184 38th Street, Preservation efforts
Modifications made to the house since its construction, including 1830s cuts through the original logs to create windows, would have complicated any efforts to fully restore the building. Observers, including Carol Peterson, Pittsburgh's pre-eminent house historian, believed that the modifications had their own historical significance and should have been preserved in any restoration effort.


184 38th Street, Preservation efforts
In July, the owner demolished the structure, while attempting to preserve the logs, in case the building could be re-assembled elsewhere.


184 38th Street, Gallery
The front of 184 38th Street on May 21, 2011.


184 BC
Year 184 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Licinus (or, less frequently, year 570 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 184 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


184 Dejopeja
Dejopeja (minor planet designation: 184 Dejopeja) is a large M-type Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on February 28, 1878, and was named after Deiopea, a Roman nymph.


184 Dejopeja
This is an X-type asteroid with a diameter of 66 km and a geometric albedo of 0.190. Based upon Photometric observations taken during 2000, it has a synodic rotation period of 6.441 ± 0.001 h. The light curve is tri-modal, most likely due to an angular shape, with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.19 ± 0.01 in magnitude.


1840
1840 (MDCCCXL) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1840th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 840th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 40th  year of the 19th century, and the  1st   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1840, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1840 Birmingham by-election
A UK parliamentary by-election was held for one of the two seats in Birmingham on 23–25 January 1840. The Radical candidate George Muntz was returned, ahead of Conservative Charles Wetherell.


1840 Birmingham by-election, Nominations
The vacancy was caused by the 1839 resignation of Thomas Attwood, who was a Radical like the other sitting MP Joshua Scholefield. The returning officer was Philip Henry Muntz, the mayor of Birmingham and brother of George Muntz. Nomination day was fixed as 23 January, and in the runup both George Muntz and another Radical, Joseph Sturge, canvassed and took part in hustings. Sturge said that if he lacked support he would withdraw, to avoid splitting the Radical vote. "Mr. Allen, the Whig" withdrew from the hustings.


1840 Birmingham by-election, Nominations
Wetherell's supporters told the mayor that their candidate, as yet unnamed, intended to run. The mayor consulted the three prospective candidates' representatives and on 22 January the municipal corporation contracted for erection of 15 polling booths. At the nomination meeting all three prospective candidates were proposed and seconded; only Muntz attended in person. There was a show of hands of those present, described by The Spectator:


1840 Birmingham by-election, Nominations
Polling was the following day, 24 January, and the result was announced early on 25 January.


1840 Birmingham by-election, Muntz v. Sturge
The corporation billed each of the three prospective candidates for one-third of the £360 expenses. Sturge paid only the £66 proportion which he judged accrued prior to the commencement of the poll.


1840 Birmingham by-election, Muntz v. Sturge
The mayor sued for the balance, and Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, agreed at the Warwickshire assizes, but this was overturned on appeal by James Scarlett, 1st Baron Abinger, the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, who ruled that Sturge was not a "candidate at a contested election" in the relevant section of the Reform Act 1832, and thus the other two candidates were liable for the expenses incurred during the poll.


1840 Chicago mayoral election
The 1840 Chicago mayoral election saw Democratic nominee Alexander Loyd defeat incumbent Whig Benjamin Wright Raymond by a landslide 15.8 point margin.


1840 Chicago mayoral election
With a narrative that local elections such as Chicago's would be a bellwether of the coming 1840 United States presidential election, both parties locally viewed the election as being of great importance. Chicago's mayoral result, ultimately, was no bellwether of the presidential election's party outcome.


1840 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1840 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 1, 1840. It was a rematch of the 1839 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth was re-elected, defeating former senator and Democratic nominee John M. Niles with 54.17% of the vote.


1840 Connecticut gubernatorial election
After his loss, Niles would be appointed Postmaster General by President Martin Van Buren, serving from May 19, 1840, until the end of Van Buren's term, March 4, 1841.


1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
The 1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom titled  Ke Kumukānāwai a me nā Kānāwai o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina, Honolulu, 1840 was the first fully written constitution for the Hawaiian Kingdom. The need for a constitution was originally intended as a manner of laws set forth to control the Native Hawaiian population with a Western style and legal framework, giving less severe punishments, such as being exiled, than was the traditional custom until the 1840s. Christianity had failed to change many behaviors of the Hawaiian population, even with the support of the aliʻi families.


1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Adultery and many other sexual relations became forbidden. Hawaiians were arrested and sentenced to severe punishments that were not well organised. The exiled had little food and could easily swim away from the islands and the prison at Honolulu Fort. The issue became worse as fewer pardons from the aliʻi were available, and the overall sentencing then became much more severe for the native population.


1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Overview
The constitution was enacted on October 8, 1840, by King Kamehameha III and Kekāuluohi as Kuhina Nui, an office similar to Prime Minister or co-regent. The constitution, compared to its predecessor, was extremely detailed. The June 7, 1839, document, sometimes called a constitution but more similar to a declaration of rights, stated simply that the government was based on Christian values and equality for all. Incorporating the 1839 document, the 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai’i was a turning point in Hawai’i government.


1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Overview
This constitution organized the power of government and its functions by defining the House of Representatives as the legislative body, giving their people the power to vote, proclaiming the House of Kamehameha, establishing of the office of Kuhina Nui, creating of the office of royal governors of the various islands and recognizing Christianity as an authority.


1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Amendments
It could be changed by section 13, which gave the House of Nobles and the House of Representative the ability to change the constitution.


1840 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1840 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1840. Whig Governor Cornelius Comegys was unable to seek re-election to a second term. Former State Representative William B. Cooper ran as the Whig nominee to succeed Comegys and faced Democratic nominee Warren B. Jefferson in the general election. Cooper won the largest victory in a gubernatorial election since 1819, and was ushered into office with a sizable Whig majority in the legislature.


1840 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1840 Democratic National Convention
The 1840 Democratic National Convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland, from May 5 to May 6. The Democratic Party re-nominated President Martin Van Buren, but failed to select a nominee for vice president. Van Buren is the only major party presidential nominee since the ratification of the 12th Amendment to seek election without a running mate. Dragged down by the unpopularity of the Panic of 1837, Van Buren was defeated by the Whig Party's ticket in the 1840 presidential election.


1840 Democratic National Convention, Delegates
Delegates from 21 of 26 states were in attendance. States not in attendance were Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, South Carolina and Virginia.


1840 Democratic National Convention, Platform
The 1840 convention was the first at which the party adopted a platform. Delegates reaffirmed their belief that the Constitution was the primary guide for each state's political affairs. To them, this meant that all roles of the federal government not specifically defined fell to each respective state government, including such responsibilities as debt created by local projects. Decentralized power and states' rights pervaded each and every resolution adopted at the convention, including those on slavery, taxes, and the possibility of a central bank. Regarding slavery, the Convention adopted the following resolution:


1840 Democratic National Convention, Platform
Resolved, That congress has no power under the Constitution, to interfere with or control the domestic institutions of the several states, and that such states are the sole and proper judges of every thing appertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the Constitution: that all efforts of the abolitionists or others, made to induce congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most alarming and dangerous consequences, and that all such efforts have an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people, and endanger the stability and permanency of the Union, and ought not to be countenanced by any friend to our political institutions.


1840 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination
Vice President Richard M. Johnson was not retained on the ticket, as he was largely seen as a liability in the 1836 election and had focused much of his time as vice president on his own economic affairs. Former president Andrew Jackson backed James K. Polk for the position of vice president, but Van Buren supported his vice president's renomination. The convention ultimately failed to nominate a running mate for Van Buren. Van Buren remains the only major party presidential nominee since the passage of the 12th Amendment to seek election without a running mate. Polk and Johnson would both receive electoral votes for vice president in the general election.


1840 Grand National
The 1840 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the second official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race, which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Thursday 5 March 1840 and attracted a then smallest ever field of 13 runners.


1840 Grand National
Although recorded by the press at the time as the fifth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs.


1840 Grand National
The race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to carry 12 stone.


1840 Grand National, The course
The course was laid out with eleven obstacles in total with the competitors starting from the bend at the end of the finishing straight beside the stables. The first obstacle was an iron rail of 3 feet 5 inches into the Melling Road. The runners then jumped out of the road over a hedge and ditch 7 feet 11 inches high. The third fence was also a ditch some ten feet wide and the fourth an even bigger ditch of 16 feet to clear.


1840 Grand National, The course
Fence five was a slightly smaller ditch before the runners cleared an obstacle of little consequence to be considered an actual fence. The fence that would gradually come to be known as Becher's Brook was next with a clearance of 20 feet. The runners then turned sharply towards the Canal over a considerable jump with a steep landing side. The eighth fence was the second brook and ran along the canal side, this was followed by a ditch and rail with a thirteen-foot span.


1840 Grand National, The course
The tenth fence was a leap into the Anchor Bridge and almost instantly straight back out again to bring the runners back towards the stands and the only fence on the course, a dry stone wall rising from 4 foot 6 inches to 4 foot 10 on the outside. The runners then set off to jump the first ten fences, along with other insignificant obstacles before bypassing the wall on the run to the finish post.


1840 Grand National, The course
The majority of the course was plough land with turf only on the racecourse proper and it was speculated by witnesses that the majority of the fences had been lowered slightly from last year in the wake of criticism.


1840 Grand National, The race
The competitors reached the newly named Becher's Brook without incident where Cruickshank stumbled on landing and was cannoned into by Weathercock with both falling. The former was remounted by his jockey, Guy, albeit with a severely bloodied nose while the latter's rider, Barker was carried unconscious to Seed's farmhouse nearby.


1840 Grand National, The race
Valentine had established a good lead at this stage in his owner's bid to secure a bet that his mount would be first to complete a circuit of the course. Upon reaching the second brook beyond the Canal Turn, Valentine made to refuse, but his momentum was such that the horse corkscrewed, almost backwards over the obstacle. His rider remained in the saddle and despite his rivals gaining much ground, the pairing continued intact to complete the circuit in the lead and secure the bet while behind him Hasty fell and was quickly remounted.


1840 Grand National, The race
Last year's champion Lottery reached the stone wall in front of the stands in second place but clipped the top of the obstacle, falling amid a flurry of dismantled masonry. All three horses following immediately behind were caught in the melee and were brought down, the three being Columbine, favourite The Nun and Seventy-four. Powell remounted the favourite but was forced to pull up before setting off on the second circuit when she was found to be lame while Olliver was taken to the stands with a broken collar bone and concussion.


1840 Grand National, The race
The pileup allowed Valentine to re-establish a lead of many lengths over the rest of the field but he was caught shortly before reaching Becher's for the second time by Jerry and Arthur with the remaining competitors too far behind to be able to issue a challenge. Arthur fell heavily at the brook, leaving Jerry to canter home over the remaining fences to win as he liked.


1840 Grand National, The race
Arthur was quickly remounted and although he caught Valentine before jumping the final hurdle he was unable to make up the ground on Jerry and finished second by four lengths with Valentine the same distance behind in third. The remaining runners had not reached the distance chair situated beside the wall fence by the time the third horse had passed the post, thus these runners were officially declared as non finishers. Those who did pass the post were, in order, Cruickshank, Hasty, The Sea and Spolasco. The last horse had fallen during the second circuit and was remounted while The Augean also fell at some point during the second circuit.


1840 Grand National, The race
Despite winning in a very comfortable manner, and slowing to a canter a long way before the finish, Jerry still finished in a time of twelve minutes and thirty seconds, shattering the course record by a minute and a half.


1840 Grand National, Aftermath
Again the press were very critical of the race, especially noting the incident at the wall where many spectators had thought Tom Olliver had been killed by his fall, so bad was his state when being carried away to the stands. Furthermore, it was later discovered that Barker had been left unattended in a barn near Seed's farm where none of the connections of his mount had made any enquiry as to his state. As a result, the wall was replaced with a water jump in time for the next running.


1840 Grand National, Historical inaccuracies
Later historical accounts of the Grand National are notorious for carrying factual errors. The official history of the race written in the 1980s recorded Cruickshank as a non runner and The Sea as an official finisher in fourth place.


1840 Hus
1840 Hus (prov. designation: 1971 UY) is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12.5 kilometers (7.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1971, by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.8 hours and is likely elongated in shape. It was later named after 15th-century theologian Jan Hus.


1840 Hus, Orbit and classification
Hus is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a very large asteroid family of almost 6,000 known asteroids with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.0 AU once every 5 years (1,821 days; semi-major axis of 2.92 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. Hus was first observed as 1931 TS3 at the Lowell Observatory in October 1931. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1953 CG at the Goethe Link Observatory in January 1953, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation at Hamburg.


1840 Hus, Naming
This minor planet was named after Czech Jan Hus (1372–1415), a fifteenth century Bohemian theologian, rector of Charles University in Prague and forerunner of the protestant reformation. He was condemned to death by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake for his reformation ideas. Jan Hus is also known as John Huss in the English speaking world. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3757).


1840 Hus, Physical characteristics
Based on the asteroid's membership to the Koronis family and its relatively high geometric albedo determined by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Hus is very likely a stony S-type asteroid.


1840 Hus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In June 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Hus was obtained from photometric observations taken by Maurice Clark at the Chiro Observatory (320) in Western Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.780±0.002 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.85 magnitude (U=2-), strongly indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape. In March 2016, a synthetic lightcurve gave a similar period of 4.749057±0.000001 hours, using sparse-in-time photometry data from the Lowell Photometric Database (U=n.a.). More recent lightcurve analysis during observations of the 1840 Hus apparition in 2020, from the MIT Koronis Family Asteroids Rotation Lightcurve Observing Program, gave a secure rotation period of 4.7483±0.0008 hours.


1840 Hus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's WISE telescope with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hus measures 12.4 and 12.6 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.261 and 0.255, respectively. Conversely, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057, rather than one for a stony body, as indicated by WISE/NEOWISE – and calculates therefore a twice as large diameter of 25.4 kilometers, as the lower the albedo, the larger the body's diameter for a constant absolute magnitude.


1840 Iowa Council election
In the 1840 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the third Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.


1840 Iowa Council election
The Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).


1840 Iowa Council election
Following the previous election in 1839, Democrats held a majority with seven seats to Whigs' six seats.


1840 Iowa Council election
To claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net one seat from Democrats.


1840 Iowa Council election
Democrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1840 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Democrats holding seven seats and Whigs having six seats. Whig Councilor Mortimer Phillips Bainbridge was chosen as the President of the third Territory Council to succeed Democratic Councilor Stephen P. Hempstead in that leadership position.


1840 Liberian legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Liberia on 1 December 1840.


1840 Liberian legislative election, Background
A new constitution was adopted by the American Colonization Society on 5 January 1839. It provided for a Council with six elected members representing Caldwell, Millsburg, Monrovia and New Georgia and four to represent Bassa Cova, Bexley, Edina and Marshall. All men over the age of 20 were given the right to vote.


1840 Liberian legislative election, Background
Prior to the elections, supporters of John Seys, a missionary who was being sued by the colonial administration over failure to pay import duty, formed an Anti-Administration movement to field candidates against the ruling group. This was the first instance of organised politics in the territory, as previously candidates had run as individuals.


1840 Liberian legislative election, Results
The Anti-Administration group won three of the 11 seats in the Commonwealth Council, with Administration group candidates won six seats and post of Lieutenant-Governor. However, there were accusations of electoral fraud against Seys' group, with claims by the American Colonization Society that workers at his saw mill and sugar plantation had all voted for candidates supporting him confirmed by others including Francis Burns.


1840 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1840. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 9.


1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic Governor Marcus Morton, who had won election by just one vote, stood for a second term in office. He was defeated by Whig U.S. Senator John Davis.


1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Morton out-ran President Martin Van Buren by about 2,000 votes in the state.


1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
This was the first election in which the Liberty Party participated.


1840 Massachusetts legislature
The 61st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1840 during the governorship of Marcus Morton. Daniel P. King served as president of the Senate and Robert Charles Winthrop served as speaker of the House.


1840 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1840 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 3, 1840.


1840 Missouri gubernatorial election, Election Results
In the election, Democrat Thomas Reynolds defeated Whig candidate John Bullock Clark. Thomas Reynolds would not live for the full length of this term, committing suicide on February 9, 1844, and being replaced by Lt. Governor Meredith Miles Marmaduke.


1840 Naval Air Squadron
1840 Naval Air Squadron (1840 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. During World War II over 80% of the pilots were from the Royal Netherlands Naval Aviation Service.


1840 New York gubernatorial election
The 1840 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 2 to 4, 1840, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1840 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Whig Party nominated incumbent governor William H. Seward. They nominated incumbent Luther Bradish for Lieutenant Governor.


1840 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Democratic Party nominated former Erie Canal Commissioner William C. Bouck. They nominated state senator Daniel S. Dickinson for Lieutenant Governor.


1840 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Liberty party nominated Gerrit Smith. They nominated Charles O. Shepard for Lieutenant Governor.


1840 New York gubernatorial election, Sources
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1840 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election
On November 20, 1840, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the death of William S. Ramsey on October 17 of the same year.


1840 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election, Election results
McClure took office on December 7, 1840, at the start of the 2nd session of the 26th Congress.


1840 Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district special election
On October 13, 1840, the same day as the general elections for the 27th Congress, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Richard Biddle (AM)


1840 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1840 saw John Swift reelected to office for his eighth overall non-consecutive term.


1840 Philadelphia mayoral election
This was the first Philadelphia mayoral election in which the mayor wound up being solely elected by the general public. Since Swift received a majority in the general election, the City Council did not select the mayor. Beginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.


1840 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 22 March 1840.


1840 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The elections were held under the 1838 constitution, which provided for a bicameral parliament with a directly-elected Senate (replacing the appointed Chamber of Most Worthy Peers) and Chamber of Deputies. Voting was restricted to men over the age of 25 and income of at least 80,000 reals, although members of religious orders, servants, vagabonds and those still dependent on their parents were barred from voting. The voting age was reduced to 20 for men who were married, serving in the military, had graduated from university or were part of the secular clergy.


1840 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
Candidates for the Chamber were required to have a net income of over 400,000 reals, and at least half of those elected in each constituency were required to have been born in the area or have lived in it for at least a year. Candidates for the Senate needed to be at least 35 years old and had a higher income threshold, but were not required to have a geographic link to their constituency.


1840 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
Members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected from 28 multi-member constituencies with between 2 and 15 seats. The elections were held using a two-round system, with candidates required to receive a majority of the vote to be elected in the first round, before a second round (which was limited to a number of candidates equalling three times the number of seats remaining to be filled) was carried out on a plurality basis.


1840 Portuguese legislative election, Results
The result was a victory for the ruling Ordeiros, defeating the opposition Radicals. José Travassos Valdez remained Prime Minister.


1840 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania
The 1840 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 14, 1840, after the regularly scheduled election in December 1838 was postponed due to the Buckshot War. Daniel Sturgeon was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1840 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background
Democrat Samuel McKean was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in the 1832-1833 Senate election. Sen. McKean's term was to expire on March 4, 1839, and an election would have occurred during the winter of 1838-1839 to elect a Senator for the successive term. The election did not occur, however, due to significant political unrest in Harrisburg, the state capital, over disputed election returns during the Buckshot War. McKean's seat was vacated when his term expired in March 1839 and remained vacant until the General Assembly elected a new Senator in 1840.


1840 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results
The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 14, 1840, to elect a Senator to serve out the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1839. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1840 United States census
The United States census of 1840 was the sixth census of the United States. Conducted by the Census Office on June 1, 1840, it determined the resident population of the United States to be 17,069,453 – an increase of 32.7 percent over the 12,866,020 persons enumerated during the 1830 census. The total population included 2,487,355 slaves. In 1840, the center of population was about 260 miles (418 km) west of Washington, near Weston, Virginia (now in West Virginia).


1840 United States census, Controversy over statistics for mental illness among Northern blacks
The 1840 census was the first that attempted to count Americans who were "insane" or "idiotic". Published results of the census indicated that alarming numbers of black persons living in non-slaveholding States were mentally ill, in striking contrast to the corresponding figures for slaveholding States.


1840 United States census, Controversy over statistics for mental illness among Northern blacks
Pro -slavery advocates trumpeted the results as evidence of the beneficial effects of slavery, and the probable consequences of emancipation. Anti -slavery advocates contended, on the contrary, that the published returns were riddled with errors, as detailed in an 1844 report by Edward Jarvis of Massachusetts in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, later published separately as a pamphlet, and in a memorial from the American Statistical Association to Congress, praying that measures be taken to correct the errors.


1840 United States census, Controversy over statistics for mental illness among Northern blacks
The memorial was submitted to the House of Representatives by John Quincy Adams, who contended that it demonstrated "a multitude of gross and important errors" in the published returns. In response to the House's request for an inquiry, Secretary of State John C. Calhoun reported that a careful examination of the statistics by the supervisor of the census had fully sustained their correctness. The returns were not revised.


1840 United States census, Data availability
No microdata from the 1840 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. A compendium of data from the sixth census, organized by States, counties, and principal towns is available .


1840 United States elections
The 1840 United States elections elected the members of the 27th United States Congress, taking place during the Second Party System. In the aftermath of the Panic of 1837, the Whigs become the fourth party in history to win control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress; the Whigs would never again accomplish this feat. The election also marked the first time since the 1834 elections that the Democratic Party did not control the Presidency and both chambers of Congress.


1840 United States elections
In the Presidential election, Whig General William Henry Harrison defeated Democratic President Martin Van Buren. Harrison won by a margin of 5% in the popular vote, but dominated the electoral college. Harrison was nominated at the 1839 Whig National Convention, the first convention in Whig history. Harrison's victory made him the first President unaffiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party or the Democratic Party to win election since John Quincy Adams in 1824. Martin Van Buren's defeat made him the third President to fail to win re-election, following John Adams and John Quincy Adams.


1840 United States elections
The 1840 Presidential Election was one of major controversy. Because the election took place during the rise of the Second Party System, rising levels of voting interest and party loyalty proved that this election was going to be controversial. The incumbent Democratic candidate, President Martin Van Buren, was dubbed "Martin Van Ruin" because of his less-than-ideal previous term where he failed to address a financial crisis, ran for re-election over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison.


1840 United States elections
The Whigs chose William Henry Harrison because of his similarities to former president Andrew Jackson in the sense that he was a war hero and a man of the people. This approach proved successful because William Henry Harrison won the election by dominating the electoral college, despite winning by only 5% of the popular vote. This election marked the first time since 1796 that a party other than the Democratic-Republican party or the Democratic party had won the election.


1840 United States elections
In the House, Whigs won major gains, taking the majority.


1840 United States elections
In the Senate, Whigs picked up several seats, taking the majority.


1840 United States presidential election
The 1840 United States presidential election was the 14th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, October 30 to Wednesday, December 2, 1840. Economic recovery from the Panic of 1837 was incomplete, and Whig nominee William Henry Harrison defeated incumbent President Martin Van Buren of the Democratic Party. The election marked the first of two Whig victories in presidential elections.


1840 United States presidential election
In 1839, the Whigs held a national convention for the first time. The 1839 Whig National Convention saw 1836 nominee William Henry Harrison defeat former Secretary of State Henry Clay and General Winfield Scott. Van Buren faced little opposition at the 1840 Democratic National Convention, but controversial Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson was not re-nominated. The Democrats thus became the only major party since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment to fail to select a vice presidential nominee.


1840 United States presidential election
Referencing vice presidential nominee John Tyler and Harrison's participation in the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Whigs campaigned on the slogan of "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too." With Van Buren weakened by economic woes, Harrison won a popular majority and 234 of 294 electoral votes. Voter participation surged as white male suffrage became nearly universal, and a contemporary record of 42.4% of the voting age population voted for Harrison. Van Buren's loss made him the third president, and the first outside the Adams family, to lose re-election.


1840 United States presidential election
The Whigs did not enjoy the benefits of victory. The 67-year-old Harrison, the oldest U.S. president elected until Ronald Reagan won the 1980 presidential election, died a little more than a month after inauguration. Harrison was succeeded by John Tyler, who unexpectedly proved not to be a Whig. While Tyler had been a staunch supporter of Clay at the convention, he was a former Democrat, a passionate supporter of states' rights, and effectively an independent. As President, Tyler blocked the Whigs' legislative agenda and was expelled from the Whig Party, subsequently the second independent (after Washington) to serve as president.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination
Three years after Democrat Martin Van Buren was elected President in the election of 1836 over three Whig candidates, the Whigs met in national convention determined to unite behind a single candidate. The convention was chaired by Isaac C. Bates of Massachusetts and James Barbour of Virginia presided over the convention. The party nominated the popular retired general William Henry Harrison of Ohio for president, the most successful of the three Whig presidential candidates from the previous election. Harrison won a close victory on the convention's fifth ballot against party founder Henry Clay and General Winfield Scott. Harrison, though a slave-owner and aristocrat, was perceived as being simple and a commoner. The convention nominated former Senator John Tyler from Virginia for vice president. The two would go on to win the 1840 presidential election by defeating Van Buren.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination
Because Harrison (born in Virginia) was considered a Northerner (as a resident of Ohio), the Whigs needed to balance the ticket with a Southerner. They also sought a Clay supporter to help unite the party after Clay's loss on the balloting. Tyler was finally chosen by the convention after several Southern Clay supporters had been approached but refused. Tyler had previously been the running-mate of Hugh Lawson White and Willie Person Mangum during the four-way Whig campaign at the previous election.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Van Buren, the incumbent president, was re-nominated in Baltimore in May 1840.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
While the Democratic Party refused to re-nominate the incumbent vice-president, Richard M. Johnson, they were unable to agree on an alternative running mate at the convention, and adjourned without having nominated one. As of 2020, this is the only time since the passage of the 12th Amendment in 1804 that a major party has failed to do so.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
This is also one of only two elections (as of 2020) where a major party did not have a vice-presidential candidate on their ticket on Election Day; the other was in 1912, as the incumbent vice-president, James S. Sherman (of the Republican Party), died six days before the election.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
In the electoral college, the Democratic vice-presidential votes were divided among Johnson, Littleton W. Tazewell, and James K. Polk.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party nomination
After the negative views of Freemasonry among a large segment of the public began to wane in the mid 1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party had begun to disintegrate. Its leaders began to move one by one to the Whig party. Party leaders met in September 1837 in Washington, D.C., and agreed to maintain the party. The third Anti-Masonic Party National Convention was held in Philadelphia on November 13–14, 1838. By this time, the party had been almost entirely supplanted by the Whigs.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party nomination
The delegates unanimously voted to nominate William Henry Harrison for president (who the party had supported for president the previous election along with Francis Granger for vice president) and Daniel Webster for vice president. However, when the Whig National Convention nominated Harrison with John Tyler as his running mate, the Anti-Masonic Party did not make an alternate nomination and ceased to function and was fully absorbed into the Whigs by 1840.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination
The Liberty Party was announced in November 1839, and first gathered in Warsaw, New York. Its first national convention took place in Arcade on April 1, 1840.


1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination
The Liberty Party nominated James G. Birney, a Kentuckian, former slaveholder, and prominent abolitionist, for president while Thomas Earle of Pennsylvania was selected as his running mate.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
In the wake of the Panic of 1837, Van Buren was widely unpopular, and Harrison, following Andrew Jackson's strategy, ran as a war hero and man of the people while presenting Van Buren as a wealthy snob living in luxury at the public expense. Although Harrison was comfortably wealthy and well educated, his "log cabin" image caught fire, sweeping all sections of the country.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Harrison avoided campaigning on the issues, with his Whig Party attracting a broad coalition with few common ideals. The Whig strategy overall was to win the election by avoiding discussion of difficult national issues such as slavery or the national bank and concentrate instead on exploiting dissatisfaction over the failed policies of the Van Buren administration with colorful campaigning techniques.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Log cabin campaign of William Henry Harrison
Harrison was the first president to campaign actively for office. He did so with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too". Tippecanoe referred to Harrison's military victory over a group of Shawnee Native Americans at a river in Indiana called Tippecanoe in 1811. For their part, Democrats laughed at Harrison for being too old for the presidency, and referred to him as "Granny", hinting that he was senile. Said one Democratic newspaper: "Give him a barrel of hard cider, and ... a pension of two thousand [dollars] a year ... and ... he will sit the remainder of his days in his log cabin."


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Log cabin campaign of William Henry Harrison
Whigs took advantage of this quip and declared that Harrison was "the log cabin and hard cider candidate", a man of the common people from the rough-and-tumble West. They depicted Harrison's opponent, President Martin Van Buren, as a wealthy snob who was out of touch with the people. In fact, it was Harrison who came from a family of wealthy planters, while Van Buren's father was a tavernkeeper. Harrison however moved to the frontier and for years lived in a log cabin, while Van Buren had been a well-paid government official.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Log cabin campaign of William Henry Harrison
Nonetheless, the election was held during the worst economic depression in the nation's history, and voters blamed Van Buren, seeing him as unsympathetic to struggling citizens. Harrison campaigned vigorously and won.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Harrison won the support of western settlers and eastern bankers alike. The extent of Van Buren's unpopularity was evident in Harrison's victories in New York, the president's home state, and in Tennessee, where Andrew Jackson himself had come out of retirement to stump for his former vice-president.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Few Americans were surprised when Van Buren lost in the electoral vote by 234 to 60, but many were amazed by the closeness of the popular vote: of 2.41 million votes cast, Van Buren lost by only 146,500, and a shift of 20,000 votes to Van Buren in Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania would have left the electoral college in a 147–147 tie, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Given all the circumstances, it is surprising that the Democrats performed as well as they did.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Of the 1,179 counties/independent cities making returns, Harrison won in 699 (59.29%) while Van Buren carried 477 (40.46%). Three counties (0.25%) in the South split evenly between Harrison and Van Buren.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Harrison's victory won him precious little time as chief executive of the United States. After giving the longest inauguration speech in U.S. history (lasting about 1 hour and 45 minutes, in cold weather and rain), Harrison served only one month as president before dying of pneumonia on April 4, 1841. This was also the first election in US history in which a candidate won more than a million popular votes.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results
This was the last election where  Indiana voted for the Whigs. It is also the only election where the Whigs won Maine, Michigan, and Mississippi. The election was also the last time that Mississippi voted against the Democrats until 1872, the last in which Indiana did so until 1860 and the last in which Maine and Michigan did so until 1856.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The 1840 presidential election was the only U.S. presidential election in which four people who either had been or would become a U.S. President (Van Buren, Harrison, Tyler, and Polk) received at least one vote in the Electoral College.


1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results
(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.


1840 United States presidential election, Results by state
Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–257.


1840 United States presidential election, Election paraphernalia
Ribbon for Danvers, Mass. delegation to Harrison Rally, Bunker Hill, 1840; engraved by George Girdler Smith


1840 United States presidential election, In popular culture
In the film Amistad, Van Buren (played by Nigel Hawthorne) is seen campaigning for re-election. These scenes have been criticized for their historical inaccuracy.


1840 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1840 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Alabama by a margin of 8.76%. This is the last time that Alabama did not vote the same as neighboring Mississippi.


1840 United States presidential election in Arkansas
The 1840 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Arkansas
Arkansas voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Arkansas by a margin of 12.84%.


1840 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1840 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Connecticut by a margin of 11.1%.


1840 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1840 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Delaware by a margin of 10.1%.


1840 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1840 United States presidential election in Georgia took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Georgia
Georgia voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Georgia by a margin of 11.56%.


1840 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1840 United States presidential election in Illinois took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Illinois
Illinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Illinois by a margin of 2.01%.


1840 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1840 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Indiana by a margin of 11.72%.


1840 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1840 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Kentucky
Kentucky voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Kentucky by a margin of 28.4%.


1840 United States presidential election in Kentucky
With 64.20% of the popular vote, Kentucky would prove to be Harrison's strongest state in the 1840 election.


1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Louisiana by a margin of 19.46%.


1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana
With 59.73% of the popular vote, Louisiana would prove to be Harrison's fourth strongest state after Kentucky, Vermont and Rhode Island.


1840 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1840 United States presidential election in Maine took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1840 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won the state by a very narrow margin of 0.46%.


1840 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine was typically a Democratic state during the Second Party System, however, with Harrison narrowly winning the state, this would be the only time that a Whig presidential candidate would win Maine.


1840 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1840 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Maryland
Maryland voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Maryland by a margin of 7.66%.


1840 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1840 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Massachusetts by a margin of 16.16%.


1840 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1840 United States presidential election in Michigan took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Michigan
Michigan voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Michigan by a narrow margin of 4.14%.


1840 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1840 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Mississippi voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Mississippi by a margin of 6.86%. As of 2020, this is the only election in American history in which Mississippi and Alabama voted for different candidates.


1840 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1840 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Missouri
Missouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Missouri by a margin of 13.26%.


1840 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1840 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won New Hampshire by a margin of 10.78%.


1840 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1840 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won New Jersey by a narrow margin of 3.59%.


1840 United States presidential election in New York
The 1840 United States presidential election in New York took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 42 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in New York
New York voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won New York by a narrow margin of 3.00%.


1840 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1840 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in North Carolina
North Carolina voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won North Carolina by a margin of 15.36%.


1840 United States presidential election in North Carolina
With 57.68% of the popular vote, North Carolina would prove to be Harrison's fifth strongest state after Kentucky, Vermont, Rhode Island and Louisiana.


1840 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1840 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Ohio by a margin of 8.53%.


1840 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1840 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 30 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for Whig challenger William Henry Harrison over Democratic incumbent Martin Van Buren by just 334 votes, a margin of 0.12%. It is the narrowest margin of victory in a presidential election in Pennsylvania history, with Donald Trump's 2016 win following close behind at 0.72%.


1840 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1840 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Rhode Island by a margin of 22.93%.


1840 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
With 61.22% of the popular vote, Rhode Island would be Harrison's third strongest state in the 1840 election after Kentucky and Vermont.


1840 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1840 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in South Carolina
South Carolina cast 11 electoral votes for the Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.


1840 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1840 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Tennessee by a margin of 11.32%.


1840 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1840 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Vermont by a margin of 28.43%.


1840 United States presidential election in Vermont
Harrison's 28.43% margin of victory made it his strongest victory in the election while he carried 63.90% of the popular vote made Vermont his second strongest state after Kentucky.


1840 United States presidential election in Vermont
Harrison had previously won the Green Mountain State against Van Buren four years earlier.


1840 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1840 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 23 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1840 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia voted for the Democratic candidate, incumbent President Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren narrowly won Virginia by a margin of 1.3%, or 1,120 votes.


1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 27th Congress were held at various dates in different states from July 1840 to November 1841.


1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections
In a Whig wave, voters gave the Whig Party a House majority for the first time. Most Americans experienced the Panic of 1837 as a severe economic downturn. Its perceived mishandling by Democratic President Martin Van Buren fueled new support for alternative economic policies favored by Whigs of which voters had previously been skeptical. Collapse of the Anti-Masonic Party in the late 1830s also drove some third-party incumbents into the Whig Party. Newly elected members included Robert M. T. Hunter, Independent of Virginia, and Zadok Casey, Independent Democrat of Illinois.


1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The previous election had two minor parties, the Anti-Masonic Party with 6 seats and the Conservative Party (of Virginia) with 2 seats, both of which disappeared in this election.


1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The 1st session of the 27th Congress began May 31, 1841, before Mississippi had elected Representatives, leaving that State unrepresented until the 2nd session.


1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
Massachusetts held its elections November 9, 1840, but one district went to a second ballot on January 4, 1841.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1840 and 1841 were elections which, corresponding with their Party's success in the 1840 presidential election, had the Whig Party take control of the United States Senate.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures..


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Before the elections
After the November 25, 1840 special elections in North Carolina.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 26th Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected during 1840 or in 1841 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 27th Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was elected for the term beginning March 4, 1841; ordered by state.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 27th Congress
In this special election, the winner was elected in 1841 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts
There were three elections due to the February 22, 1841 resignation of Whig Daniel Webster to become U.S. Secretary of State and the January 5, 1841 resignation of Whig John Davis to become Governor of Massachusetts.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts, Massachusetts (Special, Class 2)
Whig Isaac C. Bates was elected January 13, 1841 to finish Davis's term.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts, Massachusetts (Regular)
Bates was also elected January 13, 1841 to the next term.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts, Massachusetts (Regular)
Bates would only serve, however, until his March 16, 1845 death, and Davis was again elected to the seat.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts, Massachusetts (Special, Class 1)
Whig Rufus Choate was elected February 23, 1841, to finish Webster's term which would continue until 1845.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
Nathaniel P. Tallmadge had been elected as a Jacksonian Democrat in 1833 to this seat, and his term expired March 3, 1839. An election was held February 5, 1839. Although Tallmadge received the most votes, no candidate received a majority and the seat was declared vacant due to the legislature's failure to elect.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
At the State election in November 1839, 7 Whigs and 3 Democrats were elected to the State Senate, which gave the Whigs a majority, the first anti-Bucktails/Jacksonian/Democratic majority in 20 years. The 63rd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 14, 1840, at Albany, New York. The strength of the parties in the Assembly, as shown by the vote for Speaker, was: 68 for Whig George Washington Patterson and 56 for Democrat Levi S. Chatfield.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
On January 14, 1840, Nathaniel P. Tallmadge received a majority in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)
Tallmadge re-took his seat on January 27, 1840, and remained in office until June 17, 1844, when he resigned to be appointed Governor of Wisconsin Territory. Daniel S. Dickinson was appointed to fill the vacancy temporarily, and subsequently elected by the State Legislature to succeed Tallmadge.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, North Carolina
There were three elections due to the November 16, 1840 resignations of Democrats Bedford Brown and Robert Strange.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, North Carolina, North Carolina (Special, Class 2)
Whig Willie Mangum was elected November 25, 1840 to finish Brown's term that would end in March 1841.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, North Carolina, North Carolina (Regular)
Mangum was later re-elected in 1841 to the next term.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, North Carolina, North Carolina (Special, Class 3)
Whig William Alexander Graham was elected November 25, 1840 to finish Strange's term that would end in 1843.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
The election was held on January 14, 1840, after the regularly scheduled election in December 1838 was postponed due to the Buckshot War. Daniel Sturgeon was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
Democrat Samuel McKean was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in the 1832–1833 Senate election. Sen. McKean's term was to expire on March 4, 1839, and an election would have occurred during the winter of 1838–1839 elect a senator for the successive term. The election did not occur, however, due to significant political unrest in Harrisburg, the state capital, over disputed election returns during the Buckshot War. McKean's seat was vacated when his term expired in March 1839 and remained vacant until the General Assembly elected a new senator in 1840.


1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 14, 1840, to elect a senator to serve out the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1839. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1840 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1840 in Australia.


1840 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1840 in Chile.


1840 in China
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Prisencolin (talk | contribs) at 09:07, 15 April 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1840 in India
This article details events in the year 1840 in India. Occurrences include the establishment of the Bank of Bombay, and the fall of the Maqpon dynasty.


1840 in New Zealand
1840 is considered a watershed year in the history of New Zealand: The Treaty of Waitangi is signed, British sovereignty over New Zealand is proclaimed, organised European settlement begins, and Auckland and Wellington are both founded.


1840 in New Zealand, Population
The estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1840 is 80,000 Māori and 2,050 non-Māori.


1840 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law
Hobson appointed the following officers to form the first New Zealand Government;


1840 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1840 in South Africa.


1840 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1840 to Wales and its people.


1840 in architecture
The year 1840 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1840 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1840.


1840 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1840.


1840 in paleontology, Anapsids, Newly named anapsids
Preoccupied by a non-dinosaurian archosaur named by Geoffroy Saint-Hilare in 1833. Renamed Sphenosaurus. A procolophonid.


1840 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs
An iguanodont. New name for "Iguanodon" mantelli von Meyer (1832) (=Iguanodon anglicus Holl (1829)).


1840 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1840 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1840 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1840 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1840.


1840 in science
The year 1840 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1840 in sports
1840 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1840s
The 1840s (pronounced "eighteen-forties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1840, and ended on December 31, 1849.


1840s
The decade was noted in Europe for featuring the largely unsuccessful Revolutions of 1848, also known as the Springtime of Nations. Throughout the continent, bourgeois liberals and working-class radicals engaged in a series of revolts in favor of social reform. In the United Kingdom, this notably manifested itself through the Chartist movement, which sought universal suffrage and parliamentary reform. In France, the February Revolution led to the overthrow of the Orléans dynasty by Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1848, the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx would help lay the groundwork for the global socialist movement.


1840s
The Mexican–American War led to the redrawing of national boundaries in North America. In the United States, mass migration to the new West Coast occurred following the annexation of California from Mexico, with a Gold Rush beginning at the end of the decade. On its northern border, the United States settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the United Kingdom in 1846, thereby solving a domestic political crisis in the former nation.


1840s, Politics and wars, Pacific Islands
In 1842, Tahiti and Tahuata were declared a French protectorate, to allow Catholic missionaries to work undisturbed. The capital of Papeetē was founded in 1843. In 1845, George Tupou I united Tonga into a kingdom, and reigned as Tuʻi Kanokupolu.


1840s, Politics and wars, East Asia, China
On August 29, 1842, the first of two Opium Wars ended between China and Britain with the Treaty of Nanking. One of the consequences was the cession of modern-day Hong Kong Island to the British. Hong Kong would eventually be returned to China in 1997.


1840s, Politics and wars, East Asia, Japan
The 1840s comprised the end of the Tenpō era (1830–1844), the entirety of the Kōka era (1844–1848), and the beginning of the Kaei era (1848–1854). The decade saw the end of the reign of Emperor Ninko in 1846, who was succeeded by his son, Emperor Kōmei.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southeastern Asia
The 1841–1845 Siamese-Vietnamese War in Cambodia was a war between Vietnam (then under the rule of the Nguyen Dynasty) and Siam (Thailand) under the House of Chakkri. In the increasingly confrontational rivalry between Vietnam and Siam, the conflict was triggered by Vietnam's absorption of Cambodia and the demotion of the Khmer monarchs. Siam seized the opportunity to intervene as the tide of Khmer discontent rose against Vietnamese rule.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southeastern Asia, Siam
King Rama III ruled Siam during the 1840s under the Chakri Dynasty in Bangkok.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southeastern Asia, Vietnam
Emperors Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị and Tự Đức ruled Vietnam during the 1840s under the Nguyễn dynasty.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Afghanistan
The First Anglo-Afghan War had started in 1838, started by the British as a means of defending India (under British control at the time) from the Russian Empire's expansion into Central Asia. The British attempted to impose a puppet regime on Afghanistan under Shuja Shah, but the regime was short lived and proved unsustainable without British military support. By 1842, mobs were attacking the British on the streets of Kabul and the British garrison was forced to abandon the city due to constant civilian attacks.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Afghanistan
During the retreat from Kabul, the British army of approximately 4,500 troops (of which only 690 were European) and 12,000 camp followers was subjected to a series of attacks by Afghan warriors. All of the British soldiers were killed except for one and he and a few surviving Indian soldiers made it to the fort at Jalalabad shortly after. After the Battle of Kabul (1842), Britain placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power (1842–1863) and withdrew from Afghanistan.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Sikh Empire
The Sikh Empire was founded in 1799, ruled by Ranjit Singh. When Singh died in 1839, the Sikh Empire began to fall into disorder. There was a succession of short-lived rulers at the central Durbar (court), and increasing tension between the Khalsa (the Sikh Army) and the Durbar. In May 1841, the Dogra dynasty (a vassal of the Sikh Empire) invaded western Tibet, marking the beginning of the Sino-Sikh war. This war ended in a stalemate in September 1842, with the Treaty of Chushul.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Sikh Empire
The British East India Company began to build up its military strength on the borders of the Punjab. Eventually, the increasing tension goaded the Khalsa to invade British territory, under weak and possibly treacherous leaders. The hard-fought First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) ended in defeat for the Khalsa. With the Treaty of Lahore, the Sikh Empire ceded Kashmir to the East India Company and surrendered the Koh-i-Noor diamond to Queen Victoria.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Sikh Empire
The Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown.


1840s, Politics and wars, Western Asia, Ottoman Empire
The decade was near the beginning of the Tanzimât Era of the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Abdülmecid I ruled during this period.


1840s, Politics and wars, Western Asia, Ottoman Empire
Emir Bashir Shihab II controlled the Mount Lebanon Emirate at the beginning of the 1840s. Bashir allied with Muhammad Ali of Egypt, but Muhammad Ali was driven out of the country. Bashir was deposed in 1840 when the Egyptians were driven out by an Ottoman-European alliance, which had the backing of Maronite forces. His successor, Emir Bashir III, ruled until 1842, after which the emirate was dissolved and split into a Druze sector and a Christian sector.


1840s, Politics and wars, Revolutions of 1848
There was a wave of revolutions in Europe, collectively known as the Revolutions of 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed.


1840s, Politics and wars, Revolutions of 1848
The revolutions were essentially bourgeois-democratic in nature with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and the creation of independent national states. The revolutionary wave began in France in February, and immediately spread to most of Europe and parts of Latin America. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among the revolutionaries in different countries.


1840s, Politics and wars, Revolutions of 1848
Six factors were involved: widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership; demands for more participation in government and democracy; demands for freedom of press; the demands of the working classes; the upsurge of nationalism; and finally, the regrouping of the reactionary forces based on the royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the peasants.


1840s, Politics and wars, Revolutions of 1848
The uprisings were led by ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more forced into exile. The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, but did not reach Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and most of southern Europe  (Spain, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire).


1840s, Politics and wars, Northern Europe, United Kingdom
Queen Victoria was on the throne 20 June 1837 until her death 22 January, 1901. The wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took place in 1840.


1840s, Politics and wars, Northern Europe, United Kingdom
The Great Famine of the 1840s caused the deaths of one million Irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it. It is sometimes referred to, mostly outside Ireland, as the "Irish Potato Famine" because one-third of the population was then solely reliant on this cheap crop for a number of historical reasons. The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato blight. A census taken in 1841 revealed a population of slightly over 8 million. A census immediately after the famine in 1851 counted 6,552,385, a drop of almost 1.5 million in 10 years.


1840s, Politics and wars, Northern Europe, United Kingdom
The period of the potato blight in Ireland from 1845 to 1851 was full of political confrontation. A more radical Young Ireland group seceded from the Repeal movement and attempted an armed rebellion in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848, which was unsuccessful.


1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Europe, Spain
This period saw the 1840 end of the First Carlist War, a civil war in Spain over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy. This was the first full decade of the reign of Isabella II of Spain. Since she was only 10 years old in 1840, her true reign started in 1843, for which the first portion was referred to as Década moderada. The Affair of the Spanish Marriages (1846) was a series of intrigues between France, Spain, and the United Kingdom relating Isabella II's marriages, which was shortly followed by Second Carlist War (1847–1849).


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Canada
In the prior decade, the desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837–1838. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce was predicted to have been born in the 1840s


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
The United States had five different Presidents during the decade. Only the 1880s would have as many. Martin Van Buren was president when the decade began, but was defeated by William Henry Harrison in the U.S. presidential election of 1840. Harrison's service was the shortest in history, starting with his inauguration on March 4, 1841, and ending when he died on April 4, 1841.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
Harrison's vice president, John Tyler, replaced him as President (the first Presidential succession in U.S. history), and served out the rest of his term. Tyler spent much of his term in conflict with the Whig party. He ended his term having made an alliance with the Democrats, endorsing James K. Polk and signing the resolution to annex Texas into the United States.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
In the Presidential election of 1844, James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay. During his presidency, Polk oversaw the U.S. victory in the Mexican–American War and subsequent annexation of what is now the southwest United States. He also negotiated a split of the Oregon Territory with Great Britain.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
In the U.S. presidential election of 1848, Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeated Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan. Taylor's term in office was cut short by his death in 1850.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
In the first part of the 1840s, the modern state of California was part of a larger province of Mexico, called "Alta California". The region included all of the modern American states of California, Nevada and Utah, and parts of Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
The United States, embarked on the Conquest of California in an early military campaign of the Mexican–American War in Alta California. The California Campaign was marked by a series of small battles throughout 1846 and early 1847. The Treaty of Cahuenga was signed on January 13, 1847, and essentially terminated hostilities in Alta California. Shortly thereafter, John C. Frémont was appointed Governor of the new California Territory, and Yerba Buena, California, was renamed San Francisco.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in February 1848, marked the end of the Mexican–American War. By the terms of the treaty, Mexico formally ceded Alta California along with its other northern territories east through Texas, receiving $15,000,000 in exchange. This largely unsettled territory constituted nearly half of its claimed territory with about 1% of its then population of about 4,500,000.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
The discovery of gold in Northern California (and subsequent discourse about that discovery in 1848) led to the California Gold Rush. In October 1848, the SS California left New York Harbor, rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrived in San Francisco after the 4-month-21-day journey. Thereafter, regular steamboat service continued from the west to the east coast of the United States. During 1848, only an estimated 6,000 to 6,500 people traveled to California to seek gold that year.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States
By the beginning of 1849, word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world, and an overwhelming number of gold-seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent. In 1849, an estimated 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849—of which 50,000 to 60,000 were from the United States. In 1850, California joined the union as the 31st state.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Texas
The Republic of Texas had declared independence in 1836, as part of breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The following year, an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state. Fearing a war with Mexico, which did not recognize Texas independence, the United States declined the offer.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Texas
In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845, as the 28th U.S. state. Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state, and never considered land south of the Nueces River to be part of Texas. This border dispute between the newly expanded United States and Mexico triggered the Mexican–American War.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Texas
When the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave-owning areas but gained El Paso.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexican–American War
American territorial expansion to the Pacific coast was a major goal of U.S. President James K. Polk. In 1845, the United States of America annexed Texas, which had won independence from Centralist Republic of Mexico in the Texas Revolution of 1836. Mexico did not accept the annexation, while also continuing to claim the Nueces River as its border with Texas, and also still considering Texas to be a province of Mexico. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area, and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, the U.S. declared the Mexican–American War (1846–1848).


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexican–American War
Combat operations lasted a year and a half, from the spring of 1846 to the fall of 1847. U.S. forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and began the Conquest of California in Mexico's Alta California Department. They then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico (modern-day northeastern Mexico and northwest Mexico). Meanwhile, the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory. The U.S. Army eventually captured the capital Mexico City, having marched west from the port of Veracruz, where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexican–American War
The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and specified its major consequence, the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexican–American War
Mexico acknowledged the loss of their province, later the Republic of Texas (and now the State of Texas), and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States. Including Texas, Mexico ceded an area of approximately 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) – by its terms, around 55% of its former national territory.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico
The 1840s for Mexico were the end of the centralist government and the waning years the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President Antonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the new Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("Siete Leyes"), From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including Mexican Texas, which won its independence in the Texas Revolution of 1836.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico
The Republic of the Rio Grande declared its independence from Mexico in January 1840. However, the border with Texas was never determined (whether the Nueces River or the Rio Grande). The new Republic fought a brief and unsuccessful war for independence, returning to Mexico late in the year.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico
In 1841, Generals Santa Anna and Paredes led a rebellion against President Bustamante, resulting in Santa Anna becoming president of the centralist government for a fifth time . Local officials in Yucatán declared independence in 1841, opposing strong autocratic rule and demanding the restoration of the Constitution of 1824, thus establishing the second Republic of Yucatán.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico
In 1842, the region of Soconusco was annexed by Mexico as part of the state of Chiapas, following the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico
In 1846, President Paredes and the Congress of Mexico declared war at the beginning of the Mexican–American War. Paredes' presidential successor was deposed in a coup, replaced by José Mariano Salas. Salas issued a new decree that restored the Constitution of 1824, ending the Centralist Republic and beginning the Second Federal Republic of Mexico. After the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, José Joaquín de Herrera became the second president of Mexico to finish his term (Mexico's first president completed his in 1829). It was during this time that Yucatán reunited with Mexico. A decisive factor for the reunion was the Caste War of Yucatán (a revolt by the indigenous Maya population) for which Yucatán initially sought help from Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but ultimately reunited with Mexico for help.


1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico
Herrera peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the Federal Elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista. Despite being exiled from Mexico in 1848, Santa Anna would return to the presidency one last time during the 1850s.


1840s, Science and technology, Photography
The 1840s saw the rise of the Daguerreotype. Introduced in 1839, the Daguerreotype was the first publicly announced photographic process and came into widespread use in the 1840s. Numerous events in the 1840s were captured by photography for the first time with the use of the Daguerreotype. A number of daguerrotypes were taken of the occupation of Saltillo during the Mexican–American War, in 1847 by an unknown photographer. These photographs stand as the first ever photos of warfare in history.


1840s, Science and technology, Transportation, Rail
Widespread interest to invest in rail technology led to a speculative frenzy in Britain, known there as Railway Mania. It reached its zenith in 1846, when no fewer than 272 Acts of Parliament were passed, setting up new railway companies, and the proposed routes totalled 9,500 miles (15,300 km) of new railway. Around a third of the railways authorised were never built – the company either collapsed due to poor financial planning, was bought out by a larger competitor before it could build its line, or turned out to be a fraudulent enterprise to channel investors' money into another business.


1840s, Popular culture, Fashion
Fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow, natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s fashion and 1830s fashion. The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women.


1840s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera
The third cholera pandemic happened during the 1840s, which researchers at UCLA believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863. This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics. It originated in India (in Lower Bengal), spreading along many shipping routes in 1846. Over 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846. In Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.


1840s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera
A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives. In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever. In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool, England, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in Hull, England. In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris.


1840s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera
Cholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the United States, spread throughout the Mississippi river system, killing over 4,500 in St. Louis and over 3,000 in New Orleans. Thousands died in New York, a major destination for Irish immigrants. The outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849–1850 took the life of former U.S. President James K. Polk. During the California Gold Rush, cholera was transmitted along the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails as 6,000 to 12,000 are believed to have died on their way to Utah and Oregon in the cholera years of 1849–1855. It is believed cholera claimed more than 150,000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849, and also claimed 200,000 victims in Mexico.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons
This article encompasses the 1840–1849 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1840, Tropical Storm One
June 19–23. In the middle of June, a tropical storm passed west of Lake Charles, Louisiana accompanied by several days of heavy rain. Strong winds on June 21 damaged corn crops.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1840, Tropical Storm Three
On an unspecified date in 1840, a hurricane reportedly caused severe flooding that destroyed entire villages at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Unclear whether these events are related to prior storm that struck Galveston.


1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Tropical Storm One
August 23–24. tropical storm reported off south U.S. Atlantic coast.