1818 Illinois gubernatorial election, Results
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1818 Louisiana's at-large congressional district special election
On April 20, 1818, Thomas B. Robertson (DR) of Louisiana's at-large district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.


1818 Louisiana's at-large congressional district special election, Election results
In addition, Robertson himself received 16 votes, presumably unsolicited. Butler took office on November 16


1818 Market Street
1818 Market Street (also known as 1818 WSFS Bank Place) is a 40-story skyscraper in downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The building was designed by the firm Ewing Cole Cherry Brott (now EwingCole). Construction began on the property in 1972. The developer, Walters Associates, which also developed the Holiday Inn at 1800 Market (now the Sonesta Philadelphia), planned a construction budget of $50 million for the property.


1818 Market Street
It was the tallest building erected in Philadelphia between the completion of City Hall in 1901 and the completion of One Liberty Place in 1987, during the period of the "gentlemen's agreement", the observation of an unofficial height restriction of the top of the hat of the statue of William Penn atop City Hall that stood for 86 years. The building is the eleventh-tallest in Philadelphia.


1818 Market Street
The building contains over 981,000 square feet (91,100 m2) of office space over 37 floors with six levels of parking. Its major tenants include ABN Amro,  the American College of Radiology, WSFS Bank, Booz Allen Hamilton, eResearch Technology, Five Below, Merrill Lynch, Mitchell & Titus, Metrocorp, Northwestern Mutual, Swiss Re, and STV Incorporated.


1818 Market Street
The building, currently the tallest reinforced-concrete structure in the city, underwent major renovations in 2003, more than a decade after its facade was treated resulting in its signature white color. In May 2015, the building was purchased by Shorenstein Properties for $184.8 million. In August 2019, WSFS Bank added their logo to the top of the building after completion of their acquisition and rebranding of Beneficial Bank, which had previously been headquartered in the building.


1818 Massachusetts's 20th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Massachusetts's 20th congressional district (in the District of Maine) on March 16, 1818 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Albion K. Parris (DR) on February 3, 1818 after being named a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine.


1818 Massachusetts's 20th congressional district special election, Electoral results
Lincoln took his seat on November 16, 1818 and would continue to serve in the 16th, 17th (for Maine's 7th district after the separation of Maine), the 18th and part of the 19th Congress (the later two Congresses for Maine's 5th district after redistricting)


1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum
The 1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum was held in the Territory of Michigan to determine whether a majority of the territory's freeholders favored the creation of a general legislative assembly to replace the system of governors and judges in effect at the time, as provided for by the Northwest Ordinance. The election was called by Territorial Governor Lewis Cass, and results showed a majority opposed changing the system of government.


1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Background
The Northwest Ordinance outlined three stages of government for the Northwest Territory. The first stage consisted of a governor, a secretary, and three judges; the governor and judges together formed the legislative branch of government. The second stage called for a general assembly comprising the territorial governor, an elected house of representatives, and a five-person legislative council; this stage was to be instituted when the territory contained 5000 "free male inhabitants of full age" and "satisfactory evidence [had been] given to the Governor thereof, that such is the wish of a majority of the freeholders".


1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Background
The third stage was full statehood. The Northwest Territory reached the second stage in 1798. When the Territory of Indiana was split from it in 1800, the new territory reverted to the first stage, but advanced again to the second stage in 1804. Michigan Territory reverted again to the first stage when it was created from part of Indiana Territory in 1805, and the governor and judges still constituted its legislative branch in 1818.


1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Background
Nominally, the governor and judges formed a four-person legislative body. In practice, Judge Augustus Woodward wielded much of the power, since another of the judges, John Griffin, almost always deferred to him, so Woodward could do no worse than tie in most legislative matters and needed only one additional ally for a majority. Some residents and fellow officials found Woodward pompous and pedantic, but others, especially the French and British settlers, appreciated him as a counterbalance to the influence of newer settlers from the east coast. Governor Cass believed that advancing to the second stage would both move Michigan Territory closer to statehood and help reduce Woodward's influence, since he would remain a judge but no longer control the legislative process.


1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Election
laGovernor Cass issued a proclamation on January 5, 1818, calling for a vote to determine whether a majority of freeholders supported creating a general assembly. He cited his authority under the Northwest Ordinance and the successive acts of Congress that created Michigan Territory, as well as petitions signed by 145 residents asking him to take the step. For most of the territory, Cass set the election date as February 16, 1818. For the district of Michilimackinac, then part of Wayne County, the justices of the peace were to choose a date.


1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Election
The proposal to move to the general assembly form of government failed. The primary argument against it involved cost. While the governor and judges were paid for by the federal government, the territory would have been responsible for the cost of the new government.


1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Election
Dissatisfaction with the system of government continued to grow after the failed referendum, and in 1822 hundreds of citizens petitioned Congress for a change. In 1823, Congress authorized the creation of the Michigan Territorial Council.


1818 North Carolina's 11th congressional district special election
On November 7, 1818, a special election was held in North Carolina's 11th district to fill a vacancy caused by Daniel M. Forney (DR)'s resignation earlier that year.


1818 North Carolina's 11th congressional district special election, Election results
This seat changed parties after the special election. Davidson took his seat on December 2 during the Second Session of the 15th Congress.


1818 North Carolina's 7th congressional district special election
On January 1, 1818, a special election was held in North Carolina's 7th district to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative-elect Alexander McMillan (F) before the 15th Congress had assembled.


1818 Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district special election
On April 20, 1818, Jacob Spangler (DR) resigned from Congress, where he'd represented Pennsylvania's 4th district. A special election was held that year to fill the resulting vacancy.


1818 Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district special election, Election results
Hostetter took his seat on November 16 at the start of the Second Session.


1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections
During the 15th Congress, there were two special elections in the 6th district of Pennsylvania, both held in the year 1818. The 6th district at that time was a plural district with two seats, both of which became vacant at different times in 1818. The first vacancy was caused by John Ross (DR) resigning on February 24, 1818 and the second was caused by Samuel D. Ingham (DR) resigning July 6.


1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections, March election
The first election, to fill the vacancy left by Ross' resignation, was held March 3.


1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections, March election
Rogers took his seat March 24, during the First Session


1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections, October election
The second election, to fill the vacancy left by Ingham's resignation, was held October 13, the same time as the elections for the 16th Congress


1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections, October election
Moore ran unopposed and took his seat November 16, at the start of the Second Session of the 15th Congress.


1818 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1818 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 1, 1818 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. Nehemiah Rice Knight, the incumbent Governor and Democratic-Republican nominee, beat Elisha Reynolds Potter, the Federalist candidate with 53.60% of the vote.


1818 South Carolina's 6th congressional district special election
On November 3, 1817, John C. Calhoun (DR) of South Carolina's 6th district resigned upon being appointed Secretary of War. A special election was held for his replacement


1818 United Kingdom general election
The 1818 United Kingdom general election saw the Whigs gain a few seats, but the Tories under the Earl of Liverpool retained a majority of around 90 seats. The Whigs were divided over their response to growing social unrest and the introduction of the Corn Laws.


1818 United Kingdom general election
The result of the election was known on 4 August 1818.


1818 United Kingdom general election
The fifth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 10 June 1818. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 4 August 1818, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired. The sixth Parliament lasted only about a year and a half, as King George III's death on 29 January 1820 triggered a dissolution of Parliament.


1818 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
The Tory leader was the Earl of Liverpool, who had been Prime Minister since his predecessor's assassination in 1812. The Tory Leader of the House of Commons was Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh.


1818 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
The Whig Party had long suffered from weak leadership, particularly in the House of Commons.


1818 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
At the time of the general election, the Earl Grey was the leading figure amongst the Whig peers. The last Whig Prime Minister, the Lord Grenville, had retired from active politics in 1817. It was likely that Earl Grey would have been invited to form a government, had the Whigs come to power, although in this era the monarch rather than the governing party decided which individual would be Prime Minister.


1818 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
The Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, until his death in 1817, was George Ponsonby, Lady Grey's uncle. About a year after Ponsonby's death, George Tierney reluctantly became the recognised Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons. However, after 1819 he did not carry out the functions of leader although he retained the title.


1818 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies
Monmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.


1818 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies
Table 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country


1818 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
Connecticut elected its members September 21, 1818. The delegation changed from seven Federalists to seven Democratic-Republicans due to the retirement of six incumbents and the party-change of the seventh.


1818 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut, Notes
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1818 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware, Notes
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1818 United States House of Representatives election in Illinois
Illinois elected its new member sometime in 1818, after gaining statehood.


1818 United States House of Representatives election in Louisiana
Louisiana held an election for the 16th Congress at the same time that it held a special election to finish the 15th Congress. Data were only available for the special election, but the general election would presumably have had very similar results, and so the results for the special election are duplicated here.


1818 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey, Notes
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1818 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes
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1818 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes
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1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
The 1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 28 to 30, 1818, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 16th United States Congress.


1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
27 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1816 to a term in the 15th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1817. Representative-elect Henry B. Lee died on February 18, 1817, and James Tallmadge, Jr. was elected in April 1817 to fill the vacancy. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1819. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1818, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1819, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 6, 1819.


1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
The geographical area of the districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1816. Two new counties were created: Tompkins inside the 20th District; and Cattaraugus inside the 21st District. In 1817, the Town of Danube was separated from the Town of Minden in Montgomery County, and transferred to Herkimer County, but Danube remained in the 14th District.


1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
19 Democratic-Republicans, 6 Clintonian-Federalists and 2 Federalists were elected to the 16th Congress. The incumbents Wendover, Tompkins, Taylor and Storrs were re-elected, the incumbent Ellicott was defeated.


1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
Note: It is difficult to ascertain the party affiliation of these candidates: At this time began the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into two opposing factions: on one side, the supporters of DeWitt Clinton and his Erie Canal project; on the other side, the Bucktails (including the Tammany Hall organization in New York City), led by Martin Van Buren. At the same time, the Federalist Party had already begun to disintegrate. In the Southern districts the Federalists and Clintonians combined to vote for joint nominees, running against the Bucktails; in the Western districts, where the Erie Canal was under construction, the Democratic-Republican nominees were Clintonians who were elected unopposed.


1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and contested election
The House of Representatives of the 16th United States Congress met for the first time at the reconstructed United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 6, 1819, and 26 of the representatives took their seats. Only Ebenezer Sage did not appear.


1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and contested election
On December 10, Nathaniel Allen presented a petition on behalf of James Guyon, Jr. to contest the election of Ebenezer Sage in the 1st District. On January 12, 1820, the Committee on Elections submitted its report. They found that the election inspectors in the towns of Northfield (on Staten Island), Brooklyn, Hempstead and Oyster Bay had returned 391 votes for "James Guyon" although all these votes had in fact been given for "James Guyon, Jr." The Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Sage who never took or claimed the seat. On January 14, the House declared Guyon, Jr., entitled to the seat, and Guyon took it.


1818 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes
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1818 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes
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1818 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1818 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 8, 1818. Walter Lowrie was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1818 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
Incumbent Democratic-Republican Abner Lacock, who was elected in 1812, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 8, 1818, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1819. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1818 United States elections
The 1818 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President James Monroe's first term, during the First Party System and the Era of Good Feelings. Members of the 16th United States Congress were chosen in this election. During the 16th Congress, Alabama and Maine joined the union. Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate both chambers of Congress, and slightly increased their majority in both houses of Congress in this election.


1818 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1818 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.


1818 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The Federalist Party was largely defunct by 1818, and did not nominate candidates for statewide office, though a "People's Ticket" nominated incumbents Galusha, Paul Brigham, and Benjamin Swan for governor, lieutenant governor, and treasurer while endorsing a mix of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists for lesser offices. As a result of the Federalist Party's demise, the committee determined that incumbent Jonas Galusha had won a one-year term with only a scattering of votes for other candidates.


1818 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that Brigham had also won election to a one-year term. With no Federalist opponent, Brigham won with a scattering of votes for other candidates. According to a contemporary newspaper article, the vote totals were: Brigham, 14,609 (96.3%); scattering, 563 (3.7%).


1818 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his nineteenth. Though nominally a Federalist, Swan was endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and was unopposed for reelection. A contemporary newspaper article recorded the vote totals in the treasurer's race as 10,461 (99.9%) for Swan and 6 (.01%) scattering.


1818 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.


1818 Virginia's 19th congressional district special election
On February 21, 1818, Representative Peterson Goodwyn (DR) of Virginia's 19th district died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.


1818 Virginia's 19th congressional district special election, Election results
Pegram took his seat on November 16, at the start of the Second Session of the 15th Congress. Pegram would only serve for that single session, as he would be defeated for re-election in 1819 against James Jones.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 16th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1818 and August 1819 during President James Monroe's first term. Also, newly admitted Alabama elected its first representatives in September 1819.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections
This election occurred in a politically uneventful period marked by exceptionally low levels of partisan rivalry known as the Era of Good Feelings. The weak Federalist Party, with limited influence in few states, no longer effectively opposed the Democratic-Republican Party, which increased its large majority.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Alabama and Maine were admitted during the 16th Congress. One new seat was added for Alabama, while Maine, splitting from Massachusetts, simply retained its Representatives.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1818 and 1819 to the 15th United States Congress and 16th United States Congress.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut
Connecticut elected its members September 21, 1818. The delegation changed from seven Federalists to seven Democratic-Republicans then the retirement of six incumbents and the party-change of the seventh.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Illinois
Illinois elected its member August 2, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened. The incumbent had just been elected to the new seat in late 1818.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana
Louisiana held an election for the 16th Congress at the same time that it held a special election to finish the 15th Congress. Data were only available for the special election, but the general election would presumably have had very similar results, and so the results for the special election are duplicated here.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
Massachusetts elected its members November 2, 1818. Massachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election, n  Massachusetts's electoral law required a majority for electionMassachusetts's electoral law required a majority for electionecessitating additional elections in five districts on April 5, 1819 and July 26, 1819.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
This was the last election in which the District of Maine — comprising congressional districts 14 through 20 — was part of Massachusetts. The District became the State of Maine during the 16th Congress.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
District numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi
Mississippi elected its member August 2–3, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its members March 9, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, New York
New York elected its members April 28–30, 1818, the earliest of any state.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, New York
At this time, the Democratic-Republicans in New York were divided into two factions, the "Bucktails" who were opposed to Governor Dewitt Clinton's Erie Canal project, led by Martin Van Buren, and on the other side, Clinton's supporters, known as Clintonians. In many districts, the remaining Federalists allied with the Clintonians, with candidates running on a joint ticket. Several candidates who ran under that joint ticket cannot be clearly categorized, and are marked C/F. Others who ran under the joint ticket are marked by their party with a footnote indicating that they ran under the joint ticket.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
North Carolina elected its members August 12, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee
Tennessee elected its members August 5–6, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia
Virginia elected its members in April 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates
There were four territories with the right to send non-voting delegates to at least part of the 16th Congress, two of which, Michigan Territory and Arkansas Territory were new to this Congress.


1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1818 and 1819 were elections for the United States Senate that had the Democratic-Republican Party gain two seats. The Federalists had only three seats being contested, of which they lost two and the third was left vacant due to a failure to elect.


1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 15th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1818 or before March 4, 1819; ordered by election date.


1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 16th Congress
In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1819 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.


1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 16th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1819 after March 4; ordered by election date. The new Congress was seated December 6, 1819, so some of these late-elected senators were seated after that.


1818 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1818 in Australia.


1818 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1818 in Chile.


1818 in India, Events
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1818 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1818 in New Zealand.


1818 in South Africa
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:49, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1818 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1818 in South Africa.


1818 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1818 to Wales and its people.


1818 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1818.


1818 in music, Classical music
All of the following items are found in the IMSLP/Ptrucci Music Library.


1818 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1818 in poetry, Works published, United Kingdom
I met a traveller from an antique landWho said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert. Near them, on the sand,Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frownAnd wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed. And on the pedestal these words appear:"My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!" Nothing beside remains. Round the decayOf that colossal wreck, boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away.


1818 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1818 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1818 in science
The year 1818 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1818 in sports
1818 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1818–1819 Massachusetts legislature
The 39th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1818 and 1819 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.


1818–1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
Massachusetts elected its members November 2, 1818. Massachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election, necessitating additional elections in five districts on April 5, 1819 and July 26, 1819.


1818–1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
This was the last election in which the District of Maine was part of Massachusetts. The District became the State of Maine during the 16th Congress.


1819
1819 (MDCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1819th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 819th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th  year of the 19th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1819, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1819 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1819 Alabama gubernatorial election was held on September 20–21, 1819, to elect the first Governor of Alabama. Democratic-Republican candidate William Wyatt Bibb defeated fellow Democratic-Republican candidate Marmaduke Williams with 53.82% of the vote. The debate over where Alabama's permanent capital should be was reportedly an important issue in the race - Williams supported Tuscaloosa while Bibb proposed Cahawba. After the election, Cahawba was made capital, but it was moved to Tuscaloosa in 1825.


1819 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1819 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 8, 1819. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. was re-elected, winning with 86.85% of the vote.


1819 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1819 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 5, 1819. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Clark was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. State Senator Henry Molleston ran as Clark's successor, winning the Federalist nomination. He faced Manaen Bull, Clark's 1816 opponent, and the Democratic-Republican nominee. Molleston won by a fairly wide margin, but died on November 11, 1819, prior to assuming office. State Senate President Jacob Stout became Governor and a special election was held in 1820.


1819 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1819 French legislative election
The 1819 French partial election took place on 11 September 1819, during the Second Restoration, to choose delegates to the French Chamber of Deputies. It was the third of three elections (the others coming in 1817 and 1818) under a new law that called for legislative elections to be held annually in one-fifth of the nation's departments.


1819 French legislative election
A total of 53 seats were contested. For the third straight election, the Liberals (left-opposition) made a strong showing, picking up 35 seats. The election of Grégoire caused a scandal, as he was a famous member of the Convention, which forced the government of Decazes to cancel this election. Nevertheless, the liberal group represented nearly one-third of the Lower House after this partial election, whereas the Ultras were reduced to 30 MPs.


1819 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election
Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, 1819 was called to fill a vacancy created when the former congressman was elected to the United States Senate.


1819 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Vacancy
A special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district on January 4, 1819 to fill vacancies left in both the 15th and 16th Congresses by the resignation of John Forsyth (DR) upon being elected to the Senate, after having been re-elected the previous year to the House. At the time, Congressional terms began March 4, his resignation thus created a vacancy in the remainder of the 15th Congress as well as in the upcoming 16th Congress.


1819 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Election
Election results reported at the time appear to indicate that a single election was held for both vacancies in most counties of Georgia. One newspaper reports two sets of returns for Richmond County, suggesting that that county may have been the only one that held separate ballots for both vacancies


1819 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Election result
Reid took his seat on February 18, 1819, near the end of the Second Session of the 15th Congress.


1819 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1819 Indiana gubernatorial election took place August 2, 1819, under the provisions of the Constitution of Indiana. It was the second gubernatorial election in the State of Indiana. Jonathan Jennings, the incumbent governor, was reelected with 81.5% of the vote to 17.8% for his nearest competitor, Lieutenant Governor Christopher Harrison. The election was held concurrently with elections for lieutenant governor and members of the Indiana General Assembly.


1819 Indiana gubernatorial election
Jennings had been elected governor in 1816 following ratification of the state's first constitution. His administration pursued policies to promote internal improvements and the development of a state banking system, creation of a state university, and adoption of a personal liberty law to protect free people of color living in Indiana. In 1818 he became embroiled in a controversy surrounding his acceptance of a federal commission to negotiate the Treaty of St. Mary's. The Indiana constitution specified that no person "holding any office under the United States ... shall exercise the office of governor."


1819 Indiana gubernatorial election
Jennings' political enemies interpreted this to mean he had vacated the governorship by accepting the federal commission. Harrison accepted this interpretation, and declaring himself the rightful governor, appealed to the General Assembly for support. The legislature, however, declined to pursue impeachment proceedings against Jennings, and Jennings forcefully denied that he had relinquished his position as governor. In the general election, Jennings handily defeated Harrison and two other challengers.


1819 Indiana gubernatorial election
At the time of the election, the Democratic-Republican Party was dominant nationally and politics in the new state operated on a nonpartisan basis. The geographic factionalism of the territorial period had mostly dissipated. Campaigns were conducted through the circulation of handbills and other print materials and public appearances at militia musters, log rollings, and other community events. As it was considered untoward to advocate directly for one's own election, candidates usually disguised their visits with voters as being personal in nature, claiming private business had brought them to the vicinity en route to some other destination.


1819 Indiana gubernatorial election, Results, Results by county
The official returns appear to have been lost. Unofficial results published in various newspapers in the weeks following the election include figures from most, but not all, counties. Significantly, the sum of the votes for Harrison in the surviving unofficial results is greater than the total recorded in the journal of the Indiana House of Representatives by a factor of 970 votes. The returns from Crawford and Lawrence were rejected by the General Assembly on technical grounds.


1819 Indiana gubernatorial election, Results, Results by county
The surviving results, as compiled in A New Nation Votes, are as follows.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake
The 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake occurred at about 18:45 to 18:50 local time on 16 June. It had an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.7 to 8.2 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It triggered a tsunami and caused at least 1,543 deaths. The earthquake caused an area of subsidence that formed the Sindri Lake and a local zone of uplift to the north about 80 km long, 6 km wide and 6 m high that dammed the Koree / Kori / Puran / Nara river. This natural dam was known as the Allah Bund ("Dam of God").


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Kutch District of modern-day Gujarat lies 3–400 km from the plate boundary between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, but the current tectonics is still governed by the effects of the continuing continental collision along this boundary. During the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic period, this area was affected by rifting with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and development of new low-angle thrust faults. The related folding has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch. The focal mechanism of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on reactivated rift faults. The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake lasted for two to three minutes. It was felt over an enormous area, from Chennai to Kolkata in the east, as far north as Kathmandu and as far west as Balochistan. The mainshock was followed by prolonged aftershock activity, with major earthquakes continuing for at least 50 years, including one with estimated magnitude of more than 6.5 in 1846.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake
Maximum displacement during the earthquake is estimated at 12 m, based on the height of the bund and the amount of subsidence to the south. Combined with a lateral extent of at least 80 km, this gives an estimated magnitude of 7.7±.2. This matches well with magnitudes estimated using both the total felt area and the area of VIII intensity. Other estimates based on intensity measurements give magnitudes as high as 8.2.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake
Modelling of the surface deformation indicates that the fault that slipped during the earthquake dipped to the north at between about 50–67°. As faults that dip in excess of 50° are normally unfavourable for slip, it has been suggested that there was relatively high pore-fluid pressure developed at depth to allow this displacement to occur. There is evidence that the Indus river shifted westwards after this earthquake.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake, Allah Bund
The most obvious topographic effect of this earthquake was the formation of a ridge about 6 m high, extending for 80 km (possibly as much as 150 km) that formed a natural dam across the Puran river. To distinguish it from the man-made dams that were common in the region, the uplifted area became known as the Allah Bund, or Dam of God. The mound produced had a markedly asymmetric geometry, with a shorter and steeper south-dipping margin, about 600 m wide and a dip of 0.65°, and a broader north-dipping margin over 5 km wide with a dip of only about 0.05°.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake, Sindri Lake
Sindri Lake, with a surface area of more than 1,000 km2, was formed due to subsidence of up to 3 m south of the Allah Bund. Initially, the lake was cut off from the river (damming further upstream had stopped the flow) and was filled with seawater. On the western margin of the lake a small delta built out from the eastern part of the larger Indus Delta. After 1826 the river broke through the artificial dam and eventually broke through the bund itself, causing the lake to become freshwater again.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake, 1956 Anjar earthquake
The 1956 Anjar earthquake was  due to reverse faulting, similar in type to that which is thought to have caused the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake, 2001 Bhuj earthquake
Changes in stress caused by coulomb stress transfer due to the 1819 earthquake may have been sufficient to trigger the 2001 Bhuj earthquake and other historic earthquakes that occurred in the region during the intervening period.


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Tsunami
There was a local tsunami that flooded the area known as the Great Rann immediately after the earthquake. The fort at Sindri was destroyed by the earthquake and then partly submerged by the tsunami, "forcing survivors to climb to the top of the ruins".


1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Damage
The towns of Kothari, Mothala, Naliya and Vinzan suffered particularly heavy damage. Anjar, Bhuj, Lakhpat, Mandvi and Tera were also severely affected. At least 1,543 people were killed in the larger towns; the number of casualties in smaller towns and villages is unknown. There was some degree of damage to buildings over most of Gujarat, including the destruction of the "shaking minarets" of the Jama Masjid in Ahmedabad. At Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, "at least 500 guests were smothered at a wedding feast".


1819 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1819 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 7, 1819 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. Nehemiah Rice Knight, the incumbent Governor and Democratic-Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.


1819 United States House of Representatives election in Illinois
Illinois elected its member August 2, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened. The incumbent had just been elected to the new seat in late 1818.


1819 United States House of Representatives election in Illinois, Notes
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1819 United States House of Representatives election in Mississippi
Mississippi elected its member August 2–3, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1819 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its members March 9, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1819 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
North Carolina elected its members August 12, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1819 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes
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1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
Tennessee elected its members August 5–6, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
Virginia elected its members in April 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.


1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes
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1819 United States Senate elections in Maryland
On April 23, 1819, incumbent Federalist senator Alexander Contee Hanson died. The other incumbent Senator, Robert Henry Goldsborough, ran for re-election to hold his seat. The Maryland legislature elected a successor to finish Hanson's term, as well as a Senator for the term for the other class. The two top vote-getters (both Democratic-Republicans) were declared the winners, with the first place winner, Edward Lloyd taking the Class 3 seat, which ran March 4, 1819 to March 3, 1825. The second place winner, William Pinkney, took the Class 1 seat, finishing Hanson's term which ran March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1823.


1819 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1819 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.


1819 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. With the Federalist Party no longer a force in Vermont politics, the committee determined that incumbent Jonas Galusha had won a one-year term, defeating fellow Democratic-Republicans William Czar Bradley and Dudley Chase.


1819 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that Paul Brigham had won election to a one-year term by defeating former lieutenant governor William Chamberlain and James D. Butler. According to a contemporary newspaper article, the vote totals were: Brigham 12,348 (85.0%); Chamberlain, 1,150 (7.9%); Butler, 265 (1.8%); scattering, 765 (5.3%).


1819 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his twentieth. Nominally a Federalist, Swan was usually unopposed; in 1819 he received 11,652 votes, with no votes recorded for any other candidate.


1819 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.


1819 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1819 in Australia.


1819 in Australia, Events
John Thomas Bigge was appointed a special commissioner to examine the government of the Colony of New South Wales by Lord Bathurst. His brief was to determine how far the expanding colony of New South Wales could be "made adequate to the Objects of its original Institution", which were understood to be purely to be a penal colony. He was to come to Australia to investigate all aspects of the colonial government, then under the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie, including finances, the church and the judiciary, and the convict system.


1819 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1819 in Chile.


1819 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1819 in New Zealand.


1819 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1819 in South Africa.


1819 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1819 to Wales and its people.


1819 in architecture
The year 1819 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1819 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1819.


1819 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1819 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1819 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1819 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1819.


1819 in science
The year 1819 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1819 in sports
1819 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


181920
181920 (pronounced: “one-eight-one-nine-two-zero”) is the first greatest hits album by Japanese musician Namie Amuro, released under the Avex Trax label on January 28, 1998. The album commemorates Amuro’s marriage and pregnancy, and covers twelve singles which were released prior to her maternal hiatus in 1998, three of which had been originally released under her previous label, Toshiba-EMI. The title of the album derives from the fact that its material spans those three ages in which she recorded and performed these songs. Her 9th single, "Dreaming I was Dreaming" is exclusive to the album not appearing on any of her original studio recordings.


181920
It was reissued as a DVD-audio version on January 28, 2004. On March 31, 2004 it was reissued again as a limited edition CD+DVD combo with the title 181920 & films. The DVD is Namie Amuro's first music video compilation. The 181920 & films CD has a Copy Control specification.


181920, Information
181920 contains one single from Namie Amuro with Super Monkey's ("Try Me (Watashi o Shinjite)") and her first two solo singles ("SEASON of the Sun" and "STOP THE MUSIC"), the three of which are her only singles from the Toshiba-EMI record label. Dance Tracks Vol.1, the album these singles first appeared on, is actually a Super Monkey's remix album which the singer was still a member of. The rest of the singles are from her first two original studio albums, Sweet 19 Blues and Concentration 20, both from the avex trax record label.


181920, Information
Although 181920 didn't match the success of her previous albums it was successful. It took the top spot of the album chart with 857,100 units sold in its first week. It stayed at #1 with 326,270 copies sold in its second week. The album stayed in the top 20 for 7 weeks and on the Oricon charts for a total of 27 weeks. 181920 has sold over 1.6 million copies during its original chart run and over 2 million in total. 181920 is also the 108th best selling album of all time in Japan and is Namie's 4th best selling album. Because Namie Amuro's first three singles are from a different record label they are missing from 181920 on iTunes. Instead this album is listed as "Partial Album".


181920, Information
The album was certified for two million copies shipped to stores in 1998.


1819–1820 Massachusetts legislature
The 40th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1819 and 1820 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York
The 1819/1820 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 2, 1819, and January 8, 1820, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Federalist Rufus King had been elected in 1813 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1819.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in April 1818, a Democratic-Republican majority was elected to the Assembly, and all of the eight State Senators up for renewal were Democratic-Republicans. The 42nd New York State Legislature met from January 5 to April 3, 1819, at Albany, New York. The Democratic-Republican Party was split in two factions: the "Clintonians" (allies of Governor DeWitt Clinton), and the "Bucktails" (a combine of the Tammany members from New York City and the upstate adversaries of Clinton led by Attorney General and State Senator Martin Van Buren).


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Background
The strength of the factions in the Assembly is shown by the difficult proceedings to elect a Speaker: At the Democratic-Republican caucus on the eve of the opening of the Assembly session, January 4, there were 75 members present. All the Bucktail members attended, having been secretly informed of the plan to elect a Bucktail Speaker, but 10 to 15 Clintonians had not arrived yet. 42 voted for Bucktail William Thompson, of Seneca Co.; and 33 for Clintonian Obadiah German. The Clintonians refused to "make the choice unanimous."


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Background
On January 5, the Assembly convened and took four ballots for Speaker, no candidate receiving a majority, and then adjourned. On January 6, a fifth ballot was taken. The vote stood 55 for German, 38 for Thompson, and 20 for Federalist William A. Duer. Seeing that by vote for candidates no choice could be made, Erastus Root offered a resolution that William Thompson be declared elected Speaker which was rejected by 73 to 41. Another resolution in favor of William A. Duer was rejected by 84 to 31. A resolution was then offered to declare Obadiah German elected which was carried by 67 to 48. Thus German was chosen Speaker, evidently with the votes of the Federalists.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
Some days before the date set for the election, the Democratic-Republican Assemblymen and Senators met in caucus to nominate a candidate, but the meeting broke up soon after the Bucktails attacked severely both the personal character and political stance of Governor Clinton and Speaker German because of their non-adherence to the caucus nominee for Speaker. This was the last time the Clintonians and the Bucktails caucused together. Henceforth, although nominally in the same party, they appeared as political opponents, and mostly ran separate tickets at elections. Eventually this situation led to a re-alignment of party lines during the 1820s when the Second Party System emerged, with the Bucktails becoming the Jacksonians and later Democrats.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
A few days later, the Clintonian State legislators met in caucus and nominated unanimously Congressman John C. Spencer, the son of the leader of the Clintonians, New York Supreme Court Justice Ambrose Spencer.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
Canal Commissioner and State Senator Samuel Young was the Bucktails candidate.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
The incumbent Federalist U.S. Senator Rufus King ran for re-election.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
Secretary of State of New York John Van Ness Yates received one vote, cast by Samuel Young; traditionally a candidate did not vote for himself.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1819, no choice
On February 2, 1819, the State Legislature attempted to elect a U.S. Senator. No candidate received a majority in the Senate. Samuel Young had 13 votes out of 28 cast. A resolution was offered to declare Spencer nominated, but was rejected by 17 to 10. A resolution in favor of Young was rejected by 14 to 13; one for Rufus King by 22 to 5; and the Senate adjourned. No candidate received a majority in the Assembly either. John C. Spencer had 51 votes out of 122 cast.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1819, no choice
Ezekiel Bacon offered a resolution to declare Spencer nominated, which was rejected by 72 to 54. Erastus Root offered a resolution to declare Young nominated, which was rejected by 82 to 44. Thomas J. Oakley offered a resolution to declare King nominated which was rejected by 90 to 34. Erastus Root then offered a resolution in favor of Philetus Swift, and Oakley moved to amend the resolution by striking out Swift's name, which was carried.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1819, no choice
Oakley then offered to insert the name of John Wells, of New York City, which was rejected by 96 to 29, and the Assembly adjourned too. The State Legislature took no more action in this matter, and the Class 3 seat in the U.S. Senate became vacant on March 4, 1819.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1820
At the State election in April 1819, a Clintonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators up for renewal were Clintonians. Most of the Federalist Party had joined the Clintonians by now. The 43rd New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 14, 1820, at Albany.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1820
The strength of the factions in the Assembly was shown by the vote for Speaker: 64 for Clintonian John C. Spencer and 50 for Bucktail Peter Sharpe, 4 for George Huntington and 1 for George Tibbits.


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1820
In December 1819, the Bucktails circulated a pamphlet, written by  Martin Van Buren and William L. Marcy, among the State legislators, now advocating the re-election of Federalist Rufus King. It was assumed that this was a move to get a large part of the disbanding Federalist Party to vote for the Bucktails' candidate for Governor in 1820, to oust the incumbent Governor DeWitt Clinton. (see Hammond, page 516)


1819–1820 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1820
Thus, with the support of the Clintonians, the Bucktails and the few remaining Federalists, on January 8, 1820, the State Legislature re-elected Rufus King unanimously. King took his seat on January 25, 1820, and remained in office until March 3, 1825.


181st (2/6th London) Brigade
The 181st (2/6th London) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was assigned to the 60th (2/2nd London) Division and served in the Middle East.


181st (2/6th London) Brigade, Formation
In June 1918 three battalions (2/21st, 2/23rd and 2/24th) were replaced by


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance
The 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was a Royal Army Medical Corps unit of the British airborne forces during the Second World War.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance
The Field Ambulance was assigned to the 1st Airlanding Brigade, the glider borne element of the 1st Airborne Division. Some men of the unit took part in the first parachute raid on the French coast in 1942. The unit then moved to Tunisia for operations in the Mediterranean theatre.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance
During Operation Ladbroke, part of the Allied invasion of Sicily, a shortage of gliders resulted in only six, instead of the required thirty, being allocate to the Field Ambulance. Of those six, only one reached land the others crashed into the sea. They were next deployed during the Allied invasion of Italy in Operation Slapstick. Soon afterwards the FieldAmbulance returned to the United Kingdom, then in September 1944, they landed by glider in the Netherlands. In the battle of Arnhem the Field Ambulance remained behind with the wounded, and he majority of its men became prisoners of war.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance
The 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was reformed after Arnhem, and were sent to Norway at the end of the war to assist in the repatriation of the German forces. The 1st Airborne Division including the 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance were disbanded after serving in Norway.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Background
Impressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. In September 1941 the 1st Parachute Brigade began forming, soon after followed by the glider borne 1st Airlanding Brigade and the 1st Airborne Division. In keeping with British Army practice at the same time as the infantry battalions were forming, airborne supporting arms were formed including Royal Army Medical Corps units. Of the seven airborne field ambulances formed during the Second World War, two were glider borne the 181st and the 195th. While the other five were parachute trained the 16th, 127th, 133rd, 224th and the 225th.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance
The 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was the first Royal Army Medical Corps airborne unit formed on 14 November 1941. It was raised from a cadre of the 132nd Field Ambulance and originally based in Llandysul but in December moved to Hungerford, and in May 1942 to Carter Barracks in Bulford. Once formed the 181st were assigned to the 1st Airlanding Brigade, part of the 1st Airborne Division. Airborne infantry platoons were required to march a distance of 50 miles (80 km) in 24 hours, and battalions 32 miles (51 km).


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance
The same stamina was expected of the Field Ambulance and in October 1942, they covered 31 miles (50 km) in eight and a half hours. The first commander was Lieutenant-Colonel Norman Gray Hill who was soon succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Graeme Matthew Warrack, and by January 1942, the 181st had an establishment of 234 all ranks. These were formed into two surgical teams and five sections. Together they were expected to deal with 330 patients in twenty-four hours.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance
With the surgical teams completing 1.8 operations an hour, but if they were required to operate the following day, the team had to be relieved after twelve hours. A non-medical part of the field ambulance establishment was the Royal Army Service Corps detachment, commanded by a Captain, with seventy other ranks, the detachment provided the transport for the field ambulance and was composed of a combination of drivers, motorcyclists and vehicle mechanics.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, France
The first parachute raid on the coast of France Operation Biting, was carried out by 'C' Company, 2nd Parachute Battalion commanded by Major John Frost. The raid entailed the parachute company being landed near Bruneval, secure and dismantle a German radar station, then be evacuated by sea. A section from 181st were selected to go on the raid, however they would travel across the English channel by boat and not by air. The raid was of necessity a secret and the one officer and twenty men involved were told they were going on a training course in Scotland.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, France
The 181st section were accommodated on HMS Prins Albert, and practised for the mission on Loch Fyne in Assault landing craft (ALC). The operation took place over the night of 27–28 February 1942, it had been planned that the men of 181st would be landed to treat casualties, but this was not needed. The parachute company had six wounded men that were evacuated by the ALCs and treated by the 181st section. The wounds treated were all bullet wounds; two abdominal, one thigh, one foot, one scalp and one leg.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily
On 5 March 1943, 181st were informed they would be moving overseas. After returning from embarkation leave on 15 May, the unit was sent to Tunisia for operations in the Mediterranean. On arrival they were billeted just outside Oran. But on 9 June moved to join the rest of 1st Airlanding Brigade at Froha. On 9 July 1943, only 2,075 men of the 1st Airlanding Brigade along with seven jeeps, six anti-tank guns and ten mortars, boarded their gliders in Tunisia and took off at 18:00 bound for Sicily.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily
En route they encountered strong winds, poor visibility and at times were subjected to anti-aircraft fire. To avoid gunfire and searchlights, pilots of the towing aircraft climbed higher or took evasive action. In the confusion surrounding these manoeuvres, some gliders were released too early and sixty-five of them crashed into the sea, drowning around 252 men. The 181st required thirty-two Waco gliders for the mission, but with the overall shortage, they were only allocated six, and five of their gliders were amongst those that failed to reach Sicily and crashed into the sea.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily
The allocation of gliders does not correspond with the expected casualties for the mission of thirty per cent, suggested by the planners before they left Tunisia. The six gliders of the 181st, were loaded with two jeeps, a two stretcher trailer, two handcarts and three folding airborne bicycles and what medical stores they could take was in 25 pounds (11 kg) man portable packs. With the No. 1 Surgical Team and No. 5 Section s divided between the gliders.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily
Space was found on the infantry battalions gliders for some of 181st units; No. 1 Section went in with the 1st Battalion, Border Regiment, While No. 2 Section went with the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment. The commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Warrack, the Regimental Sergeant Major and an orderly were able to go with brigade headquarters. In total only seventy-two from their establishment of 234 men were to go on the mission.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily
The only 181st glider to reach Sicily was the one carrying the majority of No. 1 Surgical Team, a surgeon, nine men with a handcart loaded with Don and Sugar packs. The glider had landed on the South Staffords landing zone south of their objective the Ponte Grande Bridge. The South Staffords had suffered the same fate as the 181st and instead of a battalion less than a company on troops landed and secured the bridge.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily
The surgical team set out for the location designated their Main Dressing Station (MDS), a small village around 3 miles (4.8 km) away, en route picking up some wounded from the landings. On arrival at the village the surgical team started work, while a group of mixed troops from the brigade formed a road block, capturing forty Italian troops. Later around 15:00 the MDS was attacked by the Italians in about company strength and the men from the 181st had to assist in its defence using captured Italian weapons.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily
After the attack was fought off, the medics then had to treat the casualties from both sides. The next day Lieutenant-Colonel Warrack (who's glider had also landed in the sea) arrived at the MDS with transport from the landing beaches to evacuate the wounded, the surgical team had by then conducted twenty-six surgeries in twenty-four hours. On 13 July the 181st left Sicily for Tunisia. The 181st losses during Operation Ladbroke were one officer and sixteen men who were all drowned when their gliders had crashed into the sea.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Italy
After Sicily the 1st Airlanding and 1st Parachute Brigade's casualties relegated them to the reserve for the initial landings in Operation Slapstick, the 1st Airborne Divisions part in the Allied invasion of Italy. The leading elements were drawn for the 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades. They had to carry out an amphibious landing at the Italian port of Taranto. The landings on 9 September 1943, were unopposed, not least because the Italian Government had on the same day surrendered and the Germans did not have the forces in place to defend all the coastline.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Italy
The 1st Airlanding Brigade and the 181st did not come ashore at Taranto until 21 September and the next day took over the 200 bed Maritime Hospital, dealing with the divisions wounded for the next forty-eight hours, when they were relieved by an Indian unit. The airlanding brigade now moved into the front line and the 181st followed opening a MDS at Canossa and Cerignola on 25 and 26 September respectively. The unit was then separated during the advance with sections being attached to the 4th Armoured Brigade and the 78th Infantry Division.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Italy
But by 30 September the division was withdrawn from the front line. During this time the 181st took over two small hospitals, one with thirty-nine beds at Putignano and the other with forty beds at Brindisi. The division was withdrawn back to England over the following months, the 181st leaving Taranto on 20 November 1943.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
The 1st Airborne Division, was not involved in the Normandy landings and was next in action in Operation Market Garden and the Battle of Arnhem. The 181st would be on the first of three lifts spread over three days. Not everyone would be flying into Arnhem, some including most of the vehicles would come by land. The airborne party included the new commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Marrable, another nine officers and 104 other ranks, however No. 5 Section with one officer and twenty-three men were the divisional reserve section.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
The divisions three field ambulances carried enough medical stores for forty-eight hours, and all the gliders were equipped with two folding airborne stretchers and extra blankets. As the airlanding brigade was the first unit to arrive, the 181st would establish a Main Dressing Station (MDS) at Wolfheze to treat any casualties from the landings. They would then move into Arnhem, to take over the municipal hospital. The reserve section was under control of division and was on standby to open an Air Casualty Evacuation Centre at Deelen airfield once that had been secured.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
On 17 September on the first day of the operation, the 1st Airlanding Brigade, arrived in the Netherlands between 13:15 and 14:00 a full thirty minutes before the parachute troops. By 16:00 the 181st had established their MDS at Wolfheze and were taking in casualties from the landings. Overnight they conducted eight surgical operations and were treating another sixty men who had been wounded. Casualties in the division were mounting and by 08:00 the following morning the MDS had admitted 180 men.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
At 17:00 the unit received orders to move closer to Arnhem, and moved into the Hotel Schoonhord on the main road at Oosterbeek. A second position at the Hotel Taffelberg, around 200 yards (180 m) away was fitted out for the surgical teams. Casualties were mounting and as the only firmly established MDS most of them arrived at Oosterbeek to be treated by the 181st.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
The situation was becoming serious and more buildings were taken over by the MDS including a large house belonging to Kate ter Horst, and the local school Having remained at Wolfheze with the wounded unable to be moved, the reserve No, 5 Section left to join the rest of the 181st at 20:30 19 September with the casualties that were able to be moved. By this time the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance in Arnhem had been captured by the Germans and the 1st Parachute Brigade units trying to fight through to the bridge, were sending their casualties to the 181st at Oosterbeek.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
By 20 September day four of the operation, the divisions medical services at Oosterbeek consisted of the 181st, and around forty men including the two surgical teams from the 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance of the 4th Parachute Brigade. However, during a German assault at 10:00 one of the outlying dressing stations with around 400 wounded, manned by the survivors of 133rd was captured.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
The walking wounded and most of the medics, excepting the surgical teams were taken away as prisoners of war At the Hotel Schoonhord the MDS was subjected to mortaring and some of the 300 casualties there were wounded for a second time, and the hotel was also captured. The surgical teams at the Taffelberg had continued to operate through the bombardment. But by 15:00 the surgical teams and No. 5 Section which were the only part of the MDS that had not been captured by the advancing Germans. That evening a counter-attack by the 4th Parachute Brigade liberated the Hotel Schoonhord and some of the remaining wounded were moved further inside the divisional perimeter.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
The following day 21 September No. 5 Sections dressing station with around 100 lightly wounded, was caught in a cross-fire killing the section commander and five medics, as soon as the shooting died down, they evacuated the station and set up in the grounds of the Horst house. By that evening the dwindling medical services around the MDS were dealing with over 1,000 casualties. At 17:00 having completed sixty operations, the two surgical teams from the 181st were forced to stop, when the ceilings in the operating rooms collapsed during an artillery bombardment.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
The MDS at the Schoonhord was again captured by the Germans in the early hours of 22 September. The other nine buildings being used by the medics were by now, almost constantly under fire, and unable to be evacuated many of the wounded were killed in their beds. Orders were issued that the wounded would have to remain at battalion aid posts, as moving them to the MDS was impossible in the circumstances. By now food and water supplies were running out, to solve the water shortage, central heating systems were drained and the Dental Officer shot two sheep with a borrowed sten gun to help feed the wounded.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
On 24 September a truce was arranged with the Germans and hundreds of the divisions wounded were evacuated by the Germans to Arnhem. The Germans took the opportunity to move their troops into the area of the Schoonhord, and in an attack after the truce many of the wounded and medics at the Taffelberg were killed or wounded again, including some German troops who were sheltering in the grounds. By 18:00 that evening the Schoonhord which had had all the wounded evacuated was once more filled with the divisions wounded. The stretcher bearers of the 181st moved the remaining wounded into the building, in preparation for the divisions withdrawal south of the River Rhine that night.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem
On 25 September the Germans moved into Oosterbeek and at 18:00 the remaining wounded had been evacuated to Arnhem or Apeldoorn, together with the survivors from the 181st. Altogether twenty-five doctors and 400 RAMC other ranks from the 1st Airborne Division, stayed with their patients and became prisoners of war. Of the men of the 181st who had landed in the Netherlands, only ten of them were evacuated south of the Rhine.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Norway
Using the few men that returned from the battle of Arnhem, the rear party of the seaborne tail and volunteers from other units, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was reformed on 1 March 1945, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel I.C. Gilliland. However, by this stage in the war the 1st Airborne Division still reforming was not used in combat again. Instead following the surrender of the German occupation troops in Norway the division was sent there on 9 May 1945. The 181st left England on 11 May and landed at Oslo that evening, establishing a hospital at Nordstrand.


181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Norway
As well as supervising the German surrender the medics were also responsible for treating the numerous ex Russian prisoners of war. Some of the 181st accompanied the Russians to their homeland, becoming the first British Army troops to set foot in northern Russia since 1919. On 3 September 1945, the 181st left Oslo and on their arrival in England were quartered near Tidworth Camp, until 14 November 1945, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was disbanded.


181st Airlift Squadron
The 181st Airlift Squadron is a unit of the 136th Airlift Wing of the Texas Air National Guard stationed at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, Texas. The 181st is equipped with the Lockheed C-130J Hercules.


181st Airlift Squadron
The squadron was first activated during World War II as the 395th Fighter Squadron. It served in the European Theater of Operations as a fighter bomber unit, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation and the Belgian Fourragère. After the war it became part of the occupation forces in Germany until it was inactivated in August 1946.


181st Airlift Squadron
The squadron was allotted to the United States National Guard as the 181st Fighter Squadron and was activated in 1947. It served in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex as a fighter squadron until the early 1960s, when it assumed an air refueling mission, which continued until 1978, and has been an airlift unit since then.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was first activated in June 1943 as the 395th Fighter Squadron, a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter squadron. It trained under I Fighter Command on Long Island, New York and in Massachusetts. The 395th moved to England, arriving in January 1944.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The unit began operations with IX Fighter Command on 14 March and flew a fighter sweep over the English Channel coast of France. it made strafing and bombing attacks on airfields, rail and highway bridges, trains, vehicles, flak positions, and V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch sites to help prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of France.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
It supported the landings in Normandy in June 1944 and began operations from the Continent later the same month. It aided in the taking of Cherbourg, participated in the air operations that prepared the way for Operation Cobra, the Allied breakthrough at St Lo on 25 July, and supported ground forces during their drive across France.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The 395th continued to support ground forces, participated in the assault against the Siegfried Line, and took part in the Battle of the Bulge from December 1944 to January 1945 by attacking rail lines and trains, marshalling yards, roads and vehicles, armored columns, and gun positions. It operated with the Allied forces that pushed across the Rhine and into Germany. During its operations the squadron earned a Distinguished Unit Citation and was cited twice in the Order of the day of the Belgian Army, earning the Belgian Fourragère.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
After V-E Day, the squadron served with the occupation forces. It was inactivated in Germany on 20 August 1946 and its personnel and equipment were transferred to the 82d Fighter Squadron, which was activated the same day.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard
The wartime 395th Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 181st Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard the day after it was inactivated in Germany. It was organized at Love Field, Dallas, Texas and was extended federal recognition on 27 February 1947. The squadron was assigned to its World War II headquarters, which had also been assigned to the National Guard as the 136th Fighter Group, and was equipped with North American P-51D Mustangs.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense
The mission of the squadron was to train for air defense. During the postwar years, the 181st primarily trained over the northern part of the state, while the other two squadrons of the 136th Group, the 111th Fighter Squadron, at Ellington Air Force Base and the 182d Fighter Squadron, at Brooks Air Force Base, near San Antonio, trained in southeastern Texas and the Texas Hill Country.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense
With the breakout of the Korean War in October 1950, the 136th Fighter Group was one of the first Guard units to be federalized and went on active duty, along with the 111th and 182d Fighter Squadrons and moved to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. The 181st Fighter Squadron remained in the Texas Air National Guard and was assigned directly to its headquarters. The 181st was re-equipped with the Very Long Range F-51H Mustang, which had been developed to escort Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers in the Pacific Theater. The F-51H would allow the squadron to intercept any unidentified aircraft over any part of Texas. In September 1952, the squadron became the 181st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense
With the 136th Fighter-Bomber Group's release from active duty in July 1952, the squadron was again assigned to it. It became the 181st Fighter-Bomber Squadron the following January. Despite this name change, the squadron remained focused on the air defense mission.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense
It wasn't until January 1955 that the squadron received its first jets, Lockheed F-80C Shooting Stars. In July it was redesignated the 181st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. On 1 July 1957 the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized along Air Defense Command's (ADC) regional model, becoming the 136th Air Defense Wing, while the 136th Group became the 136th Fighter Group (Air Defense), and new fighter groups were activated for the wing's other squadrons. The 181st was selected by ADC to man an alert program on an around the clock basis, with armed fighters ready to scramble at a moment's notice. This brought the squadron into the daily combat operational program of the Air Force alongside regular air defense fighter squadrons. The squadron's obsolescent F-80 fighters were upgraded to the radar equipped and Mighty Mouse rocket armed North American F-86D Sabre by the end of the year.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling
In August 1961, the 181st became the 181st Air Refueling Squadron as Tactical Air Command (TAC) replaced ADC as the unit's mobilization gaining command. The 181st was equipped with Boeing KC-97L Stratotankers, its mission becoming air refueling, primarily of TAC fighter aircraft. The 181st moved from Love Field to Hensley Field, which relieved Love Field from supporting airliners and military aircraft from a field near the downtown area of a major city.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling
With the transfer of the interceptors and no previously qualified aircrew or maintenance personnel assigned, the 181st went through a year of transition to its new mission. The squadron achieved operational status in the KC-97 in eight months. The previous "normal" time for similar conversions was two years. In 1966 the squadron began a rotational deployment to Ramstein Air Base in support of Operation Creek Party, which provided United States Air Forces Europe an air refueling capability.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling
The Creek Party deployment rotations lasted until 1976, and over the decade the squadron saw millions of pounds of jet fuel off-loaded and millions of miles flown, all accident free. In 1976 the squadron's gaining command became Strategic Air Command, the Air Force's single manager of refueling assets. However, the Air National Guard had begun retiring its KC-97s and by 1978 all had left the inventory.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission
On 1 April 1978, the 181st became the 181st Tactical Airlift Squadron and its gaining command became Military Airlift Command (MAC), re-equipping with Lockheed C-130B Hercules transports. The new mission was airlift of troops, military equipment, cargo and aeromedical support.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission
The squadron participated in numerous Cold War military exercises such as Team Spirit, Volant Oak, Red Flag, and Reforger. Other Joint Chief of Staff exercises included Ember Dawn IV in Alaska and Brave Shield in Europe. In 1979, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve assumed full responsibility for airlift operations in Panama.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission
In mid-December 1989, squadron aircraft, aircrews, and support personnel deployed for Exercise Volant Oak at Howard Air Force Base, in the Panama Canal Zone It flew combat airlift missions for United States Southern Command during Operation Just Cause, the replacement of Manuel Noriega as the ruler of Panama. More than 100 combat sorties were flown, with no casualties or damage to aircraft.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission
In August 1986 the Wing received the new C-130H aircraft. By late January 1991, the squadron provided voluntarily and involuntarily activated, to participate in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. Aircraft and air crews from the squadron flew two-month-long tours of duty in Operation Volant Pine, a backfill of airlift aircraft to Europe by Air National Guard C-130s.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission
In 1997, wing members deployed supporting state and federal missions. During the period the unit supported Department of Defense missions deploying to Oman and Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Southern Watch, and in humanitarian airlift. On 1 October 1998 with the closure of Hensley Field, the squadron moved to the former Carswell Air Force Base, now designated as Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth.


181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission
As part of the Global War on Terrorism, the unit has deployed numerous times in support of Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation New Horizons, with an average of six deployments per unit member. When the squadron is the primary force provider for an expeditionary unit, that unit is designated the 181st Expeditionary Airlift Squadron.


181st Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


181st Armed Police Mobile Division
The 181st Armed Police Mobile Division is a military formation of the People's Armed Police of the People's Republic of China.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division
The 181st Division (Chinese: 第2师) was created on January 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948. The division's predecessor was the Yuxi Anti- Japanese Independence Detachment of the Eighth Route Army, which was formed by the 3rd and 35th Regiments of the Taihang Military Region on September 6, 1944.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division
In March 1951, the 181st Division transferred to the 60th Corps and served in the Korean War. It returned to China in September 1953. In 1954 it served as an exercise and demonstration formation.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division
From December 1969 to January 1985, it was numbered the 180th Division. It was transferred to the 1st Army in September 1985, and became part of the People's Armed Police in 1996.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
The 181st Division (Chinese: 第181师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 37th Brigade, 13th Column of the Huabei Military Region Field Force. Its history could be traced to the Independent Anti- Japanese Detachment of the Eighth Route Army in Western Anhui, activated in September 1944.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
During the Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, the unit was made famous for its commander, Pi Dingjun(Chinese: 皮定均) and obtained the nickname of "Pi's Brigade"(Chinese: 皮旅). It was the only unit that was combat effective after the obliteration of the Central Plains Liberated Area in late 1945.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was part of 61st Corps. Under the flag of the 181st division, it took part in many major battles in the Chinese Civil War, including the Menglianggu Campaign, Linfen Campaign, Jinzhong Campaign, and Taiyuan Campaign.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of the 541st, 542nd, and 543rd regiments as of its formation.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In November 1950, the division was transferred to 60th Corps's control following the 61st Corps' disbandment.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In March 1951, the division was deployed into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army along with the 60th Corps.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In September 1953, the division left Korea. During its deployment, it allegedly inflicted 16,754 casualties on the confronting UN Forces.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was then garrisoned in Chu County, Anhui Province.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In November 1953, the 587th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In February 1955, the 283rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was attached to the division from the 78th Infantry Division, now reconstituted into a coastal defense unit.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
From April 1960, the division was renamed as the 181st Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第181师) and became a showcase unit for foreign delegations. By then the division was composed of:


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In February 1961, the 283rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division to join the 179th Army Division.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In December 1964, 538th Regiment was attached to the division from the disbanding 180th Army Division.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
From May 1967 to January 1968, Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battalion, 181st Army Division was deployed to the North Vietnam to defend against US air campaigns. The battalion participated in 12 engagements with no alleged kills.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In July 1967, 538th Regiment detached from the division to join the newly activated 178th Army Division.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In August 1969, 587th Artillery Regiment was renamed the Artillery Regiment, Army 181st Division.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
On October 10, 1969, 105th Regiment detached from the division to join the 1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
On December 8, 1969, the division was redesignated as the 180th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第180师). All its regiments were then redesignated:


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In January 1985, the division was redesignated as the 181st Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第181师). All its regiments were then redesignated:


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In September 1985, the division was redesignated as the 181st Infantry Division(Chinese: 步兵第181师) and reconstituted as a northern infantry division, category B. The division was transferred to the 1st Army following 60th Army Corps' disbandment.


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1996 the division was transferred to the People's Armed Police' control and reconstituted as the 181st Armed Police Mobile Division(Chinese: 武警机动第181师). The division was then composed of:


181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In 2017, the division was deactivated along with other PAP mobile divisions.


181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF
The 181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I.


181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF
Based in Brandon, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915, 1916 and 1917 in that city and the surrounding district. The 181st CEF Battalion embarked on the H.M.T Grampian in Halifax on 16 April, 1917. After sailing to Liverpool in England on 29 April 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion on 29 April 1917 and was stationed in Dibgate Camp, Shorncliffe, England.


181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF
The 181st Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. David Wilson Beaubier.


181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF
The 181st Battalion is perpetuated by the 26th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery.


181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
The 181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery ('The Shropshire Gunners') was a unit of the Royal Artillery, raised by the British Army during World War II. First raised as infantry of the 6th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry from the Welsh Borders, it was converted to the field artillery role, serving in a Scottish formation in the North West Europe campaign in which it was the first British field artillery regiment to cross the Rhine and Elbe rivers.


181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 6th King's Shropshire Light Infantry
In June 1940, shortly after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk, the King's Shropshire Light Infantry (KSLI) began forming a new 6th Battalion at its regimental depot at Shrewsbury. A previous 6th (Service) Battalion had been raised as part of Kitchener's Army during the Great War of 1914–18, and the men of the new unit were conscious of its heritage. The bulk of the men (95 per cent) were recent conscripts, mostly from Shropshire, Herefordshire, Staffordshire, and other parts of the Welsh Borders and the English Midlands. The battalion's four rifle companies were designated W, X, Y and Z and the Commanding Officer of the battalion was Lt-Col Robert Munn, who had served with the KSLI in the First World War and was awarded a Military Cross.


181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 6th King's Shropshire Light Infantry
The new battalion was officially formed by 4 July 1940 and moved to the Dukeries area of Nottinghamshire to commence basic training. Battalion Headquarters was established first at Thoresby Park and then a short distance away at Welbeck Abbey. On 12 October the 6th KSLI became part of the new 204th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), which had been formed by No 4 Infantry Training Group.


181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 6th King's Shropshire Light Infantry
After six months' training, the 6th KSLI and the rest of 204 Bde were sent at the beginning of January 1941 to man coastal defences in Lincolnshire as part of Lincolnshire County Division, which became operational on 27 March.


181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA
In January 1942, when the battalion was stationed at Melton Mowbray, orders were received to convert 6th KSLI into a field regiment of the Royal Artillery (RA). The change was officially carried out on 28 February, when the battalion became 181st Field Regiment. Officers were given the choice of transferring to the RA or to another infantry unit; 484 Other Ranks continued with the regiment after suitability tests, while 140 transferred to other battalions of the KSLI and the Herefordshire Light Infantry and a similar number went to the Pioneer Corps. Specialists and signallers were drafted in from the RA, bringing the strength up to 672 all ranks. Lieutenant-Colonel E.O. Herbert, DSO, RA, was appointed to command the new regiment.


181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Training
181 Field Regiment transferred to Northern Command to begin artillery training on ranges in North Yorkshire. It was organised into three batteries: 'Q' training drivers, 'R' training gunners, and 'S' training signallers; these were redsignated P, Q and R respectively on 11 March 1942. Later, the training batteries exchanged Troops to give three equal batteries, designated 177, 178 and 179 on 1 January 1943. Each battery was to be equipped with eight 25-pounder guns, though at first there were only two on which to train, and still only four in April 1942.


181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Training
On 7 November 1942, 181 Field Regiment was assigned to 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division (replacing a Scottish artillery unit), and began training with 44th (Lowland) Brigade, with whose units it would operate in action: