150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala
The line was not equally manned, a greater number of troops covering the coast leaving the south less protected. 1st South African Division was nearest the coast, with 1st and 7th Armoured divisions waiting behind the main line as a mobile counter-attacking force. 2nd South African Division formed a garrison at Tobruk and 5th Indian Infantry Division (which had arrived in April to relieve 4th Indian Infantry Division) was held in reserve.


150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala
The German advance was spotted by the 4th South African Armoured Car Regiment at first light on 27 May. At about 08:30 they overran the 7th Armoured Divisional HQ. This scattered the 7th Motor Brigade, which withdrew to the Retma Box, fifteen miles east of Bir Hakeim, while 4th Armoured Brigade, fought all day to stem the attackers. By the afternoon, the German attack had shattered the 7th Armoured Division and they were in position to assault the 201st Guards Motor Brigade, in the Knightsbridge Box.


150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala
The Germans now attacked the Retma Box, which was garrisoned by the Rangers (9th King's Royal Rifle Corps), 2nd Rifle Brigade, C Bty 4th RHA, and a Rhodesian anti-tank unit. Accompanied by heavy artillery fire the Panzers swarmed in, swiftly overrunning the 9th KRRC, with the rest of the garrison then moving back to east of Bir El Gubi. The Germans now pushed their Panzers on to the north, moving behind the Gazala Boxes, where British resistance stiffened in what became known as the Battle of the Cauldron.


150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala
By the evening of 28 May it was clear to Brigadier C.W. Haydon that his 150th Bde was going to be attacked from this direction, and he pulled in his southern battalion and prepared for all-round defence, reinforced by part of 1st Army Tank Bde, including 30 tanks. The garrison of 150th Bde Box now stood at:


150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala
To shorten their supply lines the Axis began clearing two paths through the minefield either side of the 150th Bde Box along the Trigh el Abd and Trigh Capuzzo. The brigade kept the supply lines under artillery fire and, although it was unable to stop the flow of traffic, it made the route so ineffective that the enemy armoured divisions to the east of the minefields were reduced to a parlous state for petrol, ammunition and food. Their water ration was down to half a cup a man.


150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa, Battle of Gazala
Early on 30 May elements of the Afrika Korps attempted to break through the brigade's position but drew off after taking losses. Next day the Italian Trieste Division and German 90th Light Division attacked, but made little progress against a defence that they described as 'skilful and stubborn'. On 1 June Rommel reinforced the attackers with the 21st Panzer Division and more artillery, and the assault was resumed after heavy dive-bombing. Early in the afternoon 150th Bde was overcome by a series of concentric attacks, Brigadier Haydon was killed, and the survivors (including Brigadier O'Carroll) became prisoners of war.


150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar
150th Brigade was not reformed when 50th (Northumbrian) Division was reconstituted in the Territorial Army in 1947. Instead, the reformed 4th East Yorkshires and 4th Green Howards became part of 151 Infantry Brigade, now subtitled 'Yorkshire & Durham'.


150th Infantry Regiment (France)
The 150th Infantry Regiment (150e régiment d'infanterie or 150e RI) was an infantry regiment in the French Army. Also known as the Régiment de Bagatelle, it inherited the traditions of the short-lived 150th Demi-Brigade (1794 to 1796) and 150th Line Infantry Regiment (1813 to 1814). The latter was formed by Napoleon I on 12 January 1813 to fight in Germany, where it was decimated, finally disbanding at Arras on 21 July 1814. The final regiment with the numeral 150 was formed as 150th Infantry Regiment on 25 July 1887. This fought in both World Wars, forming part of 12th Infantry Division in May–June 1940 and holding the French sector of the perimeter around Dunkirk, buying time for the success of Operation Dynamo and only surrendering on the beach at Malo-les-Bains on 4 June.


150th Infantry Regiment (France)
The regiment was re-formed in the armée d'armistice at Agen on 31 August 1940, but this unit was disbanded on 28 November 1942. The Free French Forces also raised a battalion named 150th Infantry Regiment on 1 September 1944 at Verdun. The regiment was definitely re-formed using marching battalions from the Free French Forces in February 1945 and took part in the liberation of Royan. At the end of 1945 it was in Paris but the following year it was disbanded and another 150th Infantry Battalion formed at Verdun.


150th Infantry Regiment (France)
This was sent to Morocco in 1947 before being disbanded on 1 January 1949. A final motorised infantry regiment was formed with the numeral 150 on 4 January 1963, becoming mechanised infantry twelve years later and finally being disbanded in 1990. The numeral was revived in 1990 for a reserve regiment, but this too was disbanded in 1996, ending the regiment's lineage.


150th Mixed Brigade
The 150th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Located in front of Madrid, it did not play a relevant role throughout the war.


150th Mixed Brigade, History
The unit was created on June 11, 1937 in Madrid with battalions from the 7th, 43rd, 67th and 75th mixed brigades, initially receiving from Mixed Brigade «A». It received its definitive numbering after the Battle of Brunete, which had previously used by an International Brigade.


150th Mixed Brigade, History
The initial commander of the brigade was the infantry commander Ángel Roig Jorquera, who shortly after was replaced by the militia major Eduardo Zamora Conde. The head of the General Staff fell to the militia captain Miguel Soto Añibarro, while Francisco Ortuño was the political commissioner. During the war the brigade was assigned to the 13th and 18th divisions, remaining situated on the quiet front of Madrid. At the beginning of February 1939 it was garrisoning the road from Pozuelo to Torres and the road from Campo Real to Torres, in the Corpa sector, located in front of the nationalist 13th Division.


150th New York Infantry Regiment
The 150th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was mustered in October 10, 1862, and mustered out June 8, 1865.


150th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment sustained 41 officers and men killed and mortally wounded, 116 wounded but recovered, and 40 missing or captured, for a total of 207 casualties.


150th New York State Legislature
The 150th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to March 25, 1927, during the fifth year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.


150th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


150th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party, the Workers Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.


150th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1926, was held on November 2. Governor Al Smith (Dem.) was re-elected. Lieutenant Governor Seymour Lowman (Rep.) was defeated for re-election by Smith's running mate Edwin Corning (Dem.). Of the other five statewide elective offices, three were carried by Democrats and two by Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 1,520,000; Republicans 1,280,000; Socialists 83,000; Prohibition 21,000; Workers 5,500; and Socialist Labor 3,500.


150th New York State Legislature, Elections
Assemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.


150th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1927; and adjourned on March 25.


150th New York State Legislature, Sessions
John Knight (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


150th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Alfred J. Kennedy, Marcellus H. Evans, John L. Buckley, A. Spencer Feld, John W. Gates, Leon F. Wheatley and Charles A. Freiberg changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


150th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


150th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


150th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 150th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 150th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 150th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Taylor near Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in May 5, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel William H. Hayward.


150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 7, and was assigned to garrison duty at Fort Lincoln, Fort Saratoga, Fort Thayer, Fort Bunker Hill, Fort Slocum, Fort Totten, and Fort Stevens, Defenses of Washington, until August. It was attached to 1st Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to July. 2nd Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to August. Engaged in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington, D.C., July 11–12.


150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 150th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 23, 1864.


150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


150th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 12 enlisted men during service; 2 men killed and 10 men due to disease.


150th Peacekeeping Battalion
The 150th Peacekeeping Battalion (Mongolian: Зэвсэгт хүчний 150 дүгээр анги) is a military unit of the Armed Forces of Mongolia. It was the first unit that designated for peace-support operations. Operatively, it reports to the Peacekeeping Operations Office (PKOO) of the General Staff of the Mongolian Armed Forces, being deployed in the city of Ulaanbaatar.


150th Peacekeeping Battalion, History
In 1997, the Mongolian armed forces established the battalion as primarily a combat unit. By order of President Natsagiin Bagabandi however, its duties changed in preparation for peacekeeping missions. Later, the battalion started conducting peacekeeping operations training an in September 2000, one platoon from the battalion participated in CENTRAZBAT 2000 in Kazakhstan, the country's first ever multinational peacekeeping field exercise. It also took part in the multinational peacekeeping exercise SHANTEE-DOOT in Bangladesh in 2002.


150th Peacekeeping Battalion, History
In 2010, it was trained by US Marines and the Alaska National Guard. It has taken part in the Khaan Quest exercise.


150th Peacekeeping Battalion, Operations, Iraq
In early 2004, the then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States, General Richard Myers, visited Mongolia and expressed his appreciation for the deployment of a 173-strong contingent from the battalion to Iraq, which was planned to send a fresh force to replace the first contingent later in January 2004.


150th Peacekeeping Battalion, Operations, Africa
On November 17, 2009, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense James Schear had lunch with troops from the battalion bound for Chad on November 20, 2009.


150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 150th Pennsylvania Infantry was a Union Army volunteer regiment during the American Civil War. The first major battle that the 150th was in was Gettysburg, where it held back overwhelming numbers of Confederates for several hours.


150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service history
Colonel Langhorne Wister raised the 150th Pennsylvania Infantry in Philadelphia and Harrisburg in September 1862. The regiment quickly joined the defences at Washington D.C.. Its Company K, commanded by Captain David Derrickson, was detached and served as bodyguard for President Abraham Lincoln for the duration of the war, including at his stay at the Soldiers' Home. The rest of the regiment joined the Army of the Potomac in February 1863. There it served in the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, First Corps.


150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service history
Going into Gettysburg with 397 men present it saw action on all three days. Colonel Wister assumed brigade command and every field officer was wounded. The regiment lost 53 men killed & mortally wounded, 134 wounded, and 77 missing. Lieutenant-colonel Henry S. Huidekoper and Corporal J. Monroe Reisinger received the Medal of Honor while members of the regiment.


150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service history
In 1864 the 150th was transferred to the Fifth Corps where it was in various brigades, including that of Brig. Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain. It continued to serve until it was mustered out in June 1865.


150th Rifle Division
The 150th Idritsa-Berlin Order of Kutuzov 2nd Class Motor Rifle Division (Russian: Russian: 150-я Идрицко-Берлинская ордена Кутузова 2-й степени мотострелковая дивизия) of the Russian Ground Forces was re-instituted in 2016. It is part of the 8th Guards Army that was re-instituted in 2017.


150th Rifle Division
Its Red Army predecessor fought on the Eastern Front of World War II from 1941 to 1945. It gained fame as a formation, whose soldiers raised the Soviet flag over the Reichstag shortly before the end of the war. The nickname ‘Idritskaya’ was given to the Soviet division on July 23, 1944, by the order № 207 for its heroic battle in the town of Idritsa. The Division fought at Schneidemühl and Berlin.


150th Rifle Division, History
The Division was formed three times, being initially established at Vyazma in September 1939. As part of the 3rd Army's 3rd Rifle Corps, the division took part in the Soviet Invasion of Poland.


150th Rifle Division, History
Operating as part of the 9th Army on 22 June 1941, then, after the Second Battle of Kharkov, was wiped out at Izyum in May 1942.


150th Rifle Division, History, 2nd Formation
The division was reformed at Turga in the Siberian Military District on July 23, 1942, based on the 1st Siberian Volunteer Division. The unit was made up of over 10,000 men from Siberian factories and the Kuzbass coal fields and had a cadre of 1,460 combat veterans. By September 1 it had enlisted 13,754 personnel, 43.8 percent of whom were Communist Party members or Komsomols. Within two weeks it was assigned to the 6th "Siberian Volunteer" Rifle Corps and began moving by rail to camps near Moscow where it received the last of its support troops and transport. On September 30, the 150th set out on a 170km road march to join the 22nd Army near Belyi in Kalinin Front.


150th Rifle Division, History, 2nd Formation
During the Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive (Operation Mars) the 150th Division and the 6th Rifle Corps were referred to as "Stalin" units and were regarded as an elite force. On January 6, 1943, the division was pulled from the line and moved by rail to the Velikiye Luki area, where it served in the 5th Guards Rifle Corps during the last few days of the battle for that city, then on the 25th staged an assault crossing of the Lovat and Loknya Rivers. By the middle of February it was back in 6th Corps in 22nd Army.


150th Rifle Division, History, 2nd Formation
Over the next two months it fought in the Kholm area, pinning down the German forces evacuating from the Demyansk Pocket. On April 16 the Supreme High Command recognized the service of the 6th "Siberian Volunteer" Rifle Corps by re-designating it as the 19th Guards Rifle Corps, and three days later the 150th became the second formation of the 22nd Guards Rifle Division.


150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation
It was then re-created for the third time in September 1943. When formed for the third time, it was composed of the 127th, 144th, and 151st brigades. Initially, this division fell under the command of the 34th Army. But during some time in early 1944, it was transferred to the 6th Guards Army, and then finally it was assigned to the 79th Rifle Corps of the 3rd Shock Army, of the 1st Belorussian Front, under which it would stay on the offensive all the way from Nevel, Pskov Oblast to Berlin.


150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation
On April 22, 1945, when victory for the Soviet Army was near, an order from the Military Council of the 3rd Shock Army designated the 150th Division to be one of 9 divisions to receive a special banner solely for the purpose of raising it over the Reichstag as a sign of the Soviet victory. Red Army photographer Yevgeny Khaldei took the picture of  soldiers Kovaliev and another comrade of the Division's 756th Rifle Regiment hoisting the flag (called the Victory Banner) on April 30, 1945, on the roof of the Reichstag building.


150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation
An earlier flag had been raised the day before while the building was being fought over with remaining German soldiers. However, as the flag was raised after dusk, there was no chance to take a picture. After taking the shot with the flag Khaldei rushed back to Moscow, and it was later decided that the true persons on the photo, Kovaliev and his comrade, were not politically correct. So they became Meliton Kantaria (a Georgian, like Stalin) and Mikhail Yegorov (a Russian).


150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation
On April 26, 1945, for its earlier heroic overnight victory at lake Woświn east of Stargard,  150th Rifle Division was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, second degree.


150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation
In December 1946 the division was disbanded in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.


150th Rifle Division, History, 3rd Formation
15 personnel were awarded the Gold Star Medal as Heroes of the Soviet Union, while a veteran of the unit was given the Gold Star Medal as a Hero of Ukraine in 2005.


150th Rifle Division, Reactivation (2016)
The unit was re-established in December 2016 in Rostov Oblast as a full motor rifle division with its division HQ scheduled to open in Novocherkassk and was meant to become part of the to-be-reactivated 8th Guards Army, as part of the broader structural reform of the Russian armed forces.


150th Rifle Division, Reactivation (2016)
The division was equipped with T-90A MBTs, BMP-3 IFVs and BTR-80 APCs, and contains as-yet undisclosed infantry, armour, artillery and SAM regiments, as well as communications, logistics and intelligence units. The division's re-formation was completed by 2017. In 2018, Russian president Putin signed decrees naming some of the division's units after localities in Belarus, Poland, and Ukraine.


150th Rifle Division, Reactivation (2016)
On the eve of Victory Day in 2019, the commander of the Southern Military District, Colonel General Aleksandr Dvornikov, presented a copy of the Victory Banner to the commander of the 150th Rifle Division.


150th Special Operations Squadron
The 150th Special Operations Squadron, equipped with the C-32B aircraft, is a unit of the 108th Wing of the New Jersey Air National Guard. It provides global airlift to special response teams within the Department of Defense and other agencies.


150th Special Operations Squadron
The squadron was established in 1956 as the 150th Air Transport Squadron. The following year, it converted to the aeromedical evacuation mission as the 150th Aeromedical Evacuation Transport Squadron. It continued in various airlift roles until 1973, when it converted to the air refueling mission as the 150th Air Refueling Squadron. The squadron was stationed at Newark Municipal Airport until 1965, when it moved to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. The squadron was inactivated in 2008 following the retirement of the wing's Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker aircraft. It was later reactivated with a special operations mission.


150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Airlift operations
The squadron was established and federally recognized at Newark Municipal Airport, New Jersey, on 1 February 1956. It was initially equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft, performing transport missions from Newark in the northeast. In 1963, it retired the C-46 and was re-equipped with the Lockheed C-121 Constellation long-distance transport, primarily for passenger movements to Europe, also flew to the Caribbean and to Japan, Thailand, South Vietnam, Australia and the Philippines during the Vietnam War. In 1965, the unit relocated to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey.


150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Airlift operations
The Constellations were retired in 1973, being replaced with the de Haviland Canada C-7 Caribou light transport, which was withdrawn from service in the Vietnam War. The C-7s were used for carrying small payloads in combat areas with rough airstrips.


150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Air refueling operations
In 1977, upon receipt of Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, the unit became the 150th Air Refueling Squadron. It was the first air refueling unit in the United States to launch tankers to establish the U.S.-Saudi Arabia "Air Bridge" during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Hours after President Bush ordered U.S. forces to the Persian Gulf, 150th aircrews were refueling fighters and cargo transports winging their way nonstop from the U.S. to the Persian Gulf. Shortly thereafter, and again, prior to certain units personnel being activated, the 150th deployed aircraft, aircrews, maintenance and support personnel to Saudi Arabia. It also provided urgently needed medical, security police and support personnel to U.S. air bases to assist active duty personnel and serve as "back-fill" for those already rushed to the combat theater.


150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Air refueling operations
On 1 October 1993, the squadron's parent 170th Air Refueling Group was inactivated and its components transferred to or consolidated with the parent 108th Air Refueling Wing at McGuire under the Objective Wing organization. The 150th was assigned to the 108th Operations Group as its second KC-135 Squadron (along with the 141st Air Refueling Squadron).


150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Air refueling operations
In September 1994, for over 30 days, five aircraft and 300 squadron members deployed to Pisa International Airport, Italy for Operation Deny Flight. Supported by 15 active duty Air Force personnel, the squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to take full responsibility during that period.


150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Air refueling operations
The squadron was inactivated in 2008, as the Air Force retired the KC-135E from the inventory.


150th Special Operations Squadron, History, Special operations
The squadron was reactivated and equipped with the Boeing C-32 for special operations. Its mission is to "[p]rovide dedicated rapid response airlift to the Department of Defense in support of United States Government crisis response events domestic and abroad." These include responses to terrorist incidents. Its aircraft do not carry standard United States Air Force markings, and the serial/registration numbers they display are subject to change. owed at the rear of the cabin as the usual cargo space in the hold has been configured to accommodate enlarged fuel tanks, extending the aircraft's unrefueled max range to 6000 nautical miles. The C-32Bs have been given an air refueling capability and the under cabin cargo space has been converted to additional fuel tanks, extending the plane's range. The C-32B also has a satellite communications package installed.


150th Special Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


150th Special Operations Wing
The 150th Special Operations Wing (150 SOW) is a unit of the New Mexico Air National Guard, stationed at Kirtland Air Force Base. The wing traces its history back to the expansion of the 150th Tactical Fighter Group into the 150th Fighter Wing in 1995. In 2013, the Wing combined with the 58th Special Operations Wing to become the 150th Special Operations Wing, tasked with providing training for Air Force Special Operations Command units.


150th Special Operations Wing, History
The group began converting from the A-7D Corsair II to the F-16 Fighting Falcon at the beginning of the 1990s. On 16 March 1992, the 150th Tactical Fighter Group was redesignated as the 150th Fighter Group. Its last A-7 was flown from Kirtland to Davis–Monthan Air Force Base for decommissioning on 28 September.


150th Special Operations Wing, History
In October 1995 the 150th Tactical Fighter Group was expanded into the 150th Fighter Wing. On 1 December 2013 the 150th Fighter Wing was re-designated as the 150th Special Operations Wing and integrated with the 58th Special Operations Wing. The wing assumed the mission of special operations training.


150th anniversary of Canada
The 150th anniversary of Canada, also known as the 150th anniversary of Confederation and promoted by the Canadian government as Canada 150, occurred in 2017 as Canada marked the sesquicentennial of Canadian Confederation.


150th anniversary of Canada, Planning
Major planning for the anniversary celebration began in 2010. The Institute of Public Administration of Canada held a conference called 150!Canada bringing together public servants, business leaders and non-governmental organizations at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa on March 11 and 12, 2010. More than 300 delegates heard from 25 speakers, with the goal of developing an action to celebrate Canada's sesquicentennial.


150th anniversary of Canada, Planning
The 150Alliance was established as a national network of groups with a goal to encourage communities and organizations to organize their own Canada 150 events. It held its first meeting in Ottawa on January 23, 2015.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Funding
The Canadian federal Government announced it would be spending an estimated half-billion dollars on 150th-anniversary events and projects. $300-million was to be spent by Canadian regional development agencies through a Canada 150 Community Infrastructure Program. The fund was set up by the ministry headed by Stephen Harper and originally assigned a $150-million budget prior to the 2015 Canadian federal election. The new Liberal ministry under Justin Trudeau doubled the program's size in its first budget.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Funding
$40-million for cultural projects was funded by the Canada Council for the Arts under its "New Chapter" program. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council also set up a grant program entitled Canada 150 Connection to support activities by post-secondary institutions and researchers that explore the contributions of social sciences and humanities research to Canadian society.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Funding
Some projects were given special recognition under the designation "Signature Projects" as "large-scale, participation-oriented activities, of national scope and with high impact". One of the projects with the highest profiles was the Canada C3 Expedition, a 5-month sailing cruise around Canada aboard the icebreaker Canada C3.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Logo
The official emblem of the sesquicentennial was designed by Ariana Cuvin, a then-19-year-old student in the University of Waterloo's global business and digital arts program. It consists of 13 multi-coloured diamonds forming a maple leaf; Cuvin stated that the four diamonds forming the emblem's base represented Canada's four original provinces, while the others represented the provinces and territories that had joined since. The government described the emblem as reflecting Canada's unity and diversity. The emblem was chosen through a competition held by the government, and open to post-secondary students. The logo contains several stylized items within itself such as: a tulip, an aboriginal stone spear, a ship and the Fleur de Lis. These items were occasionally displayed on the background of the stage during the Canada Day festivities on Parliament Hill.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Logo
The emblem received mixed reviews from the professional community; two designers interviewed by the Ottawa Citizen panned the logo for being the "minimum" of a usable logo and "student work" respectively, but another remarked that it was a "strong and simple design that should hold up well in all applications". The contest was criticized by the Society of Graphic Designers of Canada, which believed that the contest was "unethical" and "exploited" students, and expressed dissatisfaction over the fact that the contest was not open to design professionals. Cuvin, who received a prize of $5,000 for winning the contest, told the Ottawa Citizen that she did not feel that she was being exploited.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Logo
Type designer Ray Larabie donated Mesmerize, a geometric sans-serif typeface from his freeware collection, to the government of Canada to serve as the official typeface for the festivities, adding as many of the characters from Canada's indigenous languages as he could. The resulting font was named "Canada 150." Larabie released a further expansion of that type, "Canada1500," into the public domain, when the festivities ended.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Commemorative currency
The Bank of Canada released a commemorative $10 banknote for Canada's sesquicentennial, which was broadly available by Canada Day.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Commemorative currency
The Royal Canadian Mint held a national contest titled My Canada, My Inspiration for the design of the reverses of each of five circulating coins of the Canadian dollar, which would be part of the "Canada 150 Collection". Each coin had an associated theme. On November 2, 2016, it held an unveiling ceremony in the communities of each of the winners, selected by an online vote in September 2015. The winners received a trip to Ottawa, $2000 in cash, and a special edition set of the coins.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Commemorative currency
The Royal Canadian Mint also produced commemorative coins, including a 2-troy-ounce (62 g) matte proof-finish silver coin with a face value of $10, a 2017 variant based on the Silver Maple Leaf coin. It expects to release about fifty commemorative and circulating coin products, including Brilliant Uncirculated sets.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Commemorative stamps
All stamps produced by Canada Post during 2017 included references to the sesquicentennial.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, National parks
Parks Canada announced it would give away free passes to Canada's national parks, historic sites and marine conservation areas. The passes were available at Parks Canada sites and through partners until the end of 2017.


150th anniversary of Canada, Federal initiatives, Official flower
The Canada 150 tulip, also known as the Maple Leaf tulip, is the official tulip of Canada 150 and was unveiled May 9, 2016, in Commissioners Park. The tulip was selectively bred with white flower and red flames, which resembles the flag of Canada. For Canada 150, the Canadian Tulip Festival in Ottawa planted 30,000 Maple Leaf tulip bulbs.


150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives
Queen Elizabeth II, Canada's sovereign, offered her best wishes and congratulations on the 150th anniversary of Confederation in a recorded message, released on January 1, 2017. Her son and heir-apparent, Prince Charles, and his wife, the Duchess of Cornwall, toured Nunavut and Ontario before attending the national celebration in Ottawa on July 1.


150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives
A Canada 150 Mosaic project will see in 150 interconnected murals created across the country, depicting a train travelling coast-to-coast across Canada. Each mural will be made up of hundreds of tiles painted by individual Canadians. Roughly 100,000 individuals are expected to take part.


150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives
On February 20, 2017, the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) launched a four-part online series entitled 1 Nation. 4 Lenses, exploring Canadian stories through films from the NFB collection. The first chapter, What We Call Home, examines how Canadians define home. Subsequent chapters are What We Protect (launching April), What We Seek (June) and What We Fight For (September). It also published Legacies 150—a series of 13 interactive essays on themes of legacy and inheritance.


150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives
On April 19, National Canadian Film Day 150 showcased Canadian films on television, online as well as at more than 600 cinemas, libraries and public venues in close to 200 communities across the country.


150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives
Lost Stories was inaugurated as an online film project initiated by Concordia University history professor Ronald Rudin, documenting unusual stories from Canadian history. Started in Montreal as a pilot project by Rudin, co-director of the Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling at Concordia, Lost Stories was elevated to a national initiative, with $235,000 in Canada 150 funding from the Department of Canadian Heritage.


150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives
The University of Alberta also launched a digital content hub to mark Canada's 150th birthday with stories, images, videos and featured events, as well as experts who will address topics such as Canada's constitution, Canadian literature, Indigenous issues, wildlife conservation and climate change.


150th anniversary of Canada, National cultural initiatives
CTV created and aired the documentary film Canada in a Day, in which director Trish Dolman selected footage from over 16,000 videos submitted by Canadians to present a portrait of 24 hours in the life of Canada.


150th anniversary of Canada, Criticism
Some indigenous people criticised the Canada 150 celebrations for ignoring indigenous history and downplaying the contemporary hardships faced by aboriginals. Others criticised the amount of money the Canadian government spent on the celebrations.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, British Columbia
British Columbia established a funding program "to celebrate B.C. communities and their contribution to Canada," with $8 million invested in museums and heritage sites throughout the province.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, British Columbia
As part of an effort to recognize the Aboriginal population of the region that lived there prior to colonialization, Vancouver's celebrations of the sesquicentennial were branded as Canada 150+ with the slogan "Moving Forward Together". The city organized three "signature" events in partnership with Reconciliation Canada to highlight Vancouver's Aboriginal community, including The Drum is Calling Festival at Larwill Park, the Gathering of Canoes at Jericho Beach, and the Walk for Reconciliation in September 2017.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, New Brunswick
The New Brunswick government launched a website, canada150nb.ca, to promote events and celebrate New Brunswick pride as part of Canada's 150th anniversary. The website includes marketing tools to help community groups promote their Canada 150 events. The website also invites the public to submit their own video clips and photos of the province.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Newfoundland and Labrador
The Newfoundland Insectarium and Butterfly Garden will be updating their exhibits and making them bilingual. These changes were put in place to celebrate the unity of Canada 150 and the influx of Franco-Canadian tourists to the island of Newfoundland in the recent years.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Nova Scotia
The province's 150 Forward Fund provides funding for organizations to help Nova Scotians celebrate Canada 150, with events or programs that honour Nova Scotian achievements, celebrate the province's cultural identity and diversity, or recognize innovation over the past 150 years. Communities, Culture and Heritage Minister Tony Ince announced January 30 that 39 non-profit enterprises and co-operatives had been awarded a total of $841,000 through the first round of grants. A second round of applications runs until February 28. Canada 150 celebrations in Nova Scotia will also include Rendez-Vous 2017, which will see tall ships visit 11 communities across the province over the summer.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario
The province of Ontario spent $7 million to support more than 350 Canada 150 events across the province. It opted to create its own Ontario 150 anniversary logo, or wordmark, at a cost of $30,000. It was criticized for featuring a giant rubber duck as part of the celebration, with one critic saying, "It's an absurd waste of taxpayers' dollars."


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Niagara Falls
Niagara Falls officially launched its Canada 150 activities at a flag raising ceremony on January 27, with former Toronto Maple Leaf Johnny Bower in attendance. The city has allocated $150,000 for Canada 150 events.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa
Canada's capital of Ottawa is home to a vast number of events during the sesquicentennial under the banner "Ottawa 2017".


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa
The 2017 Juno Awards, took place March 27 – April 2 at the Canadian Tire Centre in the city's west end. The awards were hosted by Bryan Adams and Russell Peters, who replaced singer Michael Bublé, who had to drop out because his son had cancer.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa
During the summer, an interactive area promoting Canada called Inspiration Village was created in the Byward Market. Talks from inspirational speakers and other performances were held in an amphitheatre, and workshops and exhibits were hosted by the different provinces and territories within converted cargo containers. The word "Ottawa" was displayed in large 3-D letters that visitors could climb upon. At the end of July, La Machine, an enormous urban street theatre production from France made its North American debut. The production involved large marionettes and street performers travelling through the Byward Market area and other downtown streets.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa
Ottawa hosted several notable sporting events in 2017, including the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, the 2017 Canadian Track and Field Championships, and the 2017 Red Bull Crashed Ice World Championship (with a course built along the Rideau Canal beside the Chateau Laurier).


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Ottawa
Ottawa's TD Place Stadium hosted the 105th Grey Cup (the 2017 championship game of the Canadian Football League), as well as two outdoor ice hockey games; the NHL 100 Classic (an outdoor National Hockey League game between the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Canadiens, which additionally celebrated the league's centennial year), and a Canadian Hockey League interleague game between the Ottawa 67's of the Ontario Hockey League (a team which was established in the year of Canada's centennial and named in its honour) and the Gatineau Olympiques of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Toronto
The City of Toronto's TO Canada with Love (the TO referring to the city's nickname, T.O.) is the year-long program of events related to the 150th anniversary of Canada. The city's iconic 3D Toronto sign was fitted with a large illuminated 3-D structure of a maple leaf prior to 2017 at the end of the sign.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Toronto
Canada Mosaic is a cross-country celebration of Canadian music and musicians administered by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, with $7.5 million in funding from the government of Canada. The program will involve 40 orchestras and as many as 60 new commissions. Canada Mosaic had its first performance January 21 at Roy Thompson Hall in Toronto, with conductors Alain Trudel and Victor Feldbrill leading the TSO in works by John Weinzweig, Godfrey Ridout, Pierre Mercure, Jean Coulthard and André Mathieu. The concert began with a two-minute fanfare by Trudel – one of 40 such so-called "sesquies" commissioned by Canada Mosaic.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Toronto
Hundreds of musicians were expected to perform together in Toronto to set a Guinness world record for the largest rock performance, by playing four as-yet-unannounced Canadian rock classics. Organizers of Canada Rocks 150 hoped to attract 1,500 musicians, which did not come to fruition.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Toronto
The Toronto Blue Jays wore special red-and-white uniforms throughout the 2017 season, during Sunday games and other selected home games.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Ontario, Windsor
Dubbed the Great Canadian Flag Project, Windsor, Ontario is erecting a 150-foot (45.7-metre) flagpole to fly a 60 feet by 30 feet (18 metres by nine metres) Canadian flag. Four upward-facing spotlights will illuminate the flag at night. A smaller 24 feet by 12 feet (7.3 metres by 3.7 metres) flag will fly during periods of strong winds. As of January 14, 2017,  $300,000 has been raised for the project, including $150,000 from the federal government.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Quebec
Canada 150 in Quebec coincides with celebrations marking the 375th anniversary of Montreal, where notable projects include decorative lights for the Jacques Cartier Bridge and a new headquarters for the National Film Board of Canada in the Quartier des spectacles.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Northern Canada
A Canadian Arctic Aviation Tour will be a series of air shows across Canada's North, with plans to visit close to 100 northern communities. The tour will begin in June at Alberta's Rocky Mountain House Airport.


150th anniversary of Canada, Regional projects, Northern Canada
The Canada C3 was scheduled to sail through the Northwest Passage, visiting many northern Aboriginal communities along the way, during the summer of 2017.


150th anniversary of Canada, International responses
To celebrate Canada's 150th anniversary, the Glasgow Film Festival (Feb 15–26) has selected a program entitled "True North: New Canadian Cinema." Films include Weirdos by Bruce McDonald, who is scheduled to attend the festival, along with Werewolf by Ashley McKenzie, Old Stone by Johnny Ma, Below Her Mouth by April Mullen and Hello Destroyer by Kevan Funk.


150th anniversary of Canada, Other activities
In January 2017, the journal G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics published a paper by molecular researchers from The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto who had sequenced the genome of Castor canadensis (North American beaver) to celebrate the sesquicentennial.


150th anniversary of Canada, Other activities
In May 2017, a newly identified species of beetle (Apimela canadensis), first discovered in New Brunswick, was named in celebration of Canada'a 150th anniversary.


150th anniversary of Canada, Other activities
In June 2017, the Bank of Canada issued a Canadian ten-dollar note commemorative design, celebrating the 150th anniversary of the confederation of Canada featuring John A. Macdonald, George-Étienne Cartier, Agnes MacPhail and James Gladstone.


150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda was an Indian Hindu monk. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the western world. The 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda (12 January 2013) was celebrated all over India and in different countries in the world. Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports of India decided to observe 2013 as the year of 150th Birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.


150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda
Year-long events and programs were organised by different branches of Ramakrishna Math, Ramakrishna Mission, central government and different state governments of India, education institutions, youth groups etc. Bengali film director Tutu (Utpal) Sinha made a film The Light: Swami Vivekananda as a tribute to Swami Vivekananda on his 150th birth anniversary. The movie was released on 23 August 2013.


150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, Political parties
Political parties of Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka venerated Vivekananda at different functions and events across the city. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa told the life and teachings of Vivekananda has been a great inspiration to her, and she considers Vivekananda as her "political teacher". She sanctioned a fund of ₹20 million (US$280,000) on behalf of the Tamil Nadu government for the welfare of Vivekananda Cultural Centre of the state.


150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, World Congress of Religions 2012
In 2012, a 3-day World Congress of Religions conference was organised by the Institute of World Religions (of the Washington Kali Temple), Burtonsville, Maryland, in association with the Council for A Parliament of World Religions, Chicago, Illinois to commemorate the 150th birthday of Swami Vivekananda.


150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, World Congress of Religions 2012
In the official website of the event it was stated–


150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, World Congress of Religions 2012
The event commemorates the 150th birth anniversary of India’s visionary monk, Swami Vivekananda, who addressed the Parliament of World’s Religions in Chicago in September 1893, passionately calling for both tolerance and universal acceptance as a path to eliminate the evils of sectarianism, bigotry and fanaticism and engage all the world’s religious and spiritual community leaders in efforts to forge a new global civil society.


150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, In popular media
A bilingual film, The Light: Swami Vivekananda was made in India as tribute to Swami Vivekananda on his 150th birth anniversary. The director of the film Tutu Sinha told in an interview–  "I have directed serials like Trishna and Rajmahal. I have also directed the serial Sadhok Bamakhyapa up to its 1000th episode. I always wanted to make a film on Swamiji."


150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, In popular media
Bengali theatre group Lokkrishti staged a drama Biley to commemorate the birth anniversary. Bengali theatre actor Debshankar Haldar played the role of Swami Vivekananda in this drama.


150th meridian east
The meridian 150° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


150th meridian east
The 150th meridian east forms a great circle with the 30th meridian west.


150th meridian east
This is the exact middle of the Australian Eastern Standard Time Zone, where the sun rises at 6am and sets at 6pm precisely every equinox.


150th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 150th meridian east passes through:


150th meridian west
The meridian 150° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America (entirely within the State of Alaska), the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


150th meridian west
In Antarctica, the meridian defines the eastern limit of New Zealand's territorial claim. The land further east is not claimed by any nation.


150th meridian west
The 150th meridian west forms a great circle with the 30th meridian east.


150th meridian west
The Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone and Line Islands Time Zone is based on the mean solar time of this meridian.


150th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 150th meridian west passes through:


151
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


151
Year 151 (CLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Condianus and Valerius (or, less frequently, year 904 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 151 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


151 (number)
151 (one hundred [and] fifty-one) is a natural number. It follows 150 and precedes 152.


151 (number), In mathematics
151 is the 36th prime number, the previous is 149, with which it comprises a twin prime. 151 is also a palindromic prime. 151 is a centered decagonal number. 151 is also a lucky number.


151 (number), In mathematics
151 appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 65, 86, 114 (it is the sum of the first two of these).


151 (number), In mathematics
151 is a unique prime in base 2, since it is the only prime with period 15 in base 2.


151 Abundantia
Abundantia (minor planet designation: 151 Abundantia) is a stony main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 1 November 1875, from the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pula. The name was chosen by Edmund Weiss of the Vienna Observatory; although the name refers to Abundantia, a Roman goddess of luck, it was also chosen to celebrate the increasing numbers of asteroids that were being discovered in the 1870s.


151 Abundantia
Information from A. Harris as of March 1, 2001 indicates that 151 Abundantia is an S class (stony) asteroid with a diameter of 45.37 km and H = 9.24 .1728 and albedo of 0.03. The light curve collected over 6 nights from 2/16/2002 to 3/10/2002 confirmed the rotational period to be 19.718h.


151 Abundantia
Data from 2001 shows a diameter of 45.37 km. An occultation by the asteroid was observed on December 10, 2017, showing the asteroid to be highly elongated, with dimensions of roughly 24 x 52 km.


151 BC
Year 151 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Albinus (or, less frequently, year 603 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 151 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


151 Battalion
151 South African Infantry Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.


151 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions
By the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers.


151 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions
By early 1979, the government approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would either serve in their homelands or under regional SADF commands.


151 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions
This led to the formation of 151 Battalion for the Southern Sothos.


151 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions
Troops for 151 SA Battalion were recruited from the self-governing territory of Qwaqwa.


151 Battalion, History, Higher Command
The battalion was responsible for patrolling the border between Lesotho and South Africa.


151 Battalion, History, Disbandment
151 SA Battalion was disbanded around 1994 and members were assimilated into 1 South African Infantry Battalion and the new SANDF.


151 Battalion, Notes
Peled, A. A question of Loyalty Military Manpower Policy in Multiethinic States, Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8014-3239-1 Chapter 2: South Africa: From Exclusion to Inclusion


151 North Franklin
151 North Franklin (officially named CNA Center) is a skyscraper located at 151 North Franklin Avenue in the Chicago Loop. Completed in 2018 and standing at 568 feet (173 meters) tall with 35 floors at the northeast corner of West Randolph Street and North Franklin Avenue, the building is the current corporate headquarters of namesake tenant CNA Insurance, which has been headquartered in the Loop since 1900. It also hosts large office spaces for Facebook and the law firm Hinshaw & Culbertson.


151 North Franklin, History
The vision for the building first became public in 2013 when renderings were availed for a 30-story building from developer John Buck designed by John Ronan. In November 2013, Buck announced $145 million of equity financing for a 36-story building with 825,000 square feet (76,645 m2) of office space.


151 North Franklin, History
In February 2015, law firm Freeborn & Peters (Chicago's 22nd largest) signed a 15-year 5-floor letter of intent. That May, law firm Hinshaw & Culbertson (Chicago's 14th largest) signed a lease in the building. In August 2015, Freeborn & Peters accepted an offer to remain at 311 South Wacker Drive, but Buck went ahead with filing for demolition permits for the Walgreens at that location. In December 2015, CNA Insurance decided to relocate its headquarters from the 44-story CNA Center at 333 South Wabash that it had owned since its debut in 1972 to the new CNA Center building.


151 North Franklin, History
The plan included selling the old building to Buck for $108 million, temporarily leasing space in that building until moving into the newly leased space with signage and naming rights. By that time the Walgreens on the site had been demolished and construction was expected to commence soon. Northern Trust would sign to consolidate many of its offices into the old CNA Center, which was to be renamed by Northern Trust.


151 North Franklin, History
In June 2018, 151 North Franklin became the new corporate headquarters for CNA Insurance, which has been headquartered in the Chicago Loop since 1900. Prior Loop headquarters included following locations: Metropolitan Tower (Continental Center I from 1943–1962 at 310 South Michigan Avenue), 55 East Jackson Boulevard (Continental Center II from 1962–1972) and CNA Center (Continental Center III from 1972–2018 at 333 South Wabash Avenue). Facebook signed a large lease in the building in July 2018.


151 North Franklin, Features
The building has a column-free open-office design with many modern elements that pays homage to the 70 degree angle of the CNA logo. Chicago Tribune critic Blair Kamin praised the open air base but felt much of the rest of the glassy exterior was evidence of budgetary limitations.


151 Regiment RLC
151 Regiment RLC is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. It is currently under Army Reserve control.


151 Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport in 1967 as 151 (Greater London) Transport Regiment, from three territorial transport regiments and consisted of one ambulance squadron, one tank-transporter squadron, one parachute squadron and one transport squadron. The parachute squadron was redesignated as a general transport squadron in 1978. The regiment was transferred into the Royal Logistic Corps in 1993, and 215 Squadron was disbanded. In 1999, the independent 124 Petroleum Squadron was absorbed.


151 Rum (song)
"151 Rum" is a song by American rapper JID, released on September 19, 2018 as the lead single from his second studio album, DiCaprio 2. It was produced by Nice Rec and Christo.


151 Rum (song), Critical reception
Kevin Goddard of HotNewHipHop called the song a "lyrical onslaught".


151 Rum (song), Critical reception
Charles Holmes of Rolling Stone said "J.I.D. 's flow is the crowning achievement of '151 Rum'. Nimble, sparse and blunt, every word serves the song's plot. It's hard to make a chorus that contains a tongue twister like, '151 rum and a blunt, young nigga numb, numb, numb and he got a little gun / A little bitty killer really doin' it for fun, give him a little bit and he'll get a nigga done' work musically and technically. But the rapid flow, haunting chants and J.I.D's bars transform the song into the audio equivalent of running for one's life".


151 Rum (song), Music video
The music video for "151 Rum" premiered on May 1, 2019. It was directed by Scott Lazer, and features cameos from Ari Lennox, Lute and DJ Christo. In the video's plot, J.I.D is kidnapped and forced to perform. Complex called the video "dark and intense".


1510
Year 1510 (MDX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1510 (number)
1510 (one thousand five hundred [and] ten) is the natural number following 1509 and preceding 1511.


1510 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1510 kHz: 1510 AM is a North American (U.S.) clear-channel frequency. WLAC in Nashville, Tennessee, is the dominant Class A station on 1510 AM. KGA Spokane had been a Class A station, before it reduced its nighttime power and downgraded to Class B in 2008.


1510 Charlois
1510 Charlois, provisional designation 1939 DC, is a carbonaceous Eunomia asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter.


1510 Charlois
It was discovered on 22 February 1939, by French astronomer André Patry at Nice Observatory in southeastern France, and later named after astronomer Auguste Charlois.


1510 Charlois, Orbit and classification
Charlois is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid and a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of otherwise mostly S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,595 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its discovery observation in 1939.


1510 Charlois, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Charlois measures between 20.3 and 27.6 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.077 and 0.12, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.079 and a diameter of 23.7 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.


1510 Charlois, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2007, a rotational lightcurve, constructed from photometric observations by Crag Bennefeld at the Rick Observatory, gave a rotation period of 6.653±0.008 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 in magnitude (U=2). Another lightcurve, obtained by French astronomers Pierre Antonini and René Roy in February 2013, gave a period of 5.866±0.0003 hours with an amplitude of 0.18 (U=2).


1510 Charlois, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of French astronomer Auguste Charlois (1864–1910), an early discoverer of minor planets at the Nice Observatory where this asteroid was discovered. He was a pioneer during the transition from visual to photographic discoveries in the late 19th century. Until his homicide in 1910, he had discovered 99 asteroids. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 June 1977 (M.P.C. 4190).


1510 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1510.


1510 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1510 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1510 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1510 in science
The year 1510 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.


1510 influenza pandemic
In 1510, an acute respiratory disease emerged in Asia before spreading through North Africa and Europe during the first chronicled, inter-regional flu pandemic generally recognized by medical historians and epidemiologists. Influenza-like illnesses had been documented in Europe since at least Charlemagne, with 1357's outbreak the first to be called influenza, but the 1510 flu pandemic is the first to be pathologically described following communication advances brought about by the printing press.


1510 influenza pandemic
Flu became more widely referred to as coqueluche and coccolucio in France and Sicily during this pandemic, variations of which became the most popular names for flu in early modern Europe. The pandemic caused significant disruption in government, church, and society with near-universal infection and a mortality rate of around 1%.


1510 influenza pandemic, Asia
The 1510 flu is suspected of originating in East Asia, possibly China. Gregor Horst writes in Operum medicorum tombus primus (1661) that the disease came from Asia and spread along trade routes before attacking the Middle East and North Africa. German medical writer Justus Hecker suggested the 1510 influenza most likely came from Asia because of the historical nature of other influenzas to originate there in more recent pandemics.


1510 influenza pandemic, Asia, Middle East
The flu spread along trade routes towards North Africa, traveling southwest through the Middle East. Frequently visited cities like Jerusalem and Mecca would have almost certainly been reached by the flu, with large volumes of people destined to travel to Egypt, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire.


1510 influenza pandemic, Africa
It is generally understood that the 1510 influenza had spread in Africa before Europe. Influenza was likely widespread in North Africa before crossing continents through the Mediterranean, arriving in Malta where British medical historian Thomas Short believed that the "island of Melite in Africa" became the 1510 flu's springboard into Europe.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe
Europe's internationally traveled cities and flu's highly contagious nature enabled its spread through European populations. The 1510 flu disrupted royal courts, church services, and social life across Europe. Contemporary chroniclers and those who've read their accounts observed how entire populations were attacked at once, which is how the disease first received the name influenza (from the belief that such outbreaks were caused by influences like stars or cold). Turin professor Francisco Vallerioli (aka Valleriola) writes that the 1510 flu featured "Constriction of breathing, and beginning with a hoarseness of voice and... shivering.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe
Not long after that there being a cooked humor which fills the lungs." Physicians like Valleriola described the 1510 flu as more fatal to children and those who were bled. Lawyer Francesco Muralto noted that "the disease killed 10 people out of a thousand in one day," supporting a fatality rate of around 1%.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily and the Italian Kingdoms
The first cases of influenza began to appear in Sicily around July after the arrival of infected merchant ships from Malta. In Sicily it was commonly called coccolucio for the hood (resembling a coqueluchon - a kind of monk's cowl) the sick often wore over their heads. Influenza quickly spread out along the Mediterranean coasts of Italy and southern France via merchant ships leaving the island.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily and the Italian Kingdoms
In Emilia-Romagna, Tommasino de' Bianchi recorded the recovery of Modena's first cases on 13 July 1510, writing that in the city "there appears an illness that lasts three days with a great fever, and headache and then they rise... but there remains a terrible cough that lasts maybe eight days, and then they recover." This data would indicate that the first cases of flu, which has an incubation period of one to four days, began to fall ill in the Emilia-Romagna region around late June or early July. Pope Julius II attributed the outbreaks in Rome and the Holy See to God's wrath.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Central Europe
Flu spread over the Alps into Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire. In Switzerland it is documented as being called das Gruppie by the Mellingen chronicler Anton Tegenfeld, the flu nickname then preferred by German-speaking Europeans. A respiratory illness seemed to have menaced the Canton of Aargua in June, with the population falling ill with sniffling, coughing, and fatigue.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Central Europe
German physician Achilles Gasser recorded a deadly epidemic spreading over the Holy Roman Empire's upper kingdoms, branching into the cities and the "whole mankind:" Mira qua edam Epidemia mortales per urbes hanc totamque adeo superiorem Germaniam corripiebat, qua aegri IV vel V ad summum dies molestissimis destillationibus laborabant ac ration privati instar phrenicorum furebant, atque inde iterum convalescebant, paucissimis ad Gorcum demissis.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Central Europe
André de Burgo's letters dated 24 August 1510 indicate Margaret of Austria had to intervene at a royal assembly between her father, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Louis XII of France because the King of France was too sick with "coqueluche" to be spoken to. Influenza spread out from the Holy Roman Empire towards Northern Europe, the Baltic states, and west towards France and England.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, France
Arriving aboard infected sailors from Sicily, influenza struck the Kingdom of France through the ports of Marseille and Nice and spread through the international crowds of the shipyards. Merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers from the south and east spread the virus throughout the western Mediterranean in July. It was referred to as "cephalie catarrhal" among French physicians, but more commonly just called coqueluche. Historian François Eudes de Mézeray traced the etymology of "coqueluche" to an outbreak 1410s during which sufferers wore hoods resembling coqueluchons, a kind of monk's cowl.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, France
French surgeon Ambroise Paré described the outbreak as having been a "rheumatic affliction of the head...with constriction of the heart and lungs." By August it had appeared in Tours and after it had propagated itself throughout France over summer, sickening the entire country by September. French poet and historian Jean Bouchet, employed by King Louis XII's Royal Court, wrote that the epidemic "appeared in the entire Kingdom of France, as much in the towns as in the countryside."


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, France
Coqueluche filled up the hospitals in France. King Louis XII's National Assembly of Bishops, Prelates, and university professors scheduled for September 1510 was delayed because of the intensity of the flu in Paris. Jean Fernel (aka Fernelius), physician to Henry III of France, compares the 1557 influenza to the 1510 epidemic which attacked everyone with fever, a heaviness in their head, and profound coughing. Up to 1000 Parisians per day were dying at the height of the "1510 peste." Mézeray mentions that it disrupted judicial proceedings and colleges, and that the 1510 flu was more widespread and deadly in France than in other countries.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, France
Cardinal Georges d'Amboise, a close friend and advisor to the King of France, is sometimes believed to have died of influenza since his health sharply declined after arriving in Lyons in May 1510. The cardinal, also known as Monseigneur le Ledat, made his final testimony and recited Sacraments around 22 May before he died on the 25th. His sudden decline in health and flu's arrival in Europe around early summer have created uncertainty as to whether he died of gout or influenza, but "coqueluche" is not mentioned in French royal correspondence that year until August.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, England and Ireland
British medical historian Charles Creighton claimed there is one foreign account of the 1510 flu in England, but did not elaborate. Fernel and Paré suggested that the 1510 influenza "spread to almost all countries of the world" (not concerning Spain's territories in the New World). An epidemiological study of past influenza pandemics reviewing previous medical historians' data has found England was affected in 1510 and there were reports of symptoms like "gastrodynia" and noteworthy murrain among cattle. The 1510 flu is also recorded to have reached Ireland.


1510 influenza pandemic, Europe, Spain and Portugal
Influenza reached the Iberian Peninsula early after Italy, due to the highly interconnected trade and pilgrimage routes between Spain, Portugal, and the Italian kingdoms. Cases began to appear in Portugal around the same time the disease entered the Holy Roman Empire. Spanish cities were reportedly "dispopulated" by the 1510 flu.


1510 influenza pandemic, The Americas
There are no records of influenza affecting the New World in 1510,even though Spain was sending fleets of ships across the Atlantic. The first recorded flu outbreak in the New World had afflicted the Isle of Santo Domingo (Now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1493.Amerindian populations sharp decline due to Spanish-imported diseases in these 1490s and early 1500s is however documented, most notably due to smallpox.


1510 influenza pandemic, Medicine and Treatment
Blistering on the back of the head and shoulders was one form of treatment prescribed in Europe for the flu. Paré regarded the common treatments of bloodletting and purgation to be especially dangerous to 1510's flu patients. Supraorbital pain and vision problems were symptoms of coqueluche, so sufferers may have felt tempted to wear hoods due to light sensitivity. Short describes some medicinal treatments for the 1510 flu including "Bole Armoniac, oily lintus, pectoral troches, and decoctions."


1510 influenza pandemic, Origin of 1510 Influenza
Justus Hecker and John Parkin presumed the 1510 influenza originated from East Asia because of the historical nature of other influenza pandemics to originate there, while in 1661 Gregor Horst wrote that the 1510 flu spread along trade routes from East Asia to Africa before reaching Europe. Influenza viruses sometimes leap from Asia's migratory water fowl after massive migrations congregate near water sources for humans and domesticated animals, in which cross-species infections trigger antigenic shift and create new strains of flu human beings have little immunity to.


1510 influenza pandemic, Origin of 1510 Influenza
European chroniclers noticed that the 1510 influenza did appear in North Africa before Europe, which has led some medical historians to suggest it may have developed there(parts of North Africa also lie along migratory bird ways, specifically the east Africa-West Asia and Black Sea-Mediterranean routes, that make it vulnerable to spontaneous reassortment of pandemic flu viruses). There remains no chronicled or biological evidence to suggest the 1510 flu originated from, as opposed to just spread in, Africa before reaching Europe.


1510 influenza pandemic, Debunking suggestions of whooping cough
The 1510 "coqueluche" has been recognized as influenza by modern epidemiologists and medical historians. Suggestions that the 1510 coqueluche was whooping cough have been doubted because adult sufferers often experienced "precipitous" symptoms described by contemporaries like Tommasino de Bianchi or Valleriola as high fever for 3 days, headache, prostration, loss of sleep and appetite, delirium, a cough most severe on the 5th to 10th days, lung congestion, and slow recovery beginning on the second week. Adults with pertussis will usually cough for weeks before becoming gradually more ill then recovering over a period of months. The coqueluche of 1510 is considered to be influenza by experts because of its sudden symptoms, explosive spread, and timelines of sickness to recovery. The first outbreak of whooping cough to be agreed on by most medical historians is Guillaume de Baillou's description of an outbreak in Paris in 1578.


1510s
The 1510s decade ran from January 1, 1510, to December 31, 1519.


1510s BC
The 1510s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1519 BC to December 31, 1510 BC.


1510s in music
The decade of the 1510s in music (years 1510–1519) involved some significant events.


1511
Year 1511 (MDXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1511 Daléra
1511 Daléra, provisional designation 1939 FB, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 March 1939, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algerian Algiers Observatory, North Africa, and named after Paul Daléra, a friend of the discoverer.


1511 Daléra, Classification and orbit
Daléra orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,323 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1928 DB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1511 Daléra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2015, three rotational lightcurves of Daléra were independently obtained by Italian astronomers Maurizio Scardella (D06), Fabio Salvaggio (K54, A81), and Giovanni Casalnuovo (C62) after being reported as a light-curve photometry opportunity at minorplanet.info (CALL). They gave a rotation period of 3.880 and 3.881 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 and 0.14 magnitude, respectively (U=2/3-/2-). Previously, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013, gave a longer period of 4.2227 hours and an amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=2).


1511 Daléra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Daléra measures between 11.36 and 18.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.10.


1511 Daléra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for S-type asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.09. However, based on the low albedos (0.03, 0.08, 0.10) determined by WISE/NEOWISE, Daléra is not a stony but rather a carbonaceous asteroid, which are uncommon in the inner main-belt.


1511 Daléra, Naming
This minor planet was named after Paul Daléra, a friend of the discovering astronomer Louis Boyer. The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 135)


1511 Idrija earthquake
The 1511 Idrija earthquake (Slovene: Idrijski potres) occurred on March 26 with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The epicenter was around the town of Idrija in present-day Slovenia, although some place it some 15-20 kilometers to the west, between Gemona and Pulfero in Friulian Slovenia. The earthquake affected a large territory between Carinthia, Friuli, present-day Slovenia and Croatia. An estimated twelve to fifteen thousand people were killed and damage was considered severe. The earthquake was felt as far as in Switzerland and present-day Slovakia.


1511 Idrija earthquake
A number of castles and churches were razed to the ground in a large area from Northeastern Italy to western Croatia. Among the destroyed buildings were the castles of Udine and Škofja Loka, the monastery of the Teutonic Knights in Ljubljana; the Zagreb cathedral was severely damaged. Blaž Raškaj, commander of the Jajce fortess, in modern Bosnia, reported to the Hungarian Estates that the earthquake had severely damaged the fortifications.


1511 Idrija earthquake
The reconstruction of the destroyed buildings in the following decades is considered the dividing line between Gothic and Renaissance architecture in the art history of the Eastern Alps.


1511 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1511.


1511 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1511 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1511 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1511 in science
The year 1511 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


1512
Year 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1512 Oulu
1512 Oulu, provisional designation 1939 FE, is a dark Hildian asteroid, slow rotator and possibly the largest known tumbler orbiting in the outermost region of the asteroid belt. With a diameter of approximately 80 kilometers, it belongs to the fifty largest asteroids in the outer main-belt. The body was discovered on 18 March 1939, by Finnish astronomer Heikki Alikoski at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland and named for the Finnish town Oulu.


1512 Oulu, Orbit and classification
Located in the outermost part of the main-belt, Oulu is a member of the Hilda family, a large orbital group of asteroids that are thought to have originated from the Kuiper belt. They orbit in a 3:2 orbital resonance with the gas giant Jupiter, meaning that for every 2 orbits Jupiter completes around the Sun, a Hildian asteroid will complete 3 orbits. As it does not cross the path of any of the planets, it will not be pulled out of orbit by Jupiter's gravitational field, and will likely remain in a stable orbit for thousands of years.


1512 Oulu, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.4–4.6 AU once every 7 years and 11 months (2,891 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1938, Oulu was first identified as 1938 CU at Bergedorf Observatory. Its observation arc, however, begins one month after its official discovery observation.


1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics
Oulu is characterized as a dark and reddish P-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy, of which only a few dozens bodies are currently known.


1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and likely tumbler
In May 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Oulu was obtained from photometric observations by Slovak astronomer Adrián Galád at Modra Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 132.3 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 in magnitude (U=2+). It is among the top few hundred slow rotators.


1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and likely tumbler
Oulu is likely in a state of non-principal axis rotation, which is commonly known as tumbling. It is the largest such object ever observed (also see List of tumblers).


1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Oulu measures between 65.00 and 91.05 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.06.


1512 Oulu, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0366 and a diameter of 82.72 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 9.62. In May 2002, Vasilij Shevchenko and Edward Tedesco observed an occultation by Oulu, that gave a diameter of 65.0 kilometers with an occultation albedo of 0.0594.


1512 Oulu, Naming
This minor planet was named for the northern Finnish town Oulu, the birthplace of the discoverer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2278).


1512 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1512.


1512 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1512 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1512 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1512 in science
The year 1512 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


1513
Year 1513 (MDXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1513 Mátra
1513 Mátra, provisional designation 1940 EB, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 March 1940, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. It was later named after the Mátra mountain range.


1513 Mátra, Orbit and classification
Mátra is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,186 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.


1513 Mátra, Orbit and classification
One day prior to Mátra's official discovery observation at Konkoly, a precovery was taken at Nice Observatory. However, the body's observation arc begins 10 years later in 1950, when it was observed at the La Plata Observatory in Argentina.


1513 Mátra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
American astronomer Richard P. Binzel obtained a rotational light-curve of Mátra from photometric observation in the 1980s. It gave a tentative rotation period of 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.1 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, a secure period still has yet to be determined.


1513 Mátra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mátra measures between 4.96 and 6.60 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.189 and 0.34.


1513 Mátra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from the family's largest body and namesake, the asteroid 8 Flora – and calculates a diameter of 5.85 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.33.


1513 Mátra, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Mátra mountain range in northern Hungary, where the outstation of the discovering Konkoly Observatory is located. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).


1513 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1513.


1513 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1513 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1513 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1513 in science
The year 1513 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


1513 papal conclave
The 1513 papal conclave, occasioned by the death of Pope Julius II on 21 February 1513, opened on 4 March with twenty-five cardinals in attendance, out of a total number of thirty-one. The Conclave was presided over by Cardinal Raffaele Sansoni Riario, who was both Dean of the College of Cardinals and Cardinal Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church (Camerlengo). Voting began on 10 March, and there were only two Scrutinies. Negotiations after the first balloting led to the election of  Giovanni de'Medici, the son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and the de facto ruler of Florence, as Pope Leo X on the morning of 11 March.


1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II
Most of the cardinals were already in Rome at the time of the death of Pope Julius II, on 21 February 1513. They had been participating in the Fifth Lateran Council, which had been summoned by the Pope to deal with the most pressing problems facing the Church. Julius II was so ill that he was not able to attend the Fifth Session on 16 February, but nineteen cardinals were present. Cardinal Riario presided in the Pope's absence.


1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II
It was at that Session that Julius had solemnly republished his famous Bull, Cum tam divino, forbidding the buying and selling of sacred things (simony),  and most especially the papal office. The Bull was approved by the Council, which was then recessed until April 11. At the Conclave, therefore, the continuation of the Council was a major concern, and was written into the Electoral Capitulations. At his last audience for the Cardinals, on 19 February, Pope Julius advised the Cardinals not to allow the schismatic cardinals from the 'Council of Pisa' to take part in the Conclave, nor to allow the Ecumenical Council any part in the proceedings.


1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II
In fact, the death of the Pope had been expected for some weeks. It had been reported generally (the Venetians knew it on 10 February) that the Pope was suffering from a double tertian fever (malaria), and that his doctors held little hope for his recovery. King Louis XII of France had been kept informed of the situation, and it was reported in Florence on 14 February that he had ordered the French cardinals to hasten their journey to Rome. He also wrote to the College of Cardinals, advising them not to rush into voting for a new pope, but to await the arrival of the French cardinals.


1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II
The Imperial Ambassador, Alberto Pio de Carpi, wrote to Maximilian I that the papabili were Riario, Fieschi and Luigi d'Aragona. The Cardinal prior Cardinalium presbyterorum, Tamás Bakócz, also had ambitions.


1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II
Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, who had not been attending the Council, was ill in Florence with an anal fistula. He was ruling Florence on behalf of his family. Nonetheless he set out on his painful journey to Rome on 22 February in great haste; he was certainly in Rome on February 28. He employed the next few days in Rome in profitable conversations.


1513 papal conclave, Death of Julius II
He met, for example, with Cardinal Francesco Soderini, whose family had helped drive the Medici out of Florence in 1494, with the support of Louis XII, and who had been driven out of Florence in their turn by the resurgent Medici in 1512. It was agreed that the Soderini would be repatriated to Florence and that the feud would end. Soderini became a strong supporter of Medici in the Conclave, and Medici voted for Soderini on the first Scrutiny.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave
Pope Julius II had created twenty-seven cardinals during his reign of more than nine years. Twelve of these had died, leaving fifteen cardinals, who were referred to as the 'Younger Cardinals'. They formed a faction, under the leadership of the della Rovere cardinals. The 'Elder Cardinals', named by earlier popes, numbered sixteen, and were led by Raffaele Sansoni Riario, the Cardinal of S. Giorgio, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave
Twenty-five of the living thirty-one cardinals entered the conclave on Friday 4 March. Cardinal Sisto Gara della Rovere, one of Pope Julius' nephews, was so ill that he had to be carried into the Conclave, and he was given special accommodations. Cardinal Soderini and Cardinal de'Medici were also ill.   Medici had been in Rome since the 28th of February, but he was suffering from a fistula, and needed to be operated on. He did not enter the Conclave until 6 March, and had to be carried into the Conclave area in a sedan chair. The Cardinal Camerlengo, Raffaele Riario, accompanied by Cardinal d' Aragona and Cardinal Farnese, made the traditional examination of the entire area of the Conclave, and then supervised the sealing of the doors.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave
The first several days were spent in the regular daily Congregations on the drafting of  Electoral Capitulations and  regulating the procedures of the Conclave. The Conclavists, too, were drawing up a list of demands, which included the disposal of the property of whichever Cardinal happened to be elected pope. The successful candidate's Conclavists were entitled to their employer's property as 'spoils', but the other conclavists wanted their share.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave
It had been the custom for hundreds of years for each cardinal, at the time of the second Obeisance to the new Pope, to present him with a small memorandum (libellus), in which was listed the names of the Cardinal's most favored followers with specific requests for benefices for them. These requests were usually granted, usually on the spot. Each cardinal had to draw up his list.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave
A copy of the Capitulations was seen by the Florentine diarist, Luca Landucci. He reported that there were thirty clauses. One provided that the Pope could not create more than two cardinals from members of his own family, when the number of Cardinals was below 24, and with the agreement of two-thirds of the cardinals. Another required that there be a General Council of Christians to reform the Church, and to prepare a crusade against the Infidel. Another required that the text of the Capitulations be read out twice a year in Congregation.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave
Another stated that the Roman Curia could not be transferred elsewhere in Italy without the consent of half of the cardinals; and that it could not be transferred outside of Italy without the consent of two-thirds. Ludwig Pastor, the historian of the Papacy, quotes those and others:  that any cardinal who did not already possess an income of 6000 ducats would be given a subsidy of 200 ducats per month;  that no cardinal would be appointed a Legate against his will; that all benefices connected with the Lateran Basilica and the Vatican Basilica would be conferred on Romans only. The list went on. No pope ever felt obliged to carry out all or any of these Capitulations.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave
Among the conclavists was Giacomo di Brescia, the private physician required by Cardinal Medici; Giacomo, despite his plea, was not permitted to leave early once his services were no longer required.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Balloting
The first Scrutiny took place on March 10 after a ceremonial reading of Julius II's bull against simony. The reading was done at the special request of the 'Elder Cardinals'; there was, of course, no precedent. The voting itself took place in the chapel of S. Niccolo da Bari, which was replaced by the Cappella Paolina in the reign of Pope Paul III. As the ranking cardinal-deacon, prior Diaconum, Medici himself was charged with the counting of the ballots. Seventeen votes were required for a canonical election.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Balloting
Cardinal Serra received thirteen votes on the first ballot, Grosso della Rovere 8, Accolti 7, Antonio del Monte 7, Bakócz 8, Fieschi 7, Finale 5, Soderini 4, Robert Guibé 3, Adriano de Castello 3, Achille de Grassis 3, Farnese 3, Grimani 2, Bainbridge 2, Vigerio 1, Remolino 1, and Medici 1. Medici himself—who voted for Soderini, Antonio del Monte, and Pietro Accolti—received the vote of Matthäus Schiner. Riario received not a single vote—so much for the designation papabile.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Balloting
Although Pirie subscribes this outcome to chance (see below), Roscoe argues that Alborense had the support of the older cardinals, while the younger, and particularly the royal and noble cardinals supported Medici. The alternative view, however, points out that the Older Cardinals and the papabili were astonished at the votes for Serra. It cannot be, therefore, that all those votes were their own. Rather, some of the thirteen votes for Cardinal Serra (Alborese) came from the supporters of Medici, that is, the 'Younger Cardinals', who did not want to reveal their support for Medici ahead of the appropriate moment.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Reconsideration of Positions
Riario's position, without a single vote in his favor, must have caused him to reconsider his position. He was not papabile. He therefore had to make some sort of accommodation with his enemy Medici. That night, in the main hall of the Conclave (the Sala Ducale? ), the Cardinals and Conclavists observed Cardinal Medici and Cardinal Raffaele Riario in close conversation for more than an hour, although no other observer was able to make out the subject.


1513 papal conclave, Sealed in the Conclave, Reconsideration of Positions
Between then and the time for the vote  next morning, a rumor spread among the cardinals as to the outcome of the conversation, and every other cardinal flocked to Medici's cell to congratulate him. Trollope claims that every cardinal did such because "it is ill voting against a man to-day who is to be the despotic master of your fate and fortunes on the morrow". Actually, the success of Medici was due to the unity of the 'Younger Cardinals' behind their chosen candidate, as much as to Medici's mildness and generosity toward friend and enemy, as Pio de Carpi explained to the Emperor Maximilian.


1513 papal conclave, Election
Medici was elected unanimously in the Scrutiny on the morning of 11 March. The statement of unanimity is not surprising; every conclave strives to end unanimiter et concorditer, leaving no grounds for a schism. A window which had been boarded closed for the Conclave was opened, and Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (future Pope Paul III), who was now senior Cardinal Deacon in place of Medici,  announced the election of Medici by his chosen papal name, Leo X. Since Medici had only been ordained a deacon, it was necessary for him to be ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop immediately. He was ordained a priest on 15 March, and consecrated on 17 March 1513 by Cardinal Raffaele Sansoni Riario.


1513 papal conclave, Election
Florentine banker Filippo Strozzi the Younger accompanied Medici to Rome for the conclave; Strozzi's brother (a disciple of Savonarola) claimed that: "inasmuch as the latter aspired not without good reason to the Papacy, it was likely enough that he might have to vail himself of Filippo's credit". In the event, Julius II's bull against simony had all the participants on alert, and there is no hint of simony at the Conclave of 1513.


1513 papal conclave, Pirie's account
Twenty-five cardinals entered the conclave. The absence of the French element left practically only two contending parties—the young and the old. The former had secretly settled on Giovanni de' Medici; the second openly supported S. Giorgio, England's candidate. The Sacred College had been assembled almost a week before the first serious scrutiny took place. Many of the cardinals, wishing to temporise and conceal their real intentions, had voted for the man they considered least likely to have any supporters.


1513 papal conclave, Pirie's account
As luck would have it, thirteen prelates had selected the same outsider, with the result that they all but elected Arborense, the most worthless nonentity present. This narrow shave gave the Sacred College such a shock that its members determined to come to some agreement which would put matters on a more satisfactory basis for both parties.


1513 papal conclave, Electors
Four more had been excommunicated and declared schismatic by Julius II, and thus could not participate (all were reinstated by Leo X):


1514
Year 1514 (MDXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1514 Ricouxa
1514 Ricouxa, provisional designation 1906 UR, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 August 1906, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The origin of the asteroid's name is unknown.