1828 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won New Hampshire by a margin of 8.2%.


1828 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1828 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won New Jersey by a narrow margin of 4.26%.


1828 United States presidential election in New York
The 1828 United States presidential election in New York took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 36 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. For this election, New York used the Congressional District Method of choosing electors, with 34 of its electors being chosen by the winner in each of the state's congressional districts, and the remaining two being chosen by the first 34 electors. Jackson won 18 congressional districts while Adams won 16. This election marks the first time New York did not chose its electoral votes through its State Legislature.


1828 United States presidential election in New York
New York voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won New York by a margin of 2.9%.


1828 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1828 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in North Carolina
North Carolina voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won North Carolina by a margin of 46.17%.


1828 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1828 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Ohio by a narrow margin of 3.2%. This was the first election of the Second Party System, and as such the first election in which Ohio voted for a candidate of a party other than the Democratic-Republicans.


1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 28 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Pennsylvania by a margin of 33.32%.


1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Even 193 years later, This was the Democratic Party's best performance in Pennsylvania as of 2021. It was also the last time Union County, Pennsylvania voted Democrat.


1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Rhode Island by a margin of 54.06%.


1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
With 77.03% of the popular vote, Adams' victory in Rhode Island made it his strongest state in the 1828 election.


1828 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1828 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in South Carolina
South Carolina cast 11 eleven electoral votes for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. These electors were elected by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.


1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Tennessee, his home state, by a wide margin of 90.38%.


1828 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1828 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Vermont by a margin of 50.46%.


1828 United States presidential election in Vermont
With 75.23% of the popular vote, Adam's victory in Vermont was his third strongest state in the 1828 election after Rhode Island and Massachusetts. No Democrat was to win Vermont until Lyndon B. Johnson did so in 1964. This election marks the first time Vermont chose its electors by popular vote rather than appointment by the state legislature.


1828 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1828 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 24 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1828 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, incumbent President John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Virginia by a margin of 37.98%.


1828 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1828 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Samuel C. Crafts to a one-year term as governor.


1828 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that Crafts had won election to a one-year term as governor.


1828 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Henry Olin had won election to a second one-year term. Contemporary newspaper articles reported the results as: Olin, 14,928 (95.8%); Lyman Fitch, 652 (4.2%).


1828 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-ninth. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. Newspapers of the time did not report vote totals, but did indicate that Swan had been reelected with no opposition.


1828 Vermont gubernatorial election
The vote totals in the governor's race were reported as follows:


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections
In the United States House of Representatives elections in 1828 and 1829, the Jacksonians soundly took control of the presidency, with Andrew Jackson's victory, and greatly increased their majority in Congress. Outgoing President John Quincy Adams's unpopularity played a major role in the Jacksonian pick-up, as did the perception of the Anti- Jacksonian Party as urban and elitist. Major increases in suffrage also heightened Jacksonian wins, as newly enfranchised voters tended to associate with Jacksonian principles. The Anti-Masonic Party, a single issue faction based on distrust of Freemasonry, became the first third party in American history to garner seats in the House.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1828 and 1829 to the 20th United States Congress and 21st United States Congress.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama
Alabama elected its members August 3, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut
Connecticut elected its members April 29, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia
Georgia returned to electing its members at-large for the 1828 election and elected its members October 6, 1828. Despite two retirements, the entire delegation remained Jacksonians.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky
Kentucky elected its members August 3, 1829, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine
Maine elected its members September 8, 1828. Maine required a majority vote for election, so the 5th district district election was settled on the second ballot on December 22, 1828 and the 6th district district election was settled on the sixth ballot on April 5, 1830, near the end of the next Congress.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland
Maryland elected its members October 5, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
The majority requirement for election was met on the first ballot in all of the 13 districts.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
North Carolina elected its members August 13, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island
Rhode Island elected its members August 27, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee
Tennessee elected its members August 6–7, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont
Vermont elected its members September 2, 1828. Vermont required a majority vote for election, so the 3rd district district election was settled on the second ballot on November 11, 1828 and the 5th district district election was settled on the eighth ballot on November 2, 1829.


1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia
Virginia elected its members in April 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections
In the United States Senate elections of 1828 and 1829, the Jacksonian coalition, despite its leader's victory in the presidential election, lost a seat in the Senate to the opposing Anti- Jacksonian coalition.


1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections
Senators who called themselves "Anti- Jacksonian" or "National Republicans" were also called "Adams" or "Adams Men."


1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections, Results summary
Senate party division at the beginning of the 21st United States Congress (1829–1831)


1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 20th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1828 or before March 4, 1829; ordered by election date.


1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 21st Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1829; ordered by state.


1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 21st Congress
In these special elections, the winners were elected in 1829 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1828 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1828 in Australia.


1828 in Australia, Census
Australia's first census was held in November 1828 in the colony of New South Wales. Previous government statistical reports had been taken from "musters" where inhabitants were brought together for counting. In 1828, the white population was 36,598 of whom 20,870 were free and 15,728 were convicts. 23.8% of the population were born in the colony. 24.5%  were women. There were 25,248 Protestants and 11,236 Catholics. Indigenous Australians were not counted.


1828 in Australia, Census
Of the 36,598, 638 were living in what is now Queensland. There were also 18,128 people in Tasmania.


1828 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1828 in Chile.


1828 in India
Events in the year 1828 in India. Raja Rammoyan Roy founded Brahmo Sabha in 1828; it was later renamed Brahmo samaj.


1828 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1828 in the Sublime State of Persia.


1828 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1828 in New Zealand.


1828 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1828 in South Africa.


1828 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1828 to Wales and its people.


1828 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1828.


1828 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1828.


1828 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1828 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1828 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1828 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1828.


1828 in science
The year 1828 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1828 in sports
1828 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1828–1829 Massachusetts legislature
The 50th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1829 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. Sherman Leland served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.


1828–1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont
Vermont elected its members September 2, 1828. Vermont required a majority vote for election, so the 3rd district district election was settled on the second ballot on November 11, 1828 and the 5th district district election was settled on the eighth ballot on November 2, 1829.


1828–1830 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine
Maine elected its members September 8, 1828. Maine required a majority vote for election, so the 5th district district election was settled on the second ballot on December 22, 1828 and the 6th district district election was settled on the sixth ballot on April 5, 1830, near the end of the next Congress.


1829
1829 (MDCCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1829th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 829th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 29th  year of the 19th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1829, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1829 (board game)
1829 (South) is a railroad operations and share-trading board game in the 18xx series, first published by Hartland Trefoil Ltd (UK) in 1974 from an original design by Francis Tresham, but is now out of print. 1829 (South) is based on railroading in southern England and Wales and became the first game in the 18xx series, with the basic game design now licensed to companies such as Mayfair Games and Hans im Glück. The game is also the inspiration for Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon series.


1829 (board game), Game structure
1829 (South) is a turn-based multiplayer game where the only element of luck involved is in determining the initial play order.


1829 (board game), Second version
A second version of the game known as 1829 (North) was published by Francis Tresham in 1981 and covers railroading in Northern England and Scotland. Since the second version was published, the original 1829 is referred to as 1829 (South). The two games are played at different maps but share the same game mechanics.


1829 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1829 Alabama gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on August 3, 1829, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Jacksonian candidate Gabriel Moore ran unopposed and so won 100% of the vote.


1829 Chilean presidential election
The Chilean presidential election of 1829 took place on May 15 and 16, 1829, through a system of electors.


1829 Chilean presidential election, Description
The newly enacted Constitution of 1828 provided that the President was to be chosen by electors. Two hundred and sixteen electors, three for each congressman, were to be chosen. Each elector voted for two names, without specifying which vote was for President or Vice President.


1829 Chilean presidential election, Description
The election was subject to abuses, so electors gave their vote to Francisco Antonio Pinto and to Joaquín Vicuña.


1829 Chilean presidential election, Description
Even though Pinto was accepted as President, his resignation and replacement by Vice President Joaquín Vicuña triggered the Chilean Civil War of 1829.


1829 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1829 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 9, 1829. Incumbent governor and National Republican nominee Gideon Tomlinson ran essentially unopposed, winning with 97.52% of the vote amidst a scattering of votes.


1829 Costa Rican Head of State election
In the election for Head of State of Costa Rica held on 1 January 1829 Juan Mora Fernández is reelected in his position by the majority of Electors.


1829 Costa Rican Head of State election
The elections in this period were conducted in two levels, first all Costa Ricans capable of voting according to the Constitution (men able to read and write, among other things) who cast a public vote chose the Electores according to the proportional representation of the population of each location; 11 for San José, 9 for Alajuela, 8 for Cartago, 8 for Heredia, 3 for Escazú, 3 for Ujarrás and 3 for the recently annexed Nicoya. Mora received the unanimous vote of all the provinces except for 2 electoral votes in San José, 1 in Alajuela and 2 in Heredia.


1829 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1829 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1829. Incumbent Federalist Governor Charles Polk Jr. was barred from seeking re-election to a second consecutive term. David Hazzard, the two-time Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor, ran as the National Republican, or Anti-Jacksonian, candidate as the First Party System crumbled and new political parties were formed. He was opposed by Allan Thompson, the Jacksonian candidate. Hazzard ended up winning the governorship on his third try, narrowly beating out Thompson.


1829 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
This Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1829 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1829 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 14, 1829. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Enoch Lincoln did not run for re-election. National Republican candidate Jonathan G. Hunton defeated Democratic candidate Samuel E. Smith.


1829 Maine gubernatorial election
Lincoln died in Augusta, Maine, on October 8, 1829, after the election of his successor Jonathan G. Hunton before Lincoln's term expired. Two Presidents of the Maine Senate, Nathan Cutler and Joshua Hall, had to serve as lame-duck successors between the two men.


1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 6.


1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
National Republican Governor Levi Lincoln Jr. was re-elected to a fifth term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton.


1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign
Justice Morton once again refused his candidacy but was nonetheless promoted by David Henshaw against his wishes, for want of a willing candidate. Nevertheless, Morton privately took personal and political pride in the support he did receive, taking it as evidence the new Democratic Party could be a success.


1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results
With low turnout and Morton's refusal, the election was a landslide for Lincoln. Morton carried 35 towns, 17 more than he had carried in 1828.


1829 North Carolina's 10th congressional district special election
John Giles was elected August 13, 1829 to the term beginning March 4, 1829, but resigned from the seat without having served.


1829 North Carolina's 10th congressional district special election
A special election was held December 2, 1829 to finish the term. Abraham Rencher (Jacksonian) won the election, defeated the previous incumbent, John Long, and was seated December 7, 1829 for the beginning of the 21st United States Congress.


1829 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1829. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 79 to 81. Voter turnout was 45.3%, although only 5.5% of the country's population was eligible to vote.


1829 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1829 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 13, 1829. U.S. Representative George Wolf, a Democrat, defeated Anti-Masonic candidate Joseph Ritner to win the election.


1829 Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district special election
On December 15, 1829, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative-elect William Wilkins (AM) on November 9, 1829, prior to the start of the 21st Congress.


1829 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district on October 13, 1829 to fill two vacancies in Pennsylvania's congressional delegation before the first session of the 21st Congress. The vacancies had been caused by the resignations of Samuel D. Ingham (J) who was chosen as U.S. Treasury Secretary and George Wolf (J) who was elected Governor of Pennsylvania


1829 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election, Election results
As the 8th district was a plural district with two seats, both empty, this election sent two people to Congress, bolded here for clarity.


1829 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election, Election results
Ihrie and Smith took their seats on December 7, 1829, the first day of the First Session of the 21st Congress


1829 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1829 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 1, 1829 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jacksonian Party nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.


1829 State of the Union Address
The 1829 State of the Union Address was given by Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States. He did not speak directly to the 21st United States Congress, but it was still important. Presented on Tuesday, December 8, 1829, in the United States House of Representatives chamber, it was his first address.


1829 State of the Union Address
He said, "In communicating with you for the first time it is to me a source of unfeigned satisfaction, calling for mutual gratulation and devout thanks to a benign Providence, that we are at peace with all man-kind, and that our country exhibits the most cheering evidence of general welfare and progressive improvement." He addressed the Natives, There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization, and, by promoting union and harmony among them, to raise up an interesting commonwealth, destined to perpetuate the race and to attest the humanity and justice of this Government."


1829 Torrevieja earthquake
The 1829 Torrevieja earthquake occurred near the city of Torrevieja, Province of Alicante of southern Spain, and had an estimated magnitude of 6.6 Mw with a Mercalli intensity of IX (violent). It severely damaged numerous cities and it was known as the Torrevieja earthquake because this was the largest locality that suffered its effects.


1829 Torrevieja earthquake, Earthquake
In the southern province of Alicante, the period between 1820 and 1830 was the most seismically active, affecting the Bajo Segura seismotectonic line which has three major faults: the Benejúzar-Benijófar, Guardamar del Segura and Torrevieja. In general, the Alicante coast sank about 10 m (33 ft) across the Torrevieja fault.


1829 Torrevieja earthquake, Earthquake
From September 13, 1828 to March 21, 1829, there were a series of earthquakes in the area estimated at more than two hundred. At 18:10 on March 22, 1829 an earthquake occurred, 6.6 Mercalli intensity on the current seismological scale, Intensity of IX (Violent)


1829 Torrevieja earthquake, Damage and casualties
2,965 house were totally destroyed and 2,396 were damaged, destruction of bridges over the Segura river in Almoradi, Benejúzar, Dolores and Guardamar, and which extended the most serious effects, hundred of people were killed, half of them in Almoradí.


1829 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
Connecticut elected its members April 29, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1829 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1829 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island elected its members August 27, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama
Alabama elected its members August 3, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky
Kentucky elected its members August 3, 1829, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes
This Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
Maryland elected its members October 5, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
North Carolina elected its members August 13, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes
This North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
Tennessee elected its members August 6–7, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes
This Tennessee elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
Virginia elected its members in April 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.


1829 United States Senate special election in New York
The 1829 United States Senate special election in New York was held on January 15, 1829, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Background
Martin Van Buren had been re-elected in 1827 to this seat, but resigned his seat on December 20, 1828, after his election as Governor of New York.


1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Background
Governor DeWitt Clinton died on February 11, 1828, which led to a re-alignment of the two major parties in the State. The previously opposed "Clintonians" and "Bucktails" (Anti-Clintonians) had lost their reference point, and now became "Jacksonians" (supporters of Andrew Jackson, later known as the Democratic Party, led by Martin Van Buren), and "Anti- Jacksonians" or "Adams men" (supporting the re-election of John Quincy Adams, later known as the National Republican Party). Besides, the Anti-Masonic Party appeared as a strong third party in the western part of the State.


1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Background
At the State election in November 1828, Van Buren was elected Governor, a Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and of the nine State Senators elected, four were Jacksonians, four Anti-Masons, and one Adams man who joined the Jacksonians after Adams's defeat for the presidency. The 52nd New York State Legislature met from January 6 to May 5, 1829, at Albany, New York.


1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Candidates
Governor Van Buren chose one of his personal friends, and member of the Albany Regency, Mayor of Albany Charles E. Dudley to fill the vacancy.


1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Result
Charles E. Dudley was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.


1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath
Dudley took his seat on January 29, 1829, and remained in office until March 3, 1833.


1829 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1829 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Samuel C. Crafts to a one-year term as governor.


1829 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that Crafts had won election to a one-year term as governor.


1829 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Henry Olin had won election to a third one-year term. A contemporary newspaper account reported the vote totals as: Olin, 19,740 (81.5%); Lyman Fitch, 4,481 (18.5%).


1829 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his thirtieth. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. As reported in Vermont's newspapers, the vote totals were: Swan 15,631 (99.9%); scattering, 10 (0.1%).


1829 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the governor's race, the new Anti-Masonic Party fielded a candidate for the first time, supporting Heman Allen (of Colchester) though Allen had not indicated whether he identified with the party or its platform. The vote totals in the governor's race were reported as follows:


1829 braille
Louis Braille's original publication, Procedure for Writing Words, Music, and Plainsong in Dots (1829), credits Barbier's night writing as being the basis for the braille script. It differed in a fundamental way from modern braille: It contained nine decades (series) of characters rather than the modern five, utilizing dashes as well as dots. Braille recognized, however, that the dashes were problematic, being difficult to distinguish from the dots in practice, and those characters were abandoned in the second edition of the book.


1829 braille
The first four decades indicated the 40 letters of the alphabet (39 letters of the French alphabet, plus English w); the fifth the digits; the sixth punctuation; the seventh and part of the eighth mathematical symbols. The seventh decade was also used for musical notes. Most of the remaining characters were unassigned.


1829 braille, Script
As in modern braille, most of the higher decades were derived from the first:


1829 braille, Script
Thus the 1st and 5th decades occupied only the top half of the cell, while all characters in the other decades had a dot or dash in the bottom row.


1829 braille, Script, Table
The supplemental signs were ⠄⠤⠜⠼ and a top dash with ⠠⠰. Of the 125 (53) possible patterns, 97 were used. The modern 5th decade and other supplemental signs do not appear in the 1829 version of braille, apart from ⠐ and ⠒ in plainsong notation.


1829 braille, Script, Table
Punctuation differed slightly from today, even accounting for the shift downward when the dash was dropped from the bottom row of the cell. ⠶ was used for both parentheses, as in modern English braille. ⠦ was used for either quotation mark; ⠴ was a pipe. ⠢ was the question mark, as in modern French braille, while ⠔ was the asterisk, which is used doubled in English braille.


1829 braille, Script, Substitutions for the dash
Anticipating that the dashes might prove problematic, Braille provided that the supplemental sign ⠼ (now known as the number sign) would shift the decade by four. That is, adding it to the first four decades would produce substitutes for the fifth through eighth. Only its use to replace the old fifth decade has been retained; the old sixth decade survives as the modern fifth, with the dash removed and the dots shifted down to replace it. The original proposal was as follows:


1829 braille, Musical notation
The book allots a great deal of space to the representation of music. Instrumental notation was largely a one-to-one transcription of the system already in use for the blind. The durations of the notes and the accidentals, however, had to be replaced; for these the 7th decade was used, as shown in the table above.


1829 braille, Musical notation
A simplified system for plainsong was provided. The twelve notes are the twelve characters of the upper half of the cell (the first and fifth decades) which do not have dashes. By themselves (1st decade), they indicate half notes. Quarter notes are 2nd decade, dotted quarter notes 3rd, and eighth notes 4th. Dotted half notes are indicated by a dash below (6th decade), whole notes by a dash above (7th decade), and dotted whole notes by a mid dash (8th decade). The alto, bass, treble, and tenor clefs were indicated by the 5th–8th characters of the fifth decade. ⠐ is the sharp-note prefix, ⠒ the bass-note prefix, and the equivalent with a dash the natural prefix. ⠄⠤ are the repetition sign and 'star'.


1829 braille, Shorthand
The book finishes with a proposal for braille shorthand, utilizing the first decade for vowels, and the fifth for consonants (without a voicing distinction). That is, Braille's shorthand used a 4-dot cell rather than the standard 6-dot cell, taking two-thirds the space of normal braille, and one-third the space of Barbier's night writing.


1829 braille, Second edition
In the classroom, Braille's students found the characters with dashes to be impractical, as the dashes were not easily distinguishable from pairs of dots, and they were quickly abandoned. The second edition of the Procédé, published in 1837, sets out French Braille essentially as we know it today. According to Henri (1952), at right, the numerical sign was used with the new fifth decade, plus one of the supplementary characters, for mathematical notation:  ⠼⠖ +, ⠼⠤ −, ⠼⠦ ×, ⠼⠲ /, ⠼⠶ =, ⠼⠜ √. Several of these values continue today in Antoine notation.


1829 braille, Computer encoding
The official Unicode encoding for Braille only specifies codepoints for modern dot-only patterns. An unofficial encoding for dash patterns can be found in the Under-ConScript Unicode Registry, and as such may be found in some fonts that cover characters from that agreement. Together, these two blocks can represent all cell definitions from the 1829 Braille specification.


1829 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1829 in Australia.


1829 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1829 in Chile.


1829 in Chile, Incumbents
President of Chile: Francisco Antonio Pinto (-2 November), Francisco Ramón Vicuña(2 November-7 December)


1829 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1829 in New Zealand.


1829 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1829 in South Africa.


1829 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1829 to Wales and its people.


1829 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1829.


1829 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1829 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1829 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1829 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1829.


1829 in science
The year 1829 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1829 in sports
1829 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1829 papal conclave
The 1829 papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Leo XII after his death on 10 February 1829 began on 24 February 1829.


1829 papal conclave
It took a long time for the conclave to elect a new pope due to conflict between secular governments concerning who should be elected. Cardinal Emmanuele De Gregorio was the proposed candidate of the pro-French faction and the zelanti (conservative cardinals), whilst Bartolomeo Pacca was proposed by the more moderate cardinals but was not accepted by the French government of the Bourbon Restoration period. At the time, France was governed by Charles X and Prime Minister Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac. Pacca was also seen by many in the conclave as being too gentle to be an effective Pope.


1829 papal conclave, Description
The conclave did not move rapidly. The arrival of Giuseppe Albani caused the votes to center on Francesco Saverio Castiglioni. With the supporters of both De Gregorio and of Pacca unable to secure enough votes to elect their candidate to the papacy, Castiglioni came to be seen as a suitable compromise candidate.


1829 papal conclave, Description
Castiglioni had been close to election in the 1823 conclave as the representative of the politicanti (moderate cardinals) and had all the qualifications to become Pope, though he had the problem of being in very poor health, but was not elected at the last conclave when the zelanti Cardinals came to realize that he was quite close to Cardinal Ercole Consalvi. Consalvi however was already dead by the time of the 1829 conclave having died during the pontificate of Pope Leo XII.


1829 papal conclave, Description
On 31 March Castiglioni was elected Pope. Given that Castiglioni had been called Pius VIII by Pope Pius VII even before his death in 1823, and that in the 1823 conclave Leo XII had said that Castiglioni "some day was to be Pius VIII", it was a foregone conclusion that he would take that regnal name upon becoming Pope.


1829–1830 Massachusetts legislature
The 50th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1829 and 1830 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. Samuel Lathrop served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.


182d Airlift Wing
The 182d Airlift Wing (182 AW) is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard, stationed at Peoria Air National Guard Base, Peoria, Illinois. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


182d Airlift Wing, Overview
The 182nd Airlift Wing's C-130H3 Hercules mission is to perform the tactical portion of the airlift mission. The aircraft is capable of operating from rough, dirt strips and is the prime transport for air dropping troops and equipment into hostile areas.


182d Airlift Wing, Overview
The 182nd Airlift Wing's mission is to provide the president of the United States, the governor of the state of Illinois and the adjutant general of Illinois Airmen capable of providing C-130 airland and airdrop; joint terminal attack control and support; command, control and communications; logistics; civil engineering; security; and support services for the nation, state of Illinois, and domestic community.


182d Airlift Wing, History
What is now the 169th Airlift Squadron originated during World War II as the 304th Fighter Squadron, which was activated on 23 July 1942. The 304th was assigned to the 337th Fighter Group at the Pinellas County Airport, Florida, and served as an operational training unit equipped with the P-39 Airacobra and the P-40 Warhawk. The 304th was disbanded 1 May 1944, and reconstituted 24 May 1946, re-designated the 169th Fighter Squadron and allocated to the Illinois National Guard.


182d Airlift Wing, History
The 169th Fighter Squadron held its first drill in December 1946 under the command of Lt. Col. Ralph Pickering, and it received federal recognition on 21 June 1947. The unit consisted of 40 officers and 215 Airmen by the end of its first year. The original base consisted of a shale runway and a single hangar for eight F-51 Mustang fighters, four AT- 6 Texan trainers and a B-26 Marauder tow target plane. The first annual training was held at Chicago Municipal Airport, now known as Chicago Midway International Airport, with flying done at Douglas Field, now known as O'Hare International Airport. In 1952, the 169th Fighter Squadron was re-designated the 169th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and then the 169th Fighter Bomber Squadron.


182d Airlift Wing, History
A large construction project had expanded the base facilities by 1953, and in 1954 the 169th obtained the copyright for the Indian Chief, the cartoon character from Walt Disney's feature film "Peter Pan", to display as their emblem. The squadron received its first F-84F Thunderstreak in 1958.


182d Airlift Wing, History
The unit flew the first ever Air National Guard air- to-air refueling mission in 1961. On 15 October 1962, the Illinois Air National Guard authorized the 169th Tactical Fighter Squadron to expand to a group level, and the 182d Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau on 15 October 1962. The 169th TFS became the group's flying squadron, equipped with F-84F Thunderstreaks. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 182d Headquarters, 182d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 182d Combat Support Squadron, and the 182d USAF Dispensary.


182d Airlift Wing, History
During the 1960s the squadron continued to operate its F-84F Thunderstreaks, and the unit was not activated during the Vietnam War. In May 1969, the F-84Fs were retired and 182d TFG was re-designated as the 182d Tactical Air Support Group (TASG); flying Forward Air Control (FAC) missions. The 169th was equipped with light observation U-3A/B Blue Canoe and in January 1970, the O-2A Skymaster aircraft. The group's mission being to perform visual reconnaissance, as the FAC flew light aircraft slowly over the rough terrain at low altitude to maintain constant aerial surveillance over a combat area.


182d Airlift Wing, History
By patrolling the same area constantly, the FACs grew very familiar with the terrain, and they learned to detect any changes that could indicate enemy forces hiding below. Members of the 182d TASG provided relief assistance during state active duty for the Canton tornado disaster in July 1975. In 1976, the 182d TASG was awarded its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.


182d Airlift Wing, History
In 1979, the squadron received OA-37B Dragonfly jet FAC aircraft from the New York and Maine Air National Guard, continuing the FAC mission. The 182d TASG received an "Excellent" rating on its first Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) under the 12th Air Force, and the group was awarded its second Air Force Outstanding Unit award in 1985. In January 1991, 138 group personnel were called to active duty during the 1991 Gulf War and deployed to United States Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF).


182d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
In March 1992 the A-37s were finally retired. and the group received the Block 15 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Air Defense Fighter (ADF). It was re-designated as the 182d Fighter Group on 15 March. In June 1993, members served on state active duty in response to the Mississippi River flooding of southern Illinois.


182d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
Due to government budget constraints and military restructuring after the Cold War, the 182d FG converted to the C-130E Hercules and was re-designated the 182d Airlift Wing (AW) effective 1 October 1995. In 1996, the wing began participation in ongoing flying missions for Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia. In 1997, the 182d AW celebrated its 50th anniversary and received an "Excellent" in its first Air Mobility Command (AMC) ORI.


182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
After the September 11 attacks, members of the wing were called up to support the Air Force at various locations around the world. During a September 2002 deployment to Oman, wing aircraft flew combat supply missions into Afghanistan for Operation Enduring Freedom. On 29 March 2003, SSgt Jacob Frazier of the 169th Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS) was killed in action while serving with Army Special Forces in Afghanistan. He was the first member of the wing to die in combat.


182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
In March 2003, immediately following mobilization, six aircraft and over 350 personnel were deployed to Minhad, United Arab Emirates, for Operation Iraqi Freedom. These airmen returned in August after providing airlift support throughout the theater. Since that mobilization, smaller numbers of wing personnel and aircraft have continually supported Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. On 28 December 2003, a wing crew delivered earthquake relief supplies to Iran, becoming the first US aircraft to land there since 1981.


182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
Beginning in January 2005, the wing converted from the C-130E to the newer H3 model. In October 2006, the wing received a rating of "Excellent" after serving as the lead wing during an AMC ORI. On 3 February 2007, the wing was awarded its third Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2005. Some personnel remain deployed to combat zones as part of Air and Space Expeditionary units while other members of the wing continue routine worldwide support to the Air Force.


182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
In 2017, 182d deployed four C-130H3 aircraft together with maintenance and aircrew to an undisclosed location in Southwest Asia for a four-month Operation Inherent Resolve deployment, supporting U.S. and Iraqi forces in Iraq.


182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
July 2019 saw 182d participate in the annual Exercise Northern Strike 19 in Northern Michigan. Crew undertook missions included simulated attacks from surface to air missiles and cargo air drops coordinated with ground JTACs. The wing's aircraft were operating from the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center in Alpena, Michigan.


182d Fighter Squadron
The 182d Fighter Squadron (182 FS) is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard 149th Fighter Wing located at Kelly Field Annex, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. The 149th is equipped with the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Established in mid-1943 as a P-47 Thunderbolt fighter squadron, trained under I Fighter Command on Long Island and Massachusetts. Moved to England, arriving in January 1944. Began operations with IX Fighter Command on 14 March and flew a fighter sweep over the English Channel coast of France. Made strafing and bombing attacks on airfields, rail and highway bridges, trains, vehicles, anti-aircraft gun positions, and V-weapon sites to help prepare for the invasion of France.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Supported the landings in Normandy early in June 1944 and began operations from the Continent later the same month. Aided in the taking of Cherbourg, participated in the air operations that prepared the way for the Allied breakthrough at St Lo on 25 July, and supported ground forces during their drive across France.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Continued to support ground forces, participated in the assault against the Siegfried Line, and took part in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – January 1945) by attacking rail lines and trains, marshalling yards, roads and vehicles, armored columns, and gun positions. Operated with the Allied forces that pushed across the Rhine and into Germany.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
After V-E Day, served with the army of occupation, being assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. Inactivated in Germany on 20 August 1946.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard
The wartime 396th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 182d Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Texas Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at the Brooks Army Airfield and was extended federal recognition on 27 January 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 182d Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 396th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was assigned to the Texas Air National Guard 136th Fighter Group and was equipped with F-51D Mustangs.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard
The mission of the squadron was the air defense of Texas. During the postwar years, the 182d primarily trained the Hill Country and west Texas; the 181st Fighter Squadron, based at Love Field, Dallas, covered the north Texas, and the 111th Fighter Squadron, based at Houston Municipal Airport, covered east and southeast Texas to the Mexican Border.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
As a result of the Korean War, the Texas Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active-duty status on 10 October 1950, being assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command (TAC). TAC ordered the 136th Fighter Group to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, where the unit was re-designated to a Fighter-Bomber unit, and its status was changed to a Wing. At Langley, the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing consisted of the following units:


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
At Langley AFB, the 136th trained with their F-51D Mustangs. Unfortunately losing two 111th FBS pilots in a training accident on 15 December. A third pilot was killed on 27 January 1951 in another accident. In February 1951, the aged F-51Ds that the unit had been flying since its activation in 1947 were replaced by F-84E Thunderjets, and the squadron began transition training on the jet fighter-bomber. Most of the training took place at Langley, although some pilots were sent to Shaw AFB, South Carolina.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
Maintenance crews, all new to jet aircraft, were trained at Langley and engine specialists were sent to the Allison plant in Indianapolis. Assigned to the Arkansas ANG 154th FBS at the time was a Navy exchange pilot, future NASA astronaut Lieutenant Walter Schirra (who happened to be the only pilot assigned to the 136th at the time who was a qualified jet pilot).


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
In May 1951, less than seven months later, the wing was deployed to Japan, being attached to Far East Air Force and stationed at Itazuke Air Force Base, the first echelon of the 136th arriving on 18 May. The 136th replaced the Strategic Air Command 27th Fighter-Escort Wing, which had deployed to Far East Air Force in the early days of the Korean War. At Itazuke, the squadrons took over the F-84Es of the 27th FEW, which remained in place, its aircraft being reassigned from SAC to Far East Air Force inventory records. On 2 June, the final elements of the 136th arrived in Japan, the national guardsmen officially relieved the 27th Fighter Bomber Wing and the SAC airmen departed for the United States. The 136th was the first Air National Guard wing in history to enter combat.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
From Japan the wing engaged in combat operations over South Korea, however flying in the North Pacific area was a challenge to the wing, losing seven F-84Es in non-combat operations and three in combat. On 26 June, in one of the largest air-to-air battles in Korea, two 182d FBS pilots, Captain Harry Underwood and 1st Lt Arthur Olighter shot down an enemy MiG-15 that broke through an F-86 Sabre escort of four B-29s. Two other 111th FBS pilots, 1sts Lt John Morse and John Marlins scored probables in the same encounter. These were the first combat victories by Air National Guard pilots. On 3 July the 136th sent their aircraft to North Korea, attacking FLAK batteries in downtown Pyongyang while other aircraft attacked North Korean airfields.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
However, the short-legged F-84 had limited combat time over Korea, therefore on 16 November 1951 the wing moved to Taegu Air Force Base (K-2) in South Korea for its combat operations. In 1952, the 136th was re-equipped with the F-84G Thunderjet, designed for tactical close air support of ground forces.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
During its time in combat, the 136th flew 15,515 combat sorties; was credited with 4 enemy aircraft destroyed; 7 probables and 72 others damaged. It was the first ANG unit to down a MiG-15; it dropped 23,749 (7,120 tons) of bombs and expended over 3 million rounds of .50 caliber ammunition; being awarded Five Korean Campaign Ribbons. The 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was released from active duty and returned to the United States on 10 July 1952


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
With the 182d's return from the Korean War, the squadron was re-equipped with the Very Long Range (VLR) F-51H Mustang, which had been developed to escort B-29 Superfortress bombers in the Pacific Theater from the Mariana Islands to the Japanese Home Islands. The F-51H would allow the squadron to intercept any unidentified aircraft over any part of Texas. The squadron became part of Air Defense Command (ADC) and resumed its postwar mission of Texas air defense.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
On 16 January 1955, four P-51s assigned to the 182d were sold to Costa Rica and sent immediately out of country to boost that small country's air arm in fighting a five-day old rebellion. The fighters were dispatched from Kelly AFB in a fully armed state. Fernando Fournier, the undersecretary of foreign affairs for Costa Rica, said it was his understanding that the Mustangs were sold for a dollar apiece.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
It was not until August 1956 that the 182d received first-generation F-80C Shooting Star jets, replacing some of the last F-51H Mustangs in the USAF inventory. In 1957, the squadron was selected by the Air Defense Command to man a runway alert program on full 24-hour basis – with armed jet fighters ready to "scramble" at a moment's notice. This event brought the wing into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing them on "the end of the runway" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons. The obsolescent F-80 day fighters were upgraded to the all-weather/day/night F-86D Sabre Interceptor by the end of the year. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
In July 1960 the unit became one of the first to transition to the F-102A Delta Dagger Mach 1.2 all-weather interceptor and began a 24-hour alert to guard the Texas Gulf coast. The 182d enjoyed the distinction of being the first F-102 "Deuce" squadron in the Air National Guard.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
When flight operations ended at Brooks AFB in October 1960, the squadron was moved to nearby Kelly Air Force Base, beginning operations on 1 November 1960. In August 1961, as part of an Air Defense Command re-organization, the 182d Fighter Interceptor Squadron's assignment to 136th Air Defense Wing was terminated with 136th being transferred to Tactical Air Command. As a result, the 182d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 149th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 182d Fighter Interceptor Squadron became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 149th Headquarters, 149th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 149th Combat Support Squadron, and the 149th USAF Dispensary. The 149th was directly assigned to the Texas Air National Guard, being operationally gained by the Air Defense Command 33d Air Division.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
As with many other ANG squadrons, the 182d temporally operated two TF-102 twin-seat trainers for ANG F-102 pilots while remaining on runway alert status. Also, the squadron operated T-33A Shooting Star jet trainers and a Convair VT-29 transport for courier duties.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
In 1968, the Air National Guard began to retire its F-102s and the 182d was ordered to send their aircraft to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage at AMARC. In July, as part of the drawdown of continental fighter air defense, the 149th FIG was transferred from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with the Group and 182d being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group and Squadron.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
As an interim measure, the 182d Tactical Fighter Squadron was re-equipped with obsolescent F-84F Thunderjets by TAC. The squadron was the second-to-last ANG squadron to fly the F-84F. During the summer of 1971 the 182d began to receive F-100D/F Super Sabre tactical fighter bombers. The 182d was one of the first ANG squadrons to receive the Super Sabre, as most were being operated in South Vietnam at the time. The F-100s received by the squadron were aircraft being withdrawn from the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Wethersfield and the 48th TFW at RAF Lakenheath, England.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
RAF Wethersfield was being closed for flight operations and the 20th TFW being re-equipped with the new General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark at their new base, RAF Upper Heyford. The 48th TFW – a permanent resident at RAF Lakenheath after moving aircraft and personnel from Chaumont AB in France – was also preparing for the arrival of the F-111, but had to initially convert to F-4D Phantom IIs before their ultimate F-111 version – the F-111F – came available during 1977.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
The Super Sabre was used as a dedicated fighter-bomber later in its career, once the air-superiority role had been taken over by more modern aircraft, and the squadron trained in using the fighter for ground support. Beginning in 1975, the 182d began a NATO commitment, with squadron aircraft and personnel deploying to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) for Autumn Forge/Cold Fire/Reforger exercises.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
By 1979, the Super Sabres were being retired, and were replaced by McDonnell F-4C Phantom IIs, largely Vietnam War veteran aircraft, that were made available to the Air National Guard. With the Phantom, the 182d continued their tactical fighter mission with the more capable aircraft. The squadron also continued its NATO deployments, exercising at USAFE bases in West Germany, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
In 1986, the Phantoms were reaching the end of the operational service, and they were replaced by the F-16A Fighting Falcon. The F-16s were transferred from the 347th Tactical Fighter Wing, Moody AFB, Georgia. Initially the squadron began to receive Block 15 single-seat F-16As, and a few twin-seat F-16Bs.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
The Block 15 was the major production model of the F-16A.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
Higher-performance Block 25 F-16C/D aircraft replaced the standard fighter-bomber Block 15 A/B model aircraft in 1996. Although similar in appearance to the earlier models, the Block 25 aircraft were a considerable advancement with the Westinghouse AN/APG-68(V) multi-mode radar with better range, sharper resolution, and expanded operating modes. The planar array in the nose provides numerous air-to-air modes, including range-while-search, uplook and velocity search, single target track, raid cluster resolution, and track-while-scan for up to 10 targets. The radar was capable of handling the guidance of the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile. Upgraded engines made the aircraft capable of Mach 2 performance.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
In 1997, the squadron deployed aircraft and personnel to Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, in support of Operation Southern Watch.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support
However, the Block 25 aircraft were all powered by the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 turbofan, which were prone to engine stalls. In 1998, the squadron received Block 30 aircraft, with wider intakes and the General Electric F-110 engine. However, by the mid-1990s and with the end of the Cold War, there appeared to be no longer any threat to America's homeland from bombers or cruise missiles.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era
In 1999, the mission of the 149th Fighter Group was changed from Air Combat operations to becoming a Formal Training Unit (FTU) for Air National Guard F-16 pilots under Air Education and Training Command. The 182d provides combat training for active duty, Air National Guard, and Reserve F-16 pilots, including recent graduates from USAF Undergraduate Pilot Training making them combat ready upon graduation of a 9-month course. Almost all instructor pilots within the unit are former active duty F-16 pilots.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era
Although the squadron is not officially a combat unit, after the 9/11 attacks in 2001 and 2002, the squadron flew Operation Noble Eagle air defense missions in the United States in support of USNORTHCOM and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. It also deploys to other bases, flying Dissimilar air combat training missions against active-duty, reserve and ANG units.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 178th Fighter Wing, Ohio Air National Guard to an MQ-1 Predator ISR mission and transfer six additional Block 30 F-16 aircraft to the 182d Fighter Squadron. DoD claimed that its recommendation was made because Lackland (Kelly Annex) (47) had higher military value than Springfield-Beckley AGB (128). This recommendation also would optimize the squadron size of the 182d, the only ANG F-16 Flying Training Unit.


182d Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era
The squadron's Block 30 aircraft, manufactured between 1987 and 1989 are currently reaching the end of their service life. They have been certified by Boeing though at least 2015, however it is unclear what aircraft or what the mission of the unit will transition to in the future.


182d Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade
The 182nd (2/1st Warwickshire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War with the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. It remained in the United Kingdom throughout the Second World War, serving with the 61st Infantry Division.


182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, First World War
The brigade was formed as a duplicate of the 143rd (1/1st Warwickshire) Brigade and consisted of those men in the Territorial Force who did not wish to serve overseas. The brigade was assigned to the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. With the division, the brigade served on the Western Front from May 1916 onwards.


182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade was disbanded after the war in 1919. It was, however, reformed again in 1939 in the Territorial Army, now as the 182nd Infantry Brigade, prior to the outbreak of the Second World War when war with Nazi Germany was becoming increasingly obvious. It was assigned to the 61st Infantry Division. However, the brigade never saw active service overseas and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war.


182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle
182nd Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:


182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders
The following officers commanded 182nd Infantry Brigade during the war:


182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, Bibliography
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182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"
The 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" (Italian: 182° Reggimento fanteria corazzato "Garibaldi")  is an inactive unit of the Italian Army last based in Sacile in Friuli Venezia Giulia. The regiment was part of the Italian army's infantry and was last operationally assigned to the Infantry Division "Folgore". The regiment was an atypical unit of the Italian Army: formed without a sister regiment from partisan formations it was the only infantry regiment to be formed by the army after World War II and was the only unit, whose members wore a red tie with their formal uniform.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History
On 25 April 1945 the Regiment "Garibaldi" was formed in Viterbo with repatriated survivors of the Italian Partisan Division "Garibaldi", which had been formed on 2 December 1943 in Montenegro from the remnants of two Italian divisions, which had refused to surrender to German forces after Italy had switched sides with the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, Partisan Division "Garibaldi"
The news of the armistice between Italy and the Allies reached the Italian XIV Army Corps in the evening of 8 September 1943 and due to the lack of any orders from Rome the four divisions of the corps reacted differently and individually to German demands to surrender: the 23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara" surrendered immediately. The 155th Infantry Division "Emilia" based around Kotor resisted the Germans until 16 September, but under heavy Luftwaffe air attacks chose evacuation by the Italian Regia Marina to Bari. The 19th Infantry Division "Venezia" based around Podgorica refused to surrender and allied with Yugoslav partisans.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, Partisan Division "Garibaldi"
On 10 October the division entered the 2nd Corps of Tito's National Liberation Army and on 13 October 1943 the division began an offensive against Wehrmacht forces in Brodarevo, Murina, Berane e Kolašin. The 1st Alpine Division "Taurinense" based around Nikšić and Danilovgrad immediately attacked German positions and by sunrise of 9 September was fully engaged in combat with German forces. The division tried to reach Kotor to be evacuated, but in heavy combat lost about half its strength of 14,000 men. The division's Mountain Artillery Group "Aosta" of the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment and Alpini Battalion "Ivrea" had ignored orders to move to Kotor and sided with Tito's forces right away. By early October the remnants of the Italian divisions, more than 20,000 men, retreated towards Pljevlja.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, Partisan Division "Garibaldi"
On 2 December 1943 in Pljevlja the remaining Italian soldiers, approximately 16,000 men, were grouped together in the Partisan Division "Garibaldi", which as unit insignia chose a red neckerchief in referral to Giuseppe Garibaldi's redshirt volunteers. The division consisted of three brigades of 5,000 men each, with the remaining Italians, mostly artillery, signals, engineer, and medical specialists, becoming instructors. Integrated into the Partisan 2nd Corps the division fought in Yugoslavia until February 1945, when the remaining 3,800 troops were repatriated via the liberated Dubrovnik.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, Partisan Division "Garibaldi"
The units, which entered the Partisan Division "Garibaldi" as coherent units, were awarded with Italy's highest military honor after their return:


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, Regiment "Garibaldi"
On 25 April 1945 the Regiment "Garibaldi" was formed in Viterbo with the survivors of the Division "Garibaldi". The regiment consisted of three battalions:


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, Regiment "Garibaldi"
The Garibaldi regiment's troops wore the distinct Cappello Alpino of the Alpini infantry specialty. On 5 September 1945 the regiment joined the Combat Group "Folgore", which had participated on the allied side in the Italian Campaign. The Folgore had been formed on 25 September 1944 with troops from the 184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo", which had served with the Polish II Corps at the battles of Filottrano, Castelfidardo, and Ancona. The Combat Group "Folgore" consisted of two regiments with three battalions each: the Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" and the navy's Regiment "San Marco".


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, Regiment "Garibaldi"
The 183rd had been formed with the remnants of the six paratrooper battalions of the 184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo". The combat group also fielded the Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore". The same day the Garibaldi regiment entered the division the San Marco regiment left it and reverted to the navy. 15 October 1945 the Combat Group "Folgore" was elevated to Infantry Division "Folgore".


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"
On 1 December 1948 the Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" was renamed 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", the Paratroopers Infantry Regiment "Nembo" was renamed 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo", and the Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore" was renamed 184th Artillery Regiment. With the renaming the 182nd Garibaldi ceded its Alpini troops to the Alpini regiments that were forming and received infantry fusiliers instead. At the same time the regiment ceased to wear the Cappello Alpino and began to wear a red tie with the formal uniform. The regiment's new structure was:


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"
In 1949 the regiment moved to Sacile and on 12 October 1953 the regiment was awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour for its service during World War II in Yugoslavia.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"
During 1958 the regiment disbanded its infantry battalions and received the I Bersaglieri Battalion and III Tank Battalion from the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment. On 1 November 1958 the regiment was officially renamed 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" and the III Tank Battalion was renamed II Tank Battalion. The II Tank Battalion was renamed XXI Tank Battalion in 1959, and in 1961 XIII Tank Battalion. The same year the I Bersaglieri Battalion was renamed XXIII Bersaglieri Battalion, and in 1964 XI Bersaglieri Battalion. From 1969 onward regiment's structure was:


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"
With the arrival of the XI Bersaglieri Battalion the three Silver Medals of Military Valour awarded during World War I to the battalion's predecessor unit, the XI Cyclists Battalion of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment, were temporarily affixed to the flag of the 182nd regiment and added to the regiment's coat of arms.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera"
With the 1975 army reform the regimental level was abolished and battalions became independent units. The 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" was the last infantry regiment to disband on 15 July 1976 and the next day its XI Bersaglieri Battalion became the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera", while its XIII Tank Battalion became the 13th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pascucci". The war flag and traditions of the 182nd Regiment "Garibaldi" were assigned to the 11th Caprera, while the name of the regiment was transferred to the 8th Mechanized Brigade "Garibaldi".


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera"
The 11th Bersaglieri Battalion was named for the island of Caprera, where Giuseppe Garibaldi had spent the last years of his life. The battalion inherited the right to wear a red tie, moved from Sacile to Orcenico Superiore and joined the 8th Mechanized Brigade "Garibaldi", while the 13th Pascucci moved to Cordenons and joined the Mechanized Brigade "Brescia".


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera"
The Gold Medal of Military Valour awarded to the 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" remained on the flag the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera" inherited, and therefore the medal was temporarily assigned to the 11th Caprera, which added it to its coat of arms.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera"
For its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the battalion was awarded a Bronze Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the battalion's war flag and added to the battalion's coat of arms.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera"
On 30 September 1992 the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano" in Aviano was reformed as 11th Bersaglieri Regiment. On 21 October of the same year the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano" in Aviano disbanded and 11th Bersaglieri Regiment headquarters moved to Orcenico Superiore, where it took command of the troops of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment "Caprera", which was renamed on that day 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano". In parallel the headquarters of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment "Caprera" moved to Bari and joined the Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo" as core of the to-be-formed 7th Bersaglieri Regiment.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera"
As the 10th Bersaglieri Battalion "Bezzecca", who had been assigned the flag of the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment in 1975, had entered the 6th Bersaglieri Regiment, the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment received its original flag and therefore the flag of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", which had been the flag of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment "Caprera", was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera"
On 18 April 1997 the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano" of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was renamed 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera" and with this all the traditions of and all the awards bestowed on the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment and its battalions were reunited in one unit. Consequently, the three Silver Medals of Military Valour awarded to the XI Cyclists Battalion, which were affixed on the flag of the 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" were transferred from the 182nd's flag to the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment's flag. With the entry of the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera" the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment gained the right to wear a red tie.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", Regimental particularities
The 182nd regiment was a unique unit with many particularities shared with no other unit of the Italian Army. Italian infantry regiments have always been raised in pairs with consecutive numbers and sharing the same name, however as there never was a 181st Infantry Regiment, the 182nd Infantry Regiment is the only solitary infantry regiment of the Italian Army. The 182nd Regiment was also the only regiment named after a person.


182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", Regimental particularities
All Italian infantry regiments received unique gorget patches they shared only with their sister regiment, with the 182nd being the only infantry regiment, which never received them: from its founding until 1 December 1948 the regiment wore the gorget patches of the Alpini corps, and after 1 December 1948 the gorget patches of the 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo" and 184th Infantry Regiment "Nembo". After it was reformed as armored infantry regiment the members of the regiment wore the gorget patches of the Bersaglieri and tank specialities.


182nd Battalion (Ontario County), CEF
The 182nd Battalion (Ontario County), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Whitby, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Ontario County, Ontario. After sailing to England in May 1917, the battalion was either absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion or into the 3rd Canadian Reserve Battalion (Central Ontario). The 182nd  Battalion (Ontario County), CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. A. A. Cockburn.


182nd Battalion (Ontario County), CEF
The 182nd Battalion (Ontario County), CEF, is perpetuated by The Ontario Regiment (RCAC).


182nd Division (People's Republic of China)
The 182nd Division (Chinese: 第182师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948,. basing on the 38th Brigade, 13th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to the 1st Independent Brigade of Taihang Military District formed in October 1947.


182nd Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 544th, 545th, and 546th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 61st Corps the division took part in the Chinese Civil War, including the Linfen Campaign, Taiyuan Campaign, Fumei Campaign and Chengdu Campaign.


182nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In March 1951, the division was transferred to 11th Corps following 61th Corps' disbandment.


182nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In September 1951, Tank Regiment, 182nd Division was activated, which was later renamed as 387th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment in 1953.


182nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In October 1952 the division was reorganized as the 8th Railway Engineer Division(Chinese: 铁道工程第8师)


182nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In May 1954, 387th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was detached and joined 191st Division as 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment.


182nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1954, the division was reorganized as 4th Engineer Bureau, General Bureau of Railway Construction, Ministry of Railways.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 182nd Infantry Division (German: 182. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. The unit, at times designated Commander of Reserve Troops XII/II (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen XII/II), 182nd Division (German: 182. Division),  Division No. 182 (German: Division Nr. 182), 182nd Replacement Division (German: 182. Ersatz-Division), Division Nancy (German: Division Nanzig), Division Gümbel, Division Karl, and 182nd Reserve Division (German: 182. Reserve-Division), was active between 1939 and 1945.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The division was destroyed in the Caen area in early August 1944, then deployed in Slovakia in November of the same year.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
A second command staff for Wehrkreis XII (Wiesbaden), designated Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen XII/II, was formed on 20 October 1939. This staff was redesignated 182. Division on 7 November 1939, then located in Litzmannstadt, and renamed again to become Division Nr. 182 on 23 December 1939. The division's initial commander was Friedrich Bayer, appointed on 19 October 1939.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division Nr. 182
The division consisted of the following elements in March 1940:


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division Nr. 182
On 24 April 1940, Bayer was replaced as divisional commander by Hans von Basse. On 10 August 1940, the division was deployed back to Koblenz in Wehrkreis XII. The divisional structure remained largely the same, with only one additional unit in the form of Marchine Gun Replacement Battalion 14 at Bitburg. Regiment 79 was moved to Koblenz, Regiment 246 to Trier, and Regiment 263 to Idar-Oberstein. The Artillery Replacement Regiment 34 and the Pioneer Replacement Battalion 34 were moved to Koblenz.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division Nr. 182
On 30 May 1941, Basse was replaced as divisional commander by Franz Karl. On 15 July 1941, the division was moved from the Koblenz area to the vicinity Nancy in occupied France. Division No. 182 consisted of the following elements at that point:


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division Nr. 182
On 5 June 1942, Karl was replaced as divisional commander by Karl Gümbel. On 13 June 1942, the division was joined by Infantry Replacement Regiment 112 (Battalions: 110, 256, 437, 438), which had been redeployed from Darmstadt to Chalons. In exchange, the division passed Regiment 246 in Luxembourg City to Division No. 172.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Replacement Division (Division Karl, Division Gümbel)
On 10 July 1942, the alert units of the 182nd Division were called up and moved towards Draveil starting on 13 July. The resulting force was still officially designated Division Nr. 182, but concurrently also carried the titles 182. Ersatz-Division, and was further nicknamed Division Gümbel or Division Karl after the divisional commander at that time. Franz Karl returned to once again replace Karl Gümbel as divisional commander on 3 August 1942. In August 1942, the 182nd Division was put under the supervision of the XXV Army Corps, which was in turn under the 7th Army.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)
Those parts of the division that had remained in the Nancy sector instead of deploying to Draveil were once again put under a staff titled Division No. 182 on 11 July 1942. That staff was renamed Division Nanzig on 1 September 1942 and again redesignated Division No. 462 on 15 October 1942. Paul Lettow took divisional command from Karl on 27 September 1942. Division No. 462 was split on 26 November 1942 as part of the reorganization of the Replacement Army, and the replacement units stayed with the 462nd, whereas the training units came to the 182nd Reserve Division.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)
In December 1942, the 182nd Division was put under the LXXXII Army Corps of the 15th Army. It remained there until February 1943, before moving to the reserves of Army Group D until January 1944. On 5 December 1942, Otto Schilling replaced Lettow as divisional commander.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)
In December 1943, the 182nd Reserve Division consisted of the following elements:


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)
On 20 January 1944, Reserve Grenadier Regiment 263 was disbanded and its three battalions were used for formations of various new units. Battalion 463 joined the 988th Regiment under the 276th Infantry Division, whereas Battalions 483 and 485 joined Regiments 981 and 982 respectively, both of which were part of the 272nd Infantry Division. Furthermore, Battalions 226 and 697 were taken out of Regiments 79 and 342 to be used for the formation of Division Wahn following an order of 28 January 1944.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)
On 23 January 1944, the 182nd Reserve Division was moved to the Pas-de-Calais area, with new headquarters set up at Helfaut. The division was taken out of the army group reserves and given to the reserves of the 15th Army instead. On 25 March 1944, Richard Baltzer took command of the division, a post he would hold until the end of the war.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)
The 182nd Reserve Division consisted of the following elements on 1 March 1944:


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)
Following an order from 30 July 1944 (in response to Operation Overlord), the 182nd Reserve Division was mobilized into the field army and subsequently destroyed by Allied forces in the Caen area. A reorganization into a Shadow Division of the 24th Aufstellungswelle that was ordered by Oberbefehlshaber West did not come to pass. Another planned reorganization into a 182nd Field Training Division, ordered by OKH on 20 August 1944, also failed to materialize.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)
A full redeployment of the 182nd Division was scheduled to be conducted in Wehrkreis X (Hamburg) starting in October 1944, but the division was called to Slovakia ahead of the deployment's completion on 20 November 1944. Here, the division was to complete deployment in the Nitra area in Wehrkreis XVII (Vienna), using recruits from Wehrkreis XII (Wiesbaden). The division's structure in late 1944 was as follows:


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Infantry Division
On 1 April 1945, just over a month before German surrender, the 182nd Reserve Division became the 182nd Infantry Division. The Reserve Grenadier Regiments 79, 112, and 342 became the Grenadier Regiments 663, 664, and 665, respectively. Each of these regiments retained the strength of two battalions each. The Reserve Artillery Regiment 1082, at only one battalion, became the Artillery Regiment 1082.


182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Infantry Division
The division was in Slovakia when the war ended, under the command of LXXII Army Corps of the 8th Army under Army Group South. Baltzer was still divisional commander.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 182d Infantry Regiment is the oldest regiment in the United States Army. The regiment traces its history more than 230 years, when it was a colonial regiment of foot of the British Crown in Massachusetts. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812. It later served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, with Union forces in the American Civil War, and as a federalized Massachusetts National Guard regiment with the U.S. Army during World War I and World War II. For many years the regiment was a mechanized unit, and in 2006 the regiment was converted into the 182d Cavalry Regiment, headquartered at Melrose Armory in Melrose, Massachusetts. Converted back into infantry in 2010, the only active element of the regiment is the 1st Battalion, 182d Infantry Regiment.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and colonial operations
The 182d Infantry Regiment traces its origins to the North Regiment which was constituted and organized on 7 October 1636 from existing training bands at Charlestown, New Town, Watertown, Concord, and Dedham. The regiment was redesignated on 10 March 1643 as the Regiment of Middlesex. As a colonial regiment operating in the American wilderness, the regiment was quick to incorporate changes in tactical doctrine based on conditions encountered in fighting Native Americans in King Philip's War and other conflicts, requiring each militiaman to own a modern flintlock musket prior to 1675.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and colonial operations
The unit was divided into two regiments on 13 October 1680, one designated as the Lower Regiment of Middlesex, to include the town of Charlestown, Cambridge, Watertown, Woburn, Malden and Reading. It was redesignated prior to 1733 as the 1st Regiment of Militia of Middlesex. (The 2nd Middlesex Regiment, born of this division, has also survived as the 181st Infantry Regiment).


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution
At the onset of the American Revolutionary War, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, meeting as a shadow government, ordered the activation of the 1st Middlesex County Regiment on 19 April 1775. It was reorganized and entered the Massachusetts Army as Gardner's Regiment on 23 April 1775 (elements of the regiment remained with the 1st Middlesex County Regiment for depot guards and for local defense). It was redesignated as Bond's Regiment upon the death of Colonel Gardner, on 3 July 1775. The unit was again redesignated on 1 January 1776 as the 25th Continental Regiment of the Continental Army, and on 1 January 1777 as the 7th Massachusetts Regiment, Continental Line. The regiment was mustered out of Continental service on 12 June 1783.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812
The 182d Infantry is one of only nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
The unit was ordered into active service for the defense of Washington on 19 April 1861 with attached companies from the 1st and 7th Regiments of Infantry, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, and Major Cook's Light Artillery Company. It was mustered into federal service on 1 May 1861 at Washington, D.C., for three months service, and assigned to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division. It participated in the First Battle of Bull Run before being mustered out on 1 August 1861 at Boston.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
The unit was again mustered into federal service between 16 September – 8 October 1862 at Wenham for nine months service; during which time it served in the Department of North Carolina and with the XVIII Corps. It was mustered out on 2 July 1863 at Wenham. It was mustered into federal service at Camp Meigs, Readville, Massachusetts, in July 1864 for 100 days service and served with the VIII Corps in the Middle Military Division (Baltimore and vicinity) before being mustered out on 16 November 1864 at Readville and resumed state militia status as the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service
During the 1898 Spanish–American War the 5th Massachusetts was mustered into federal service but did not go overseas. On 15 November 1907, the 5th Massachusetts, as part of the land forces of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, was redesignated as a regiment of the Massachusetts National Guard.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service
The 5th Massachusetts was mustered into federal service on 25 June 1916 at Framingham for duty on the Mexican Border while stationed at El Paso, Texas. The regiment mustered out between 10–15 November 1916. It was re-activated on 25 July 1917 and drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917 for service in World War I. The 5th Massachusetts was redesignated on 11 February 1918 as the 3rd Pioneer Infantry Regiment, and served in the U.S. First Army sector in France before being demobilized between 25–31 July 1919 at Camp Devens.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service
The unit reorganized on 12 July 1920 as the 5th Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts National Guard. On 21 March 1923, it was redesignated as the 182d Infantry Regiment, and assigned to the 51st Infantry Brigade along with the 101st Infantry Regiment. The 51st Infantry Brigade seems to have been assigned to the 26th Infantry Division. It was subsequently reorganized and federally recognized on 11 April 1923 with headquarters at Charlestown.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The unit was inducted into federal service on 16 January 1941 at Charlestown for service in World War II. It was relieved from the 26th Division and assigned to the Task Force 6814, on 14 January 1942, which was sent to Melbourne, Australia.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
On 6 March 1942 the men of the 182d broke camp outside Melbourne and boarded troop trains for the docks in Melbourne. With the rest of the Task Force, the 182d traveled to a classified destination which turned out to be New Caledonia, where they arrived on 12 March 1942. On 27 May 1942, Task Force 6814 was redesignated the Americal Division, one of only two American infantry divisions to be assigned a name instead of a number (Americal is a combination of the words American and Caledonia).


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
As part of a piecemeal transfer of the Americal Division, the 182d was deployed to combat in the Battle of Guadalcanal on 12 November 1942, where the regiment's 3rd Battalion participated in an operation to capture the Japanese defensive works atop the Sea Horse, a prominent terrain feature on the island. Maintaining contact with elements of other U.S. Army regiments in the assault, the 3rd Battalion began its ascent, and by 30 December was in action against Japanese forces atop the Sea Horse.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The fighting was so intense that some of the Americans could not be removed after being killed, and were buried where they fell. In 2008, the remains of Lt. Raymond S. Woods of the 182nd Infantry Regiment, who was killed in action on 30 December 1942 in fighting atop the Sea Horse Ridge, were located and transferred to JPAC. The 182d later fought in the Bougainville campaign, the Northern Solomons, and later in the Battle of Leyte.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
On 26 March 1945, during Operation Victor II, the 182d landed at Talisay Beach, four miles (6.5 km) west of Cebu City, taking Cebu City the next day. Moving into the jungled hills of the interior, the 182nd fought the Battle of Go Chan Hill 28–29 March 1945 and then battled to clear the other hills in the area. They were heavily counterattacked by fanatical Japanese defenders on Bolo Ridge. After eliminating Japanese resistance on Cebu, the 182d rested and reequipped, later boarding ship from Cebu for occupation duty in Japan.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Near the end of the war, the Americal Division was renamed the 23rd Infantry Division, though it retained its original designation in both official documents and informal usage throughout the war.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Later service
The 2nd Battalion inactivated on 29 November 1945 at Fort Lewis, Washington. The regiment (less 2nd Battalion which inactivated on 2 December 1945 at Fort Lawton staging area, WA) was relieved from the Americal Division and assigned to the 182d Regimental Combat Team on 8 July 1946. It reorganized and was federally recognized on 5 December 1946 with headquarters at Charlestown. Its headquarters relocated to Melrose on 30 September 1955.


182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Later service
The unit was relieved from the 182d Regimental Combat Team on 1 May 1959 and reorganized as the 182d Infantry (Mechanized) under the Combat Arms Regimental System.