1812 Overture, Recording history
A stereophonic version was recorded on 5 April 1958, using the bells of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Carillon, at Riverside Church. On this Mercury Living Presence Stereo recording, the spoken commentary was also given by Deems Taylor and the 1812 was coupled with Tchaikovsky's Capriccio Italien. Later editions coupled the 1812 Overture with Dorati's recording of Beethoven's Wellington's Victory, which featured the London Symphony Orchestra and real cannon.


1812 Overture, Recording history
Kenneth Alwyn's early stereo recording for Decca used a recording of slowed-down gunfire instead of cannon fire. Robert Sharples and the London Festival Orchestra released a recording in 1963, later remastered in quadrophony by Decca.


1812 Overture, Recording history
The Black Dyke Band has recorded a brass band arrangement of the piece. This recording on their album Symphonic Brass includes the cannon shots as originally written.


1812 Overture, Recording history
The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Herbert Von Karajan, and the Don Cossacks Choir recorded the piece in 1967 for Deutsche Grammophon.


1812 Overture, Recording history
In 1971, CBS released a recording with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Eugene Ormandy, also featuring the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, the Valley Forge Military Academy band and real artillery shots. British rock drummer Cozy Powell sampled the overture at the end of the track "Over The Top" in his eponymous 1979 studio album. The first digital recording occurred in 1979 by Telarc of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. High-definition cannon shots using full-sized 19th century military cannons were also recorded.


1812 Overture, Recording history
In addition to becoming Telarc's best-selling record and establishing them as a company, the record soon became a popular and well-known method for testing hifi record-playing equipment and related setups. Only the best and most fine-tuned allowed the cannon shots to be played properly (an accompanying warning for users not to destroy their audio equipment was included with the record). In 1989, the Swingle Singers recorded an a cappella version of the overture as part of an album whose title is 1812.


1812 Overture, Recording history
In 1990, during a worldwide celebration of the 150th anniversary of Tchaikovsky's birth, the Overture was recorded in the city of his youth by the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra using 16 muzzleloading cannons fired live as written in the 1880 score. That recording was done within earshot of the composer's grave. The festival was televised for the first time in the United States on 9 March 1991.


1812 Overture, Recording history
The Texan band "The Invincible Czars" released a rock version of 1812 Overture for the bicentennial of the Battle of Borodino in September 2012. The band had already debuted their arrangement of the piece at the 20th annual OK Mozart classical music festival at Bartlesville, Oklahoma, with professional orchestra musicians, in June 2009, complete with fireworks at the finale.


1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture
The piece is featured prominently in both the opening and ending scenes of the film V for Vendetta.


1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture
The melody of Dan Fogelberg's top ten hit "Same Old Lang Syne" is drawn from the distinctive leitmotif that represents the Russian forces in the piece.


1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture
The riff of The Move's 1966 hit single "Night of Fear" was adapted from 1812 Overture.


1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture
Canadian progressive rock band Rush adopted the famous brass theme of 1812 Overture in their suite 2112, from their album of the same name. Significantly, other than being included in a similarly titled piece of music, Tchaikovsky's theme is featured in the first section of the song, which is itself titled "Overture". Also, cannon shots are heard at the end of Rush's "Overture".


1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture
In "The Disappearance of Mr Davenheim" (Episode 5, Series 2, of the British drama series, Agatha Christie's Poirot), the title character plays a record of the 1812 Overture so that the cannon fire will mask the sound of him breaking into his own safe.


1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture
A shortened version of the piece is featured as a sea shanty in the Xbox One game Sea of Thieves. It is playable by characters using any one of the game's four playable instruments.


1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture
English slapstick comedian Charlie Drake performed part of the overture in a short film for television, with himself playing the conductor and all the musicians. In 1967 it won the Golden Rose at the Montreux Festival.


1812 Rocket Regiment (India)
1812 Rocket Regiment (SMERCH) is an artillery regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.


1812 Rocket Regiment (India), Formation
1812 Rocket Regiment (SMERCH) was raised on 15 March 1965 as 181 Light Battery at Khoja Toll, Ranchi Cantt under the stewardship of Major P Banerji.


1812 Rocket Regiment (India), History
181 Light Battery was under 4 Mountain Artillery Brigade of the 4 Mountain Division during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 in the Jhenaidah–Kushtia sector.


1812 Rocket Regiment (India), History
In April 1972, 181 Light Battery was bifurcated into 1812 (1) and 1812 (2) Light Batteries. 1812(1) Light Battery earned a significant distinction when in 1975, it was commanded by Major S Padmananbhan who later went on to become the Chief of Army Staff.


1812 Rocket Regiment (India), History
In 2009, the regiment took a pivotal step in its evolution when it was given the honour of converting to a Rocket Regiment equipped with the Russian-built BM-30 Smerch at Nasirabad, Ajmer. The regiment had the privilege to participate in the Republic Day parade, in New Delhi, on January 26, 2016.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake
The 1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, also known as the Wrightwood earthquake, occurred on December 8 at 15:00 UTC in Alta California. At the time, this was a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire. Damage occurred at several of the missions in the region of Pueblo de Los Ángeles, including Mission San Gabriel Arcángel and Mission San Juan Capistrano, where 40 parishioners were killed during the collapse of a church at an early morning service. Tree ring and paleoseismic evidence show that there is a strong likelihood that the earthquake originated along the Mojave segment of the San Andreas Fault near Wrightwood, but other faults have been suggested as the cause.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake
Several studies in the 1980s placed the shock along the southern Newport–Inglewood Fault near the zone of highest reported intensity. This fault is near the coast and the most significant damage at the missions, but later work at trench sites along the San Andreas Fault excluded it for this large to very large shock. Dynamic rupture modelling made possible another proposal in the 2010s involving a dual rupture scenario with both the San Andreas and San Jacinto Fault Zones. Each of these studies worked with limited data, and the effects of the shock and various fault rupture details led to Mercalli intensities of VII (Very strong) to IX (Violent) being proposed. Magnitudes from 6.9 Mla on the low end to 7.5 Mw on the high end were also presented.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Tectonic setting
The primary tectonic feature in California is the strike-slip San Andreas (SAF) system of faults that form part of the diffuse Pacific–North American plate boundary. This transform fault trends south-southeast through much of northern and central California, but turns more southeasterly at the southern end of the California Coast Ranges at a prominent restraining bend. Southeast of this bend the SAF borders the Mojave Desert then bisects the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains at Cajon Pass, where the active San Jacinto Fault Zone diverges from the SAF.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Tectonic setting
The San Jacinto Mountains and the Salton Sea lie between the two faults as they continue to the southeast towards the Mexico–United States border. The Newport–Inglewood Fault, a part of the San Andreas system that is positioned near the coast along the western extremity of the Los Angeles Basin, is a discontinuous strike-slip fault similar to the San Jacinto Fault.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault
In the 1980s several seismologists attributed the source of the event to the southern Newport–Inglewood Fault due to its proximity to the zone of greatest damage at Mission San Juan Capistrano. The northern portion of the fault was excluded as a potential source due to a lack of damage at San Buenaventura. Other more distant sources have also been proposed, including the Mojave segment of the SAF to the north of San Juan Capistrano, substantiated by tree distress evidence preserved in tree rings along the fault zone and paleoseismic evidence in an investigative trench at Pallet Creek.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault
Another scenario was proposed after a researcher noted the great distance between the SAF and the zone of damage near the coast. After a paleoseismic investigation and simulations, it was proposed that a joint rupture of both the SAF and the San Jacinto Fault Zone to the southeast more closely matched the damage pattern than a SAF-only rupture.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, Newport–Inglewood Fault
In support of the southern Newport–Inglewood Fault as the source, Toppozada & Real 1981 presented a simple isoseismal map with one elongated ring oriented northwest–southeast roughly parallel to the coastline and centered on the fault. The single isoseismal (a line depicting an area of equal intensity) shows the intensity VII (Very strong) boundary for the event, which is an ellipse that includes Mission San Juan Capistrano, Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, and Mission San Fernando Rey de España at the extreme northwest end.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, Newport–Inglewood Fault
From a modern-day perspective, this intensity level covers all of Orange County, most of southern Los Angeles County, and insignificant portions of San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego Counties. After analyzing the intensity data that were derived from the mission's minimal reports and by modeling ground conditions and known faults, Evernden & Thompson 1985 also singled out the southern Newport–Inglewood Fault as the source.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, San Andreas Fault
Influenced by the work of several dendrochronologists and a seismologist who examined trauma to trees near Wrightwood, Toppozada et al. 2002 came about in support of the SAF as the source. Jacoby, Sheppard, & Sieh 1988 gained a more thorough understanding of the most recent events and a potential rupture length of the SAF by investigating damage to trees, which been associated with intensity VIII (Severe) shaking within several kilometers of a source fault.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, San Andreas Fault
Seventy trees were examined and nine of the trees along a 7.5 mi (12 km) section experienced some form of trauma beginning in 1813, including two with crown loss. All were within 66 ft (20 m) of the fault. Other sources for the damage were ruled out, including disease, lightning, wind, and fire. Severe shaking was also excluded because trees outside of this narrow zone would also have similar effects. The researchers' theory was that right-lateral displacement on the SAF had damaged their root systems.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, San Andreas and San Jacinto Faults
By the 2010s, the shift of attention from the Newport–Inglewood Fault to the SAF was cemented, with numerous other paleoseismic investigations validating that slip along the SAF, possibly as far north as Elizabeth Lake, was responsible for the event.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Several of the Roman Catholic missions in the area experienced heavy damage. The bell structure at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel collapsed and at Mission San Juan Capistrano the Great Stone Church was destroyed and forty Native Americans were killed as the earthquake happened during the first service. The service was being held on a Tuesday, for the Feast of the Immaculate Conception celebration, which is universally celebrated every December 8.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
Toppozada & Real 1981 shows the most conservative estimates for the intensity of the event, with Mission San Luis Rey and Mission San Diego both indicating that the shock was felt only, and no clarification of whether it was weak, light, or moderate. Well away from the proposed epicenter, the San Bernardino Valley may have experienced intensity VI (Strong) shaking, and a maximum intensity of VII was listed for Mission San Juan Capistrano, Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, and Mission San Fernando Rey de España.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
Mission San Buenaventura lay outside the ring, but is annotated with possibly also having experienced intensity VII effects. Stover & Coffman 1993 and the National Geophysical Data Center's Significant Earthquake Database both show a maximum intensity of VIII (Severe), but neither correlate intensity to location. The NGDC's Earthquake Intensity Database indicates that a maximum of IX (Violent) was experienced at San Gabriel and San Juan Capistrano.


1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Other events
Thirteen days later, the Lompoc earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 to 7.5 struck. It generated a 3.4-meter tsunami around the Santa Barbara coast. The damage from that was moderate and significantly less deadly. That quake may have been triggered by the Wrightwood earthquake however, the location of its epicenter remains uncertain.


1812 United Kingdom general election
The 1812 United Kingdom general election was the fourth general election to be held after the Union of Great Britain and Ireland.


1812 United Kingdom general election
The fourth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 September 1812. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 24 November 1812, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
Following the 1807 election the Pittite Tory ministry, led as Prime Minister by the Duke of Portland (who still claimed to be a Whig), continued to prosecute the Napoleonic Wars.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
At the core of the opposition were the Foxite Whigs, led since the death of Fox in 1806 by Earl Grey (known by the courtesy title of Viscount Howick and a member of the House of Commons from 1806–07). However, as Foord observes: "the affairs of the party during most of this period were in a state of uncertainty and confusion". Grey was not the commanding leader Fox had been. After Grey inherited his peerage and went to the House of Lords in 1807, the party leadership in the House of Commons was extremely weak.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
The Grenvillites, associated with the Whig Prime Minister before Portland, William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, were also in opposition but were of less significance than the Foxites. Despite this Grenville was recognised as the first Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
A relative of Grey's wife, George Ponsonby, was proposed to Whig MPs by Grey and Grenville as the Whig leader in the House of Commons. Ponsonby was the first person recognised as the official Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, as opposed to the leader of an opposition faction. He proved to be incompetent but could not be persuaded to resign.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
Until 1812 the Tory faction associated with another former Prime Minister, Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, and were also out of office.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
The smallest component of the opposition were the Radicals, who were a largely middle-class group of reformers. They had philosophical differences with the more aristocratic Whigs, but usually ended up voting with them in Parliament.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
In 1809 Portland, whose health was failing, resigned. The new Tory Prime Minister was Spencer Perceval. In April 1812 he brought Sidmouth into the cabinet. A month later, on 11 May 1812, Perceval was assassinated. The premiership passed to the Earl of Liverpool, who failed to attract Grenville. This was a further stage in the development of a two-party system—just about all Tories supported the government and all Whigs opposed it.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation
The general election of 1812 returned the Tories to power for another term.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election
At this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election
An example of what happened in the 1812 election was the Irish constituency of Westmeath. Walker confirms the date of election was 24 October 1812. Stooks Smith indicates that there were three days of polling, during which time 950 electors came to the hustings and voted. Longer contests were possible. The polling in the Berkshire election of 1812 went on for 15 days (with 1,992 electors voting).


1812 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election
The time between the first and last contests in the general election was 5 October to 10 November 1812.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies
Monmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.


1812 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies
Table 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country


1812 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut, Notes
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1812 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware
Delaware gained a seat after the 1810 Census, and chose to elect both seats on a general ticket. The ten years between 1813 and 1823 were the only time when Delaware was represented by more than one Representative, and is one of only three states (the other two being Alaska and Wyoming) that have never been divided into districts.


1812 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire gained one seat after the 1810 Census. Its elections were held August 31, 1812.


1812 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island's apportionment was unchanged. Its elections were held on August 25, 1812.


1812 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont
Vermont gained two seats after the 1810 Census. Rather than re-district, however, Vermont replaced its districts with a single at-large district. It would continue to use an at-large district in 1814, 1816, and 1818, then one more time in 1822 (with 5 seats).


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes
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1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana
Louisiana held its first United States House of Representatives elections following its April 1812 admission to the Union on September 28–30, 1812. A special election for a seat in the 12th Congress (that convened in 1811) and a general election for a seat in the 13th Congress (to convene in 1813) were held at the same time, and had nearly-identical results.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
Maryland's apportionment was unchanged. It elected its members October 12, 1812.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes
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1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
The 1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from December 15 to 17, 1812, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 13th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 12th United States Congress.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1810 to a term in the 12th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1811. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1813. Although the U.S. Census of 1810 showed that New York would be entitled to more seats in the House, the New York State Legislature adjourned on March 27, 1812 without re-apportioning the congressional districts. Congressional elections were held, as usual, together with the State elections from April 28 to 30, 1812, but these were subsequently declared void.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
On May 6, 1812, Robert Le Roy Livingston resigned his seat to fight in the War of 1812, leaving a vacancy in the 6th District.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
The State Legislature reconvened on May 21, 1812, and re-apportioned the congressional district by an Act passed on June 10, 1812. The number of seats was increased to 27, and the date of the elections was set for December 15 to 17. At the same time the vacancy in the former 6th District was to be filled.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
Due to the increase in seats, the previously eliminated 16th and 17th D. were re-established, and four more districts were created. Six districts had two members, elected districtwide on a general ticket.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
19 Federalists and 8 Democratic-Republicans were elected to the 13th Congress, and one Federalist to fill the vacancy in the 12th Congress. The incumbents Sage and Avery were re-elected; the incumbent Van Cortlandt was defeated. Grosvenor was elected to fill the vacancy, and to succeed himself in the next Congress.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
Note: The Anti- Federalists called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
Thomas P. Grosvenor took his seat in the 12th United States Congress on January 29, 1813.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
William Dowse, elected in the 15th D., died on February 18, 1813, before the begin of the congressional term. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election from April 26 to 28, and John M. Bowers, of the same party, was declared elected.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
Note: One vote was given for "John M. Bowey", and 17 votes were scattered among other people. At the time, in the State of New York ballots with the name written by hand, or printed and distributed by the party machine men, were put in a box marked with the office the vote was intended for, like "Congress" or "Governor".


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
The House of Representatives of the 13th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on May 24, 1813, and Avery, Benson, Comstock, Denoyelles, Fisk, Geddes, Grosvenor, Kent, Lefferts, Lovett, Markell, Miller, Moffitt, Oakley, Post, Sage, Sherwood, Shiphard, Taylor, Thompson and Winter took their seats on this day. Boyd and Smith took their seats on May 25; Howell on May 26; Hopkins on June 4; Bowers on June 21; and Hasbrouck sometime before July 1.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
Two days after Bowers had taken his seat, on June 23, Jonathan Fisk presented a petition on behalf of Isaac Williams, Jr., contesting the election of John M. Bowers to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Dowse. Williams, Jr., claimed that the votes returned for "Isaac Williams" were intended for him, since there were only two candidates - Bowers and Williams, Jr. - and although there were two other men named Isaac Williams living in this district, neither of them was running for Congress.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
On July 2, the United States House Committee on Elections reported that it seemed the claim was justified, considering that in some towns apparently all votes were given for "Williams" and none for "Williams, Jr." Nevertheless, the Committee were "of the opinion that further evidence was necessary, to form a correct decision" and postponed the matter "until the first Wednesday of the next session."


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
On July 7, 1813, a petition on behalf of Peter A. Jay and Benjamin B. Blydenburgh was presented to the House, contesting the election of Ebenezer Sage and John Lefferts in the 1st D. On July 13, the Committee on Elections postponed this case also to the next session, but no further action was taken.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
Egbert Benson resigned his seat on August 2, 1813, at the end of the first session of the 13th Congress. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in the 2nd District from December 28 to 30, and was won by William Irving, of the opposing party. Irving took his seat on January 22, 1814.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections
The second session of the 13th Congress began on December 6, 1813, and on December 13, Fisk asked the Committee to submit its final report. On December 20, the Committee reported that in the towns of Exeter, Milford and Westford 322 votes were in fact given for "Isaac Williams, Jr.", but had been returned for "Isaac Williams" by the election inspectors "by mistake." The House declared unanimously Williams, Jr., entitled to the seat instead of Bowers. Williams, Jr., took his seat on January 24, 1814.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio
The 1810 Census revealed dramatic population growth in Ohio since 1800, resulting in its representation increasing from a single Representative to six, resulting in the State being broken up into 6 districts, abolishing the at-large district. Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican), who had served since Ohio achieved statehood in 1803, retired to run for U.S. Senator, so that all six seats were open. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes
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1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held October 13, 1812 for the 13th Congress.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background
In the previous election, 17 Democratic-Republicans and 1 Federalist had been elected to represent Pennsylvania.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts
Pennsylvania was divided at this time into 15 districts, 9 of which were single-member districts, five of which had two members, and one of which had four members. Following the 1810 Census, Pennsylvania underwent redistricting. Most of the new districts had little correspondence to the former districts, for example, the old 3rd district was divided between the new 2nd, 3rd, and 7th districts. The 1st, 9th and 10th districts were unaltered, except for renumbering of the old 9th and 10th to 13th and 12th respectively, and the addition of a 4th seat to the 1st district.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results
Sixteen incumbents (all Democratic-Republicans) ran for re-election, of whom 14 were re-elected. The incumbents James Milnor (F) of the 1st district and Joseph Lefever (DR) of the old 3rd district did not run for re-election. The two incumbents who lost re-election lost to members of the same party, while six of the seven open seats were won by Democratic-Republicans, a net increase of 5 seats for the Democratic-Republicans and no change for the Federalists.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the first session
Three of the re-elected Representatives did not serve in the 13th Congress, two of whom did not finish their term in the 12th Congress either. John Smilie (DR), re-elected to the 13th district, died on December 30, 1812 and Abner Lacock (DR), re-elected to the 15th district, resigned February 24, 1813 after being elected to the Senate. Smilie was replaced by Isaac Griffin in a special election held February 16, 1813.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the first session
The only record of that election is a manuscript which indicates he won by a 779-vote majority, but does not record the name(s) of his opponent(s) nor the total number of votes cast. Robert Whitehill (DR) of the 5th district died April 8, 1813. The election in the 5th district was held May 11, 1813 and in the 15th on May 4, 1813


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the first session
Neither seat changed political parties, and both took their seats at the beginning of the 1st session of the 13th Congress, which lasted May 24 - August 2, 1813


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the 2nd session
John Gloninger (F) of the 3rd district and John M. Hyneman (DR) of the 7th district both resigned August 2, 1813, at the end of the 1st session. They were replaced in special elections held on October 12, 1813


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the 2nd session
Both took their seats December 6, 1813, at the start of the 2nd session. With Crouch's victory in the 3rd district, the sole Federalist-held seat in Pennsylvania changed to Democratic-Republican control, thus Pennsylvania's delegation was completely Democratic-Republican during the 2nd session, which lasted December 6, 1813 - April 18, 1814


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the third session
Jonathan Roberts (DR) of the 2nd district resigned February 24, 1814 upon being elected to the Senate and James Whitehill (DR) of the 3rd district resigned September 1, 1814. Both were replaced in a special election held October 11, 1814, the same day as the 1814 congressional elections.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the third session
Both seats changed from Democratic-Republican to Federalist control, so that for the 3rd session, Pennsylvania's delegation was 21 Democratic-Republicans and 2 Federalists.


1812 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
South Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1810 Census, increasing from 8 seats to 9. Its elections were held October 12–13, 1812.


1812 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1812 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 8, 1812. Abner Lacock was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1812 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
Incumbent Democratic-Republican Andrew Gregg, who was elected in 1806, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 8, 1812, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1813. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1812 United States elections
The 1812 United States elections elected the members of the 13th United States Congress. The election took place during the First Party System, and shortly after the start of the War of 1812. The Federalist Party made a relatively strong showing, winning seats in both chambers while supporting a competitive challenge to the incumbent Democratic-Republican President. However, the Democratic-Republican Party continued its control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress.


1812 United States elections
In the Presidential election, incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison defeated New York Lieutenant Governor and New York City Mayor DeWitt Clinton. Clinton was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, but his presidential bid received the support of both anti-Madison Democratic-Republicans and many Federalists. Although Madison won, the Presidential election was the closest since the 1800 election, as Clinton won New England and three mid-Atlantic states.


1812 United States elections
Following the 1810 census, 39 seats were added to the House. Federalists won major gains, but Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate the chamber.


1812 United States elections
In the Senate, Federalists picked up a small number of seats, but Democratic-Republicans retained a dominant majority.


1812 United States elections, Background
Military conflict resulting from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe had been steadily worsening throughout James Madison's first term, and the British and French had been ignoring the neutrality of the United States at sea by seizing American ships to look for supposed deserters.


1812 United States elections, Background
The British further provoked the Americans by impressing American seamen, maintaining forts within United States territory in the Northwest, and supporting Native Americans at war with the U.S. Meanwhile, expansionists in the south and west of the United States coveted British Canada and Spanish Florida and wanted to use British provocations as a pretext to seize both areas. The pressure continued to build, and as a result the United States declared war on the United Kingdom on June 12, 1812. This occurred after Madison had been nominated by the Democratic-Republicans, but before the Federalists had made their nomination.


1812 United States elections, Background
The Federalist Party had dominated the American government from 1789 to 1801 under Alexander Hamilton whilst retaining a stronghold in New England. It made a brief resurgence in the 1812 election by opposing the war, and dissolved shortly after in 1834.


1812 United States presidential election
The 1812 United States presidential election was the seventh quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 30, 1812 to Wednesday, December 2, 1812. Taking place in the shadow of the War of 1812, incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison defeated DeWitt Clinton, who drew support from dissident Democratic-Republicans in the North as well as Federalists. It was the first presidential election to be held during a major war involving the United States.


1812 United States presidential election
Northern Democratic-Republicans had long been dissatisfied by the Southern dominance of their party, and DeWitt Clinton's uncle, Vice President George Clinton, had unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the party's 1808 presidential nomination. While the May 1812 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus re-nominated Madison, the party's New York caucus, also held in May, nominated Clinton for president. After the United States declared war on the United Kingdom in June 1812, Clinton sought to create a coalition of anti-war Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.


1812 United States presidential election
With Clinton in the race, the Federalist Party declined to formally put forth a nominee, hoping its members would vote for Clinton, but they did not formally endorse him, fearing that an explicit endorsement of Clinton would hurt the party's fortunes in other races. Federalist Jared Ingersoll of Pennsylvania became Clinton's de facto running mate.


1812 United States presidential election
Despite Clinton's success at attracting Federalist support, Madison was re-elected with 50.4 percent of the popular vote to his opponent's 47.6%, making the 1812 election the closest election up to that point in the popular vote. Clinton won the Federalist bastion of New England as well as three Mid-Atlantic states, but Madison dominated the South and took Pennsylvania.


1812 United States presidential election, Background
Residual military conflict resulting from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe had been steadily worsening throughout James Madison's first term, with the British and the French both ignoring the neutrality rights of the United States at sea by seizing American ships and looking for supposed British deserters in a practice known as impressment. The British provided additional provocations by impressing American seamen, maintaining forts within United States territory in the Northwest, and supporting American Indians at war with the United States in both the Northwest and Southwest.


1812 United States presidential election, Background
Meanwhile, expansionists in the south and west of the United States coveted British Canada and Spanish Florida and wanted to use British provocations as a pretext to seize both areas. The pressure steadily built, with the result that the United States declared war on the United Kingdom on June 12, 1812. This occurred after Madison had been nominated by the Democratic-Republicans, but before the Federalists had made their nomination.


1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination
Many Democratic-Republicans in the northern states were unhappy over the perceived dominance of the presidency by the state of Virginia (three of the last four Presidents had been Virginians), and they wished instead to nominate one of their own rather than re-nominate Madison. Initially, these hopes were pinned upon Vice President George Clinton, but his poor health and advanced age (72) eliminated his chances. Even before Clinton's death on April 20, 1812, his nephew DeWitt Clinton was considered the preferred candidate to move against Madison by the northern Democratic-Republicans.


1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination
Hoping to forestall a serious movement against incumbent President James Madison and a division of the Democratic-Republican Party, some proposed making DeWitt Clinton the nominee for the Vice Presidency, taking over the same office his uncle now held. DeWitt was not opposed to the offer, but preferred to wait until after the conclusion of the New York caucus, which would not be held until after the Congressional Caucus had met, to finalize his decision. Early caucuses were held in the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania, both of which pledged their support to Madison.


1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination
On May 18 a Democratic-Republican Congressional nominating caucus was held, and James Madison was formally nominated as the candidate of his party, though divisions were quite apparent; only 86 of the 134 Democratic-Republican Senators and Congressmen participated in the caucus. Seeking a northerner for a running mate (and with DeWitt Clinton remaining aloof), the caucus chose New Hampshire Governor John Langdon to balance the ticket. However Langdon declined due to his own advanced age, at the time 70 years. A second caucus nominated Governor Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts for the Vice Presidency even though he was not much younger than Langdon at 68.


1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination
When the New York caucus did meet on May 29, it was dominated by anti-war Democratic-Republicans, and nominated DeWitt Clinton for the presidency almost unanimously. Clinton's now open candidacy was opposed by many who, while not friends of James Madison, feared that Clinton was now apt to tear the Democratic-Republican party asunder. The matter of how to conduct his campaign also became a major problem for Clinton, especially with regards to the war with the British after June 12. Many of Clinton's supporters were war-hawks who advocated extreme measures to force the British into negotiations favorable to the United States, while Clinton knew he would have to appeal to Federalists to win, and they were almost wholly opposed to the war.


1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist nomination
Before Clinton entered the race as an alternative to President Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall was a favorite for the Federalist nomination, a relatively popular figure who could carry much of the Northeast while potentially taking Virginia and North Carolina as well. But with Clinton in the race, the Federalists would no longer be able to count on the electoral votes of New York, possibly throwing the election into the House of Representatives, dominated by Democratic-Republicans, where Madison would almost certainly be elected.


1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist nomination
In the face of these facts, the Federalist party considered endorsing Clinton's candidacy for a time, but at their caucus in September it was decided that the party simply would not field a candidate that year and did not endorse Clinton. Though there was much support among the Federalists for Clinton, it was felt that openly endorsing him as the party's choice for president would damage his chances in states where the Federalists remained unpopular and drive away Democratic-Republicans who would normally be supportive of his candidacy. A Federalist caucus in Pennsylvania chose to nominate Jared Ingersoll, the Attorney General of the state, as Clinton's running-mate, a move Clinton decided to support considering the importance of Pennsylvania's electors.


1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Straight-Federalist nomination
While many Federalists were supportive of DeWitt Clinton's candidacy, others were not so keen, skeptical of Clinton's positions regarding the war and other matters. Rufus King, a former diplomat and Congressman, had led an effort at the September Caucus to nominate a Federalist ticket for the election that year, though he was ultimately unsuccessful. Still, some wished to enter King's name into the race under the Federalist label, and while very little came of it, it caused problems for the Clinton campaign in two states.


1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Straight-Federalist nomination
In the case of Virginia, Clinton was rejected entirely by the state Federalist Party, which instead chose to nominate Rufus King for President and William Richardson Davie for vice president. The ticket would acquire about 27% of the vote in the state. In New York, with the Federalists having gained control of the state legislature that summer, it was planned that the Federalists would nominate a slate pledged to Rufus King now that they had the majority. However, a coalition of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists would defeat the motion and succeed in nominating a slate pledged to Clinton.


1812 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The war heavily overshadowed the campaign. Clinton continued his regional campaigning, adopting an anti-war stance in the Northeast (which was most harmed by the war), and a pro-war stance in the South and West. The election ultimately hinged on New York and Pennsylvania, and while Clinton took his home state, he failed to take Pennsylvania and thus lost the election. Though Clinton lost, the election was the best showing for the Federalists since that of Adams, as the party made gains in Congress and kept the presidential election reasonably close.


1812 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Clintonite Democratic-Republicans in many states refused to work with their Federalist counterparts (notably in Pennsylvania) and Clinton was generally regarded by most as the Federalist candidate, though he was not formally nominated by them. Madison was the first of just four presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections, as Madison won 69.3% of the electoral vote in 1808, but only won 58.7% of the electoral vote in 1812.


1812 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The other three were Woodrow Wilson in 1916, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Barack Obama in 2012. Additionally, Madison was the first of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections, although in 1812, only 6 of the 18 states chose electors by popular vote. The other four are Andrew Jackson in 1832, Grover Cleveland in 1892, Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Obama in 2012.


1812 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Source (Popular Vote): . . (February 10, 2006). Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825Source (Electoral Vote):


1812 United States presidential election, General election, Results
(a) Only 9 of the 18 states chose electors by popular vote. (b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. (c) One Elector from Ohio did not vote.


1812 United States presidential election, General election, Popular vote by state
The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of Kentucky appear to be incomplete, and those of Tennessee appear to be lost.


1812 United States presidential election, Electoral college selection
In New Jersey, Federalists had just taken over the state legislature and decided to change the method of choosing electors from a general election to appointment by state legislature. Some towns, possibly too far away to get the news, or in open defiance of the switch, held elections anyway. These were not counted nor reported by the newspapers. In the unofficial elections, Madison received 1,672 votes while Clinton only received 2, suggesting these were protest votes (New Jersey was far more competitive than this at the time).


1812 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1812 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in Connecticut
During this election, Connecticut cast its nine electoral votes to Independent Democratic Republican and Federalist supported candidate DeWitt Clinton. Nationally, traditional Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison won by a narrow margin.


1812 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1812 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana, which became the 18th state on April 30, 1812, cast its three electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison in the states first presidential election.


1812 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1812 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in New Jersey
During this election, New Jersey cast its eight electoral votes to Independent Democratic Republican and Federalist supported candidate DeWitt Clinton.


1812 United States presidential election in New York
The 1812 United States presidential election in New York took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 29 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in New York
During this election, New York cast its 29 electoral votes to Independent Democratic Republican and Federalist supported candidate DeWitt Clinton, who was then currently serving as the Mayor of New York City and the Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1812 United States presidential election in New York
The election ultimately hinged on both New York and neighboring Pennsylvania, and while Clinton was able to take his home state, he failed to take Pennsylvania and thus lost the election to traditional Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison won by a narrow margin. This would be the first time New York would vote for a losing presidential candidate. It would also be the only time that happened until 1856.


1812 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1812 United States presidential election in Ohio took place as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. Voters chose 8 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio re-elected incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison over Federalist candidate DeWitt Clinton. Madison won Ohio by a margin of 38.42%.


1812 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1812 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. Voters chose 25 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, James Madison, over the Federalist candidate, DeWitt Clinton. Madison won Pennsylvania by a margin of 25.2%.


1812 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Results
Note: Election results totals only include known numbers, as verified by . Vote totals from several counties are missing/unknown.


1812 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1812 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in South Carolina
During this election, South Carolina cast its 11 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison.


1812 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1812 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in Vermont
During this election, Vermont cast its eight electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison. For the second time in the state's history, Vermont became the only state in New England to vote for Madison, as the other 4 New England states cast their electoral votes for Federalist supported candidate DeWitt Clinton.


1812 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1812 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. Voters chose 25 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1812 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate and incumbent president, James Madison. Madison won Virginia, his home state, by a margin of 46.2%.


1812 United States presidential election in Virginia
The race in the state was noteworthy for a dispute within the Federalist Party, who had formed an unofficial pact to support rebel Democratic-Republican candidate DeWitt Clinton nationwide, while putting up Federalist candidate Jared Ingersoll as Clinton's running-mate. The Virginia state Federalist Party rejected this pact, however, and instead nominated Rufus King, the party's vice-presidential candidate in the two previous elections, for president, while nominating William Richardson Davie as King's running-mate. Despite the state's substantial number of presidential electors and the closeness of the race nationally, the dispute did not have a major impact on the election's outcome, as Madison was never considered likely to lose his home state.


1812 Ventura earthquake
The 1812 Ventura earthquake (also known as the Santa Barbara earthquake) occurred on the morning of December 21 at UTC 19:00 or 10:00 Pacific Standard Time (PST), on Monday. The 7.1–7.5 magnitude earthquake had a Mercalli intensity scale rating of VIII (Severe), and its resulting tsunami caused great implications to what was at the time a territory of the Spanish Empire, where Catholic missions were settling, present-day Santa Barbara and Ventura County, in California. One person was killed as a result of the earthquake while another from the aftershock. The earthquake occurred just as the region was recovering from another event on the 8th of December the same year. Both events are thought to have been related.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Geological setting
The San Andreas is the "master fault" of California, it is the main plate boundary in the San Andreas Fault System, consisting of other major active faults. This zone of interaction between the Pacific and North American Plates have resulted in hundreds of faults crisscrossing California. There are several strike-slip, reverse and thrust faults hidden under the Santa Barbara Channel that could produce devastating earthquakes and tsunamis, including a thrust fault that runs along the base of the Santa Monica Mountains. These faults are a result of the "Big Bend" in the San Andreas Fault when it meets with the Garlock Fault, exerting compression in the crust, forcing thrust and reverse faults to push crustal blocks upwards.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins
Studies have placed the source of this earthquake on two faults. The location and source have not been agreed on, with some researchers providing the epicenter north of Wrightwood or in the Santa Barbara channel.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Andreas Fault
Based on tree-ring sampling, forests were found to have suffered some form of trauma and was experiencing a slow growth rate dating back to 1812. They were found to have been missing rings and crowns. The trees took several years or decades to fully recover and return to their normal stage. Those affected trees however were found to be in close proximity to the San Andreas Fault, and not anywhere else; in an event of a strong quake, trees at a considerable distance should show signs of trauma. A plausible cause might be that during slippage, the roots of these trees were severed, thus reducing the intake of nutrients and water required for growth. The violent shaking might also knock branches and parts off the trees off.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Andreas Fault
It is believed that the San Juan Capistrano earthquake on December 8 triggered the second rupture on December 21. The earthquake on December 21 began from the south and broke northwards to Fort Tejon. Both events ruptured a total length of 170 km on the fault. The northern end of the rupture is still uncertain because of the overlapping southern rupture end of the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, 44 years later.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Andreas Fault
However, if the earthquake was sourced from the San Andreas Fault, the aftershocks should not be felt around the coastal regions of California. The documented aftershocks were felt locally, and there were reports of "odd disturbances" in the sea. Another challenge to the San Andreas source is the lack of damage at Santa Barbara during the much more powerful 1857 earthquake. The section involved in the 1857 quake was closer to Santa Barbara and Ventura but were not felt severely like in the 1812 earthquake.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Andreas Fault
As for claims of a tsunami and odd disturbances in the sea, a quake triggered landslide may have generated the large waves.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Cayetano Fault
The San Cayetano Fault is a 40 km long, north dipping reverse fault that extends from Ventura to the Sespe Mountains.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Cayetano Fault
The Santa Barbara Channel epicenter is based on reports of the large tsunami that flooded the coastal communities. Trenching done in Ventura County along the San Cayetano Fault revealed evidence of a fresh slip dating between 1660 and 1813 and has been interpreted as a powerful earthquake that was generated by the fault. Two large slip events were found at the trench dating back to the past 350 years along the fault. The magnitude of these events was estimated at greater than Mw 7.0 and likely ruptured the entire length of the fault.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Cayetano Fault
Santa Barbara would later be damaged by another earthquake in 1925, that earthquake triggered a moderate, non-destructive tsunami. That earthquake may have occurred along the Mesa Fault or the Santa Ynez Fault System.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath
The first earthquake which may have been a foreshock occurred at around 10:00 to 10:15 a.m. At Mission La Purisima, residents; padres, soldiers, and Indians ran out of buildings and never returned. Fifteen minutes later, the mainshock struck. This time, the shaking intensity was much more violent. Bells of the mission church started ringing and the adobe walls began to fracture and collapse.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath
Bells of the mission church started ringing and the adobe walls began to fracture and collapse. Damage was reported at Mission Santa Ines, Mission Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Presidio, Mission San Buenaventura (Ventura), and Mission San Fernando as well. One person was killed by a falling boulder at Agua Caliente. At the various missions, many houses, churches, chapels, and other structures totally collapsed. Three adobe buildings were destroyed by the advancing tsunami. At Mission San Buenaventura and Mission Santa Barbara, the destruction was great, and a native man died when a building collapsed on him because of an aftershock. At Mission La Purisima, a large fissure carved through the slopes of a hill erupted mud and water.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath
The low death toll for this large earthquake was attributed to a foreshock 15 minutes before the mainshock which had driven many people out of buildings that would collapse later.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath
Devastation from this earthquake was comparable to the 1906 San Francisco and 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, but over a much smaller area. Frightened Chumash people on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands fled to the mainland in their canoes and relocated there. For fear of another tsunami and aftershocks persisting, the missions were abandoned until April of 1813.


1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath, Tsunami
The captain of the Thomas Newland, a ship that was in Refugio Bay, watched as the sea receded, and later returned in a wave that lifted the ship and dumped it at Refugio Canyon, before taking it back out to sea. Run-up heights of 3–4 meters were recorded at Gaviota, although eyewitness said the tsunami may have been up to 15.2 meters (50 feet). The tsunami was also recorded at San Francisco.


1812 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1812 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.


1812 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee's examination showed that Jonas Galusha defeated Martin Chittenden to win election to a fourth one-year term.


1812 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Brigham defeated William Chamberlain to win his seventeenth one-year term. In this contest, one Vermont newspaper recorded the vote totals as: Brigham (Democratic-Republican), 17,887 (53.0%); Chamberlain (Federalist), 14,893 (44.2%); scattering, 952 (2.8%).


1812 Vermont gubernatorial election
Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his thirteenth, though the vote totals were not recorded. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection.


1812 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 13th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1812 and August 1813 as James Madison was re-elected president.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections
Following the 1810 Census, Congress added 39 seats to the House. Most relative population growth was in the West.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections
After America's entry into the War of 1812 against Britain, the Democratic-Republican and Federalist parties maintained pro-war and anti-war positions, respectively. Democratic-Republican representatives supported by voters in agrarian regions and Southern and Western states promoted war, asserting that Britain had violated American sovereignty and that despite Britain's strength, war was a manageable risk. Federalists and their supporters in New England and more densely populated Eastern districts opposed the war, citing likely damage to American trade and infrastructure.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections
This election saw significant voter support shift to the declining Federalists for the last time, almost entirely in New England, New York, and New Jersey. Despite this shift, Federalists did not approach national political recovery, House control, or meaningful policy influence.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Following the 1810 Census, the House was reapportioned, adding 39 new seats.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1812 and 1813 to the 12th United States Congress and 13th United States Congress.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut
Connecticut elected its members September 21, 1812. Its apportionment was unchanged after the 1810 census.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware
Delaware gained a seat after the 1810 Census, and chose to elect both seats on a general ticket. The ten years between 1813 and 1823 were the only time when Delaware was represented by more than one Representative, and is one of only three states (the other two being Alaska and Wyoming) that have never been divided into districts.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana
Louisiana held its election for the 13th Congress September 28–30, 1812, at the same time as the election for the 12th Congress, with nearly-identical results.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland
Maryland's apportionment was unchanged. It elected its members October 12, 1812.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
Massachusetts gained three seats after the 1810 Census, all of which were added to the District of Maine. Its elections were held November 5, 1812, but since Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the 19th district, a second ballot was held there January 6, 1813.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire
New Hampshire gained one seat after the 1810 Census. Its elections were held August 31, 1812.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey
New Jersey kept its delegation at six seats but changed from electing its Representatives on a statewide general ticket to using three plural districts of two seats each. These districts were used only for the 1812 election, and   These districts were used only for the 1812 electionThese districts were used only for the 1812 electionthe state returned to using a single at-large district in 1814. This was only the second time that New Jersey used districts (the first being in 1798).


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey
There was a statewide at-large election held in November 1812, that was invalidated:


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey
In October 1812, when the Federalists captured the State Legislature, both parties had already nominated their tickets for Presidential Electors and Congress. That election was scheduled for November 1812. However, … the Federalist[s], now controlling the legislature, changed the method of selecting Presidential Electors, from popular vote, to a choice by the Legislature and as a result the election for Presidential Electors was invalidated. In addition to changing the method of choosing Presidential electors, the Federalist also decided to alter the election of congressmen from state wide At-Large to Districts.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey
The scheduled November elections were postponed and three separate Districts were created, each electing two Congressmen. This election was held January 12th and 13th 1813. Some towns, either because word of these changes did not reach them in time, or most likely in defiance, went ahead and held elections. The Republican ticket received almost all of the votes cast, with the Federalist getting only a single votes in two towns, which suggests they were protesting the changes made by the Legislature. These returns were never reported in the newspapers.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New York
Ten seats were added after the 1810 Census, bringing New York's representation to 27, the largest of any state at the time. New York would remain the state with the most members until surpassed by California in the 1970 Census. There were two separate House of Representatives elections in 1812. The first was held in April 1812 for an un-reapportioned 17 representatives. This election was subsequently declared void and a new election was held on December 15–17, 1812, in which only three incumbents ran and two of whom were re-elected. New York thereby lost 4 Democratic-Republicans and gained 14 Federalists.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
North Carolina gained one representative as a result of the Census of 1810. Its elections were held April 30, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio
The 1810 Census revealed dramatic population growth in Ohio since 1800, resulting in its representation increasing from a single Representative to six, resulting in the State being broken up into 6 districts, abolishing the at-large district. Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican), who had served since Ohio achieved statehood in 1803, retired to run for U.S. Senator, so that all six seats were open. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio
There was aspecial election in the 6th district, held due to the death of Representative-elect John S. Edward before Congress met. That election was won by Reasin Beall.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania gained five seats in the House of Representatives as a result of the Census of 1810, which awarded it a total of 23 seats. Pennsylvania was re-districted into 15 districts, one with 4 seats, five with 2, and the remaining nine with 1 seat each. There were seven open seats for this election, five resulting from the increase in apportionment, and two resulting from the retirement of incumbents. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island
Rhode Island's apportionment was unchanged. Its elections were held August 25, 1812.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina
South Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1810 Census, increasing from 8 seats to 9. Its elections were held October 12–13, 1812.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee
Tennessee's representation increased from 3 seats to 6 as a result of the 1810 Census.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee
Its elections were held April 1–2, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont
Vermont gained two seats after the 1810 Census. Rather than re-district, however, Vermont replaced its districts with a single at-large district. It would continue to use an at-large district in 1814, 1816, and 1818, then one more time in 1822 (with 5 seats).


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia
Virginia gained one seat after the 1810 Census, bringing its representation in the House of Representatives to 23 seats, the largest number Virginia would ever have. Virginia went from having the most representatives to having the second-most tied with Pennsylvania. New York, with its 27 seats, surpassed Virginia and remained the most populous state until the late 1960s.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia
Its elections were held in April 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.


1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates
Four territories had delegates in the 13th Congress: Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. Illinois Territory and Missouri Territory elected their delegates in 1812 for both the end of the 12th and the start of the 13th Congresses.


1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1812 and 1813 were elections that, coinciding with President James Madison's re-election, had the Democratic-Republican Party lose two seats but still retain an overwhelming majority in the United States Senate. As in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (6 out of 36, or 16.7%) that if they had won every one of the elections, they would still not have controlled a majority.


1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Before the elections
Composition after September 1812 elections in the new state of Louisiana.


1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 12th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1812 or before March 4, 1813; ordered by election date.


1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 13th Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1813 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.


1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 13th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1813 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1812 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1812 in Australia.


1812 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1812 in Chile.


1812 in Chile, Incumbents
Royal Governor of Chile (in opposition): José Antonio Pareja (12 December-)


1812 in Chile, Incumbents
President of the Provisional Government Junta:  José Miguel Carrera (January 8-April 8), Patriot, José Santiago Portales (April 8-August 6), Patriot, Pedro José Prado Jaraquemada (August 6-December 6), Patriot, José Miguel Carrera Verdugo (December 6-), Patriot


1812 in New Zealand
With the outbreak of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain American whalers are forced to avoid Port Jackson. However they still operate at various points around New Zealand including the Kermadec Islands as do the colonial vessels. Sealers are still operating mainly at Macquarie and Campbell Islands. Occasionally there are Māori in the crew. Timber ships are also visiting New Zealand.


1812 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1812 in South Africa.


1812 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1812 to Wales and its people.


1812 in birding and ornithology
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1812 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1812.


1812 in paleontology
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1812.


1812 in paleontology, Plesiosaurs, Newly named plesiosaurs
Plesiosaurs (sensu Plesiosauroidea) appeared at the start of the Jurassic Period, and thrived until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. While they were Mesozoic diapsid reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs, they were not dinosaurs.


1812 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1812 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1812 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1812 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1812.


1812 in science
The year 1812 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1812 in sports
1812 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1812 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1812 in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is still involved in the Napoleonic Wars with France and its attempts to stop French trade lead to the War of 1812 with the United States. Lord Wellington is active in the Peninsular War in Spain. This year also marks the only assassination of a British prime minister when Spencer Perceval is shot.


1812 in the United States
The following is a partial list of events from the year 1812 in the United States. After years of increasing tensions, the United States declares war on the British Empire, starting the War of 1812.


1812: The Rivers of War
1812: The Rivers of War is a 2005 alternate history novel by American writer Eric Flint.


1812: The Rivers of War
The book was originally published in hardcover as simply The Rivers of War. In 2006, the text was made available at the Baen Free Library.


1812: The Rivers of War, Plot introduction
The story, which takes place in 1814–15, centers around an alternate historical version of the War of 1812. The point of divergence occurs at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814, where Sam Houston, who was seriously injured in real history, sustains only a minor injury and is able to continue fighting. This leads to many changes down the line, culminating in the formation of the Confederacy of the Arkansas.


1812: The Rivers of War, Major themes
Much of the novel, like many of Eric Flint's novels, focuses on the motivations of those involved in warfare. British general Robert Ross is a viewpoint character in the novel, and much time is devoted to his place as a "gentleman soldier" leading the British forces.


1812: The Rivers of War, Major themes
Another strong theme in the book is that of Indian rights. During the early part of the 19th century, westward expansion was squeezing the Cherokee and other Indian tribes out of lands they occupied east of the Mississippi River, which culminated in the infamous Trail of Tears, as the forced relocation of the Cherokee in 1838 came to be called. In the novel, the characters all seem to have a sense of inevitability about the whole affair, and know the time to preserve what they have is limited.


1812: The Rivers of War, Major themes
In fact, Flint himself acknowledges that the intent of the novel (and its sequels) was to create a viable, alternate historical scenario in which the Trail of Tears did not occur, and he could envision no such scenario except one in which the Cherokee leave the East willingly and decades ahead of the actual historical timeline while still in full possession of their wealth and power.


1812: The Rivers of War, Reception
Publishers Weekly gave the book a positive review, stating, "Flint (1632) offers historical figures rarely seen in fiction, such as James Monroe, in pre-Doctrine days, and the British general Robert Ross (not killed outside Baltimore); thorough scholarship in Napoleonic-era warfare; and strong, credible women. Fans will cheer even louder if this outstanding start turns out to be the first of a long saga."


1812–1813 Massachusetts legislature
The 33rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1812 and 1813 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. Samuel Dana served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.


1812–1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
Massachusetts gained three seats after the 1810 Census, all of which were added to the District of Maine. Its elections were held November 5, 1812, but since Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the 19th district, a second ballot was held there January 6, 1813.


1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic
The 1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic was one of the last major epidemics of plague in the Ottoman Empire. This particular epidemic would cost the lives of at least 300,000 individuals. Plague epidemics occurred frequently in the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries.


1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History
The disease broke out in the capital Constantinople in July 1812. It was initially mild, but by late August the situation had become critical. By September, around 2000 people were dying each day. In December the epidemic subsided, but it later reappeared. By the end of the epidemic, the Sublime Porte estimated that there were 320,955 deaths, which included 220,000 Turks, 40,800 Armenians, 32,000 Jews, 28,000 Greeks, 50 Aleppines, 80 islanders and 25 Franks.


1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History
The outbreak spread throughout most of the empire's territory, including Alexandria in Egypt. In 1813, the plague reached the Ottoman vassal state of Wallachia where it became known as Caragea's plague after the country's ruler at the time. The epidemic killed about 25,000 to 30,000 people in Bucharest alone. Around the same time, the plague was also present in Bosnia, reaching Dalmatia in 1815. In 1814–15 it reappeared in Egypt, Bosnia and Albania.


1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History
The plague also spread beyond the borders of the empire. In May 1812 there was an outbreak in Poti, Georgia; in September the Crimea was hit. It had reached Odessa in August, where churches, the theatre and the Exchange were closed. The duke of Richelieu played an important role. On November 22, 1812, all 32,000 residents of Odessa were forcibly imprisoned in their homes. On 7 January 1813 no more cases were reported from Odessa and the town was reopened after 66 days, but no one was allowed to leave the city. The epidemic killed 2656 people in 1812; 24 people died in 1813. Counties in Moldavia (Tiraspol) and the southern of the Ukraine (Novomirgorod) had to deal with the plague.


1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History
In March 1813, it was introduced to the British-held island of Malta, causing an epidemic which lasted until January 1814 and which killed around 4500 people. The epidemic spread from Malta to the nearby island of Gozo, where the outbreak killed around 100 people between March and September 1814. The epidemic also broke out on the island of Corfu in 1815.


1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History
A small plague outbreak which occurred in Noja, Italy in 1815 might have also originated from the epidemic in Dalmatia, but its exact source is not known and it is possible that the outbreak was endemic.


1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History
The next major plague epidemic in the Ottoman Empire occurred between 1835 and 1838.


1813
1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1813th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 813th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 13th  year of the 19th century, and the  4th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1813, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1813 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1813 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 5, 1813.


1813 Delaware gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Joseph Haslet was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.


1813 Delaware gubernatorial election
Federalist nominee Daniel Rodney defeated Democratic-Republican nominee James Riddle with 55.20% of the vote.


1813 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1813 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election
A special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district on December 13, 1813 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William W. Bibb (DR) on November 6, 1813 after being elected to the Senate.


1813 New York gubernatorial election
The 1813 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1813 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1813 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent Daniel D. Tompkins. They nominated former state senator (and former briefly acting Lieutenant Governor) John Tayler for Lieutenant Governor.


1813 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Federalist Party nominated former Lieutenant Governor Stephen Van Rensselaer. They nominated George Huntington for Lieutenant Governor.


1813 New York's 15th congressional district special election
A special election was held in New York's 15th congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative-elect William Dowse (F) on February 18, 1813, before the beginning of the 13th Congress. The election was held April 27–29, 1813.


1813 New York's 15th congressional district special election, Election challenge
Williams subsequently challenged Bowers' election on the ground that the votes for "Isaac Williams" were intended for himself. The House Committee on Elections investigated this election and found that there were three individuals in the 15th district with the name Isaac Williams, one of whom used the suffix "Jr.". Both contestants admitted that the only candidates in the election were Isaac Williams, Jr. and John M. Bowers. On July 2, The Committee ruled that Williams appeared to be entitled to the seat, but that further investigation was required, and postponed further discussion to the first Wednesday of the 2nd session.


1813 New York's 15th congressional district special election, Election challenge
On December 16, 1813, the Committee made a final report determining that in the towns of Exeter, Milford, and Westford, 322 votes which were, in fact, cast for Isaac Williams, Jr. were mistakenly reported as Isaac Williams. The Committee ruled that those 322 votes were thus to be added to Isaac Williams, Jr.'s votes, creating a final tally as follows:


1813 New York's 15th congressional district special election, Election challenge
Williams was thus ruled by the Committee to be the legitimate occupant of that seat. The House accepted their ruling unanimously, and Williams took his seat January 24, 1814


1813 New York's 2nd congressional district special election
On August 2, 1813, at the end of the 1st session of the 13th Congress, Egbert Benson (F) of New York's 2nd district resigned. A special election was held for his replacement December 28–30, 1813


1813 North Carolina's 3rd congressional district special election
A special election was held in North Carolina's 3rd congressional district on January 11, 1813 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Thomas Blount (DR) on February 7, 1812.


1813 Ohio's 3rd congressional district special election
A special election was held in Ohio's 3rd congressional district on May 10, 1813 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Duncan McArthur (DR) on April 5, 1813 before Congress assembled.


1813 Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Abner Lacock (DR) before the 13th Congress assembled.


1813 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election
On August 2, 1813, Representative John Gloninger (F) of Pennsylvania's 3rd district resigned his seat. A special election to fill this vacancy was held on October 12, 1813. This was the first of two special elections held in the 3rd district in the 13th Congress (the 3rd district was a plural district with two seats).


1813 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election, Election results
Crouch took his seat on December 6, 1813. With Gloninger's resignation, Pennsylvania had no Federalist representatives in Congress until the special elections in 1814 in the 2nd and 3rd districts both replaced Democratic-Republicans by Federalists.


1813 Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district special election
On April 8, 1813, Representative Robert Whitehill (DR) of Pennsylvania's 5th district died in office. A special election was held on May 11, 1813 to fill the vacancy left by his death.


1813 Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district on October 12, 1813 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John M. Hyneman (DR) on August 2, 1813


1813 Spanish general election
General elections to the Cortes Generales were held in Spain in 1820. At stake were all 149 seats in the Congress of Deputies.


1813 Spanish general election, History
The 1813  elections were the first ones held since the approval of  the 1812 Cádiz Constitution. Vote was secret for the first time. All males over 21 years old, a total of 3,216,460 people, had the right to vote.


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey
New Jersey kept its delegation at six seats but changed from electing its Representatives on a statewide general ticket to using three plural districts of two seats each. These districts were used only for the 1812 election, and the state returned to using a single at-large district in 1814. This was only the second time that New Jersey used districts (the first being in 1798).


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey
There was a statewide at-large election held in November 1812, that was invalidated:


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey
In October 1812, when the Federalists captured the State Legislature, both parties had already nominated their tickets for Presidential Electors and Congress. That election was scheduled for November 1812. However, … the Federalist[s], now controlling the legislature, changed the method of selecting Presidential Electors, from popular vote, to a choice by the Legislature and as a result the election for Presidential Electors was invalidated. In addition to changing the method of choosing Presidential electors, the Federalist also decided to alter the election of congressmen from state wide At-Large to Districts.


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey
The scheduled November elections were postponed and three separate Districts were created, each electing two Congressmen. This election was held January 12th and 13th 1813. Some towns, either because word of these changes did not reach them in time, or most likely in defiance, went ahead and held elections. The Republican ticket received almost all of the votes cast, with the Federalist getting only a single votes in two towns, which suggests they were protesting the changes made by the Legislature. These returns were never reported in the newspapers.


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
North Carolina gained one representative as a result of the Census of 1810. Its elections were held April 30, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes
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1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
Tennessee's representation increased from 3 seats to 6 as a result of the 1810 Census.


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
Its elections were held April 1–2, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes
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1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
Virginia gained one seat after the 1810 Census, bringing its representation in the House of Representatives to 23 seats, the largest number Virginia would ever have. Virginia went from having the most representatives to having the second-most tied with Pennsylvania. New York, with its 27 seats, surpassed Virginia and remained the most populous state until the late 1960s.


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
Its elections were held in April 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.


1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes
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1813 United States Senate election in New York
The 1813 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 2, 1813, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Background
John Smith had been re-elected in 1807 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1813.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in April 1812, a Federalist majority was elected to the Assembly, but five of the eight State Senators up for renewal were Democratic-Republicans. Due to the public indignation after the prorogation of the State Legislature by Governor Daniel D. Tompkins,  the Federalists managed to overturn the Democratic-Republican majority of the sitting legislature. The 36th New York State Legislature met from November 3 to 11, 1812; and from January 12 to April 13, 1813, at Albany, New York.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Background
The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the vote for Speaker was: 58 for Jacob R. Van Rensselaer and 46 for William Ross. The Democratic-Republican Party was split in two factions: the "Clintonians" (allies of Lieutenant Governor DeWitt Clinton), and the "Madisonians" (adversaries of Clinton who preferred the re-election of President James Madison). The November meeting of the State Legislature was held to choose presidential electors, and showed in the Senate 19 Clintonians, 9 Federalists and 4 Madisonians; and in the Assembly 58 Federalists, 29 Clintonians and 22 Madisonians, a Democratic-Republican majority of 7 votes on joint ballot.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Background
The Federalists nominated their ticket of electors in the Assembly, the Clintonians nominated their ticket in the Senate. On joint ballot, the Clintonian electors were chosen by a vote of 74 to 45, with 28 blank votes. Thus DeWitt Clinton received the electoral vote of New York supported by the Clintonians and roughly one third of the Federalists, with the Madisonians abstaining. However, for the election of a U.S. Senator at the regular meeting in February, 1813, both factions united to support Wilkin, but were surprisingly outvoted by the Federalists on joint ballot.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
Ex-U.S. Senator Rufus King (in office 1789-1796) was the candidate of the Federalist Party.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
State Senator James W. Wilkin, a Clintonian, was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
The incumbent U.S. Senator John Smith received three scattering votes.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Rufus King was nominated by the Assembly, James W. Wilkin by the Senate. The houses of the State Legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot and King was elected with a small majority. In theory, the Democratic-Republicans had a majority of 7 votes on joint ballot, but the absence of 4 senators and 8 assemblymen became significant.


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Result
In 1817, Wilkin stated, in a letter to DeWitt Clinton, his belief that his defeat in 1813 was due to a bargain which connected the Federalists vote for the incorporation of the Bank of America in June 1812 to the help by some interested Democratic-Republicans to elect the next U.S. Senator. (see Hammond, pg. 344)


1813 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Obs. : Three blank votes were cast in the joint ballot, and four Senators were absent. Besides, the numbers of the cast votes indicate that 10 assemblymen did not vote in the Assembly, and 5 in the joint ballot.


1813 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1813 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Martin Chittenden to a one-year term.


1813 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee disallowed several hundred votes for Jonas Galusha, and the result was that neither Galusha nor Martin Chittenden attained the majority required by the Vermont Constitution. In such cases, the governor is chosen by the combined vote of the Vermont General Assembly.