1790 House
The 1790 House, also called the Joseph Bartlett House or the Bartlett–Wheeler House, is a historic house located at 827 Main Street, Woburn, Massachusetts, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is close to the Baldwin House, with the Middlesex Canal running between them.


1790 House
The 1790 House, originally on Main Street, has been moved closer to the canal to make room for a hotel. It now faces more south than its original facing of southwest.


1790 House, History
The Federal style house was originally built in 1790 on the banks of the Middlesex Canal, for Woburn lawyer Joseph Bartlett. Shortly before completion it was purchased by Col. Loammi Baldwin, noted engineer, who hoped to convince expatriate scientist and inventor Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, to return to his home town. Although this idea never came to fruition, author Frances Parkinson Keyes, who later spent childhood summers in the home, refers to it repeatedly in her memoirs as the Count Rumford House. The house also features in her autobiography, Roses in December.


1790 House, History
In 1815 Hall Jackson Kelley conducted a private school for boys in the house, and there he first read the newly published Journals of Lewis and Clark. Kelley conceived a passion for the Pacific Northwest and became the prime advocate of the United States settlement of Oregon. He then migrated west to become a legendary "mountain man" and explorer.


1790 House, History
The house was purchased by the BNMC MA Realty LLC in March 2014. Previously, the house was owned by Woburn Daily Times Inc since 1981 and is currently used as office space. Before that it was owned by the North Congregational Church of Woburn, and used as a Sunday School.


1790 House, Structure
The structure stands two stories tall beneath a hip roof, seven bays wide and four bays deep. It is of frame construction covered with clapboard, except at the front where it is imitation ashlar; wood quoins ornament its corners. A two tier Doric porch projects from the front facade, with single-story Tuscan pillars supporting the porch, and two-story Doric pillars at the corners. The upper level has a balustrade with Chinese railings. The two sides and rear also contain entrances, and the rear facade was once graced with a large Palladian window. (As of 2005, the rear facade seems to have been obliterated in a large-scale extension to the building.) There are two interior end chimneys.


1790 House, Structure
At one time there was a large barn filled with old books behind the building; this was torn down in the late 1960s.


1790 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1790 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on September 30.


1790 Imperial election, Background
Maximilian III Joseph, the elector of Bavaria, died of smallpox on December 30, 1777, leaving no immediate heirs. He was succeeded by his distant cousin Charles Theodore, then elector of the Electoral Palatinate. Under the provisions of the Peace of Westphalia covering a merger of family lines, the vote of the Palatinate was suppressed, and Charles Theodore, while ruling both territories, would hold one vote as elector of Bavaria.


1790 Imperial election, Background, War of the Bavarian Succession
As Charles Theodore also had no immediate legitimate heirs, his cousin Charles II August, the duke of Zweibrücken, was entitled to inherit both Bavaria and the Palatinate. When Charles Theodore, who preferred to live in the Palatinate, offered southern Bavaria to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in exchange for part of the Austrian Netherlands, Charles August objected. He was joined in this objection by Prussia and Saxony, both of whom were wary of any increase in Austrian power in Central Europe. The resulting war was settled by the Treaty of Teschen of May 13, 1779, which granted the Innviertel to Austria, affirmed Charles Theodore's inheritance of the entire Bavarian electorate, and recognized some Prussian territorial claims.


1790 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1790
Joseph died on February 20, 1790. The electors called to Frankfurt to choose his successor were:


1790 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1790
Leopold was also king of Hungary and grand duke of Tuscany. In the latter role, he had been a reformer and constitutionalist, and his election offered the potential of the spread of similar reforms in Austria and the broader Empire.


1790 Naval Air Squadron
1790 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed on 1 January 1945 at RNAS Burscough as a night fighter squadron. It was initially equipped with the Fairey Firefly I, replaced in May 1945 by the Firefly INF, which was fitted with a US-derived ASV radar. The squadron joined HMS Vindex on 24 June, bound for Australia, with the ship arriving at HMS Nabthorpe (the Mobile Naval Air Base at RAAF Station Schofields) 2 days before the war in the Far East ended. The squadron was disbanded on 3 June 1946 at Devonport.


1790 Oran earthquake
The 1790 Oran earthquake occurred on October 10, striking near the coastal city of Oran in Algeria. The earthquake had an evaluated maximum seismic intensity of VIII to X on the European macroseismic scale (EMS-98). An estimated 3,000 people lost their lives during the earthquake and accompanying tsunami. The magitude of this earthquake is still disputed among members of the paleoseismology field, with estimates ranging from 7.5 to even as small as 5.5.


1790 Oran earthquake, Impact
Beginning on October 8, the Spanish-conquered city was rocked by a series of strong earthquakes which were felt as far as Spain and Malta. The earthquakes were felt by residents in Granada, Cartagena, Málaga, and Santa Fe. Violent shaking was felt at Oran until October 25. Major damage occured in Oran, with much of the historic city destroyed. Reports of damage also came from Carthage, Tunisia, and Spain across the Mediterranean Sea.


1790 Oran earthquake, Impact
On the morning of October 10, at 01:15 local time, the most violent shock razed many homes in Oran to the ground, trapping 1,000 people. Multiple shocks occurred in the aftermath, causing destruction and killing many. Landslides were triggered, spilling debris into the city. Modern construction, and a fortress in the city remained intact after the shocks, and no damage was reported outside Oran.


1790 Oran earthquake, Impact
According to the Gazeta de Madrid, over 250 soldiers were among the 3,000 killed, while some sources suggest up to 600 died. At an alcazaba, the earthquake severely damaged the structure, killing a commander general and his daughter. A number of high-ranking military officials were killed by collapsing structures. At least 86 prisoner, and 23 prison officials died when a jail collapsed. Half of the inmated managed to escape.


1790 Oran earthquake, Impact
Because the city streets were narrow, many survivors gathered at an open space right after the quake. Looting of personal belongings took place in the ruined city. In response, the colonial announced capital punishment for anyone caught. Aid was provided to the survivrs one week later, which included tents, food and medical assistance. The governor of Oran was appointed by Charles IV of Spain to write a report on the earthquake a few days later. Damage to Oran was so severe that the Spanish Empire eventually left the city and neighbouring Mazalquivir in 1792 because repair works were not viable any more. Many of the Spanish residents in Algeria resettled to Ceuta.


1790 Oran earthquake, Tsunami
A notable tsunami was triggered during the quake, and witnessed by many at the coast. Sailors on ships were thrown overboard when the strong waves struck. Many residents ran fom the coast as the tsunami approached. The waves inundated the coasts of North Africa, but no disturbance of the sea was reported in Morocco. Boats were taken from ports and drifted away. Small waves also struck the Iberian Peninsula in Almeria and Cartagena, where in the latter location, the sea level rose by up to 6 feet.


1790 Oran earthquake, Tectonic setting
The nation of Algeria lie near a complex and poorly defined convergent plate boundary separating the African Plate from the Eurasian Plate. The converging plates create a zone of compression in northern Algeria, which are accommodated by mainly thrust and reverse faults onshore and inland. Thrusting of strata due to compression formed the Atlas Mountains in Algeria and Morocco. The tectonic situation of Algeria also make the country vulnerable to large and deadly seismic events with magnitudes greater than 6.0. The offshore thrust faults also pose a tsunami threat to the Algerian coast during large earthquakes.


1790 Oran earthquake, Earthquake
Previous studies of earthquakes in Algeria and on this particular event have assigned the maximum seismic intensity at IX to X on the MSK-64, EMS-98 and Mercalli scales. Based on inferring the historical descriptions of the event, Oran was assigned IX-X, while intensities IV-V was felt in Almeria and Cartagena (IV). At Mers-El-Kébir, the felt intensity was IV-V based on literature reviews. A re-evaluation of more recent literature describing the earthquake suggest the intensity was only VIII. The severe damage which occurred was due to poor construction practices.


1790 Oran earthquake, Earthquake
The intensity most likely did not achieve IX level because at Mers-El-Kébir, a mere 8 km from Oran, did not report any damage suggesting the intensity was weaker than previously thought. In a 2019 journal, the authors assigned the coastal areas of Oran, where the dreatest damage was reported, intensity IX-X. The intensity IX-X was inferred from the original Spanish documents describing the earthquake.


1790 Oran earthquake, Earthquake
The high intensity shaking and tsunami generation is due to the shallow hypocenter depth and offshore epicenter location. According to Pedro María Legallois Grimarest, a military officer, the tremors began with the vertical movement of the ground, and was followed by shaking in the southwest-northeast direction. This would suggest the earthquake rupture consisted of two sub-events on a reverse fault. The northwest coast of Oran hosts a reverse fault offshore which may be the source of the quake and tsunami. The source fault may be one that stretches from the sea to onshore. Based on considering the damage and tsunami, a seismic magnitude of 6.0 to 6.5 has been proposed for the event.


1790 Oran earthquake, Other events
On June 6, 2008, a Mwc  5.5 earthquake struck off the coast of Oran with a maximum felt intensity of VII on the EMS-98 scale or VI on the Mercalli. The earthquake killed one person and caused dozens of injuries. The moment tensor solution indicated reverse faulting at a shallow depth with an epicenter offshore. The faults offshore are activated by northwest-southeast comression as a result of the Africa-Eurasia convergence in the Mediterranean.


1790 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1790 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was the first gubernatorial election after the establishment of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a U.S. state. Thomas Mifflin, the incumbent President of the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was elected as the first Governor of Pennsylvania. He defeated Federalist candidate Arthur St. Clair, former Revolutionary War general and President of the Continental Congress, by a wide margin.


1790 State of the Union Address
This State of the Union Address was given on Friday, January 8, 1790, during the term of George Washington. It was the first annual address given by a president. It was given in New York City. The first President felt, "great satisfaction from a cooperation with you in the pleasing though arduous task of insuring to our fellow citizens the blessings which they have a right to expect from a free, efficient, and equal government."


1790 State of the Union Address
This State of the Union Address was given on Friday, January 8, 1790, by President George Washington. It was given in New York City in the Senate Chamber of Federal Hall. It was the first annual address given by a president of the United States of America. As the first State of the Union Address President Washington created the example of what would become expected of presidents long after him. Everything from his choice of clothing, who was standing beside him, to the way he gave his message was criticized.


1790 State of the Union Address
"According to Sen. William Maclay’s account "The President was dressed in second morning, and read his speech well. The senate headed by their president were on his right The House of Representatives …. With their speaker were on his left…". His demeanor gave the event the respect and importance that it has been given since his first speech. For all the importance that his speech has it is the shortest State of the Union Address that has been given to this day with only 1,089 words. His speech did not address in detail many of his points.


1790 State of the Union Address
He explained some of the challenges that their young America would face and he addressed what he expected of the future. President George Washington begins his speech by congratulating the houses with the accession of North Carolina and expressing the country's progress "… and plenty with which we are blessed are circumstances auspicious in an eminent degree to our national prosperity.". President Washington celebrated with the people but he realized the work that they would have to do in order to secure America's future. "To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace."


1790 State of the Union Address
was Washington's call to his country to create a good army and to gather the resources needed to maintain it. The army itself, its funding, supplies, and structure still needed to be decided so Washington included this in his speech because it was of great importance that needed to be addressed immediately. As a new country it had to find its place in the world and shine the light of democracy.


1790 State of the Union Address
The need for foreign policy was a concern that he felt should be dealt with by the President and he promised to do his "duty in that respect in the manner which circumstances may render most public good.". The need for a naturalization process to be made for foreigners was inserted to show how important they were to the country and to show the need the nation had for new citizens. The citizens themselves were not ignored in his State of the Union Address.


1790 State of the Union Address
With the government being formed by various official men the citizens of the United States were also asked to participate in the growth of their country. President Washington moved beyond official needs to address the everyday lives of the citizens. The President expressed " the advancement of agriculture, commerce, manufactures…the promotion of science and literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness." in hopes of inspiring the people to embrace these fields of knowledge in order to better the country.


1790 State of the Union Address
He reminded the country that they needed knowledge in order to be able to "know and to value their own rights; to discern and provide against invasions of them, etc…". Lastly he also reminded the houses of their duty to the country and the cooperation that they would need to have for the future. The first President felt, "great satisfaction from a cooperation with you in the pleasing though arduous task of insuring to our fellow citizens the blessings which they have a right to expect from a free, efficient, and equal government." The short speech that will forever be remembered by American citizens gave them hope for the future and revealed to the world the great efforts that were made by courageous men and women.


1790 State of the Union Address, Congressional response
In concert with the portion of Washington's speech calling for "the promotion of "science and literature," Congress began drafting the Patent Act of 1790 and the Copyright Act of 1790. However, Washington's further suggestion that the United States establish a "national university" was questioned in the House of Representatives. Representative Michael Jenifer Stone was concerned that this would be unconstitutional because there was no authorization for Congress to found such a business.


1790 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
Connecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790.


1790 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
There were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Administration) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Administration). The second was held September 19, 1791 to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration).


1790 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware
The Delaware United States House election for 1790 was held on November 8, 1790. The former Continental Congressman John Vining won reelection.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
Under Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
The 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 27 to 29, 1790, to elect six U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background
The first U.S. Representatives under the United States Constitution had been elected in March 1789, and had taken their seats in the 1st United States Congress for a term ending on March 3, 1791. State elections in New York were at that time held during the last week of April, which meant that the State election preceding the beginning of the next congressional term was held more than ten months in advance, although the regular session of Congress was scheduled to convene only on the first Monday in December. Nevertheless, the New York politicians chose to have the seats filled, in case there might be a special session to convene at an earlier date.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
On January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered. The districts remained the same as for the previous elections in March 1789.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
Five Federalists and one Anti- Federalist (later known as the Democratic-Republicans) were elected. The incumbents Laurance, Benson and Silvester were re-elected, the incumbents Floyd, Hathorn and Van Rensselaer were defeated.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result
Note: At this time political parties were still very new in the United States. Politicians aligned in two opposing groups: Those supporting the federal government and those opposing it. The first group are generally known as the Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the "Pro-Administration Party." The second group at first were called the Anti-Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the "Anti-Administration Party", but soon called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Special election
Representative-elect James Townsend died on May 24, 1790, just a month after his election, and well before the congressional term began. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual state election, from April 26 to 28, 1791, and was won by Anti- Federalist Thomas Tredwell. Thus four Federalists and two Anti- Federalists represented New York in the House of Representatives of the 2nd U.S. Congress.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath
The House of Representatives of the 2nd United States Congress convened for its first session at Congress Hall in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791, and Gordon, Laurance, Silvester and Tredwell took their seats on this day. Benson took his seat on November 4; and Schoonmaker at some time between November 15, 1791, and January 30, 1792.


1790 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes
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1790 United States Senate election in Delaware
The United States Senate election in Delaware for 1790 was held on October 23, 1790. George Read was elected unanimously by the state legislature.


1790 United States census
The United States census of 1790 was the first census of the whole United States. It recorded the population of the United States as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and applicable laws. In the first census, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214.


1790 United States census
Congress assigned responsibility for the 1790 census to the marshals of United States judicial districts under an act which, with minor modifications and extensions, governed census taking until the 1840 census. "The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in 'two of the most public places within [each jurisdiction], there to remain for the inspection of all concerned...' and that 'the aggregate amount of each description of persons' for every district be transmitted to the president."


1790 United States census, Contemporary perception
Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington expressed skepticism over the results, believing that the true population had been undercounted. If there was indeed an undercount, possible explanations for it include dispersed population, poor transportation links, limitations of contemporary technology, and individual refusal to participate.


1790 United States census, Loss of data
Although the census was proved statistically factual, based on data collected, the records for several states (including Delaware, Georgia, New Jersey, and Virginia) were lost sometime between 1790 and 1830. Almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since their original documentation. These include some 1790 data from: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont; however, the validity and existence of most of these data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census.


1790 United States census, Data availability
No microdata from the 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.


1790 United States census, Data
Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as follows: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves. Under the direction of the Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, marshals collected data from all thirteen states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and from Maine and the Southwest Territory.


1790 United States census, Data
The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. (From 1777 until early 1791, and hence during all of 1790, Vermont was a de facto independent country whose government took the position that Vermont was not then a part of the United States.)


1790 United States census, Data
At 17.8 percent, the 1790 census's proportion of slaves to the free population was the highest ever recorded by any census of the United States.


1790 United States elections
The 1790 United States elections occurred in the middle of President George Washington's first term. Members of the 2nd United States Congress were chosen in this election. Formal political parties did not exist, but Congress was broadly divided between a faction supporting the policies of the Washington administration and a faction opposed to those policies. Despite modest gains for the anti-administration faction, the pro-administration faction retained control of both houses of Congress. Vermont and Kentucky joined the union during the 2nd Congress.


1790 United States elections
In the House, neither faction made significant gains or losses, and the pro-administration faction retained control of the chamber.


1790 United States elections
In the Senate, the anti-administration faction picked up a moderate number of seats, but the pro-administration faction narrowly retained control of the chamber.


1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The 1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election for governor of the Republic of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of former Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Castleton on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had served from 1778 until losing re-election to Moses Robinson in 1789, defeated Robinson for a one-year term.


1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
In the election for lieutenant governor, incumbent Joseph Marsh indicated in August that he would not be a candidate for reelection. No candidate obtained a majority of the popular vote. On October 15, the legislature elected Peter Olcott to a one-year term.


1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
The freemen re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his fourth one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded. According to an article in the Vermont Gazette, Chittenden's majority was over 1,300 votes.


1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election
This was the final gubernatorial election in the independent republic of Vermont, because Vermont was admitted to the Union as the 14th state on March 4, 1791.


1790 Virginia's 9th congressional district special election
A special election was held in Virginia's 9th congressional district in July, 1790, to fill the vacancy left by the death of Theodorick Bland (A) on June 1, 1790.


1790 Volkov
1790 Volkov, provisional designation 1967 ER, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.


1790 Volkov
It was discovered on 9 March 1967, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula, and named after cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov.


1790 Volkov, Orbit and classification
Volkov is a stony S-type asteroid and member of the Flora family, one of the largest populations of inner main-belt asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,223 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1926 AB at Heidelberg Observatory, Volkov's observation arc is extended by 41 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1790 Volkov, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Two rotational lightcurves of Volkov were obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens and by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in early 2007. The lightcurves gave a rotation period of 10.7419 and 21.455 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 and 0.14 magnitude, respectively (U=3/2).


1790 Volkov, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Volkov measures between 7.08 and 8.67 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.241 and 0.511. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family – and calculates a diameter of 8.98 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.4.


1790 Volkov, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Russian–Soviet cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov, flight engineer of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, who died at the age of 35 during the vehicle's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the Salyut station on 30 June 1971. The lunar crater Volkov is also named after him. The minor planets 1789 Dobrovolsky and 1791 Patsayev were named in honour of his dead crew members.


1790 Volkov, Naming
The names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon, which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission, containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts, who had all died in service. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3296).


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd Congress took place in 1790 and 1791, in the middle of President George Washington's first term. While formal political parties still did not exist, coalitions of pro-Washington (pro-Administration) representatives and anti-Administration representatives each gained two seats as a result of the addition of new states to the union.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections
Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg, who had led the Pro-Administrationists in 1789, switched loyalties to the Anti- Administrationists during the tenure of the 1st Congress. He failed to win election to the Speakership as their leader as a result of these elections, and was succeeded by Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who became the 2nd Speaker of the House.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Retirements, Anti-Administration
Aedanus Burke, a U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 2nd Congressional District, either retired or lost re-election but it is not known


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
In this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections, a In this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections early as April 27, 1790 (in New York) and as late as October 11, 1791 (in Pennsylvania). Elections to a Congress took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when the Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year). The first session of this Congress was convened in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Kentucky and Vermont became states during the 2nd Congress, adding two seats each. The legislation admitted Vermont was passed at the end of the 1st Congress taking effect on March 4, 1791, the first day of the 2nd Congress, so that Vermont was represented from the start of the Congress, while Kentucky was unrepresented until the 2nd session.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1790 and 1791 during the 1st United States Congress and 2nd United States Congress. New states and newly-ratified states are not included as special elections.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut
Connecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut
There were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Administration) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Administration). The second was held September 19, 1791 to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration).


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia
Georgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky
Kentucky was admitted during the 2nd Congress and elected its first representatives in 1792.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland
Under Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts
Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This condition was met in four of the eight districts, the remaining four required between 2 and 9 ballots for election.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, New York
New York's districts were not numbered at the time, therefore the numbering here is retroactive.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina
North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789 and elected its representatives after admission.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina, 2nd Congress
Due to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old 5th district was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania had elected its Representatives at-large in the 1st Congress, but switched to using districts in the 2nd Congress. Five incumbents ran for re-election, four of whom won, while three others retired leaving three open seats. Two districts had no incumbents residing in them, while one (the 8th district) had a single representative who declined to run for re-election and one (the 2nd district) had three incumbents, only one of whom ran for re-election.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island, 1st Congress
Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. It elected its representatives after admission.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island, 2nd Congress
Rhode Island held elections for the 2nd Congress on October 18, 1790, about six weeks after elections for the 1st Congress due to the state's late ratification of the Constitution.


1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont
Vermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the 1st district, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1790 and 1791 were the second series of elections of senators in the United States. In these elections, terms were up for the nine senators in Class 1. As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported President George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, senators were chosen by State legislatures.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Change in Senate composition
Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Race summaries
Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Regular and special elections during the 1st Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated before March 4, 1791; ordered by election date.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 2nd Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were seated March 4, 1791; ordered by state.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special and regular elections in 1791 during the 2nd Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated after March 4, 1791, the beginning of the next Congress.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Connecticut
All of the senators from Connecticut were Pro-Administration through 1795.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Connecticut, Connecticut (Special)
William Samuel Johnson resigned March 3, 1791 at the end of the 1st Congress and Roger Sherman was elected June 13, 1791 to finish the term.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts
Incumbent U.S. Senator, Tristam Dalton sought re-election but was eliminated before the third ballot. The third ballot saw the election of George Cabot, who had been a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. Cabot won 87 votes.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York
The election in New York was held January 19, 1791 by the New York State Legislature.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York
At the State election in April 1790, nominal Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 14th New York State Legislature, but many Federalists were friendly to the Democratic-Republican Governor George Clinton, party lines not being drawn very strictly then.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York
The incumbent Philip Schuyler ran for re-election as the candidate of the Federalist Party. New York State Attorney General Aaron Burr was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party, but was at that time a rather moderate politician, opposing the ultras of both parties.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York
Burr was the choice of both the State Senate and the State Assembly, and was declared elected. Schuyler was defeated despite the nominal majority of his party. Many of the Federalists took the opportunity to show their disapproval of both Schuyler's haughtiness and the financial policies of Alexander Hamilton, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Schuyler's son-in-law. Besides, the Livingston faction of the Federalist Party felt betrayed after the election of Rufus King over their candidate James Duane in 1789, and now allied themselves with Clinton and later became Democratic-Republicans.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York
Obs. : Burr had a majority of 5 votes in the Assembly, but the exact number of votes is unclear.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
In 1791, the legislature failed to elect due to a disagreement on procedure. The seat would remain vacant until 1793.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Vermont
Stephen R. Bradley and Moses Robinson were elected by the Vermont House of Representatives and Governor and Council in January 1791, anticipating Vermont's admission to the union. Vermont was admitted as the 14th state on March 4, 1791. The Senate had adjourned on March 3, at the completion of the 1st United States Congress; the 2nd United States Congress held a one-day session on March 4, and was not scheduled to convene again until October 24.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Vermont
As a result of this Congressional schedule Bradley and Robinson had not been seated when the Vermont House of Representatives convened in early October, 1791. At this legislative session, some members suggested that the January election of Bradley and Robinson had been premature, since Vermont had not yet been admitted to the union. Bradley and Robinson volunteered to resign the credentials of their January elections; on October 17, the Governor and Council voted again, and selected Bradley and Robinson. The House of Representatives then voted a second time, and also selected Bradley and Robinson. No vote totals were recorded.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Vermont
Bradley was selected for the "short term" (Class 3), which expired on March 3, 1795. Robinson received the "long term" (Class 1), which expired on March 3, 1797.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Virginia
William Grayson died March 12, 1790 and John Walker was appointed to continue the term.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special)
Future President James Monroe was elected in November 1790 to finish the term.


1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Regular)
Monroe was re-elected in 1791 to the next term, as well.


1790 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1790 in Australia.


1790 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1790 to Wales and its people.


1790 in architecture
The year 1790 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1790 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1790.


1790 in paleontology
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1790.


1790 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or French).


1790 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1790 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1790 in science
The year 1790 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1790 in sports
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 16:46, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1790 in sports
1790 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1790s
The 1790s (pronounced "seventeen-nineties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 7, 1790, and ended on December 31, 1799. Considered as some of the Industrial Revolution's earlier days, the 1790s called for the start of an anti-imperialist world, as new democracies such as the French First Republic and the United States of America began flourishing at this era. Revolutions – both political and social – forever transformed global politics and art, as wars such as the French Revolutionary Wars and the American Revolutionary War moulded modern-day concepts of liberalism, partisanship, elections, and the political compass.


1790s BC
The 1790s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1799 BC to December 31, 1790 BC.


1790s BC, Events and trends
c.1792 BC: Hammurabi starts to rule in Babylon, according to the middle chronology.


1790s BC, Events and trends
c.1792 BC: Work begins on the Stela of Hammurabi (now in the Louvre, Paris).


1790s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1790s in South Africa.


1790s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1790 - 1799 to Wales and its people.


1790s in archaeology
The decade of the 1790s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1790s in rail transport
This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1790s.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
Elections for the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd Congress were held in Massachusetts beginning October 4, 1790, with subsequent elections held in four districts due to a majority not being achieved on the first ballot.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Background
In the previous election, 6 Pro-Administration and 2 Anti-Administration Representatives had been elected. One representative, George Partridge (P) of the 5th district resigned August 14, 1790. His seat was vacant at the time of the 1790 elections, so that there were 5 Pro-Administration and 2 Anti-Administration incumbents, all of whom ran for re-election.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Background
Three candidates ran in districts with different numbers from the previous election. It is not clear from the source used whether there was redistricting or if the districts had simply been renumbered.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Background
Massachusetts law at the time required a majority for election. This occurred on the first ballot in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th districts. In the remaining four districts additional elections were required. In the 5th and 7th districts, a majority was achieved on the 2nd ballot. In the 8th district, a majority was achieved on the 4th ballot, while in the 6th district, 9 ballots were required.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, First Ballot
The first ballot was held on October 4, 1790. Four representatives, from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th districts won on the first ballot.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Second ballot
The second ballot was held in the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th districts on November 26, 1790. A majority was achieved in the 5th and 7th districts on the second ballot


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Third ballot
The third ballot was held in the 6th and 8th districts on January 25, 1791. Neither district achieved a majority on this ballot.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Fourth ballot
The fourth ballot was held in the 6th and 8th districts on April 4, 1791. A majority was achieved in the 8th district.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Fifth ballot
The fifth ballot was held in the 6th district on September 8, 1791. A majority was not achieved. This was the last ballot before the first session of the 2nd Congress began on October 24, 1791. The 6th district was still vacant at the start of the 1st session.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Sixth ballot
The sixth ballot was held in the 6th district on November 11, 1791. A majority was not achieved.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Seventh ballot
The seventh ballot was held in the 6th district on December 26, 1791. A majority was not achieved.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Eighth ballot
The eighth ballot was held in the 6th district on December 26, 1791, during the 1st session of the 2nd Congress.


1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Ninth ballot
The ninth and final ballot was held in the 6th district on April 2, 1792, near the end of the 1st session of the 2nd Congress.


1791
1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1791st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 791st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1791, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1791 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election
Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration) was elected September 19, 1791 in Connecticut's at-large congressional district to finish the term of Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration). Sherman had been re-elected in 1790, but resigned June 13, 1791 to become U.S. Senator.


1791 English cricket season
The 1791 English cricket season was the 20th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the fifth after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 14 top-class matches played in the country.


1791 English cricket season, Matches
A total of 14 top-class matches were played during the season. These included matches played by teams from Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey as well as by club sides at Hornchurch in Essex and Brighton in Sussex. MCC played seven first-class matches. Other teams included England sides, the Gentlemen of Kent and Old Etonians.


1791 English cricket season, Matches
A number of matches below top-level were played, including the first by a team from Leicestershire.


1791 English cricket season, First mentions
Players who made their first appearances in 1791 included Lord Frederick Beauclerk, who went on to be an influential, albeit controversial, figure in the development of MCC, and Charles Cumberland.


1791 French legislative election
French legislative elections were held in September 1791 to elect the Legislative Assembly and was the first ever French election. However, only citizens paying taxes were allowed to vote. A plurality of the elected candidates were independents, but almost all were affiliated with the three political factions emerging in the new legislative assembly; the Marais, the Feuillants and the Jacobins (Montagnards, since they occupied the most elevated in the assembly). The factions were only vaguely affiliated to an organized program. The Feuillants did, however, support a constitutional monarchy, the Girondists a moderate republican policy and the Cordeliers a radical democratic constitution, supported by the lower classes. These factions preceded the later dominant factions: the Jacobin, the Girondists and the Marais party, consisting mainly of moderates.


1791 Maryland's 3rd congressional district special election
A special election was held in Maryland's 3rd congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of William Pinkney (P) due to questions of ineligibility due to his residence


1791 Naval Air Squadron
1791 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed on 15 March 1945 at Lee-on-Solent as a night fighter squadron. It was equipped with the Fairey Firefly NF.Mk I, which was fitted with radar in a centre-line container. The squadron joined HMS Puncher in June for deck landing practice but saw no action. Following VJ day the squadron was disbanded on 23 September 1945 at RNAS Burscough.


1791 New York's 1st congressional district special election
A special election was held in New York's 1st congressional district April 26-28, 1791 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative-elect James Townsend (P) on May 24, 1790, before the first meeting of the 2nd Congress


1791 New York's 1st congressional district special election
Townsend had defeated incumbent William Floyd (A) and, as he died before the first meeting of the 2nd Congress and the special election was won by Thomas Tredwell (A), there was no change of parties between the 1st and 2nd Congress


1791 Patsayev
1791 Patsayev (prov. designation: 1967 RE) is a dark background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 September 1967, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev.


1791 Patsayev, Orbit and classification
The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,664 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. Patsayev was first identified as 1931 TW3 at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 36 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1791 Patsayev, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Patsayev was obtained from photometric observations taken by Sydney Black at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Coonabarabran, Australia. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 19.809 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude (U=3).


1791 Patsayev, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Patsayev measures between 29.39 and 31.50 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a high albedo between 0.030 and 0.039. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) disagrees with the results found by WISE. CALL derives a much lower carbonaceous albedo of 0.046, and calculates a diameter of 25.69 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.


1791 Patsayev, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Russian–Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971), test Engineer of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, who died on his first spaceflight on 30 June 1971 during the vehicle's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the first manned orbital station, Salyut. The lunar crater Patsaev is also named after him. The precedingly numbered minor planets 1789 Dobrovolsky and 1790 Volkov were named in honour of his dead crew members.


1791 Patsayev, Naming
The names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon, which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission, containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts, who had all died in service. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3296).


1791 State of the Union Address
The state of union is an address, in the United States, given by the president to a joint session of Congress, the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. The United States constitution requires the president "from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union." Today the state of the union address is given as a speech, though this is not a requirement of the constitution. George Washington chose to address the congress in a speech annually, on October 25, 1791 he gave his third speech.


1791 State of the Union Address, Historical background, Government
A major concern at the time was the raising of taxes, as the Congress was arguing if they had the constitutional power to do so. Revenues at the time for the Federal Government were mostly collected on import duties. Alexander Hamilton, then the Secretary of the Treasury felt these fees had been raised to as high a level as reasonable, and a new income stream was necessary.


1791 State of the Union Address, Historical background, Government
It is important to note that before the speech congress had been debating where to put the capital, but finally, through a deal between Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, they came to a conclusion. This deal is known as the Compromise of 1790.


1791 State of the Union Address, Historical background, Westward movement and Census Act
At the time America was currently in possession of the original thirteen colonies as well as the land gained in the Treaty of Paris. The Treaty of Paris ended the revolutionary war, in it America is granted territory as far west as the Mississippi River. Known as the year of "Great Immigration" 1788 is the year many Americans move west. On October 18, 1790 the Ohio tribe defeated an expedition of American troops near Fort Wayne, Indiana, this signifies the beginning of the hostilities in the North West territory. On March 30, 1791 construction of the Knoxville Road begins, it links the Wilderness Road and with Knoxville. The road opens up more frontier area for settlements. In September 1791 there is much hostility in Ohio territory, this causes Americans to build forts at Hamilton, St.Clair, Jefferson, Greenville and Recovery.


1791 State of the Union Address, Historical background, Westward movement and Census Act
At the time the Census Act had been put in place just over a year and a half before the speech. This act called for a routine census of the United States, and was passed by Congress on March 1, 1790.


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Opening
Washington opened the speech with "I meet you upon the present occasion with the feelings which are naturally inspired by a strong impression of the prosperous situations of our common country, and by a persuasion equally strong that the labors of the session which has just commenced will, under the guidance of a spirit no less prudent than patriotic, issue in measures conducive to the stability and increase of national prosperity."


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Opening
He acknowledges that there has been some "degree of discontent" about the Whiskey Tax, and that it is not perfect but he is going to keep it anyway. He says that "revision of the provision will be found advisable." The Whiskey tax was one that Hamilton wanted to enacted as part of a funding system for the new country.


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Opening
He then goes on to talk about the creation on Washington D.C., and that it "will comprehend lands on both sides of the river Potomac and the Towns Alexandria and Georgetown."


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, America's Debt
He says that the debt has been mostly dealt with, but there might be a few things that still need to be paid off and he urges The House of Representatives to pay off any lingering debts, and there will be exact numbers coming to them soon. "The part of the debt of the United States which remains unsubscribed will naturally engage your further deliberation," Washington is saying The House of Representatives must talk further on the debt that has not yet been dealt with.


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Hostilities with Native Americans
Washington admonished those along the border and their treatment of the Native Americans, stating "In vain may we expect peace with the Indians on our frontiers so long as a lawless set of unprincipled wretches can violate the rights of hospitality, or infringe the most solemn treaties, without receiving the punishment they so justly merit."


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Hostilities with Native Americans
Washington states he wish for peace in the future: "It is sincerely to be desired that all need of coercion in future may cease and that an intimate intercourse may succeed, calculated to advance the happiness of the Indians and attach them firmly to the United States." Although he wishes peace, he also wants the tribes to attach themselves to the United States, he remarks that some already have, "considerable numbers of individuals belong to them [the tribes] have lately renounced all further opposition, removed from their former situation, and placed themselves under the immediate protection of the United States." He is also willing to use "offensive operations" because peace "proved unsuccessful."


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Conclusion
Washington briefly mentions the "completion of the census of the inhabitants," he is talking about the Census of 1790. He says that "the present population of the United States boarders on 4,000,000 persons," the number was 3,929,625.


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Conclusion
At the end of the speech he comments on "the militia, the post office and post roads, the mint, weights and measures, a provision for the sale of the vacant lands of the United States." Washington wants to send militia to particularly vulnerable places in the USA, as they are a new country. He says that the United States must have "systematic and solid arrangements, exposed as little as possible to the hazards of fortuitous circumstances." He beliefs that there must be more post offices and roads, to create unity with in the country.


1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Conclusion
As well to make sure that there is no :misrepresentation and misconception" of the "laws and proceedings of the Government." He then remarks that there is a scarcity of smaller American change and that there must be more put into place. Washington then goes on to say that the wright and measures of the country must be uniform and conducive to public convenience. Lastly, he closes with asking that "the sale of the vacant land of the United States,"  and that it is seen "as s fund for reimbursing the public debt."


1791 State of the Union Address, Policies
Washington spend a good deal of the speech trying to convince the Native Americans to become part of the United States, as well as convincing the citizens of the country of the importance of doing so. He pushed the Senate to ratify the treaties pending before that House with the Cherokees and Six Nations of Indians (Iroquois Confederation). He said: "Gentlemen of the Senate: Two treaties which have been provisionally concluded with the Cherokees and the Six Nations of Indians will be laid before you for your consideration and ratification."


1791 State of the Union Address, Policies
He stated that the House needed to act on bills to ensure the financial security of the nation.


1791 State of the Union Address, Policies
Washington defended the need for the unpopular "Whiskey Tax" a leading cause of the Whiskey Rebellion


1791 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey
New Jersey switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia
Georgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
Due to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old 5th district was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held on October 11, 1791 for the 2nd Congress.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background
Six Pro-Administration and two Anti-Administration Representatives had been elected on an at-large basis in the previous election. The elections in Pennsylvania were the last elections held for the 2nd Congress, out of the states that were in the Union at the start of the Congress.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts
The previous election had been held at-large, but for the 2nd Congress, Pennsylvania divided itself up into 8 districts.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts
Note: Many of these counties covered much larger areas in 1791 than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election Returns
Five incumbents (3 Anti-Administration and 2 Pro-Administration) ran for re-election, four of whom won. The incumbents George Clymer (P) and Henry Wynkoop (P) of the 2nd district and Thomas Scott (P) of the 8th district did not run for re-election. In addition, Frederick A. Muhlenberg switched from Pro-Administration to Anti-Administration. Four Pro-Administration and four Anti-Administration candidates were elected, a net gain of 2 seats for the Anti-Administration Party.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election Returns
Election data are incomplete for the 1st and 2nd districts and are missing for the 4th and 5th districts.


1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont
Vermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the 1st district, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off.


1791 United States Senate election in New York
The 1791 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 19, 1791 by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. The election was conducted by a system of approval voting.


1791 United States Senate election in New York
Incumbent Senator Philip Schuyler was not re-elected. Aaron Burr, Attorney General of New York, won majority support in both the State Senate and State Assembly to succeed him.


1791 United States Senate election in New York, Background
In July 1789, Philip Schuyler and Rufus King had been elected to the U.S. Senate. Schuyler had drawn the short term which would expire on March 3, 1791.


1791 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in April 1790, nominal Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 14th New York State Legislature, but many Federalists were friendly to the Democratic-Republican Governor George Clinton, party lines not being drawn very strictly.


1791 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates
Schuyler, the incumbent, and Benson were both Federalists. Burr was not affiliated with the Federalist Party but was considered a moderate member of the emergent Jeffersonian faction that would coalesce as the Democratic-Republican Party the next year.


1791 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Burr was declared elected after receiving a majority of "Yeas" in each chamber of the legislature. Schuyler and Benson were both rejected by the Assembly and no vote was taken on either in the Senate.


1791 United States Senate election in New York, Result
The incumbent Schuyler was defeated, despite the nominal majority of his party. Many of the Federalists took the opportunity to show their disapproval of both Schuyler's haughtiness and the financial policies of Alexander Hamilton, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Schuyler's son-in-law. Besides, the Livingston faction of the Federalist Party felt betrayed after the election of Rufus King over their candidate James Duane in 1789, and now allied themselves with Clinton and later became Democratic-Republicans.


1791 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
After a one-day special session of the U.S. Senate on March 4, 1791, the 2nd United States Congress convened for the regular session on October 24, 1791 at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. On November 8, 1791, the State's Council of Appointments declared the office of attorney general vacant, and appointed Morgan Lewis to succeed Burr.


1791 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
In 1791, the Pennsylvania legislature failed to elect a U.S. Senator due to a disagreement on procedure. The seat would remain vacant until 1793.


1791 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1791 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont, the first since Vermont joined the Union as the 14th state, took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.


1791 Vermont gubernatorial election
The Vermont General Assembly met in Windsor on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Vermont was admitted into the United States on March 4, 1791, and this was the first election for state offices since Vermont had become the 14th state.


1791 Vermont gubernatorial election
In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had been governor from 1778 to 1789, and again starting in 1790, was re-elected for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, Peter Olcott was re-elected to a second one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his fifth one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded.


1791 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1791 in Australia.


1791 in Canada, Events
An Anglo-French colonial aristocracy of rich merchants, leading officials, and landholders is expected to work with the royal governors to ensure proper order. Legislative assemblies, although elected by propertied voters, have little real power.


1791 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1791 to Wales and its people.


1791 in architecture
The year 1791 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1791 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1791.


1791 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1791 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1791 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1791 in science
The year 1791 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1791 in sports
1791 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1792
1792 (MDCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1792nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 792nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 92nd  year of the 18th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1792, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1792 Bourbon
1792 Bourbon, formerly known as Ridgewood Reserve 1792 and 1792 Ridgemont Reserve, is a Kentucky straight Bourbon whiskey produced since 2002 by the Barton 1792 Distillery in Bardstown, Kentucky. The brand and distillery have been owned by the Sazerac Company since 2009. It is part of a line of small-batch bourbons aimed at the high-end liquor market. It is sold at 93.7 U.S. proof (46.85% alcohol by volume).


1792 Bourbon
The name of the bourbon is a reference to the year Kentucky became a state. The bourbon is positioned as a premium brand, and the pricing policy makes it a competitor to Knob Creek or Woodford Reserve. This reflects a trend in bourbon production, resulting from competition with single malt whisky, which makes small batch bourbons a big business.


1792 Bourbon
When originally introduced, the bourbon carried a "Small Batch Aged 8 years" statement on the back label and "8-year-old" in the text printed on the back of the bottle. In December 2013, the age statement was dropped from the label and replaced with the wording "small batch bourbon whiskey" and the term "8-year-old" was removed from the text.


1792 Bourbon
1792 Bourbon was originally introduced into the market by Barton as "Ridgewood Reserve 1792". The Brown-Forman Corporation sued Barton for trademark infringement, arguing that the similar name and bottle design of Ridgewood Reserve could potentially create consumer confusion with Brown-Foreman's older Woodford Reserve brand. A federal judge ruled in favor of Brown-Forman in 2004, and Barton changed the name of the product to "1792 Ridgemont Reserve" to comply with the ruling. The company later dropped the "Ridgemont Reserve" from the name, making it just "1792 Bourbon".


1792 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1792 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 2, 1792. It was the first popular election for the state's chief executive; under the 1776 constitution, the President of Delaware was elected by the legislature. Incumbent President Joshua Clayton ran for re-election. He was nominated by the Federalist Party and was opposed by two Anti-Federalists, Thomas Montgomery and George Mitchell. He won re-election by a decisive margin, but fell short of a majority.


1792 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1792 English cricket season
The 1792 English cricket season was the 21st in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the sixth after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 19 top-class matches played in the country.


1792 English cricket season
Elsewhere, the earliest known cricket club in India was formed at Calcutta.


1792 English cricket season, Matches
A total of 19 top-class matches were played during the season. These included matches played by teams from Berkshire, Essex, Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey. Club sides at Hornchurch in Essex and Brighton in Sussex also played at the top-level and MCC played eight first-class matches.


1792 English cricket season, Matches
A number of matches below top-level were played, including one between Nottingham and a Leicestershire and Rutland side. A match in Sheffield may be the first in which a player is known to have been given out obstructing the field.


1792 English cricket season, First mentions
First-class matches were first played at Dartford Brent and Cobham Park in Kent and at Old Field, Bray in Berkshire. A military match is known to have been played at Dublin, the first cricket known to have been played in Ireland.


1792 English cricket season, First mentions
Players who made their first-class cricket debuts in 1792 include:


1792 French National Convention election
The first election for the National Convention of France was held in 1792. It established the nation's first government without a monarch.


1792 French National Convention election
The election of the deputies was held in early September and lasted three weeks; they were the first to be held under universal male suffrage; royalist and Girondin candidates were boycotted. To be an elector a citizen had to be over 21, resident one year in his department and not a domestic servant. An elector could stand as a candidate in any constituency. To be a delegate or a deputy an elector had to be over 25. If at the first ballot no candidate received an absolute majority of votes cast, there was to be a second ballot at which only the top two candidates of the first could compete.


1792 French National Convention election
According to Malcolm Crook "Evidence of orchestrated attempts to intimidate rivals is not hard to find.


1792 French National Convention election
An absolute majority of the male deputies elected belonged to the Marais party, a political faction of vague but largely moderate policies. The Montagnards or Jacobins received 200 seats and the republican, though more moderate Girondin faction 160 seats. According to Ian Davidson these are not hard numerical facts. The election preceded the fall of the Girondins as a political faction, mainly because of the political and social unrest following the war started by the Girondin-dominated government in the spring of 1792.


1792 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election
A special election was held in Georgia's 1st congressional district on July 9, 1792 to fill a vacancy caused by the House Committee on Elections finding on March 21, 1792 that electoral fraud had been involved in Anthony Wayne's election in 1791. His election was declared void and he was removed from the House.


1792 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1792 was the final imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on July 5.


1792 Imperial election, Background
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor died on March 1, 1792.


1792 Imperial election, Background, French Revolution
Following the Seven Years' War and its support of the United States in the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt. Its main source of income was a burdensome tax on its peasants which could not be much increased. As 1789 dawned, after years of bad harvests, it stood at the brink of a financial and social crisis.


1792 Imperial election, Background, French Revolution
In order to resolve the crisis, the king, Louis XVI of France, called the Estates General of 1789 on January 24. The Estates General quickly became mired in disputes over the representation of the various estates. On June 17, after months of such disputes, the Third Estate, representing the common people, declared itself the National Assembly. On June 20, the National Assembly swore not to disperse until they had established a constitution.


1792 Imperial election, Background, French Revolution
The dismissal of the Controller-General of Finances Jacques Necker, seen as sympathetic to the Third Estate, and the gathering of the army outside Paris led to fears that the National Assembly and its supporters among the people were soon to be crushed. In response, a bourgeois militia, the National Guard, was spontaneously established on July 13. On July 14, the National Guard stormed the Bastille, a prison and armory, and killed its defenders. On July 15, the army outside Paris withdrew to its garrisons. The capital would never return to effective royal control. During the night of June 20, 1791, the king and his wife, Leopold's sister Marie Antoinette, fled Paris in an attempt to meet counterrevolutionary troops at Montmédy. They were recognized and arrested on June 21 at Varennes-en-Argonne.


1792 Imperial election, Background, French Revolution
On August 27, Leopold and Frederick William II of Prussia, king of Prussia, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, calling for the release of Louis and Marie Antoinette and promising that, if his safety was threatened, and with the support of the other monarchs of Europe, they would go to war to restore him. The National Assembly interpreted the declaration as a declaration of war against the revolutionary government. On April 20, 1792, it declared war on Leopold's son Francis, his successor as king of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia.


1792 Imperial election, Elected
Francis was elected. He was crowned as Francis II in Frankfurt on July 14.


1792 Imperial election, Aftermath
On September 20, a Prussian army advancing on Paris was stopped at the Battle of Valmy, the first significant victory for the French revolutionary government. On August 23, 1793, that government issued a decree calling for a levée en masse, the conscription of all able-bodied men between eighteen and twenty-five years of age. The dramatic increase in French manpower and the tactical brilliance of the brigadier general Napoleon, who saw his first major action as an artillery commander in the Siege of Toulon that same year, led to increasing military success. By the end of 1794, France had conquered the territories of the Holy Roman Empire west of the Rhine. Prussia recognized these conquests and withdrew from the first coalition against France in the secret Peace of Basel of April 5, 1795.


1792 Imperial election, Aftermath
On February 9, 1801, France and the Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of Lunéville, under which the latter recognized French conquests up to the Rhine as well as the independence of a number of French client states. The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, passed by the Imperial Diet on March 24, 1803 and ratified by Francis on April 27, reorganized the Empire in recognition of the territorial changes under the treaty. The electorates of Mainz, Trier and Cologne were abolished. Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, archbishop and prince-elector of Mainz, was created archbishop and prince-elector of Regensburg.


1792 Imperial election, Aftermath
Mainz's territory east of the Rhine was divided among Regensburg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Prussia and the counties of what would become the Duchy of Nassau. Trier's territory east of the Rhine was also divided among the counties of Nassau. Cologne's territory east of the Rhine was divided between Hesse-Darmstadt and Arenberg. Francis's younger brother Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, deprived of Tuscany in the course of the French Revolutionary Wars, was created elector of Salzburg. The Duchy of Württemberg, the Margraviate of Baden and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel were raised to the electorates of Württemberg, Baden and Hesse, respectively.


1792 Imperial election, Aftermath
Hostilities between France and Francis II broke out again in 1805. Following Napoleon's historic victory over Russia and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz on December 2, the latter was forced to conclude the Peace of Pressburg on December 26. Under the terms of this treaty, Francis II recognized the royal titles of the kings of Bavaria and Württemberg, and ceded to Napoleon's allies in Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden substantial Austrian territories in Germany. He also ceded some Austrian land south of the Alps to Italy, a client of Napoleon.


1792 Imperial election, Aftermath
On July 12, 1806, Baden, Bavaria, Berg, Hesse, Regensburg and Württemberg established the Confederation of the Rhine, with Napoleon as its protector. On August 1, they seceded from the Holy Roman Empire. On August 6, Francis resigned as emperor and declared the Empire dissolved.


1792 Naval Air Squadron
1792 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed on 15 May 1945 at Lee-on-Solent as a night fighter squadron. It was equipped with the Fairey Firefly NF.Mk I, which was fitted with radar in a centre-line container. The squadron joined HMS Ocean in December for service in the Mediterranean. On return to the UK the squadron was disbanded on 17 April 1946.


1792 New York gubernatorial election
The 1792 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1792 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.


1792 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent George Clinton. They nominated incumbent Pierre Van Cortlandt for Lieutenant Governor.


1792 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates
The Federalist Party nominated Chief Justice of the United States John Jay. They nominated state senator Stephen Van Rensselaer for Lieutenant Governor.


1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results
John Jay received more votes than George Clinton, but on technicalities the votes of Otsego, Tioga and Clinton counties were disqualified and not canvassed, giving George Clinton a slight majority in the official result.


1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results
Under the Constitution of 1777, the votes were canvassed by a joint committee of the New York State Legislature, six members each from the Assembly and the Senate. The members were David Gelston, Thomas Tillotson, Melancton Smith, Daniel Graham, Pierre Van Cortlandt, Jr., David McCarty, Jonathan N. Havens, Samuel Jones, Isaac Roosevelt, Leonard Gansevoort and Joshua Sands. The state constitution said that the cast ballots shall be delivered to the Secretary of State "by the sheriff or his deputy".


1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results
The ballots from Otsego County were forwarded to the secretary of state by Sheriff Smith who was holding over in office until the appointment of a successor after his term had expired. The ballot box from Clinton County was delivered to the secretary of state's office by a person without a written deputation who had received the box from the sheriff. The ballot box from Tioga County was delivered to the secretary of state by the clerk of the special deputy appointed by the sheriff.


1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results
The canvass committee disagreed on whether to allow these ballots to be counted or not. The question was referred to the United States senators from New York, Federalist Rufus King and Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr, for arbitration. King said all votes ought to be canvassed, Burr said that the ballots from Clinton County ought to be allowed, the ones from Otsego and Tioga counties should be rejected. Thereupon, a majority of the canvass committee (Gelston, Tillotson, Smith, Graham, Van Cortlandt, McCarty, Havens) rejected the ballots from all three counties and declared George Clinton duly elected governor by a majority of 108 votes. Van Cortlandt was elected Lieutenant Governor.


1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results
The minority (Jones, Roosevelt, Gansevoort, Sands) protested in writing. In Otsego County, John Jay had a majority of about 400, and discounting the small majorities for Clinton in Tioga and Clinton counties, would have won the election. Clinton was accused by the Federalists of usurpation and the canvass committee of having made a partisan decision against the wishes of the electorate.


1792 State of the Union Address
The 1792 State of the Union Address was delivered by George Washington to Congress on Tuesday, November 6, 1792. It was presented in Philadelphia's Congress Hall. He said,


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
Connecticut gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1790 census.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut
Three special elections followed the 1792 elections in Connecticut after Representatives-elect Sturges and Huntington resigned before the start of Congress and Mitchell was elected to the Senate.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware
The Delaware United States House election for 1792 was held on October 2, 1792. The former Continental Congressman John Vining chose not to run for reelection and was followed by John Patten.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia
Following the 1790 census, Georgia's apportionment was decreased from 3 seats to 2 (the only state whose representation decreased after the census). Georgia switched from separate districts to at-large seats.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire increased from 3 seats to 4 seats after the 1790 census.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey
New Jersey increased from 3 seats to 4 seats after the 1790 census.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey
Following the 1790 census, New Jersey's apportionment increased from 4 to 5 seats.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania
An election to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania for the 3rd Congress were held on October 9, 1792.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Background
Eight representatives, 4 Pro-Administration and 4 Anti-Administration, had been elected in the previous election. In the previous election, Pennsylvania had been divided into 8 districts. Five additional seats had been apportioned to Pennsylvania after the 1790 Census. All 13 seats were elected at-large, an attempt by the Pro-Administration-majority legislature of Pennsylvania to prevent the election of Anti-Administration Representatives. This backfired and an 8-5 Anti-Administration majority was elected.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Election results
All 8 incumbents ran for re-election. Seven were re-elected. There were a total of 20 candidates running for the 13 seats, 11 Anti-Administration and 9 Pro-Administration (two of the Anti-Administration candidates ran on a dual ticket but are listed here as Anti-Administration)


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Election results
This was the last year in which Pennsylvania would elect all of its representatives at-large. In the following election, Pennsylvania would be divided up into 12 districts (including one plural district). At various times between 1873 and 1945, between 1 and 4 of Pennsylvania's Representatives were elected at-large, with the rest being elected from single-member districts.


1792 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island gained a second representative from the results of the 1790 census. Rhode Island did not divide itself into districts, but elected two at-large representatives.


1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
Maryland increased from 6 to 8 representatives after the 1790 census. The previous mixed district/at-large system was replaced with a conventional district system.


1792 United States elections
The 1792 United States elections elected the members of the 3rd United States Congress. Congress was broadly divided between a Pro-Administration faction supporting the policies of George Washington's administration and an Anti-Administration faction opposed to those policies. Due to this, the Federalist Party (generally overlapping with the Pro-Administration faction) and the Democratic-Republican Party (generally overlapping with the Anti-Administration faction) were starting to emerge as the distinct political parties of the First Party System. In this election, the Pro-Administration faction maintained control of the Senate, but lost its majority in the House.


1792 United States elections
In the presidential election, incumbent President George Washington was re-elected without any major opposition. Washington had considered retirement, but was convinced to seek re-election for the purpose of national unity. Though Washington went unchallenged, Governor George Clinton of New York sought to unseat John Adams as vice president. However, Adams received the second most electoral votes, and so was re-elected to office. Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his presidency.


1792 United States elections
In the House, 37 seats were added following the 1790 census. The Anti-Administration faction picked up several seats, narrowly taking the majority from the Pro-Administration faction. However, Frederick Muhlenberg, who leaned closer to the Pro-Administration faction, was elected Speaker of the House.


1792 United States elections
In the Senate, the Anti-Administration faction picked up one seat, but the Pro-Administration faction maintained a small majority.


1792 United States presidential election
The 1792 United States presidential election was the second quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 2, to Wednesday, December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was re-elected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.


1792 United States presidential election
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.


1792 United States presidential election
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.


1792 United States presidential election
While it was also the only presidential election that was not held exactly four years after the previous election, most of the previous election was held four years prior.


1792 United States presidential election, Candidates
In 1792, presidential elections were still conducted according to the original method established under the U.S. Constitution. Under this system, each elector cast two votes: the candidate who received the greatest number of votes (so long as they won a majority) became president, while the runner-up became vice president. The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. Because of this, it is difficult to use modern-day terminology to describe the relationship among the candidates in this election.


1792 United States presidential election, Candidates
Washington is generally held by historians to have run unopposed. Indeed, the incumbent president enjoyed bipartisan support and received one vote from every elector. The choice for vice president was more divisive. The Federalist Party threw its support behind the incumbent vice president, John Adams of Massachusetts, while the Democratic-Republican Party backed the candidacy of New York Governor George Clinton. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington.


1792 United States presidential election, Candidates, Democratic-Republican nomination
Born out of the Anti- Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. They had no chance of unseating Washington, but hoped to win the vice presidency by defeating the incumbent, Adams. Many Democratic-Republicans would have preferred to nominate Thomas Jefferson, their ideological leader and Washington's Secretary of State. However, this would have cost them the state of Virginia, as electors were not permitted to vote for two candidates from their home state and Washington was also a Virginian.


1792 United States presidential election, Candidates, Democratic-Republican nomination
Clinton, the Governor of New York and a former anti-Federalist leader, became the party's nominee after he won the backing of Jefferson and James Madison. Clinton was from an electorally-important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in Philadelphia in October 1792 and selected Clinton as the party's vice presidential candidate.


1792 United States presidential election, Campaign
By 1792, a party division had emerged between Federalists led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who desired a stronger federal government with a leading role in the economy, and the Democratic-Republicans led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison of Virginia, who favored states' rights and opposed Hamilton's economic program. Madison was at first a Federalist until he opposed the establishment of Hamilton's First Bank of the United States in 1791. He formed the Democratic-Republican Party along with Anti- Federalist Thomas Jefferson in 1792.


1792 United States presidential election, Campaign
The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a "struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest," to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley. In New York, the race for governor was fought along these lines. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, the party's vice presidential nominee.