1847 New York state election, History
The Anti-Rent state convention nominated Shepard for Lieutenant Governor with 11 votes for him, and 10 for Fish, on the second ballot.


1847 New York state election, Results
The whole Whig state ticket was elected. None of the incumbents ran for re-election this time.


1847 New York state election, Results
The Canal Commissioners and Prison Inspectors, upon taking office, were classified by drawing lots, so that every following year one commissioner and one inspector would be elected to a three-year term. Cook and Gedney drew the one-year term, Hinds and Comstock the two-year term, and Beach and Spencer the three-year term.


1847 New York state election, Results
24 Whigs and 8 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1848–1849) in the New York State Senate.


1847 New York state election, Results
93 Whigs and 35 Democrats were elected to the New York State Assembly of the 71st New York State Legislature.


1847 North American typhus epidemic
The typhus epidemic of 1847 was an outbreak of epidemic typhus caused by a massive Irish emigration in 1847, during the Great Famine, aboard crowded and disease-ridden "coffin ships".


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada
In Canada, more than 20,000 people died from 1847 to 1848, with many quarantined in fever sheds in Grosse Isle, Montreal, Kingston, Toronto and Saint John.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
Grosse Isle, Quebec is an island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, home to a quarantine station set up in 1832 to contain a cholera epidemic, and home to thousands of Irish emigrants from 1832 to 1848.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
On 17 May 1847, the first vessel, the Syria, arrived with 430 fever cases. This was followed by eight more ships a few days later. Dr Douglas wrote that he had 'not a bed to lay [the invalids] on... I never contemplated the possibility of every vessel arriving with fever as they do now'. One week later seventeen more vessels had appeared at Grosse Isle. By this time, 695 people were already in hospital. Only two days afterwards the number of vessels reached thirty, with 10,000 immigrants now waiting to be processed.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
By 29 May, a total of 36 vessels had arrived. The end of May saw forty ships forming a line two miles (3 km) long down the St. Lawrence River. According to Dr Douglas, each one was affected by fever and dysentery. 1100 invalids were accommodated in sheds and tents, or laid out in rows in the church.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
Dr. George Douglas, Grosse Isle's chief medical officer, recorded that by midsummer of 1847 the quarantine regulations in force were 'physically impossible' to carry out, making it necessary for the emigrants to stay on board their ships for many days. Douglas believed that washing and airing out the ships would be enough to stop the contagion spreading between infected passengers.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
With the arrival of thousands of emigrants, the island was quickly overwhelmed. Tents were set up to house the influx of people, but many new arrivals were left lying on the ground without shelter. Robert Whyte records seeing 'hundreds... literally flung on the beach, left amid the mud and stones to crawl on the dry land as they could'. The Anglican Bishop of Montreal, Bishop Mountain, recalled seeing people lying opposite the church screaming for water, while others lay inside the tents without bedding. One child he saw was covered in vermin; another who had 'been walking with some others, sat down for a moment, and died'. Many children were orphaned.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
Because of the lack of space on Grosse Isle, Dr. Douglas required healthy passengers to stay on ship for fifteen days once the sick had been removed, by way of quarantine. Infection flourished on board the ships. One ship, the Agnes, reached Grosse Isle with 427 passengers of whom only 150 survived the quarantine period.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
Robert Whyte, pseudonymous author of the 1847 Famine Ship Diary: The Journey of a coffin ship, described how on arrival at Grosse Isle the Irish emigrant passengers on the Ajax dressed in their best clothes and helped the crew to clean the ship, expecting to be sent either to hospital or on to Quebec after their long voyage. In fact, the doctor inspected them only briefly and did not return for several days. By midsummer, 2500 invalids were quarantined on Grosse Isle, and the line of waiting ships stretched several miles.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
At the end of July, Dr. Douglas abandoned the quarantine regulations because they were 'impossible' to enforce and doctors were examining their charges very perfunctorily, allowing them to walk past and examining the tongues of any who looked feverish. In this way, many people with latent fever were allowed to pass as healthy, only to succumb to their sickness once they had left Grosse Isle.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
On 29 July 1847, Whyte recorded the neglect of his fellow passengers, who 'within reach of help' 'were to be left enveloped in reeking pestilence, the sick without medicine, medical skill, nourishment, or so much as a drop of pure water'. However, conditions on other Irish emigrant ships were still worse. Two Canadian priests who visited the Ajax described the holds of other vessels where they had been 'up to their ankles in filth. The wretched emigrants crowded together like cattle and corpses remain[ed] long unburied'. Whyte contrasted this with the condition of German immigrants arriving at Grosse Isle. These were all free of sickness, 'comfortably and neatly clad, clean and happy'. The Times also commented on the 'healthy, robust and cheerful' Germans.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
Fever sheds were filthy and crowded, with patients lying in double tiers of bunks which allowed dirt from the top bunk to fall onto the lower. According to the Senate Committee's report, two or three invalids would be placed together in one berth, irrespective of age or sex. There was no bread: meals consisted of tea, gruel or broth served three times a day. As drinking water was carted, there was never enough for the fever patients. One Catholic priest, Father Moylan, reported giving water to invalids in a tent who had not been able to drink for 18 hours.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
The sheds were not originally intended to house fever patients and had no ventilation; new sheds were built without privies. The Senate Committee stated that because of the lack of personnel and space, the invalids lay in their own excrement for days and there were insufficient staff to take away those who died during the night. The hospitals themselves had very little equipment and planks for bedding were not always available, meaning that it was spread on the ground and became soaked.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
As well as a shortage of accommodation, there was a serious lack of medical personnel to care for the sick. Dr. Douglas attempted to enlist nurses from among the healthy female passengers with the promise of high wages, but fear of disease meant none accepted. Nurses were expected to sleep alongside the sick and share their food; they had no privacy, often caught the fever themselves and were not helped when they fell ill. Prisoners from the local jail were released to carry out the nursing, but many stole from the dead and the dying.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
All of the medical officers involved became ill at some stage, with four doctors dying of typhus. Under the Passenger Act of 1842, ships were not obliged to carry a doctor, and only two doctors arrived as passengers. One of these was a Dr. Benson from Dublin, a man with experience working in fever hospitals in Ireland. He arrived on 21 May, volunteered to help the sick, contracted typhus himself and was dead within six days.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
More than forty Irish and French Canadian priests and Anglican clergymen were active on Grosse Isle, many becoming ill themselves. The Chief Pastor, Bishop Power, contracted fever and died after delivering the last sacraments to a dying woman in September.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
The exact numbers of those who died at sea is unknown, although Whyte himself estimated it at 5293. During the crossing itself, bodies were thrown into the sea, but once the ships had reached Grosse Isle they were kept in the hold until a burial on land became possible. The dead were dragged out of the holds with hooks and 'stacked like cordwood' on the shore. On 29 July 1847 Whyte described 'a continuous line of boats, each carrying its freight of dead to the burial ground... Some had several corpses so tied up in canvas that the stiff, sharp outline of death was easily traceable'.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle
Even those passengers who escaped typhus and other diseases were weakened by the journey. The Senate Committee of the United States on Sickness and Mortality in Emigrant Ships described the newly disembarked emigrants as 'cadaverous' and 'feeble'. Most had been misled by passage-brokers into believing that they would be provided with food on the ship.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal
In Montreal, between 3,500 and 6,000 Irish immigrants died of typhus or "ship fever" in fever sheds in a quarantine area known as Windmill Point in 1847 and 1848. The immigrants had been transferred from quarantine in Grosse Isle, Quebec. Due to a lack of suitable preparations, typhus soon reached epidemic proportions in Montreal. Three fever sheds were initially constructed,150 feet (46 m) long by 40 to 50 feet (15 m) wide. As thousands more sick immigrants landed, more sheds had to be erected.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal
The number of sheds would grow to 22, with troops cordoning off the area so the sick could not escape. Grey Nuns cared for the sick, carrying women and children in their arms from ships to the ambulances. According to Montreal journalist and historian Edgar Andrew Collard, thirty of 40 nuns who went to help became ill, with seven dying. Other nuns took over, but once the surviving Grey Nuns had convalesced, they returned. Priests also helped, many falling ill after hearing the last confessions of the dying.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal
When a mob threatened to throw the fever sheds into the river, Montreal mayor John Easton Mills quelled the riot and provided care, giving patients water and changing bedding. He died in November, serving less than a year in office. The Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal urged French Québécois to help their fellow Catholics. Many travelled to Montreal from the countryside to adopt children, in some cases passing their land on to them.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal
Workers constructing the Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence River discovered a mass grave in Windmill Point with victims of the epidemic. The men, many of whom were of Irish descent, were unsettled by the discovery and created a memorial, known as The Black Rock to ensure the gravesite would not be forgotten.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal
Erected on 1 December 1859, the inscription on the stone reads:


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal
"To Preserve from Desecration	the Remains of 6000 Immigrants Who died of Ship Fever A.D. 1847-48


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal
This Stone is erected by the Workmen of Messrs. Peto, Brassey and Betts Employed in the Construction of the Victoria Bridge A.D.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Toronto
In Toronto, during the summer of 1847, 863 Irish immigrants died of typhus at fever sheds built by the Toronto Board of Health at the northwest corner of King and John Street. There were at least 12 sheds, 22 metres long by 7.5 metres wide. The epidemic also killed the first Bishop of Toronto, Michael Power, while providing care and ministering to Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Saint John, New Brunswick
Partridge Island, New Brunswick, just outside the main harbour of Saint John, was chosen as the location for a pest house and quarantine station as far back as 1785. In 1847, with a large influx of Irish migrants, the typhus epidemic quickly filled the fever shed with sick and dying. By the 1847 typhus season, 2115 people had died in New Brunswick, with 1196 dying at Partridge Island and in Saint John.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Bytown (Ottawa)
The typhus outbreak hit Bytown with the arrival of over 3,000 Irish immigrants. The fever first appeared in June 1847, with the sick initially cared for by the Grey Nuns. However, as the numbers of sick swelled, fever sheds had to be erected. Approximately 200 died in quarantine. The Rideau Canal was shut down to prevent further spread of the outbreak.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Kingston
Those stricken while passing through Kingston, Ontario found shelter in makeshift "immigrant sheds" erected near the waterfront. Despite the efforts of local religious and charitable organisations, notably the Sisters of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph and the Female Benevolent Society, some 1,400 immigrants died. They were buried near the present-day Kingston General Hospital, with their remains re-interred to St. Mary's Cemetery in 1966.


1847 North American typhus epidemic, United States, New York City
An influx of Irish immigrants to New York resulted in a typhus outbreak in 1847, with 80% of the cases reported to have been contracted during the Atlantic crossing, and 20% of the cases resulting from secondary spread in the city. 147 cases were treated at the New York Hospital over a seven-week period. The mortality rate was 11%.


1847 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1847. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 102 to 105. Voter turnout was 49.1%, although only 5.3% of the country's population was eligible to vote.


1847 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1847 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 12, 1847. Incumbent Democratic  governor Francis R. Shunk defeated Whig candidate James Irvin to win re-election.


1847 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1847 saw John Swift reelected to office for an eleventh overall non-consecutive term.


1847 Philadelphia mayoral election
This was the last regularly-scheduled mayoral election in which the City Council selected the mayor, as all subsequent mayoral elections either reached a majority in the general election or used a different electoral system.


1847 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system
Beginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.


1847 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 28 November and 12 December 1847.


1847 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The elections were held under the Constitutional Charter of 1826, and in accordance with a decree issued on 12 August 1847. Members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected in an indirect system in which voters elected provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the Chamber.


1847 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The 142 members of the Chamber of Deputies included 119 representing the mainland and 10 representing islands (all elected in multi-member constituencies), with another 13 representing overseas colonies (three elected in single-member constituencies and ten in multi-member constituencies).


1847 Rye by-election
The 1847 Rye by-election was held on 23 December 1847 at the town hall, Rye. It was called after the death of the incumbent Herbert Barrett Curteis (Whig). His son Herbert Mascall Curteis,  also a Whig, was elected unopposed.


1847 Stobbe
1847 Stobbe, provisional designation A916 CA, is an asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter.


1847 Stobbe
It was discovered on 1 February 1916, by Danish astronomer Holger Thiele at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The asteroid was later named for German astronomer Joachim Stobbe.


1847 Stobbe, Orbit and classification
Stobbe orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6–2.7 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,540 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Bergedorf. Its first (unused) identification as A902 YB was made at Heidelberg Observatory in 1902.


1847 Stobbe, Physical characteristics
On the SMASS taxonomic scheme, the X-type asteroid is characterized as a Xc-subtype, a group of bodies with intermediary spectra between those typically seen for metallic and carbonaceous bodies.


1847 Stobbe, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Stobbe was obtained from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini at his Observatoire de Bédoin rendered a well-defined period of 5.617±0.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 in magnitude (U=3), superseding a previous observation at the Roach Motel Observatory (856) in Riverside, California, that gave a period of 6.37±0.02 hours and an amplitude of 0.27 in magnitude (U=2).


1847 Stobbe, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has an albedo of 0.11–0.14 with a corresponding diameter between 22.7 and 23.9 kilometers.


1847 Stobbe, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with these results and derives an albedo of 0.113 and a diameter of 23.85 kilometers, while a study using preliminary results from NEOWISE diverges significantly from all other observations, giving a diameter of 17.4 kilometers and an albedo of 0.232.


1847 Stobbe, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of German astronomer and observer of comets and minor planets, Joachim Stobbe (1900–1943). During 1925–1927 he worked at the discovering Hamburg–Bergedorf Observatory and later at the Berlin Observatory, where he observed the rotational lightcurve of the large near-Earth object 433 Eros in detail. During the last few years of his life, he was director of the Poznan Observatory in Poland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236).


1847 Texas gubernatorial election
The 1847 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 1, 1847 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Governor James Pinckney Henderson did not run for a second term. The election was won by George Tyler Wood, who received 49% of the vote.


1847 United Kingdom general election
The 1847 United Kingdom general election was conducted between 29 July 1847 and 26 August 1847 and resulted in the Whigs in control of government despite candidates calling themselves Conservatives winning the most seats. The Conservatives were divided between Protectionists, led by Lord Stanley, and a minority of free-trade Tories, known also as the Peelites for their leader, former prime minister Sir Robert Peel. This left the Whigs, led by Prime Minister Lord John Russell, in a position to continue in government.


1847 United Kingdom general election
The Irish Repeal group won more seats than in the previous general election, while the Chartists gained the only seat they were ever to hold, Nottingham's second seat, held by Chartist leader Feargus O'Connor.


1847 United Kingdom general election
The election also witnessed the election of Britain's first Jewish MP, the Liberal Lionel de Rothschild in the City of London. Members being sworn in were however required to swear the Christian Oath of Allegiance, meaning Rothschild was unable actually to take his seat until the passage of the Jews Relief Act in 1858.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
An election for the Chancellorship of the University of Cambridge was held on 25–27 February 1847, after the death of the Duke of Northumberland. Many senior figures in the university hoped that Prince Albert, the Prince Consort could be persuaded to stand and be elected unopposed, but a group from St John's College approached the Earl of Powis, a St John's man. The election became politicised as Powis was a noted Conservative and his opponents feared the consequences from the Whig Government if he was elected.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
The result was close as the large number of non-resident Members of the Senate from St John's, and Conservative supporters, backed Powis, but the Prince (who was reluctant to enter into a political contest) was elected and agreed to take up the post. The election occurred at a critical point in the history of the University when it was pressed to reform, and the Prince Consort's election allowed progress to be made.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Vacancy arises
News of the death of the Duke of Northumberland, who had been Chancellor of the University since 1840, was received in Cambridge on the evening of Friday 12 February. Initial thoughts of his successor centred on Lord Lyndhurst who was then High Steward of the University and a member of Trinity College, the largest. A letter in the London evening newspaper The Globe suggested the Earl of Burlington. Others were already suggesting that Prince Albert, the Prince Consort might be a suitable candidate.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Vacancy arises
The Prince was an obvious choice as he was known to be interested in higher education, intelligent and had a serious approach. He had been made a Doctor of Laws and a member of Trinity College when he visited Cambridge together with the Queen in 1843, but there were some difficulties which his election would bring. He was not English, and did not know much about English universities; also had no seat in Parliament and was therefore unable to defend Cambridge there. As a member of the Royal Family, the Prince was above party politics: this had advantages (putting the University out of the party fray) but also disadvantages (he was unable to intervene in intense political debates).


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Vacancy arises
Among the senior members of the University who thought of the Prince Consort was William Whewell, then Master of Trinity College. On 13 February Whewell wrote to the Treasurer of Prince Albert's Household to ask if the Prince would consent to nomination; later that day he visited him in person to discuss the issue. Albert was unprepared for the invitation and asked Baron Stockmar about it; Stockmar advised that the Prince's experience of German universities might be of some use.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Vacancy arises
At Stockmar's suggestion, he consulted the Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, who advised him to accept provided that the election was unopposed. The Prince accepted this advice and on Sunday 14 February Lord Monteagle of Brandon wrote to Whewell confirming the Prince's conditional acceptance of nomination. Whewell was quite pleased to have received it, never expecting to get an unconditional acceptance, and returned to Cambridge to begin arranging what he hoped would be the unopposed election.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, A contest looms
Immediately on learning of the death of the Duke of Northumberland, the Master and senior members of St John's College had decided to invite the Earl of Powis, who had studied at that college, to be a candidate. Powis was English and had been Tory Member of Parliament for Ludlow for 33 years, voting against the Reform Act. He was mainly known for his religious views, being a Tractarian, but had led the opposition in the House of Lords to the proposal to unite the sees of Bangor and St Asaph in order to create a new Bishopric of Manchester. The fight had begun in 1843 and had led to the appointment of a Commission to reconsider the measure, which recommended that it be dropped. As a result, Powis was popular among churchmen.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, A contest looms
On his return to Cambridge, Whewell had found that almost all the Heads of Colleges and Professors were supportive of the Prince, and two (Woodwardian Professor of Geology Adam Sedgwick and the Master of Jesus College William French) had had the same idea and were already canvassing support. The appearance of a rival candidate might undermine the whole effort since the Prince wanted an unopposed election.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, A contest looms
Powis had received the invitation from his college at home in Shropshire and accepted it on Monday 15 February, probably in ignorance of any approach to the Prince Consort, and the supporters of the Prince hoped that Powis might be persuaded to withdraw on learning of widespread support for a rival. The Vice-Chancellor Henry Philpott and 13 Heads of Colleges agreed the terms of a formal address to the Prince asking for permission to nominate him and left it at Catharine Hall where Philpott was Master, for others to sign. The address read:


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, A contest looms
May it please your Royal Highness,—The office of Chancellor of the University of Cambridge having become vacant by the lamented death of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, we, the undersigned, members of the Senate of the University, beg leave most respectfully to prefer our request to your Royal Highness, that you will graciously permit your Royal Highness's name to be proposed to the Senate for election into the vacant office, according to the prescribed forms of our academical constitution.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined
On learning that Powis had accepted, the Master of St John's immediately wrote back to tell him that the Prince Consort might be a candidate. However, news of Powis' acceptance of nomination had already been published in the London evening newspapers of Monday. While Powis knew it would be unseemly to fight an election against the Prince, he felt he could not go back on his word and disappoint his supporters. The Vice-Chancellor apparently appealed to Powis directly to urge him to withdraw, but it was in vain.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined
Powis confirmed that he would stand; committees were already being formed to support him which were pleased to hear of his determination, and the committees resolved to "use the utmost efforts" to campaign. He quickly gathered support in London; the members of the Oxford and Cambridge Club were said to be almost universally in favour of Powis, although after the election was over, a pamphleteer generally sympathetic to him regretted that his supporters had resorted to "degrading" public advertisement to drum up support. Most of the press were also opposed to the Prince, with Punch being particularly energetic in the campaign: it printed a spoof begging-letter from the University to the Prince which ran:


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined
As standing nearest to the Crown, your Royal Highness will of course be the most impartial mediator between the Crown and the University, which, we assure your Royal Highness, will be found at all times submissive to the will of the Sovereign. Your Royal Highness, not possessing a seat in the legislative body, will be spared the fatigue of protecting University interests in Parliament; while, not having been educated at this University, your Royal Highness will be free from all bias or prepossession as to measures affecting its interests.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined
We almost venture to regret that the attainments and character of your Royal Highness are such as in themselves perhaps to justify this application. But we are proud to assure your Royal Highness that, had your Royal Highness been as ignorant as you are learned, as rude as you are cultivated in good arts, as violent as you are gentle, as over-bearing as you are modest, we should still have shown our loyalty and respect for dignities, by laying this office at the feet of your Royal Highness.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined
The Prince's supporters could not send their address until Powis' intentions were known, so it waited at Catharine Hall until Friday 19 February when they met at Trinity College. Whewell presided and those present included most Heads of Colleges, Professors and resident Fellows. This meeting unanimously approved the Prince Consort as a candidate and appointed a Committee to run his election campaign which contained Fellows from every college except St John's.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined
It was agreed that the Vice-Chancellor should go to meet the Prince to present the address and hear his reply about whether, in the circumstances of a contested election, the Prince would accept nomination. Because the issue was critical, the Vice-Chancellor was to telegraph the Prince's decision: "A" for acceptance, "C" for conditional acceptance, and "R" for refusal.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined
On Saturday 20 February the Vice-Chancellor went by train to London and had an audience with the Prince Consort at Buckingham Palace, handing him the address with its many distinguished signatures. The Prince had prepared a written answer which stated that "from the proceedings entered into by others in the University, .. there does not exist that degree of unanimity which alone would leave me at liberty to consent to be put in nomination".


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined
The Queen wrote in her diary for that night that Albert had declined the offer and Philpott telegraphed back "R", a reply which was received during the afternoon. The full text of the Prince's letter was telegraphed shortly before Philpott arrived back and a full committee meeting was called. John Graham, the Master of Christ's College, told the meeting that he had private information that the answer was final and it would be disrespectful to the Prince to proceed.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Contest becomes certain
The supporters of the Prince Consort at the meeting on Saturday evening were very reluctant to give up, many thinking that the choice of Powis would be a disastrous insult to the Government. The meeting concluded by carrying a resolution to meet again on Monday, although most expected this next meeting would have to wind up the campaign. However, late in the evening, James Cartmell (a Fellow of Christ's College) arrived from London bearing a letter from Lord Monteagle to Whewell. Monteagle had been working to support the Prince and wrote that " 'R' was sent by mistake.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Contest becomes certain
The answer is no refusal" and citing three others "best qualified to form an opinion" as agreeing. Lord Lansdowne, who possibly drafted the Prince's reply, was certainly one of them, and explained that the Prince had refused his consent to be nominated, but had not said that he would refuse office if his supporters nominated him anyway. He was therefore giving his Cambridge supporters a free hand. Accordingly when the Committee met on Monday 22 February, they unanimously agreed to nominate the Prince and to distribute a circular in his favour. Notwithstanding what he had said on Saturday, Graham did not dissent. A Committee was formed at the Union Hotel in London to campaign for the non-resident vote, under the chairmanship of the Marquess of Northampton.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Contest becomes certain
On learning he had in fact been nominated, the Prince asked former Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel for advice on whether he should insist on withdrawing, or remain indifferent, and whether in the event of his election, he should refuse or accept. Peel advised him to let the election take its course and to accept the office, "for of the result of the contest I cannot have a doubt". The Prince accepted this advice.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Issues
Cambridge in the 1840s was under severe pressure to reform, being still almost entirely Anglican. The Chancellor election was crucial to the University's response. While some feared that the Prince Consort would seek to change Cambridge to be like a German university, others believed he would be easily accepted by the Government as a clear indication that Cambridge supported reforms and would bring them forward. However, this argument was not easily made in public and the main themes in the election were not so high-minded.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Issues
Powis was attacked as a Roman Catholic masquerading as an Anglican, while the feud between Trinity and St John's Colleges was stirred up on both sides. On 23 February Whewell wrote a general letter asking for support for the Prince because Powis would be "a Chancellor of St John's" and had estranged himself from the rest of the University. Whewell hand-wrote some letters but lithographed others, and the Master of St Johns Ralph Tatham complained that for him to do so was "unjust and unprecedented" since the assertion was wrong: Powis' committee contained 40 Trinity graduates. Whewell stood by his comments, on the grounds that Powis had not told the officers of the University that he was standing, and had replied with the resolution of a committee when they had got in touch with him.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Issues
Some Royalists appealed for votes for "the noble-hearted husband of our noble-hearted Queen", while others refused to have a non-English and non-Cambridge man as Chancellor. The Times printed a letter "written in a ruder style than we could have wished" which objected that it was improper for the University to have direct access to the Crown through the husband of the Queen. Party political considerations were also present.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Issues
An anonymous "non-resident M.A." published in the London newspapers complained that on Albert's committee, "scarcely a name is to be found but that of some mere Whig politician, or some courtier who is no politician at all"; the author praised Powis as the "best bulwark [of the Church] in our days" and lamented that the Whigs were fighting under cover of the Queen's consort and against his wishes. The Globe contended that the Prince was precluded from accepting the office for several reasons, but for "one all-sufficient fact—the absence of anything approaching to unanimity in the University". The Evening Standard felt that nominating Albert was disrespectful to both Queen Victoria and the Prince himself, and that voting against Albert was justified because he had refused to be nominated.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes
The electorate for the election of Chancellor was the Senate of the University, consisting of all the senior members including the Masters of Arts. As Cambridge raised every graduate to the degree of a Master of Arts six years after matriculation, almost all Cambridge graduates (wherever resident) could vote. The total electorate was estimated by William Frederick Pollock, a Trinity College graduate supporting Powis, at 3,500, of whom 300 were resident in Cambridge.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes
Votes had to be cast in person, and The Times printed the times of trains to Cambridge and back, so that non-resident MAs could go up and vote. Prince Albert was surprised to learn that Powis' London committee had chartered special trains for their supporters; this was a tactic which the Prince's supporters had not thought of. Cambridge graduates in high public office were strongly encouraged to take time off to go up and vote; they were also aware that voting was public and that, depending on their vote, they might incur grave Royal displeasure.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes
The poll was set to be taken over three days. It would open at 10 am on Thursday 25 February, and close at 5 pm that night, and be reopened between 8 pm and 9 pm that evening. The poll on Friday 26 February, the second day, was held at the same hours as the first day; on Saturday 27 February the poll opened at 9 am and closed, finally, at noon.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes
Votes were cast in a large voting chest on a table in front of the Vice-Chancellor, with two letter-boxes: the one to the right of the Vice-Chancellor was "The Prince Albert" while to the left was "The Earl of Powis". Voters would identify themselves and pick up one of two voting papers reading:


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes
Each candidate had two "assessors" who checked the procedure was fair. The assessors for Prince Albert were the Rev Robert Birkett (Emmanuel College) and the Rev John Mills (Pembroke College); for the Earl of Powis, the assessors were John Charles Snowball (St John's College) and the Rev Henry Wilkinson Cookson (Peterhouse). During the voting the undergraduates (who had no votes) crowded into the galleries in the Senate House, shouting at the participants below. They returned on the second day's polling, Friday 26 February, bringing horns and throwing things down including peas, shot and halfpennies.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes
It was noted that the Queen was respected, but that Albert called "The German Chancellor" as opposed to Powis as "The English Chancellor". However, others distinguished between "The Chancellor of St John's" and "The Royal Chancellor". One wag shouted a mock advertisement "shortly to be published: The Master of Trinity's Court Guide", followed by "Hints on Etiquette, by a Johnian". The Times reported the state of the poll at various hours to be as follows:


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes
By Friday it had become clear to the Prince that, if he won, it would be by a small majority. He asked Sir Robert Peel to come to Buckingham Palace at 1 pm on Saturday, so that he could give advice on what to do when the expected delegation arrived from Cambridge formally offering him the Chancellorship. At noon on Saturday the voting ceased and the chest in which votes had been cast was opened so that they could be counted.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes
Four dubious votes which had been kept back for consideration were found to be good votes by the Registrar, while four votes were struck off as the voter was found to be ineligible; two who met this fate were the Earl Fitzwilliam and Francis Hodgson, Provost of Eton, each of whom had graduated but not taken his MA. The names of all voters were read over again and the final result was declared just before 2 pm:


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts
Having received the Prince's invitation, Peel prepared a paper for him giving his advice about what to do in the case of various election outcomes. Peel argued very strongly that, if the Prince was elected by a small majority, he should definitely accept the office: the small majority was the product of the unusual circumstances of the election, while most of the senior members of the University had supported him and to refuse the office would be to deeply offend them. He also drafted the terms of a reply which the Prince might make to the Cambridge delegation.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts
The Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, also wrote to the Prince advising him that everyone he had seen thought "a refusal on the part of Your Royal Highness would create confusion and dissatisfaction". Queen Victoria wrote in her diary that "We are much gratified" by the result and that "Albert on the good advice of Sir Robert Peel (which is always valuable) is accepting the post".


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts
When no delegation came on Saturday, and instead only a letter confirming the result and that an official letter of invitation would follow, the Prince's Private Secretary Colonel Phipps wrote to the Vice-Chancellor gently to encourage him to send a formal delegation. He also included the reply drafted by Peel which stated "I have resolved to accept the trust which the University is willing to confide to me".


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts
The official letter was traditionally in Latin and had to be approved by the Senate; the Rev Thomas Crick, the Public Orator, who wrote it, was a strong supporter of Powis and found it difficult to compose something friendly. When finished on 2 March it was sealed and taken to Buckingham Palace to be presented to the Prince who simply replied "and here is my answer". After the delegation had gone, Albert read the official letter and noticed that a minor mistake had been made in the Latin.


1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts
The Prince was formally installed as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 25 March 1847. He invited Powis to the ceremony, but Powis replied that as the preceding day had been announced by the Queen as a "day of Prayer & Humiliation", he would be spending the time with his family instead.


1847 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1847 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 7, 1847, and resulted in the reelection of Whig Party candidate Horace Eaton to another one-year term as governor.


1847 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1847 in Australia.


1847 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1847 in Chile.


1847 in Liberia
The following lists events that happened during 1847 in Liberia.


1847 in Mexico, Events
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1847 in Mexico, Events
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1847 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1847 in New Zealand.


1847 in New Zealand, Population
The estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1847 is 69,700 Māori and 14,477 non-Māori.


1847 in Poland, Deaths
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1847 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1847 in South Africa.


1847 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1847 to Wales and its people.


1847 in architecture
The year 1847 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1847 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1847.


1847 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1847.


1847 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, Newly named dinosaurs
An unpublished name for a misidentified prolacertiform reptile that was probably the same as Tanystropheus.


1847 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1847 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1847 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1847 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1847.


1847 in science
The year 1847 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1847 in sports
1847 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1847 års fattigvårdförordning
1847 års fattigvårdförordning (English: Poor relief regulation of 1847) was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public poor relief system in Sweden. With some alterations in 1853 and 1871, it established the basis for the poor relief system until the Poor Care Law of 1918 was passed.


1847 års fattigvårdförordning
The law replaced the 1642 års tiggareordning which had previously regulated the public poor relief system. At the time the 1847 reform was enacted, care for the poor was largely organized in the traditional rotegång system, administered by the church.


1847 års fattigvårdförordning
The 1847 regulation established a public board of directors for poor relief in each parish. Though the church was no longer directly involved, the vicar in each parish was to be given a seat on the board. The law also made it mandatory to contribute to the parish poor fund. The ban for paupers to move was also lifted, and the right of the parish to refuse a pauper (not born in the parish) to settle in the parish was abolished.


1847 års fattigvårdförordning
The Poor Care Board had the task of granting benefits to the needy and arranging a place in a poor house. If the community did not have a poor house, the board was responsible for arranging housing for the pauper with a parishioner and paying the benefits to the parishioner. The pauper's hosts had the legal right to demand household work of their tenant benefactors, a practice that had been customary in the rotegång system. The benefactors were also allowed to file complaints of abuse.


1847 års fattigvårdförordning
The traditional rotegång system was kept in force as a parallel system for adult paupers, but it was abolished for children. This ban on rotegång for children, who were to be placed in foster homes by the poor care board, lead to pauper actions becoming more common for children. The new law had the effect that children were often placed in foster homes with the parishioners who had made the lowest 'bid' for a stipend.


1847 års fattigvårdförordning
The poor relief regulation of 1847 was not changed much by the new act of 1853 (1853 års fattigvårdförordning). The law eventually came to be regarded as too liberal and generous. By the time of the Swedish famine of 1867–1869, the law had come to be interpreted very strictly, and it was replaced shortly thereafter. The poor relief regulation of 1871 (1871 års fattigvårdförordning), though it largely kept the form and provisions of the 1847 regulation, severely diminished the applicability of the law. Only the elderly, children, invalids and the insane were granted benefits under this law. It was not until the Poor Care Law of 1918 (1918 års fattigvårdslag) that the entire poor relief system in Sweden was truly reformed. Among its provisions, the 1918 law abolished the rotegång system, pauper auctions, child auctions, and poor houses.


1848
1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1848th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 848th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 48th  year of the 19th century, and the  9th   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1848, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1848
1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century.


1848
Cheering revolutionaries in Berlin, on March 19, 1848, with the new flag of Germany


1848
French Revolution of 1848: Republican riots forced King Louis-Philippe to abdicate


1848 (film)
1848 (French: La Révolution de 1848) is a 1949 French short documentary film directed by Marguerite de la Mure and Victoria Mercanton and starring Bernard Blier. The film explains the French Revolution of 1848. Bernard Blier's narration is supported by pictures once drawn by contemporary artists including Honoré Daumier.


1848 (film)
1848 was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. The Academy Film Archive preserved 1848 in 2010.


1848 Belgian general election
Full general elections were held in Belgium on 13 June 1848. They followed an equalisation of the tax qualifications for voters, which widened the franchise from 1.0% of the population to 1.8%. Unlike the previous rules which had favoured Conservatives and Catholics (as the requirements were lower in the countryside), this benefitted the Liberal Party and damaged the Catholics, who lost more than half their seats.


1848 Belgian general election, Background
The existing electoral law differentiated in tax requirements between cities and countryside; cities (where Liberals were stronger) had to pay higher taxes in order to vote, compared to the countryside (where Catholics were stronger).


1848 Belgian general election, Background
The Liberal Party held its founding congress two years earlier, on 13 June 1846, where it approved a proposal to lower the tax requirements in order to expand suffrage. By 1848, in the context of the Revolutions of 1848, reform was unavoidable. On the proposal of Liberal head of government Charles Rogier, the Parliament approved the law of 12 March 1848, which equalised and lowered the tax requirements to its constitutional minimum.


1848 Belgian general election, Background
The new law benefited the Liberals, leading them to victory in these elections. The Liberals would retain their dominant position for the most part until 1884.


1848 Belgian general election, Campaign
One Chamber seat was uncontested, and won by the Liberal Party.


1848 Belgian general election, Results, Chamber of Representatives
The vote figures do not include the constituency of Oudenaarde.


1848 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1848, independent Democratic candidate James H. Woodworth defeated incumbent Democrat James Curtiss.


1848 Chicago mayoral election
The election took place during a time of instability within the two major national political parties (the Democrats and the Whigs). Woodworth's victory dealt a significant blow to Chicago's Democratic organization.


1848 Cisleithanian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held for the first time the Austrian section of the Austrian Empire in June 1848. This group of territories would in Austria-Hungary be referred to as Cisleithania. This happened after the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas caused the Klemens von Metternich government to fall. The election followed the imposition of a new constitution on 25 April by Ferdinand I. The new Imperial Council first met in Vienna on 22 July, but was then relocated to Kremsier in Moravia due to fighting, after which it became known as the Kremsier Parliament.


1848 Colored National Convention
The 1848 Colored National Convention was a convention held by free black men as part of the Colored Conventions Movement. The convention was held from September 6 to September 8, 1848, in Cleveland, Ohio at the courthouse. The convention met to vote on 34 Resolutions.


1848 Colored National Convention, The Colored Conventions Movement
The Colored Conventions Movement began in the 1830s and sporadically met into 1893. The main goal of the convention movement was to gain freedom and call attention to the constitutional rights of slaves and African American freemen. The conventions consisted of free African Americans from Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, New York, and Canada.


1848 Colored National Convention, Members of the convention
Members of the convention included Frederick Douglass, a well known equal rights activist, as the president, J. Jones as the vice president, and William H. Day as the secretary. Allen Jones (Ohio), Thomas Johnson (Michigan), and Abner H. Francis (New York) were added as vice presidents. William H. Burnham and Justin Holland (both from Ohio) were assigned assistant secretaries. Other members included A. H. Francis, M. R. Delaney, C. H. Langton, D. Jenkins, H. Bibb, G. W. Tucker, W. H. Topp, Thomas Brown, J. L. Watson, J. Malvin, D. Jenkins, and G. W. Tucker.


1848 Colored National Convention, Convention proceedings
The convention was called to order on Wednesday, September 6, 1848, at 10:00 a.m. The first session was simply a roll call and to appoint members to various positions. The second session began at 2:30 p.m. on September 6th. The president made some remarks then sang a liberty song. Further remarks were made by various members and more songs were liberty songs were sung. More remarks were made and the first day of the convention came to a close. The second day of the convention began at 9:00 a.m. with a prayer from Reverend John Lyle.


1848 Colored National Convention, Convention proceedings
Roll call was taken and names of those members not present were removed from the rosters. The minutes from the previous day were approved and the convention began to discuss the resolutions. The convention went on recess while discussing the 8th resolution. On Thursday at 2:30 p.m. the convention resumed with a prayer from J. D. Patterson, the minutes from the previous session were addressed and then discussion resumed with the 8th resolution. Thursday was concluded with the singing of "Come join the Abolitionists". Friday, the convention continued at 9:00 a.m. with a prayer by Reverend Kenyon. The convention went on recess after a synopsis of the proceedings was sent for publishing. The final session of the convention convened at 2:30 p.m. A prayer was delivered by Reverend William Ruth.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
The convention met to discuss many different ways to reject the persecution that the African American people had faced. The convention also gave ways to help the African American people become more equal to the white man. The convention suggested that the African Americans need to become more educated and not work for the white man but work with the white man. The African Americans must expand their minds and become more educated, and shame those who oppose the equality of all man. To do this, it is suggested, that newspapers and books be read to improve the minds and elevate the African Americans to the level of the white men.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
3. All classes should have the same access to knowledge of trades and jobs


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
4. That being a servant or domestic is degrading, and should be avoided when possible


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
5. Education is important, and children especially should at least get a business education


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
6. An association is recommended to unite the people and to concentrate the efforts of freedom and equality


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
7. That we will try to be moral and aware of the political actions of the times, but liberty and humanity are the most important.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
8. That no person or establishment will be supported unless they are for equal rights and privileges


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
9. Liberty is the most important thing and should not be compromised


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
10. Nothing is worse than slavery and that everything must be done to discontinue the practice


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
11. in order to support the people it is imperative that we know the status of our people, and that ministers and others throughout the North States take census and that this information be forwarded to the next National Convention.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
12. Remaining sober is a great way to elevate the class and that societies should be formed to promote this


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
13. That supporting the Free Soil Movement and the Buffalo Convention is highly encouraged, but we should be characterized as abolitionists.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
14. That Liberty is a right to all man, and as such it is recommended to attempt escape at every favorable opportunity.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
15. That we will aid our brethren still enslaved to escape.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
17. That the establishment of a party in support of Free Soil be established with the platform of “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men” and that all should support and encourage others to support this party.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
18. That the motto be “Love to God and man, and Fidelity to ourselves”


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
19. Jefferson Fitzgerald was asked at the 1845 convention to assess the land and that Oceana and Mason county in Michigan were recommended that land be purchased there.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
20. That the convention gives thanks to the president, Frederick Douglass, for his ability to remain impartial while presiding over the convention


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
21. That the convention concludes at 6pm on September 8, 1848 without further meetings.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
22. That they recognize their lack of military tactics and arms, and that they want to learn to be more prepared and better armed and will appoint committees called Vigilant Committees


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
23. That the convention thanks Judge Andrews and the Bar of Cleveland for allowing the use of the courthouse and that the newspaper the conduct and efficiency of the North Star, a newspaper edited by Frederick Douglass and M. R. Delany, is instrumental to elevate the people and as such should be supported by the people


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
24. That annual conventions meet and appeal to the legislatures to repeal Black Laws and all laws against slaves and African Americans.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
25. That “taxation and representation ought to go together” and we are in doubt of the morality of paying taxes without being represented.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
26. The Christian American Churches supported slavery and as such no confidence is given in their practices and are henceforth condemned.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
27. That similar Convention that support and fight for suffering humanity be supported.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
28. That the next convention be held in Detroit or Pittsburgh in 1850.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
29. That we condemn the American Colonization Society for their deception and hypocrisy.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
30. That thanks be given to the people of Cleveland for their help in the convention.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
31. That in the sight of God, prejudice against color is vulgar and unnatural.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
32. That it is ok that we give lectures and can get paid as long as they are speaking positively about the mission.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
33. We believe in the equality of sexes and that women are encouraged to take part in future conventions.


1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention
34. That condemnation of white people only encourages prejudice and should be stopped immediately.


1848 Colored National Convention, Women in the movement
Although women were not a clear part of this convention, Resolution 33 was amended to read that "Whereas, we fully believe in the equality of sexes, therefore, that we hereby invite females hereafter to take part in our deliberations."


1848 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1848 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 5, 1848. Incumbent Governor and Whig nominee Clark Bissell was re-elected, defeating former congressman and Democratic nominee George S. Catlin with 50.38% of the vote.


1848 Connecticut gubernatorial election
This was the last such election in which the Whig Party won a majority of the popular vote. Their vote share would steadily decline over each of the next eight elections, ending with their last appearance in the 1856 Connecticut gubernatorial election. The Whigs would only win two more of these eight elections, by the votes of the state legislature. It was also the last appearance of the Liberty Party.


1848 Danish Constituent Assembly election
Elections for the Constituent Assembly were held in Denmark on 5 October 1848. Of the 158 seats in the Assembly, 114 were elected and 44 appointed by the King (of which 38 were from Denmark proper, five from Iceland and one from the Faroe Islands). An additional 31 candidates were to come from the Duchy of Schleswig but were not elected due to the First Schleswig War.


1848 Danish Constituent Assembly election, Background
1848 had seen a series of revolutions across Europe. An insurrection in Holstein together with the political mobilisation of the National Liberal Party in Copenhagen led to the new king Frederick VII installing a new cabinet including National Liberal members. It was hoped that a cabinet with popular support would allow it to fight the insurrection and draw up a "free constitution" which would change the system of government from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Following discussions, it was decided to hold elections for a Constituent Assembly.


1848 Danish Constituent Assembly election, Results
There were only elections in 85 constituencies, as candidates were returned unopposed in the remainder. Together with the royal appointees, right-wing candidates emerged as the largest group with 52–54 seats. Left-wing candidates (congregating around the Society of the Friends of Peasants) won 45–47 seats, centrists 42–44 and others 13–19. A total of 51,775 votes were cast in the constituencies where elections were held, giving a turnout of 79.7%.


1848 Danish Constituent Assembly election, Aftermath
The Assembly convened between October 1848 and May 1849. A new constitution was passed in May and signed by the King on 5 June. The new constitution created a bicameral parliament with a directly elected lower house and an indirectly elected upper house. Elections for the two houses were held in December.


1848 Delvaux
1848 Delvaux (prov. designation: 1933 QD) is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 August 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was later named after astronomer Georges Roland's sister-in-law.


1848 Delvaux, Orbit and classification
Delvaux is a stony asteroid and a member of the Koronis family, a collisional group consisting of a few hundred known bodies with nearly ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,777 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A912 FA at Simeiz Observatory in 1912, the body's observation arc begins 3 day after its official discovery, as non of the previous observations were used.


1848 Delvaux, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy Delvaux is a common S-type asteroid.


1848 Delvaux, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
It has a well-determined rotation period of 3.63 to 3.65 hours with a brightness variation of 0.57–0.69 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) adopts a period of 3.637 hours.


1848 Delvaux, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Delvaux measures between 16.66 and 17.51 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.233 to 0.461. CALL assumes a standard albedo for members of the Koronis family of 0.24, and calculates a diameter of 17.12 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.0.


1848 Delvaux, Name
This minor planet was named after the sister-in-law of Georges Roland, astronomer at the observatory in Uccle and known as the co-discoverer of the comet Arend–Roland. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).


1848 Democratic National Committee
1848 Democratic National Committee was the Democratic Party's first continuing national organization with one member from each state appointed for four years at the 1848 nominating convention in Baltimore.


1848 Democratic National Committee
B. F. Hallett was the Chairman and W. F. Ritchie was Secretary.


1848 Democratic National Convention
The 1848 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met from May 22 to May 25 in Baltimore, Maryland. It was held to nominate the Democratic Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1848 election. The convention selected Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan for president and former Representative William O. Butler of Kentucky for vice president.


1848 Democratic National Convention
As incumbent Democratic President James K. Polk declined to seek re-election, the Democratic Party nominated a new presidential candidate for the 1848 election. The major competitors for the presidential nomination were Cass, Secretary of State James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, and Supreme Court Justice Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire. Cass led on the first presidential ballot, and he continued to gain delegates until he clinched the nomination on the fourth ballot. Butler won the vice presidential nomination on the second ballot, defeating former Governor John A. Quitman of Mississippi and several other candidates. The Democratic ticket was defeated in the 1848 election by the Whig ticket of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore.


1848 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings
Former Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson of Virginia was made the president (chair) of the convention.


1848 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings
After readopting the two-thirds rule for selecting the nominee, the assembly turned to the thorny problem of competing delegations representing different factions of the New York party. The convention adopted a compromise (by a vote of 133 to 118) of splitting the thirty-six votes between the pro-Van Buren faction and the Hunkers that opposed them: despite this, the pro-Van Burenite Barnburners promptly walked out of the convention, while the remaining New York delegates cast blank ballots throughout.


1848 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
The main competitors for the nomination were Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, Secretary of State James Buchanan from Pennsylvania, and Supreme Court Justice Levi Woodbury from New Hampshire.


1848 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
On the first ballot, Cass had a large lead with 125 of the 254 delegate votes cast, with Buchanan and Woodbury receiving 55 and 53 votes respectively. On the next two ballots Cass gained a simple majority, while Woodbury's total was steady and Buchanan's began to fall. After Cass received 179 votes out of 254 on the fourth ballot, the chair declared that Cass had reached the required 170 votes and was therefore nominated.


1848 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined
Turning to the choice of a vice presidential running mate, the convention picked General William O. Butler of Kentucky over General John A. Quitman of Mississippi, former Senator and Minister to France William R. King of Alabama, Secretary of the Navy John Y. Mason of Virginia, and Representative James Iver McKay of North Carolina. Before it adjourned on May 25, this convention also appointed the first Democratic National Committee.


1848 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 30 November and 4 December 1848. Held immediately after the Constitutional Reform of 1848, they were the first direct elections to the House of Representatives, and were the first to elect a States General to which government ministers would be responsible. Voting was restricted to men over the age of 23, and who paid a certain level of taxation. This limited the franchise to 55,728 people, roughly 11% of the male population over 23, or 2.5% of the total population of the country. Candidates were elected in districts in a two-round system; if no candidate received over 50% of the vote in the first round, the top two candidates would face a run-off. The districts had one MP for every 45,000 inhabitants.


1848 Dutch general election
As there were no official political parties until 1879, all candidates were nominally independents.


1848 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1848 Florida gubernatorial election was held on October 2, 1848. Whig nominee Thomas Brown defeated the Democratic nominee William Bailey.


1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions
The Free Soil Party was organized for the 1848 US election to oppose further expansion of slavery into the western territories. It included anti-slavery members of the Whigs, and drew much of its support anti-slavery Democrats, including former President Martin Van Buren.


1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions
When the Whigs nominated slave owner Zachary Taylor for president, and took no position on the anti-slavery Wilmot Proviso, prominent Conscience Whigs including Henry Wilson and Charles Allen, withdrew from the party's national convention and issued a call for anti-slavery advocates to meet with the goal of forming a new party. The party included prominent abolitionists such as Salmon P. Chase and John Parker Hale, and held its 1848 convention in Utica and Buffalo, New York. On June 22, Van Buren defeated Hale by a 244-183 delegate count to capture the Free Soil nomination for president, while Charles Francis Adams Sr., the son and grandson of presidents, was chosen as the vice-presidential nominee.


1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions
Van Buren knew that the Free Soilers had no chance of winning; he hoped that his candidacy would split the Democratic vote and throw the election to the Whigs. Van Buren pursued this strategy partly from personal animus towards Lewis Cass, whom he blamed for preventing him from obtaining the Democratic nomination in 1844, and dislike of the pro-slavery principle of popular sovereignty, which Cass championed. Van Buren's plan proved successful; he obtained enough votes in New York to deny the state to Cass, which was enough to provide Taylor's margin of victory.


1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions, Free Soil party platform
Among the positions adopted by the party in its convention were:


1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions, Liberty Party nomination
Despite their significant showing in the prior presidential election, certain events would conspire to remove the Liberty Party from political significance.


1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions, Liberty Party nomination
Initially, the nomination was to be decided in the fall of 1847 at a Convention in Buffalo, New York. There, Senator John P. Hale was nominated over Gerrit Smith, brother-in-law to the party's previous nominee James G. Birney. Leicester King, a former judge and state senator in Ohio, was nominated to be Hale's running mate. Anti -slavery Democrats and Whigs, disappointed with their respective nominees, would form a new movement in conjunction with members of the Liberty Party such as John Hale and Salmon Chase to form the Free Soil Party that summer.


1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions, Liberty Party nomination
At this point, both Hale and King withdrew in favor of a Free Soil ticket led by former President Martin Van Buren, and the great majority of members of the Liberty Party followed. A small faction refused to support Van Buren for the presidency, however. They held another convention in June 1848 as the rump "National Liberty Party." Gerrit Smith was nominated almost unanimously, with Charles Foote, a religious minister from Michigan as his running mate.


1848 French Constituent Assembly election
The 1848 general election held on 23 and 24 April 1848 elected the Constituent Assembly of the new Republic. Over 9 million voters were eligible to vote in the first French election since 1792 held under male universal suffrage.


1848 French legislative election in Senegal
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Senegal between 30 October and 2 November 1848.


1848 French legislative election in Senegal, Electoral system
The single Senegalese seat in the National Assembly was created by decree on 5 March 1848. Following an order of 5 November 1830 and a law of 24 April 1833, all free-born people and freed slaves in the Four Communes in Senegal had full civic and political rights, the only French African colony to give such rights until the end of World War II. The right to vote was given to all men over the age of 25 and who could prove they had lived in their municipality for the previous five years. In total 4,726 men registered to vote.


1848 French legislative election in Senegal, Campaign
The election was contested by four candidates; former Governor Léandre Bertin du Château, the creole Barthélémy Durand Valantin, Victor Schœlcher, a well-known anti-slavery activist and De Giradin. Although Schœlcher was on the ballot, he was not in Senegal at the time.


1848 French presidential election
The French presidential election of 1848 was the first ever held. It elected the first and only president of the Second Republic. The election was held on 10 December 1848 and led to the surprise victory of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte with 74% of the popular vote. This was the only direct presidential election until the 1965 French presidential election.


1848 French presidential election, Background
Following the February 1848 revolution, the French replaced the July Monarchy of King Louis-Philippe with a constitutional republic. The new Second Republic was led by a provisional government and then an executive commission, which held democratic elections for a National Constituent Assembly.


1848 French presidential election, Background
The National Constituent Assembly was tasked with drafting a new Constitution for the French Second Republic, including the definition of a new head of state to replace the overthrown monarchy. Constitutional debates took place during the period known as the June days uprising.


1848 French presidential election, Background, Method of election
The procedure for presidential election was ratified by referendum on 6 October and included in the Constitution, which was adopted on 12 November. The election was scheduled for 10 December.


1848 French presidential election, Background, Method of election
The election would be held in a single round under the principle of universal male suffrage. If no candidate received a majority of the vote, the president would be elected by a vote of the National Assembly.


1848 French presidential election, Background, Definition of office
The presidency was defined by the terms of the constitution. Rather than the model of the executive committee given by the First Republic, the constitutional committee preferred to entrust executive power in a single individual. The office was given extensive powers to propose legislation, appoint ministers and high-ranking officials, engage in diplomacy, and command the military, though all decisions were subject to approval by the ministers.


1848 French presidential election, Election
The constitution only included provision for one round, and in the absence of a majority for any candidate, the National Assembly would have decided the victor. Louis-Eugène Cavaignac seemed certain to win, and the Assembly would have most certainly elected him in the absence of an absolute majority.


1848 French presidential election, Election
Bonaparte had no long political career behind him and was able to depict himself as "all things to some men". The Monarchist right (supporters of either the Legitimist or Orléanist royal households) and much of the upper class supported him as the "least worst" candidate, as a man who would restore order, end the instability in France which had continued since the overthrow of the monarchy during the February Revolution earlier that year, and prevent a proto-communist revolution (in the vein of Friedrich Engels).


1848 French presidential election, Election
A good proportion of the industrial working class, on the other hand, were won over by Louis-Napoleon's vague indications of progressive economic views. His overwhelming victory was above all due to the support of the non-politicized rural masses, to whom the name of Bonaparte meant something, as opposed to the other, little-known contenders.


1848 French presidential election, Results
Bonaparte received a plurality or majority in all departments except the Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Morbihan, and Finistère, all four of which were won by Cavaignac. Thus did Bonaparte become the second president in Europe (after Jonas Furrer of Switzerland) and the first French president to be elected by a popular vote.


1848 German federal election
Federal elections were held in all the 38 states of the German Confederation on 1 May 1848 to elect members of a new National Assembly known as the Frankfurt Parliament. The ballot was not secret, and elected 585 members, mostly from the middle class.


1848 German federal election, Background
The Pre-Parliament (Vorparlement) had convened in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt on 31 March 1848. Most of the 521 members of it were from South and West Germany, including 2 from Austria. From Prussia there were 141 representatives, of which 100 from the Rhineland with a strong liberal tradition. The Pre-Parliament dispersed on 3 April having appointed a committee of 50. The radicals Friedrich Hecker and Gustav Struve were excluded as they had walked out; they had favoured abolition of both hereditary monarchy and standing armies, and a Federal constitution on North American lines. The rebuffed Hecker proclaimed a German Republic in Baden on 12 April, but the so-called Heckenputsch failed within a week. Heckler escaped to Switzerland and went to the United States, becoming a farmer. Later Struve also went into exile (in Switzerland and the United States) before returning to Germany.


1848 German federal election, Electoral system
The Pre-Parliament had favoured universal suffrage, although individual states set their own qualifications. While Austria, Prussia and Schleswig-Holstein imposed no restrictions, farm hands were excluded in Baden and Saxony. Bavaria and Wutternberg excluded domestic servants and workers, and Bavaria included only those paying direct taxation.


1848 German federal election, Results
The Pre-Parliament set the ratio of one deputy to the National Assembly per 50,000 inhabitants of the German Confederation, totaling 649 deputies. However, Czech-majority constituencies in Bohemia and Moravia boycotted the election, reducing the total to 585. Those elected included 157 judges and lawyers, 138 high officials, over a hundred university and high school teachers, and about 40 merchants and industrialists. Most of the 90 members of the nobility were in the learned professions, and there was only one peasant and four handwerkers (skilled artisans or craftsmen).


1848 German federal election, Aftermath
The Frankfurt Parliament convened on 18 May at Frankfurt, when the members walked in solemn procession to the Paulskirche accompanied by the roar of cannon and the ringing of bells. It included the German political leaders of the past three decades: the political professors Friedrich Dahlmann, Johann Droysen and Georg Waitz; Ernst Arndt and Turnvater Jahn (Friedrich Jahn) from 1813; radicals like Robert Blum and Arnold Ruge; liberal nobles like Prince Felix Lichnowsky, and the Catholic leader Bishop Ketteler.


1848 Grand National
The 1848 Grand National Steeplechase was the tenth official annual running of a handicap steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday, 1 March. It attracted a then record, field of 29 competitors for a prize valued at £1,015 to the winner.


1848 Grand National
The race was won by Lieutenant Josey Little on Captain William Peel's Chandler trained by Tom Eskrett. Lieutenant Little wore Captain Peel's colours of white silks with a black cap. The horse won in a time of 11 minutes and 21 seconds, forty-two seconds slower than the course record set the previous year. With the proceeds of the race Lieutenant Little was able to purchase his promotion to the rank of captain in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards. Tom Olliver rode in the race for a record tenth time, finishing second on The Curate. The race was marred by the fatal falls of three competitors at the same fence in the latter stages of the second circuit, taking the total number of fatalities in the history of the race to five.


1848 Grand National, Finishing order
No official returns for the Grand National exist prior to 1865. The return below is that published by the reporter of The Times newspaper the day after the race.


1848 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1848 Illinois gubernatorial election was the ninth election for this office. Democratic governor Augustus C. French was easily re-elected. This was the first gubernatorial election in Illinois that was held on the same date as the United States presidential election.


1848 Illinois gubernatorial election
This was the first election in which any governor was elected to a second term. The Illinois Constitution of 1818, which had been replaced this same year, prohibited more than one consecutive term as governor, and Thomas Duncan was the only governor ever to attempt a second term, though it was not consecutive.


1848 Illinois gubernatorial election
At this time in Illinois history the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain so until the 1970 constitution.


1848 Iowa Senate election
In the 1848 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the second Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held for 10 of the state senate's 19 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1848 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election in 1846, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 11 seats to Whigs' eight seats.


1848 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Whigs needed to net two Senate seats.


1848 Iowa Senate election
Democrats maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1848 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Democrats holding 11 seats and Whigs having eight seats. Democratic Senator John Jackson Selman was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the second General Assembly.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1848, with the exception of Castle Street and Scotland wards where the elections were held on 2 November because the Aldermen for these wards were not able to act as returning officers. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election
This was the first year that the local press referred to "Liberals" rather than "Reformers"


1848 Liverpool Town Council election
The main issue at this election was whether the Corporation estate and the docks should be subject to Rates (tax).


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because half of the wards were uncontested, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby
Polling Place : The Phœnix Inn, on the east side of Mount-pleasant.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton
Polling Place : The Public-house on the north side of Great Homer-street, Occupied by Mr. Charles Unwin.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton
Francis Shand was opposed to the rating of the Corporation and Dock Estates, Edward Langsdale was of the opposite view.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange
Polling Place : The north end of the Sessions' house, in Chapel-street.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George
Polling Place : The Shop, No. 64 at the north side of Nelson-street, occupied by Mr. Richard Hesketh.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street
Polling Place : The Public-house of Mr. William Prescott, at the corner os St. Vincent-street, London-road.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth
Polling Place : The Public-house, sign of "The Royal Oak", corner of Warwick-street, Park-road.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street
Polling Place : The Committee-room of the South Corporation School, in Park-lane.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street
Polling Place : The Shop, near the entrance to the New Arcade, on the west side of Renshaw-street, occupied by Mr. Robert Brassey.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Anne Street
Polling Place : The House of Mr. Thomas Hindle, on the west side of Christian-street


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's
Polling Place : The House of Mr. Mather, at the northwest corner of St. Paul's-square.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's
Polling Place : The Public-house, sign of "The Horse and Jockey" in Seel-street'


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's
John Ferguson, a determined pro-rater and chairman of the National Federation.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland
Polling Place : The House No. 64, on the north side of Burlington-street, near Limekiln-lane, occupied by Mr. Joseph Jones.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland
James Thomson advocated the rating of the Corporate and Dock estates.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, South Toxteth
Polling Place : The Shop, on the west side of Park-road, occupied by Mrs. Eliza Gould, near the church of St. John the Baptist.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall
Polling Place : The House occupied by Mr. George Gurden, on the west side of Vauxhall-road nearly opposite the end of Blackstock-street.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall
William Rathbone was an advocate of the Rivington Pike water scheme and opposed to the rating of the Corporate and Dock estates. Mr. Hodson took the contrary views.


1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, West Derby
Polling Place : The House, on the south side of Edge-hill, opposite the Church, in the occupation of Mrs. Mary Fleetwood.


1848 Luxembourg general election
General elections were held in Luxembourg on 28 September 1848. They were the first direct elections to the Chamber of Deputies. Doctrinaire Liberals, who had been in power since 1841, lost the election to progressive Liberals and Catholics who were supportive of the new constitution.


1848 Luxembourg general election, Electoral system
The elections were the first held after a new electoral law was passed on 23 July 1848, which established direct and secret elections. It also reduced the tax qualification from 10 florins to 10 francs. Although this doubled the number of voters from around 5,000 to 9,868, 95% of the population remained disenfranchised. They were also the first elections held under the 1848 constitution, which was based on the Belgian constitution and introduced a parliamentary system with a constitutional monarchy, limiting the powers of the Grand Duke.


1848 Luxembourg general election, Aftermath
Although the progressive Liberals and Catholics held a majority of seats, the accession of William III to the throne in 1849 reduced their power. William opposed the 1848 constitution, supported the doctrinaire Liberals and demanded that the full power of the monarchy be restored.


1848 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1848 Maine gubernatorial election, was an election held in 1848 in the state of Maine to decide Maine's next governor.


1848 Maine gubernatorial election
John W. Dana was the incumbent Democrat, and won the election. The challenger was Elijah Hamlin, of the Whig party who was the brother of future Vice President of the United States under Abraham Lincoln, Hannibal Hamlin.


1848 Maine gubernatorial election, Notes
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1848 Marlborough earthquake
The 1848 Marlborough earthquake was a 7.5 (Mw) earthquake that occurred at 1:40 a.m. on 16 October 1848 and whose epicenter was in the Marlborough region of the South Island of New Zealand.


1848 Marlborough earthquake
In Wellington the shaking lasted for about two minutes and caused widespread damage, especially to brick or stone structures. Most of the buildings damaged in the earthquake were rebuilt in wood and this contributed to the relatively low level of damage and loss of life in the more powerful Wairarapa earthquake that hit Wellington seven years later.


1848 Marlborough earthquake, Tectonic setting
New Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. In the South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In the North Island, the displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS). A group of dextral strike-slip structures, known as the Marlborough Fault System, transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island.


1848 Marlborough earthquake, Earthquake characteristics
The earthquake was associated with the rupturing of a minimum of 105 km of the Awatere Fault, which is part of the Marlborough Fault System. A horizontal displacement of about 6 metres was accompanied by  smaller vertical movements of varying sense. A shallow epicentral depth is inferred from the large number of felt aftershocks. A moment magnitude of about 7.5 has been estimated from the rupture length and measured displacements.


1848 Marlborough earthquake, Damage
In Wellington, almost all buildings of brick or stone construction were damaged, including homes, churches, the jail, and the Colonial Hospital. Most wooden buildings were undamaged, although many lost their brick chimneys. Barrack Sergeant James Harris Lovel of the 65th Regiment and two of his young children, Amelia aged 4, and William aged 6, died after being crushed by falling bricks from a wall in Farish Street, Wellington. They are buried at Bolton Street Cemetery.


1848 Marlborough earthquake, Damage
In the Marlborough region itself, a number of homesteads were badly damaged. Several buildings damaged in the main shock were destroyed during strong aftershocks over the next few days. The only fatalities from the earthquake occurred when a damaged building collapsed during one of the aftershocks the following day.


1848 Massachusetts legislature
The 69th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1848 during the governorship of George N. Briggs. Zeno Scudder served as president of the Senate and Francis Crowninshield served as speaker of the House.


1848 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1848 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 7, 1848, the Democratic nominee, Austin Augustus King, defeated Whig candidate James S. Rollins.


1848 Naval Air Squadron
1848 Naval Air Squadron (1848 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.


1848 New York state election
The 1848 New York state election took place on November 7, 1848, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.


1848 New York state election, History
The Hunker state convention met on September 5 in Syracuse. Walworth and O'Conor were nominated on the first ballot. The vote for governor was 98 for Walworth, 23 for Zadock Pratt, and 3 for Greene C. Bronson. The vote for lieutenant governor was 83 for O'Conor, 16 for Clinton, 6 for Nathan Dayton, 5 for Baldwin and 3 scattering.


1848 New York state election, History
The Whig state convention met on September 13 in Utica. Fish was nominated for governor on the first ballot with 76 votes for him, 28 votes for Joshua A. Spencer, and only 20 votes for the incumbent John Young.


1848 New York state election, History
The Barnburner Free Soil state convention was held on September 13 and 14 at the Court House in Utica. Dix and Gates were nominated by acclamation. The Liberty state convention also met on the same day in the same city, and after passing resolutions, the delegates walked to the Court House and sat with the Free Soil convention as honorary members.


1848 New York state election, Result
Due to the split of the Democratic Party, the whole Whig state ticket was elected.


1848 New York state election, Result
106 Whigs, 15 Free Soilers and 7 Hunkers were elected to the New York State Assembly of the 72nd New York State Legislature.


1848 Newfoundland general election
The 1848 Newfoundland general election was held in 1848 to elect members of the 4th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. The use of two separate bodies, an elected assembly and an appointed Legislative Council, was resumed; the experiment with combining the two bodies which had been initiated in 1842 was terminated. While the exact party composition of the Newfoundland House of Assembly following this election is unknown; the Liberals did enjoy a majority.


1848 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1848 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 10, 1848. Incumbent Whig governor William F. Johnston, who became governor following the resignation and subsequent death of Francis R. Shunk in July 1848, defeated Democratic candidate Morris Longstreth to win a full term.


1848 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1848 saw the reelection of John Swift to a twelfth overall non-consecutive term.


1848 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system
Beginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.


1848 Swiss constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Switzerland on 6 June 1848. The new constitution was approved by 72.8% of voters and a majority of cantons.


1848 Swiss constitutional referendum, Background
In order to pass, any amendments to the constitution needed a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1848 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland between 1 and 27 October 1848. The Radical Left emerged as the largest group, winning 79 of the 111 seats in the National Council.


1848 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 111 members of the National Council were elected from 52 single- and multi-member constituencies. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.