175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War
During the following weeks, the regiment fought at Harlem Heights, Fort Washington, and White Plains. Several times during these engagements the Marylanders performed missions at the particular direction of General Washington. At this time, on 1 December 1776, enlistments, which the Congress had authorized only to that date, expired throughout the army. Although practically all of the Maryland troops re-enlisted, the losses from the battles around New York, combined with the expired enlistments, made necessary a reorganization of the army.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War
In doing so, General Washington organized all of the Maryland troops into seven regiments of the line in the Maryland Brigade, which collectively became known as the "Maryland Line." Smallwood's regiment was too depleted in numbers to form a regiment to itself but it gave many men and officers, including one of the subsequent wartime commanders, to the Fifth Regiment of the Line, and on 10 December 1776, Colonel William Richardson assumed command of the new regiment.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War
According to the historian James McSherry, writing of the Maryland Line during the Revolutionary War, "No troops in the continental army had rendered better service, endured more fatigue, or won greater glory than the Maryland Line. In proportion to their number, no body of men suffered more severely. They were the first to use the bayonet against the experienced regulars of the enemy, and that in their earliest battle -- and throughout the succeeding struggles of the war, they were most often called on to lead with that bloody weapon into the ranks of the foe.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War
They seldom shrank from the encounter. At Long Island, a fragment of the battalion shook, with repeated charges, a whole brigade of British regulars. At White Plains, they held the advancing columns at bay. At Harlem Heights they drove the enemy from the ground. At Germantown they swept through the hostile camp, with their fixed bayonets, far in advance of the whole army; and at Cowpens, and at Eutaw, their serried ranks bore down all opposition with unloaded muskets. And at Guilford, and at Camden, though victory did not settle on their banners, they fought with a courage which won the admiration and surprise of their enemies. Everywhere they used the bayonet with terrible effect.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War
Entering into the war with two strong battalions, they were soon reduced to a single company. Again swelled up to seven regiments, they were again thinned by their losses to a single regiment and before the campaign had well passed they were once more promptly recruited to four full battalions of more than two thousand men. The Marylanders are best described as the shock troops of the Continental Army, usually given the toughest assignments by Gen. George Washington.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Revolutionary War
At least two of their colonels, Williams and Howard, were considered as the best officers of their grade in the army. Gunby, Hall, Smith, Stone, and Ramsey, and the lamented Ford, who dies gallantly at the head of his regiment, were equal to any others in the whole continental service."


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Whiskey Rebellion
Shortly after the Revolutionary War, the regiment was reorganized in Baltimore by its former officers, and in 1794, it responded to President Washington's call for troops to put down the Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania by marching from Baltimore to Cumberland. The prompt assemblage of troops under General "Light Horse Harry" Lee caused the uprising to collapse without bloodshed.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812
Baltimore Town remained calm until the approach of the second war with England. The Fifth Regiment had grown into a strong and well trained organization, and as the principal military group in the town, it promptly marched to Bladensburg when news of the British approach to Washington arrived. But here again the experience was similar to that of Smallwood's men at Long Island in 1776. When the British attack began, the hastily assembled raw American militia retreated and the Fifth was left to oppose the British troopers with only Commodore Barney's artillery in support. But the 5th Regiment held its ground until it was swept back by outnumbering enemy forces.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812
Not many days later, the British fleet appeared off Baltimore and the Fifth immediately took its place in the defense works. Early on the morning of 12 September 1814, Wellington's Invincibles, led by General Ross, fresh from their defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in the Peninsular War, attacked the lines held by the Fifth Regiment. Following their landing near Sparrows Point, the British forces advanced up the Patapsco Neck between Jones Creek and Back River. The Fifth Regiment met the British Army in a heated meeting engagement along the line formed by the Bread and Cheese Creek.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812
Early in the battle, General Ross was killed not far in front of the position held by the Independent Blues Company of the regiment. The regiment, outnumbered, slowly fought the British forces as they fell back to the earthen defenses established across Hampstead Hill (preserved now as Patterson Park). The spirited Battle of North Point along with the formidable defenses around Baltimore convinced the British commander to withdrawal and redirect the attack on the city against Fort McHenry. That attack too, failed and the British withdrew from the Chesapeake. The British defeats at the battles of North Point and Baltimore were major factors which led to the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war between the Americans and the British.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812
The 175th Infantry is one of only nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
By 1861, the divergent sympathies of a border state had divided the members of the regiment. While most of them supported the Southern cause, and succeeded in making their way out of Baltimore when it passed under Union military control in April 1861, others served in the Union Army. In June, 1861, the Southern sympathizers organized the First Maryland Infantry, CSA, at Harpers Ferry and became part of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's Corps which fought the first Battle of Manassas. During the Valley Campaign in 1862, the town of Front Royal, Virginia was defended by Federal troops from Maryland.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
Upon receiving this information, General Jackson ordered, "Maryland to the Front," to lead the attack. In this action the First Maryland Infantry (CSA) defeated the First Maryland Infantry (USA) at the Battle of Front Royal. They followed that victory with a rout of the Pennsylvania Bucktail Rifles at Harrisonburg on 6 June 1862, earning from Major General Ewell the honor of carrying a "buck tail" on their colors.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
Early in 1863, upon expiration of original enlistments, the First Maryland Infantry was disbanded and the Second Maryland Infantry (CSA) was organized under Colonel James R. Herbert, who became Colonel of the Fifth Regiment when it was reorganized after the war. The Second Maryland fought at the battles of Malvern Hill, Winchester, Gettysburg, Cold Harbor, the Siege of Petersburg, and surrendered 63 officers and men with General Lee at Appomattox.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
After the end of hostilities, the Maryland State Legislature adopted a Militia Act which until, its repeal in 1867, rendered ineligible for military service in Maryland all those who had served the Confederacy. Consequently, it was not until the latter year that the regiment could be reorganized because most of its former members had served in the Southern army. When it was reorganized on 10 May 1867, former members and new ones enlisted and in about two months it had reassembled a complete organization.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
In February 1868, the ladies of Baltimore presented a blue and gold silk flag which they had embroidered by hand. This flag had been started before the war and was concealed during the occupation of the city by Federal troops, and the work upon it completed after the return to peace. The distinctive grey full dress uniform of the regiment, patterned after uniforms worn by several of the constituent companies before the war, as far back as 1812, was adopted at this period.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
From this time until the Spanish–American War, the regiment, with but two exceptions, was at peace. The exceptions were:  first, the violent Baltimore railroad strike of 1877; and, second, in 1894, when it was called into service of the state during labor disturbances among the coal miners in Western Maryland. Aside from these duties, the regiment visited nearly all the cities on the Eastern seaboard on public occasions. In 1876, it participated in the organization of the "Centennial Legion" at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia that year.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War and Mexican border
On 14 May 1898, the regiment volunteered as a unit for service in the Spanish–American War and was mustered into federal service as the Fifth Maryland Regiment of United States Volunteers. After a short period of encampment near Baltimore, it was dispatched first to Chickamauga, then to Tampa, and finally to Huntsville, Alabama, returning to Baltimore in September of the same year. Like many other organizations in the war, it never reached the scene of active service, but it suffered severely from disease while in the camps, losing a number of men from this cause.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War and Mexican border
In 7–8 February 1904, the Great Fire destroyed most of the waterfront and central business district of the city. The Fifth Regiment of the Maryland National Guard was called out and spent several days rescuing persons and property and establishing order. In this same year the Fifth Regiment Armory, along North Howard Street near West Chase, and Biddle Streets, under construction for four years with its massive thick granite stone block walls and a barrel-vaulted roof occupying practically an entire city block, was dedicated in Baltimore.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War and Mexican border
The landmark Fifth Regiment Armory, often serving as a meeting hall and convention place hosted the 1912 Democratic National Convention where Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey received the nomination over Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Champ Clark of Missouri. Two decades later, after a devastating fire in 1932, the old armory was reconstructed using the same walls but a flatter roof. and served as the headquarters for the regiment until 1995.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War and Mexican border
In 1916, the entire state National Guard was mobilized for service on the Mexican border, ostensibly to put down the Mexican "Pancho Villa", but more probably turned out as unexpected training for World War I, which began in Europe in 1914. The regiment spent eight months at Eagle Pass, Texas until the United States severed diplomatic relations with Germany in February 1917.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The regiment had just returned to Baltimore, when in April 1917, the United States entered the First World War. The Fifth Regiment was at once a part of the Army of the United States. In spite of strenuous efforts in opposition, the Fifth Maryland was combined with the First Maryland Regiment to form the 115th Infantry Regiment, 58th Brigade, 29th Division on 20 April 1917. Training at Anniston, Alabama, was followed by departure for France.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
After preliminary service in Alsace, the 115th entered the Meuse-Argonne Offensive on 8 October 1918, and continued in the attack almost up to the close of the war. The 115th Infantry demobilized in June 1919. The Fifth Maryland Regiment reorganized between 1919 and 1923 and was federally recognized on 1 May 1923. The regiment resumed its normal course of training for further emergencies. In 1933, its armory was wrecked by fire, but a new building was erected from the ruins.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
In 1939 the Fifth Regiment, in anticipation of its induction into the active Army, began to prepare, using its annual training to prepare for combat. On 31 December 1940, the Army re-designated the Fifth Regiment as the 175th Infantry Regiment to avoid confusion with the Regular Army's 5th Infantry Regiment and designated as one of three infantry regiments of the 29th Infantry Division. In January 1941, the regiment was federalized. The 175th moved to Ft. Meade, Maryland, where it was reinforced by an influx of draftees in April and participated in 29th Division maneuvers in North Carolina that fall. The regiment trained in the United States until 5 October 1942 when it sailed to England on the ocean liner RMS Queen Elizabeth.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 175th was quartered at the Tidworth Barracks where it underwent intense training until its move to Cornwall. The regiment trained on the cold moors during the late summer of 1943 and then transitioned to invasion training. It performed amphibious assault training at Slapton Sands. It was then moved to the invasion assembly area in Devon. On 4 June 1944, the regiment boarded the LSTs which would carry them to the beaches of Normandy. Following a 24-hour delay, the 115th and 116th Infantry assaulted the beaches on 6 June.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 175th, the 29th Division's reserve, landed on the still unsecured Omaha Beach on the morning of 7 June, and proceeded to its objective to seize the village of Isigny. It pushed through Isigny and crossed the Vire River and on to St Lo. The 175th fought stiff German resistance hedge row by hedge row. The 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry pushed the American lines to within three miles of St Lo, creating a salient into the German lines. The unit defended the high ground, known as Hill 108 but nicknamed "Purple Heart Hill" as they were surrounded on three sides.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The regiment was rotated into the division reserve for the final thrust into St Lo. The 175th fought in Normandy until the end of August when the division was moved to Brittany to participate in the capture of Brest and the German submarine pens located there. Following the Battle of Brest, the division was moved to the Netherlands to participate in the 9th Army's drive to the Rhine River. The regiment played a significant role in capturing Jülich followed by the occupation of the industrial center of Mönchengladbach.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The regiment was moved to occupy the lines along the Elbe River near Felberg. On 2 May 1945, a patrol from 3-175 Infantry made contact with elements of the 28th Company, 6th Guards Cavalry of the Russian army. Following the surrender of the German army, the regiment remained in Europe until 1 January 1946.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 175th demobilized between 11–17 January 1946, this time keeping the federal numerical designation. It reorganized as an infantry regiment and regained federal recognition on 12 November 1946.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War
Following the war, the regiment underwent reorganization and by January 1947, the 175th Infantry was a small but growing activity. The unit trained for emergencies and reinstituted some of its old traditions. It prepared for the possibility of war in Europe until the collapse of the Soviet Union's threat from the late 1940s to the late 1980s. The 175th's infantry battalions were mobilized in 1967, 1968 and 1971 as a response to the race riots in Cambridge, Baltimore and anti-Vietnam War demonstrations in College Park in Maryland. The 1990s brought preparation for combat in the Middle East as the training focus slowly changed from woodland combat to urban operations.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War
During the Cold War, the 175th Infantry was alternately assigned to the reactivated 58th Infantry Brigade, the 3d Brigade, 28th Infantry Division, and the 3d Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. In 1985, the 175th Infantry Regiment was reduced to two battalions under the 3rd Brigade, 29th Division and in 1995, it was reduced to a single battalion. Individual members of the battalion participated in peacekeeping in the Sinai Peninsula in 1994 and in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 2001.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
Following the attacks of 11 September 2001, more than 100 members of 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry were individually mobilized to protect key airports in Maryland. This was followed by the battalion's mobilization in 2003 for Operation Noble Eagle, to protect Andrews Air Force Base and the Warfield Air National Guard Base, both in Maryland.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
Several officers and senior enlisted soldiers from the battalion have served as advisors for both the Afghan National Army and the Iraqi Army. In September 2005, the battalion deployed several platoons and a company headquarters in support of the Hurricane Katrina relief effort in Mississippi and Louisiana. Thirty-two 1-175 Infantry soldiers served in a composite company, formed from 1-175 Infantry, from August to September 2006 on a  section of the U.S. / Mexico Border in an effort to halt illegal immigration and smuggling. Others from the battalion guarded the prisoners of the Global War on Terrorism at the Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from 2006 to 2007.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
Company B, then a part of the 1st Battalion, 115th Infantry, was mobilized as a separate company attached to the 48th Infantry Brigade from the Georgia Army National Guard, and deployed to Iraq in 2004. They served for one year, conducting full spectrum operations against enemy forces in the vicinity of Taji, Iraq, then transitioned to supporting combat logistics patrols between Baghdad and the Jordanian border. They returned in May 2006 and were reassigned to the 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry and alerted for their next deployment less than one year later.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
In March 2007, the entire battalion was alerted for its deployment to Iraq. On 22 May 2007, the battalion was federalized and on 25 May, it reported to Fort Dix, New Jersey for post-mobilization training in preparation for security forces operations in Northern Iraq. The first elements from the battalion arrived at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, in early August 2007 and deployed into Iraq after a week of acclimatization and training. The remainder of the battalion arrived in theater by 21 August and all had been flown to their bases by 1 September.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
1-175 Infantry was assigned to the 3rd Sustainment Brigade, of the 3rd Infantry Division. The battalion was deployed to the former Iraqi air base west of Qayyarah, Iraq, known as Q-West. Company C was detached and deployed to Forward Operating Base Marez and the Logistics Support Area Diamondback located in Mosul, Iraq. There, Company C was attached to the 87th Combat Service and Support Battalion, where they conducted base defense operations and convoy logistics patrols to and from the border crossing at Habur Gate, Turkey.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
Companies B and D were attached to the 17th Combat Service and Support Battalion to conduct convoy logistics patrols throughout Ninewah Provence also known as Multi-National Division – North (MND-N). The battalion headquarters retained command and control of HHC and Company A, with additional command and control of a contract security force made up of local Iraqis and Ugandans. They conducted aggressive base defense operations on and in the vicinity of the Q-West base complex.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
The battalion also supported combat, logistics and counter improvised explosive device (IED) operations conducted with both US and Iraqi Army forces throughout MND-N. The battalion suffered only 8 wounded while serving 250 days of continuous operations. Collectively, the battalion conducted 310 convoy logistics patrols, 81 route clearance operations and 280 reaction force operations. The battalion redeployed to Fort Dix in mid-April 2008.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day
Since 1 Sep. 2010, 1-175 Infantry has been assigned for its federal mission to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division but is overseen by the 58th Troop Command when not in federal service. The 1st Battalion is organized as an IBCT light infantry battalion under the brigade unit of action table of organization and equipment.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day
In January 2010, 1-175 Infantry again was notified that it would be mobilized and deployed, this time as the U.S. infantry battalion assigned to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) Mission #55 in the Sinai Peninsula, enforcing the Camp David Accords and the Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel. It was mobilized on 21 March 2011 and moved to Camp Atterbury, Indiana for a brief period of pre-mobilization training. The battalion deployed to the Sinai on 27 April 2011.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day
1-175 Infantry was the first U.S. force to perform this mission after the overthrow of the Mubarak regime during the Arab Spring revolution in Egypt. The battalion faced security challenges in and around their area of operations, including increased weapons trafficking, terrorist attacks, and conflicts with Bedouin tribes. The battalion returned to Camp Atterbury on 9 March 2012.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day
In May 2015, 1-175 Infantry was called to assist Local authorities with civil unrest during riots throughout the city of Baltimore. Operation Baltimore Rally lasted nearly 8 days and involved all four line companies and the Headquarters Company of the Battalion. The Soldiers of the 1-175 Infantry assisted local authorities in regaining control of the City and maintaining peace.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day
In March 2020, 1-175 Infantry was again called to assist the state in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, helping support food distribution sites and testing sites throughout the state.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present day
Current units:Dundalk, Maryland - Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)Dundalk, Maryland - Detachment 1, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1-107th Field Artillery RegimentFrederick, Maryland - Company ASilver Spring, Maryland - Company BGlen Burnie, Maryland - Company CEaston, Maryland - Company DDundalk, Maryland - Company H/128 BSB (Forward Support Co.)


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
• Formed 3 Dec. 1774, in Baltimore, Maryland, as the Baltimore Independent Cadets (later called the Baltimore Independent Company). • Absorbed into 1st or Smallwood's Battalion (or Regiment), organized 2 Jan. 1776, with eight battalion companies and attached independent companies. • Smallwood's Maryland Regiment reorganized and expanded into the Maryland Brigade, Continental Line (comprising the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th Maryland Battalions), 10 Dec. 1776-27 Mar. 1777. • Reorganized into the 1st and 2d Maryland Brigades, 1780. • Reorganized into a single regiment of two battalions designated 1st Maryland Regiment, 13 Sept. 1780.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
• Reorganized as the Maryland Battalion, 12 Apr. 1783. • Mustered out 15 Nov. 1783, at Baltimore, Maryland. • First Baltimore Light Infantry Company of Volunteers organized in Dec. 1787. • Volunteer militia companies of Baltimore organized into the 5th Regiment of Militia, June 1794, to include nine companies, divided into two battalions. • Mustered into Federal Service, 19 Aug. 1814. • Mustered out of Federal Service, 18 Nov. 1814.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
• 53d Regiment of Volunteer Infantry constituted in Baltimore, Maryland, of Volunteer Militia companies, Dec. 1835 (The 53d Regiment formed, with the now-designated 5th Regiment of Volunteer Infantry and other elements. The First Light Division of Maryland Volunteers. Exchange of companies between the 53d and 5th Regiments was not uncommon). • Elements of the 5th and 53d Regiments reorganized at Harpers Ferry during May and June 1861 as the Maryland Battalion C.S.A. (Company A mustered into Confederate service 21 May 1861). • Redesignated 1st Regiment Maryland Infantry, C.S.A., 16 June 1861.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
• 1st Regiment Maryland Infantry, C.S.A., mustered out Aug.17, 1862 at Gordonsville, Virginia. • Reorganized as the 1st Battalion Maryland Infantry at Winchester, Virginia, 2 Oct. 1862. • Redesignated 2d Battalion Maryland Infantry, 19 Jan. 1864. • Parolled at Appomattox, Virginia, 10 Apr. 1865. • 5th Regiment of Volunteer Infantry reorganized 10 May 1867, at Baltimore, Maryland, about a nucleus of former members of the Maryland Guard (1859–61) and the 1st and 2d Maryland Infantry, C.S.A. • Mustered into Federal service 14 May 1898, at Pimlico, Maryland. • Mustered out of Federal service 22 Oct 1898, at Baltimore, Maryland.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
• Called into Federal service 18 June 1916. • Mustered out of Federal service, 24 Feb. 1917. • Mustered into Federal service 20 Apr. 1917 (Hq. Company and Supply Company, 5th Infantry Regiment, MDNG, redesignated Hq. Company and Supply Company, 112th Field Artillery Regiment, later 110th Field Artillery Regiment, on 1 Oct. 1917; Machine Gun company reassigned to 110th MG Battalion; remaining companies became elements of the 115th Infantry Regiment, 29th Division. • Demobilized 2–7 June 1919, at Camp Meade, Maryland.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
• 5th Infantry Regiment, MDNG, reorganized at Baltimore, Maryland, between Dec. 1919 and Apr. 1923; Headquarters Federally recognized 1 May 1923. • Reorganized and redesignated 5th Infantry Regiment (Rifle), MDNG, 1 May 1940. • Redesignated 175th Infantry Regiment (Rifle), 1 Jan. 1941. • Inducted into Federal service 3 Feb. 1941, as a component of the 29th Infantry Division. • Inactivated 11-17 Jan. 1946, at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. • 175th Infantry Regiment reorganized and Federally recognized 12 Nov. 1946.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 5/16 inches (3.33 cm) in height consisting of a cross bottony quarterly Gules and Argent surmounted by a Gray roundel bearing the number "5" in Gold within a Red belt garnished Gold with the inscription "DECUS ET PRAESIDIUM" in Gold letters.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The red color of the annulet is symbolic of the red uniforms of the Baltimore Independent Cadets, the military forebears of the Regiment, which during the War of the Revolution were incorporated in Smallwood's Regiment of the Maryland Line. Superimposed on the annulet is a belt of military design and origin containing the inscription "Decus Et Praesidium," the regimental motto which is translated "An Honour and a Guard." The belt is the heraldic symbol of knighthood and identifies the insignia as being of the military order, while the gray field represents the Confederate Service in the Civil War.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The numeral "5," the historic designation of the regiment, was assigned following the Revolutionary War by act of the General Assembly of Maryland in 1794. The insignia is the design of the Crossland Arms, Alicia Crossland having been the mother of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore and planner of the colony of Maryland. The insignia symbolizes the historic record of the regiment from 1774 to 1931. The cross bottony forms the escutcheon, and the annulet represents the five most significant periods in the regiment's history until the time of adoption: 1774—the organization of the Baltimore Independent Cadets; 1776—the Revolutionary War; 1814—War of 1812; 1861—the Civil War, Confederate Service; and 1918—World War I.


175th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 9 July 1958.


175th Mixed Brigade
The 175th Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 175.ª Brigada Mixta), was a mixed brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. Its number was formerly corresponding to the 10th Santander Brigade, a unit operating in Santander, Spain but was assigned to a new unit in the spring of 1938 in Valencia Province and had four battalions, 697, 698, 699 and 700.


175th Mixed Brigade
It is known that this mixed brigade ended up in the area of Sierra Morena at the end of the conflict, but information regarding the officers of this unit is fragmentary and deficient and only the surname or first name of some have survived. According to the few available data the last commanders of the battalions of the 175th Mixed Brigade were Captain Firmas of the 697 Battalion, Major Trigueros of the 698 Battalion, Major Vicente Olmedo of the 699 Battalion and Major Morales of the 700 Battalion. There was also a commissar known as 'Isidoro'.


175th Mixed Brigade, History, Santander unit
On 6 August 1938 the Spanish Republican Army Chief of Staff reorganized the Northern Army (Ejército del Norte) and the 10th Santander Brigade was renamed as 175th Mixed Brigade. It was placed under the 54th Division of the XV Army Corps of the Northern Army. However, following the Battle of Santander in the summer of 1937 the isolated Republican territory in Northern Spain fell to the rebel faction and this unit ended up being disbanded in mid-September 1937.


175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit
On 30 April 1938 a new unit named '175th Mixed Brigade' was established in Silla, Valencia. It was formed with the remainders of the 38th and the 196th mixed brigades, which had suffered many casualties and had fallen into disarray following the crippling rebel Aragon Offensive that split the Spanish republican territory in two. Once established the new brigade was placed under the 52nd Division of the XXI Army Corps of the Levantine Army (Ejército de Levante). The commander of the unit was Militia Major Rafael Barredo González.


175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit
On 10 August 1938 the 175th Mixed Brigade was transferred along with its division to the Extremaduran Front in the west, where it became part of the XVI Army Corps of the Extremaduran Army (Ejército de Extremadura). On 22 August it saw combat action in the Monterrubio-Puerto Hurraco-Castuera sector, but its attacks against the Francoist army were not successful and after three days of efforts it was not able to occupy Zarza-Capilla.


175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit
At the beginning of September it was withdrawn back to the East, to Ademuz, in order to undergo training to become a unit of shock troops, which was what was needed in the Extremaduran Front. Meanwhile, Major Rafael Barredo was replaced by Militia Major Juan Pellisó Martín.


175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit, End of the brigade
In December the 175th Mixed Brigade was sent again to the front in Extremadura in order to take part in the Battle of Peñarroya. It was concentrated in Hinojosa del Duque in order to become part of the Agrupación Toral temporary army group.


175th Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit, End of the brigade
On 7 January 1939 the 175th Mixed Brigade began a series of attacks against rebel positions near the road between Peraleda del Zaucejo and La Granja de Torrehermosa, becoming so badly shattered that it had to be withdrawn from the front on 13 January. After the many casualties it was hastily rebuilt and then placed to defend the front line in the Reales Minas de Azogue area of Almadén and near Santa Eufemia until the end of the war when data about its final fate are lost.


175th New York Infantry Regiment
The 175th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


175th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 175th New York Infantry was recruited at large in New York beginning August 23, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service under the command of Colonel Michael K. Bryan.


175th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Division at Suffolk, Virginia, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, Augur's Division, Department of the Gulf, to March 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to May 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, Grover's Division, District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to May 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to July 1865. Department of Georgia to November 1865.


175th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 175th New York Infantry mustered out of service July 19, 1865, at Raleigh, North Carolina.


175th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for Suffolk, Va., November 21, 1862. Duty at Suffolk, Va., until December 1862. Moved to New Orleans, La., and duty at Carrollton until March 6, 1863. Moved to Baton Rouge March 6. Operations against Port Hudson March 7–27. Moved to Algiers April 1, then to Berwick April 9. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11–20. Fort Bisland, near Centreville, April 12–13. Vermillion Bayou April 17. Expedition from Opelousas to Alexandria and Simsport May 5–18. Expedition from Berne's Landing to Berwick May 21–26. Franklin May 25. Moved to Port Hudson May 26–30.


175th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Siege of Port Hudson May 30-July 9. Assault on Port Hudson June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge July 22, and duty there until March 1864. Operations about St. Martinsville November 12, 1863. Red River Campaign March 23-May 22. At Alexandria March 25-April 12. Cane River April 23–24. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Retreat to Morganza May 13–20. Mansura May 16. At Morganza until July. Expedition from Morganza to the Atchafalaya May 30-June 5. Atchafalaya River June 1. Moved to Fort Monroe, Va., then to Washington, D.C., July 5–29.


175th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Third Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until January 1865. Moved to Savannah, Ga., January 5–22, and duty there until March. Moved to Wilmington, N.C., March 5, then to Morehead City March 10, and duty there until April 8. Moved to Goldsboro April 8, then to Savannah, Ga., May 2. Duty at Savannah and at other points in the Department of Georgia until November 1865.


175th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 134 men during service; 2 officers and 12 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 117 enlisted men died of disease.


175th New York State Legislature
The 175th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to June 23, 1965, during the seventh year of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.


175th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assembly members were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.


175th New York State Legislature, Background
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down several decisions establishing that State legislatures should follow the One man, one vote rule to apportion their election districts. A special Federal Statutory Court declared the New York apportionment formulae for both the State Senate and the State Assembly unconstitutional, and the State Legislature was ordered to re-apportion the seats by April 1, 1965.


175th New York State Legislature, Background
The court also ruled that the 1964 legislative election should be held under the 1954 apportionment, but those elected could serve only for one year (in 1965), and an election under the new apportionment should be held in November 1965. Senators John H. Hughes and Lawrence M. Rulison (both Rep.) questioned the authority of the federal court to shorten the term of the 1964 electees, alleging excessive costs for the additional election in an off-year.


175th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Liberal Party, the Conservative Party, the Socialist Labor Party, and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets. At the New York state election, 1964, on November 3, Democratic majorities were elected to both the State Senate and the State Assembly for the session of 1965.


175th New York State Legislature, Background
The lame-duck Legislature of 1964 met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany from December 15 to 31, 1964, to re-apportion the legislative districts for the election in November 1965, gerrymandering the districts according to the wishes of the Republican majority before the Democrats would take over the Legislature in January. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased to 65, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 165. County representation was abandoned in favor of population-proportional districts which could lie across county lines, and the new Assembly districts were numbered from 1 to 165.


175th New York State Legislature, Elections
The 1964 New York state election, was held on November 3. The only statewide elective office up for election was a U.S. Senator from New York. Democrat Robert F. Kennedy defeated the Republican incumbent Kenneth B. Keating. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Democrats 3,540,000; Republicans 3,104,000; Liberals 285,000; Conservatives 212,000; Socialist Labor 7,000; and Socialist Workers 4,000.


175th New York State Legislature, Elections
Three of the four women members of the previous legislature—State Senator Constance Baker Motley, a lawyer of Manhattan; and Assembly Members Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca, and Aileen B. Ryan (Dem. ), a former school teacher of the Bronx—were re-elected. Shirley Chisholm (Dem. ), a preschool teacher of Brooklyn; and Dorothy H. Rose (Dem. ), a high-school teacher and librarian of Angola, were also elected to the Assembly.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session (the 188th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1965; and adjourned on June 23.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Due to the split of the Democratic majorities in both Houses into followers of Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, neither House could be organized, and a month of deadlock ensued.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On February 1, the United States Supreme Court confirmed the Federal Statutory Court's order to elect a new New York Legislature in November 1965.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On February 3, Joseph Zaretzki (Dem.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate with the votes of the Wagner Democrats and the Republicans.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On February 4, Anthony J. Travia (Dem.) was elected Speaker.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On April 14, the New York Court of Appeals declared the apportionment of December 1964 as unconstitutional, citing that the New York Constitution provides expressly that the Assembly shall have 150 seats, not 165 as were apportioned. The court also held that, although the constitutional State Senate apportionment formula provides for additional seats, the increase from 58 to 65 was unwarranted.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On May 10, the Federal Statutory Court ordered that the election on November 2, 1965, be held under the December 1964 apportionment, and that the Legislature thus elected re-apportion the seats again by February 1, 1966.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On August 24, the Federal Statutory Court clarified that, if the Governor and Legislature should not have enacted a new apportionment by February 1, 1966, then the Court would draft a new apportionment for the next election.


175th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On October 11, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed four appeals against the ruling of the Federal Statutory Court, and upheld the election of a new New York Legislature on November 2.


175th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Bernard G. Gordon, Robert Watson Pomeroy, William S. Calli and Kenneth R. Willard changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


175th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


175th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Walter E. Cooke changed from the Senate to the Assembly.


175th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


175th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 175th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 175th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 175th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on October 11, 1864, under the command of Colonel Daniel W. McCoy. Companies I and K were mustered in at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio.


175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to December 1864. Post of Columbia, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. 2nd Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, to June 1865.


175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 175th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 27, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.


175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Ohio for Nashville, Tennessee, October 11; then moved to Columbia, Tennessee, October 20, and assigned to post and garrison duty there, also guarding Tennessee & Alabama Railroad until November 24. Nashville Campaign November 24-December 28. Columbia, Duck River, November 24–27. Battle of Franklin November 30. Occupation of Nashville during Hood's investment December 1–15. Battle of Nashville December 15–16. Occupation of Fort Negley until December 25. Ordered to Columbia, Tenn., December 25, and garrison duty there until June 1865. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., June 23.


175th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 124 men during service; 1 officer and 15 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 106 enlisted men due to disease.


175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)
175th Street (also known as 175th Street–George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal) is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Upper Manhattan, at the intersection of 175th Street and Fort Washington Avenue, it is served by the A train at all times.


175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout
The station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. It has two tracks and one island platform, with single green columns in the center of the platform rather than the double columns found near the platform edges at other stations. The tilework in this station is plain, and lacks the maroon-colored tile bands that are present at adjacent stations along the line.


175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout
It is linked by a tunnel to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station. The tunnel, which is maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, is not wheelchair-accessible, as using it requires traversing a short flight of stairs between the tunnel and the station mezzanine. This tunnel is closed at night between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m.


175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout
The 174th Street Yard, used to store trains assigned to the C service, is adjacent to this station to the east.


175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout
The station is planned to be rehabilitated as part of the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program.


175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
The full-time exits are at 175th Street and 177th Street. The station is fully accessible, with an elevator at the northeast corner of 177th Street, and another from the mezzanine to the platform. The elevators were installed in November 1989, making the station one of the earliest to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The 177th Street exit offers a direct passageway into the basement of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station, but it includes stairs.


175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
There is also a closed exit at the south end of the station that leads to the southeast corner of 174th Street and Fort Washington Avenue via a passageway. The passageway was not monitored and was closed to improve security. In June 1994, the MTA Board approved a plan to permanently close the entrance, allowing the passageway to be sealed with brick-and-mortar with the street staircase slabbed over. At this point, the entrance had been closed for several years. A public meeting was held on May 1994, along with proposed station access changes at other stations.


175th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Bus service
The station and the nearby George Washington Bridge Bus Station are served by ten local MTA Regional Bus Operations routes and various interstate bus routes.


175th Tunnelling Company
The 175th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.


175th Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


175th Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


175th Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


175th Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.


175th Tunnelling Company, Background
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation
175th Tunnelling Company was formed at Terdeghem in April 1915, and moved soon after into the Railway Wood-Hooge-Armagh Wood area of the Ypres Salient. From its formation until August 1917 the company served under Third Army.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
As part of their continued operations against the Ypres Salient after the Second Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Bellewaarde, the German forces kept seeking to gain the village of Hooge between 24 May and 3 June 1915. In the grounds of the Château de Hooge was a German strongpoint which was proving particularly troublesome to the British forces defending the area. The redoubt had in fact been started by the British but had fallen into German hands.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
Major S. H. Cowan, commanding officer of 175th Tunnelling Company, described the situation at Hooge in June 1915: "There is some urgent [mining] work to be done at once in a village [Hooge] on a main road east of Ypres. We hold one half and the job is to get the G[ermans] out of the other, failing that they may get us out and so obtain another hill top from which to overlook the land. It is a significant fact that all their recent attacks round Ypres have been directed on hill tops and have rested content on the same, without trying really hard to advance down the slopes towards us."


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
In order to break the stalemate, the 175th Tunnelling Company (which was at the time operating with the 3rd Division) dug a tunnel about 66 yards (60 m) long under the German position and placed a mine there. This occurred during a time of relative quiet on the British part of the Western Front, when few major assaults were made. Nonetheless, the average casualty rate for the British and Commonwealth forces was around 300 per day.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
The officer in charge of laying the mine at Hooge was Lieutenant Geoffrey Cassels. He wrote: "[Hooge] was a small village in ruins on top of the ridge, Hooge meaning height, astride the Menin Road. On the north side of the road was a chateau with a separate annex standing in its own grounds by a large wood. Behind the chateau was Bellewarde Lake. In front of the chateau and east of the village proper were the racing stables (...). The stables were at the very apex of the salient. They were actually in our front line.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
The trenches were shallow and primitive, even the front line ones, and to reach the front lines some tunnels had been driven under the road and part of the ruins. No Man's Land between us and the Germans was littered with blackened corpses (...) and the stink was abominable. (...) Our objective was to sink a shaft, then tunnel under the chateau and annex and blow them up."


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
The work was completed in five and a half weeks. The first attempt at tunnelling for the mine, starting from within a stable, failed because the soil was too sandy. A second shaft was sunk from the ruins of a gardener's cottage nearby. The main tunnel was in the end 190 feet (58 m) long, with a branch off this after about 70 feet (21 m), this second tunnel running a further 100 feet (30 m) on. The intention was to blow two charges under the German concrete fortifications, although the smaller tunnel was found to be off course.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
The explosive – used for the first time by the British – was ammonal supported by gunpowder and guncotton, making the Hooge mine the largest mine of the war thus far built. The main difficulties for the tunnellers were that the water table is very high, and that the clay expands as soon as it comes into contact with the air.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
At 07.00 p.m. on 19 July 1915 the mine was fired. The explosion created a hole some 6.6 yards (6 m) deep and almost 44 yards (40 m) wide. The far side of the crater was then taken and secured by men from the 1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders and 4th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment. Ten of the latter were killed by debris from the mine as they waited in advanced positions. The mine fired by 175th Tunnelling Company at Hooge on 19 July 1915 was only the second British offensive underground attack in the Ypres Salient. On 17 April 1915, 173rd Tunnelling Company had blown five mines at Hill 60 using gunpowder and guncotton, but none of these mines were even half as powerful as the Hooge charge.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915
The Germans tried to recover their lost position but were driven back by infantry and a heavy artillery bombardment. By 30 July the German units had managed to take control of the Château de Hooge and the surrounding area. In November 1915, 177th Tunnelling Company arrived at Hooge and continued mining there in the defence of Ypres until August 1917. Fighting in the area continued until 1918, with the Hooge Crater (craters being strategically important in relatively flat countryside) frequently changing sides.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17
175th Tunnelling Company was extended to the Hill 60 in July 1915, when 172nd Tunnelling Company moved into its place at The Bluff. Deep mining under the German galleries beneath Hill 60 began in late August 1915 with the 175th Tunnelling Company which started a gallery 200 metres (220 yd) behind the British front line and passed 27 metres (90 ft) beneath the German positions. The British underground works consisted of an access gallery (nicknamed Berlin Tunnel) leading to two mine chambers called Hill 60 A (beneath Hill 60) and Hill 60 B (beneath The Caterpillar).


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17
The 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company took over in April 1916 and completed the galleries, the Hill 60 mine being charged with 53,300 pounds (24,200 kg) of explosives in July 1916 and a branch gallery under the Caterpillar filled with a 70,000-pound (32,000 kg) charge in October. The 1st Australian Tunnelling Company took over in November 1916 and maintained the mines at Hill 60 over the winter.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17
Meanwhile, the bulk of 175th Tunnelling Company had moved briefly to Spanbroekmolen in April 1916. Also in April 1916, 175th Tunnelling Company took over work on the deep mines at Kruisstraat from 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company. 175th Tunnelling Company continued to drive the galleries forward and when the main tunnel reached 320 metres (1,051 ft) it was handed over to 171st Tunnelling Company who were also responsible for Spanbroekmolen.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17
As part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines, deep mine galleries were dug by the British 171st, 175th and 250th Tunnelling companies and the 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies, while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built dugouts (underground shelters) in the Second Army area. The mines at Messines were detonated on 7 June 1917, creating 19 large craters.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge
Having handed over its share of the work at Messines, 175th Tunnelling Company moved to Vimy, an area of busy underground activity for much of the war. British tunnellers took over progressively from the French between February and May 1916. Other units active around Vimy in addition to 175th Tunnelling Company were 172nd, 176th, 182nd, 184th, 185th and 255th Tunnelling Companies.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge
From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) sector of the Western Front. In May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back 640 metres (700 yd), was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge
From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany. In the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres (7.5 mi).


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge
In October 1916, 175th Tunnelling Company moved away again from the Vimy sector and returned to the Ypres Salient.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Lettenberg Bunkers
175th Tunnelling Company then deployed to Loker, about two miles west of Kemmel and near Wijtschate, where it constructed bunkers. Known as the Lettenberg Bunkers, they are located at the edge of a woodland along the road from Kemmel, climbing up a hill towards Loker. These fortifications were constructed in the spring of 1917, although the 175th Tunnelling Company had been digging to create underground headquarters here for some months before that. There are four bunkers, including a first aid post which has a red cross painted on the wall, and a command post located at the far end. There are information boards outside the bunkers.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hermies 1918
Destroyed the entrance inclines to Hermies catacombs in March 1918, as the enemy advanced from Cambrai.


175th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1918
Built bridges over the Ancre in the British advanced on the Somme in Autumn 1918.


175th Wing
The 175th Wing (175 WG) is a unit of the Maryland Air National Guard, stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. If activated to federal service, components of the Wing are gained by the two separate major commands of the United States Air Force: Air Combat Command (ACC) and United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE).


175th Wing
The 104th Fighter Squadron, assigned to the wing's 175th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the 104th Observation Squadron, established on 29 June 1921. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. It is the oldest unit in the Maryland Air National Guard, having over 90 years of service to the state and nation.


175th Wing, Overview
The 175th Wing is composite unit and has three active USAF gaining commands: the Air Combat Command for its fighter aircraft and cyber units, and United States Air Forces in Europe for its 235th Civil Engineer Flight.


175th Wing, Overview
The wing comprises two operations groups: The 175th Operations Group is the wing's flying unit, and includes a fighter squadron and an operations support squadron. The 175th Cyberspace Operations Group is the wing's cyber unit, and includes three subordinate cyberspace operations squadrons and an operations support squadron. The wing also includes support units, including security forces, engineers, communications, logistics, and administrative support functions. Approximately 1,500 full-time and traditional part-time members of the Maryland Air National Guard are assigned to the 175th Wing.


175th Wing, Heraldry
Symbolism: Blue and yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force Operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The crossbow symbolizes the fighter mission and the Pegasus denotes the airlift mission. The representation of the Maryland state flag reflects the consolidation of these two missions within the wing and also indicates the unit's home location.


175th Wing, Heraldry
Background: Approved by Air Force on 23 August 1996. This insignia superseded one previously approved by the Air Force for the 175th Fighter Group following that unit's re-designation as the 175th Wing.


175th Wing, History
On 1 October 1962, the Maryland Air National Guard's 175th Tactical Fighter Group was federally recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 104th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 175th Headquarters, 175th Material Squadron, 175th Combat Support Squadron, and the 175th USAF Dispensary. Equipped with F-86H Sabres, the 175th TFG was operationally gained by Tactical Air Command.


175th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
On 13 May 1968 the 175th Tactical Fighter Group was federalized and ordered to active service. It was transferred to Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico along with the NY ANG 139th Tactical Fighter Squadron and 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron as well as the 104th TFS. At Cannon AFB, the Group's mission was to act as a filler unit for the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing which were deployed to the Vietnam War. At Cannon, the squadron trained active Air Force pilots in forward air controller duties. The unit did not deploy overseas. The units were returned to New York and Maryland state control on 20 December 1968 when the TAC 4429th Combat Crew Training Squadron was activated with regular active-duty Air Force personnel.


175th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
In 1970 the 175th TFG was realigned from a Tactical Fighter mission when the F-86H Sabres were transferred after being with the 104th TFS for thirteen years. The 175th was one of the last ANG units to fly the F-86. The Sabres, however, were not retired, but instead transferred to the United States Navy which used them both as target drones and as MiG simulators for TOP GUN aggressor training. The F-86H had a similar size, shape, and performance as the MiG-17 fighter then being encountered over North Vietnam, and many a Navy F-4 pilot was "killed" by a F-86H Sabre during these mock battles.


175th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
In return, the 175th TFG received Cessna A-37 Dragonfly counter-insurgency aircraft. In the Vietnam War, the A-37 was a very effective ground support aircraft that was simple to operate, maintain and fly. The mission of the 175th was to train in the aircraft to support Air Force and Army special forces personnel and units. In 1974, after the end of American participation in Vietnam, the unit began supporting the Military Assistance Program (MAP) by supplying training to Latin American Air Forces. In addition, in the OA-37 configuration, the aircraft was used as a Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft, that replaced the aging O-2 Skymaster. In the OA-37 configuration, the aircraft was equipped with small rocket pods, usually with smoke or white phosphorus warheads used for target marking.


175th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
In 1979, the 175th was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the A-10 Thunderbolt II ground support aircraft. The 175th received brand new A-10A Thunderbolt II attack aircraft from the factory in Hagerstown, Maryland.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
Early in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 175th adopted the new USAF "Objective Organization" in early 1992, with the word "tactical" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 175th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).


175th Wing, History, Modern era
On 15 June 1996, in accordance with the Air Force "One Wing, One Base" directive, the units of the 135th Airlift Group and 175th Fighter Group merged to form the 175th Wing. The 175th Wing, is a composite organization with an Air Combat Command-gained fighter unit, an Air Mobility Command-gained airlift unit, a United States Air Forces in Europe-gained civil engineer flight, and, from 2006 to 2016, a network warfare squadron.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
The wing has been deeply involved in fielding the latest Air Force aircraft. In 1999, it dedicated its first C-130J Hercules, the latest and most advanced version of the venerable transport. The 135th had played a major role in the test and evaluation of the aircraft and its procedures and was the first fully equipped C-130J unit in the U.S. Air Force. The wing was also selected to be the Air Force's lead unit in converting to the new "precision engagement" A-10C Thunderbolt II. Wing personnel were deeply involved in the test and evaluation process and in September 2007, the 104th Fighter Squadron became the first unit to take the A-10C into combat, when it deployed to Al Asad Air Base, Iraq.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, members of the 175th Wing repeatedly volunteered or been mobilized to take part in the Global War on Terrorism. From January to June 2003, the 104th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was formed and  deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, where it flew strikes against Taliban and al Qaeda forces and earned the distinction of being the longest-deployed Air National Guard fighter squadron at Bagram.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
When Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the Gulf Coast in 2005, the 175th Wing was among the first to respond, flying 42 relief missions and deploying nearly 200 troops to support recovery and relief efforts in Louisiana and Mississippi. From 2006 to 2008, numerous wing members deployed to the U.S.-Mexican border as part of Operation Jump Start, the National Guard mission supporting the U.S. Border Patrol.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
BRAC 2005 determined to realign Warfield Air National Guard Base by distributing the 175th Wing's eight C-130J aircraft to the California Air National Guard's 146th Airlift Wing at Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, CA (four aircraft), and the Rhode Island Air National Guard's 143d Airlift Wing at Quonset Point Air National Guard Station, RI (four aircraft). In return, the 135th Airlift Squadron of the 175th Wing would receive the new C-27J Spartan Joint Cargo Aircraft.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
The Maryland Air National Guard marked its 90th year of operation in 2011. The year saw big changes for the unit with the transition from C-130J Hercules to the new C-27J Spartan Joint Cargo Aircraft that will allow the unit to continue airlift transport capabilities around the world.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
The unit saw the completion of the $7.9 million 12 bay fire station, centrally located on base to handle any aircraft emergencies. Joint HQ office provided support to more than 200 full-time members that were mobilized in 2011. The 175th Wing performed humanitarian and domestic operations as seen in the responses to the earthquake in Haiti and Hurricane Irene. Three lifesaving humanitarian airlift missions for 28 patients were performed as part of Joint Task Force Haiti.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
During Hurricane Irene, the wing established a receiving, staging and shipping warehouse operation to support various government agencies in distributing 195 pallets of water and food to Maryland locations throughout the state. The wing conducted operations in Cyprus, Afghanistan, Iraq, Africa, Kyrgyzstan, Germany, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Haiti, Estonia, Cuba and Puerto Rico.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
Beginning in July 2011, the 135th, along with the Ohio Air National Guard's 164th Airlift Squadron, began rotational deployments for joint operations of the C-27J from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan as the 702d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron. The 702d EAS flew the two aircraft on 3,200 missions, moved 1,400 tons of cargo, transported 25,000 passengers and executed 71 airdrops, according to Air Force data.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
On 26 January 2012, the Department of Defense announced plans to retire all 38 USAF C-27Js on order due to conclusions that (1) the USAF possessed excess intratheater airlift capacity and (2) budgetary pressures on USAF, especially with respect to maintaining adequate funding for the fielding of new aircraft such as the service's F-35A Lightning II joint strike fighter and the KC-46 Pegasus air refueling aircraft, which did not permit funding for so-called "niche" aircraft such as the C-27J. C-27J duties were to be met by the C-130. On 23 March 2012, the USAF announced the C-27J's retirement in fiscal year 2013 after determining other program's budgetary needs and requirement changes for a new Pacific strategy.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
In June 2012, operations of the 702d EAS were suspended by the Air Force and returned to the United States. Originally, C-27J aircraft were supposed to remain in theater through 2014, but the Air Force decided to bring all of the aircraft back to the U.S. before the end of July after it submitted its 2013 budget proposal, which recommended terminating the C-27J and retiring all aircraft from USAF (e.g., Air National Guard) service.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
On 30 September 2013, an inactivation ceremony was held, and by the end of 2014, all personnel had been transferred to other units or left the Maryland ANG. An organizational change request to inactive the unit was never processed however, and the unit remained on the active rolls until 2016. At that time, the group headquarters and most of its subordinate units was inactivated, and the 135th Airlift Squadron was redesignated as the 135th Intelligence Squadron.


175th Wing, History, Modern era
The same organizational change request that inactivated the 135th Airlift Group also stood up a new cyber operations group. The 175th Cyberspace Operations group consists of three subordinate cyberspace operations squadrons (one of which had existed as a separate squadron since 2006) and an operations support squadron.


175th meridian east
The meridian 175° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


175th meridian east
The 175th meridian east forms a great circle with the 5th meridian west.


175th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 175th meridian east passes through:


175th meridian west
The meridian 175° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


175th meridian west
The 175th meridian west forms a great circle with the 5th meridian east.


175th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 175th meridian west passes through:


176
Year 176 (CLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Aper (or, less frequently, year 929 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 176 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery
176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery is the junior currently-existent regular battery of the Royal Artillery. Its name is pronounced "One Seven Six", and the battery is commonly referred to as "The Abus", and its members as "Abus", after the battery's Honour Title. The battery is one of the sub-units of 26th Regiment Royal Artillery, part of the British Army. It was formed in 1860 and since then has participated in many campaigns, most notably the Battle of Abu Klea in 1885, where Gunner Smith earned a Victoria Cross and later its Honour Title.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
5 Battery, 15 Brigade, Royal Artillery was officially raised in Gosport on 1 May 1860 by Captain J. de Havilland, although in reality it first paraded on the 23rd. It spent the next few years garrisoned variously in Ireland, Woolwich, Halifax, Gibraltar, the Channel Islands and Malta, without being involved in any conflicts.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
In 1884, the Nile Expeditionary Force was organised with the purpose of relieving General Gordon and his British forces at Khartoum in the Sudan. Now renamed as part of an RA reorganisation, 1 Battery, Southern Division, Royal Artillery joined the force at Cairo and equipped with the 2.5 inch RML Mountain Gun (the "Screw Gun"), and camels for transport. While the main part of the force headed up the River Nile by steamer, a camel corps of about two thousand men was detached to move directly cross-country, at best speed, bypassing the waterfalls along the Nile. Half of the battery was detached to support this column. On 16 January 1885, a force of approximately 12,000 Mahdists was encountered by the column and engaged on the morning of 17 January in the Battle of Abu Klea.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
During the battle, the battery's guns were pushed out to the edge of the British square to fire at the charging enemy. The guns each managed to fire one round of case-shot, cutting down many of the enemy, before they reached the square and engaged in hand-to-hand fighting. Lieutenant D. J. Guthrie was attacked by several Sudanese and was seriously wounded in the leg. One of his soldiers, Gunner Alfred Smith, saved his life by killing his assailant with the handspike from a gun, and remained standing over him fighting off others.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
For this act of bravery Gunner Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross, although Lieutenant Guthrie was to die of his wounds. Other decorations for the Battery during this action include two Distinguished Conduct Medals and two brevet promotions for the officers present. On 22 June 1955 176 Battery was awarded the Honour Title "Abu Klea" in recognition of its distinguished service in this action.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
After service in Egypt and the Sudan the battery was stationed again in Malta, then posted to Hong Kong in 1890, returning to Malta in 1895 and to the United Kingdom 1898. While in the United Kingdom the battery re-roled as 15 Company, Royal Garrison Artillery and was sent to Ireland until the First World War. There are no records within the battery's own archives of its activities during the Great War. Afterwards it spent time as Q Coast Battery manning the coastal defences of the United Kingdom, and as 20th Pack Battery in Hong Kong with 3.7-inch mountain howitzers and still using mules for transport, the last British battery to do so.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
At the start of the Second World War, the battery, now renamed 120 Field Battery and part of 32 Regiment, served in France with the British Expeditionary Force and was part of the retreat and evacuation from Dunkirk. Five guns remained under Captain G. R. W. Stainton in a rearguard action to defend the perimeter while the rest of the British force escaped.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
After returning to the UK, the battery re-equipped with 25 pounders, moved to the Middle East in 1941 and took part in the Anglo-Iraqi War, the Syria–Lebanon Campaign, and then later the North African campaign where it participated in Jock columns. During the British retreat to El Alamein, 32 Regiment were tasked to hold Fuka Aerodrome against overwhelming German forces while the RAF evacuated their aircraft. During this engagement, the regiment, including the linked 115/120 Field Battery, suffered massive casualties. The survivors made their way back to Cairo, where 115/120 was reformed with reinforcements, and went on to take part in Montgomery's successful counteroffensive.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
120 Field Battery continued to serve with 25 pounders until the Allied advance reached Tunisia in 1943. Here the battery was re-equipped with 155mm Long Tom howitzers, became 120 Medium Battery and served in Italy, most notably at Monte Cassino in April 1944. The battery later played a part in the final battles in northwest Europe in 1945, and with ironic symmetry was in Dunkirk when the war in Europe ended. It spent some time in the occupation of Germany before returning to the UK.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
In 1947 120 Field Battery was renamed 176 Field Battery, by which name it is still known today, bar changes in functional designation and the addition of the Honour Title. It was part of 45th Field Regiment RA, itself part of 29th Independent Infantry Brigade which deployed to Korea under UN command after the outbreak of the Korean War. The battery fought in Korea throughout the war, including at the Battle of the Imjin River in support of the Royal Ulster Rifles. The Battery Sergeant Major and a subaltern were decorated for bravery during this action.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
176 Battery spent most of the post-war years until 1995, garrisoned in Sennelager, near Paderborn in Germany as part of the BAOR. It had various equipments at different times, including the 25 pounder, which were used on active service in Korea. They returned to UK from Germany in 1962 and were stationed in Shoeburyness, training on the 105mm pack howitzer, prior to joining 28 Commonwealth Brigade stationed in Malacca, Malaya. The 105mm pack howitzer was used between 1963 and 1966 in Malaya and Borneo during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
They returned from Malaya to Shoeburyness to be equipped with the 155 mm howitzer and were subsequently deployed to Dortmund in Germany in 1966, where they were equipped with the M109 Self Propelled 155mm howitzernuclear-armed. During these decades the battery also completed five emergency tours of Northern Ireland in the internal security role.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
The battery last changed role and equipment in 1990 with the adoption of the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS). The MLRS was hurried into service so that 39 Regiment, now 176 Battery's parent unit, could deploy on Operation Granby to use it in support of the Coalition Forces during the Gulf War. The battery therefore has the distinction of being the only battery of the Royal Artillery to have participated in both major UN actions since 1945, namely Korea and the Gulf.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, History
During the remainder of the 1990s, the battery completed two tours with the UN in Cyprus. In 1995 it moved with 39 Regiment permanently back to the UK, and in 1999 completed another tour of Northern Ireland, and in 2006-2007 another in Cyprus.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, Present day
176 (Abu Klea) Battery was one of the constituent batteries of 39 Regiment Royal Artillery, which was based in the UK near Newcastle upon Tyne. It is still equipped with MLRS and deployed in-role with its launchers to Afghanistan in 2008 as part of the ongoing conflict. In February 2015, when 39 Regiment Royal Artillery was disbanded, 176 (Abu Klea) Battery moved to join 19 Regiment Royal Artillery and was subsequently moved into 26th Regiment Royal Artillery in preparation for their move to Larkhill in 2019.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, Traditions
Abu Klea Day is held on 22 June. This is the anniversary of the awarding of the Honour Title "Abu Klea" in 1955. It is the primary date of celebration for the battery.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, Traditions
The battery's emblem is the kicking mule, in recognition of the important role played by mules in its history. It was reinstated on 22 June 1993, Abu Klea Day.


176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery, Traditions
The battery also celebrates its birthday on 1 May, the anniversary of its foundation in 1860. The other date of significance is 17 January, the anniversary of the Battle of Abu Klea.


176 (number)
176 (one hundred [and] seventy-six) is the natural number following 175 and preceding 177.


176 (number), In mathematics
176 is an even number and an abundant number. It is an odious number, a self number, a semiperfect number, and a practical number.


176 (number), In mathematics
176 is a cake number, a happy number, a pentagonal number, and an octagonal number. 15 can be partitioned in 176 ways.


176 BC
Year 176 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hispallus/Laevinus and Spurinus (or, less frequently, year 578 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 176 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


176 Iduna
Iduna (minor planet designation: 176 Iduna) is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters on October 14, 1877, in Clinton, New York. It is named after Sällskapet Idun, a club in Stockholm that hosted an astronomical conference; Idun is also a Norse goddess. A G-type asteroid, it has a composition similar to that of the largest main-belt asteroid, 1 Ceres.


176 Iduna
An occultation of a star by Iduna was observed from Mexico on January 17, 1998.


176 Iduna
Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Romer Observatory in Aarhus, Denmark during 1996 gave a light curve with a period of 11.289 ± 0.006 hours and a brightness variation of 0.35 in magnitude. A 2008 study at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado gave a period of 11.309 ± 0.005 hours, confirming the 1996 result.


1760
1760 (MDCCLX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1760th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 760th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 60th  year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1760, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1760 Sandra
1760 Sandra, provisional designation 1950 GB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 April 1950, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Union Observatory in Johannesburg, and named after his granddaughter Sandra.


1760 Sandra, Orbit and classification
Sandra is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,041 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1934 NP at the discovering observatory. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1935 QH at Heidelberg in 1935, or 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1760 Sandra, Lightcurve
In April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Sandra was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.5668 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 magnitude (U=3).


1760 Sandra, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sandra measures between 33.989 and 37.71 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.034 and 0.054. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0542 and a diameter of 36.03 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.


1760 Sandra, Naming
This minor planet was named by the South African discover Ernest Johnson after his granddaughter Sandra. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).


1760 in Great Britain
Events from the year 1760 in Great Britain. This year sees a change of monarch.


1760 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1760.


1760 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1760 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1760 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1760 in science
The year 1760 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1760s
The 1760s (pronounced "seventeen-sixties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1760, and ended on December 31, 1769.


1760s
Marked by great upheavals on culture, technology, and diplomacy, the 1760s was a transitional decade that effectively brought on the modern era from Baroqueism. The Seven Years' War – arguably the most widespread conflict of its time – carried trends of imperialism outside of European reaches, where it would head on to countless territories (mainly in Asia and Africa) for decades to come under colonialism.


1760s BC
The 1760s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1769 BC to December 31, 1760 BC.


1760s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1760s in South Africa.


1760s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1760 - 1769 to Wales and its people.


1760s in archaeology
The decade of the 1760s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1760s in rail transport
This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1760s.


1761
1761 (MDCCLXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1761st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 761st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 61st  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1760s decade. As of the start of 1761, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1761 British general election
The 1761 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. This was the first Parliament chosen after the accession to the throne of King George III. It was also the first election after George III had lifted the conventional proscription on the employment of Tories in government. The King prevented the Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, from using public money to fund the election of Whig candidates, but Newcastle instead simply used his private fortune to ensure that his ministry gained a comfortable majority.


1761 British general election
However, with the Tories disintegrating, as a result of the end of their proscription providing them with new opportunities for personal advancement, and the loyalty they felt to the new King causing them to drift apart, there was little incentive for Newcastle's supporters to stay together. What little survived of Whig ideology was not compelling enough to maintain the party's coherence, and they split into a number of feuding factions led by aristocratic magnates, contributing to the political instability that would last until 1770.


1761 British general election
The election was one of the most undemocratic in British history, with only around a hundred seats seeing a contested election.


1761 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1761 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 25 March 1761 and 5 May 1761.


1761 British general election, Dates of election
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1761 Edmondson
1761 Edmondson, provisional designation 1952 FN, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 March 1952, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory, United States. It was named after astronomer Frank Edmondson.


1761 Edmondson, Orbit and classification
Edmondson is a background asteroid, located near the region occupied by the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4–3.9 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,068 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1761 Edmondson, Orbit and classification
It was first identified as 1940 BC at Konkoly Observatory in 1940. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1950 XP at McDonald Observatory in 1950, or 2 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.


1761 Edmondson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Edmondson was obtained from photometric observations at the Etscorn Campus Observatory (719) in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.208 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=3).


1761 Edmondson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, Edmondson measures 21.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.102, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a more typical albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 20.51 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.8.


1761 Edmondson, Naming
This minor planet was named for astronomer Frank K. Edmondson (1912–2008) of Indiana University, the program's founder and director. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143).


1761 Irish general election
The Irish general election, 1761 was the first general election to the Irish House of Commons in over thirty years, with the previous general election having taken place in 1727. Despite few constituencies hosting electoral contests, the election was significant due to it taking place in a time of rising political awareness within the Irish public, with many being drawn to the cause of patriotism.


1761 Irish general election, Background
Unlike England, which had passed the Triennial Acts in 1694, thereby requiring elections every 3 years (and following 1716 every 7 years), Ireland had passed no similar pieces of legislation. As a result, the only limit on a term of parliament was the life of the monarch. This did not mean that the Commons had the same membership between 1727 and 1761, and numerous vacancies had occurred over the years, which had in turn been filled through by-elections.


1761 Irish general election, Background
By the late 1750s the lack of frequent elections was becoming a contested issue, and the issue was taken up by the patriot opposition in the House of Commons. This had seen some success, and in November 1757 the Commons had voted unanimously for heads of a bill on the subject.


1761 Irish general election, Background
In October 1760 King George II died, thereby making a new election unavoidable. Adding to this was the fact that none of Britains Chief Undertakers in Ireland; the Earl of Shannon, Archbishoper George Stone, John Ponsonby, or any other members of the Privy Council, were willing to risk the electoral consequences that would ensue should it appear they were not taking a popular and patriotic stance.


1761 Irish general election, Election
Despite being the first general election in over 30 years, and the fact that the period preceding the election had seen great debate over implementing changes to the electoral system so as to make elections more common, ultimately the election result was largely anticlimactic, with only 26 of Ireland's 150 constituencies actually witnessing any form of electoral contest. Of these 26 constituencies 9 were counties and 17 were boroughs.


1761 Irish general election, Election
There were several reasons for the low number of electoral contests. One issue was a sense of political apathy, whilst the other was that the immense costs of standing for election dissuaded individuals from standing.


1761 Irish general election, Dates of Election
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1761 Lisbon earthquake
The 1761 Lisbon earthquake occurred in Lisbon, Portugal and a subsequent tsunami occurred in the north Atlantic Ocean and south of the Iberian Peninsula. This violent shock which struck just after noon on March 31, 1761, was felt across many parts of Western Europe. Its direct effects were even observed far north in Scotland and Amsterdam, and to the south in the Canary Islands of Spain. The estimated surface-wave magnitude 8.5 event was the largest in the region, and the most significant earthquake in Europe since the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755.


1761 Lisbon earthquake
Records of this disaster are sparse as the Portuguese government censored much information in order to avoid panic in the already ruined city. Damage was significant in older parts of the city and among buildings damaged by the previous temblor.