172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany
After its activation, the brigade began moving its components from Schweinfurt to Grafenwöhr, Germany, as part of the Grow the Army plan. Simultaneously, the brigade converted to a modular structure to become a Brigade Combat Team upon completion. In May 2008, the brigade was alerted that it would be returning to Iraq in the fall of that year. The deployment was set to last 12 months, and was set to start after the unit's 12-month out-of-action cycle ended in November 2008.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany
This would be the brigade's third tour to Iraq, as it completed a tour of duty in Iraq shortly before being redesignated from the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division. The brigade began training for its deployment to the country as soon as it received orders for deployment. German military officers trained with the brigade during this preparation. The soldiers of the brigade were part of a 40,000-soldier troop rotation into Iraq and Afghanistan, intended to maintain previous troop levels in both countries until late 2009. In fall of 2008, the brigade completed its transition to a brigade combat team, and was redesignated as the 172nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany
In late October 2008 the brigade began moving equipment and vehicles by train from Germany in preparation for their tour in Iraq. 385 containers full of gear, as well as 75 M1A1 Abrams Tanks, M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles, and HMMWVs were sent by train on 28 October. the brigade picked up additional MRAP and uparmored HMMWVs in Kuwait. The brigade deployed into theater by December 2008, replacing the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany
A proposal was made to relocate the unit to White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico in 2012 as the 7th Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, pending discussions to leave two heavy brigades in Europe.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom
The 172 IBCT deployed to Afghanistan in the summer of 2011. The brigade left behind its "heavy" vehicles, Bradley fighting vehicles and Abrams tanks, for MRAPs. Soldiers would spend some of their time during the deployment patrolling on foot, as their normal heavy tracked vehicles are incompatible with rugged terrain of Afghanistan. . During this deployment the Brigade was responsible for Paktika province along the Pakistani border. One of the more controversial aspects of the deployment was the formation of the first US/Afghan Joint firing base with Afghan National Army Artillery firing in support of U.S. forces in the Urgun district.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom
Following a number of budget cuts and force structure reductions, the brigade deactivated in Germany on 31 May 2013.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 3rd Battalion, 172nd Infantry Regiment (Mountain), also known as the "Mountain Battalion", is a Vermont Army National Guard light infantry battalion which specializes in mountainous and cold weather operations. The unit falls under the command of the Vermont Army National Guard's 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain).


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States)
Before the creation of the 86th IBCT (MTN) in 2008, 3-172 IN (MTN) was recognized as the only conventional unit in the United States Army trained and equipped for mountain operations. 3-172 IN (MTN) draws strong heritage from the original 10th Mountain Division (Alpine) of World War II fame both in the type of training they conduct and in the specialized equipment the unit maintains.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
The initial assignment of the '172nd' designation to a unit of the Vermont National Guard by the War Department can be traced to 1 October 1921, when the 1st Infantry of Vermont was redesignated the 172nd Infantry and assigned to the 43rd Division. The regiment served with the 86th Infantry Brigade of the 43rd Division from 1922 to 1941.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
The regiment was commanded by Reginald W. Buzzell when it was inducted into federal service on 24 February 1941. It was subsequently organized as a Regimental Combat Team for service in the Pacific. The new RCT comprised the 172d Infantry Regiment, the 103d Field Artillery Battalion and elements of Ordnance, Engineer, Medical and Signal units. The 172nd RCT almost saw disaster at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides on 26 October 1942, when its troop transport, the liner SS President Coolidge, struck two U.S. mines in the harbor. The captain, realizing that the ship was lost, attempted to run it aground so that the troops could disembark. The ship sank, but the regiment got ashore with few casualties, to fight in the New Georgia Campaign, including during the Drive on Munda Point.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
It was released from federal service on 1 November 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California. It was reorganized and federally recognised in October 1946; called into federal service in September 1950 and released in June 1954.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
On 1 June 1959 the regiment was reorganized (less elements) as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System to consist of the 1st Battle Group, an element of the 43rd Infantry Division. Meanwhile, the detached elements were consolidated with the 124th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion and converted and redesignated as the 172nd Armor, also a parent regiment under CARS. The 172nd Armor was to consist of the 1st Medium Tank Battalion and the 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron, both part of the 43rd Infantry Division. The regiments were reorganized in 1963, 1964 (when the 172nd Infantry and 172nd Armor were merged) and 1968, when the 172nd Armor was reorganised in February to comprise the 1st and 2nd Battalions, elements of the 50th Armored Division.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
The 172d Infantry (Regiment) (Mountain) was constituted 1 September 1982 in the Vermont Army National Guard as the 72d Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, and organized to consist of Company A. Located in Vermont, Company A's mission was to conduct limited offensive and defensive operations and to provide support expertise to combat units engaged in mountain and winter operations. It was also tasked to provide special reconnaissance for combat units operating in these environments.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
Redesignated 1 April 1983 as the 172d Infantry. Reorganized 1 December 1983 to consist of Company A and the 3d Battalion. Reorganized 1 October 1984 in the Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont Army National Guard to consist of the 3d Battalion, 172nd Infantry Regiment (Mountain). Withdrawn 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Jericho, Vermont. Reorganized 1 September 1992 in the Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont National Guard.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
The Mountain Battalion Headquarters, HHC, and Company A are located in the Green Mountains of Vermont. The Battalion is co-located with the Army's Mountain Warfare School. In addition to HHC and A.Co, B.Co and C.Co are located in Maine and New Hampshire respectively. D.Co and E.Co (FSC) are located in Vermont.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
In 2000 the Mountain Battalion developed a training relationship with the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 508th Infantry of the US Army's Southern European Task Force in Vincenza, Italy. The Mountain Men of the 172d have deployed numerous times to Europe and trained side by side with the paratroopers of SETAF and the US Army's Combined Maneuver Training Center in Hohenfels, Germany.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
Following combat deployments to Afghanistan (Battalion HQ), Kuwait (HHC), and Iraq (A, B, C Companies) during the War on Terrorism, the Battalion was assigned to the newly formed 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain), in October, 2006. The battalion was then deployed to Eastern Afghanistan in 2010 as Task Force Avalanche. After returning from Afghanistan in 2010 the battalion was awarded the Valorous Unit Award.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
The battalion is the only organization in the US Army specifically organized, trained, equipped, and tasked to close with and destroy the enemy in a total mountain environment. Approximately 50% of the soldiers in the battalion are coded with the Special Qualification Identifier (SQI) "E" Military Mountaineer, which is awarded to soldiers who graduate the Military Mountaineer Basic Course at the Army Mountain Warfare School, located in Jericho, Vermont. No other unit has the capability to conduct combat operations in such extreme environments.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Mountain Battalion History
The Mountain Infantrymen of this battalion follow a long heritage of citizen soldiers and warriors, who have served the country for almost 400 years.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 3-172 IN (MTN) Shoulder Sleeve Insignia History
From the unit's inception in 1982, until the formation of the 86th IBCT in 2007, the battalion wore the First Army insignia with "Mountain" Tab as its SSI. This was originally only temporarily authorized, but as time passed no further provision of SSI for the organization was made. This is a debated and controversial unit insignia as it is almost completely unknown amongst the senior leadership of the United States Army. Many soldiers incorrectly believe that the 10th Mountain Division and the 86th IBCT are the only units ever authorized to wear a Mountain Tab.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 3-172 IN (MTN) Shoulder Sleeve Insignia History
There are numerous veterans of OIF and OEF who are authorized to wear the First Army insignia with "Mountain" Tab as a "combat patch" (SSI-FWTSI). The only known proof of authorization for wear of the First Army insignia with Mountain Tab for members of 3-172 IN (MTN) hangs framed in the unit's home Armory in Jericho, VT.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 3-172 IN (MTN) Shoulder Sleeve Insignia History
Note: Department of the Army policy states that tabs such Mountain and Airborne are integral parts of the shoulder sleeve insignia, and all soldiers within a unit wear the same SSI. Subordinate units within a command are not authorized to add Mountain or Airborne Tabs if their units happen to be Mountain or Airborne within larger non-Airborne or non-Mountain commands. This practice, however unauthorized, has gone on for decades, particularly with small Airborne units within non-Airborne commands.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), 3-172 IN (MTN) Shoulder Sleeve Insignia History
Additionally, although US Army units, such as the 4th Infantry Division, being stationed at Fort Carson, CO the "Mountain Post" has requested to be authorized to add the Mountain Tab over their SSIs, the Department of the Army has denied all such requests. The Mountain Tab is part of a shoulder sleeve insignia, not an individual or unit qualification award or recognition for combat service in mountains.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed
Motivation, drive, determination and honor are the hallmark of the Mountain Soldier. My uniform's appearance and respect for those appointed over me shall set the standard for others to follow.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed
Ours is not an impossible mission. To meet the enemy on the field of battle requires that I be proficient in my job, Mountain skills, and the tactics required to operate in an alpine environment.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed
Ultimately mine is a mission of peace. However, if called upon, I will, without hesitation, respond to my country's call. Through personal sacrifice, I will gallantly defend my country and its allies.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed
Never shall I quit until my objective is achieved. Failure to complete my mission, whether in peace or war will invariably cause the unit as a whole to fail.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed
Training is essential to my survival and to that of my brother Mountain Soldiers. Without the knowledge training provides I will surely fail. Whether training with allies or at the lowest level I will continuously challenge myself to attain the highest standards.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed
Always will I keep my equipment and myself ready for whatever task I may be given. The sheer nature of my unit's mission requires that I maintain my equipment and master its capabilities and employment. My brother Soldiers and Countrymen count on my ability to shoot better, climb higher, ski farther, and fight with more cunning and aggression than any enemy I may face.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed
Initiative is the force that will allow me to prevail on the field of battle. I will do more than is required of myself to further my unit's mission and ensure its total victory in combat.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Mountain Creed
Never will I leave a fallen Soldier on the field of battle. I will courageously continue to fight until the enemy is vanquished and the last round expended and all the members of my unit are accounted for. I will conduct myself with honor, pride, and an esprit de corps second to none, whether in peace or wartime whether at home or abroad, for my mission is to...ASCEND TO VICTORY!


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia
A Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned as follows:  Per fess dancetty of four Azure and Argent issuant in base a mount Vert and overall in bend a ski pole crossed by an ice axe in bend sinister, in pale overall a sword point up of the second. Attached below and to the sides a green motto scroll bearing the words "ASCEND TO VICTORY" in Silver letters.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia
Blue and white are the colors associated with Infantry. The indented partition line denotes the four states represented in the regiment, and with the ice axe and ski pole, also refers to the (Mountain) designation of the regiment. The upright sword denotes the unit's basic Infantry mission and the green mountain in base alludes to the headquarters, State of Vermont, which means "green mountain."


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 March 1987.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon
Per fess dancetty of four Azure and Argent issuant in base a mount Vert and overall in bend a ski pole crossed by an ice axe in bend sinister, in pale overall a sword point up of the second.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the New Hampshire Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure two pine branches saltirewise Proper crossed behind a bundle of five arrows palewise Argent bound together by a ribbon Gules the ends entwining the branches. That for the regiments and separate battalions of the New York Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure the full-rigged ship "Half Moon" all Proper.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Vermont Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure a buck's head erased within a garland of pine branches, all Proper. That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Maine Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure a pine tree Proper. Motto ASCEND TO VICTORY.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon
Blue and white are the colors associated with Infantry. The indented partition line denotes the four states represented in the regiment, and with the ice axe and ski pole, also refers to the (Mountain) designation of the regiment. The upright sword denotes the unit's basic Infantry mission and the green mountain in base alludes to the headquarters, State of Vermont, which means "green mountain."


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon
The crests are those of the New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont and Maine Army National Guard.


172nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat Of Arms, Blazon
The coat of arms was approved on 16 March 1987.


172nd New York State Legislature
The 172nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7, 1959, to April 1, 1960, during the first and second years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.


172nd New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.


172nd New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party and the Independent-Socialist Party also nominated tickets.


172nd New York State Legislature, Elections
The 1958 New York state election, was held on November 4. Nelson Rockefeller was elected Governor, and Assemblyman Malcolm Wilson was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Republicans, defeating the incumbent Democrats W. Averell Harriman and George B. DeLuca. The elections of the other four statewide elective offices resulted in a Democratic State Comptroller with Liberal endorsement, a Republican Attorney General, a Democratic Court of Appeals judge with Liberal and Republican endorsement, and a Republican U.S. Senator. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor/Lieutenant Governor, was: Republicans 3,127,000; Democrats 2,270,000; Liberals 284,000; and Independent-Socialists 32,000.


172nd New York State Legislature, Elections
Assemblywoman Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich, was elected to the State Senate. The other four women members of the previous legislature—Assemblywomen Bessie A. Buchanan (Dem. ), a retired musical actress and dancer of Harlem; ; Frances K. Marlatt (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Vernon; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; and Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons—were re-elected. Aileen B. Ryan (Dem. ), of the Bronx; and Dorothy Bell Lawrence (Rep.), of Manhattan, both former school teachers, were also elected to the Assembly.


172nd New York State Legislature, Elections
The 1959 New York state election, was held on November 3. The only statewide elective office up for election was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. The senior associate judge, Charles S. Desmond, a Democrat, was elected with Republican and Liberal endorsement. Three vacancies in the State Senate and eight vacancies in the Assembly were filled. Assemblywoman Genesta M. Strong (Rep.) was elected to the State Senate, but did not take her seat in 1960.


172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 182nd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1959; and adjourned on March 25.


172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
Oswald D. Heck (Rep.) was re-elected Speaker. Heck died on May 21, 1959.


172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
Walter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 1, 1959. Majority Leader Joseph F. Carlino (Rep.) was elected Speaker of the Assembly.


172nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 183rd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1960; and adjourned in the early morning of April 1, 1960.


172nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Frank Composto, D. Clinton Dominick III, Lawrence M. Rulison and Janet Hill Gordon changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assembly members Genesta M. Strong and Hunter Meighan were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.


172nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


172nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 172nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 172nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 172nd Ohio Infantry was organized in Cambridge, Ohio, and mustered in May 14, 1864, at Columbus, Ohio, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel John Ferguson.


172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment spent its entire enlistment engaged in guard government stores at Gallipolis, Ohio.


172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 172nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 3, 1864, at Gallipolis.


172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 12 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 172nd Pennsylvania Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Formation
When Pennsylvania did not meet President Lincoln's August 1862 request for 300,000 nine-month volunteers, the Commonwealth drafted (under the Federal Militia Act of 1862) fifteen regiments between mid-October and early December 1862, totaling 15,000 men. All fifteen regiments were mustered out of service by mid-August 1863. Few saw any combat action.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Formation
The 172nd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (Camp Curtin). The regiment’s soldiers were selected principally from Snyder and Northumberland Counties, with detachments from Clearfield, Elk, McKean, Union, Montour, and Butler Counties. In all, 1,332 men were mustered into the regiment.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment mustered in for nine months service between October 27 and November 29, 1862, under the command of Colonel Charles Kleckner.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
On the day after their arrival at Yorktown in December 1862 with three other drafted regiments from Pennsylvania, Maj. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes, IV Corps commander, wrote that he found the regiments to be “perfectly green” and that “none of them are in a condition to meet the enemy.”  Thus he assigned the 172nd to the heavy guns at Yorktown and until April 1863 they remained unassigned to any brigade.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
In June 1863, the men of the 172nd offered to re-enlist for six months at the end of their term of service. The War Department originally intended to accept their offer but upon learning that it was contingent upon serving in the Department of the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, declined, and the regiment mustered out as scheduled on August 1, 1863.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 13 enlisted men to disease. In addition to those who died, some soldiers were discharged from the regiment due to illness and other reasons and some deserted. The strength of the regiment was reported as 671 men on July 16, 1863, after they joined XI Corps.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Commanders
The regiment was formed under Colonel Charles Kleckner, Lt. Colonel Thaddeus G. Bogle, and Major M. T. Heintzelman. On December 10, 1862, Lt. Colonel Bogle was discharged and replaced by Lt. Colonel James A. Johnson. The regiment mustered out on August 1, 1863, under Colonel Kleckner.


172nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Commanders
Before serving in the 172nd, Col. Kleckner served as a private in Company K of the 6th Pennsylvania Infantry (in 1861) and then as a first lieutenant in Company D of the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry (in 1861-62). Afterwards he served as a lieutenant colonel in the 184th Pennsylvania Infantry (in 1864-65). After the war, he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a Republican, in 1868 and 1869.


172nd Rifle Division
The 172nd Rifle Division (Russian: 172-я стрелковая дивизия) was an infantry division of the Red Army during World War II, formed thrice.


172nd Rifle Division, First formation
On 22 June 1941 it was part of the 61st Rifle Corps of the 20th Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. By 10 July the division transferred to the 13th Army of the Western Front with the corps. It was officially disbanded on 19 September.


172nd Rifle Division, Second formation
It was formed on 10 October 1941 from the 3rd Crimean Motorized Division as part of the 51st Army. By 1 November it transferred to the Coastal Army. It was officially disbanded on 25 June 1942.


172nd Rifle Division, Third formation
The division was reformed again on 9 September in the area of the Dorokhovo railway station, part of the Moscow Defense Zone, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Kostitsyn. The latter transferred to command the 183rd Rifle Division on 30 September.


172nd Rifle Division, Third formation
At the end of the war, it was part of the 102nd Rifle Corps of the 13th Army.


172nd Rifle Division, Third formation
In mid-1945 it was withdrawn to Korosten in the Carpathian Military District with the army's 27th Rifle Corps. The division was disbanded in 1946.


172nd Rifle Division, Commanders
The division's first formation was commanded by the following officers:


172nd Rifle Division, Commanders
The division's second formation was commanded by the following officer:


172nd Rifle Division, Commanders
The division's third formation was commanded by the following officers:


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
The 172nd Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It manned heavy howitzers on the Western Front and Italian Front from 1916 to 1918.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and most of the Glamorgan Royal Garrison Artillery did so. This unit had mobilised as part of No 26 Coastal Fire Command, responsible for the defence of Swansea, Cardiff and Barry.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
By October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, Soon the TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were also supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas and providing cadres to form complete new units.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
172nd Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Cardiff with three officers and 78 other ranks from the Glamorgan RGA under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916. It went out to the Western Front on 12 September 1916, manning four BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers, initially under the command of 50th (South African) Heavy Artillery Group (HAG)  in Third Army. It then changed command rapidly: to 19th HAG on 4 October, to 8th HAG on 18 October, then to 47th HAG on 24 November and back to 8th HAG on 8 January 1917, all with Third Army, whose front was quiet during this period.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Arras
On 24 March 1917 the battery transferred to the command of 46th HAG and then to 35th HAG on 3 April as Third Army prepared for the opening of its Arras Offensive. A larger force of guns than ever before had been assembled for this battle, and 35th HAG was assigned with seven other HAGs to VII Corps. The battle opened on 9 April and was widely successful, the counter-battery (CB) fire of the heavy howitzers having been effective. But following up the success was difficult. Batteries had to move up to get back into range (No man's land in VII Corps' sector had been 2,000 yards (1,800 m) wide) and the Germans re-positioned their guns, so the effectiveness of the prepared CB fire was lost. The offensive quickly bogged down.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Ypres
After the Arras offensive ended in May 1917, 172nd Siege Bty was rested from 28 May to 10 June. It then rejoined Third Army, serving with 39th and 8th HAGs. Third Army's front was quiet during the summer of 1917, but on 9 July the battery moved to 24th HAG (alongside 121st Siege Bty, also raised by the Glamorgan RGA). 24th HAG was attached to the French army, but it joined Fifth Army on 1 August, just after the start of the Third Ypres Offensive. Fifth Army's guns were suffering badly from German CB fire, and the offensive bogged down. A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Ypres
172nd Siege Bty received reinforcements on 26 August when it was joined by a section from 415th Siege Bty, just arrived from Home. This allowed the battery to be brought up to a strength of six 6-inch howitzers. On 16 September 24th HAG was transferred to Second Army when that formation took over control of  the faltering offensive: the Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Ypres
But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and suffered badly from CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy
After the disastrous Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front, Second Army HQ and several of its sub-formations were sent to reinforce the Italian Army. 24th Bde RGA left with XIV Corps on 17 November 1917, arriving on 25 November. Its guns went into action on the Montello Hill, supporting the Italian army holding the line of the River Piave, which had been critically short of heavy artillery. The situation was stabilised by the end of the year, but XIV Corps and 24th HAG remained in Italy.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy
Apart from some CB shoots, there was little activity through the winter months. In February 1918 the HAGs became permanent RGA brigades: 24th Bde consisted of one heavy battery (1/1st Warwickshire Bty) and three other 6-inch howitzer siege batteries (105th, 229th and 247th) in addition to the 172nd.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy
At the end of March 1918, 105th Siege Bty moved to a position south of the Asiago plateau supporting VIII Italian Corps. The gunsites were in wooded mountainous terrain and the guns had to be manhandled into position. They carried out trench bombardment while awaiting the next Austrian offensive (the Second Battle of the Piave River). This finally came on 15 June. Despite some initial Austrian gains, 48th (South Midland) Division held its main positions. The British heavy howitzers systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on (Royal Air Force observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later) and the Austrian offensive failed all along the front.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy
Preparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The British were relieved in the Asiago sector and moved to join the British-commanded Tenth Italian Army near Treviso. 24th HAG supported a number of British and French raids during September and October, then on 23 October the preliminary attacks began, supported by 24th HAG's howitzers. The main British assault crossed the River Piave on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy
A bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November, ending the war in Italy.


172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, War Service, Italy
After the Armistice, 24th HAG was involved in securing prisoners and captured artillery. Demobilisation of the batteries in Italy began at Christmas 1918 and they were disbanded by the end of March 1919.


172nd Tunnelling Company
The 172nd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Background
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history
172nd Tunnelling Company included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 184th, 170th, 171st, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history
From its formation in April 1915 until the end of the war the company served under First Army south of the Ypres Salient.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
Following its formation, 172nd Tunnelling Company was first employed in the area of St Eloi and The Bluff at Ypres, added to which the 172nd Tunnelling Company was also active at Hill 60.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
The Germans held the top of  Hill 60 from 16 December 1914 to 17 April 1915, when it was captured briefly by the British 5th Division after the explosion of five mines under the German lines by the Royal Engineers. The early underground war in the area had involved both the 171st and 172nd Tunnelling Company. In July 1915,  175th Tunnelling Company was extended to Hill 60, and 172nd Tunnelling Company focused on The Bluff instead.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
The Bluff, located halfway in between Voormezele and Hollebeke, is an artificial ridge in the landscape created by spoil from failed attempts to dig a canal. With the additional height in an otherwise relatively flat landscape, The Bluff was an important military objective. German forces took The Bluff in February 1916. In addition to The Bluff, 172nd Tunnelling Company was also responsible for mining at St Eloi south of Ypres.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
At St Eloi, military mining began in early 1915. The Germans had built an extensive system of defensive tunnels and were actively mining at the intermediate levels. In March 1915, they fired mines under the elevated area known as The Mound just south-east of St Eloi and in the ensuing fighting (the Action of St Eloi, 14–15 March 1915) the British infantry suffered some 500 casualties. A month later, on 14 April 1915, the Germans fired another mine producing a crater over 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
After these experiences, the British started an extensive programme of defensive mining at St Eloi to protect the British trenches from future German mines, but also included offensive elements by placing large attack mines beneath the German trenches. Much of this work was done by the 177th Tunnelling Company and the 172nd Tunnelling Company, the latter commanded in early 1915 by Captain William Henry Johnston VC. Johnston left 172nd Tunnelling Company in early May, when he was succeeded as officer commanding by William Clay Hepburn, a Territorial Army Captain in the Monmouthshire Regiment.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
Hepburn was a mining engineer and colliery agent in civilian life, and the first non-regular Royal Engineer officer to command a Tunnelling Company. The officer in charge of 172nd Tunnelling Company's offensive mining activities at St Eloi was Lieutenant Horace Hickling, who would go on to command 183rd Tunnelling Company on the Somme in 1916, supported by  Lieutenant Frederick Mulqueen, who would go on to command 182nd Tunnelling Company at Vimy in 1917.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
The geology of the Ypres Salient featured a characteristic layer of sandy clay, which put very heavy pressures of water and wet sand on the underground works and made deep mining extremely difficult. In autumn of 1915, 172nd Tunnelling Company managed to sink shafts through the sandy clay at a depth of 7.0 metres (23 ft) down to dry blue clay at a depth of 13 metres (43 ft), which was ideal for tunneling,  from where they continued to drive galleries towards the German lines at a depth of 18 metres (60 ft). This constituted a major achievement in mining technique and gave the Royal Engineers a significant advantage over their German counterparts.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
Meanwhile, at The Bluff, mining was continued by the 172nd Tunnelling Company and in November 1915, John Norton-Griffiths proposed to sink 20 or 30 shafts, about 46–64 metres (50–70 yd) apart, into the blue clay from St Eloi to The Bluff. On 21 January 1916, German miners blew several large charges at The Bluff, which caused 172nd Tunnelling Company to halt its work on the shallow galleries in St Eloi in order to complete the deep mines as soon as possible. On 14 February, the German infantry succeeded in capturing The Bluff from the British and advanced towards St Eloi, raising fears that the British deep mines might be captured before they could be fired.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
The British decided to use the deep mines created by 172nd Tunnelling Company at St Eloi in a local operation (the Battle of St Eloi Craters, 27 March – 16 April 1916) and six charges were prepared. There were four central mines, of which two were laid from shaft D and two from shaft H. The largest, code-named D1, contained 14,000 kilograms (31,000 lb) of ammonal and was placed beneath The Mound, while the mines code-named D2, H1 and H4 were charged with between 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) and 6,800 kilograms (15,000 lb).


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
The two flanking mines, code-named I and  F, were significantly smaller charges laid short of the German front line. For most of the time, the British preparations were severely obstructed by highly efficient German counter-mining. When the mines were fired at 4.15 a.m. on 27 March 1916, D1 and D2 were detonated first, followed by H1 and H4, then I and finally F. To witnesses it "appeared as if a long village was being lifted through flames into the air" and "there was an earth shake but no roar of explosion".


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
The detonation obliterated The Mound and killed or buried some 300 men of the 18th Reserve Jäger Battalion; two miles away, at Hill 60, the trenches rocked and heaved. The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers attacked and held the D1, D2 and F craters, but efforts to dig communications trenches to their positions failed under the heavy German fire, the muddy ground and debris thrown up by the explosions.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
British attempts to gain a line beyond the craters were unsuccessful for a week but eventually took the four central craters in the early morning of 3 April, shortly before the 3rd Division was relieved by the 2nd Canadian Division. A German counter-attack during the night of 5 April captured the craters, and the Canadians were ordered to withdraw. The operation had been a failure and the advantage of the mines had been lost; the problem lay in the problem of integrating mines into the attack and the Allied inability to hold crater positions after they had been captured. It also demonstrated that holding a crater against concentrated fire and determined German counterattack was extremely difficult.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
In March 1916, 172nd Tunnelling Company handed its work at St Eloi over to 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company. It then relieved 181st Tunnelling Company in the Rue du Bois area, but soon moved back to The Bluff.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
In April 1916, the 172nd Tunnelling Company was relieved at The Bluff by 2nd Canadian Tunnelling Company and moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast near Vimy in northern France, where it was deployed alongside 176th Tunnelling Company, which had moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast in April 1916 and remained there for a considerable time. The front sectors at Vimy and Arras, where extremely heavy fighting between the French and the Germans had taken place during 1915, were taken over by the British in March 1916. Vimy, in particular, was an area of busy underground activity.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and  during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) sector of the Western Front.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
Neuville-Saint-Vaast was close to the German "Labyrinth" stronghold between Arras and Vimy and not far from Notre Dame de Lorette. British tunnellers progressively took over work on the shafts in the area  from the French between February and May 1916. As part of this process, the New Zealand Tunnelling Company took over a sector between Roclincourt and Écurie from the French 7/1 compagnie d'ingénieurs territoriaux during March 1916. On 29 March 1916, the New Zealanders exchanged position with the 185th Tunnelling Company and moved to Roclincourt-Chantecler, a kilometre south of their old sector.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
172nd Tunnelling Company seems to have shared the Neuville-Saint-Vaast sector with the 176th and 185th Tunnelling Company until it was relieved there in May 1916 by the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company. Also in May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back 640 metres (700 yd), was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
In the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the  Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres (7.5 mi).


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
172nd Tunnelling Company stayed near Vimy and remained active in the area in preparation for the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9–12 April 1917), together with 175th and 182nd Tunnelling Companies. 184th Tunnelling Company and 255th Tunnelling Company also served a tenure at Vimy. The Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917. Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the British tunnelling companies secretly laid a series of explosive charges under German positions in an effort to destroy surface fortifications before the assault.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
The original plan had called for 17 mines and 9 Wombat charges to support the infantry attack, of which 13 (possibly 14) mines and 8 Wombat charges were eventually laid. At the same time, 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front, each with several large craters. In order to assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack, officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines on the first day of the Somme had been blown.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
Their reports and the experience of the Canadians at St Eloi in April 1916 – where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible –, led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
Further British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points. The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans. They were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s. Another mine, prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple, was not completed in time for the attack.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
The gallery had been pushed silently through the clay, avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge, but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 metres (70 ft) short of its target. In the end, two mines were blown before the attack, while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack, including those forming a northern flank.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy sector
In early 1918 half of 252nd Tunnelling Company, arriving in the Vimy Ridge sector from Beaumont-Hamel, was attached to 172nd Tunnelling Company.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme sector
March 1918 saw 172nd Tunnelling Company working on a new defensive line on the Somme, near Bray-Saint-Christophe. It fought as emergency infantry near Villecholles, where it carried out a fighting retreat.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Amiens 1918
In April 1918, troops of 172nd Tunnelling Company fought a large fire in Amiens.


172nd Tunnelling Company, Memorial
On a small square in the centre of Sint-Elooi stands the 'Monument to the St Eloi Tunnellers' which was unveiled on 11 November 2001. The brick plinth bears transparent plaques with details of the mining activities by 172nd Tunnelling Company and an extract from the poem  by the war poet T.E. Hulme (1883–1917). There is a flagpole with the British flag next to it, and in 2003 an artillery gun was added to the memorial.


172nd meridian east
The meridian 172° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


172nd meridian east
The 172nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 8th meridian west.


172nd meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 172nd meridian east passes through:


172nd meridian west
The meridian 172° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


172nd meridian west
The 172nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 8th meridian east.


172nd meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 172nd meridian west passes through:


173
Year 173 (CLXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Pompeianus (or, less frequently, year 926 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 173 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


173 (number)
173 (one hundred [and] seventy-three) is the natural number following 172 and preceding 174.


173 BC
Year 173 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Laenas (or, less frequently, year 581 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 173 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


173 Hours in Captivity
173 Hours In Captivity: The Hijacking of IC 814 is a 2000 book (ISBN 81-7223-394-9) written by Neelesh Misra, a New Delhi-based correspondent of the Associated Press. The book is about the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814 on its journey from Kathmandu to New Delhi on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1999.


173 Hours in Captivity, Introduction
The sequence of events outside the plane (IC 814) is a well-documented and familiar story. The book presents the events inside the plane. During their 173 hours of captivity, the passengers and the crew lived and re-lived, experienced and re-experienced many uncomfortable emotions. The book recaptures the sequences which happened inside the Airbus A300.


173 Hours in Captivity, Inside the Airbus A300
Some of the incidents aboard the Airbus that are detailed in the book include:


173 Hours in Captivity, Blackmail
This blackmail by the gang of five paid off and the passengers and the crew were flown back from Kandahar, Afghanistan to New Delhi - the price of their freedom being setting free few terrorists who were held under the custody of the Government of India.


173 Hours in Captivity, Aftermath
The book hints that India was left alone following the hijacking of IC 814 because they negotiated with the terrorists, thus appeasing them.


173 Ino
Ino, minor planet designation: 173 Ino, is a large asteroid and the parent body of the Ino family, located in the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 150 kilometers (93 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 August 1877, by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly at Marseille Observatory in southern France, and named after the queen Ino from Greek mythology. The dark Xk-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.15 hours.


173 Ino, Orbit and classification
Ino is the parent body and namesake of the Ino family (522), an asteroid family in the intermediate main belt with nearly 500 known members. The adjectival form of the asteroid name is "Inoan".


173 Ino, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,659 days; semi-major axis of 2.74 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Düsseldorf-Bilk Observatory in January 1879, five months after its official discovery observation at Marseilles.


173 Ino, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Ino is a common carbonaceous C-type, while in the SMASS classification it is a Xk-subtype that transitions between the X-type and uncommon K-type asteroids.


173 Ino, Physical characteristics
Multiple photometric studies of this asteroid were performed between 1978 and 2002. The combined data gave an irregular, asymmetrical light curve with a period of 6.163 ± 0.005 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10–0.15 in magnitude. The asteroid is rotating in a retrograde direction.


173 and 176 Perry Street
173 and 176 Perry Street are a pair of high-rise residential buildings facing West Street in West Village, Manhattan, New York City. It was designed by Richard Meier & Partners, and are the first project undertaken by Meier in Manhattan, although they stand a short walk away from his 1970 renovation of the Westbeth Artists Community. Construction of the buildings began in 1997 and was completed in 2002.


173 and 176 Perry Street
Reporter Penelope Green of The New York Times referred to Meier's paired towers as "beauty queens". The third building in the assemblage, 165 Charles Street, to the south of the original two, was completed in 2004 and was also designed by Meier.


173, High Street, Berkhamsted
173, High Street, Berkhamsted, is a medieval building in Hertfordshire, England. It is considered to be the oldest extant jettied timber framed building in Great Britain, dated by dendrochronology of structural timbers to between 1277 and 1297. At the time of the building's construction, the town of Berkhamsted was a relatively large, flourishing wool trading market town that benefitted from having an important royal castle.


173, High Street, Berkhamsted, History
The building was given a Victorian facade and was used as a pharmacy in the nineteenth century. Its historical significance was not recognised until 2001 when it was Grade II* listed after the medieval timber framing was exposed during renovation work. It is currently used as an estate agent's.


173, High Street, Berkhamsted, History
The building received two grants from English Heritage, one for investigations and one for conservation work. Dr Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English Heritage, said "This is an amazing discovery. It gives an extraordinary insight into how Berkhamsted High Street would have looked in medieval times."


173, High Street, Berkhamsted, History
Initially, the investigations suggested that it had always been a shop, as there was evidence for the existence of a jeweller or goldsmith's shop with a workshop behind. This generated headlines to the effect that the country's "oldest shop" had been discovered. The age of the building would make it a contender for the title, but there is doubt about how long it served as a shop. It is now believed to have originally been a jettied service wing to a larger aisled hall house, which has since disappeared.


1730
1730 (MDCCXXX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1730th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 730th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 30th  year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1730, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1730 Valparaíso earthquake
The 1730 Valparaíso earthquake occurred at 04:45 local time (08:45 UTC) on July 8. It had an estimated magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and triggered a major tsunami with an estimated magnitude of Mt =8.75, that inundated the lower parts of Valparaíso. The earthquake caused severe damage from La Serena to Chillan, while the tsunami affected more than 1,000 km (620 mi) of Chile's coastline.


1730 Valparaíso earthquake, Tectonic setting
The earthquake took place along the boundary between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates, at a location where they converge at a rate of seventy millimeters a year.


1730 Valparaíso earthquake, Tectonic setting
Chile has been at a convergent plate boundary that generates megathrust earthquakes since the Paleozoic (500 million years ago). In historical times the Chilean coast has suffered many megathrust earthquakes along this plate boundary, including the strongest earthquake ever measured. Most recently, the boundary ruptured in 2010 in central Chile.


1730 Valparaíso earthquake, Damage
The earthquake caused severe damage over a wide area, Valparaíso, Coquimbo, Illapel, Petorca and Tiltil were all affected. The parish church in La Serena was destroyed.


1730 Valparaíso earthquake, Damage
Only a few deaths were recorded due to the earthquake, reportedly because a strong foreshock had caused people to leave their homes. The same is also true for the following tsunami with the inhabitants running to higher ground after seeing the water recede, so that only a few were killed.


1730 Valparaíso earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
At about 01:00 local time in Santiago, there was a strong earthquake, followed by several smaller tremors. The main shock occurred at 4:45 local time.


1730 Valparaíso earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
A 350–550 km (220–340 mi) long rupture has been estimated for this event, from the extent of severe damage.


1730 Valparaíso earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami
The tsunami occurred immediately after the mainshock, with a maximum run-up height recorded at Concepción of 16 m. It was also observed at Callao, Peru and in Honshu, Japan where fields were flooded in Rikuzen and the Oshika Peninsula.


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Jesuit's long report on Saguenay region, it's geography and Mistassini Cree, and Innu (Montagnais) near Tadoussac (Note: "savages" used)


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
New York governor seeks way to subsidize Oswego garrison and trade (key to Six Nations support) with tax acceptable to Assembly and Crown


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
"That they might live and settle among them" - French and Meskwaki (Fox) in Seneca territory concern New York Indian commissioners


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
N.Y. legislators on backfired past attempt to squeeze French out of Indigenous trade, and effect of current trouble from Oswego traders


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
French send "a thousand sail of ships annually" to fish off Newfoundland and had 220,000 quintals of cod for Marseille market in 1730


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Legal advice that Newfoundland justices' powers don't include judging property cases, and taxation must have consent of some popular assembly


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
"Hundreds of these poor creatures are beging [sic] up and down" - Servants' wages are withheld at end of fishing season, leaving them destitute


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Fishing admirals hold themselves superior to justices of the peace and Governor Osborn, whose authority is "only from the Privy Council"


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
"So avers to all Government" - Fishing captains and traders won't support civil authority, even at tax rate of "one farthing in the pound"


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundlanders ask protection from price gouging by "masters of shipps," and that their flax and hemp "be sent home freight free"


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
History of 1720s fighting between Saint George River settlers and "French Indians" to keep former's land out of "the hands of the Indians"


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods told to, "by the most gentle usage," deter Penobscot from hindering settlement beyond Saint George River


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
In face of aggressiveness from Massachusetts, David Dunbar reaches out to Penobscot and their Canada-educated, mixed-race comrade


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Gov. Belcher objects to Dunbar's settlements between Sagadahoc (Kennebec) River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, which Massachusetts claims


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia governor offers Dunbar his limited advice on Penobscot (Note: "animals" and "savages" used)


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Dunbar relates complaints of Minas region merchants required to discount wares they supply to Annapolis Royal garrison


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Sure that his own settlements will take years to actualize, Gov. Philipps envies way new "Province of Maine" governor attracts settlers


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
David Dunbar criticized for settlement names like "Province of Georgia" (it's Nova Scotia land) and "Fredericksburg" (which isn't English)


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Fidelity oath (in French) signed by Annapolis Acadians, plus their address welcoming governor's written assurance of religious rights


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
1755 Acadian petition includes 1730 fidelity oath (in English) and testimony that Gov. Philipps promised them neutrality at that time


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
With brief French lesson, Trade Board says oath given to Annapolis Acadians doesn't actually require their fidelity to His Majesty


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
"Good management, plain reasoning and presents" - Philipps reports that Indigenous and French have submitted to British governance


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Oath of allegiance signed by 591 of "the French inhabitants of Nova Scotia"


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Philipps again appeals for adequate defence of Canso, pointing out its £30-40,000 value in duties and its 6-7 hours march from French forces


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Philipps told issuing settler-requested £2,000 in paper money impossible "till you shall have an Assembly," and then with "very great caution"


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
David Dunbar worried about working in Nova Scotia, where people are afraid to travel and "are even insulted in their garrisons"


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Philipps to assist in settling Irish and Palatines in defensible townships between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers (Note: "savage" used)


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Fine and prison sentence set for "wild fellows who catch the horses in the fields and race them to the great detriment of the beasts"


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Hudson's Bay Company employee reports on wild rice, good grass for hay, and thriving fruit trees (!) in Moose River country


1730 in Canada, Historical documents
Governors instructed not to seize whale products or discourage that fishery but "to encourage the same to the utmost of their power"


1730 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1730 to Wales and its people.


1730 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1730.


1730 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1730 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1730 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1730 in science
The year 1730 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1730 papal conclave
The 1730 papal conclave elected Pope Clement XII as the successor to Pope Benedict XIII.


1730 papal conclave, Background
Pope Benedict XIII died on February 21, 1730 at the age of eighty-one. The conclave which followed is considered to be the longest and most corrupt of the 18th century. The conclave opened on March 5 with thirty cardinals, but the numbers increased as more began to arrive. None of the Portuguese Cardinals were in attendance, apparently due to friction between Rome and Lisbon. There were fifty-six cardinals present. At some point in the four-month long ordeal, at least half had been proposed.


1730 papal conclave, Factions
One voting bloc was made up of twelve cardinals who had been appointed by Benedict XIII, but this group had no clear leader. A second group was made up of cardinals appointed by Pope Alexander VIII. Politically, they were allied with the French party, which represented the interests of Louis XV.


1730 papal conclave, Factions
The Imperial party were all subjects of the Austrian Emperor. This group included Cardinal Gianantonio Davia, a former papal nuncio to Vienna under salary from the imperial court. The Spanish party suffered from internal dissension, but was broadly allied with the Emperor.


1730 papal conclave, Factions
There were also a Savoyard contingent representing Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, King of Sardinia; and the Zelanti, who opposed all secular interference. In addition, the Florentine House of Medici was using financial enticements to forward their candidate, Lorenzo Corsini.


1730 papal conclave, Factions
None of the factions were sufficiently large enough to bring a successful vote for their respective candidates.


1730 papal conclave, Political influence
From about 1600 to the early 20th century, certain Catholic monarchs claimed the jus exclusivae (right of exclusion), i.e. to veto a candidate for the papacy, exercised through a crown-cardinal. By an informal convention, each state claiming the veto was allowed to exercise the right once per conclave. Therefore, a crown-cardinal did not announce the veto until the last moment when the candidate in question seemed likely to get elected. This conclave saw a good deal of maneuvering by the various parties to induce another to exercise the veto prematurely. At one point, in lieu of a veto, the Spanish party threatened to exit the conclave if a particular opposition candidate was likely to be chosen.


1730 papal conclave, Political influence
Cardinal Cornelio Bentivoglio presented the veto of King Philip V of Spain against the election of Cardinal Giuseppe Renato Imperiali. During the conclave of 1700 Imperiali was part of a group of cardinals who were trying to resist the pressure applied by foreign governments aiming to influence papal elections. In 1720 he had attempted to influence the Republic of Genoa to arrest Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, an erstwhile court favorite made a duke and grandee of Spain. However, the veto had been signed by the Spanish Secretary of State rather than the King and was subject to a challenge. Matters dragged on while a messenger was sent to Madrid to obtain verification.


1730 papal conclave, Political influence
The Emperor had sent notification of his opposition to Cardinal Pietro Marcellino Corradini, who appeared to be leading with thirty votes. Corradini had opposed the Emperor's attempts at interference in the Papal States, and his attempt to name Hugh Francis Fustenberg bishop of Hildesheim.


1730 papal conclave, Political influence
By the middle of May there was a series of earthquakes in Italy. The tension was high, both inside and outside the Conclave, as many interpreted the earthquakes as evidence of God's displeasure at the failure of the Cardinals to elect a Pope.


1730 papal conclave, Results
Eventually Cardinal Cienfuegos persuaded the Germans to accept Corsini as an alternative to Corradini. The Spanish and French factions agreed. After months of contention, on July 12, 1730 Corsini was chosen and took the name of his patron, Clement XI. He was seventy-eight years of age at the time of his election and would rule for nearly ten years. One of Clement's first actions was to create a commission to investigate charges of embezzlement by various officials under his predecessor.


1730s
The 1730s decade ran from January 1, 1730, to December 31, 1739.


1730s BC
The 1730s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1739 BC to December 31, 1730 BC.


1730s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1730s in South Africa.


1730s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1730 - 1739 to Wales and its people.


1730s in archaeology
The decade of the 1730s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1730s in rail transport
This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1730s.


1731
1731 (MDCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1731st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 731st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 31st  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1731, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1731 Smuts
1731 Smuts, provisional designation 1948 PH, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 54 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 1948, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa, who named it after Field marshal Jan Smuts.


1731 Smuts, Classification and orbit
Smuts orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,060 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1926 TF in Heidelberg, Smuts's first used observation was taken one month later in November 1926, extending the body's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1731 Smuts, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Smuts was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. It gave a rotation period of 12.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.8 magnitude (U=2).


1731 Smuts, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Smuts measures between 54.71 and 57.49 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.053 and 0.059. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0385 and a diameter of 53.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.


1731 Smuts, Naming
This minor planet was named after prominent South African and British Commonwealth statesman, Field Marshal and philosopher, Jan Smuts (1870–1950), under whom the discoverer of the asteroid fought in both World Wars.


1731 Smuts, Naming
Smuts captured German South-West Africa in World War I and 0.0385 the only man to sign both of the peace treaties ending the First and Second World Wars. He served as prime minister of South Africa from 1919 until 1924 and again from 1939 until 1948. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Pennsylvania lieutenant governor forwards 1718 study of French trade routes and "their Indians" and means to "prevent the designs of the French"


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Pennsylvania lieutenant governor says his province and New York worry French are co-opting their frontiers and Indigenous people on them


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
New York vulnerable to French, who have fort at Crown Point, priests, and "people that runn amongst the Indians and are much like them"


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
New Hampshire survey finds "no Indians" in N.H. and some in eastern Massachusetts, and "extreamly numerous" French in Canada and Cape Breton


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
How Newfoundland fits into trade network of Middle Atlantic colonies, Indigenous people, Britain, Spain, Portugal and West Indies


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Board of Trade advised that Newfoundland justice of the peace and fishing admiral have distinctly different powers, with former superior to latter


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
"The ignorant people are possess'd" - Clout of fishing admirals and others makes enforcement formidable for Newfoundland governor and justices


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
"The fear we are in" - Newfoundland justices of the peace characterize Irish Catholics and transported felons as especially dangerous


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia has few English (besides military), no Blacks and about 800 Acadian families, who "are increas'd near one half" in 10 years


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
To avoid settlement delay, Nova Scotia leadership suggests simultaneous survey of forests reserved for Navy and land to be open to settlers


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia acknowledges dependence on French currency and Boston paper money, and limited food resources with settlers expected


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotians claiming land that is unworked must show why it should not be disposed of for benefit of Crown and "fresh settlers"


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
"Ungovernable people" - Lieutenant governor distrusts holders of old French land grants, and thinks Acadian justices would inform on rest of Acadians


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council agrees unanimously that Boston company should be allowed to mine coal at site near Cape Chignecto


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Preponderant New England property owners prevent proper settlement in Canso, and thus schooners prevail over in-shore fishing


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Canso fishery also varies from Newfoundland's because no inhabitants are involved (except in salt curing) and no servants nor soldiers fish


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Prompted by 1731 Nova Scotia letter, Board of Trade notes "complaints of the very bad manner in which the Canso fish is cured"


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong informs Council of his instructions "forbiding laying any Duty on Negroes or ffelons [sic] imported into this province


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods in Maine finds "gentry" have "stragling manner of settlement" that provokes "insults of the Indians"


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Dunbar warns "Indian deeds" imply "ye Indians have a right to dispose of all ye rest of ye lands" (while they say lands are inalienable)


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Decision coming on Massachusetts claim to Nova Scotia land west of Penobscot River, but Dunbar should still add settlements east of there


1731 in Canada, Historical documents
Tract of land between Kennebec and St. Croix rivers determined to be under government of Massachusetts, and settler land claims there valid


1731 in Sweden
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1731 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1731 to Wales and its people.


1731 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1731.


1731 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1731.


1731 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1731 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1731 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1731 in science
The year 1731 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1731 to 1735 in sports
Events in world sport through the years 1731 to 1735.


17314 Aisakos
17314 Aisakos /ˈeɪsəkəs/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 36 kilometers (22 miles) in diameter. It was discovered at the Palomar Observatory during the first Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey in 1971. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 9.7 hours. It was named after the Trojan prince Aesacus from Greek mythology.


17314 Aisakos, Discovery
Aisakos was discovered on 25 March 1971, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in the Palomar Mountain Range, southeast of Los Angeles. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar in November 1954, more than 16 years prior to its official discovery observation.


17314 Aisakos, Discovery, Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey
The survey designation "T-1" stands for the first Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroids.


17314 Aisakos, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan prince Aesacus (Aisakos), son of King Priam and his first wife Arisbe. As had been his maternal grandfather Merops, he was a seer and foresaw the downfall of Troy, brought upon by Hecuba's future son, Paris. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42365).


17314 Aisakos, Orbit and classification
Aisakos is a Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8–5.6 AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,288 days; semi-major axis of 5.17 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.


17314 Aisakos, Physical characteristics
Aisakos is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.


17314 Aisakos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Aisakos was obtained from photometric observations over three consecutive nights by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.67±0.02 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=3).


17314 Aisakos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aisakos measures 35.76 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.072, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 36.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


17314 Aisakos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1732
1732 (MDCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1732nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 732nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 32nd  year of the 18th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1732, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1732 Heike
1732 Heike, provisional designation 1943 EY, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter.


1732 Heike
It was discovered on 9 March 1943, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after Heike Neckel, the granddaughter of astronomer Alfred Bohrmann.


1732 Heike, Classification and orbit
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Eos family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,911 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. Heike was first identified as A906 FA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1906. The body's first used observation was also taken at Heidelberg in 1924, when it was identified as 1924 PB, extending the body's observation arc by 19 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1732 Heike, Rotation period
In October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Heike was obtained from photometric observations at the Truman Observatory. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.742 hours with a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude (U=3), superseding a previous period of 3.90 hours (U=2).


1732 Heike, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 20.50 and 24.31 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.110 and 0.201. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.132 and a diameter of 24.17 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1732 Heike, Naming
This minor planet was named after Heike Neckel, granddaughter of German astronomer Alfred Bohrmann (1904–2000), who was a colleague of the discoverer at Heidelberg. The asteroid 1635 Bohrmann bears his name. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).


1732 Høtten
1732 Høtten (international title: Bloody Angels) is a 1998 Norwegian thriller film directed by Karin Julsrud, starring Reidar Sørensen, Stig Henrik Hoff and Lailia Goody. The film was Julsrud's directorial début


1732 Høtten, Plot
In the small village of Høtten, six months after the rape and murder of a 13-year-old girl, one of the suspects is found dead. Nicholas Ramm (Reidar Sørensen) has to investigate the crime.


1732 Høtten, Reception
Reviewers were split on 1732 Høtten, but generally not very positive. In a review for Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang, Jon Selås gave the movie a dice throw of one and called it a "speculative, purposeless and ice-cold miss". Eirik W. Alver of Dagbladet was slightly more satisfied with the film, giving it three points. Though he was not bored by the movie, he found the characters and the environment caricatured.


1732 Irpinia earthquake
The 1732 Irpinia earthquake was a seismic event with a magnitude of 6.6 that affected Irpinia and part of Sannio. It occurred on 29 November 1732 at 8:40 AM local time (UTC+1). The epicenter was located in the Campanian Apennines, in the area of the Ufita Valley, which is part of the modern-day Province of Avellino. Around twenty populated areas were destroyed entirely or in part and tens of others were significantly damaged. The number of deaths was estimated to be 1,940. Damage from the earthquake was classified as "severe" (indicating damage between $5 and US$24 million), and the number of homes destroyed as classified as "many" (indicating between 101 and 1,000 homes). The earthquake had a rating on the modified Mercalli intensity scale of X (extreme).


1732 Irpinia earthquake
Among the most devastated communities were Mirabella Eclano (which was razed to the ground), Carife, Grottaminarda, and Ariano Irpino. Damage was serious in the provincial capital of Avellino, while in Benevento, there were mainly partial collapses of buildings.


1732 Montreal earthquake
The 1732 Montreal earthquake was a 5.8 mbLg magnitude earthquake that struck New France at 11:00 a.m. on September 16, 1732. The shaking associated with this earthquake shook the city of Montreal with significant damage, including destroyed chimneys, cracked walls and 300 damaged houses, as well as 185 buildings destroyed by fire following the earthquake, representing approximately 30% of the houses in the city at the time.


1732 Montreal earthquake
A girl was reported killed from the seismic activity, although Gabriel Leblanc found present information could not substantiate the claim, especially since, if the death was true, it should have been mentioned in the description of the natural disaster by Sister Cuillerier, a staff member of the Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, but was not. The 1732 Montreal earthquake is one of the major earthquakes that occurred in the Western Quebec Seismic Zone.


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Frenchman says Louisbourg inhabitants mostly fish cod and do little farming because they get "all Necessaries in Exchange for their Fish"


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Board of Trade wants Nova Scotia governor to forward old French documents concerning Acadia that he has or can obtain


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia lieutenant governor calls for creation of assembly, "for without some statutes this Province can never be rightly setled"


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Democratic reforms to include election and fiscal support of Acadian deputies by divisions of "familys" (rather than Nova Scotia governor)


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Repairs needed to Annapolis Royal fort involve foundations, barracks, ramparts, riverside bastion, glacis and palisade


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Councillor Mascarene to deal with Massachusetts government in ways that don't make Nova Scotia "in the least Subordinate" to it


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Canso sees mostly New England and Nova Scotia fishers sailing sloops and schooners, and English ships bringing food and lading fish


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Foreign markets are getting fish of lower quality because Canso shoremen don't cure fish well and ship masters accept half-cured fish


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Three Canso justices of the peace and 77 merchants complain that local military damage fishery and obstruct authority


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Board of Trade "wishes" any justices of the peace for French areas of Nova Scotia be Englishmen, as all JPs must take "the regular oaths"


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council rejects Bishop of Quebec's jurisdiction over province and banishes priest who implemented it


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Île-Royale governor St. Ovide writes Lt. Gov. Armstrong to introduce two missionaries "whom you ask for and the Bishop of Quebec has sent"


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Armstrong surveys multiple French threat in Minas and Chignecto, Louisbourg, "Cape Gaspy" and "Island of St. John"


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong refuses to let Catholic church in Annapolis Royal move back upriver, as massacre "by the Indians" led to move to A.R.


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Île-Royale has great fishery ("no less than 7,000 fishermen") and Louisbourg fortifications (including 122 great guns over harbour)


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Six French warships (one with 60 guns) at Louisbourg "are gone to carry Jews to settle the Island of St John's in the Gut of Canso"


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong writes Massachusetts governor about French sway over "most powerful" Indigenous people in Nova Scotia, asking for his help


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong reminded to grant land to settlers in tandem with Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods reserving forest acreage for naval use


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Request for grant of land along Minas Channel in today's Cumberland County, N.S. to settle 200 Protestants over 10 years, rent-free


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council settles land dispute by applying French custom giving family members first right of refusal in land sale


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia challenged by Indigenous people who say British conquered Annapolis only and that rent is due from Chignecto colliery


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
From Maine, David Dunbar reports Indigenous people complain of not receiving presents and that he has asked Armstrong for reinforcements


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Dunbar details French impact in Maine, including Canadian settlement and Governor General Beauharnois commissioning Penobscot chief


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Privy Council orders Dunbar to "quitt the possession" of land between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers and end settlement effort


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Amendment to fishing admiral act needed to allow Newfoundland governor to curb abuses, including conflict of interest, fraud and robbery


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundlanders "generally subsist on salt provisions" from Ireland and American bread, flour, and cattle (plus few of their own breed)


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Fogo, Twillingate, Bonavista, and Trinity Bay people take seals in nets — and furriers have "distroyed Indians" and vice versa


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
"Five flakes are generaly esteemed a boat's room, extending from the sea backward 230 ft.;" registering them would prevent disputes


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
"A due subjection" to Commission of the Peace "has not been had" and several in places without prisons "dispise" justices' authority


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Poole, England wants same duty-free status for Newfoundland whale products that is given to such from Davis Strait and region


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Massachusetts governor Belcher mentions "French Mohawks" visiting him with "their Motion of coming to settle in this Province"


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Fort built at Crown Point by French among "artful and illicit means" they have used to encroach on New York's trade and security


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
French to Shawnee: "The french, ye English, ye five nations, ye Delawares and you[...]are all now In peace and unity Like Brothers"


1732 in Canada, Historical documents
Convicted of murdering her newborn, woman in Quebec City is sentenced to public penance and hanging, with her body "disposed of as refuse"


1732 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1732 to Wales and its people.


1732 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1732.


1732 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1732.


1732 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1732 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1732 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1732 in science
The year 1732 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1733
1733 (MDCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1733rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 733rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 33rd  year of the 18th century, and the  4th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1733, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1733 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
On February 1, 1733, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Augustus II the Strong died in Warsaw, leaving the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth without a monarch. Another royal election was necessary. This time, the Polish – Lithuanian nobility firmly opposed a foreign candidate, such as Portuguese Duke Infante Manuel, Count of Ourem, who was supported by the Russian Empire and the Habsburg Empire (see Treaty of the Three Black Eagles).


1733 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
During the Convocation Sejm (June 1733), the Primate of Poland, interrex Teodor Potocki suggested that no foreign candidacy should even be considered in the election. This motion was accepted by two most powerful magnate families: the Potocki family and the Czartoryski family. Furthermore, the conservative Roman Catholic nobility banned Protestants from all public offices. In the light of these events, former King Stanisław I Leszczyński emerged as the most obvious candidate.


1733 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
Leszczyński himself was not well-remembered in the Commonwealth, as during his reign (1704–1709) he was a puppet of the Swedish Empire, and left the Commonwealth after the Battle of Poltava. In 1725, his daughter Marie married Louis XV of France, and became Queen consort of France and Navarre. As a result of this marriage, Leszczyński’s popularity among the Polish nobility was widespread, as there were hopes that his election would elevate the international position of Poland, and end internal arguments within the Commonwealth. At the same time, courts in Vienna, St. Petersburg and Berlin opposed the pro-French Leszczyński, fearing that it would strengthen the Kingdom of France.


1733 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
In July 1733, Leszczyński appeared in Versailles, and soon afterwards, France assembled a naval force, which was to transport the Pole from Brest to Gdańsk. These preparations, however, were a ruse of Cardinal Andre-Hercule de Fleury, who did not want to risk a conflict with England. Therefore, Leszczyński, disguised as a merchant named Ernest Bromback, accompanied by French Army officer Dandelot, reached Poland by land, after a trip through Germany.