1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
On September 17, a hurricane was observed in the mid-Atlantic by the bark Phantom. Later that day, the Phantom sank, though all of the crew survived. They described the system as a 'perfect hurricane' with a lull around midnight on September 17 before the wind changed direction and blew with even greater force than before. The hurricane continued travelling on a northwest track and between September 22 and the night of September 23 it was encountered by the Hudson, the City of Washington and the bark Lanark.


1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The system weakened to a tropical storm early on September 24 and dissipated later that day about 610 mi (980 km) east of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Until reanalysis, this storm was considered two separate systems, including in the 1995 study by Partagas and Diaz. However, they stated that further information could indicate a single storm.


1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Based on reports from the bark Wh H. Chandler, a tropical storm developed in the Bahamas near Acklins on September 22. Moving northward, the storm strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane by 12:00 UTC the next day. Later on September 23, the Harkaway noted a "severe hurricane" at Bermuda, though the report was considered "doubtful" due to the storm's distance from the island. The hurricane continued northward and was last noted about 200 mi (320 km) east of Virginia on September 25, after the Priscilla observed sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h).


1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
The final known tropical cyclone of the season was first observed by the brig Sea Lark on October 21, while located just north of Inagua in the Bahamas. Throughout the Bahamas, storm surge impacted some islands. At Nassau, several ships were driven ashore, parts of the town were flooded and buildings along the shoreline suffered damage. The storm moved northeastward and strengthened into a hurricane at 12:00 UTC on October 22. About 24 hours later, the hurricane deepened into a Category 2 hurricane. Later on October 23, it passed just west of Bermuda.


1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
Gale force winds and rough seas were observed on the island, causing damage to several vessels. Peaking with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), the storm began to weaken, falling to Category 1 intensity on October 25. It weakened to a tropical storm early the following day and dissipated hours later, while located about 195 mi (315 km) east-southeast of Sable Island.


1858 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1858 saw the reelection of Frederic W. Lincoln Jr.


1858 Boston mayoral election
Although nominated by both the People's Union  and National American parties, former mayor Jerome V. C. Smith declined to run.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
The 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning was the arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England, when sweets accidentally made with arsenic were sold from a market stall. Twenty-one victims died as a result. The event contributed to the passage of the Pharmacy Act 1868 in the United Kingdom and legislation regulating the adulteration of foodstuffs.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Background
William Hardaker, known to locals as "Humbug Billy", sold sweets from a stall in the Greenmarket in central Bradford (now the site of Bradford's Arndale Centre). Hardaker purchased his supplies from Joseph Neal, who made the sweets (or "lozenges") on Stone Street a few hundred yards to the north. The lozenges in question were peppermint humbugs, made of peppermint oil incorporated into a base of sugar and gum.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Background
However, sugar was expensive (6½d per 1 pound (0.45 kg)) and so Neal would substitute powdered gypsum (½d per 1 pound (0.45 kg)) — known as "daff" — for some of the required sugar. The adulteration of foodstuffs with cheaper substances was common at the time and the adulterators used obscure nicknames ("daff", "multum", "flash", "stuff") to hide the practice.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Accidental poisoning
On the occasion in question, on 30 October 1858, Neal sent James Archer, a lodger who lived at his house, to collect daff for Hardaker's humbugs from druggist Charles Hodgson. Hodgson's pharmacy was 3 miles (4.8 km) away at Baildon Bridge in Shipley. Hodgson was at his pharmacy, but did not serve Archer owing to illness and so his requests were seen to by his young assistant, William Goddard. Goddard asked Hodgson where the daff was, and was told that it was in a cask in a corner of the attic. However, rather than daff, Goddard sold Archer 12 pounds (5.4 kg) of arsenic trioxide.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Accidental poisoning
The mistake remained undetected even during manufacture of the sweets by James Appleton, an "experienced sweetmaker" employed by Neal, though Appleton did observe that the finished product looked different from the usual humbugs. Appleton was suffering symptoms of illness during the sweet-making process and was ill for several days afterwards with vomiting and pain in his hands and arms, but did not realise it was caused by poison. 40 pounds (18 kg) of lozenges were sold to Hardaker who also noticed the sweets looked unusual and used this to obtain a discount from Neal. Like Appleton, Hardaker, as one of the first to taste the sweets, also promptly became ill.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Accidental poisoning
Regardless, Hardaker sold 5 pounds (2.3 kg) of the sweets from his market stall that night – reportedly at a price of 1½d for 2 ounces (57 g). Of those who purchased and ate the sweets, 21 people died with a further 200 or so becoming severely ill with arsenic poisoning within a day or so.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Consequences
Originally the first deaths—those of two children—were thought to be owed to cholera, a major problem in Britain at the time. The growing number of casualties soon showed that the purchase of lozenges from Hardaker's stall was the cause, and from there the trail led to Neal and Hodgson. Goddard was arrested and stood before magistrates in the court house in Bradford on 1 November with Hodgson and Neal later committed for trial with Goddard on a charge of manslaughter.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Consequences
Dr John Bell identified arsenic as the cause, and this was confirmed by Felix Rimmington, a prominent chemist and druggist and analytical chemist. Rimmington estimated that each humbug contained between 14 and 15 grains (910 and 970 milligrams) of arsenic, though a contemporary account suggests 9 grains (580 milligrams), with 4.5 grains (290 milligrams) being a lethal dose. Thus, each lozenge would have contained enough arsenic to kill two people, and enough distributed by Hardaker in total to kill 2,000. The prosecution against Goddard and Neal was later withdrawn and Hodgson was acquitted when the case was considered at York Assizes on 21 December 1858.


1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Consequences
The tragedy and resulting public outcry was a major contributing factor to The Pharmacy Act 1868 which recognized the chemist and druggist as the custodian and seller of named poisons (as medicine was then formally known). The requirement for record keeping and the requirement to obtain the signature of the purchaser is currently upheld under the Poisons Act 1972 for "non-medicinal" poisons. W. E. Gladstone's ministry of 1868–1874 also brought in legislation regulating the adulteration of foodstuffs as a result of the events.


1858 Chicago mayoral election
In the 1858 Chicago mayoral election, Republican John Charles Haines defeated Daniel Brainard.


1858 Christiania fire
The 1858 Christiania fire, starting on 14 April 1858, severely destroyed several city blocks near Stortorvet in Christiania, Norway. 41 buildings were destroyed, and about 1,000 people lost their homes.


1858 Christiania fire, Course of events
The fire started around at one o'clock in the night, in the home of a carpenter in a wooden building within the city block west of the street Dronningens gate. The wind was blowing from the north, and within one hour five houses were set on fire. Within three hours buildings east of Dronningens gate started burning. This block had many old wooden houses, and the whole block was soon on fire and burned down completely except for one building. An important task for the firefighters was to prevent the fire from spreading southwards across the street Prinsens gate.


1858 Christiania fire, Course of events
A fire engine pump from the fortress was placed here, and the crew managed to stop it spreading further southwards. Somewhat unexpectedly the fire jumped across the wide street of Kirkegaten. Some of the buildings collapsed rather quickly, and two of the firefighters perished during those events. To the east, crew from the ship Lindesnes managed to prevent the fire from crossing the street Skippergaten. After great efforts the firefighters succeeded in stopping the fire from spreading north and westwards across the streets Kongens gate and Østre gate.


1858 Christiania fire, Outcome
Eventually the whole block between the streets Prinsens gate, Kirkegaten, Østre gate and Dronningens gate was destroyed. Also nearly all buildings of the block east of Dronningens gate burned down, as well as large parts of the block west of Kirkegaten. A total of 41 buildings burned down. Based on the census from 1855, the number of persons living within the destroyed area was 808. Adding an assumed extra number due to later development, it was estimated in contemporary newspaper reports that about 1,000 persons lost their homes due to the fire.


1858 Christiania fire, Outcome
The number of livestock numbered to 38 horses and eight cows in 1855, and was presumed to be of the same order in 1858, although no specific report is available. Large quantities of household contents and goods had been saved from the burning houses, much of it assembled at the market place.


1858 Christiania fire, Aftermath
The fire had a definite impact on decisions regarding the future of the city. Funding for a new water supply was decided four weeks after the fire. This included a new dam at Maridalsoset, the outlet of Maridalsvannet. The old piping system of the city was made of linked pine logs with drilled holes. The new water pipelines were based on cast iron. The old water pumps at the crossroads disappeared, and households got tap water installed. Also, the fire department of the city was eventually reorganized.


1858 City of Auckland by-election
The City of Auckland by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the City of Auckland electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 27 April 1858.


1858 City of Auckland by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP John Campbell and was won by Thomas Forsaith on a show of hands.


1858 City of Wellington by-election
The City of Wellington by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member City of Wellington electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 27 July 1858.


1858 City of Wellington by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of two of the three incumbent MPs Isaac Featherston and William Fitzherbert, and was won by Featherston and William Rhodes. Featherston resigned in order to return to England, but then decided to remain in New Zealand while Rhodes resigned to contest the Hutt 1858 by-election which he subsequently won. On nomination day (26 July) Featherston, Rhodes, Jerningham Wakefield and William Bowler were nominated, and after a show of hands in favour of  Rhodes and Featherston a poll was demanded by Wakefield and Bowler. Featherston and Rhodes were subsequently elected the following day.


1858 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1858 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1858. Former Norwich mayor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee James T. Pratt with 51.97% of the vote.


1858 Cumberland (North Riding) colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Cumberland North Riding in September 1858 because of the resignation of Henry Parkes due to financial difficulties with his newspaper The Empire.


1858 Danish Folketing election
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 14 June 1858. Carl Christian Hall remained Prime Minister following the elections.


1858 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system
The elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as "dependents" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.


1858 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1858 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1858. Incumbent Know Nothing Governor Peter F. Causey was unable to seek re-election. His 1854 opponent, William Burton, once again ran as the Democratic nominee. James S. Buckmaster, the former State Treasurer, ran as the People's Party candidate. Burton narrowly defeated Buckmaster to win back the governorship for the Democratic Party.


1858 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
This Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1858 Dunedin Country by-election
The Dunedin Country by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Dunedin Country electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 16 June 1858. The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP John Cargill and was won by John Taylor.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background
The Dunedin Country electorate was one of the original 24 parliamentary electorates of New Zealand from 1853, and it was one of the two-member electorates. John Cargill was one of the original representatives of the Dunedin Country electorate, and he again won election in 1855; the second representative in 1855 was his father, William Cargill. Cargill Jr. was one of many members of the House of Representatives who resigned prior to the second session of the 2nd New Zealand Parliament.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background
The house had not been convened in 1857 and Cargill placed an advertisement in the Otago Witness on 12 September 1857, announcing his intention of handing in his resignation. At the opening of the second session of the 2nd Parliament on 10 April 1858, the speaker read out 14 resignations, including that of Cargill.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background
The Otago Witness discussed various potential candidates for the by-election prior to the nomination meeting. William Henry Teschemaker was known to have declined to be elected; he would later in the year be elected to Northern electorate of the Otago Provincial Council. The intentions of Alexander Chalmers were unknown. It was speculated that William Henry Valpy, Jr. would accept to be the representative.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background
It was also known that John Taylor was interested in standing, but the Otago Witness had a strong dislike to him, as he frequently moved to new towns and had only been in Otago for a short time. A week later, the next edition of the Otago Witness discussed Taylor and Valpy as the only candidates who would contest the election; it was stated that both had no prior political experience. Valpy had, however, not offered himself for election, whilst Taylor had addressed the electors at a meeting. At the meeting, Taylor confirmed his political independence and inexperience:


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background
I must, however, distinctly state that, as I have hitherto but very superficially studied New Zealand politics, if elected, I go to the Assembly entirely unfettered by any pledge, excepting to oppose Dr. Menzies' proposal for the division of the Province.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background
Dr Menzies was a settler near the later town of Wyndham, and he was the leader of the Southland separatist movement, the initiative to split the Southland Province off from the Otago Province.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Nomination meeting
The nomination meeting was held at the Dunedin court house on Tuesday, 15 June at noon. John Gillies, the father of John Lillie Gillies, acted as the returning officer. John Taylor was proposed by Edward McGlashan and seconded by Dr William Purdie. As no other candidates were proposed, the returning officer was just about to declare Taylor elected unopposed when several electors asked to be informed of Taylor's political opinions, and questions to that effect were put to him.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Nomination meeting
The returning officer was unsure how to proceed, when William Cutten proposed to nominate a pro forma candidate so that the candidates are given the opportunity to state their attitudes to important political questions. To that end, Cutten proposed and G. Smith seconded Peter Murdoch Napier, a runholder and one of the original explorers of the Maniototo.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Nomination meeting
Taylor and Napier then addressed the electors and answered questions. Their views differed on one issue only; whilst Napier favoured the introduction of the secret ballot, Taylor wanted to retain the status quo where electors would tell the returning officer their choice of favoured candidate, i.e. oral voting. Napier stated that he had not intended to be a candidate until proposed by Cutten. After a show of hands in favour of Taylor, Napier demanded a poll.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Results
The poll was held the following day from 12 noon. Taylor won the Dunedin polling booth by 51 votes to 20. The results from the outlying polling booths came in the following day, and at 12 noon on Friday, 18 June 1858, the returning officer declared Taylor elected.


1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Results
Despite the promises that he made to the electors, Taylor assisted in bringing in the New Provinces Act, which constituted Southland as a separate provincial district. This brought him into conflict with many of his constituents, and he chose to retire from parliament at the end of the electoral term in 1860. The Dunedin Country electorate was abolished at the same time. The separation of Southland from the Otago Province went ahead in March 1861, and Menzies was elected its first Superintendent, succeeded by Taylor in 1865. The secret ballot was introduced in 1870, and first used in the 1871 election.


1858 Grand National
The 1858 Grand National was the 20th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 6 March 1858.


1858 Grey and Bell by-election
The Grey and Bell by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the Grey and Bell electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 17 May 1858, and was, the second by-election in the electorate.


1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background
The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP John Lewthwaite and was won by Charles Brown (who had previously resigned the seat, forcing the by-election that returned Lewthwaite). Electors signed a requisition for Dillon Bell, who was not a resident of the district, and who was not in the district prior to the election. No formal response was received by the electors from Bell; apparently, there was a delay in him receiving the requisition. Thomas Hirst advertised that he would contest the election in case that Bell would not stand.


1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background
At the nomination meeting on 15 May, Bell was nominated in absentia by Captain Henry King and James Crowe Richmond. Another elector, Mr Watt, guaranteed that Bell had conveyed to him by private mail that he would represent the electorate, but that he would not wish to stand for election if either Mr King or Mr Thomas Hurst intended to stand against him.


1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background
Charles Brown, who had signed the Bell requisition, then came forward and offered himself as a candidate in view of the fact that no official response had been received from Bell. Brown was formally nominated by John Hursthouse (the husband of Richmond's aunt Helen Hursthouse, née Wilson) and seconded by Mr Sunley. Brown stated that he had been asked by Harry Atkinson, a member of the Taranaki provincial council (and later Premier of New Zealand), to stand for election to prevent the return of Hirst.


1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background
Thomas Hirst was the third person to be nominated. With regards to his earlier pledge of not contesting the election against Bell, he stated that since no formal reply had been received, he felt that he had not broken his pledge.


1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background
After a show of hands in favour of Bell, Brown's supporters demanded a poll; only two attendees had shown their support for Hirst. Charles Brown was subsequently elected on 17 May, with 75 votes for Brown and 61 votes for Bell. Hirst declined to stand in favour of Brown.


1858 Hietsu earthquake
The Hietsu earthquake (飛越地震, Hietsu jishin) was a doublet earthquake that took place on April 9, 1858 (according to the old Japanese calendar, February 26, Ansei 5). It most likely occurred on the Atotsugawa and Miboro faults, which connect the Amō Pass in Gifu Prefecture (in the part that was called Hida Province) and Mount Tate in Toyama Prefecture (then known as Etchū Province) on the island of Honshū in Japan. Its name includes one kanji from Hida (飛騨国) and one from Etchū (越中国). The earthquakes are estimated to have killed 200–300 people. It also caused the Mount Tombi landslide and blocked the upper reaches of the Jōganji River.


1858 Hietsu earthquake, Sources
This article incorporates material from 飛越地震 (Hietsu jishin) and linked articles in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on February 29, 2008.


1858 Hutt by-election
The 1858 Hutt by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the multi-member electorate of Hutt during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament on 31 July 1858, following the resignation of Dillon Bell and Samuel Revans on 22 March. The election was won by Alfred Renall and William Fitzherbert, who had resigned from the multi-member electorate City of Wellington in order to contest this by-election. That resignation forced a by-election to happen. Two other candidates unsuccessfully contested the electorate, George Hart and Peter Cheyne.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1858. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby
Polling Place : The Phoenix Inn, on the east side of Mount Pleasant, occupied by Edward Robinson.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Castle Street
Polling Place : The Commercial Hotel, Dale Street, occupied by Mr. Deakin


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton
The polling place was Halliday's Coffee House, south west corner of Rupert Lane.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange
Polling Place : The north end of the Sessions house in Chapel Street.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George
Polling Place : The Shop, No. 70, on the north side of Nelson Street, occupied by Edwin Thomas.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street
Polling Place : The House, No. 88, on the south side of London Road, occupied by Edward Ford.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth
Polling Place : The house, No. 60, Saint Jame's Place, occupied by William Jones.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street
Polling Place : The Committee room of the South Corporation School, in Park Lane.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street
Polling Place : The Coffee House, No. 71, near the entrance to the new arcade, on the east side of Renshaw Street, occupied by Mr. Mitchells.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Anne Street
Polling Place : The House of Mrs. Hindle, No. 55 on the west side of Christian Street.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's
Polling Place : The House of Mr. John Mather, at the north-west corner of St. Paul's Square.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's
Polling Place : The Public House, sign of "The Ring of Bells" in School Lane, occupied by Mr. John Bennion.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland
Polling place : The House, No. 237, on the north side of Burlington Street, occupied by Mr. Des?er.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland
Richard Sheil was the first Catholic elected to Liverpool Town Council.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, South Toxteth
Polling Place : The shop on the west side of Park Road, occupied by Eliza Gould, near the church of St. John the Baptist.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall
Polling Place : The House occupied by Mr. George Gurden, No. 167, on the west side of Vauxhall Road nearly opposite the end of Paul Street.


1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, West Derby
Polling Place : The House on the south side of Edge Hill, in the occupation of John Jackson, and opposite St. Mary's Church.


1858 Lobachevskij
1858 Lobachevskij (prov. designation: 1972 QL) is a rare-type background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 August 1972, by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Russian mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky.


1858 Lobachevskij, Orbit and classification
Lobachevskij had already been photographed in precovery images dating back to the 1930s, providing it with a much larger observation arc. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,620 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. First observed as 1928 SG at Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, the asteroid's first used observations was a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954, extending its observation arc by 18 years prior to its official discovery at Nauchnyj.


1858 Lobachevskij, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky (1792–1856), Russian mathematician and creator of the first comprehensive system of non-Euclidean geometry. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3826).


1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics
Lobachevskij is a strongly reddish and relatively uncommon L-type asteroid in the SMASS classification. It has an absolute magnitude between 11.5 and 12.4.


1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In May 2011, photometric observation of Lobachevskij gave a rotation period of 5.413 and 5.435 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 and 0.33 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2), superseding a previous period of 7.00 hours (U=2).


1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In September 2012, two rotational lightcurves were obtained in the S- and R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a period of 5.409 and 5.4141 hours with an amplitude of 0.26 and 0.22 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).


1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics, Occultation
Lobachevskij covered a 10.4 mag star—a phenomenon known as occultation—in the constellation Sagittarius in June 2007. It was predicted that the event could be seen in the northeastern United States and southeast Canada. The combined light magnitude of the bodies would drop momentarily—for a maximum of 2.2 seconds.


1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lobachevskij measures between 10.769 and 10.919 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.3737 and 0.383, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a lower albedo of 0.18 and calculates a diameter of 12.47 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.


1858 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1858 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathaniel Banks was easily re-elected to a second term in office, beginning a period of Republican dominance which would extended into the 1870s.


1858 Massachusetts legislature
The 79th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1858 during the governorship of Nathaniel Prentice Banks. Charles Wentworth Upham served as president of the Senate and Julius Rockwell served as speaker of the House.


1858 Massachusetts legislature
Notable legislation included setting a salary of $300 per year for each member of the legislature.


1858 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1858 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1858. Republican nominee Moses Wisner defeated Democratic nominee Charles E. Stuart with 53.77% of the vote.


1858 New England and Macleay colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of New England and Macleay on 26 November 1858 because of the resignation of Abram Moriarty, for reasons that included the difficulty of serving a far distant electorate.


1858 New South Wales colonial election
The 1858 New South Wales colonial election was held between 13 January and 12 February 1858. This election was for all of the 54 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 18 single-member constituencies, 13 2-member constituencies, two 3-member constituencies and one 4-member constituency, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 19 December 1857 by the Governor, Sir William Denison, on the advice of the Premier, Charles Cowper.


1858 New South Wales colonial election
There was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system.


1858 New South Wales colonial election, Results
New South Wales colonial election, 13 January 1858 – 12 February 1858Legislative Assembly << 1856–1859 >>


1858 New York state election
The 1858 New York state election was held on November 2, 1858, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and two members of the New York State Senate. Besides, the question was asked if a Constitutional Convention should be held, and answered in the negative: The vote was 135,266 for and 144,526 against.


1858 New York state election, History
The "Mass State Convention to nominate Gerrit Smith for Governor" met on August 4 at Syracuse, New York, Isaac Parks, of Canastota, presided.


1858 New York state election, History
The Republican and the American state conventions met on September 8 at Syracuse, New York. At the Republican convention, Thurlow Weed was a delegate to a state convention for the first time after twenty years. There was some debate about the nomination of a joint ticket with the Americans. Ezra Graves was temporary chairman until the choice of Daniel T. Jones as president. A motion to nominate candidates for governor was voted down by 166 to 67, and the convention adjourned. At the American convention, Daniel Ullmann was chosen President, and after much debate they adjourned too.


1858 New York state election, History
The Republican convention re-assembled on September 9, and Edwin D. Morgan was nominated for governor on the second ballot (first ballot: Morgan 116, Timothy Jenkins 51, James M. Cook 35, George W. Patterson 23, A. S. Diven 21, John Alsop King 4, Horace Greeley 3; second ballot: Morgan 165, Jenkins 52, Patterson 20, Diven 18). Between the two ballots an American delegation arrived. Robert Campbell was nominated for lieutenant governor by acclamation.


1858 New York state election, History
Now the American delegation marched back to the American convention with a Republican delegation which announced the Republican nominations and offered the Americans to complete the joint ticket with the nominees for Canal Commissioner and Prison Inspector. The Americans decided against it and nominated Lorenzo Burrows for governor, and Nathaniel S. Benton for lieutenant governor by acclamation. James R. Thompson was nominated for Canal Commissioner on the first ballot (vote: Thompson 84,  Jesse C. Dann 64, Benoni Thompson 15, Justus Deming 4, scattering 4). The incumbent William A. Russell was re-nominated for Prison Inspector on the first ballot.


1858 New York state election, Result
The whole Republican ticket was elected. The incumbent Russell was defeated.


1858 New York state election, Result
One Republican and one American were elected for the session of 1859 to the New York State Senate, which had then 16 Republicans, 12 Democrats, 3 Americans and one Independent Republican.


1858 New York state election, Result
99 Republicans and Americans, and 29 Democrats were elected for the session of 1859 to the New York State Assembly.


1858 Oregon gubernatorial election
The 1858 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on June 7, 1858 to elect the first governor in anticipation of Oregon statehood. With the state Democratic Party split into factions driven by personal rivalry and state government influence, the election matched insurgent E. M. Barnum against establishment candidate John Whiteaker, who won. The Republican Party first nominated John Denny, but he later withdrew in favor of the insurgent Democrat, whom the party hoped to win over to the Republicans.


1858 Pensioner Settlements by-election
The Pensioner Settlements by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Pensioner Settlements electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 29 April 1858.


1858 Pensioner Settlements by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Joseph Greenwood and was won by Jermyn Symonds. On nomination day (28 April) Jermyn Symonds and Captain Balneavis were nominated, and after a show of hands in favour of Symonds, Balneavis demanded a poll. John Symonds was subsequently elected the following day.


1858 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1858 saw the election of Alexander Henry.


1858 Portuguese legislative election
The Portuguese legislative election, 1858 was held on 2 May.


1858 San Diego hurricane
The 1858 San Diego hurricane was a very rare hurricane that impacted southern California. It is the only known tropical cyclone to directly impact California as a hurricane, although other systems have impacted California as tropical storms. The storm caused considerable damage to many homes and other structures in southern California, mainly around San Diego. A later estimate indicated that if a similar storm happened in 2004, it would have caused $500 million (2004 USD) in damage.


1858 San Diego hurricane, Meteorological history
In late September 1858, a hurricane formed over the eastern Pacific Ocean, concurrent with a moderate El Niño event spanning 1857–58. Unlike most east Pacific storms, this one accelerated toward the north-northeast. On October 2, it neared Southern California while weakening, due to cool sea surface temperatures and strong wind shear. The hurricane just missed making landfall, while turning to the west-northwest. The storm approached Santa Catalina Island in the Channel Islands and dissipated later on that day. There is some uncertainty to this reconstructed path.


1858 San Diego hurricane, Impact
In San Diego, heavy rain fell, and property damage was significant; many homes lost their roofs, and a few even collapsed. In addition, trees were uprooted, and fences destroyed. A recently constructed windmill was also blown away completely. Three schooners, the Plutus, the Lovely Flora, and the X.L., were blown ashore, although only the X.L. suffered major damage.


1858 San Diego hurricane, Impact
Rainfall in San Pedro was also heavy, but high winds were not reported. Parts of the embankment in the city were washed away, causing only around US$100 ($3,100.02 in 2019) in damage. The yacht Medora was washed ashore. Many reports claimed that the yacht was irreparable, but it was later claimed that the damage wasn't actually that great and could be repaired. A barge was destroyed, as was a large portion of the San Pedro wharf.


1858 San Diego hurricane, Impact
El Monte was buffeted by high winds, damaging corn crops and trees. Los Angeles and Visalia noted large amounts of rain, as much as 7 inches (180 mm), but low winds.


1858 San Diego hurricane, Impact
Two researchers with NOAA, Michael Chenoweth and Christopher Landsea reconstructed the path of the hurricane using accounts from newspapers of the strong winds. They estimated that if a similar storm were to have hit in 2004, it would have caused around US$500 million in damage.


1858 San Diego hurricane, Records
The hurricane was the only hurricane known to impact California. Due to cold water temperatures from the Arctic, tropical cyclones usually weaken, and steering currents in the eastern Pacific steer storms away from land.


1858 Southern Division by-election
The Southern Division by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Southern Division electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 8 May 1858.


1858 Southern Division by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Charles Taylor and was won by Theodore Haultain. On nomination day (28 April) Haultain and David Graham were nominated; Graham was the brother of the other member representing the electorate, Robert Graham. After a show of hands in favour of Haultain, Graham demanded a poll. Theodore Haultain was subsequently elected on 8 May.


1858 Town of Lyttelton by-election
The Town of Lyttelton by-election 1856 was a by-election held in the Town of Lyttelton electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 28 May 1856.


1858 Town of Lyttelton by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP James FitzGerald and was won unopposed by Crosbie Ward.


1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
The 1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 4, 1858 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 36th Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including various state and local elections.


1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
The winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1859, to March 4, 1861.


1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign
This election was held in the middle of the presidency of James Buchanan, with tensions between free states of the North and slave states of the South growing to the point of irreparability. Both the Whig Party and the Know Nothing Party had already collapsed, leaving no true opposition to the Democratic Party in Florida. Hawkins was very popular in the former Whig stronghold of Pensacola, bringing the populous city firmly into the Democratic column.


1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign
Though Hawkins was expected to run unopposed, he was challenged by Westcott, the former surveyor general of Florida and brother of former U.S. senator James Westcott. Westcott, running as an Independent Democrat, was opposed to the corruption in the Florida Democratic Party, perceiving the party's selection of nominees at conventions making the state's politicians open to political patronage. Westcott also promised cheap land to frontier settlers.


1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign
Westcott performed best in the frontierlands of East Florida and South Florida, where he was very popular due to his role in the Seminole Wars. Despite this, he could not make inroads into West Florida and was crushed in the general election, only receiving 38% of the vote to Hawkins' 62%.


1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Aftermath
This was the last election before the American Civil War to send a U.S. representative to Congress. An election was held in 1860, but the winner of that race did not serve in Congress as Florida seceded from the Union prior to the start of the 37th Congress. Hawkins withdrew from Congress on January 21, 1861 after Florida had joined the Confederate States of America. This was the last successful congressional election in Florida until 1868.


1858 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio
Ohio elected its members October 12, 1858, netting a 3-seat Republican gain.


1858 United States elections
The 1858 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President James Buchanan's term, during the opening stages of the Third Party System. Members of the 36th United States Congress were chosen in this election. In the first election since the Supreme Court decided Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Republican Party won a plurality in the House, taking control of a chamber of Congress for the first time in the party's history. Although Democrats lost control of the House, they retained their majority in the Senate.


1858 United States elections
In the House, Democrats suffered a major defeat, losing seats to Republicans and a group of southern party members who opposed secession, running on the Opposition Party ticket. Although no party won a majority, Republicans won a plurality of seats. Republican William Pennington won election as Speaker of the House, becoming the first Republican Speaker.


1858 United States elections
In the Senate, Republicans picked up several seats, but Democrats retained a commanding majority.


1858 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1858 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 7. In keeping with the "Mountain Rule", incumbent Republican Ryland Fletcher was not a candidate for a third one-year term. The Republican nominee was Hiland Hall. The Democratic nominee was Henry Keyes, who was also the Democratic nominee in 1856 and 1857.


1858 Vermont gubernatorial election
Vermont continued to strongly support abolitionism and the Republican Party, and Hall was easily elected. Hall took the oath of office for a one-year term that began on October 14.


1858 Waimea by-election
The Waimea by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Waimea electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 21 May 1858.


1858 Waimea by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Charles Elliott on 20 March 1858.


1858 Waimea by-election
The by-election was won unopposed by David Monro, who had represented the seat in the previous parliament.


1858 Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay by-election
The 1858 Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay by-election was a by-election held in the Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 22 July 1858.


1858 Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP J. Valentine Smith and was won unopposed by James Ferguson. Owing to an arbitrary shortening of the time between the issue of the writ and the holding of nominations at Castlepoint (where a single nomination was received) the election was over before many electors knew it was due to take place. Charles Carter had published his intention to stand on 17 July – five days before the nomination.


1858 Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay by-election
The validity of the election was called into question and a petition was sent to the Governor requesting a new writ, although it seems it was disallowed. The Electoral Districts Act 1858 (coincidentally passed a few weeks after the election) split the electorate in two with Ferguson declared as incumbent in County of Hawke and Carter winning Wairarapa in the 1859 supplementary election.


1858 Wairau by-election
The Wairau by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the Wairau electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 21 May 1858. The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP William Wells and was won unopposed by Frederick Weld.


1858 Wellington Country by-election
The 1858 Wellington Country by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the single-member electorate of Wellington Country during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament on 29 July 1858, following the resignation of Dudley Ward. The election was won by Alfred Brandon, who beat the only other candidate, Francis Bradey, easily.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 36th Congress were held during President James Buchanan's term at various dates in different states from August 1858 to November 1859.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections
Winning a plurality for the first time, Republicans benefited from multiple factors including the collapse of the nativist American Party, sectional strife in the Democratic Party, Northern voter dissatisfaction with the infamous March 1857 Dred Scott Supreme Court decision, political exposure of Democrats to chaotic violence in Kansas amid repeated attempts to impose slavery against the express will of a majority of its settlers, and a sharp decline in President Buchanan's popularity due to his perceived fecklessness. In Pennsylvania, his home state, Republicans made particularly large gains.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections
The pivotal Dred Scott decision was only the second time the Supreme Court had overturned law on Constitutional grounds. The decision created apprehension in the North, where slavery had ceased to exist, that a ruling in a different case widely expected to be heard by the Supreme Court would strike down any limitations on slavery anywhere in the United States.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections
Short of a majority, Republicans controlled the House with limited cooperation from smaller parties also opposing the Democrats. Republicans were united in opposing slavery in the territories and fugitive slave laws, while rejecting the abrogation of the Missouri Compromise, key aspects of the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision. Though not yet abolitionist, Republicans openly derived a primary partisan purpose from hostility to slavery while furnishing a mainstream platform for abolitionism. None of the party's views or positions was new. However, their catalytic cohesion into a unified political vehicle, and the bold dismissal of the South, represented a newly disruptive political force.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections
Democrats remained divided and politically trapped. Fifteen Democratic members publicly defied their party label. Of seven Independent Democrats, six represented Southern districts. Eight Northern Anti- Lecompton Democrats favored a ban on slavery in Kansas, effectively upholding the Missouri Compromise their party had destroyed several years earlier. Democrats lacked credible leadership and continued to drift in a direction favorable to the interests of slavery despite obviously widening and intensifying Northern opposition to the expansion of those interests.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections
A damaging public perception also existed that President Buchanan had improperly influenced and endorsed the Dred Scott decision, incorrectly believing that it had solved his main political problem. Such influence would violate the separation of powers. The wide gap between Democratic rhetoric and results alienated voters, while defeat in the North and intra-party defection combined to make the Party both more Southern and more radical.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections
Democrats lost seats in some slave states as the disturbing turn of national events and surge in sectional tensions alarmed a significant minority of Southern voters. Southern politicians opposing both Democrats and extremism, but unwilling to affiliate with Republicans, ran on the Southern Opposition Party ticket (not to be conflated with the Opposition Party of 1854).


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections
For 11 states, this was the last full congressional election until the Reconstruction. Twenty-nine elected members quit near the end of the session following their states' secession from the Union, whose immediate motivation was the result of the election of 1860.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
One seat each was added for the new states of Oregon and Kansas.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1858 and 1859 to the 35th United States Congress and 36th United States Congress.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, California
California held its election September 7, 1859. From statehood to 1864, California's members were elected at-large, with the top finishers winning election.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, Minnesota
Minnesota became a new state in 1858 having already elected its first two members at-large in October 1857 to finish the current term. The state then held elections to the next term October 4, 1859.


1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio
Ohio elected its members October 12, 1858, netting a 3-seat Republican gain.


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1858 and 1859 were elections which had the Republican Party gain five additional seats in the United States Senate, but the Democrats retained their majority. That majority would erode in 1860 with the secession of the southern states leading up to the Civil War. In Illinois, incumbent Stephen A. Douglas (D) and challenger Abraham Lincoln (R) held a series of seven debates, known as the "Lincoln–Douglas debates."


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections
As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 35th Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1858 or in 1859 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 36th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1859; ordered by state.


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 36th Congress
In this election, the winner was elected in 1859 on or after March 4; ordered by date.


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Race leading to the 37th Congress
In this regular election, the winner was elected for the term beginning March 4, 1861.


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Illinois
Incumbent U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas, a Democrat, defeated a challenge by former U.S. Representative Abraham Lincoln, the Republican nominee. Lincoln, who had been a member of the Whig Party prior to 1856, attacked Douglas for his perceived subservience to the Slave Power, as evidenced by his support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the recent Supreme Court ruling in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford. The election was extremely close, hinging on Douglas' ability to appeal to former Whigs who had resisted joining the Republicans following the decline of the Whig party after 1854. In the finale weeks of the campaign, Douglas received the coveted endorsement of Kentucky's John J. Crittenden, a prominent former Whig and Douglas' colleague in the Senate. Crittenden's support for Douglas considerably diminished Lincoln's chances of winning the election.


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Illinois
On election day, the statewide Republican ticket took 50.6% of the popular vote, outpolling the Democrats by a margin of 3,402 votes. Further down ballot, Republican candidates for the state legislature collectively received 24,094 more votes than the Douglas Democrats. (Buchanan Democrats received almost 10,000 votes, and there were a scattering of votes for write-in candidates.) Despite this, strategically-drawn district boundaries produced Democratic majorities in both houses of the state legislature: 40 Democrats and 35 Republicans were elected to the state House of Representatives, while the Democratic margin in the Senate was 14-11. On the day of the election in the Illinois General Assembly, Douglas received 54 votes to Lincoln's 46. The change of just over 300 votes in three state legislative districts from Democrats to Republicans would have been sufficient to deny Democrats a legislative majority and defeat Douglas.


1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Illinois
In spite of his defeat, Lincoln's debates with Douglas were followed nationally and established Lincoln as a leading contender for the Republican nomination in the 1860 United States presidential election. In the aftermath of the senatorial election, Lincoln contacted editors looking to publish the texts of the debates. George Parsons, the Ohio Republican committee chairman, got Lincoln in touch with Ohio's main political publisher, Follett and Foster, of Columbus. They published copies of the text under the title, Political Debates Between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas in the Celebrated Campaign of 1858, in Illinois. Four printings were made, and the fourth sold 16,000 copies.


1858 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1858 in Australia.


1858 in Canada, Historical Documents
In Britain, "New Caledonia" bill's "immediate object is to establish temporary law and order amidst a motley inundation of immigrant diggers"


1858 in Canada, Historical Documents
"Our miners, however, did not trust[... ]to mere hearsay" - How Californians slowly caught Fraser River gold fever (Note: blackface)


1858 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1858 in Chile.


1858 in India
Events in the year 1858 in India. Act of Parliament 1858


1858 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1858 in New Zealand.


1858 in New Zealand, Events
Provincial Council Chambers are constructed in Wellington. These will eventually become the seat of Parliament.


1858 in Russia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by JarrahTree (talk | contribs) at 11:34, 13 January 2020 (Reverted edits by 212.179.174.227 (talk) to last version by Cydebot). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1858 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1858 in South Africa.


1858 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1858 to Wales and its people.


1858 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1858.


1858 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1858.


1858 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1858 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1858 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1858 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1858.


1858 in science
The year 1858 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1858 in sports
1858 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
The van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem were an important scientific mapping of the region of Palestine and mapping of Jerusalem, published in 1858 by Dutch cartographer Charles William Meredith van de Velde.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
The surveys were carried out by Van de Velde during his 1851 visit to Palestine, where he carried out various surveys, drawings, paintings and around one hundred watercolours for postcards.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
After his trip, he held lectures on Palestine in Geneva and Lausanne.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
Together with the maps, Van de Velde published an album of 100 lithographs of the region.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
Van de Velde met Titus Tobler in Switzerland in 1855, where they agreed to make a new map of Jerusalem based on combining Tobler's own measurements with the flawed Royal Engineers map of 1840–41. Tobler published a 26-page memoir to accompany the map.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
The map was published in 1858 ahead of his later Map of the Holy Land. Van de Velde carried out the work alone with a 7-inch surveyor’s compass, without theodolites (which required multiple people to operate) and without making astronomical observations (which required significant time). Despite this, his map was considered the most accurate made at the time.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
When he returned from his trip to Palestine, he was able to obtain the 1840 Royal Engineers’ survey data, and used this in the production of this maps. Given the known flaws in the work, Van de Velde used the Royal Engineers’ raw data to construct his map, cross-comparing the data with his work as well as all known previous geographical and cartographical knowledge.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
Yehoshua Ben-Arieh stated that: “Ritter’s writing and van de Velde’s map together may be considered the crowning achievements of fifty years exploration and research in the geography of Palestine.”


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
Faehndrich wrote that: “van de Velde’s map represented the complete body of Western geographical knowledge on Palestine, critically compiled, then verified on site and completed by his own measurements and his own (physical) experience, including the hardships needed to make a scientific map”.


1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem
4,409 copies of the regional maps and 612 copies of the Jerusalem map were sold between 1858 and 1877.


1858–59 Cape Colony parliamentary election
The 1858–59 Cape Colony parliamentary election was conducted between September 1858 and early March 1859. This was the second election for the Cape parliament, which had been established in 1854.


1858–59 Cape Colony parliamentary election
Despite the election, the parliament was weak and executive power remained firmly in the hands of the Governor, Sir George Grey, who was appointed from London. Rawson W. Rawson continued as the colony's Colonial Secretary. As Colonial Secretary, Rawson could speak in both the Assembly and Council, but held no voting rights.


1858–59 Cape Colony parliamentary election
In the Eastern Province, the assembly elections saw little excitement, with some constituencies had difficulty even finding willing candidates. Andries Stockenström and Robert Godlonton, both representatives for the Eastern Division in the Council, chose not to seek re-election.


1858–59 Cape Colony parliamentary election, Constituencies
For elections to the House of Assembly, the Cape was divided into 22 electoral divisions, returning a total of 46 members. The electoral division boundaries corresponded with the existing Cape Colony fiscal divisions. The only exceptions to this were for Albany, and the urban areas of Cape Town-Green Point and Grahamstown, (which were not included in the Cape electoral division), which had their own electoral divisions.


1859
1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1859th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 859th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 59th  year of the 19th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1859, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1859 (magazine)
1859 Oregon's Magazine is a bi-monthly lifestyle magazine based in Bend, Oregon whose mission is to Live Think Explore. Named for Oregon's year of statehood, the publication was established in Bend, Oregon in the summer of 2009, largely the brainchild of Kevin Max and Heather Johnson.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch
1859 Oregon's Magazine is run by a small staff in Bend, Oregon. Kevin Max is the chief content officer.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch
Kevin Max, a New York City financial journalist, relocated to Oregon and founded the magazine. While working as a journalist around the state, Max was inspired by historic buildings dating back to the year of Oregon's statehood, 1859, and by the prominence of the year on the Oregon flag.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch
Despite the difficult economic situation prevalent at the time of its 2009 launch — a moment at which American magazines were experiencing a 26% decline in ad revenue over previous-year figures — 1859 Oregon's Magazine experienced initial success powered by its placement in Borders Books, Barnes & Noble, and the grocery chain Whole Foods. The magazine's debut issue saw a total of 30,000 copies produced.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch
1859 found its niche covering statewide arts and culture, adventure and exploration, and focussing on Oregon as a whole rather than any single region or city. The magazine  grew from a quarterly to a bi-monthly publication in 2012 and in 2017 Max launched a sister publication, , a journal of statewide culture in Washington state.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch
continues to expand upon its original mission statement exploring statewide culture and community.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Content
1859 relies upon freelance writers and photographers for a majority of its content. Other regular content features are produced by members of the publication's staff.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Content
The magazine covers stories dealing with the length and breadth of the state of Oregon, from the Pacific Coast to high desert of Eastern Oregon. The magazine deals with both geographical and biographical material, including both contemporary and historical content. The publication has been characterized as "a National Geographic for the state of Oregon."


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Content
The publication touts Oregon for "a wealth of recreational, ecological, historical and entrepreneurial intrigue," including residents who are "pioneers in the sustainable movement, bike geeks and techies, Native Americans and cowboys, financiers and vintners."


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Sustainability philosophy
1859 magazine has been outspoken in its promotion of the concept of sustainability, making use of soy-based ink, and supporting Oregon wildlife protection by means of a campaign through which half of the magazine's subscription price was targeted to the conservation group Oregon Wild.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Honors
In April 2011, 1859 was nominated for a Maggie Award in the category "Best New Quarterly Magazine" by the Maggie Awards Committee of the Western Publishing Association in Los Angeles. The nomination, based upon inspection of publication's Autumn 2010 issue, was based upon ten specific editorial aspects involving cover design, layout, typography, and editorial content.


1859 (magazine), Publication details, Honors
1859 Oregon's Magazine won the 68th Annual Maggie Awards  and Best State/Regional Publication in 2020. Its sister publication, 1889 Washington's Magazine, took Best Special Interest Publication 2020.


1859 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1859 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 1, 1859, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat Andrew B. Moore won his second term as Governor.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1859 Atlantic hurricane season featured seven hurricanes, the most recorded during an Atlantic hurricane season until 1870. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season
Of the eight known 1859 cyclones, five were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagás and Henry Diaz, which was largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), with some adjustments. HURDAT is the official source for hurricane data such as track and intensity, although due to sparse records, listings on some storms are incomplete.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season
The first tropical cyclone was a hurricane observed in the Tuxpan area of Veracruz, Mexico, on July 1. Hurricane conditions were observed along the coast and several vessels were lost. On September 2, another hurricane struck Saint Kitts and Saint Croix, damaging ships on the former. The fifth storm of the season, possibly the most devastating of the season, brought storm surge and hurricane-force winds to the Florida Panhandle and Mobile, Alabama, as well as flooding and wind damage to some areas of the Mid-Atlantic. In early October, the sixth cyclone brought damage to Inagua in the Bahamas.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season
At least 25 boats sunk, with several people drowning after one vessel capsized. Two ships capsized in the Bahamas due to the seventh storm. A ship in the Gulf of Mexico capsized during the eighth and final cyclone, drowning an unknown number of people. The storm became extratropical offshore the Southeastern United States on October 29.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 56. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is tropical storm strength.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
Little is known about the first observed tropical cyclone of the 1859 season, which was first analyzed in 1995. During late June or early July, cities along the coastal Mexican state of Veracruz experienced a formidable hurricane, and several ships in the Gulf of Mexico were lost. Due to a lack of reports, the storm's listing in the Atlantic hurricane database is limited to a single point near Tuxpan, Veracruz, on July 1, although this date was chiefly chosen as a placeholder in lieu of definitive data. It is estimated that sustained winds reached 105 mph (165 km/h), which is equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
The second known storm of the season was discovered in contemporary reanalysis. It existed in the northwestern Atlantic in the middle of August with the only evidence of the storm being reports from two vessels in the vicinity of bad weather. One vessel, the Tornado, encountered severe winds, starting on August 17, which forced her to abandon her easterly course and sail into New York City. The Caure also experienced strong winds on August 18 and August 19 with a barometric pressure as low as 982 mbar (29.0 inHg).


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A standard wind–pressure relationship model for that value yields winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). The wind patterns reported by each ship indicate that neither vessel reached the storm's core, where winds are typically at their strongest. As a result, the system is estimated to have attained at least Category 2 intensity. Its approximate track follows an east-northeasterly trajectory.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The first of three hurricanes in September was also the first of the season to be identified prior to 1995. It was described by W. H. Alexander in a 1902 publication as a "mild" system which passed over St. Kitts and later St. Croix on September 2. A short track formulated for the storm in 1995 indicated a path across the northern Lesser Antilles on September 2; the track was shifted slightly toward the south for its inclusion within HURDAT. The highest sustained winds are estimated to have been 80 mph (130 km/h).


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Based on reports of strong winds from a ship near 40°N, 50°W, Partagás documented another new storm near that point on September 12. As with the previous hurricane, no track existed for this storm until the 1995 HURDAT, when more extensive observations from several additional vessels were utilized. At least four ships sustained structural damage or took on water, and the Bell Flower lost her captain and a crew member to the sea. The severity of the weather encountered by the ships suggested a cyclone of modest hurricane intensity.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
The fifth storm was first mentioned by David M. Ludlum in 1963 as having affected Mobile, Alabama, on September 15, but with no description of its genesis or impacts. Partagás also acknowledged the storm without attempting to reconstruct its track. As a result, the cyclone was initially added to the hurricane database with only a single data point, placing it near Mobile as a Category 1 hurricane. However, in 2003, the reanalysis project expanded the track from September 15 through September 18, using newspaper accounts and reports from both land and sea.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
With winds of minimal hurricane strength, the storm moved north-northeastward toward the central Gulf Coast. The cyclone made landfall early on September 16 over Alabama with winds estimated at 80 mph (130 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg). It likely weakened into a tropical storm as it pushed inland, and traversed the Southeastern United States and Mid-Atlantic region. The storm re-emerged into the Atlantic as it continued towards the northeast, and based on ship reports, it is believed to have reattained hurricane intensity prior to passing south of New England and the Canadian Maritimes, before being last noted on September 18.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Hurricane-force winds were reported in the Florida Panhandle. In Alabama, the storm brought strong winds and large waves to the Mobile area. After a wharf was flooded, authorities warned residents to seek higher ground. Businesses also moved their merchandise to the second floors of their buildings. Wharves, bathhouses, bales, barrels, and boxes washed away. The train system was also interrupted for a few days. A few ships, such as the schooner W W. Harkness and the steamboat Crescent suffered damage. Two oyster boats capsized and 2 people drowned. Winds downed fences, trees, and telegraph lines. Damage reached at least US$10,000.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Later, flooding was reported in Virginia and Washington, D.C.. The Potomac River rose considerably in some areas of Virginia and Washington, D.C., especially at Georgetown, where water reached the wharves. Two bridges nearly swept away. With the storm causing over 8 in (200 mm) of rain, crops, mill dams, and fences were damaged. In New York, strong winds destroyed a five-story warehouse and another adjoining building.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
The sixth storm of the season was first documented by Edward B. Garriott in 1900. After being first observed by a ship near Jamaica on October 2, the hurricane tracked northward over the extreme eastern tip of Cuba, according to its reconstructed track. Heavy weather was reported in Baracoa. The storm later reached southeastern Bahamas, where the cyclone severely impacted the Inagua region on October 2 and 3, destroying at least 25 boats. Several ships underway around Inagua endured rough seas and strong winds; "several of the crew and two soldiers" aboard one vessel wrecked by the hurricane died.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
Meteorological reports from ships confirm that the hurricane continued northward, passing about midway between Bermuda and the East Coast of the United States. On October 6, a vessel near the center of the storm recorded a barometric pressure of 938 mbar (27.7 inHg), signalling it was an intense hurricane even after it crossed the 40th parallel north. This was also the lowest pressure associated with the storm and was used to estimate that maximum sustained winds peaked at 125 mph (205 km/h). Also on October 6, a ship near Sable Island encountered the storm, which likely continued to approach the Canadian Maritimes. That day, the storm was last noted offshore Nova Scotia.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
Beginning on October 16, ships throughout the central Bahamas experienced squally conditions accompanied by strong winds. Based on those reports, this storm was documented in 1995 as a west-northwestward-moving system. One ship ran aground on Paradise Island and another suffered a similar fate in the Abaco Islands. Continuing westward, the storm made landfall near modern-day Boca Raton, Florida, with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) at 16:00 UTC on October 17. The system was last noted near present-day Arcadia early the following day.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
A low pressure area developed over the Bay of Campeche between October 23 and October 24, with a tropical storm forming on the latter date. At least four other ships in that portion of the Gulf of Mexico sustained appreciable structural damage. One ship capsized in the storm with all hands lost except one seaman, who was picked up on November 2 by a passing vessel. The survivor said he was stranded on the wreck for five days, indicating that his ship went down on October 28. Stormy weather was reported near Bermuda.


1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
Partagás and Diaz used these reports to create a track for the storm. Initially, the storm drifted north-northeastward and northeastward. By 12:00 UTC on October 26, it was estimated that the system became a hurricane and intensified slightly further to peak at winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). Shortly thereafter, the hurricane began accelerating east-northeastward due to a cold front. At 18:00 UTC on October 28, the storm made landfall near St. Petersburg, Florida. A barometric pressure of 974 mbar (28.8 inHg) was observed, the lowest in relation to the storm. The storm emerged in the Atlantic less than six hours later and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on October 29.


1859 Belgian general election
Partial general elections were held in Belgium on 14 June 1859. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 69 of the 116 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 31 of the 58 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 55.9%, although only 49,672 people were eligible to vote.


1859 Belgian general election
Under the alternating system, elections for the Chamber of Representatives were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders. Additionally, special elections were held on the same day in the arrondissements of Charleroi, Liège and Mons.


1859 Belgian general election, Campaign
Twelve of the 58 seats were uncontested, of which the Catholics won nine and the Liberals three.


1859 Belgian general election, Results, Chamber of Representatives
The results exclude the voting figures for the Leper Colony seat.


1859 Belgian general election, Constituencies
The distribution of seats among the electoral districts was as follows for the Chamber of Representatives, with the difference compared to the previous election due to population growth:


1859 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1859 saw the reelection of Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. to a third consecutive term.


1859 California gubernatorial election
The 1859 California gubernatorial election was held on September 7, 1859 to elect the governor of California.


1859 California gubernatorial election
Since the beginning of the 1850s, issues regarding slavery had effectively split the state Democratic Party. Initially divided by pro-slavery Chivalrists and anti-slavery Free Soilers, by 1857, the party had split into the Lecompton and Anti-Lecompton factions. Lecompton members supported the Kansas Lecompton Constitution, a document explicitly allowing slavery into the territory, while Anti-Lecompton faction members were in opposition to slavery's expansion. The violence between supporting and opposition forces led to the period known as Bleeding Kansas.


1859 California gubernatorial election
Splits in the Democratic Party, as well as the power vacuum created by the collapse of the Whig Party, helped facilitate the rise of the American Party both in state and federal politics. In particular, state voters voted Know-Nothings into the California State Legislature, and elected J. Neely Johnson as governor in the 1855 general elections.


1859 California gubernatorial election
During the 1859 general elections, Lecompton Democrats voted Latham, who had briefly lived in the American South, as their nominee for governor. Anti -Lecomptons in turn selected John Currey as their nominee. The infant Republican Party, running in its first gubernatorial election, selected businessman Leland Stanford as its nominee. To make matters more complicated, during the campaign, Senator David C. Broderick, an Anti-Lecompton Democrat, was killed in a duel by slavery supporter and former state Supreme Court Justice David Terry on September 13.


1859 Chicago mayoral election
In the 1859 Chicago mayoral election, incumbent Republican John Charles Haines defeated Democratic challenger Marcus D. Gilman.


1859 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1859 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1859. It was a rematch of the 1858 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee James T. Pratt with 51.19% of the vote.


1859 Costa Rican general election
The Costa Rican elections of 1859 allowed the re-election for the third time of Juan Rafael Mora Porras, hero of the Filibuster War. However, Mora would not finish his term because he would be overthrown by his political opponents on August 14 of that same year.


1859 Costa Rican general election
The 1859 Constitution in force at that time only allowed men over 25 years old and owners of a property valued at least 200 pesos to cast the vote.


1859 East Camden colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Eastern Division of Camden on 15 March 1859 because Robert Owen's seat was declared vacant on his acceptance of an appointment as a judge of the District Court, filling the position created by the resignation of John Hargrave. The Illawarra Mercury reported that the nomination of John Tighe was intended to cause one week's delay before Hargrave could take his seat.


1859 East Macquarie colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Macquarie on 10 August 1859 because of the resignation of William Suttor Sr.


1859 East Maitland colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Maitland on 15 September 1859 because the seat of Joseph Chambers was declared vacant because he had accepted appointment as a Crown Prosecutor at Quarter Sessions.


1859 East Sydney colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 10 November 1859 because the Cowper government was defeated, causing Charles Cowper to resign his commission as Premier and Colonial Secretary and he resigned from parliament the following day. The second vacancy was caused because John Black had been appointed Secretary for Lands in the new Forster ministry,


1859 East Sydney colonial by-election, Aftermath
Charles Cowper was nominated in his absence and resigned after the election, resulting in the 1860 by-election, won by Peter Faucett.


1859 Erzurum earthquake
The 1859 Erzurum earthquake occurred at 10:30 on 2 June. It had a Richter magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum intensity of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 15,000 casualties. The earthquake destroyed much of the city of Erzurum.


1859 Grand National
The 1859 Grand National was the 21st renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 2 March 1859.


1859 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were announced in Greece on 1 August 1859. The elections took place in September and the first days of October. Supporters of Athanasios Miaoulis won a majority of the 139 seats. Miaoulis remained Prime Minister. The Sixth Parliamentary session was announced on 7 October and convened on 28 October.


1859 Illawarra colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Illawarra on 28 October 1859 because John Hargrave resigned to accept an appointment to the Legislative Council.


1859 Iowa Senate election
In the 1859 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the eighth Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 36 to 43 seats in 1859, elections were held for 27 of the state senate's 43 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1859 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election in 1857, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 22 seats to Democrats' 14 seats.


1859 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net eight Senate seats.


1859 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 22 seats and Democrats having 21 seats (a net gain of 7 seats for Democrats).


1859 Kovalevskaya
1859 Kovalevskaya, provisional designation 1972 RS2, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter.


1859 Kovalevskaya
It was discovered on 4 September 1972, by Russian–Ukrainian astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Russian mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya.


1859 Kovalevskaya, Orbit and classification
Kovalevskaya orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,100 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.


1859 Kovalevskaya, Orbit and classification
It was first identified as A915 TK at Heidelberg Observatory in 1915, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 57 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj.


1859 Kovalevskaya, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In September 2013, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a rotational lightcurve with a period of 11.1084±0.0066 hours and a brightness variation of 0.13 in magnitude (U=2).


1859 Kovalevskaya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kovalevskaya measures between 44.6 and 48.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.043 and 0.069.


1859 Kovalevskaya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a smaller diameter of 34.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.05.


1859 Kovalevskaya, Naming
This minor planet was named after the first major Russian mathematician, Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), who has made important contributions to partial differential equations and rigid body motion (also see Kovalevskaya top). The lunar carter Kovalevskaya is also named after her. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3826).


1859 Kovalevskaya, Naming
From 1972 to 1992, the discoverer of this asteroid, Lyudmila Zhuravleva, has made more than 200 minor planets discoveries, and ranks 61st on the Minor Planet Center discoverer chart.


1859 Liberian general election
Presidential elections were held in Liberia in 1859. The result was a victory for incumbent President Stephen Allen Benson.


1859 Liskeard by-election
The Liskeard by-election of 1859 was an uncontested election held on 19 August 1859. The by-election was brought about due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Ralph William Grey, who was appointed the Commissioner of Customs. It was won by the Liberal candidate Ralph Bernal Osborne, who was the only declared candidate.


1859 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1859. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1859 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because seven of the sixteen seats were uncontested, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1859 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street
As there had been no votes cast between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m., the poll was closed.


1859 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
At the meeting of the Council on 9 November 1859, the terms of office of eight alderman expired.


1859 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
The following eight were elected as Aldermen by the Council (Aldermen and Councillors) on 10 November 1862 for a term of six years.


1859 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 2, Scotland, 18 November 1859
Caused by the election of Councillor John Woodruff (Conservative, Scotland, elected 1 November 1859) as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1859.


1859 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 15, South Toxteth, 18 November 1859
Caused by the election of Councillor John Stewart (Conservative, South Toxteth, elected 1 November 1857) as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1859.


1859 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1859 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the third election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1852. As a result of this election Thomas Overton Moore became Governor of Louisiana. This was the last Louisiana gubernatorial election before the outbreak of the Civil War.


1859 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1859 Massachusetts gubernatorial elections was held on November 2. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathaniel Banks was easily re-elected to a third term in office in a race featuring three Governors of Massachusetts: incumbent Governor Banks, former Governor George Nixon Briggs (1844–51), and future Governor Benjamin Franklin Butler (1882–83).


1859 Massachusetts legislature
The 80th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1859 during the governorship of Nathaniel Prentice Banks. Charles A. Phelps served as president of the Senate and Charles Hale served as speaker of the House.


1859 Massachusetts legislature
"In 1858 the Republicans took a firm grip on both branches of the Legislature electing 34 Senate members as against two Democrats and four other. The House went Republican by the widest margin ever with 314 Republicans and but three Democrats."


1859 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1859 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1859 to elect the governor of Minnesota.


1859 Mudgee colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Mudgee on 19 December 1859 because of the resignation of Lyttleton Bayley. Bayley had been appointed to the Legislative Council in January 1859, shortly after arriving in the colony and the following month was appointed Attorney General in the Cowper Government. The government fell in October 1859 and Bayley resigned from parliament the following month.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1859. Republican nominee Charles Smith Olden defeated Democratic nominee Edwin R. V. Wright with 50.76% of the vote.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic
The Democratic Party held a convention in Trenton on August 24. Entering the convention, the leading candidates were Edwin R.V. Wright, Charles Skelton, Alexander Wertz, and Garrett Sykes.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic
At the start of the convention, there were many disputes between delegations over the Lecompton Constitution; Lecomptonites outnumbered opponents four-to-one. A lengthy dispute between rival delegations from Sussex, split over the Lecompton question, resulted in neither delegation being seated.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic
Names were placed in nomination for Governor, including Wright, Skelton, Wertz, Sykes, joined by Charles Sitgreaves, J.C. Potts, and T.S. Herring. Before balloting began, the Party adopted a platform embracing the Buchanan administration and opposing any attempt by Congress to regulate slavery in the territories. The party also denounced any attempt to revive the Atlantic slave trade.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic
Balloting commenced, with Wright taking a strong plurality on the first ballot and extending his lead on the second. After the Sussex delegates failed to reach an agreement, there was a motion to exclude their votes entirely, causing a lengthy delay as the convention recessed.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic
After the convention was recalled to order, balloting restarted, Wright maintaining his large plurality. Herring's name was also withdrawn. On the fifth ballot, it became clear Wright had a majority. Many delegations switched their votes to make his nomination unanimous.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic
Wright was notified of his victory and appeared at the convention to make an acceptance speech.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Opposition
Once again, elements opposed to the incumbent Democratic administration in Washington joined together to present a candidate for Governor. Upon a public call by opposition legislators, they met at Temperance Hall in Trenton on September 7. The plurality of the convention were Know-Nothings, joined by a large number of Republicans and a significant minority of Democrats opposed to the Lecompton Constitution.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Opposition
Charles Smith Olden, Joseph W. Allen, Joseph W. Porter, Andrew K. Hay, William K. McDonald, Ephraim Marsh, Edward Y. Rogers, and Dudley S. Gregory were nominated. Before balloting began, Allen's name was withdrawn. On the first ballot, Smith led. Gregory's name was withdrawn by his request. After the second ballot, Olden led by a larger margin and Rogers's name was withdrawn. A motion was made to nominate Olden by acclamation, but it was shouted down. On the third ballot, Olden received a majority, and his nomination was made unanimous by acclamation.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Opposition
Some hesitation ensued after a delegate announced that the American convention, meeting elsewhere in Trenton, had nominated Peter Clarke, thus splitting the opposition. However, word soon came that the Americans had nominated Olden as well, and the convention concluded with speeches made in favor of the candidate.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Opposition
The convention adopted a moderate platform that was nearly silent on the issue of slavery, except that it opposed any effort to revive the Atlantic slave trade. It endorsed a protective tariff and denounced the Buchanan administration as corrupt, extravagant, and oppressive of free speech and thought.


1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, American
The American Party met simultaneous to the Opposition convention at the Trenton Atheneum. During the first ballot for Governor, word arrived that the Opposition convention had nominated Olden. On the first ballot, the Americans nominated Olden by 96 votes against 35 for Peter J. Clarke.


1859 New South Wales colonial election
The 1859 New South Wales colonial election was held between 9 June and 7 July 1859. This election was for all of the 80 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 58 single-member constituencies, seven 2-member constituencies and two 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 11 April 1859 by the Governor, Sir William Denison, on the advice of the Premier, Charles Cowper.


1859 New South Wales colonial election
There was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system.


1859 New South Wales colonial election, Results
New South Wales colonial election, 9 June 1859 – 7 July 1859 Legislative Assembly << 1858–1860 >>


1859 New York state election
The 1859 New York state election was held on November 8, 1859, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate. Besides, the voters were asked if the State could take a loan of US$ 2,500,000, which was answered in the affirmative with 125,370 for and 77,466 against.


1859 New York state election, History
This was the last campaign of the American Party. They did not nominate anyone on their own ticket, but endorsed five Republican and four Democratic nominees.


1859 New York state election, Results
Almost the whole cross-endorsed American ticket was elected. The approximate strength of The Republican Party (251,000 votes) was about the same as the combined strength of the Democratic Party (227,000 votes) and the American Party (24,000 votes). The five Republicans endorsed by the American Party had an easy victory, three of the four Democrats endorsed by the American Party struggled to win in a very tight race, only Elderkin missed the mark by 590 votes out of more than half a million cast.


1859 New York state election, Results
The incumbents Church, Tremain, Vanderpoel and Johnson were defeated. The incumbent Richmond was re-elected.


1859 New York state election, Results
23 Republicans and nine Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1860-61) in the New York State Senate.


1859 New York state election, Results
91 Republicans and 37 Democrats were elected for the session of 1860 to the New York State Assembly.


1859 Newfoundland general election
The 1859 Newfoundland general election was held in 1859 to elect members of the 7th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. 18 Liberals and 12 Conservatives were elected. The Liberal Party led by John Kent formed the government.


1859 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1859. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) was increased from 111 to 117. Voter turnout was 47.7%, although only 4.9% of the country's population was eligible to vote.


1859 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1859 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 11, 1859. Republican nominee William Dennison Jr. defeated Democratic nominee Rufus P. Ranney with 51.87% of the vote.


1859 Perugia uprising
The 1859 Perugia uprising occurred on 20 June 1859, in Perugia, central Italy. The inhabitants rebelled against the temporal authority of the Pope (under the Papal States) and established a provisional government, but the insurrection was bloodily quashed by Pius IX's troops.


1859 Perugia uprising
When Perugia later became free of papal control, due to Italian unification, King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy sent some of his troops to protect the retreating Swiss guards from the vengeful citizens.


1859 Perugia uprising, Gallery
Regiments of the Swiss Guard attacking rebels, by Napoleone Verga