1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Two
The Late Gale at St. Joseph. September 7–16. A strong tropical storm hit Barbados in early September, then traveled to the Florida Panhandle on September 14 and 15th, and continued on to South Carolina.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Three
September 25–27. A hurricane was reported off the Cape Hatteras coast that later traveled to Nova Scotia.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Four
The October Gale of 1841. September 25-October 4. The hurricane was first reported near Barbados and later became an intense hurricane that remained offshore of the Carolinas in early October. It moved northeastward, entraining cold air into its circulation. It became an extratropical storm, and hit New England on October 3. It led to a storm of snow and sleet in Connecticut, bringing drifts of up to 18 feet (5.5 m) of snow in some areas.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Four
The storm wrecked the Georges Bank fishing fleet which drowned 81 fishermen and knocked down trees, tore roofs off houses and forced boats to go up on shore. The storm also destroyed a saltworks factory along Cape Cod, sending the economy to a slump. In 1842, a monument was erected to remember the sailors and fishermen lost at sea to the "October Gale" of 1841.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Five
The Key West Hurricane of 1841. October 18–21. In October, a hurricane hit Cuba, crossing near Havana. After crossing the island, it passed by the Florida Keys on October 18 and 19. The hurricane eroded part of Key West, destroyed the keeper's house at Sand Key Light, and damaged the seawall and later headed towards Bermuda. Wrecked many ships in Lower Keys.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842
The 1842 Atlantic hurricane season featured several maritime catastrophes in the Gulf of Mexico and along the U.S. East Coast, and produced one of the only known tropical cyclones to directly affect the Iberian Peninsula. As the season falls outside the scope of the Atlantic hurricane database, records of most storms in 1842 are scarce, and only approximate tracks are known.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane One
The First North Carolina Hurricane of 1842. July 10–14. A major hurricane hit near Portsmouth, North Carolina near Ocracoke on July 12. Two ships were capsized, killing their entire crews. It continued across Virginia, dissipating over Maryland. A second hurricane hit the same area in North Carolina just six weeks later.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Tropical Storm Two
July 31-August 2. A tropical storm Northeastern Florida near Cedar Keys on August 2 and continued on to Jacksonville.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane Three
The Second North Carolina Hurricane of 1842. August 24. A second North Carolina hurricane hit Ocracoke, North Carolina on August 24, drowning livestock and washing away homes. In addition, it sank three ships, causing at least 8 deaths.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane Four
Antje's / Florida Keys Hurricane. August 24-September 8. A westward moving hurricane originating near the Leeward Islands, nicknamed Antje's hurricane after a schooner of the same name that was dismasted by the storm. The cyclone moved across the Florida Keys on September 4. Damaged Sand Key lighthouse. It continued westward across the Gulf of Mexico, landing between Matamoros and Tampico, Mexico. Its unusual westward movement, also seen by a hurricane in 1932 and Hurricane Anita in 1977, was due to a strong high pressure system to its north.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane Five
The Galveston Hurricane of 1842. September 9–30. A strong tropical storm started near Tobago and traveled into the Gulf of Mexico and hit Galveston, Texas on September 17. It caused $10,000 in damage, and killed 40 cattle.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Tropical Storm Six
September 22. The Florida Panhandle experienced the effects of a tropical storm, marked by gale-force winds at Pensacola on September 22 and 23. No appreciable damage was reported. Ludlum considered that this may have been a continuation of the Galveston storm, but judged it to be a separate system.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane Seven
The Gulf to Bermuda Hurricane of 1842. September 30-October 9. A hurricane passed by Galveston on October 5, causing flooding and the sinking of one ship. It continued eastward, becoming a major hurricane before hitting near St. Marks, Florida. It caused $500,000 in damage before moving out to sea near Bermuda on the 10th.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Tropical Storm Eight
October 24-October 27. A cyclone, first detected southwest of Madeira on October 24, passed the island on October 26, moving northeast towards the Iberian Peninsula. It struck southern Spain on October 29, and moved inland as far as Madrid. It peaked at 965 mbar (28.5 inHg) as a Category 2 hurricane near Madeira on October 26. The storm can be considered a historical precedent for Hurricane Vince of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Tropical Storm Nine
October 24-November 1. This cyclone was first detected east of Miami on October 26. It paralleled the coastlines of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina before dissipating on the 30th south of North Carolina.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1843, Tropical Storm One
July 11–14. Tropical storm hit near Jamaica then traveled near the Florida Keys.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1843, Hurricane Two
August 15–20. September 30-October 9. Hurricane originated north of the Leeward Islands and traveled northward out to sea near Nova Scotia.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1843, Hurricane Three
The Port Leon Florida Hurricane of 1843. September 13–15. September 30-October 9. A major hurricane moved northward through the Gulf of Mexico. It hit Port Leon, Florida, on September 13, destroying the town from the flooding and storm surge. Fourteen people were killed. The town residents moved the town three miles (5 km) northward to New Port, now called Newport, Florida.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Tropical Storm One
June 11-June 15. A tropical storm hit near Lake Charles, Louisiana, on June 11. It moved slowly northward to the west of the town, dissipating on the 15th.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Hurricane Two
The Matamoros Hurricane of 1844 August 4–5. A major hurricane moving through the Gulf of Mexico hit the Rio Grande valley on August 4. It slowly moved through the area, causing 70 deaths. It did not leave a house standing at the mouth of the river or the Brazos Santiago on the north end of the barrier island. The Mexican customs house was removed after this storm to the mainland.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Hurricane Three
September 8–16. On September 8th, a hurricane moved into Florida south of St. Augustine. It moved across the state, emerging into the Gulf of Mexico before turning northeastward and hitting Florida again on the 9th.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Tropical Storm Four
September 25-October 2. Storm originated near the southern Leeward Islands and headed past Jamaica to Key West.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Hurricane Five
The Cuban Hurricane of 1844 September 30-October 7. A hurricane originating near Barbados hit Cuba on October 4, causing 101 deaths. It moved northeastward, bringing rain and strong winds to the United States coastline but remaining offshore. The schooner revenue cutter Vigilant, USRC Vigilant, was lost off Key West during this hurricane on the 4th and 5th. Many of the structures built by the Navy on Indian Key and all wharves were washed away.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1845, Hurricane One
October 27–29. Hurricane reported near Bermuda out in the Atlantic Ocean.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane One
The Hatteras Inlets Hurricane of 1846. September 5–11. A slow-moving hurricane remained offshore of Cape Hatteras on September 6. It pushed water into the Pamlico Sound. When the hurricane moved far enough north, the northerly winds pushed the water back out, creating two major inlets on the Outer Banks, the Hatteras Inlet and the Oregon Inlet. The latter bearing the name of the first large ship that passed through it.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane Two
September 10–24. Hurricane originated near the Leeward Islands. On September 19, a gale, possibly a tropical cyclone, destroyed 11 schooners from Marblehead, Massachusetts, and took 65 lives. After this event, Gloucester, Massachusetts took over as the center of New England fishing.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane Four
In October, a major hurricane, likely of Category 5 intensity, moved through the Caribbean Sea. This Great Havana Hurricane struck western Cuba on October 10. Atmospheric pressure readings in Cuba reached as low as 916 mbar. Although no reliable wind measurements were available at the time, a separate study also estimated that it produced Category 5-strength winds. In Cuba, the storm caused hundreds of deaths, capsized dozens of ships, obliterated buildings, uprooted trees, and ruined crops. Many towns were wholly destroyed or flattened and never recovered, while others disappeared entirely.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane Four
It hit the Florida Keys on October 11, destroying the old Key West Lighthouse, the Sand Key Light, and Fort Zachary Taylor. In Key West, widespread destruction was noted, with 40 deaths, many vessels rendered unfit, and widespread structural damage, with all but eight of the 600 houses in Key West damaged or destroyed. Water rose to about 8 feet in lower streets. Few supplies arrived in the following days and relief efforts were gradual, with few resources within the town's vicinity.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane Four
The hurricane was so destructive that years afterward, greenery on the key was sparse, and little native vegetation existed. Signs of ecological damage remained even in the early 1880s. The hurricane then headed northward, and on October 13 and hit Tampa Bay as a major hurricane. As it approached, it sucked the water out of the bay, causing the Manatee River to be so low that people walked horses across it. The hurricane moved across Florida, and remained inland over Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina. It moved up the Chesapeake Bay, causing extensive damage through Virginia, Maryland, Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania. Some disputed reports say that at least 600 were killed; however, the official death report from Cuba says 163 deaths and damage throughout the areas it affected.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1847, Hurricane One
October 10–13. A hurricane hit Tobago on October 11, resulting in 27 casualties.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1847, Tropical Storm Two
A severe tropical cyclone visited Galveston, Texas. This may represent a continuation of the previous storm.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Tropical Storm One
On August 18, a tropical storm hit south central Louisiana, causing damage to cotton crops.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Two
August 18-September 2. A hurricane tracked northeast of the Caribbean Sea through the Bahamas and recurved through the North Atlantic shipping lanes towards Europe between August 19 and September 2. This storm was one of the earliest tropical cyclones to have a track created.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Three
September 23–28. It first made landfall in Tampa Bay, near Fort Brooke and Tampa nearly destroying the city. It reshaped parts of the coast and destroyed much of what few human works and habitation were then in the Tampa Bay Area. Although available records of its wind speed are unavailable, its barometric pressure and storm surge were consistent with at least a Category 4 hurricane.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Three
It was the most severe hurricane to affect Tampa Bay in the U.S. state of Florida and is one of only two major hurricanes to make landfall in the area, the other having occurred in 1921. Tides rose 15 feet (4.6 m) and the barometric pressure dipped to 28.18 inHg (954 millibars). It crossed to the east coast where it damaged houses, caused flooding and interfered with shipping. It then hit near present-day Sarasota, Florida on September 25, creating a new waterway now called New Pass, named by William Whitaker as the first person to see this new waterway.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Four
September 17–24. Hurricane passed north of Leeward Islands to out in the Atlantic Ocean.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Tropical Storm Five
September 28–29. Tropical storm formed near west of Cape Verde.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Six
The Second Tampa Bay Hurricane of 1848. October 5–15. An eastward moving major hurricane passing Cuba hit Tampa Bay again for the second time in less than a month on October 11 before heading northward into the Florida Panhandle.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Seven
On October 17, a minimal hurricane hit the southeast coast of Texas, causing flooding and high tides.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1849, Tropical Storm One
August. A tropical cyclone may have moved into the Arklatex, as there was excessive flooding in northern sections of Louisiana that August.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1849, Hurricane Two
Gale at Brazos Santiago of 1849. September 4–15. One of the severest hurricanes and longest duration up to that time moved into the Rio Grande area on September 13 and 14. There were sixteen vessels in harbor at Brezos when the hurricane hit. Many broke anchor and were dragged out to sea, others capsized and sunk.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1849, Hurricane Three
The New England Hurricane of 1849. September 10–22. A hurricane was first detected off the coast of North Carolina in early October. It moved northeastward, passing close but remaining offshore of Long Island. On October 6, it made landfall in Massachusetts, causing 143 deaths.


1840s Carrollton Inn
The 1840s Carrollton Inn and Plaza, located in Baltimore, Maryland consists of two historic buildings and their complementary 1980 additions built to resemble the previous federal style buildings. The oldest of the rowhouse buildings dates back to the late 18th century, and anchors the east side of the block containing the Carroll Mansion (not part of the inn), the winter home of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence.


1840s Carrollton Inn
These buildings and others were assembled by the City of Baltimore in the 1980s and became the Baltimore City Life Museums until its closure in 1997 due to financial issues. The 1840s Carrollton Inn opened in July, 2007 with 13 boutique rooms. Each room has whirlpool baths, fireplaces, antiques and decorator furnishings.


1840s Carrollton Inn
The main entrance to the building is through the historic doorway at 50 Albemarle. The home was bought by John Dalrymple from the heirs of George Davy, in 1796 for $3,300. Dalrymple was probably a principal in the construction of the remainder of the buildings on Lombard and Albemarle. Along with James Mosher, he was co-architect and builder of the First Presbyterian Church (1791) at Fayette and Guilford. The three story brick house retains its Flemish bond brick work and splayed brick lintels. One mantel is original to the house.


1840s Carrollton Inn
A noteworthy feature is the huge fireplace in the basement which was used for cooking. This building was sold to John Hutchinson, a wheelwright in the 1840s. Grocers and other businesses used the house until the last private owner, renting to a variety store, closed shop in 1983. After renovation by the Baltimore City Life Museums, the Hutchinson family's life was portrayed as living history during public programs, and through museum tours of what was known as "1840 House." The adjoining 1860 smaller house to the west features six over six wood windows and shuttered first floor windows set in segmented arches and was also used for living history on the first floor.


1840s Carrollton Inn
Though the remaining buildings were demolished by the City Life Museums for public safety, the architects chose to construct buildings close to the originals in exterior appearance. The new addition adjacent to the Carroll Mansion closely resembled an early 1900 photograph and housed the Center for Urban Archaeology. The three buildings on Albemarle damaged by fire and demolished were rebuilt and housed the “Courtyard Gallery” and the museum offices.


1840s Carrollton Inn
In 1996 the Fava building, on the north side of the courtyard, was opened as the Morton K. Blaustein City Life Exhibition Center. Four floors of exhibits and galleries illustrated Baltimore's distinct history and culture over three centuries. Its signature feature was the reuse of the cast iron façade of the 1869 G. Fava Fruit Company. Over 100 cast iron buildings existed in Baltimore before the Fire of 1904. Today, less than 12 remain. The Fava façade, Baltimore's largest, stood until 1976 when it was condemned to make way for the Convention Center. Its reuse in the Blaustein City Life Exhibition Center won numerous awards.


1840s Carrollton Inn
The buildings were retained as city property until 2003 when the space was bought by the Pomykala family, who combined the row homes into the 1840s Carrollton Inn and created the 1840s Plaza. The Pomykala Family turned the Fava Building's top floor into an event space with panoramic views of Baltimore and called it The Ballroom. They rented the three first floors to a local restaurateur, who opened Gardel's Restaurant and Supper Club. Gardel's was noted for Latin dancing and night life in the after hours. Its closure allowed the Pomykala family to remodel their three other levels within the Fava Building into distinct event spaces. Thus, the 1840s Plaza was born! Since that time, the 1840s Plaza has been the scene of numerous weddings, parties and conferences.


1840s Carrollton Inn
The gated courtyard gardens on the lower level create a promenade between the Fava Building and the Carroll Mansion. Designed to give a hint of the past, they include boxwood, flowers of the Carroll period, and a herb garden. Underneath the brick, where Charles Carroll of Carrollton's stable was sited, is a hypocaust. This, perhaps, was used to keep the water warm for the horses in the cold winters. The upper courtyard with its tall flowering trees and boxwood is enclosed by the 1840s Carrollton Inn.


1840s Carrollton Inn
In 2001, all of these buildings were added to the Baltimore City Landmark list as an expansion of the Carroll Mansion Landmark designation.


1840s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1840–1849 to Wales and its people.


1840s in Western fashion
1840s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow, natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s and 1830s. The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Shoulders were narrow and sloping, waists became low and pointed, and sleeve detail migrated from the elbow to the wrists. Where pleated fabric panels had wrapped the bust and shoulders in the previous decade, they now formed a triangle from the shoulder to the waist of day dresses.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Skirts evolved from a conical shape to a bell shape, aided by a new method of attaching the skirts to the bodice using organ or cartridge pleats which cause the skirt to spring out from the waist. Full skirts were achieved mainly through layers of petticoats. The increasing weight and inconvenience of the layers of starched petticoats would lead to the development of the crinoline of the second half of the 1850s.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Sleeves were narrower and fullness dropped from just below the shoulder at the beginning of the decade to the lower arm, leading toward the flared pagoda sleeves of the 1850s and 1860s.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Evening gowns were worn off the shoulder and featured wide flounces that reached to the elbow, often of lace. They were worn with sheer shawls and opera-length gloves. Other greatly worn hand accessories were a new kind of gloves, and there length was usually up to your forearm. These gloves had a lace trim in sophisticated flower designs.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Another accessory was a small bag. At home, bags were often white satin and embroidered or painted. Outdoor bags were often green or white and tasseled. There were also crocheted linen bags.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Shoes were made from the same materials as handbags. There were slippers of crocheted linen and bright colored brocade satin slippers that tied around the ankle with silk ribbon.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
The wide hairstyles of the previous decade gave way to fashions which kept the hair closer to the head, and the high bun or knot on the crown descended to the back of the head. Hair was still generally parted in the center. Isolated long curls dangling down towards the front (sometimes called "spaniel curls") were worn, often without much relationship to the way that the rest of the hair was styled. Alternately the side hair could be smoothed back over the ears or looped and braided, with the ends tucked into the bun at the back.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
Linen caps with frills, lace, and ribbons were worn by married women indoors, especially for daywear. These could also be worn in the garden with a parasol.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
Bonnets for street wear were smaller than in the previous decade, and were less heavily decorated. The decorations that did adorn bonnets included flowers on the inside brim or a veil that could be draped over the face. Married women wore their caps under their bonnets. The crown and brim of the bonnet created a horizontal line and when tied under the chin, the brim created a nice frame around the face. This style was also often called the "coal-scuttle" bonnet because of its resemblance to the metals scoops used to shovel coal into furnaces.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
For evening, feathers, pearls, lace, or ribbons were worn in the hair. There was also a small brimless bonnet worn with the ribbon untied at the nape of the neck.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear
With the narrow, sloping shoulder line of the 1840s, the shawl returned to fashion, where it would remain through the 1860s. It was now generally square and worn folded on the diagonal.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear
Riding habits consisted of a high-necked, tight-waisted jacket with  long snug sleeves, worn over a tall-collared shirt or chemisette, with a long matching petticoat or skirt. Contrasting waistcoats or vests cut like those worn by men were briefly popular. Tall hats or broad-brimmed hats like those worn by men were worn.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear
With the new narrower sleeves, coats and jackets returned to fashion. These were generally knee-length with a cape-like collar. Ankle-length cloaks with cape-collars to cover slits for the arms were worn in cold or wet weather. Ermine muffs with attached handkerchiefs were worn to keep hands warm and be fashionable.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear
The pelerine was a popular name for wide, capelike collars that extended over the shoulders and covered the upper chest. Sometimes they had layers of tiered fabric, long front panels hanging down from center front, or were also belted at the natural waistline.


1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear
The mantlet was a general name for any small cape worn as outerwear.


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview
In this period, men's fashion plates show the lowered waistline taking on a decided point at the front waist, which was accompanied by a full rounded chest. Prince Albert (husband of Queen Victoria) had a high influence on male fashion, primarily because of his young age at the time of his wife's coronation, and his great attention to his appearance. Therefore, the clothing, particularly of upper class gentleman, continued to follow the trend of earlier decades with full shoulders and chest, and a tightly-cinched waist.


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and cravats
Shirts of linen or cotton featured lower standing collars, occasionally turned down, and were worn with wide cravats or neck ties tied in several different ways:


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and cravats
At this time, the dickey was introduced, a false shirt-front usually made of satin. It was worn as an "intentionally messy" look.


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and waistcoats
Frock coats (in French redingotes) were worn for informal day wear, were calf length, and might be double-breasted. Shoulders were narrower and slightly sloped. Waistcoats or vests were single- or double-breasted, with shawl or notched collars, and might be finished in double points at the lowered waist.


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and waistcoats
A cutaway morning coat was worn with light trousers for any formal daytime occasion; evening dress called for a dark tail coat and trousers.


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and waistcoats
A frock coat was a tight fitting coat with the front cut up to the waistline, this was for casual wear. A vest replaces the waistcoat at this time, they were still very decorative with no collar. A pardessus for men was a large, black formal cape with a yoke across the shoulder line. A chesterfield coat was a calf-length, fur-lined coat, with a fur collar, cuffs and lapels. There was also no waistline seam.


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Trousers
Full -length trousers had fly fronts. Breeches remained a requirement for formal functions at the British court (as they would be throughout the century). Breeches continued to be worn for horseback riding and other country pursuits, especially in Britain, with tall fitted boots.


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and hairstyles
The crowns of tall hats were straighter than in the previous period, and grew taller on the way to the stovepipe shape of the 1850s. They were essential for formal occasions and in cities.


1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and hairstyles
Wide-brimmed hats were worn outdoors in sunny climates. Curled hair and sideburns remained fashionable, along with mustaches.


1840s in Western fashion, Children's Fashion
In this period, children's wear followed trends found in adult fashion. Wool and cashmere were popular textiles for baby cloaks while cotton was still widely accepted for toddler dresses, drawers and play wear. A popular silhouette for toddlers was a cotton bodice, pleated skirt and long sleeves. Small boys (ages 3 through 6) commonly wore a Tunic suit. The jackets were fitted to the waist and then flared out to a full skirt ending at knee length. This was worn over trousers, or for very small boys with drawers. A round-collared shirt was usually worn underneath the jacket.


1840s in Western fashion, Children's Fashion
Elementary to older age boys wore an Eton suit, which was a short, waist-level jacket, trousers, round-collared shirts, vest and sometimes neckties. In 1840 flat caps were popularly worn for boys. Small girls wore cotton drawers, cotton chemise, petticoats and stockings. As girls got older in age they followed the trend of their mothers and began to wear stays or tight corsets. "Barley" or "sugar" curls became a popular hairstyle for both girls and boys: they were long, droopy curls that framed the face.


1840s in Western fashion, Children's Fashion
Prince Albert Edward, The future King Edward VII in a sailor suit, 1846


1840s in Zimbabwe
Dr. David Livingstone, exploring the interior of Africa, arrived at Lake Ngami in present-day Botswana on 3 August 1849.


1840s in association football
The following are events in the 1840s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.


1840s in sociology
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1840s.


1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria
The 1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria was an early scientific mapping of Palestine (including a detailed mapping of Jerusalem), Lebanon and Syria.


1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria
It represented the second modern, triangulation-based, attempt at surveying Palestine.


1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria
It has occasionally been mislabeled as an Ordnance Survey map; in fact none of the officers worked for the Ordnance Survey, which was a separate organization. The Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, carried out almost 25 years later, was a separate and materially more detailed endeavor.


1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, Jerusalem map
The Jerusalem map was printed privately for the Board of Ordnance in August 1841. It was published in a reduced form in Alderson's ‘’Professional Papers of the Royal Engineers’’ in 1845, and subsequently as a supplement to the 1849 second edition of George Williams’ The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem together with a 130-page memoir on the plan. The memoir contained a three-page appendix defending the plan from criticism received from Edward Robinson.


1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, Regional maps
The regional maps were never published in their entirety. A private printing for the British Foreign Office was produced in 1846. The only published map, Map 2, was published in Charles Henry Churchill's book on Mount Lebanon. Map 3 was used in the creation of Van de Velde's map.


1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, Regional maps
Charles Wilson later explained that the data "was in too fragmentary a state for publication".


1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, Criticism
The survey contained a number of flaws. The theodolite was often operated by Symonds alone, miscalculations were made around heights (e.g. on the Sea of Galilee), and the outlines of the Haram es-Sharif in Jerusalem were known to have been miscalculated. As such, scholars such as Edward Robinson and August Petermann chose not to trust the work.


1841
1841 (MDCCCXLI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1841st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 841st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 41st  year of the 19th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1841, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake
The 1841 Caída da Praia earthquake (1841 Fall of Praia), also known as the Second Caída da Praia, was a series of seismic events occurring between 12 June and 15 June 1841, on the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. Similar in scope to the first 1614 Cáida da Praia earthquake that destroyed most of the community, this second event is noted for the systematic process to assistance, document and catalogue the events of the tragedy.


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, History
The earthquake began on the morning of 12 June 1841, and was centred in the Ramo Grande area of the island of Terceira. The numerous earthquakes persisted throughout the day, and lead to intense rumbling on 13 June, resulting in the destruction of buildings and forcing people from their homes in Praia and nearby parishes. The 1641 catastrophe was already vivid in the minds of most, perpetuated by the Romantic prose of Francisco de Segura, and the townsfolk were already helped by innovative decrees issued by King Philip II after the events of the earlier tragedy.


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, History
Still, on the morning of 14 of June, new earthquakes resulted in further destruction.


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, History
Around 3:25 on the morning of 15 June, a violent earthquake caused the destruction of Praia and in Fontinhas, with general damage in eastern and northeast of Terceira, around Vila de São Sebastião and Agualva. From the beach until Cruz do Marco, a fissure opened-up, marking the fault that existed. The most damage occurred in Fontinhas, a parish where most of the buildings were affected.


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, Relief efforts
Since most of the townsfolk had abandoned their homes, there were no deaths, but hundreds of buildings were damaged in Santa Cruz, Fontinhas, Lajes, São Brás, Vila Nova, Agualva, Cabo da Praia, Porto Martins, Fonte do Bastardo and São Sebastião. Félix José da Costa Júnior, then secretary to the civil governor and the man responsible for providing assist to the victims of the disaster, eventually wrote Memória Histórica do Horrível Terramoto de 1841, wherein he described the circumstances and affects on the parishes of the Ramo Grande region from the earthquake:


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, Relief efforts
By 1836, the archipelago of the Azores was divided into three districts, due to this politico-administrative reorganization resulting from the Liberal Reforms there were new bodies that emerged to assist in causes of emergency, and specifically, natural disasters common in the Azores.


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, Aftermath
When the town of Praia and surrounding parishes were ruined by the earthquake, management of the disaster and reconstruction was already secured by the Administrator-General of the district of Angra do Heroísmo, José Silvestre Ribeiro, and by administrative officials of the Civil Governor. In order to handle the calamity, José Silvestre Ribeiro created a network of commissions at the parish-level, so-called Comissões de Soccorros, presided by their respective parish priest, with rigorous instructions from a central Comissão dos Soccorros. The parameters for the reconstruction were defined by change and innovation:


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, Aftermath
The Commission then ordered that the construction of houses of straw should desist, a characteristic that was common at the time and that produced a poor, melancholy skyline. From this point forward, the characteristic tiled rooftop became the norm in the region. At the same time, the Commission issued instructions on the form and style to be applied in the reconstruction of the buildings; there were provisions stating that buildings should be symmetrical, uniform and proportional along each road, repairing errors in construction that had perpetuated in the village, including squares, roads and homes.


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, Aftermath
In order to guarantee financial resources, José Silvestre Ribeiro requested funds from the municipal councils of his district (on the islands of Terceira, Graciosa and São Jorge) in addition to soliciting assistance from the districts of Ponta Delgada and Horta. The philanthropic movement extended to the Portuguese capital and many of the districts in the Kingdom, where small commissions were created to collect funds to assist the village. For this mobilization, Praia da Vitória itself contributed to its own cause: national elites considered the town a national monument and sacred land for the Liberal cause. Cultural societies and recreational groups extended the network, linking the Terceirense town to various groups in Europe and Brazil, who also sent contributions.


1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake, Aftermath
A 20 February 1844 report published the public projects completed on public buildings and houses, classifying them as to the economic condition of their residents (poor and less disadvantaged) and the type of intervention (new building or repairs). Thirty-three homes constructed of straw were constructed in tile. Between 1841 and 1845, there a social change, resulting in rebuilding, change and innovation after the earthquake, organized by the district powers, that articulated the pleas for help to the archipelago, national government, European powers and Brazil. This process transformed the skyline of the municipality of Praia da Vitória.


1841 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1841 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 2, 1841, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Term started on November 22, 1841. Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick won his first term as Governor with 56.9% of the vote.


1841 Belgian general election
Partial legislative elections were held in Belgium on Tuesday 8 June 1841 in which 48 of the 95 seats in the Chamber of Representatives were elected. Voter turnout was 77.0%, although only 24,887 people were eligible to vote. Under the alternating system, elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders.


1841 Belgian general election
The number of seats in the Chamber decreased from 98 to 95 following the 1839 independence of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; its three districts (Luxembourg, Grevenmacher and Diekirch) had one representative each.


1841 Belgian general election
The Lebeau Government, the first homogeneously Liberal government, resigned shortly before the elections. The unionist Nothomb Government took over on 13 April 1841.


1841 Chicago mayoral election
The 1841 Chicago mayoral election saw Democratic nominee Francis Cornwall Sherman defeat Whig nominee Isaac R. Gavin by a 4.7 point margin.


1841 Chicago mayoral election
Sherman was a former alderman and the proprietor of the Sherman House Hotel


1841 Chicago mayoral election
Prior elections had been conducted in a manner requiring voters to state their party preference upon entering their polling place. This election was conducted in a manner which provided voters more privacy/anonymity than the previous four mayoral elections had.


1841 Chilean presidential election
The Chilean presidential election of 1841 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the election as President of General Manuel Bulnes.


1841 Chilean presidential election
There was no organized opposition to the conservative Bulnes, although liberals rallied around Francisco Antonio Pinto, who was proclaimed candidate without his consent. Pinto went on to become an adviser to President Bulnes.


1841 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1841 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1841. Incumbent governor and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth was re-elected, defeating businessman and Democratic nominee Francis H. Nicoll with 55.79% of the vote.


1841 Connecticut gubernatorial election
This was the largest percentage of the vote achieved by the Whig Party in a Connecticut election for governor.


1841 Connecticut gubernatorial election
Nicoll had made his fortune in New York City, and moved back to his home town of Stafford some time before 1841. He died on September 27, 1842, at the age of 57.


1841 East Surrey by-election
The East Surrey by-election of 1841 was polled on 12 February 1841. It was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Richard Alsager.


1841 East Surrey by-election, Nominations
The 9 February public hearing of nominations or hustings, chaired by the under-Sheriff, Mr Abbot, duly took place the day after paper submissions closed, at the Fairfield, Croydon. The ground was "pretty well occupied" by over 2000 supporters by 11am, the start time. Hustings were erected and wagons of respective supporters drew up on the straw-laid ground; with pale blue and white widespread for Alcock and orange and purple displayed for Antrobus, beyond their carriages and among their musicians.


1841 East Surrey by-election, Nominations
The Morning Chronicle's reporter wrote he believed Lord Leveson intended to nominate Alcock but he arrived after the meeting, and covered the third spoken speech in support of Alcock, by a Mr Coates. It concluded a show of hands took place, taken to have fallen to Mr Alcock but a poll was, as was habitual, demanded for a week's time. Antrobus ultimately won, by 2,652 to 1,438 votes.


1841 East Surrey by-election, Nominations
The Morning Post ran a report titled "East Surrey Election [new line] Triumph of Conservatism" acerbic of the "present ministers", describing the stated party of Alcock as Liberal 'misnamed' and him as a "Whig-Radical". It adds 200 of most Conservative-leaning electors met together at The Horns, chaired by W. Nottidge who toasted the new member's health. There were in that inn cheers to many comments of Antrobus including "by the majority by which the election of East Surrey had been won, the Government had been taught a lesson they would not easily forget".


1841 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1841 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 4.


1841 Georgia gubernatorial election
The Incumbent Governor Charles McDonald won re-election defeating Whig candidate William C. Dawson.


1841 Goshen Courthouse
The 1841 Goshen Courthouse is located along Main Street (NY 207) in the center of Goshen, New York, the seat of Orange County, New York, United States. It was designed by popular local architect Thornton M. Niven in a Greek Revival style, meant to be a twin of the one he had already built in Newburgh, which at that time shared seat duties with the larger city. Construction of the building was approved by the county legislature in April 1841 and began shortly thereafter.


1841 Goshen Courthouse
During construction of the building, the remains of American Revolutionary War Loyalist guerilla leader Claudius Smith were rumored to have been found on the site and his skull embedded in the masonry above the front door. A plaque commemorating his hanging in Goshen and the associated tradition was dedicated at the site in 2016.


1841 Goshen Courthouse
It was used as a courthouse until 1970, when the recently constructed Orange County Government Center made more space available. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is also a contributing property to the Church Park Historic District.


1841 Goshen Courthouse
As of 2007, an annex to the courthouse houses offices of the Orange County Department of Consumer Affairs and other offices. In 2011, after the Orange County Government Center was damaged by Hurricane Irene, three Supreme Court judges relocated their cases to the courthouse. In 2015, county officials announced a $2.9 million plan to improve insulation and handicap accessibility over the course of approximately a year.


1841 Grand National
The 1841 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the third official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1841 and attracted a then smallest ever field of 11 runners.


1841 Grand National
Although recorded by the press at the time as the sixth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs.


1841 Grand National
The race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to carry 12 stone with the exception of the winner of the 1840 Cheltenham Steeplechase who had to carry 13 stone 4 lbs.


1841 Grand National, The Course
The runners would set off from a grass field near Seeds lane and jump a small first fence before turning slightly right to jump a further four fences down a line of wheat fields to the first brook, described only as being familiar to Captain Beecher. The runners then proceeded left over a fallow field to take the seventh jump into a grass field to turn sharp left at the eighth obstacle, later to be known as the Canal Turn.


1841 Grand National, The Course
Three further flights followed along the Canalside that took the runners over a large grass enclosure before jumping into and then out of the Melling Lane to re-enter the racecourse at its far extreme, known as the training ground. Once back in front of the stands, the runners took a hurdle at the site of the distance judge before leaping an artificial brook, which had replaced the wall, being the fifteenth obstacle. The competitors would then cover the same course again, with the exception of the artificial brook, which was bypassed on the run-in.


1841 Grand National, The race
The course was as it had been the previous year with the exception that the wall, situated in front of the stands, was replaced with an artificial water jump.


1841 Grand National, The race
Reports of the conditions and betting on the race varied widely and depended greatly on which newspaper the reader chose to get their report from after the event with Charity and Seventy-Four both listed as pre race favourite in some publications, which also varied the state of the going with everything from good to heavy. Officially Lottery is recorded as favourite on officially good going.


1841 Grand National, The race
The race was started two hours late at 3 pm with Selim setting off at a pace considered good for a flat race. He earned a ten-length advantage by Becher's Brook and was still travelling well when he was considered unlucky to land on boggy ground when jumping out of the last fallow field into the grass at the Canalside, the eleventh jump on the course, causing him to fall and lose his lead.


1841 Grand National, The race
Cigar was now left in front as the other runners, seeing the fate of Selim chose a different racing line to avoid the boggy ground. Legacy took up the running as they jumped in and out of the lane, at which point Goblin fell.


1841 Grand National, The race
Legacy continued to lead a well-bunched field over the hurdle in front of the stands where the pace then rapidly quickened as the field raced for the artificial brook, spurred on by the cheering of the crowd. Cigar, Lottery, Oliver Twist and Charity jumped in close order with the remainder close behind.


1841 Grand National, The race
On turning back out into the country for the second time Legacy took up the running again. Cigar, Peter Simple and Oliver Twist adopted a different route down to Becher's Brook to the rest of the runners and bypassed the first jump, which was allowed, as long as the competitors raced outside the course marking flags. However, no real advantage, other than missing one fence, appears to have been made and the two groups were quickly reunited to jump the remaining fences to Becher's. By this stage Selim had made up the ground lost when falling and went back into the lead at the fence before the Brook.


1841 Grand National, The race
At the fence before the Canal Turn Oliver Twist fell and may have hampered Cigar who was the only runner continuing who was detached from the main body, but he was able to get back the lost lengths to move into second behind Charity when Selim began to fade along the Canalside. Cigar, Charity and Lottery jumped the fence out of the lane together before Charity kicked on to  three-length lead on entering the racecourse. Most of the field had every chance at this stage but the injection of pace now told on most of the competitors, and with a quarter-mile to run Charity had only the two greys in the race Peter Simple and Cigar challenging him.


1841 Grand National, The race
Peter Simple was beaten by the time the two leaders reached the final flight where Charity swerved sharply, causing Powell to have to hit him to try and get him back on a racing line. Cigar was badly hampered by this and almost fell, losing a couple of lengths in the process. From this point Charity maintained his advantage to win, with Peter Simple a further neck down in third place. Revealer, Hawk, the remounted Goblin and Legacy finished together, all claiming fourth place. The remainder were pulled up in the closing stages and were swallowed up by the crowd encroaching onto the course to hail the winner.


1841 Grand National, Finishing order
Note: No official returns were given for any runner outside the first three. Four competitors claimed to have finished fourth in a tight finish, in which the decision was given to Revealer. No attempt was made to place the other three officially. The remaining runners, with the exception of Lottery, completed the course but had been stopped to a walk long before the finish and were swallowed up by the spectators, who entered the racecourse after the race. At the time, horses swallowed up by the crowd in such a manner were listed as distanced.


1841 Grand National, The placed horses
Winner: Charity ran in the Crimson jacket and cerise cap of Lord Craven and was prepared for the race at the stables of William Vevers in Cheltenham. His rider, A Powell had failed to finish in a place in either of his two previous Nationals. Her time of thirteen minutes and twenty-five seconds was fifty-five seconds outside the race record.


1841 Grand National, The placed horses
Second: Cigar ran in the colours of one Mr Anderson. Jockey Alan McDonough has also been second the previous year.


1841 Grand National, The placed horses
Third: Peter Simple was owned by the Hon F Craven and was a second race ride for T Walker


1841 Grand National, The placed horses
Fourth: Revealer ran in the Crimson colours of Henry Villebois which had been carried to victory by Jerry the previous year. Bartholomew Bretherton rode both horses.


1841 Iowa Council election
In the 1841 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the fourth Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.


1841 Iowa Council election
The Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).


1841 Iowa Council election
Following the previous election in 1840, Democrats held a majority with seven seats to Whigs' six seats.


1841 Iowa Council election
To claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net one seat from Democrats.


1841 Iowa Council election
Democrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1841 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding eight seats and Whigs having five seats (a net gain of 1 seat for Democrats). Democratic Councilor Jonathan W. Parker was chosen as the President of the fourth Territory Council to succeed Whig Councilor Mortimer Phillips Bainbridge in that leadership position.


1841 Light Regiment (India)
1841 Light Regiment is a regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.


1841 Light Regiment (India), Formation
1841 Light Regiment was initially raised as 184 Light Regiment (Pack) on 1 April 1966 at Pathankot. The class composition of the regiment was Sikhs, Dogras, Hill Tribes and ‘Other Indian Castes’. Consequent to reorganization in April 1973, the regiment was split into 1841 and 1842 (Independent) Light Battery. 1841 (Independent) Battery was later re-designated as 1841 Light Regiment in 1984.


1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
On 16 August 1971, the regiment moved to Easter Sector during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and earned two Sena Medals and two Mention in Despatches.


1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Other operations
The regiment has also participated in Operation Rakshak, Parakram and Hifazat.


1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Other operations
During its tenure in Jammu and Kashmir from September 2000 till August 2003, the regiment was in direct support of an infantry brigade deployed at the Line of Control in Naugam Sector at Tur Mar Gali (TMG). Victor Mortar Position was constructed as a new Mortar Position by the regiment at TMG. On 26 October 2002, GOC in Command Northern Command visited the position and placed on record his assessment that this was one of the best and most battle-ready mortar position in the entire Northern Command.


1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Other operations
In recognition of its accurate fire assaults from TMG during Operation Parakram on 26 January 2004, the unit was awarded Northern Army Commander’s Unit Appreciation and since then were known as TMG Gunners. Lieutenant Colonel Mukesh Kumar Gupta, Commanding Officer was awarded Vishisht Seva Medal. Three 'COAS Commendation Cards' and one 'Army Commander Commendation Card' were also awarded to TMG Gunners.


1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Other operations
The war cry of the unit is “ Durge Mata ki Jai, Peer Baba ki Jai.”


1841 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1841. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1841 Liverpool Town Council election
There were a total of 12,097 registered electors for the entire borough in 1841. The census of 1841 recorded the population of the borough as 293,963 (exclusive of about 10,000 seamen). These figures revealing that only about 4% of the population were enfranchised. (Although the census figures includes children, which skews the figures to some extent).


1841 Liverpool Town Council election
After the election of 16 Councillors on 1 November 1841, and the election of 8 Aldermen on 9 November 1841, the composition of the council was:


1841 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
On 9 November 1841, the term of office of eight of the sixteen aldermen expired.


1841 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
The following were elected as Aldermen by the Council on 9 November 1841 for a term of office of six years.


1841 Masaryk
1841 Masaryk (prov. designation: 1971 UO1) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1971, by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The asteroid was named after the first President of Czechoslovakia, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk.


1841 Masaryk, Orbit and classification
Masaryk orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.1–3.8 AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,311 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1936 FW at Uccle Observatory, Masaryk's first used observation was taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1955, extending the body's observation arc by 16 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1841 Masaryk, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the first president of the independent Czechoslovak Republic, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937), statesman, philosopher and known for his humanistic ideas. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3757).


1841 Masaryk, Physical characteristics
The carbonaceous asteroid is characterized as a (darker) P-type and as a transitional CX-type by NEOWISE and PanSTARRS, respectively.


1841 Masaryk, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Masaryk was obtained from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. It gave a rotation period of 7.53 hours with a brightness variation of 0.52 magnitude (U=2+). The result agrees with a lightcurve published in March 2016, using sparse-in-time photometry data from the Lowell Photometric Database (U=n.a. ).


1841 Masaryk, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Masaryk measures between 38.6 and 46.1 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.039 and 0.057. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.036 and a diameter of 46.0 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1841 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1841 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8.


1841 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Incumbent Whig Governor John Davis was re-elected to a second consecutive term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton.


1841 Massachusetts legislature
The 62nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1841 during the governorship of John Davis. Daniel P. King served as president of the Senate and George Ashmun served as speaker of the House.


1841 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1841 Michigan gubernatorial election was held from November 1, 1841 to November 2, 1841. Democrat nominee John S. Barry defeated Whig nominee Philo C. Fuller with 55.74% of the vote.


1841 Naval Air Squadron
1841 Naval Air Squadron (1841 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.


1841 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1841. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 99 to 100. Voter turnout was 50.9%, although only 5.5% of the country's population was eligible to vote.


1841 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1841 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was between two candidates. Incumbent Governor David R. Porter ran for the Democratic Party, and defeated John Banks.


1841 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election
On May 4, 1841, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the death of William S. Ramsey (D) on October 17, 1840, shortly after his re-election, and before the 26th Congress had ended.


1841 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election, Election results
Gustine took his seat on May 31, at the start of the 1st session of the 27th Congress.


1841 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1841 saw the election of John Morin Scott.


1841 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system
Beginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.


1841 Republic of Texas presidential election
The Republic of Texas presidential election of 1841 was the third presidential election. It was held on September 6, 1841. Former President Sam Houston defeated incumbent Vice President and former Interim President David G. Burnet to win a second non-consecutive term in office.


1841 Republic of Texas presidential election
Edward Burleson was elected vice-president with 6,141 votes (58.6%) while his competitor Mennican Hunt received 4,336 votes (41.4%).


1841 United Kingdom census
The United Kingdom Census of 1841 recorded the occupants of every United Kingdom household on the night of Sunday 6 June 1841. The enactment of the Population Act 1840 meant a new procedure was adopted for taking the 1841 census. It was described as the "first modern census" as it was the first to record information about every member of the household, and administered as a single event, under central control, rather than being devolved to a local level. It formed the model for all subsequent UK censuses, although each went on to refine and expand the questions asked of householders.


1841 United Kingdom census
It was important for early demographic analysis of the United Kingdom population and remains of interest to historians, demographers and genealogists, although the information about each person is quite limited compared with that available from later censuses.


1841 United Kingdom census, Background
Due to the Population Act 1840, the United Kingdom Census of 1841 was conducted using a different framework from that of earlier United Kingdom censuses. The origins of the Population Act 1840 was the report of the 1830 Select Committee on the Population Bill, reprinted in 1840. The subject of much speculation during the select committee hearings and report was the accuracy of previous census returns, the first national census being held in 1801.


1841 United Kingdom census, Background
During 1840, a Bill titled, 'Population. A bill [as amended by the committee] for taking an account of the population of Great Britain; and of the parish-registers, and annual value of assessable property in England' progressed through Parliament. The Bill received Royal Assent as 'An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain 1840', with the short title, Population Act 1840.


1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census
The Population Act 1840 created the position, 'Commissioners for taking account of the population'. It also gave the Registrar General the responsibility for the census for England and Wales in addition to their responsibility for Civil Registration. The earliest censuses had been administered by the Overseers of the Poor but the Civil Registration system provided the local administration which could also take on the job of the census.


1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census
The involvement of the Registrar is cited as being important to reorganising the taking of the census. One of the intentions was to avoid omissions and double counting by taking the census at the same time across the whole country and collecting the data as quickly as possible. The Civil Registration Districts were subdivided into enumeration districts  intended to be of a size where one person could collect the data from all households in a single day. For the first time, military personnel in the country aboard their ships or in barracks were included in the census return. Some 35,000 census enumerators were appointed to undertake the data collection, one enumerator per district, covering a population of about 16 million people.


1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census
Census forms were delivered to every household a few days before the day of the census. These were to be completed by the householder and collected by the enumerator on 7 June, the day after the census. The Population Act 1840 created an offence of refusing to answer a census question, or providing false information. Failure to comply with the demand to complete a census form was an offence and penalised by a fine. The enumerator would help in the completion of the form if, for example, the householder was illiterate.


1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census
The 1841 census recorded people's names, age, sex, occupation, and if they were born in the county of their residence, and if they were born anywhere other than in England and Wales. Children under 15 were to have their age recorded accurately, while those over 15 were to be rounded down to the nearest 5 years so, for example, someone aged 63 should be recorded as  aged 60. However, not all enumerators followed this instruction and exact ages may have been recorded.


1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census
The completed census forms were transcribed into the local enumerators' schedule. In England, the schedule was countersigned by a Superintendent Registrar. In Scotland, the civil registration of birth marriages, and death had not started, so the schedules were countersigned by a schoolmaster, or somebody with a similar status.


1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census
The payment of the expenses for completing the census was delegated, in England, to the Justices of the Peace, who were to finance it through the poor rates, and in Scotland, to the Sheriff Deputies, or in Edinburgh or Glasgow, the Provost of the Royal Burghs.


1841 United Kingdom census, Abbreviations of Occupation
The census included the use of abbreviations to describe professions. These included:


1841 United Kingdom census, Genealogy
As the first British census which aimed to record details about every citizen, the 1841 census is an important genealogical source. However, it has some limitations when compared to later censuses: exact ages are not usually given; relationships between members of the same household are not stated; and people's places of birth are simply noted as within the census county or not (or are quite frequently given as "N.K. ", meaning "Not Known").


1841 United Kingdom census, Genealogy
Very few census records for Ireland prior to 1901 survive due to the Irish Public Office being bombed on 30 June 1922. Some of the 1841 Census returns for Killeshandra of Cavan county, Kilcrohane of Cork county, Thurles of Tipperary county and Aghalurcher of Fermanagh county survived.


1841 United Kingdom general election
In the 1841 United Kingdom general election, there was a big swing as Sir Robert Peel's Conservatives took control of the House of Commons. Melbourne's Whigs had seen their support in the Commons erode over the previous years. Whilst Melbourne enjoyed the firm support of the young Queen Victoria, his ministry had seen increasing defeats in the Commons, culminating in the defeat of the government's budget in May 1841 by 36 votes, and by 1 vote in a 4 June 1841 vote of no confidence put forward by Peel.


1841 United Kingdom general election
The Whigs and Tories were at odds over whether Melbourne's defeat required his resignation, with the Queen being advised by Lord Brougham that calling an election would be without precedent, and that it should only be dissolved to strengthen the government's hands, whereas dissolution facing the Whigs in 1841 was expected to result in their defeat. Melbourne himself opposed dissolution, although his cabinet came to accept it, and Melbourne requested the Queen dissolve Parliament, leading to an election. The Queen thus prorogued Parliament on 22 June.


1841 United Kingdom general election
The Conservatives campaigned mainly on the issue of Peel's leadership, whilst the Whigs emphasised an impersonal platform of reforming the import duties on corn, replacing the existing sliding scale with a uniform rate. The Whig position lost them support amongst protectionists, and the Whigs saw heavy losses in constituencies like the West Riding, where aristocratic Whig families who held a strong tradition of unbroken representation in Parliament were rejected by the electorate. Even radical support coalesced around the Tories, with it being felt that Peel would be more open to electoral reform. Radical opinion also appeared to favour the business background of Peel and his supporters to the aristocratic and political background of Melbourne's Whigs, with it being felt that the Whigs made poor governors.


1841 United Kingdom general election
The Whigs also lost votes to the Irish Repeal group. The Chartists picked up only a few votes despite their popular support, because voting was still restricted to a small percentage of the population. Only 3.17% of the total population voted. It is regarded as having been one of the most corrupt elections in British parliamentary history; the Westminster Review stated in 1843 that the "annals of parliamentary warfare contained no page more stained with the foulness of corruption and falsehood than that which relates the history of the general election in the year 1841".


1841 United States Senate election in Tennessee
In 1841,  Spencer Jarnagin was nominated for U.S. Senator by the Whig caucus in the Tennessee General Assembly. However, some of the Democrats in the legislature decided that no senator would be preferable to a Whig. Known as the "Immortal Thirteen" by Tennessee Democrats, they refused to allow a quorum on the issue.


1841 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1841 in Australia.


1841 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1841 in Chile.


1841 in Chile, Incumbents
President of Chile: José Joaquín Prieto Vial (-18 September), Manuel Bulnes Prieto (18 September-)


1841 in Germany, Events
11 July – German immigrants set sail for Australia,  on the Skjold.


1841 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1841 in New Zealand.


1841 in New Zealand, Population
The estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1841 is 78,400 Māori and 5000 non-Māori.


1841 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1841 in South Africa.


1841 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1841 to Wales and its people.


1841 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1841.


1841 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1841.


1841 in poetry
The year's at the spring,And day's at the morn;Morning's at seven;The hill-side's dew-pearled;The lark's on the wing;The snail's on the thorn;God's in his Heaven -All's right with the world! — Robert Browning, Pippa Passes, published this year


1841 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1841 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1841 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1841 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1841.


1841 in science
The year 1841 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1841 in sports
1841 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1841 in the United States
Events from the year 1841 in the United States. It was the first calendar year to have three different presidents, which would only occur again in 1881.


1841 rebellion in Guria
The 1841 rebellion in Guria (Georgian: გურიის აჯანყება, romanized: guriis ajanq'eba; Russian: Мятеж в Гурии, myatezh v Gurii) was a conflict in the former Georgian principality of Guria, at that time part of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate of the Russian Empire, that took place as a reaction to the government's newly introduced duties and taxes for the Georgian peasants. The rebels, joined by several nobles, were initially successful in overrunning much of Guria, but they were finally defeated by the Russian army and the allied Georgian nobility in September 1841.


1841 rebellion in Guria, Background
Guria, a small and poor Georgian rural province on the Black Sea, had been under the Russian hegemony since 1810. In 1829, the Russians eliminated the local autonomous princely rule and imposed a Russian administration. The province had already been a scene of anti-Russian insurrection in 1820 and would gain more notability with a popular Social-Democratic uprising in 1905.


1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion
In 1841, without regard to local conditions, the Russian government ordered Gurian peasants to cultivate potatoes and to pay their taxes in Russian cash. Guria still maintained a primarily natural economy based on corn and millet. Rumors began to spread among the peasants that money payments would soon be required and that peasants would be drafted into the army.


1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion
When the tax collections began in May 1841, the peasants of the Lanchkhuti community resisted and took to arms on May 22, 1841. The disturbances spread through all Guria and soon the rebels had almost 7,200 men in their ranks. They took control of most fortified points in the province and blocked roads leading to the city of Kutaisi. On August 9, 1841, the insurgents headed by Abes Bolkvadze clashed with the Russian troops of Colonel Brusilov at Gogoreti, inflicted heavy casualties upon them and forced Brusilov to retreat.


1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion
Twice that month the Gurians tried but failed to take Ozurgeti, the principal town of Guria and the last remaining outpost of the Russians. Dissension within the rebel ranks led to the defection of many noble allies, most importantly of Prince David Gugunava. Eventually, on September 5, some 2,500 regular Russian troops under Colonel Moisey Argutinsky-Dolgorukov—aided by the volunteer units provided by the pro-Russian nobles—attacked the rebels and defeated them, killing more than 60.


1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion
By late September Guria was again calm and under the Russian control, but the government made no further effort to collect taxes in cash or cultivate potatoes. By 1842, most arrested rebel leaders were released, except Prince Ambako Shalikashvili, who was banished to Siberia. According to a Russian source published in 1901, the Russian losses in the rebellion were at least 32 killed, 115 wounded, and 17 captured.


1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion
The rebellion was described by the peasant writer Egnate Ninoshvili (1859–1894) in his historical novel, The Revolt in Guria (Georgian: ჯანყი გურიაში), which was screened by the pioneering Georgian film director Alexander Tsutsunava in 1928.


1841 vote of no confidence in the Melbourne ministry
1841 vote of no confidence in the Melbourne ministry may refer to two distinct events:


1842
1842 (MDCCCXLII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1842nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 842nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 42nd  year of the 19th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1842, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1842 Atlantic hurricane season featured several maritime catastrophes in the Gulf of Mexico and along the U.S. East Coast, and produced one of the only known tropical cyclones to directly affect the Iberian Peninsula. As the season falls outside the scope of the Atlantic hurricane database, records of most storms in 1842 are scarce, and only approximate tracks are known. The first documented storm of the season battered the coast of North Carolina in mid-July, wrecking dozens of ships and destroying homes along the Outer Banks.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season
A little over a month later, another storm impacted the same region and caused several more shipwrecks that killed at least 12 men. This storm later doused the Mid-Atlantic states with flooding rains. In early September, a powerful storm known as "Antje's Hurricane"—named after a ship that it dismasted—tracked generally westward after first being spotted over the Leeward Islands. After yielding widespread destruction across the Bahamas, the storm traversed the Florida Straits, causing severe damage in both northern Cuba and the lower Florida Keys. Many ships and their crews were lost to the storm as it crossed the Gulf of Mexico; it finally struck northern Mexico on September 8.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season
Another intense hurricane churned the Gulf of Mexico in early October, this time tracking from southwest to northeast. The storm moved very slowly and sank or impaired numerous ships along its course. Striking northern Florida on October 5 as the equivalent of a major hurricane, the cyclone produced extreme wind gusts to the north of its center and exceptionally high tides to the south. Extensive property damage in Tallahassee accounted for an estimated $500,000 (1842 USD) in losses. On Cedar Key, the storm surge demolished buildings and threatened to submerge the island.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season
The storm turned northward as it entered the western Atlantic, resulting in strong winds and flooding tides in Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina. Later in the month, an extremely rare hurricane formed in the far eastern Atlantic, to the southwest of Madeira. This storm passed near the islands on October 27 before making landfall in southwestern Spain. Accompanied by significant damage, both along the coast and inland, this storm is considered a historical analogue to Hurricane Vince of 2005. Several other storms also had an impact on land throughout the season.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Background
Attempts to catalog Atlantic hurricanes in the first half of the 19th century began as early as 1855, when Andrés Poey compiled information on just over 400 tropical cyclones from 1493 to 1855. Poey's work serves as the basis for much of what is currently known about historical Atlantic tropical cyclones. He identified four distinct tropical systems that developed in 1842 (six events are listed, though two concern the same storm), plus another in November that was later deemed extratropical in nature.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Background
In his 1963 book, Early American Hurricanes, 1492–1870, weather researcher David M. Ludlum discussed, in greater detail, six significant tropical cyclones that impacted the United States in 1842. As the season falls outside the scope of the Atlantic hurricane database (1851 onward) and its associated reanalysis project, records are regarded as incomplete.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, July
The first documented hurricane of 1842 severely affected coastal North Carolina from Wilmington to Currituck on July 12. Its center likely remained just east of Cape Hatteras as it washed away houses, drowned livestock, and wreaked havoc on shipping interests. Nearly 30 ships ran aground near Ocracoke Inlet, and two unidentified vessels were wrecked on the shoals near Cape Hatteras with all hands lost; seven more men drowned while trying to salvage goods from the shipwrecks.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, July
In late October, a message in a bottle was recovered at Bermuda with an account of the storm from the captain and first mate of the imperiled schooner Lexington, presumed lost at sea. In total, around 40 ships were lost. Although sparse records preclude an accurate death toll, the National Hurricane Center lists the cyclone among those that may have caused 25 or more fatalities.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, July
Described by one writer as "one of the worst in the history of coastal Carolina", the storm reportedly demolished all but one structure in the village of Portsmouth. Further inland, at Washington, damaging gale-force winds continued through July 13 and 14, and boats in the Albemarle Sound broke free of their moorings. Part of the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was washed out, preventing mail from reaching Charleston, South Carolina. After its close pass to North Carolina, the storm moved toward the northwest and made landfall near Norfolk, Virginia. Torrential rainfall affected the Mid-Atlantic states, with flooding reported along major rivers; the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, for instance, rose 5 ft (1.5 m) over its banks.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, August
Based on an August 2 diary entry describing heavy rainfall and gusty northeasterly winds at Fort George Island, a tropical storm is believed to have made landfall just south of there. In southeastern Georgia, the storm negatively affected the cotton crop that was already suffering from persistent drought conditions.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, August
Another damaging tropical cyclone, "hardly less severe" and reportedly of a much longer duration than the July hurricane, struck the Outer Banks of North Carolina on August 24. The storm wrecked numerous vessels, among them being the Kilgore at Currituck, the Pioneer and the Granary at Ocracoke, and the Congress at Cape Hatteras. At least 12 men died in these shipwrecks. As the storm continued northward, severe weather conditions affected the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern states on August 25. Extensive flooding in Washington, D.C. turned Pennsylvania Avenue into "a broad river" and inundated homes and cellars, with losses in the city estimated at $50,000 (1842 USD). Streets, wharves, shipyards, and lumberyards in Baltimore were submerged, while further north, hurricane-force winds and a flooding storm surge affected New York City.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, September
"Antje's Hurricane" took its name from the ship HMS Antje, which was dismasted by the cyclone in the western Atlantic on August 30. This cyclone was first noted in the Leeward Islands in late August, and went on to ruin over 100,000 bushels of salt across the Turks and Caicos Islands. Overspreading the Bahamas on September 2 and 3, the storm caused "very great" damage and loss of life throughout the island chain. In particular, reports indicated that most of the homes were destroyed on Watlings Island in the eastern Bahamas. The storm passed through the Florida Straits on September 4. Barometric pressure fell to 28.93 inHg (980 mbar) at Havana, where strong winds persisted for 36 hours. The storm sank several boats and damaged many others in Havana Harbor, while on land, the winds blew down trees and small buildings.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, September
The lower Florida Keys were battered; "half of Sand Key was blown away", including the lightkeeper's house, and extensive damage to buildings and vegetation was reported on Key West. However, the offshore wind apparently allowed Key West to escape with relatively light shipping losses. The storm subsequently followed a path due westward across the Gulf of Mexico. Along the hurricane's course, many vessels—such as the brig Chili, en route to Havana—were lost with their crews. By September 8, the cyclone had made landfall along the coast of Tamaulipas in Mexico, and the eye passed directly over Ciudad Victoria as evidenced by a brief, five-minute lull. Heavy rain swept across southern Texas as the cyclone dissipated over mountainous terrain.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, September
On the night of September 17–18, a new tropical storm in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico affected Galveston, Texas. Northerly winds drove water from Galveston Bay over the island to a depth of up to 4 ft (1.2 m). The storm surge destroyed several structures and washed ashore small boats, while strong winds heavily damaged two churches. Many families were forced to evacuate their homes in the middle of the night by wading through floodwaters to reach higher ground. Estimates of total monetary damage ranged from $10,000 to as high as $50,000. Though no people lost their lives, 40 cattle were killed in a building collapse.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, September
Several days later, the Florida Panhandle experienced the effects of a tropical storm, marked by gale-force winds at Pensacola on September 22 and 23. No appreciable damage was reported. Ludlum considered that this may have been a continuation of the Galveston storm, but judged it to be a separate system.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October
The most destructive storm of the season can be traced back to near Saint Thomas at the end of September. By the beginning of October, it had tracked into the extreme southern Bay of Campeche. For several days, the strengthening storm battered ships as it turned northeastward through the Gulf of Mexico, with numerous vessels lost and many more damaged. The steamship Merchant began taking on water on October 3, and the next day she broke up after running aground several hundred yards offshore. All but 8 of the 72 passengers were rescued on October 5.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October
The brig Cuba and about 14 passengers were lost off Key West. During this period, many birds died over open waters after becoming trapped in the circulation of the slow-moving hurricane. The system delivered a glancing blow to Galveston, where the storm surge flooded streets and a few buildings were blown down.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October
The storm buffeted Florida for an extended period from October 4 through 6, and moved ashore just north of Cedar Key as the equivalent of a major hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. The minimum central pressure at the time of landfall has been estimated at 955 mb (28.2 inHg). "Extreme" winds in the northern side of the hurricane proved devastating along the Florida Panhandle. In Apalachicola, a lighthouse and keeper's house were destroyed, and a multitude of homes were unroofed. Several people in the area drowned in storm surge flooding.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October
In Tallahassee, the storm wrought $500,000 in losses in the form of widespread structural damage. Thousands of trees were blown down throughout the region, and a significant portion of the cotton crop was lost. Two slaves on a plantation near Tallahassee were injured, one of them severely. To the south of the storm center, Cedar Key faced exceptionally high tides that swept entire homes away and threatened to submerge the island. Several ships were wrecked along the coast of Florida.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October
The hurricane continued northeastward across northern Florida before emerging into the Atlantic between Mayport and St. Augustine. At the latter city, the storm was regarded as the most severe in 15 years; fences, trees, and crops were destroyed, and a few ships were driven aground, though the sea wall largely protected St. Augustine. Winds at Savannah, Georgia increased to hurricane strength on the night of October 5–6 and were accompanied by torrential rains. The storm surge there flooded wharves and other low-lying areas.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October
The slow-moving storm buffeted the southern Georgia Sea Islands with a prolonged period of strong winds and heavy rain, blowing down trees and destroying some houses. Rice plantations along the Altamaha River experienced significant losses. "Unprecedented" tides also flooded streets farther up the coast in Charleston, South Carolina, such that some residents had to be rescued from their homes by boat. Though damage there was generally minor, five slaves drowned when their fishing boat capsized in rough seas. As the hurricane moved away from the coast, several ships were lost off North Carolina. On October 8 and 9, Bermuda experienced strong winds as the storm passed nearby.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late October
In late October, a highly unusual tropical cyclone formed in the far eastern Atlantic, first detected to the southwest of Madeira on October 24. On October 26, a ship near Madeira recorded a barometric pressure of 965 mb (28.5 inHg), suggesting a hurricane of Category 2 intensity. The hurricane passed just north of Madeira on October 27, producing heavy damage in Funchal. After brushing the northwestern coast of Morocco on the night of October 28–29, the hurricane moved ashore over southwestern Spain and likely became extratropical shortly thereafter.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late October
As a result of the extratropical transition, damaging winds extended far from the storm center and affected much of inland Spain. Dozens of ships, including three belonging to the Spanish Navy, were lost or severely damaged in the storm. Two bridges were washed away in Cádiz and homes were destroyed in Seville. Hurricane-force winds reached as far inland as Madrid, and thousands of trees were uprooted in the province of Badajoz. This storm serves as an important historical analogue for Hurricane Vince, which followed a similar course in October 2005.


1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late October
Around the same time, a separate tropical cyclone formed in the western Atlantic. It moved from off the coast of Florida to near Bermuda between October 24 and November 1, brushing the coast from St. Augustine to Charleston with gale-force winds. No significant damage occurred, though coastal flooding and heavy rainfall that caused a break in an earthen dam were reported along the coast of Georgia.


1842 Brighton by-election
The 1842 Brighton by-election was held on 5 May 1842 after the resignation of the incumbent Whig MP Isaac Newton Wigney. The seat was gained by the Conservative MP Lord Alfred Hervey.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake
The 1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake occurred at 17:00 local time (21:00 UTC) on 7 May. It had an estimated magnitude of 8.1 on the Ms scale and triggered a destructive tsunami. It badly affected the northern coast of Haiti and part of what is now the Dominican Republic. Port-de-Paix suffered the greatest damage from both earthquake and tsunami. Approximately 5,000 people were killed by the effects of the earthquake shaking and another 300 by the tsunami.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake, Tectonic setting
The island of Hispaniola lies across the complex transform plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. The overall four cm per year displacement along this boundary is split nearly equally between two major dextral (right lateral) strike-slip zones either side of the Gonâve Microplate. To the south is the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone, which extends from Jamaica in the west to the south-east of Hispaniola to the east. In the north the fault zone is the Septentrional-Oriente fault zone passing along the southern margin of Cuba and along the northern part of Hispaniola. Both of these fault zones have been associated with several major historical earthquakes.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake was felt over a wide area, including southern Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and across the Antilles. The estimated intensity reached IX (violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale along the northern coast from Cap-Haïtien to Santiago de los Caballeros.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake appears to have been caused by movement on the Septentrional Fault, with the rupture extending from the Cibao valley in the present day Dominican Republic, along the whole of the northern coast of Haiti.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake, Tsunami
The tsunami affected the northern coast of Haiti and present day Dominican Republic. The highest run-up of 4.6 m was observed at Port-de-Paix, with 2 m run-ups seen along much of the northern coast. At Saint John in the United States Virgin Islands, the run-up was 3.1 m.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake, Damage
The region that suffered the greatest damage was the northern Cape area, although there was significant damage along the northern coast as far as Santiago de los Caballeros (now in the Dominican Republic). The towns of Cap-Haïtien, Port-de-Paix, Môle-Saint-Nicolas and Fort-Liberté were also severely affected. Henri Christophe's Sans-Souci Palace was badly damaged and was never rebuilt.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake, Damage
At Port-de-Paix, the sea drew back 60 m, before returning and flooding the city in 5 m of water, killing between 200–300 of the inhabitants. The effect of the tsunami at Môle-Saint-Nicolas was catastrophic, leaving almost none of the town standing.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake, Aftermath
Despite the devastation caused by the earthquake President Boyer did not visit the affected areas and this led to an increase in opposition to his rule. The chaos also allowed groups allied to Juan Pablo Duarte to link up with others opposed to Boyer.


1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake, Future seismic hazard
The results of trenching across the Septentrional Fault in the Ciabo valley have identified large earthquakes, similar in character to that in 1842, at around 1230 and another historical event in 1562. Assuming that these earthquakes were caused by displacement on the same segment of the fault, a recurrence interval of about 300 years is indicated, similar to that proposed for the Enriquillo fault in the southern part of the island.


1842 Chicago mayoral election
1842 Chicago Mayoral election|Chicago mayoral election]]  Whig nominee Benjamin Wright Raymond defeated Democratic nominee Augustus Garrett and Free Soil nominee Henry Smith by a six point margin.


1842 Chicago mayoral election
Raymond had previously served a term as mayor after winning the 1839 Chicago mayoral election, and had also previously unsuccessfully sought a second term in the 1840 Chicago mayoral election. By winning the 1842 election, Raymond became the first individual to serve more than one term as mayor of Chicago.


1842 Chicago mayoral election
This was the first Chicago mayoral election in which voters were not required to be freeholders.


1842 Chicago mayoral election, Results, Results by ward
As with other mayoral elections of the era, returns in the city's wards heavily matched the partisan makeup of the votes that had been cast in the city's aldermanic election.


1842 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1842 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1842. Former Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives and Democratic nominee Chauncey Fitch Cleveland was elected, defeating incumbent governor and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth with 49.94% of the vote.


1842 Connecticut gubernatorial election
Cleveland won a plurality of the vote, but fell just short of a majority, by 34 votes. The state constitution at the time required the Connecticut General Assembly decide the election if no candidate won a majority of the vote. The state legislature voted 139 to 68 to elect Cleveland the governor.


1842 Connecticut gubernatorial election
This was the first appearance of the Liberty Party in a Connecticut governor's race, and the first of Francis Gillette's ten attempts at seeking the governorship.


1842 French legislative election
The 1842 general election organized the sixth legislature of the July Monarchy. The election was held on 9 July.


1842 French legislative election, Results
Louis-Philippe of France dissolved the legislature on 16 July 1846.


1842 Grand National
The 1842 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the fourth official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase, a horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 2 March 1842 and attracted 15 runners.


1842 Grand National
Although recorded by the press at the time as the seventh running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs and are today regarded as unofficial.


1842 Grand National
The race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to carry 12 stone with the exception of the winner of the 1840 Cheltenham Steeplechase who had to carry 13 stone 4 lbs.


1842 Grand National, Competitors and Betting
The remaining runners did not command a starting price from the bookmakers and were sent off unquoted.


1842 Grand National, The race
The course consisted of two circuits of a spindle shaped course at Aintree, starting from a position beside the stables and running off the racecourse over Melling Road and into open countryside. The competitors would have to negotiate any hedges and banks they came across to travel from field to field, most of which were open ploughland, until reaching Becher's Brook, a man made post and rails. From here the field then turned left towards the Leeds to Liverpool canal, before jumping the Canal Turn, a fence at a sharp 90 degree angle.


1842 Grand National, The race
This would then place the runners in the fields running along the canal where they would jump Valentine's Brook, The Table top, a fence in which the landing side was significantly raised, and then the lane fences, two hedges either side of the Melling Road that marked the point where the runners re-entered the actual race course. From here the land was laid to turf as the runners turned left and came back towards the stands.


1842 Grand National, The race
Here they had to negotiate the monument or made fence, today known as the chair, and then a water jump before setting off on a second circuit of the course. On reaching the race course for a second time the runners would this time jump two hurdles before a long run in to the finish line, bypassing the monument fence and water jump on the way.


1842 Grand National, The race
Anonymous and Columbine led the competitors around the first circuit in which Sam Weller was the only recorded faller, somewhere near Becher's Brook.


1842 Grand National, The race
At the start of the second circuit Peter Simple took up the running and by the time Becher's Brook was reached for the second time the competitors were spread out over a furlong of the course.


1842 Grand National, The race
Peter Simple still led at the Canal Turn but it was here that Lottery was pulled up after showing signs of distress. Only the Seventy Four, Gaylad, Columbine and The Returned were still within one field {fence} of the leader at this point but the grey was still full of running and looked very likely to win.


1842 Grand National, The race
At the turn for home a group of spectators, keen to get a good view, had encroached onto the course without realising. Peter Simple was by now many lengths clear but his rider failed to notice the spectators in time and in trying to avoid them he was thrown from his mount. Powell, on second placed Seventy Four was able to take evasive action and continued towards the hurdles in the lead with only Gaylad close enough to challenge.


1842 Grand National, The race
Seventy Four jumped the final hurdle in the lead but was very tired by this stage and failed to respond to the vigorous urgings of his rider for an extra effort. Gaylad by contrast was treated with much more compassion by his rider and responded to this nursing by finding the extra effort necessary to get up and win by four lengths. The very unfortunate Peter Simple was remounted to finish fifteen lengths back in third with The Returned and Columbine the only other recorded finishers.