refused to enact Morton's reformist agenda (in particular, it did not vote to repeal the fifteen-gallon law). The Whigs regrouped, and in 1840 Morton was defeated by John Davis. Morton won another single term in 1842, in a hotly contested election that was also decided by the state legislature.


1839 Massachusetts legislature
The 60th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1839 during the governorship of Edward Everett. Myron Lawrence served as president of the Senate and Robert Charles Winthrop served as speaker of the House.


1839 Massachusetts legislature
On March 9th, "72 women, citizens of Boston, petitioned the Legislature for a repeal" of laws banning interracial marriage.


1839 Massachusetts legislature
At the time, members required a majority of the popular vote to be declared elected. If no winner was chosen, the General Court voted to resolve the election, usually in favor of whichever party held the majority of seats in the General Court.


1839 Metre Summit
1839 Metre Summit (1839峰, Ippasankyu-mētoru-hō) is located in the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is 1,842 metres (6,043 ft) above sea level.


1839 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1839 Michigan gubernatorial election was held from November 4, 1839 to November 5, 1839. Whig nominee William Woodbridge defeated Democrat nominee Elon Farnsworth with 51.64% of the vote.


1839 Naval Air Squadron
1839 Naval Air Squadron (1839 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.


1839 Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district special election
On November 20, 1839, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the death of William W. Potter (D) on October 28 of that year, before the start of the first session of the 26th Congress.


1839 Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district special election, Election results
McCulloch took his seat on December 2, 1839, at the start of the 1st session of the 26th Congress.


1839 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1839 saw John Swift return to office for a seventh overall non-consecutive term.


1839 Philadelphia mayoral election
This was the first Philadelphia mayoral election in which members of the general public were able to vote. Prior to this, the City Council solely elected mayors of Philadelphia. Beginning in 1839, the city began to operate under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate received a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.


1839 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
The 1839 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 27 May 1839. James Abercromby had retired due to failing health. The next day he was raised to the peerage as Baron Dunfermline.


1839 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Charles Shaw-Lefevre was proposed by Henry Handley and seconded by Stephen Lushington.


1839 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Henry Goulburn was proposed by Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn and seconded by John Wilson-Patten.


1839 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
On the motion that Shaw-Lefevre take the Chair, he was elected by 317 votes to 299, a majority of 18.


1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on January 17 and 18, 1839.


1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
Incumbent Whig Senator Daniel Webster was easily re-elected to his third term in office.


1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
At this time, Massachusetts elected U.S. Senators by a majority of each house of the Massachusetts General Court.


1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath
Webster resigned his seat in 1841 to accept his appointment as Secretary of State by President William Henry Harrison. However, Webster left office in 1843 after President John Tyler pressured him to resign and was elected to this seat again in 1845.


1839 Whig National Convention
The 1839 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from December 4 to December 8 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first national convention ever held by the Whig Party, and was organized to select the party's nominee in the 1840 presidential election. The convention nominated former Senator William Henry Harrison of Ohio for president and former Senator John Tyler of Virginia for vice president.


1839 Whig National Convention
After Daniel Webster dropped out of the race, the three leading candidates for the Whig nomination were General Harrison, who had been the most successful Whig candidate in the 1836 presidential election; General Winfield Scott, a hero of the War of 1812; and Senator Henry Clay, the Whigs' congressional and philosophical leader. With Southern delegates united behind him, Clay led on the first presidential ballot, but failed to win a majority. Harrison won the nomination on the fifth ballot after several delegates switched from supporting Clay or Scott. The convention chose Tyler, a Southerner and Clay supporter, to serve as Harrison's running mate. The Whig ticket went on to win the 1840 election, defeating incumbent Democratic President Martin Van Buren.


1839 Whig National Convention, Presidential balloting
Clay led on the first ballot, but circumstances conspired to deny him the nomination. First, the convention came on the heels of a string of Whig electoral losses, and party members were anxious to reverse the trend. Harrison managed to distance himself from the losses, but Clay, as the party's philosophical leader, could not. Had the convention been held in the spring of 1840, when the continuing economic downturn caused by the Panic of 1837 led to a string of Whig victories, Clay would have had much greater support.


1839 Whig National Convention, Presidential balloting
Second, the convention rules had been drawn up so that whoever won the majority of delegates from a given state would win all the votes from that state. This worked against Clay, who could have combined solid majority support in almost all the Southern delegations (with little potential for opponents to capitalize on a proportional distribution of delegates), and a large minority support in Northern delegations if the rules allowed counting of individual delegate votes. Third, several Southern states whose Whig party organizations supported Clay abstained from sending delegates to the convention.


1839 Whig National Convention, Presidential balloting
Harrison won on the fifth ballot after Clay delegates from Illinois and Scott delegates from Michigan, New York, and Vermont combined to switch their support to Harrison. Writer and activist John Neal, who chaired the delegation from Maine, claimed to have been instrumental in convincing the powerful New York delegation to back Harrison prior to the final vote. The state-by-state roll call was printed in the newspaper the Farmer's Cabinet on December 13, 1839:


1839 Whig National Convention, Vice presidential nominee
Because Harrison (born in Virginia) was considered a Northerner (as a resident of Ohio), the Whigs needed to balance the ticket with a Southerner. They also sought a Clay supporter to help unite the party. After being turned down by several potential candidates, including John J. Crittenden, John Bell, and Willie Person Mangum, the convention finally found its Southerner who had faithfully supported Clay and would accept: former Senator John Tyler. Tyler was well known to the delegates, having previously been the running mate of Hugh Lawson White and Willie Person Mangum during the four-way Whig campaign of 1836. He was easily nominated on the first ballot.


1839 Whig National Convention, Aftermath
During the balloting, Clay and Scott played cards with Whig politicians John J. Crittenden and George Evans at the Astor House hotel in New York City. When the group received word of Harrison's victory, Clay blamed his loss on Scott and struck him, with the blow landing on the shoulder which had been wounded during Scott's participation in the Battle of Lundy's Lane. Afterwards Clay had to be physically removed from the hotel room. Scott then sent Crittenden to Clay with Scott's challenge for a duel, but Crittenden reconciled them by convincing Clay to apologize.


1839 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1839 in Australia.


1839 in China
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Prisencolin (talk | contribs) at 09:14, 15 April 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1839 in India
This article details events occurring in the year 1839 in India. Major events include the reduction of the Khanate of Kalat to a subsidiary ally of the British, and the capture of Aden in Yemen by the East India Company, creating an important stopover for voyages between Europe and India.


1839 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1839 in New Zealand.


1839 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1839 in South Africa.


1839 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1839 to Wales and its people.


1839 in architecture
The year 1839 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1839 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1839.


1839 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1839.


1839 in paleontology, Archosaurs, Newly named pseudosuchians
In addition to never being formally described, it may be a subjective synonym of the crocodilian Machimosaurus


1839 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1839 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1839 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1839 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1839.


1839 in science
The year 1839 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1839 in sports
1839 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York
The 1839/1840 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 5, 1839, and January 14, 1840, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Nathaniel P. Tallmadge had been elected as a Jacksonian Democrat in 1833 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1839.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Background
After the Panic of 1837, the Whigs managed to wrest the power from the Democrats. At the State election in November 1837, 101 Whigs and 27 Democrats were elected to the Assembly, and 6 Whigs and 2 Democrats were elected to the State Senate.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Background
In 1838, the Whigs nominated William H. Seward for Governor, the Democrats re-nominated Governor Marcy. A faction of former Democrats met on October 3 at Syracuse, New York under the name of "Conservatives," among them U.S. Senator Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, and endorsed the Whig candidates Seward and Bradish.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election, Seward was elected Governor, 82 Whigs and 46 Democrats were elected to the Assembly, and 5 Whigs and 3 Democrats to the State Senate. This added up to 18 Democrats and 14 Whigs in the Senate. The 62nd New York State Legislature met from January 1 to May 7, 1839, at Albany, New York.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
The Whig State legislators met in caucus on January 31, 1839, to nominate candidates for State offices. The terms of Secretary of State John Adams Dix, State Comptroller Azariah C. Flagg, Attorney General Samuel Beardsley and State Treasurer Gamaliel H. Barstow would expire early in February, and the term of Nathaniel P. Tallmadge in the U.S. Senate early in March. Dix, Flagg and Beardsley were Democrats, and John C. Spencer, Bates Cooke and Willis Hall were nominated to succeed them. Dr. Barstow was a Whig but declined to continue in office, and Jacob Haight was nominated for Treasurer. Tallmadge, a former Democrat, was now a member of the Conservative faction, and having endorsed the Whig ticket at the last State election, had considerable support but also met some rejection. He was nominated by a "strong vote." (see Hammond, page 511).


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice
On February 4, 1839, the State Legislature elected on joint ballot Spencer, Cooke, Hall and Haight to the offices they were nominated for, but on the next day they could not agree on a U.S. Senator.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice
The Assembly nominated Nathaniel P. Tallmadge "by the votes of all the Whig members." (see Hammond, page 512)


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice
Although the Democratic State Senate majority did not object to be outvoted on joint ballot for the election of Whigs to State offices, they rejected the idea of electing a renegade Democrat to the U.S. Senate, and took refuge to the only means to defeat Tallmadge: They did not nominate anybody, following the precedents of 1819–1820 and 1825–1826, so that a joint ballot could not be held. On the first ballot, Tallmadge received 13 votes out of 31 cast, all Whigs.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice
The Democratic vote was scattered among many men, nobody receiving more than 2. Four more ballots were held with a similar result. On the sixth ballot, all Whigs and two Democrats voted for Samuel Beardsley, who received 16 votes, one short of the necessary number for a nomination. The Democrats then abandoned further balloting, fearing that the Whigs would vote for anybody who received by chance three Democratic votes, just to force any nomination, thus enabling the Legislature to proceed to the joint ballot.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice
No further action was taken by this Legislature, and the seat became vacant on March 4, 1839.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice
At the State election in November 1839, 7 Whigs and 3 Democrats were elected to the State Senate, which gave the Whigs a majority, the first anti-Bucktails/Jacksonian/Democratic majority in 20 years. The 63rd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 14, 1840, at Albany, New York. The strength of the parties in the Assembly, as shown by the vote for Speaker, was: 68 for Whig George Washington Patterson and 56 for Democrat Levi S. Chatfield.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Result, 1840
Nathaniel P. Tallmadge received a majority in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.


1839–1840 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
Tallmadge re-took his seat on January 27, 1840, and remained in office until June 17, 1844, when he resigned to be appointed Governor of Wisconsin Territory. Daniel S. Dickinson was appointed to fill the vacancy temporarily, and subsequently elected by the State Legislature to succeed Tallmadge.


183A Toll Road
The 183A Toll Road or 183A is a toll road in the Austin metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Texas. The road includes sections in north Austin, Cedar Park, and Leander. It provides a bypass for U.S. Route 183. The road is owned and operated by the Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority. The 183A Toll road is electronic only and has no cash toll booths. Motorists driving without a toll tag will receive a bill in the mail payable within 30 days. The tolled portion of the highway runs from US 183 near SH-45 to Ranch Road 1431 in Cedar Park. A free portion runs back to US-183 north of Leander, Texas along what will become free frontage roads.


183A Toll Road, Route description
The 183A Toll Road starts in Austin at an interchange with US 183 and SH 45. The freeway runs north to a point near Fenway Park where US 183 turns off to the north-northwest. From that location, the toll road runs to the north through an area composed of residential subdivisions. Near Heritage Park, there is an interchange for Whitestone Boulevard near some commercial developments. Near the interchange with RM 2243, 183A turns to the northwest and ends at a connection with US 183 in Leander.


183A Toll Road, Tolls, Violation fees
If a TxTag holder (or customer of any other acceptable toll-tag) has a TxTag account with a negative balance, Municipal Services Bureau (MSB) will mail a separate bill with a higher fee.


183A Toll Road, Tolls, Violation fees
Violation fees are fees added to an unpaid pay-by-mail bill. An unpaid bill can accrue up to $60 in fees after 90 days.


183A Toll Road, History
The first section of the toll road opened in March 2007 between RM 620 and RM 1431. As initial traffic was higher than expected, the toll road was extended 5 miles to the north. The Phase II extension opened on April 6, 2012 at a cost of $105 million. The 6.6 mile Phase III extension from Hero Way to north of SH 29 in Liberty Hill has been approved. The project will start construction in 2020, with completion expected in 2023. It will run on the current alignment of US 183 north of Leander.


183A Toll Road, Exit list
The entire route is in Williamson County. All exits are unnumbered.


183d Wing
The 183d Wing is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard, stationed at Capital Airport Air National Guard Station, Springfield, Illinois. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


183d Wing, Overview
A non-flying wing, the 183d Wing is tasked with augmenting Component Numbered Air Force (C-NAF) in both the Air and Space Operations Centers (AOC) and the Air Force Forces staff (AFFOR), A1 to A9. The mission of the 183d Wing consists of supporting the assigned groups and tenant units with traditional military services as well as all services for force sustainment including civil engineering, personnel, logistics, communications, medical, security, family support, and all other host services.


183d Wing, Units
The primary unit of the 183d Wing is the 183d Air Operations Group (183 AOG).


183d Wing, Units
The 183 AOG is capable of augmenting C-NAF staffs worldwide, therefore affording AOG personnel the opportunity to train at various locations - CONUS and OCONUS. The role of the AOG is to assist the AOC in organizing, planning, and executing the "air war" in a contingency or campaign and assist the AFFOR staff in bedding down Air Force forces in the theater. The 183rd AOG is aligned with Twelfth Air Force / AFSOUTH at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona.


183d Wing, History
On 15 October 1962, the Illinois Air National Guard 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 183d Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 170th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 183d Material Squadron, 183d Combat Support Squadron, and the 183d USAF Dispensary.


183d Wing, History
The 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron was equipped with Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks. It continued to fly the aircraft throughout the 1960s. The squadron was not activated for service during the Vietnam War, although from 1968 to 1971 many of its personnel were activated and some saw service in Southeast Asia. All F-84Fs were grounded in November 1971, after a 170th pilot was killed when his plane lost a wing during exercises at the Hardwood Gunnery Range in Findley, Wisconsin.


183d Wing, History
The accident was caused by the "milkbone" joining bolt in the main wing which had been weakened by years of flying and failed in-flight. All RF-84F aircraft were immediately grounded after inspections of other F-84Fs in the Air National Guard found the same issue affected many other aircraft. The problem was deemed too widespread to justify the economic repair of the aircraft, and it was decided to retire the ANG's fleet of F-84Fs and replace them with more modern aircraft. In 1972 the 170th F-84s were given a 2G ferry flight permit to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, the 170th having the distinction of flying the F-84F longer than any other USAF/ANG squadron.


183d Wing, History
In January 1972, the 183d Fighter Group was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the McDonnell F-4C Phantom II, with its aircraft being Vietnam War aircraft that were returning from Southeast Asia. Along with the F-4C, a flight of RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance aircraft were received. In 1981, the F-4Cs were exchanged for the F-4D Phantom II.


183d Wing, History, Post Cold War era
The 170th saw its first General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon on 7 June 1989 when two landed at Capital Airport to replace the aging F-4D Phantom II. By 5 May 1990, the 170th TFS was operational with the F-16A. Its mission at the time was fighter attack and was provided the Block 15 for this job. On 15 March 1992 the squadron changed designation from the 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron to the 170th Fighter Squadron when its parent 183d Fighter Group adopted the new Air Force Objective organization plan.


183d Wing, History, Post Cold War era
During early 1994 the 170th FS started to exchange their Block 15 F-16A/B for Block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon with the big inlet design. Most of the Block 15s were retired straight to AMARC. During the 1990s, the unit conducted numerous overseas deployments, including six to Southwest Asia, two to Denmark, one to Panama, one to Curaçao, and one to Thailand.


183d Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
After the 11 September 2001, attack, the 170th FS increased its capability by obtaining AN/AAQ-28(V) LITENING targeting pods in October 2001. Training with the new pod started immediately and included some internal personnel as some were trained on use of the pod as well as training from the Wisconsin ANG. The purpose of the training was to get ready for deployment in March 2002 for Operation Enduring Freedom.


183d Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
Starting in January 2002 the 170th FS deployed for two weeks to Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona for final training with the LITENING pod. Initially the deployment in March 2002 was to be with two other ANG units but this changed due to Operation Noble Eagle air defense commitments. As a result, the 170th FS deployed by itself as the 170th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (170 EFS). When the 170th EFS arrived it replaced the 18th EFS which was normally based at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. On top of duties over Afghanistan, the 170th FS also had to perform air interdiction missions over Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch.


183d Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
In the very early morning on 17 April 2002 while on deployment in Afghanistan a pilot in a two-ship formation from the 170th FS mistakenly bombed a Canadian force which was practicing live firing of its weapons near Kandahar, Afghanistan. Four soldiers were killed and eight were injured. This tragedy dogged the 170th FS for years and a trial against the pilots began in Springfield.


183d Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
After more than two consecutive years deployed overseas the 170th FS participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom when they deployed to the region in October 2004.


183d Wing, History, BRAC 2005
The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission committee report recommended the retirement of the block 30 F-16 Fighting Falcon, and the inactivation of the 170th Fighter Squadron. Despite challenges by the governor of Illinois in federal court, the aircraft began to be retired, and ultimately the US District Judge stated that there was not enough evidence to support that the region would suffer major harm by the closure of the unit. The last F-16 departed on 23 September 2008, marking the end of the flying mission for the 183d Fighter Wing.


183d Wing, History, BRAC 2005
Due to the outstanding quality of work historically exhibited by the 183d Fighter Wing, the new mission outlined by the BRAC commission recommended the facilities and notable skill sets of personnel assigned be realigned into a Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility.


183d Wing, History, Current status
Since BRAC, the 183d has been given an additional follow-on mission. The Component Numbered Air Force, including an Air and Space Operations Center and an Air Force forces staff, is an aerospace operation planning, execution, and assessment system for the Joint Forces Air Component Commander. It is the primary tool for commanding and executing air, space and cyber power.


183d Wing, History, Current status
The 183d Air Operations Group will augment Air Force headquarters staffs in planning, coordinating, allocating, tasking and controlling air, space and cyber operations in a theater of operations.


183d Wing, History, Current status
On 2 November 2014, the 183d Fighter Wing welcomed Colonel John Patterson as their new Commander. Colonel Patterson replaced Colonel (now Major General) Ron Paul.


183d Wing, History, Current status
On 4 March 2017, the 183d Fighter Wing was redesignated as the 183d Wing (183 WG).


183rd (2nd Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade
The 183rd (2nd Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army.


183rd (2nd Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade, First World War
The brigade was formed during the First World War in 1914, as a duplicate of the 144th (1/1st Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade, from men in the Territorial Force who, for various reasons, did not volunteer to serve overseas when asked at the outbreak of war. As a result, the brigade acted mainly in a reserve role, sending drafts of trained infantrymen to the 144th Brigade, and it also acted in a home defence role. Assigned to the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division, the brigade served on the Western Front from May 1916.


183rd (2nd Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade disbanded in 1919 after the war, along with the rest of the Territorial Force which was later reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army. Throughout the spring and summer of 1939, the Territorial Army was doubled in size as a consequence of war with Nazi Germany becoming an increasing possibility. Subsequently, the brigade was reformed in the Territorial Army, now as the 183rd Infantry Brigade, in 1939, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War in September. The brigade was assigned to the 61st Infantry Division. However, the brigade never saw active service overseas and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war, including a few months spent on anti-invasion duties in Northern Ireland.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. Around two-thirds of its personnel were women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The regiment was heavily engaged in Operation Diver, defending England against V-1 flying bombs, and later was deployed to Antwerp to carry out anti-Diver duties there in the closing stages of the war.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
By 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
With the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
By late 1942 the training regiments were turning out a regular stream of Mixed HAA batteries, which AA Command formed into regiments to take the place of the all-male units being sent to overseas theatres of war. One such new unit was 183rd (Mixed) HAA Regiment. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 26 October 1942 at Datchet, Buckinghamshire, with 564 (Mixed) HAA Battery transferred from 157th (M) HAA Rgt. and over the next few months the following batteries were regimented with it:


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
By December 1942 the regiment had joined 38 AA Brigade in 2 AA Group covering South East England. This remained the regiment's deployment for over a year.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
Most of the Luftwaffe attacks on the UK in 1943 involved 'hit and run' raids on coastal towns by Fighter-bombers, which were Light AA (LAA) targets, and a few sporadic raids on London. However, in January 1944 it resumed night raids on London, which became known as the 'Baby Blitz'. These raids employed new faster bombers with sophisticated 'pathfinder' techniques and radar jamming. For example, on the night of 21 January 200 hostile aircraft were plotted approaching the South Coast in two waves, which intermingled with returning aircraft of RAF Bomber Command.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
This caused problems of identification and restrictions on fire, but the guns of 2 AA Group engaged as the raiders approached London. Only one-fifth of the raiders reached the city, the remainder turning away to bomb open country. AA guns brought down eight aircraft. Other raids came in along the Thames Estuary, which was the responsibility of 1 AA Group.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
As preparations for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) gathered momentum, AA Command redeployed its resources in Southern England to cover the assembly areas and embarkation ports. 183rd HAA Regiment was briefly with 30 AA Bde and then in May 1944 it joined 102 AA Bde, a designated 'Overlord' HQ.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
A week after 'Overlord' began on D-Day (6 June), the Germans began launching V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', against London. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since The Blitz of 1940–41. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but the missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns. 2 AA Group's HAA batteries left their 'Overlord' sites and moved to pre-planned sites across the 'funnel' of V-1 flightpaths. However, the initial results were disappointing, and after a fortnight AA Command changed its tactics.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
The HAA gun belt was moved to the coast and interlaced with LAA guns to hit the missiles out to sea, where the gun-laying radar worked best and where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. This new belt was divided into six brigade sectors, 43 AA Bde taking charge of one sector, with 183rd (M) HAA Rgt under command. The whole process involved the movement of hundreds of guns and vehicles and thousands of servicemen and women, but a new 8-gun site could be established in 48 hours.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
After moving the mobile 3.7-inch HAA guns to the coast, these were progressively replaced by the static Mark IIC model, which had power traverse that could more quickly track the fast-moving targets, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer). These were emplaced on temporary 'Pile platforms' named after the C-in-C of AA Command. The introduction of VT Proximity fuzes also increased the 'kill rate'.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
The guns were constantly in action, but success rates against the 'Divers' steadily improved, until over 50 per cent of incoming missiles were destroyed by gunfire or fighter aircraft. This phase of Operation Diver ended in September after the V-1 launch sites in Northern France had been overrun by 21st Army Group.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
In August 183rd (M) HAA Rgt had moved to 71 AA Bde, still in the Diver Belt, but in September–October it was with 5 AA Bde under 1 AA Group, which operated a 'Diver Box' covering the Thames Estuary, as the Luftwaffe began air-launching V-1s over the North Sea. In November it left 71 AA Bde once more and rejoined 30 AA Bde, now in 5 AA Group, which was controlling the 'Diver Fringe' protecting the East Coast against air-launched V-1s.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment
Once 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled Mk IIC 3.7-inch gun, with automatic fuze-setting, SCR 584 radar and Predictor No 10 were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment. In December the first overseas deployment of Mixed HAA units began, and 183rd (M) HAA Rgt was one of those selected. The war establishment of an HAA regiment on service overseas was three batteries, so 640 (M) HAA Bty left to become independent on 30 November (it disbanded on 12 December).


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment
The regiment arrived at Antwerp in January 1945, taking over Mk IIC 3.7-inch guns on Pile platforms in bitter weather with inadequate hutting, and were immediately in action against the onslaught of V-1s. The Antwerp 'X' defences under 80 AA Bde involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64 km) to 50 miles (80 km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment
Finally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000 m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments. Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. The success rate of the X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. The number of missiles launched at Antwerp peaked at 623 a week in February, but dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week of action the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment
The war in Europe ended on VE Day, 8 May 1945. 183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, together with 564, 591 and 608 Batteries, was disbanded on 25 May.


183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia
While the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.


183rd Airlift Squadron
The 183rd Airlift Squadron is a unit of the 172nd Airlift Wing of the Mississippi Air National Guard, stationed at Allen C. Thompson Field Air National Guard Base, Mississippi. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


183rd Airlift Squadron
Its mission is to provide airlift and supporting units; provide for the airlift of troops and passengers, military equipment, cargo and aeromedical airlift and to participate in operations involving the airland or airdrop of troops, equipment and supplies when required.


183rd Airlift Squadron
It was called to federal service during the first Gulf War. The 183rd was the first Air National Guard unit to convert to the C-17 Globemaster III.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Reconnaissance
The squadron was constituted as the 183rd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in 1953 and allotted to the Air National Guard. It was organized at Hawkins Field, Mississippi and extended federal recognition on 1 July 1953. The squadron was assigned to the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, of the Alabama Air National Guard, but operational control was exercised by the Mississippi Air National Guard.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Reconnaissance
The 183rd was initially equipped with World War II-era Douglas RB-26C Invader night photographic reconnaissance aircraft. The black RB-26s were light bombers that were modified for aerial reconnaissance in the late 1940s  Most of the aircraft received were unarmed Korean War veterans, which carried cameras and flash flares for night aerial photography. Upon mobilization, the squadron would be gained by Tactical Air Command (TAC).


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift
In 1957, the B-26 was reaching the end of its operational service. The squadron's mobilization gaining command became Military Air Transport Service when it was redesignated the 183rd Aeromedical Transport Squadron and was equipped with Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar transports configured for medical transport and reassigned to the 106th Aeromedical Transport Group. Five years later the unit was upgraded with the Lockheed C-121 Constellation long-range transport in 1962, becoming the 183rd Air Transport Squadron and beginning to carry personnel to overseas locations in Europe and the Caribbean.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift
The 183rd and its support elements expanded into a group level later that year, when the 172nd Air Transport Group was activated. The 183rd became the group's flying squadron. Support elements assigned into the group were the 183rd Material Squadron, 183rd Air Base Squadron, and the 183rd USAF Dispensary. The squadron moved from Hawkins to Allen C. Thompson Field, another field near Jackson, Mississippi in 1963.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift
The group received the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II heavy intercontinental transport was received in 1966 which meant supplies and equipment could be carried around the world along with personnel. 1966 was also marked by a change of mobilization command to Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the name to 183rd Military Airlift Squadron


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Theater airlift
The C-124 was being retired in the early 1970s and the 183rd was realigned to a theater transport mission, and equipped with Lockheed C-130E Hercules aircraft as the 183rd Tactical Airlift Squadron in May 1972. Once more, TAC gained the unit if it was called to federal service. It was upgraded to new 1979 production C-130H aircraft from 1980 and continued to fly tactical airlift missions until the mid-1980s.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift
On 12 July 1986 the first Lockheed C-141B Starlifter to be released from the active duty Air Force was assigned to the Mississippi Air National Guard. With a total of eight aircraft, the unit resumed a global airlift mission and was gained by MAC when mobilized.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift
In March 1988 the squadron took part in the airlift of approximately 3200 troops and almost 1000 tons of cargo on an exercise to Palmerola Air Base, Honduras. The 183rd was the only Air National Guard unit to participate in this airlift of troops to Honduras. On 6 December 1988 the Soviet Republic of Armenia suffered a powerful earthquake. The first Air Guard aircraft to fly to Armenia was a C-141B from the 183rd.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift
Before relief missions to Armenia ended, the unit would fly six missions with its planes and crew and additionally would furnish a crew to fly a United States Air Force C-141 whose crew had reached the maximum flying hours permitted without rest. In September 1989 a devastating hurricane struck the tiny island of St. Croix, leaving the island crippled, the squadron flew eleven emergency relief missions to St. Croix, hauling 465 tons of cargo and 472 passengers.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift
From 20 December 1989 to 12 January 1990 the 183rd flew 21 sorties in support of Operation Just Cause, the operation to replace Manuel Noriega with a democratically elected government in Panama. The unit transported 403.6 tons of cargo and 1,274 passengers during the operation. On 7 August 1990 the 172nd's support of Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm began when Approximately 98 aircrew members began flying voluntary missions. On 24 August 1990 the 183rd Airlift Squadron was one of the first two units to be called into active federal service and moved to Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. Until May 1991, shen the squadron was returned to state control the 148 members of the 183rd flew 2,880 sorties which transported 15,837 passengers and 25,949.2 tons of cargo.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift
In 2000, the squadron received the C-141C with an electronic "glass cockpit". In October 2000 after the USS Cole bombing in Yemen, seventeen members of the unit and the 183rd Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron deployed to Ramstein Air Base Germany. They picked up four injured sailors from Ramstein and flew them to Norfolk Naval Station, Virginia. In February 2003 the 183rd retired its last Starlifter in preparation for the arrival of the wing's first Boeing C-17 Globemaster III.


183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift
On 17 December 2003, Lt. Gen. Daniel James III, Director, Air National Guard, handed off the "keys" of the first C-17 Globemaster III (S/N 02-1112) to Maj. Gen. James H. Lipscomb III, adjutant general of the Mississippi National Guard. This plane was also the first Globemaster III assigned to the Air National Guard and was named the "Spirit of the Minutemen".


183rd Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


183rd Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 183rd Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.


183rd Battalion (Manitoba Beavers), CEF
The 183rd (Manitoba Beavers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 throughout the Province of Manitoba. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was broken up in November 1916 and its men transferred to the following units: 100th Battalion, CEF, 107th Battalion, CEF, 108th Battalion, CEF, and the 144th Battalion, CEF. The 183rd (Manitoba Beavers) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. T. Edgecombe.


183rd Cavalry Regiment (United States)
The 183rd Cavalry Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the United States Army, Virginia Army National Guard. The 183rd Cavalry was established as the 183rd Infantry Regiment and was reflagged as a cavalry regiment in 2006. The 2nd Squadron, 2-183, is a maneuver element in the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 2nd Battalion, 183rd Cavalry is one of several Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.


183rd Cavalry Regiment (United States), History
The 183d Infantry Regiment was activated in 1920 following the end of World War I. It was a part of the 91st Infantry Brigade in the Virginia National Guard alongside the 116th Infantry Regiment. The 183d was redesignated the 1st Virginia Infantry, but soon reverted to its old name in 1922, and became a part of the 29th Infantry Division. The regiment participated in training maneuvers with the Virginia Guard until the United States became involved in World War II. The 183d was broken up and provided men to various other units. After the war, in 1959, the 1st Battalion, 183d Infantry was reactivated as the 1st Squadron, 183d Armor, and served as the 29th Infantry Division's reconnaissance squadron until later inactivation.


183rd Cavalry Regiment (United States), History
The Infantry/Armor unit was reactivated as the 2d Squadron, 183d Cavalry Regiment on 11 February 2006. It was assigned to the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the 29th Infantry Division. The new squadron was given the mission of providing reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (or RSTA) for the brigade, and acted as the "eyes and ears" of brigade's commander. From September 2007 to May 2008, the squadron conducted security operations in Kuwait and Southern Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In August 2011, the 2-183d Cavalry deployed to Iraq again where it conducted convoy security operations under the name of Task Force 183. With 825 members, this was the largest deployment of Virginia National Guard soldiers since World War II. The unit returned home in December 2011.


183rd Cavalry Regiment (United States), History
The 183d Infantry Regiment also became the 183d Regiment during the reorganization, and facilitates the Virginia Army National Guard's RTI (Regional Training Institute) at Fort Pickett, Virginia. Colonel James A. Zollar became commander of the RTI in June 2016.


183rd Division (People's Republic of China)
The 183rd Division (Chinese: 第183师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 39th Brigade, 13th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to 2nd Independent Brigade of Taihang Military District formed in October 1947.


183rd Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 547th, 548th and 549th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 61st Corps the division took part in the Chinese Civil War, including the Lifen Campaign, Taiyuan Campaign, Fumei Campaign and Chengdu Campaign.


183rd Division (People's Republic of China)
From March 1950, the division was combined with Da County Military Sub-district.


183rd Division (People's Republic of China)
In March 1951, 548th Infantry Regiment was transferred to 182nd Division.


183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States)
The 183rd Field Artillery Battalion (Colorado) was a Field Artillery Battalion of the Army National Guard.


183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), History
Unfortunately there were two units issued this number this is the Colorado unit. The Idaho Unit predates the Colorado unit.


183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Constituted 10 May 1946 as Company C, 199th Engineer Combat Battalion and allotted to the Colorado National Guard


183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Consolidated with 157th Field Artillery Regiment (United States) 1 February 1959


183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
Per fess embattled Gules and Or in chief two wigwams of the second garnished of the first and in base a sea lion brandishing a sword in dexter paw of the last. all within a bordure counterchanged


183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Colorado Army National Guard


183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
The coat of arms is that of the 157th Infantry within a border to indicate descent from that regiment.


183rd Infantry Division (German Empire)
The 183rd Infantry Division (183. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


183rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 183rd Infantry Division was a German infantry division in World War II that participated in the invasion of Yugoslavia.


183rd Mixed Brigade
The 183rd Mixed Brigade - originally created as the 3rd Asturian Brigade - was one of the mixed brigades created by the Spanish Republican Army for the defense of the Second Spanish Republic.


183rd Mixed Brigade, History
The unit was created at the beginning of February 1937 in Grullos, from the CNT nº3 battalion, being assigned to the 1st Asturian Division. The command of the Brigade fell to Víctor Álvarez González, who received military advice from Pedro Martínez Coll.


183rd Mixed Brigade, History
On April 27, the brigade set out with the 213rd, 216th and 230th battalions to the Vizcaya front, now under the command of the Joaquín Burgos Riestra. Upon its arrival in Vizcaya, it was added to the 2nd Basque Division, placing two of its battalions in Amorebieta and another in Miravalles. During the fighting of the Battle of Bilbao, on June 13 the unit was practically destroyed in the vicinity of the so-called "Belt of Death" —the last of the defensive lines that protected Bilbao. Its remains, however, managed to withdraw and later return to Asturias.


183rd Mixed Brigade, History
On August 6, the unit renamed the "183rd Mixed Brigade", within the 57th Division of the 16th Army Corps, giving command of it to José Penido Iglesias. After the start of the Asturias Offensive the 183rd MB was sent to Colombres, with the mission of defending the coastal highway, being added to Division «A» (provisional). On September 5, the Republicans lost control of Llanes, so the brigade was withdrawn from the front, towards Mieres, to join Division "C". Penido Iglesias was dismissed and replaced by Ángel López Bonachela.


183rd Mixed Brigade, History
Towards October 5, the unit was covering the front of the mountain passes, on the heights of "El Pedrusco", "El Castillo", "Altocena" and "Busdrugo", but an advance of the nationalist forces of  Antonio Aranda led them to the Campo del Caso, causing the isolation of the republican forces; all the brigade troops were taken prisoner, and the unit disappeared.


183rd Mixed Brigade, History
The numbering of the old 183rd MB was adopted by a new brigade that was created on April 30, 1938, within the 49th Division of the 20th Army Corps —which, in turn, constituted the general reserve of the Central Region Army Group (GERC). The 183rd Mixed Brigade remained at the Madrid front for the rest of the war, without intervening in any major military operation.


183rd New York State Legislature
The 183rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3, 1979, to December 31, 1980, during the fifth and sixth years of Hugh Carey's governorship, in Albany.


183rd New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1971, and amended in 1974, by the Legislature, 60 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.


183rd New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party, the Right to Life Party, the Liberal Party, the Libertarian Party, the Socialist Workers Party, the Communist Party and the Labor Party also nominated tickets.


183rd New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1978, was held on November 7. Governor Hugh Carey was re-elected, and Secretary of State Mario Cuomo was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats. The elections to the other two statewide elective offices resulted in a Republican Comptroller and a Democratic Attorney General. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,306,000; Republicans 1,913,000; Conservatives 243,000; Right to Life 130,000; Liberals 123,000; Libertarians 19,000; Socialist Workers 13,000; Communists 11,000; and Labor 9,000.


183rd New York State Legislature, Elections
Seven of the ten women members of the previous legislature were elected again: State Senators Olga A. Méndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem, and Linda Winikow (Dem. ), of Spring Valley; and Assemblywomen Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Pinny Cooke (Rep.), of Rochester; Estella B. Diggs (Dem. ), of the Bronx; and Gerdi E. Lipschutz (Dem. ), of Queens, were re-elected; and Assemblywoman Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco, was elected to the State Senate. Carol Berman (Dem. ), of Lawrence, was also elected to the State Senate.


183rd New York State Legislature, Elections
Rhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Joan B. Hague (Rep.), of Glens Falls; May W. Newburger (Dem. ), of Great Neck; Toni Rettaliata (Rep.), of Huntington; and Florence M. Sullivan (Rep.), a lawyer of Brooklyn, were also elected to the Assembly. Thus the 183rd Legislature had 13 women members, surpassing the previous record of 11 in the 181st New York State Legislature (1976).


183rd New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1979, was held on November 6. No statewide elective offices were up for election, and there were no vacancies in the Legislature.


183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 202nd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1979; and recessed indefinitely in the early morning of June 17.


183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
Warren M. Anderson (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature was again in session on and off in October and November 1979, to consider legislation concerning energy matters.


183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 203rd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1980; and recessed indefinitely on June 15.


183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany from November 19 to 23. This session was called by Governor Carey to consider legislation on banking, the State budget, and housing in New York City.


183rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Christopher J. Mega, Mary B. Goodhue, Charles D. Cook and John B. Daly changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


183rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


183rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


183rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 183rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 183rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 183rd Ohio Infantry was organized in Sandusky and Cincinnati, Ohio September through October 1864 and mustered in for one year service on October 12, 1864, at Camp Dennison under the command of Colonel George W. Hoge.


183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, and Department of North Carolina, to July 1865.


183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 183rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 17, 1865, at Salisbury, North Carolina.


183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Ohio for Columbia, Tenn., November 19, arriving there November 28. Battle of Franklin, Tenn., November 30, 1864. Battle of Nashville December 15–16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17–28. Duty at Clifton, Tenn., until January 16, 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 16-February 9. Operations against Hoke February 11–14. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh and Salisbury, N.C., until July.


183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 83 men during service; 2 officers and 22 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 57 enlisted men due to disease.


183rd Paratroopers Division "Ciclone"
183rd Paratroopers Division "Ciclone" (Italian: 183ª Divisione paracadutisti "Ciclone") was a short-lived airborne division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Ciclone began to form in summer 1943 at the Parachute School in Viterbo and by the end of summer four battalions had been trained.


183rd Paratroopers Division "Ciclone"
After the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces was announced on 8 September 1943 the XX Paratroopers Battalion was dispatched to occupy the Cisa and Futa passes in the Apennine Mountains between Bologna and Florence. Reinforced by elements of the XIX Paratroopers Battalion the paratroopers engaged in light skirmishes with Wehrmacht forces for three days before surrendering. After the surrender more than half of the division's troops decided to join the fascist Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana's paratrooper units.


183rd Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo"
The 183rd Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" (Italian: 183° Reggimento Paracadutisti "Nembo") is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Pistoia in Tuscany. The regiment is part of the army's infantry corps' Paracadutisti speciality and operationally assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore".


183rd Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo", Current structure
As of 2019 the 183rd Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" consists of:


183rd Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo", Current structure
The Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with VTLM Lince vehicles. The 12th Paratroopers Maneuver Support Company is equipped with 120mm mortars and Spike MR anti-tank guided missiles.


183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 183rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was nicknamed "The Fourth Union League Regiment".


183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 183rd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, beginning December 24, 1863, and continuing through March 8, 1864, under the command of Colonel George P. McClean.


183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1865. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to July 1865.


183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 183rd Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on July 13, 1865.


183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River, Va., May 4 – June 12, 1864. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7; Corbin's Bridge May 8; Spotsylvania May 8–12; Po River May 10; Spotsylvania Court House May 12–21. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 16–18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22–23, 1864. Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom July 27–29. Deep Bottom July 27–28.


183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom August 13–20. Deep Bottom, August 14–18. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, October 27–28. Reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run December 9–10. Hatcher's Run, February 5–7, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Hatcher's Run or Boydton Road March 30–31. White Oak Road March 31. Sutherland's Station April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Washington, D.C., May 2–12. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.


183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 187 men during service; 4 officers and 92 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 89 enlisted men died of disease.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)
183rd Street is a local station on the elevated IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 183rd Street and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx, it is served by the 4 train at all times. This station was constructed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company as part of the Dual Contracts and opened in 1917.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
183rd Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street. Through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at 167th Street. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Later years
In 1995, as a result of budget crisis, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority considered a package of service reductions, including permanently closing the 183rd Street station, as well as two or three other stations citywide, due to its proximity to other stations.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Later years
Beginning on March 5, 2007, 183rd Street and Kingsbridge Road were closed for renovation as part of a $55 million contract to renovate five stops on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. The other three stops in the contract (Burnside Avenue, Mosholu Parkway, and Bedford Park Boulevard) were already renovated before then. This work was completed in twelve weeks on May 21, about eight weeks ahead of schedule.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout
The station has three tracks and two side platforms. The middle track is generally not used in revenue service. The 4 stops here at all times.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout
There are old style signs painted over and covered up with new style signs, and a crossunder exists within fare control.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout
The 2008 artwork here is called Many Trails by Jose Ortiz. It features laminated glass windows in the mezzanine of the western station house, depicting the cultural history of University Heights.


183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
The station has a wooden mezzanine under the tracks. Outside of fare control, exits go to the northwest, southwest, and southeast corner of the staggered intersection of Jerome Avenue and 183rd Street.


183rd Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)
183rd Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was opened on July 1, 1901, and was one of three stations built when the line was extended to Fordham Plaza. It had three tracks and two side platforms. The station was located near what is today Saint Barnabas Hospital Pediatrics, and was five blocks east of the former New York Central Railroad station of the same name along the Harlem Line. The next stop to the north was Fordham Road–190th Street. The next stop to the south was 180th Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973. This station was very famous for Dondi's "Children of the Grave: Part II"


183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad)
The 183rd Street station was a station on the New York Central Railroad's Harlem Line, serving the neighborhoods of Fordham, Tremont and Belmont in the Bronx, New York City. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad also ran through this station but did not stop here.


183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad), History, Background
The New York and Harlem Railroad expanded their main line across the Harlem River through Tremont into Fordham in 1841. Stations existed both in Tremont and Fordham back then, but not at 183rd Street. The New York and Harlem was bought by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1864, but did not build a station at this location until sometime between 1898 and 1901.


183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad), History, Opening
On July 1, 1901, the Metropolitan Elevated Railway (later acquired by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company) extended the Third Avenue Elevated Line to Fordham Station, bringing a rapid transit connection there. Pelham Avenue station was the northern terminus of the line until it was extended to Bronx Park Terminal ten months later. As a result, the Third Avenue Railway also began to operate from Fordham Plaza converting it into the major transit hub that it is to this day. 183rd Street station was built just in time to deal with the capacity issues at Fordham Station to the north, though the Third Avenue El also had another station on 183rd Avenue nearly several blocks to the east.


183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad), History, Decline
On May 25, 1909, a hearing was heard on the New York Central's application to discontinue the station. In summer 1950, the Central sent a petition to the New York Public Service Commission (PSC), requesting permission to close the station. On April 10, 1951, the PSC denied the Central's request.


183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad), History, Decline
Declining ridership following World War II, coincided with the decline of much of the Bronx. As with other NYC stations in the Bronx, 183rd Street became a Penn Central station once the NYC & Pennsylvania Railroads merged in 1968. Penn Central acquired the New Haven Railroad in 1969, but the New Haven only stopped at nearby Fordham station, as it had been doing since the 1920s. However, because of the railroad's serious financial distress following the merger, commuter service was turned over to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1972. The station was closed by Penn Central in 1972, along with 138th Street and Morrisania stations in the South Bronx.


183rd Tunnelling Company
The 183rd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Background
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history
183rd Tunnelling Company was formed in Rouen, northern France, in October 1915. From its formation until the end of the war the company served under Third Army.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
After its formation, the unit proceeded to Fontaine-lès-Cappy, south of the Somme. Moved to Carnoy-Maricourt to prepare mines and saps for Sir Henry Rawlinson's Fourth Army and its attack on the Somme on 1 July 1916. In the Somme sector of the Western Front, local but very fierce underground fighting had taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915 at La Boisselle, Fricourt, Bois Français and Carnoy. Fowke moved the 174th and 183rd


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
Tunnelling Companies there to relieve the French engineers, but the British did not have enough miners to take over the large number of French shafts and the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks. To provide the tunnellers needed, the British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August 1915, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
As Allied preparations were under way for the Battle of the Somme (1 July – 18 November 1916), the tunnelling companies were to make two major contributions by placing 19 large and small mines beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land, which would be opened at zero hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance. Under the command of Captain Horace Hickling, 183rd Tunnelling Company placed four mines (the Mametz East group) in the front sector allocated to XV Corps near Mametz  and three mines (the Carnoy group) in the front sector allocated to XIII Corps near Carnoy.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
The Mametz East group consisted of four mines: Bulgar Point, a  heavily wired German strong work facing the 1st Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment's attack south-east of Mametz, was mined with 910 kilograms (2,000 lb) of explosives; a sap further west was loaded with a 91-kilogram (200 lb) charge in support of the Gordon Highlanders' attack; and two more 230-kilogram (500 lb) mines were laid beneath Austrian Trench, on the extreme right of the 7th Division's sphere of action, on the boundary with the front sector allocated to XIII Corps.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
In addition to placing the four mines near Mametz, 183rd Tunnelling Company from February 1916 onwards prepared dozens of Russian saps in the front sector allocated to XV Corps, which ran from the British front line to the very edge of the German positions. Small charges could be blown from the end of these tunnels and they could then be used to reinforce the captured positions. Four saps were further equipped with Livens Large Gallery Flame Projectors, ready to cover the German front line with liquid fire.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
In order to protect them from enemy fire, the flame throwers were hauled into the saps just hours before the battle. Two tunnels which housed such weapons  – located at Kiel Trench south-west of Mametz, and between Carnoy and Kasino Point – were damaged by German shellfire before the attack. The two remaining were put to use from saps immediately left of the mine crater field at Carnoy. In view of the work required, 183rd


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
Tunnelling Company took a calculated risk by stopping its defensive mining activities between Carnoy and Fricourt, which had so far guaranteed the underground safety of the British trenches in that area. By 1 July, the British tunnel network excavated in this sector extended 91 metres (300 ft) under no man's land.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
The Carnoy group consisted of three mines. Two were to be fired north of Carnoy on 1 July 1916 at 07.27 hours, a 2,300-kilogram (5,000 lb) charge under a German salient at Kasino Point and a 230-kilogram (500 lb) charge on the extreme left flank, intended to collapse German dug outs and destroy machine-gun nests. The third mine also held a  230-kilogram (500 lb) charge.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
Underground fighting at Carnoy had taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915, and mine warfare directly in front of Carnoy, near the Carnoy–Montauban road, was conducted by both sides from May 1916. As in the Mametz East sector, 183rd Tunnelling Company had to stop its defensive mining activities so the work in the Carnoy sector could be finished in time. All deep mining was halted, except at Kasino Point where an inclined gallery was built.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
As the chalk grew harder, the method of softening involved drilling holes with a carpenter's auger, into which the miners poured vinegar. When it was fired, the mine produced a crater with lips 30 metres (97 ft) in diameter and 9.1 metres (30 ft) deep. The miners reported after the attack on the First day on the Somme that the Kasino Point mine had buried three German dugouts and four sniper's posts, and probably a machine-gun emplacement as well.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
During tunnelling at Kasino Point, the British broke into a German dugout but were able to cover it up before the breach was noticed. Edmonds wrote in 1932 that this incident occurred during the digging of Russian saps rather than the Kasino Point mine. Middlebrook wrote in 1971 that the Kasino Point Salient was between Mametz, Carnoy and Montauban and the mine planted there was one of seven large mines that were due to be detonated on 1 July.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17
As part of the preparations for the Battle of Messines in June 1917, the 183rd Tunnelling Company began work on deep dugouts in the Ypres Salient. The Battle of Messines was a prelude to the much larger Third Battle of Ypres (31 July–10 November 1917). The underground building activities of the Royal Engineer units consisted of a series of deep mines dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies to be fired at the start of the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917), while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built underground shelters in the Second Army area. The mines at Messines were detonated on 7 June 1917, creating 19 large craters.


183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive 1918
In April 1918, the 183rd and several other tunnelling companies (171st, 173rd, 184th, 255th, 258th and 3rd Australian) were forced to move from their camps at Boeschepe, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions during the German spring offensive. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from Reningelst to near Saint-Omer. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st, 173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th, 3rd Canadian and 3rd Australian Tunnelling Companies.


183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)
The 183rd Volksgrenadier Division (German: 183. Volksgrenadier-Division) was a German unit during World War II.


183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), History
In September 1944 the 183 Volksgrenadier Division was formed of what was left of the 183rd Infantry Division, complemented by non-fighting military personnel (from navy and air force) and civilians. The 183rd Infantry Division had come into existence on 15 September 1944, having been formed from the so-called Schatten-Division Döllersheim.


183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), History
At the end of November Grenadier-Regiment 330 was destroyed at Geilenkirchen during a massive allied offensive against the German positions between the rivers Wurm and Ruhr, between Geilenkirchen and Linnich. Aim of the Ninth US Army was the Rur crossing at Linnich, which would open the way to Cologne. The offensive was called Operation Queen and was launched on 16 November. The 330th Infantry Regiment of the 183rd Volksgrenadier Division was holding the front line at Floverich, Loverich and Setterich, where the Americans attacked with the 2nd Armored Division. During the afternoon 330th Regiment was virtually wiped out, more than five hundred "grenadiers" being captured from the regiment’s possible strength of one thousand men. The total killed and wounded could not be estimated but it is believed that not over 250 men remained in the unit.


183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), History
The offensive would eventually last until mid-December, which the Germans called "the third battle of Aachen" (Dritte Schlacht um Aachen) . In this period the German units in the area counterattacked continuously. By 21 November, after five days of serious combat, the number of casualties within 183 Volksgrenadier Division had risen beyond an acceptable level, and the division was unable to continue fighting as an independent unit. Remaining troops of the 183rd were divided among the other German divisions, the 9th Panzer Division and 15th Panzergrenadier Division that were present in the area east of Geilenkirchen.


183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation
The 183rd Division included Grenadier Regiments 330, 343 and 351, each of two battalions, as well as Artillery Regiment 219, consisting of four battalions. The composition of the division was enhanced on 19 October 1944 by the absorption of the XVI Landwehr-Festungs-Battalion and Festungs-MG-Battalion 42. Part of the division was made up of raw and ill-trained Austrians.


183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Commanders
The 183 Volksgrenadier Division was under command of Generalmajor Wolfgang Lange since 15 September 1944. Lange also commanded the 49 Infanterie Division during their actions in the battle of Aachen. He received the Knight's Cross (Ritterkreuz) on 14 May 1944.


183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Commanders
On 25 February 1945 command of the 183 Volksgrenadier Division was taken over by Generalmajor Hinrich Warrelmann.


184
Year 184 (CLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Eggius and Aelianus (or, less frequently, year 937 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 184 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


184 (number)
184 (one hundred [and] eighty-four) is the natural number following 183 and preceding 185.


184 38th Street
184 38th Street, also known as McBride Log House, was a historic log house in the Lawrenceville neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Before its demolition, it was thought to be the oldest log house in any major American city to be used as a residence.


184 38th Street
Dating to the 1820s, it was one of the original buildings in Lawrenceville. Several attempts were made by historical groups to restore the building, but such efforts were cost prohibitive. The building continued to be used as a residence until the early 21st century, when it was purchased by a real estate developer. In 2011, the building was demolished.


184 38th Street, Building history
The building was constructed in the 1820s by Henry McBride, who purchased the property directly from Lawrenceville founder William Foster for $250 in 1822. At that time, Lawrenceville consisted of little more than several buildings centered around the Allegheny Arsenal. On September 17, 1862, Catherine Burkhart, a 15-year-old girl who lived in the home with her mother, was killed in an explosion at the Allegheny Arsenal, where she worked assembling munitions for the Union Army.


184 38th Street, Building history
In May 2007, the building was cited for rotting window frames, deteriorating exterior walls, and crumbling wood under the roof; by December 2007, the building had passed inspection. It was boarded up in 2008 to prevent vandalism and squatters. In April 2011, a real estate agent from the North Hills of Pittsburgh purchased the building for $43,000.


184 38th Street, Specifications
The two story, two family building contained 12 rooms and roughly 3,740 square feet (347 m2) of space. It was constructed using a framing technique. The logs were squared-off, rather than the stereotypical Lincoln Logs-style.


184 38th Street, Specifications
A fire in 2004 exposed the original logs; the extent of the historical significance of the building was not widely known until then. The asphalt siding was then removed from the outside of the building. As of 2011, the clapboards were peeling and showing the original logs underneath.


184 38th Street, Preservation efforts
After the 2004 fire, the Lawrenceville Historical Society began trying to find a way to preserve the building, but the society was unable to raise the necessary funds to purchase the building outright.


184 38th Street, Preservation efforts
In late 2006, the Lawrenceville Historical Society commissioned a study that estimated that the cost to restore the house as a history museum would cost $250,000. Other studies have estimated the cost of restoration at greater than $200,000, not including the purchase price.


184 38th Street, Preservation efforts
The building was placed on the market in November 2008 with an asking price of $79,900. At the time, the property owners, investors in a limited partnership, hoped to find "the right buyer who will treat it with the respect it deserves." In 2008, Lawrenceville United executive director Tony Ceoffe described the dilapidated structure as a "terrible eyesore" and went on to say that neighbors were claiming it attracted vagrants and drug users. The Log House Committee of the Lawrenceville Stakeholders, led by a local architect, made an unsuccessful attempt to purchase and restore the property.


184 38th Street, Preservation efforts
In 2011, Arthur P. Ziegler, Jr., noted preservationist and president of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, expressed hope that the house could be restored, but expressed doubts about the feasibility, due to the cost.


184 38th Street, Preservation efforts
Following the purchase of the building in 2011, the Lawrenceville Stakeholders expressed fear that the new owner would demolish the building. When contacted by a reporter from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the owner indicated that there were no immediate plans for the property. Cochran expressed hope that the new owner would recognize the historic potential of the home and believed that a restored home of this age could be a "gold mine" as a single family residence in Lawrenceville, which was developing into a significant social center of Pittsburgh.