1822 territorial division of Spain, The provinces
Some of these provinces were entities created for the first time, such as Almería and Málaga (carved out of the traditional Kingdom of Granada), Huelva (Kingdom of Seville), Calatayud, and Logroño; others were given new names, such as Murcia or the Basque provinces (Spanish: provincias Vascongadas).


1822 territorial division of Spain, The provinces
This proposal made few concessions to history, sticking closely to criteria of population, geographical area, and geographic coherence. Historic regional names were generally ignored, with provinces named after their respective capitals. Nor were traditional provincial borders respected by the new map. Most enclaves of one province within another were eliminated. The precise number of provinces and their capitals was the subject of intense debate.


1822 territorial division of Spain, The provinces
1822 saw the restoration of the institution of provincial intendants as delegates of the Ministry of the Treasury (Hacienda), but the fall of the liberal government and restoration of absolutism in 1823 brought an end to the project. The old provincial arrangement of Spain was restored, as was the division into kingdoms; these would remain in effect until 1833.


1822–1823 Massachusetts legislature
The 43rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1822 and 1823 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Levi Lincoln, Jr. served as speaker of the House.


1822–1823 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its members August 26, 1822. New Hampshire law required a candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters for election, that is 1/12 of votes. Only five candidates received the requisite majority, and so a May 11, 1823 run-off election was held for the sixth seat.


1822–1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
Massachusetts elected its members November 4, 1822. Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in 3 districts, necessitating additional elections on March 3, 1823 and May 12, 1823; nevertheless, all elections were complete before the new Congress convened.


1822–1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes
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1823
1823 (MDCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1823rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 823rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 23rd  year of the 19th century, and the  4th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1823, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1823 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1823 Alabama gubernatorial election was held on August 4, 1823, to elect the Governor of Alabama. National Republican incumbent Israel Pickens defeated Democratic-Republican candidate Henry H. Chambers with 55.85% of the vote. Pickens and Chambers had both contested the 1821 election as Democratic-Republicans.


1823 Call Centre
1823 is a 24x7 one-stop hotline services operated by the Government of Hong Kong. It answers public enquiries on behalf of more than 20 participating departments and receives public complaints against the Government. It also act as a platform for resolving cross-departmental complaints. For enquiries regarding Departments not covered by 1823, the Call Centre can provide relevant contact information. Public enquiries or complaints can be made by phone, fax, SMS, email, online, or post.


1823 Call Centre, History
1823 was launched by the Efficiency Unit of the Government Secretariat in July 2001 and became fully operational in October 2002. It aims as a replacement of telephone hotlines, fax numbers, email and other addresses operated by various government departments. In 2009, the Centre answered over 2.4 million calls. Over 16.5 million calls have been answered in ten years' time.


1823 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1823 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 10, 1823. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. won re-election with 88.96% of the vote.


1823 Delaware gubernatorial special election
The 1823 Delaware gubernatorial special election was held on October 7, 1823. A few months into his three-year term, Democratic-Republican Governor Joseph Haslet died in office, elevating State Senate Speaker Charles Thomas to the governorship and triggering a special election in 1823. Justice of the Peace David Hazzard ran as the Democratic-Republican nominee to succeed Thomas and faced State Senator Samuel Paynter, the Federalist nominee. Paynter narrowly defeated Hazzard, regaining the office for the Federalists.


1823 Delaware gubernatorial special election, Bibliography
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1823 Gliese
1823 Gliese, provisional designation 1951 RD, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 September 1951, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The asteroid was named after German astronomer Wilhelm Gliese.


1823 Gliese, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,213 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The first unused observations date back to 1944 at Johannesburg Observatory, when it was identified as 1944 MC. The first used precovery was taken at the discovering Heidelberg observatory in 1950, extending the asteroid's observation arc by one year prior to its official discovery.


1823 Gliese, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations made by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory in August 2014. The lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.4864±0.0006 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 in magnitude (U=3). One month later, in September 2014, a second lightcurve by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, gave a concurring period of 4.488±0.003 hours with an amplitude of 0.23 in magnitude (U=3).


1823 Gliese, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 8.4 and 9.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.189 and 0.135, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this asteroid's orbital family – and calculates a diameter of 8.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.6.


1823 Gliese, Naming
This minor planet was named after German astronomer Wilhelm Gliese (1915–1993) at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut. Gliese is widely known for having compiled about 1,000 stars located within 25 parsecs of Earth into the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4156). A large number of Exoplanets derive their names form this star catalogue.


1823 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1823 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1823. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Albion Parris won re-election to a third term.


1823 Maryland's 5th congressional district special elections
Special elections were held in Maryland's 5th congressional district on January 1, 1823 to fill vacancies in the 17th and 18th Congresses caused by the resignation of Samuel Smith (DR) after being elected to the Senate. Smith had been re-elected to the House in October. His resignation therefore created vacancies both in the remainder of the 17th Congress and in the 18th Congress.


1823 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1823 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 7.


1823 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Federalist Governor John Brooks did not run for a seventh term in office. William Eustis, a Republican, was elected to succeed him over U.S. Senator Harrison Gray Otis. Eustis was the first Republican elected Governor since Elbridge Gerry in 1811; no Federalist would ever win a gubernatorial election again, and the state party rapidly collapsed.


1823 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district on September 8, 1823 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of William Eustis (DR) prior to the start of the 18th Congress.


1823 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election, Election results
Bailey was subsequently declared not eligible for his seat, vacating his seat on March 18, 1824. Another special election was held  which re-elected Bailey.


1823 Michigan Territorial Council election
The 1823 Michigan Territorial Council election was held in the Territory of Michigan to elect the members of the territory's newly-formed legislative council.


1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Background
Since its creation from part of Indiana Territory in 1805, the government of Michigan Territory had consisted of a governor, a secretary, and three judges; the governor and judges together formed the legislative branch of government. This was the first stage of territorial government outlined in the Northwest Ordinance. An election called by Governor Cass in 1818 to decide whether to move to the second stage of government—an elected legislature—failed largely due to concerns over the cost that would be borne by the territory. Public discontent with the first stage government continued to mount, until in 1822 hundreds of residents petitioned Congress for reform.


1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Background
An act of Congress on March 3, 1823, created a four-year term for the judges and transferred the powers of the territory to the governor and a legislative council of nine people serving terms of two years. Members of the council were to be appointed by the president of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate, from a slate of 18 people chosen in a general election.


1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election
The Act of March 3, 1823, specified that the 18 people should be chosen by the qualified electors of the territory at the next election of its delegate to Congress, following the same rules as that election. The date of that election had been set as the first Thursday in September of every odd-numbered year by a May 20, 1819, act of the governor and judges of the territory. The elections were to be held at the "seat of justice" in each county in the territory. The next election following the Act of March 3, 1823, was on September 4, 1823.


1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election
Territorial Governor Lewis Cass submitted the 18 names to John Quincy Adams, then the U.S. secretary of state, on October 30, 1823. Cass also included the vote totals and county of residence, saying, "So far as the President in the selection may think fit to be guided by the wish of the people, as expressed by their votes, or by an apportionment of the representatives among the different parts of the Territory, these data may be important".


1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election
In a letter to General Alexander Macomb in November 1823, Cass asked Macomb to meet with the secretary of state to express his desire that the top nine vote-earners be appointed. Cass feared that if that anyone else were appointed, he would be accused of having influenced the decision, a charge which he felt would be "seriously injurious". Macomb had a conversation with Adams about it on November 20 and forwarded Cass's letter to him the following day.


1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election
President James Monroe issued a commission on February 4, 1824, appointing the top nine vote-earners to the council, as Cass had suggested. On April 15, Governor Cass issued a proclamation calling for the first Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan to convene in Detroit on June 1, 1824.


1823 New York's 28th congressional district special election
On April 21, 1823, William B. Rochester (DR) of New York's 28th district was appointed judge of the Eighth Circuit Court and resigned his seat in the House. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.


1823 New York's 28th congressional district special election, Election results
Woods took his seat on December 1, 1823, at the start of the 1st Session of the 18th Congress.


1823 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1823. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents.


1823 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1823 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 14, 1823. Incumbent Federalist governor, Joseph Hiester, did not seek re-election. The Democratic candidate, John Andrew Shulze, defeated Federalist candidate Andrew Gregg.


1823 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1823 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 2, 1823 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. William C. Gibbs, the Democratic-Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.


1823 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
Connecticut lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census.


1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama
Alabama increased from one to three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. The state then changed from a single at-large district to three geographic districts.


1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine
Although Maine neither gained nor lost seats after the 1820 United States Census, redistricting placed two incumbents into the 3rd district. Maine elected its members April 7, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Maine law required a majority for election, with additional ballots taken if a majority were not achieved. This proved necessary in 1823 in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 6th districts, but all members were still chosen before the new Congress convened.


1823 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
North Carolina's delegation remained unchanged after the census, at thirteen seats. North Carolina elected its members August 14, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1823 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes
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1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
Tennessee gained three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Tennessee elected its members August 7–8, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
Virginia lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Nineteen incumbents ran for re-election, leaving three open seats. Virginia elected its members in April 1823 after the term began, but before the new Congress convened.


1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes
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1823 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1823 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Cornelius P. Van Ness to a one-year term as governor.


1823 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Democratic-Republican Cornelius P. Van Ness was the only major candidate. The committee determined that Van Ness had easily won a one-year term against only token opposition.


1823 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Aaron Leland had won election to a second one-year term against only scattering opposition. A Vermont newspaper reported the results as: Leland, 11,758 (98.5%); scattering, 176 (1.5%).


1823 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan was unopposed for election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-fourth. Though nominally a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalists Swan often ran unopposed. Vermont newspapers indicated that the results were: Swan, 10,141 (99.8%); scattering, 17 (0.2%).


1823 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.


1823 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1823 in Australia.


1823 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1823 in Chile.


1823 in Chile, Incumbents
Supreme Director of Chile: Bernardo O'Higgins (-28 January), Ramón Freire (4 April-)


1823 in Chile, Incumbents
President of the Government Junta of Chile (1823): Agustín Eyzaguirre (28 January-4 April)


1823 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1823 in New Zealand.


1823 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1823 in South Africa.


1823 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1823 to Wales and its people.


1823 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1823.


1823 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1823 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1823 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1823 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1823.


1823 in science
The year 1823 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1823 in sports
1823 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1823 papal conclave
The 1823 papal conclave was convoked following the death of Pope Pius VII on 20 August 1823. The conclave began on 2 September and ended 26 days later with the election of Cardinal Annibale Sermattei della Genga who became Pope Leo XII.


1823 papal conclave
Pius VII, who had been elected in 1800, had reigned as Pope for what was considered a very long pontificate. During his reign as Pope, the Catholic Church had faced, in the French Revolution and its aftermath, a severe attack on its power and legitimacy. Pius himself had been a prisoner of Napoleon in France for six years.


1823 papal conclave, Description
During Pius VII's papacy, the cardinals had tended to divide into two groups, the zelanti and the politicani. The zelanti were more radically reactionary than the politicani and wanted a highly centralised Church and vehement opposition to the secularising reforms that had resulted in France. The politicani, though anti-liberal, were much more moderate and favoured a conciliatory approach to dealing with the problems that new ideologies and the incipient Industrial Revolution were creating. The leader of this faction was Pius VII's Cardinal Secretary of State, Ercole Consalvi, but the zelanti wanted a much less moderate pontiff and they set fervently to this task from the time of Pius VII's death.


1823 papal conclave, Description
The length of Pius VII's papacy had a significant influence because of the forty-nine electors who participated in the conclave, only Giulio Maria della Somaglia and Fabrizio Dionigio Ruffo were already cardinals when Pius VII was elected in 1800. Forty-seven of the forty-nine electors had had no experience electing a pope.


1823 papal conclave, Description
A number of cardinals were thought at the beginning of the conclave to be possible successors to Pius VII. Antonio Gabriele Severoli was at first seen as the most likely papabile, but the veto of Francis I, Emperor of Austria ruled him out when he looked to have a reasonable chance.


1823 papal conclave, Description
Francesco Saverio Castiglioni then emerged as the most likely candidate. The deceased pope Pius VII had in fact seemingly endorsed Castiglioni by having referred to the latter as Pius VIII, and indeed the candidate who was eventually elected predicted during the conclave that Castiglioni would someday reign under that name (as he did, succeeding the elected Leo in 1829). Castiglioni lost support in the 1823 conclave when the zelanti Cardinals came to realize that he was quite close to Consalvi.


1823 papal conclave, Description
Following the decline of Castigioni's support in this conclave, the experienced Cardinal della Somaglia then had a turn as a possible candidate, but for some the mere fact that he had signed his letters "Citizen Somaglia" during the occupation of the Papal States by Napoleon I of France ruled him out.


1823 papal conclave, Description
It was only then that the eventual winner, Vicar of Rome Annibale della Genga, who was being promoted by the zelanti, began to gather support. Whilst his tall, ascetic look and reactionary reputation was not an attraction for the politicani, the fact that he was seemingly at death's door seemed an attraction for those cardinals by now desperate for a resolution of the conclave. As a result, della Genga was elected on 28 September and took the regnal name Leo XII.


1823 papal conclave, Description
Leo XII was crowned as Pope on 5 October 1823.


1823–1824 Massachusetts legislature
The 44th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1823 and 1824 during the governorship of William Eustis. Nathaniel Silsbee served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.


1824
1824 (MDCCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1824th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 824th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 24th  year of the 19th century, and the  5th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1824, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1824 Clackmannanshire by-election
The 1824 Clackmannanshire by-election was held on 13 July 1824 when the incumbent MP  Robert Bruce, who had been holding the seat as "locum" for the Abercrombie family, resigned. It was  won by George Abercromby who was unopposed.


1824 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1824 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 8, 1824. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. defeated former congressman and Federalist Party candidate Timothy Pitkin, winning with 88.81% of the vote.


1824 Constitution of Mexico
The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 (Spanish: Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1824) was enacted on October 4 of 1824, after the overthrow of the Mexican Empire of Agustin de Iturbide. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic, with Catholicism as the official and unique religion. It was replaced by the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background
The Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) severed control that Spain had exercised on its North American territories, and the First Mexican Empire was formed from much of the individual territory that had comprised New Spain. The victorious rebels issued a provisional governing document, the Plan de Iguala. This plan reaffirmed many of the ideals of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and granted equal citizenship rights to all races. In the early days of the country, there was much disagreement over whether Mexico should be a federal republic or a constitutional monarchy. Agustín de Iturbide, who had drafted the Plan of Iguala, became the first monarch, Agustin I after no European royal blood sought to be emperor.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background
Discontent with the emperor's national government grew, Brigadier Antonio López de Santa Anna initiated an insurrection. Generals issued the Plan of Casa Mata on 1 February 1823, which called for the removal of the emperor, but did not specify the form of government to follow. The plan won the support of the provinces because it included a provision granting local authority to the provincial deputations. The election of a new legislature constituted the plan's principal demand, because provincial leaders considered the composition of the first congress following independence to be flawed.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background
Following the precedent of the Spanish Cortes (parliament), Mexican political leaders considered the executive to be subservient to the legislature. Thus, a new congress, which did not possess the liabilities of the old, could restore confidence even if the executive remained in place. Mexican politicians expected the new body to keep the emperor in check. Agustin abdicated in March 1823.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background
The failure of Iturbide's short-lived empire ended any further talk of a monarchy, although Conservatives such as Lucas Alamán harbored dreams of one, fulfilled in the 1860s to disastrous results of the Second Mexican Empire. The reconvened Mexican Cortes appointed a triumvirate called the Supreme Executive Power, which would alternate the presidency among its members on a monthly basis. But the question of how the nation was to be organized remained unresolved. The Mexican Cortes, following the Cádiz model, maintained that it was sovereign since it represented the nation.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background
The provinces, however, believed that they possessed sovereignty, a portion of which they collectively ceded to form a national government. The Cortes insisted on writing the nation's constitution, but the provinces maintained that it could only convene a new constituent congress based on the electoral regulations of the Constitution of Cádiz. Neither side was willing to cede to the other. In the months that followed, the provinces assumed control of their governments through their provincial deputations. Four provinces, Oaxaca, Yucatán, Guadalajara, and Zacatecas, converted themselves into states. To avoid civil war, the Cortes acquiesced and elected a new constituent congress. Elections for a second constituent assembly, based on a convocatoria issued 26 June 1821 by the Cortes, were held throughout the nation in August and September. The executive branch was not restructured, because both the provinces and the new constituent congress considered it subservient to the legislature.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress
The new congress, which the provinces had insisted upon since March, finally met on 7 November 1823. The second Constituent Congress was quite different from the first. It represented the provinces more equitably, and some of its members possessed instructions to form only a federal republic. Oaxaca, Yucatán, Jalisco, and Zacatecas, which had become states, elected state congresses, rather than provincial deputations, as the convocatoria required. The Mexico City-based national elite, which had been struggling for power since 1808, and which had taken control in 1821, lost it two years later to the provincial elites. Although some members of the national elite were elected to the new constituent congress, they formed a distinct minority. Indeed, only thirty-five of the one hundred-forty-four deputies and alternates elected to the new legislature had served in the earlier Mexican Cortes.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress
The constituent congress, which convened on 7 November 1823, faced very different circumstances from its predecessor. Not only had the provinces declared their sovereignty, but they had also restricted the authority of their delegates. Valladolid, Michoacán, for example, declared: "This province in the federation does not wish to relinquish the major portion of its liberty and other rights; it only grants [its deputies] the authority absolutely necessary to keep the portion it retains."


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress
Mérida, Yucatán, decreed that "the elected deputies are granted only the power (...) to constitute the nation in a government that is republican, representative and federal", and that: "The federal constitution that they form and agree with the other deputies of the Constituent Congress will not have the force of law in the nation until the majority of the federated states ratify it." Zacatecas, Zacatecas, was even more explicit, asserting that "The deputies to the future congress cannot constitute the nation as they deem convenient, but only as a federal republic." Guadalajara insisted that the pueblos of Jalisco wanted only a popular, representative and republican form of government. Other provinces made similar declarations.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress
The new congress represented regional interests. Therefore, the debate in the legislature focused on the division of power between the national and the provincial governments, not on whether Mexico would be a federal or a central republic. The delegates were divided into a confederalist, two federalist, and one centralist faction. The confederalists, extreme defenders of local rights like Juan de Dios Cañedo, argued that only the provinces possessed sovereignty, a portion of which they collectively ceded to the union to form a national government.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress
This interpretation meant that the provinces, or states, as Oaxaca, Yucatán, Jalisco and Zacatecas now called themselves, could subsequently reclaim the power they had relinquished. They were opposed by federalists like Servando Teresa de Mier who believed that only the nation was sovereign. In their view, although the country was organised into provinces, or states, for political purposes, the people, not the states, possessed sovereignty. The deputies, therefore, did not represent the states, but the people who constituted the nation. As the representative of the Mexican people, Congress possessed greater power and authority than the state legislatures.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress
In a sense, they were reasserting the position which had prevailed in Cádiz in 1812. Midway between these extremes stood men like federalist Miguel Ramos Arizpe, who believed that the national government and the states shared sovereignty. Although they favoured states’ rights, they nevertheless believed that the national government had to command sufficient power to function effectively. The confederalist/federalist factions were opposed by a tiny minority of centralists who argued that sovereignty was vested in the nation and that Mexico needed a strong national government.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Drafting a constitution
A committee consisting of Ramos Arizpe, Cañedo, Miguel Argüelles, Rafael Mangino, Tomás Vargas, Jose de Jesús Huerta, and Manuel Crescencio Rejón, submitted an Acta Constitutiva (draft of a constitution) on 20 November. The group completed the draft of the charter in a few days. This was possible because the document was based on the shared Hispanic political theory and practice that Mexicans, the former novohispanos, knew well, since they had played a significant role in shaping it.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Drafting a constitution
In the years since Napoleon had invaded Spain in 1808, the political entities that formed the Mexican nation in 1821 had undergone a series of rapid political changes that politicised the majority of the population and led to a vibrant political discourse. The Directioners Constitution of 1812 and its institutions of government were well known; moreover, seven proposals for a Mexican constitution had been debated throughout the country in the previous months. The constituent congress, therefore, was filled with educated individuals with diverse ideas and extensive political experience at the local, state, national, and international levels.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Drafting a constitution
A few, like Ramos Arizpe and Guridi y Alcocer, had served in the Cortes in Spain and had participated in the discussions of the Constitution of 1812. In addition, Ramos Arizpe had been working on a federal constitution for some time. Lorenzo de Zavala was president of the congress that approved the constitution.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution
The Acta Constitutiva submitted by the committee was modelled on the Hispanic Constitution of 1812. Most of its articles were based on the Peninsular document; a few were adopted verbatim from that charter. For example, on the question of sovereignty the Hispanic Constitution stated: "Sovereignty resides essentially in the nation and, therefore, it [the nation] possesses the exclusive right to adopt the form of government that seems most convenient for its conservation and prosperity".


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution
Article 3 of the Mexican Acta Constitutiva read: "Sovereignty resides radically and essentially in the nation and, therefore, it [the nation] possesses the exclusive right to adopt by means of its representatives the form of government and other fundamental laws that seem most convenient for its conservation and greater prosperity". Although the deputies relied on their first constitutional experience, the Constitution of 1812, they did not slavishly copy the Hispanic model.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution
Guridi y Alcocer, for example, explained that ever since he had served on the constitutional commission in the Hispanic Cortes he had maintained that sovereignty resided radically in the nation, by which he meant that the nation, as the institutional representative of el Pueblo, could not lose its sovereignty. His principal critics were radical federalists like Juan de Dios Cañedo, deputy from Jalisco, who challenged the need for an article declaring national sovereignty. He asked: that the article be deleted because in a republican federal government each state is sovereign. (...)


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution
Therefore, it is impossible to conceive how sovereignty, which is the origin and source of authority and power, can be divided among the many states. [ T]hat is why the first constitution of the United States [the Articles of Confederation] (...) does not mention national sovereignty. And, therefore, (...) Article 1 which discusses the nation should not be approved because it is not appropriate in the system we now have.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution
The Acta, unlike the Hispanic constitution, did not grant exclusive or even preponderant sovereignty to the nation, because the states also claimed sovereignty. Accordingly, Article 6 stated: "Its integral parts are independent, free, and sovereign States in that which exclusively concerns their administration and interior government". The issue of sovereignty remained at heart a question of the division of power between the national and the state governments. It was an issue that would be debated at length in the months to come.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists
The proponents of state sovereignty—the confederalists—were challenged by some less radical federalist delegates who argued that only the nation could be sovereign. Because these men stressed the need to endow the national government with sufficient power to sustain national interests, they are often mistakenly considered centralists. Servando Teresa de Mier, their outstanding spokesman, argued that people wrongly considered him a centralist, an error that arose from an unnecessarily restrictive definition of federalism. He indicated that federalism existed in many forms: the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the United States were federations, yet each was different.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists
Mier advocated the establishment of a unique brand of federalism suited to Mexico. He believed that local realities precluded the adoption of the extreme form of federalism—confederalism—championed by states’ righters. He declared: "I have always been in favour of a federation, but a reasonable and moderate federation. (...) I have always believed in a medium between the lax federation of the United States, whose defects many writers have indicated, (…) and the dangerous concentration [of executive power] in Colombia and Peru."


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists
In his view, Mexico needed a strong federal system because the country required an energetic and decisive national government to lead it during the crucial early years of nationhood, particularly since Spain refused to recognise Mexico's independence and the Holy Alliance threatened to intervene. For these reasons, Mier voted in favour of Article 5, which established a federal republic, while opposing Article 6, which granted sovereignty to the states.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists
Neither the advocates of states' rights, like Cañedo, nor the proponents of national sovereignty, like Mier, triumphed. Instead, a compromise emerged: shared sovereignty, as advocated by moderate federalists such as Ramos Arizpe. Throughout the debates, he and others argued that although the nation was sovereign, the states should control their internal affairs. The group saw no conflict between Article 3, which declared that sovereignty resided in the nation, and Article 6, which granted sovereignty to the states on internal matters. The moderates were able to forge shifting coalitions to pass both articles. First, they brought Article 3 to a vote.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists
A coalition of the proponents of national sovereignty, the advocates of shared sovereignty, and a few centralists passed the article by a wide margin. To secure passage of Article 6, those favouring approval succeeded in having the question brought to the floor in two parts. The first vote, on the section of Article 6 which indicated that the states were independent and free to manage their own affairs, passed by a wide margin, since the wording pleased all the confederalist/federalist groups, including the one led by Father Mier. Only seven centralist deputies opposed the measure.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists
Then Congress examined the section of Article 6 which declared that the states were sovereign. The coalition divided on this issue: Father Mier and his supporters joined the centralists in voting against the measure. Nevertheless, the proponents of states' rights and those who believed in shared sovereignty possessed enough strength to pass the measure by a margin of 41 to 28 votes.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists
The states did not just share sovereignty with the national government; they obtained the financial means to enforce their authority. They gained considerable taxing power at the expense of the federal government, which lost approximately half the revenue formerly collected by the viceregal administration. To compensate for that loss, the states were to pay the national government a contingente assessed for each state according to its means. As a result, the nation would have to depend upon the goodwill of the states to finance or fulfil its responsibilities.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
The constituent congress's decision to share sovereignty, moreover, did not settle the question of the division of power within the national government. Although all agreed on the traditional concept of separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, most congressmen believed that the legislature should be dominant. Recent Hispanic and Mexican experience had fostered a distrust of executive power. Therefore, the earlier Mexican Cortes had established a plural executive, the Supreme Executive Power. Since that body was perceived as subservient to the legislature, neither the provinces nor the Second Constituent Congress bothered to appoint a new executive.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
The authors of the Acta Constitutiva, however, proposed in Article 16 that executive power be conferred "on an individual with the title of president of the Mexican Federation, who must be a citizen by birth of said federation and have attained at least thirty-five years of age". The proposal led to a heated debate that transcended the former division between states’ righters and strong nationalist coalitions. While Cañedo supported Ramos Arizpe in favouring a single executive, others, including Rejón and Guridi y Alcocer, insisted on the need to weaken executive power by establishing a plural executive.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
Ramos Arizpe proposed that the president govern with the aid of a council of government. But that was not sufficient to mollify the opposition, which had the majority in congress. The opponents of a single executive presented several counter-proposals. Demetrio Castillo of Oaxaca suggested that a president, a vice-president and an alternate, called designee, should govern. Each would have a vote, but the president would cast the deciding one.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
Rejón, instead, recommended that three individuals form the Supreme Executive Power; their terms would be staggered so that one member would always possess seniority, but no individual would serve more than three years. Guridi y Alcocer proposed that the executive power be conferred on two persons. He argued that the best solution was to merge the experiences of ancient Rome, Spain, and the United States. Therefore, he urged that the two members of the executive power be backed by two alternates, who might resolve any differences that arose between the two members of the executive.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
Article 16 of the Acta Constitutiva was put to a vote on 2 January 1824 at an extraordinary session. It was defeated by a vote of 42 to 25. As a result, the congress did not address Article 17, which dealt with the vice-president. The proposal to establish a president and a vice-president was one of the few instances in which the second constitution of the United States served as a model. The majority did not agree with the proposal because it feared the possibility of one individual dominating Congress through military or popular forces, as Iturbide had done. The commission on the constitution revised the articles on the executive a number of times, but could not obtain support for its proposals.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
The fear of provincial disorder also influenced the debate. After Articles 5 and 6 of the Acta Constitutiva had been approved, several provinces decided to implement their right to form their own government. The national administration viewed their actions with concern, particularly because some movements were also anti-European Spaniards. The revolt of 12 December in Querétaro, for example, demanded the expulsion of gachupines (Spaniards who had come to Mexico) from the country. A similar uprising occurred later in Cuernavaca. In both instances, the national government sent forces to restore order.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
Then, on 23 December, Puebla declared itself a sovereign, free, and independent state. The authorities in Mexico City immediately concluded that the military commander of the province, General José Antonio de Echávarri, was responsible for the "revolt". Therefore, the government dispatched an army under the command of Generals Manuel Gómez Pedraza and Vicente Guerrero to restore order. The forces of the national government approached the capital city of Puebla at the end of December 1823.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
After lengthy negotiations, General Gómez Pedraza proposed that, since Congress was about to issue the convocatoria for national and state elections, the leaders of Puebla renounce their earlier action and hold new elections. The Poblanos agreed. The convocatoria was received in Puebla on 12 January 1824. Elections were held throughout the province and a new state government was inaugurated on 22 March 1824.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
Although the national government had maintained order in the nation, the revolt led by General Jose María Lobato on 20 January 1824 demonstrated that the plural executive could not act with the unity of purpose and the speed necessary to quell a large scale uprising in the capital. The rebels demanded the dismissal of Spaniards from government jobs and their expulsion from the country. Lobato managed to win support of the garrisons in the capital and the government seemed on the verge of capitulation when the Supreme Executive Power convinced Congress to declare Lobato an outlaw and to grant the executive sufficient power to quell the rebellion.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
As a result of the crisis, the majority in Congress eventually decided to establish an executive branch composed of a president and a vice-president. The creation of a single executive, however, did not mean that Congress had accepted a strong presidency. Most Mexicans continued to favour legislative supremacy. The Mexican charter, like the Hispanic constitution, severely restricted the power of the chief executive. The Constitution of 1824 created a quasi-parliamentary system in which the ministers of state answered to the congress. Consequently, the minister of interior and foreign relations acted as a quasi-prime minister.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
The creation of a national government did not end the tensions between the provinces and Mexico City. The debate over the location of the country's capital sparked a new conflict. The national elite favoured making the "Imperial City of Mexico" the capital of the republic. The regional elites were divided. During 1823, while discussing the importance of local control, they also emphasised the need to maintain a "centre of unity", that is, a capital. However, a significant number pointedly refused to bestow that honour upon Mexico City.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch
The special committee on the nation's capital recommended to the Constituent Congress on 31 May 1824 that another city, Querétaro, become the capital, and that the territory around it become the federal district. After a heated debate, Congress rejected the proposal to move the capital from Mexico City. Thereafter, the discussion centred on whether or not a federal district should be created. The ayuntamiento and the provincial deputation of Mexico were vehemently against such action. Indeed, the provincial legislature threatened secession and civil war if Mexico City were federalised. Nevertheless, on 30 October Congress voted fifty-two to thirty-one to make Mexico City the nation's capital and to create a federal district.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
After months of debate, Congress ratified the constitution, on 4 October 1824. The new charter affirmed that:


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Article 3: The religion of the Mexican nation is and will permanently be the Roman, Catholic, Apostolic [religion]. The nation protects her with wise and just laws and prohibits the exercise of any other [religion].


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Article 4. The Mexican nation adopts for its government a representative, popular, federal republic.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Article 5. The parts of this federation are the following states and territories: the states of Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Texas, Durango, Guanajuato, México, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla de los Ángeles, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora and Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Xalisco, Yucatán and Zacatecas; and the territories of: Alta California, Baja California, Colima Territory and Santa Fe de Nuevo México Territory. A constitutional law will determine the status of Tlaxcala.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Article 74. The supreme executive power of the federation is deposited in only one individual who shall be called President of the United States of Mexico (Estados Unidos Mexicanos).


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Article 75. There will also be a vice president who, in case of the physical or moral incapacity of the president, will receive all his authority and prerogatives.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Like the Acta Constitutiva, the Constitution of 1824 was modelled on the Hispanic Constitution of 1812, not, as is often asserted, on the US Constitution of 1787. Although superficially similar to the latter although it adopted a few practical applications from the U.S. Constitution, such as the executive, the Mexican document was based primarily on Hispanic constitutional and legal precedents. For example, although the Constitution of 1824 created a president, in Mexico the office was subordinate to the legislature.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Since Mexico was essentially confederalist, rather than federalist, the Mexican Charter was closer in spirit to the first US Constitution, the Articles of Confederation, than to the U.S. Constitution of 1787. Entire sections of the Cádiz Charter were repeated verbatim in the Mexican document because Mexicans did not reject their Hispanic heritage, and because some of the individuals who drafted the new republican constitution had served in the Cortes of Cádiz and had helped write the 1812 Constitution. Both the 1812 Constitution and the Mexican Constitution of 1824 established powerful legislatures and weak executives. However, the 1824 constitution was not a mere copy of that of 1812. Events in Mexico, particularly the assertion of states' rights by the former provinces, forced Congress to frame a constitution to meet the unique circumstances of the nation.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
The principal innovations (republicanism, federalism, and the presidency) were adopted to address Mexico's new reality. The monarchy was abolished because both Fernando VII and Agustín I had failed as political leaders, not because Mexicans imitated the US Constitution. Federalism arose naturally from Mexico's earlier political experience. The provincial deputations created by the Constitution of Cádiz simply converted themselves into states. However, unlike the 1812 document, the Mexican charter gave the states significant taxing power.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Although modeled on the Hispanic Constitution of 1812, the new charter did not address a number of issues included in the earlier document because the new Mexican federation shared sovereignty between the national government and the states. Thus, unlike the Constitution of Cádiz, which defined citizenship, the Mexican Constitution of 1824 remained silent on the subject. Similarly, it did not define who possessed the suffrage or the size of the population required to establish ayuntamientos, two significant factors in determining the popular nature of the Hispanic constitutional system. Those decisions were the prerogatives of the states.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
The constitutions of the states of the Mexican federation varied, but they generally followed the precedents of the Constitution of Cádiz. Most state constitutions explicitly defined the people in their territory as being citizens of the state; they were chiapanecos, sonorenses, chihuahuenses, duranguenses, guanajuatenses, etc. Some states, such as Mexico and Puebla, simply referred to "the natives and citizens of the estate." Following the Cádiz model, all states established indirect elections. A few, however, introduced property qualifications.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824
Many also followed the constitution of 1812 in allowing ayuntamientos in towns with more than 1,000 persons, but some raised the population requirements to 2,000, 3,000 or 4,000. Tabasco permitted only the cabeceras of the partido (district head towns) to have ayuntamientos. Article 78 of Veracruz's constitution stated that the jefe of the department "will arrange the number and function of the ayuntamientos."


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Content
The 1824 Constitution was composed of 7 titles and 171 articles, and was based on the Constitution of Cádiz for American issues, on the United States Constitution for the formula for federal representation and organization, and on the Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America of 1824, which abolished the monarchy. It introduced the system of federalism in a popular representative republic with Catholicism as official religion. The 1824 constitution does not expressly state the rights of citizens. The right to equality of citizens was restricted by the continuation of military and ecclesiastical courts. The most relevant articles were:


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Content
Although this was not stipulated in the constitution, slavery was prohibited in the Republic. Miguel Hidalgo promulgated the abolition in Guadalajara on 6 December 1810. President Guadalupe Victoria declared slavery abolished too, but it was President Vicente Guerrero who made the decree of Abolition of Slavery on 15 September 1829.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Federation
At the time of the promulgation of the Constitution, the nation was composed of 19 free states and 3 territories. That same year, two changes were made in the structure, resulting finally in 19 free states, 5 territories and the federal district.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Reactions
Due to the influence of Spanish liberal thought, the fragmentation that had been gradually consolidated by the Bourbon Reforms in New Spain, the newly won Independence of Mexico, the size of the territory—almost 4,600,000 km2 (1,776,069 sq mi)—and lack of easy communication across distances, there resulted a federal system with regional characteristics. The central states—Mexico, Puebla, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Veracruz and Michoacán—which were the most populated, worked as an administrative decentralization. The states of the periphery—Zacatecas, Coahuila y Texas, Durango, Chihuahua, Jalisco, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León—acquired a moderate confederalism. The states furthest from the center—Yucatán, Sonora y Sinaloa, Tamaulipas and Las Californias—acquired a radical confederalism.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Reactions
Without the existence of established political parties, three political tendencies are distinguished. The first still supported the empire of Iturbide, but was a minority. The second was influenced by the Yorkist Lodge of freemasonry, whose philosophy was radical Federalism and also encouraged an anti-Spanish sentiment largely promoted by the American plenipotentiary Joel Roberts Poinsett. And the third was influenced by the Scottish Lodge of freemasonry, which had been introduced to Mexico by the Spaniards themselves, favored Centralism, and yearned for the recognition of the new nation by Spain and the Holy See.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Reactions
With the consummation of independence, the "Royal Patronage" was gone, the federal government and state governments now considered these rights to belong to the State. The way to manage church property was the point that most polarized the opinions of the political class. Members of the Yorkist Lodge intended to use church property to clean up the finances, the members of the Scottish Lodge considered the alternative anathema. According to the federal commitment, states should provide an amount of money and men for the army, or blood quota. The federal budget was insufficient to pay debt, defense, and surveillance of borders, and states resisted meeting the blood quota, sometimes meeting that debt with criminals.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Reactions
Some state constitutions were more radical and took supplies to practice patronage locally, under the banner of "freedom and progress". The constitutions of Jalisco and Tamaulipas decreed government funding of religion, the constitutions of Durango and the State of Mexico allowed the governor the practice of patronage, the constitution of Michoacán gave the local legislature the power to regulate the enforcement of fees and discipline of clergy, and the constitution of Yucatán, in a vanguardist way, decreed freedom of religion.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Repeal and resettlement
In 1835, there was a drastic shift to the new Mexican Nation. The triumph of conservative forces in the elections unleashed a series of events that culminated on 23 October 1835, during the interim presidency of Miguel Barragán (the constitutional president was Antonio López de Santa Anna, but he was out of office), when the "Basis of Reorganization of the Mexican Nation" was approved, which ended the federal system and established a provisional centralist system. On 30 December 1836, interim president José Justo Corro issued the Seven Constitutional Laws, which replaced the Constitution. Secondary laws were approved on 24 May 1837.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Repeal and resettlement
The Seven Constitutional Laws, among other things, replaced the "free states" with French-style "departments", centralizing national power in Mexico City. This created an era of political instability, unleashing conflicts between the central government and the former states. Rebellions arose in various places, the most important of which were:


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Repeal and resettlement
The Texas annexation and the border conflict after the annexation led to the Mexican–American War. As a result, the Constitution of 1824 was restored by interim President José Mariano Salas on 22 August 1846. In 1847, The Reform Act was published, which officially incorporated, with some changes, the Federal Constitution of 1824, to operate while the next constitution was drafted. This federalist phase culminated in 1853.


1824 Constitution of Mexico, Repeal and resettlement
The Plan of Ayutla, which had a federalist orientation, was proclaimed on 1 March 1854. In 1855, Juan Álvarez, interim President of the Republic, issued the call for the Constituent Congress, which began its work on 17 February 1856 to produce the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857.


1824 French legislative election
The 1824 general election organized the third legislature of the Second Restoration. The election was held on 25 February and 6 March.


1824 French legislative election
Only citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote. The election was an overwhelming victory for Villèle and the ultras, as only 17 MPs of the opposition were re-elected (including Royer-Collard, Cécile Stanilas de Girardin, Benjamin Constant and Maximilien Sébastien Foy).


1824 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district in 1824 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR) upon his election to the Senate


1824 Haworth
1824 Haworth (prov. designation: 1952 FM) is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 March 1952, by Indiana University's Indiana Asteroid Program at its Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named after physicist Leland John Haworth.


1824 Haworth, Orbit and classification
Haworth orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,789 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1824 Haworth, Orbit and classification
Its first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 46 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.


1824 Haworth, Naming
It was named in honor of American particle physicist Leland John Haworth (1904–1979), a graduate of Indiana University and second director of the National Science Foundation.


1824 Haworth, Naming
His long and varied career included teaching and serving as member of the Atomic Energy Commission, as vice-president and president of Associated Universities, Inc., and as director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. His negotiations were instrumental for the funding of a 4-meter telescope at the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4156).


1824 Haworth, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Haworth measures 14.17 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.266. As of 2017, its composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1824 Indiana's 1st congressional district special election
On September 8, 1824, William Prince (DR-Jackson), of Indiana's 1st district died. A special election was held to fill the vacancy left in Indiana's congressional representation by his death


1824 Indiana's 1st congressional district special election, Election results
Call took his seat on December 23, 1824, serving until the end of the 18th Congress on March 13, 1825.


1824 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1824 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the fourth gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.


1824 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1824 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 13, 1824. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Albion Parris won re-election to a fourth term.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election
Elections to the Massachusetts Senate were held during 1824 to elect State Senators. Candidates were elected at the county level, with some counties electing multiple Senators.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election
For election, a candidate needed the support of a majority of those voting. If a seat remained vacant because no candidate received such majority, the Massachusetts General Court was empowered to fill it by a majority vote of its members. If more candidates received majorities than there were seats, the top finishers were elected.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Berkshire
Results from Egremont, Florida, and Mount Washington were excluded from the official totals.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Bristol and Dukes
Results from Seekonk were rejected, "it appearing by said return that the meeting was held in 1804."


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Franklin
Although Grinnell received a majority of the votes received, 33 votes for Grinnell, 20 votes for Longley and 9 votes for Hoyt were rejected from Erving's Grant were rejected by the Governor's Council, "it not being a town or district." Erving's Grant was unincorporated until 1838.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampden
Results from Chester were rejected, "there being two returns from the same town." The exact totals for Chester are not known.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire
Results from Chester were rejected, "there being two returns from the same town." The exact totals for Chester are not known.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Middlesex
The following men also received votes, though their exact totals are unknown:


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Nantucket
Burnell was a member of the Federalist Party but was also supported by the Democratic-Republicans.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Norfolk
The following men also received votes as Federalist candidates, though their exact totals are unknown:


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Plymouth
Nathaniel Davis (Federalist), Charles Tuner (Republican), and William Davis (Republican) also received votes.


1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Worcester
Exact totals for the Republican ticket are unknown. Many other candidates received votes throughout the county, but their exact totals are unknown:


1824 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1824 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 5.


1824 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Republican Governor William Eustis was re-elected to a second term in office over U.S. Representative Samuel Lathrop, a Federalist ally of John Quincy Adams. This was the last election in which the dying Federalist Party, which had already collapsed at the national level, was competitive.


1824 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by John Bailey (DR) being declared not eligible for the seat which he'd won the previous year on March 24, 1824. The election was held on August 30, 1824, with additional ballots held on November 1 and November 29 due to a majority not being achieved on the first or second ballot.


1824 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1824 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 2, 1824, Frederick Bates defeated Lt. Gov William Henry Ashley. Both candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. The death of Frederick Bates in August 1825, meant that the next election for governor of Missouri would be held little more than a year after this election.


1824 New York gubernatorial election
The 1824 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 1 to 3, 1824, to elect the governor and the lieutenant governor.


1824 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent DeWitt Clinton for Governor and state assemblyman and former U.S. representative James Tallmadge Jr. for Lieutenant Governor.


1824 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The anti-Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated Erie Canal Commissioner Samuel Young for Governor and incumbent Erastus Root for Lieutenant Governor.


1824 New York gubernatorial election, Sources
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1824 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1824 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 12, 1824. The election was a rematch of 1822, with only the top two contenders returning. Incumbent Governor Morrow and Speaker of the Senate Trimble, who also served as acting Governor in 1822, both increased their vote share, lacking any other challengers. In this election, the two candidates agreed on the major issues, including support for a public school system and the development of internal improvements.


1824 Ohio gubernatorial election
This was the last gubernatorial election that the Democratic-Republicans won in Ohio. About a month later, Henry Clay would win Ohio in the Presidential election over Jackson and Adams, with both Morrow and Trimble joining his Whig Party.


1824 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election
In June 1824, John Tod (DR) of Pennsylvania's 13th district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on October 12, 1824, the same day as the elections to the 19th Congress


1824 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election, Election results
Thomson ran unopposed. He also won the same seat in the 19th Congress


1824 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election
On April 20, 1824, Thomas J. Rogers (DR) of Pennsylvania's 8th district resigned, leaving a vacancy which was filled by a special election on October 12, 1824, the same day as the general election for the 19th Congress.


1824 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election, Election results
Wolf ran unopposed. He also won the same seat in the 19th Congress.


1824 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1824 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 7, 1824 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the Jackson Republican nominee, beat Wheeler Marion, the Democratic Republican candidate, with 78.05% of the vote.


1824 State of the Union Address
The 1824 State of the Union Address was written by James Monroe, the 5th president of the United States.


1824 State of the Union Address
Delivered to the 18th United States Congress on Tuesday, December 7, 1824. James Monroe presided over the Era of Good Feelings. He began with, "The view which I have now to present to you of our affairs, foreign and domestic, realizes the most sanguine anticipations which have been entertained of the public prosperity. If we look to the whole, our growth as a nation continues to be rapid beyond example;"  He ended with, "From the present prosperous and happy state I derive a gratification which I can not express. That these blessings may be preserved and perpetuated will be the object of my fervent and unceasing prayers to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe."


1824 State of the Union Address
In the middle of the address, Mr. Monroe said, "There is no object which as a people we can desire which we do not possess or which is not within our reach. Blessed with governments the happiest which the world ever knew, with no distinct orders in society or divided interests in any portion of the vast territory over which their dominion extends, we have every motive to cling together which can animate a virtuous and enlightened people." James Monroe, a founder of his country, predicts that his country will become a world power, and must animate with virtue and enlightenment.


1824 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia
Georgia elected its members October 4, 1824. There were only 7 candidates who ran statewide in 1824. There were several other candidates who received votes in a small number of states, but vote totals were only available for the seven winning candidates. The minor candidates only received a few hundred votes each.


1824 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia, Notes
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1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes
This Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
The 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from November 1 to 3, 1824, to elect 34 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 19th United States Congress.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
34 U.S. Representatives had been elected in November 1822 to a term in the 18th United States Congress, beginning on March 4, 1823. William B. Rochester had resigned his seat in April 1823, and William Woods was elected to fill the vacancy. Parmenio Adams had contested the election of Isaac Wilson, and was seated in January 1824. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1825. The elections were held with the annual State election on the first Monday in November and the two succeeding days, about four months before the congressional term began, and a little more than a year before Congress actually met on December 5, 1825.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
At this time the Democratic-Republican Party in New York was split into two opposing factions: on one side, the supporters of DeWitt Clinton and his Erie Canal project; on the other side, the Bucktails (including the Tammany Hall organization in New York City), led by Martin Van Buren. At the same time, the Federalist Party had already disbanded, and most of its former members had joined the Clintonians.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
At the same time, party lines broke down concerning the 1824 United States presidential election. The Bucktails' leader Van Buren supported William H. Crawford, and most of the Clintonians supported John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay also disputed the election, but found more support in other States.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
Since 1792, presidential electors had been elected by the New York State Legislature, but with a four-way race in the offing, a movement to change the mode of election was started: The "People's Party" advocated the election of presidential electors by popular ballot in districts, and nominated DeWitt Clinton for Governor of New York.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
The geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1822. Two new counties were created within the 26th district: Wayne Co. and Yates Co.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
23 People's Party men and 11 Bucktails were declared elected. The incumbents Wood, Cambreleng, Strong, Van Rensselaer, Storrs, Taylor, Martindale, Ten Eyck, Marvin, Rose, Hayden and Adams were re-elected; the incumbents Sharpe, Craig, Herkimer, Clark, Litchfield, Day and Woods were defeated.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
Note: Of the People's Party candidates, Wood, Sands, Strong, Van Rensselaer, Campbell and Storrs were old Federalists; Haines, Craig, Taylor, Marvin, Hayden and Adams were old Clintonians; and Sharpe, Herkimer, Martindale and Rose were elected as Bucktails in 1822.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election
No change in the mode of election of presidential electors was enacted this year. On November 11, 1824, the New York State Legislature chose 36 presidential electors of whom 26 voted for John Quincy Adams, 5 for William H. Crawford, 4 for Henry Clay and 1 for Andrew Jackson. No candidate received a majority in the electoral college vote at the 1824 United States presidential election, and the election was referred to the House of Representatives, to choose among the three most voted candidates: Adams, Jackson and Crawford.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election
Henry Clay supported Adams, so that after the contingent election on February 9, 1825, one month before the end of the term of the 18th Congress, the members were back-labeled (according to their actual vote) as "Adams-Clay Democratic-Republicans" (Sharpe, Van Wyck, Williams, Herkimer, Cady, Taylor, Martindale, Lawrence, Marvin, Rose, Hayden, Woods, Adams and Tracy), "Jackson Democratic-Republicans" (Morgan and Craig), "Crawford Democratic-Republicans" (Tyson, Cambreleng, Frost, Jenkins, Hoogeboom, Foote, Eaton, Richards, Ten Eyck, Collins, Clark, Dwinell, Litchfield, Day) and "Adams-Clay Federalists" (Wood, Strong, Van Rensselaer, Storrs).


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election
After this fiasco, Martin Van Buren abandoned Crawford, and re-organized his Bucktails supporting Andrew Jackson. In the 19th Congress the members were split into the supporters of President Adams (known as "Adams men", later becoming the "Anti- Jacksonians" and the National Republican Party) and the supporters of Andrew Jackson (known as "Jacksonians", later becoming the Democratic Party).


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election
The House of Representatives of the 19th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 5, 1825, and 32 of the representatives, among them Egbert Ten Eyck took their seats on this day. Rose took his seat on December 7; and Whitmore on January 16, 1826.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election
On December 9, 1825, Henry R. Storrs presented a petition on behalf of Daniel Hugunin, Jr. contesting the election of Egbert Ten Eyck in the 20th District. On December 15, the Committee on Elections submitted its report. They found that 142 votes in St. Lawrence County, and 53 votes in Lewis County had been returned for "Daniel Hugunin"; and 275 votes in Jefferson County had been returned for "Daniel Hugunin, junior"; all these listed among the "scattering votes."


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election
The Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Ten Eyck who took his seat when Congress met on December 5. The petition included testimony by the election inspectors that 271 votes in Watertown, 93 votes in Madrid, and 48 votes in Louisville had been in fact given for "Daniel Hugunin, jun." but had been certified mistakenly. Adding these votes to the 5,188 returned for "Daniel Hugunin, jun. ", Hugunin had a recognized total of 5,600 votes, 116 more than Ten Eyck. The committee declared Hugunin, Jr., entitled to the seat instead of Ten Eyck. The House concurred without opposition, and Hugunin, Jr., took his seat.


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election
After Hugunin, Jr., was seated on December 15, 1825, of the 34 representatives from New York there were 25 Adams men and 9 Jacksonians: the People's Party men supported Adams; the Bucktails supported Jackson, except Porter who was described as an "Adams Bucktail."


1824 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes
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1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont
Vermont elected its members September 7, 1824. Congressional districts were re-established in Vermont for the 1824 election. Vermont had used an at-large district 1812-1818 and 1822. A majority was required for election, which was not met in the 1st district, necessitating a second election December 6, 1824.


1824 United States elections
The 1824 United States elections elected the members of the 19th United States Congress. It marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings and the First Party System. Members of the Democratic-Republican Party continued to maintain a dominant role in federal politics, but the party became factionalized between supporters of Andrew Jackson and supporters of John Quincy Adams. The Federalist Party ceased to function as a national party, having fallen into irrelevance following a relatively strong performance in 1812.


1824 United States elections
In the first close presidential election since the 1812 election, four major candidates ran, all of whom were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. The Democratic-Republicans had largely been successful in fielding only one presidential candidate in previous elections (except in 1812), but the breakdown of the congressional nominating caucus and a lack of meaningful opposition from the Federalists allowed for a multi-candidate field. Senator Andrew Jackson from Tennessee, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford, and Speaker of the House Henry Clay all received electoral votes.


1824 United States elections
With no candidate receiving a majority of the electoral vote, the House chose among the three candidates (Jackson, Adams, and Crawford) with the most electoral votes. Although Jackson won a plurality of electoral and popular votes, the House elected Adams as President. Despite the chaos in the presidential election, John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency with a majority of electoral votes. The 1824 presidential election was the only time that the House elected the president under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment, and the only time that the winner of the most electoral votes did not win the presidency. Adams's victory ended the Virginia dynasty of presidents, but continued the trend of the incumbent secretary of state winning election as president.


1824 United States elections
In the House, Democratic-Republicans continued to command a dominant majority. Supporters of Adams narrowly outnumbered supporters of Jackson. John W. Taylor, who would later join Adams's National Republicans, was elected Speaker of the House.


1824 United States elections
In the Senate, Democratic-Republicans continued to command a dominant majority. Supporters of Jackson narrowly outnumbered supporters of Adams.


1824 United States presidential election
The 1824 United States presidential election was the tenth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Tuesday, October 26 to Wednesday, December 1, 1824. Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and William Crawford were the primary contenders for the presidency. The result of the election was inconclusive, as no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote. In the election for vice president, John C. Calhoun was elected with a comfortable majority of the vote.


1824 United States presidential election
Because none of the candidates for president garnered an electoral vote majority, the U.S. House of Representatives, under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, held a contingent election. On February 9, 1825, John Quincy Adams was elected as president without getting the majority of the electoral vote or the popular vote, being the only president to do so.


1824 United States presidential election
The Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections and by 1824 was the only national political party. However, as the election approached, the presence of multiple viable candidates resulted in there being multiple nominations by the contending factions, signaling the splintering of the party and an end to the Era of Good Feelings.


1824 United States presidential election
Adams won New England, Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states, Jackson and Clay split the Western states, and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states. Jackson finished with a plurality of the electoral and popular vote, while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the votes. Clay, who had finished fourth, was eliminated. Because he shared many of Adams's positions on the major issues, he lent him his support, allowing Adams to win the contingent election on the first ballot.


1824 United States presidential election
This is one of two presidential elections (along with the 1800 election) that have been decided in the House. It is also one of five in which the winner did not achieve at least a plurality of the national popular vote, and the only U.S. election in which the candidate who had the plurality of votes in the Electoral College did not win the election.


1824 United States presidential election, Background
The Era of Good Feelings associated with the administration of President James Monroe was a time of reduced emphasis on political party identity. With the Federalists discredited, Democratic-Republicans adopted some key Federalist economic programs and institutions. The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the Constitution, limited central government, and primacy of Southern slaveholding interests.


1824 United States presidential election, Background
An unintended consequence of wide single-party identification was reduced party discipline. Rather than political harmony, factions arose within the party. Monroe attempted to improve discipline by appointing leading statesmen to his Cabinet, including Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee led high-profile military missions. Only House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of Monroe. He refused to join the cabinet and remained critical of the administration.


1824 United States presidential election, Background
Two key events, the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820, influenced and reshaped politics. The economic downturn broadly harmed workers, the sectional disputes over slavery expansion raised tensions, and both events plus other factors drove demand for increased democratic control. Social disaffection would help motivate revival of rivalrous political parties in the near future, though these had not yet formed at the time of the 1824 election.


1824 United States presidential election, Nomination process
The previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists' popular appeal. President James Monroe of the Democratic-Republicans was able to run without opposition in the election of 1820. Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms, Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for a third term.


1824 United States presidential election, Nomination process
Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins had long-since been dismissed as a viable successor to Monroe due to a combination of health problems and a financial dispute with the federal government, and he formally ruled himself out of making a presidential run at the start of 1824. The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic-Republican Party, the only major national political entity remaining in the United States.


1824 United States presidential election, Nomination process
The Congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice president, but it was sparsely attended and was widely attacked as undemocratic. Gallatin had not sought the nomination and soon withdrew at Crawford's request. Gallatin was also dissatisfied with repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates. He was replaced by North Carolina Senator Nathaniel Macon. State legislatures also convened state caucuses to nominate candidates.


1824 United States presidential election, General election, Candidates
All four candidates were nominated by at least one state legislature. Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee. Jackson did not seek the task of running for president. Instead, he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville called the Hermitage. However, Jackson was not one to decline such a request.


1824 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Candidates drew voter support by different states and sections. Adams dominated the popular vote in New England and won some support elsewhere, Clay dominated his home state of Kentucky and won pluralities in two neighboring states, and Crawford won the Virginia vote overwhelmingly and polled well in North Carolina. Jackson had geographically the broadest support, though there were heavy vote concentrations in his home state of Tennessee and in Pennsylvania and populous areas where even he ran poorly.


1824 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Policy played a reduced role in the election, though positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create significant disagreements. Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina for vice president. He easily secured the majority of electoral votes for that office. In reality, Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams's policies, but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president.


1824 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms. Contrafacta, or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered, were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates. Below can be found a sound clip featuring "Hunters of Kentucky", a tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title "The Unfortunate Miss Bailey". Contrafacta such as this one, which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero, have been a long-standing tradition in presidential elections. Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint.


1824 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Political cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers. Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff. This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign. In contrast, most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns. Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf.


1824 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. The electoral map confirmed the candidates' sectional support, with Adams winning in New England, Jackson having wide voter appeal, Clay attracting votes from the West, and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South. Jackson earned only a plurality of electoral votes. Thus, the election was decided by the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams on the first ballot. John C. Calhoun, supported by Adams and Jackson, easily won the vice presidency.


1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election
As no presidential candidate had won an absolute electoral vote majority, the responsibility for electing a new president devolved upon the U.S. House of Representatives, which held a contingent election on February 9, 1825. As prescribed by the Twelfth Amendment, the House was limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford; Henry Clay, who had finished fourth, was eliminated. Each state delegation, voting en bloc, had a single vote. There were 24 states at the time, thus an absolute majority of 13 votes was required for victory.


1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election
Clay detested Jackson and had said of him, "I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various, difficult, and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy." Moreover, Clay's American System was closer to Adams's position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson's. Even if Clay had wished to align with Crawford over Jackson, which was highly unlikely in any event since Clay's policy differences with Crawford were even deeper, especially on matters of the tariff, and the fact Crawford had been in poor health, no path to victory was evident.


1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election
Ignoring the nonbinding directive of the Kentucky legislature that its House delegation choose Jackson, the delegation voted 8–4 for Adams instead. Clay used his political influence in the House to motivate House delegations in states where he had won at least a voting plurality to vote for Adams. Thus, Adams was elected president on the first ballot, with 13 states, followed by Jackson with seven, and Crawford with four.


1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election, Balloting in the contingent election
Connecticut       6     0     0  Illinois       1     0     0  Kentucky       8     4     0  Louisiana       2     1     0  Maine       7     0     0  Maryland       5     3     1  Massachusetts      12    1     0  Missouri       1     0     0  New Hampshire       6     0     0  New York      18    2    14 Ohio      10    2     2  Rhode Island       2     0     0  Vermont       5     0     0


1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election, Balloting in the contingent election
Alabama       0     3     0  Indiana       0     3     0  Mississippi       0     1     0  New Jersey       1     5     0  Pennsylvania       1    25    0  South Carolina       0     9     0  Tennessee       0     9     0


1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election, Balloting in the contingent election
Delaware       0     0     1  Georgia       0     0     7  North Carolina       1     2    10 Virginia       1     1    19


1824 United States presidential election, Aftermath
Adams' victory shocked Jackson, who, as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, expected the House to choose him. Not long before the contingent House election, an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper, called the Columbian Observer. The statement, said to be from a member of Congress, essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State. No formal investigation was conducted, so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied. When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious, he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for, knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him.


1824 United States presidential election, Aftermath
By appointing Clay his Secretary of State, President Adams essentially declared him heir to the presidency, as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State. Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a "corrupt bargain", and the Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years, ultimately helping Jackson defeat Adams in 1828.


1824 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1824 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1824 United States presidential election in Alabama
During this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Alabama voted for Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford and Henry Clay. Jackson won Alabama by a margin of 51.52%.


1824 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1824 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1824 United States presidential election in Connecticut
During this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Connecticut voted for John Quincy Adams over William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay. Adams won Connecticut by a margin of 51.93%.


1824 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1824 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1824 United States presidential election in Delaware
During this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Delaware cast two electoral votes for William H. Crawford and one for John Quincy Adams.


1824 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1824 United States presidential election in Georgia took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1824 United States presidential election in Georgia
During this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and 4 different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Georgia cast 9 electoral votes for native William H. Crawford.