16 Cygni, Planetary system
There was a METI message sent to the 16 Cygni system. It was transmitted from Eurasia's largest radar—the 70-meter (230-foot) Eupatoria Planetary Radar. The message was named Cosmic Call 1; it was sent on May 24, 1999, and it will reach 16 Cygni in November 2069.


16 Cygni Bb
16 Cygni Bb or HD 186427 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 69 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus. The planet was discovered orbiting the Sun-like star 16 Cygni B, one of two solar-mass (M☉) components of the triple star system 16 Cygni in 1996. It orbits its star once every 799 days and was the first eccentric Jupiter and planet in a double star system to be discovered. The planet is abundant in Lithium.


16 Cygni Bb, Discovery
In October 1996 the discovery of a planetary-mass companion to the star 16 Cygni B was announced, with a mass at least 1.68 times that of Jupiter (MJ). At the time, it had the highest orbital eccentricity of any known planet. The discovery was made by measuring the star's radial velocity.


16 Cygni Bb, Discovery
As the inclination of the orbit cannot be directly measured and as no dynamic model of the system was then published, only a lower limit on the mass could then be determined.


16 Cygni Bb, Orbit
Unlike the planets in the Solar System, the planet's orbit is highly elliptical, and its distance varies from 0.54 AU at periastron to 2.8 AU at apastron. This high eccentricity may have been caused by tidal interactions in the binary star system, and the planet's orbit may vary chaotically between low and high-eccentricity states over a period of tens of millions of years.


16 Cygni Bb, Orbit
Preliminary astrometric measurements in 2001 suggested the orbit of 16 Cygni Bb may be highly inclined with respect to our line of sight (at around 173°). This would mean the object's mass may be around 14 MJ; the dividing line between planets and brown dwarfs is at 13 MJ. However these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits.


16 Cygni Bb, Physical characteristics
Because the planet has only been detected indirectly by measurements of its parent star, properties such as its radius, composition and temperature are unknown. A mathematical study in 2012 showed that a mass of about 2.4 MJ would be most stable in this system. This would make the body a true planet.


16 Cygni Bb, Physical characteristics
The planet's highly eccentric orbit means the planet would experience extreme seasonal effects. Despite this, simulations suggest that an Earth-like moon, should it have formed in an orbit so close to the parent star, would be able to support liquid water at its surface for part of the year.


16 Days (song)
"16 Days" is a song by alternative country band Whiskeytown and written by Ryan Adams. It first appeared on Whiskeytown's Strangers Almanac album in 1997, and was released that same year as a CD single. An earlier version of the song – recorded during the band's "Baseball Park" sessions – was released on the 1998 reissue of the band's first album Faithless Street. And an alternate, acoustic version of the song – also recorded during the "Baseball Park" sessions – was released on the 2008 deluxe edition of Strangers Almanac.


16 Days (song)
According to Ryan Adams, the song was released as a single and was getting significant radio airplay until, in a fit of anger, he dared a powerful West Coast radio programmer to take the song off the air. The programmer obliged, and the song soon disappeared from radio playlists.


16 Days (song), Cover versions
The song has been covered by The Clarks on their album Songs in G.


16 Days (song), Cover versions
The song has also been covered by Wade Bowen as a hidden track on his "Blue Light Live" album


16 Days in Afghanistan
16 Days in Afghanistan is a 2007 documentary film about the journey of Afghan-American Anwar Hajher, also the director, traveling to his homeland Afghanistan after 25 years to rediscover his country. The film is produced by Mithaq Kazimi and is the first documentary since the fall of Taliban to be shot in those provinces which remain under the heavy influence of the Taliban. The film become a reference film on Afghanistan, including Penguin Books's study guides about Afghan-related books.


16 Days in Afghanistan
It was selected as part of the first Afghan art exhibit show in the British Museum opened by president Hamid Karzai.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
The film is divided into 16 days in which the director discusses a different issue with the Afghan people.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 1: He arrives in Kabul Airport and meets the family. A short introduction of the history of Afghanistan.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 2: He visits the Blue Mosque of Mazar-e Sharif and discusses the situation with the caretakers, guards, and the ulemas who are there. An inside look into the historical artifacts of the mosque. An interview with a westerner who visited Afghanistan in the 1970s and discusses Islam and the Taliban.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 3: Interview with the colonel of the Afghan National Army about the status of women in Afghanistan. Interview with a businesswoman who sells mantu on the street. Interview with street children testing their education and questioning them about school. Interview with a traffic police on how the economy has effected the number of cars and drivers.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 4: Interviews with a kebab seller and an electronic seller about their business. Interview with a street woman and her view about the government and president Hamid Karzai. Interview with a blind street singer. He has his fortune read by a woman fortune teller.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 5: Interview with a doctor and pharmacist about medicine and foreign medical aid in Afghanistan. Interview with a sickle-maker about his business and what he thinks of life.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 6: Interview with a former representative of Iranian cinema about her perception of the people. Interview with a street photographer, comparing standard film to digital photography. Interview with a butcher and his customer about business and health.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 7: On the way to Kabul, he eats and introduces Afghan cuisine. Interview with a UN representative and employee about UN activities in Afghanistan. The representative discusses land mines and how they affect people's lives. Hajher recalls his last days in Afghanistan during the Cold War.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 8: Interviews with many day laborers and how the current political and economic system affects their lives.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 9:Interview with the founder of Afghan Human Rights Committee about the involvement of United States and western powers in Afghanistan and terrorism.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 10: Hajher visits an illegal local hashish bar to interview hashish sellers, users and addicts. People discuss why they smoke, how it affects their lives and why they don't drink alcohol.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 11: Visiting the businesses in the popular Chicken Street and how it has changed or remain the same over the years. Interview with the sellers and western visitors who speak about the culture of Afghanistan.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 12: Hajher visits his village to meet his extended family. Greetings and interviews with the family about religion, politics and the way of life in the United States.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 13: Hajher faces death for a moment when he thinks that his village barber is going to cut his neck. The head of the village, the religious figure and other known figures come to meet and question him.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 14: He visits his dad's enemy to make peace and visit his old house which was taken over by the enemies of his father.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Plot
Day 16: Landing in the United States Augusta, Georgia airport. A montage of his recollections of the people he met and the places he visited.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Cast and crew
The film is directed by Anwar Hajher, an Afghan-American anthropologist and current Afghan cultural advisor and professor in Georgia. Mithaq Kazimi has produced the film. The score is composed by Ahmad Shah Hassan and Larry Porter with additional music by Hariprasad Chaurasia.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Cast and crew
Cast include Peace Corps volunteers, spokesperson for the Afghan National Army, former representative of Iranian cinema in Afghanistan and former western photographers and professional working in Afghanistan. The film also includes interviewees with the Afghan people from bread sellers to fortune tellers to heroin users to doctors to Mullahs to UN officials and ordinary school children.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Cultural heritage
In 2011, the film was selected by the National Museum of Afghanistan in partnership with the National Geographic as an object of cultural heritage and will be showcased alongside other cultural artifacts in exhibitions around the world. The first of such exhibition was the Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World in the British Museum March–May, 2011.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact
16 Days in Afghanistan has also been shown in many television stations, film festivals and non-profit events around the world. It is in circulation in many public school and university libraries. It has become one of the major and key documentaries about Afghanistan and is used by many people and organizations as a resource. Some include the official study guide from Penguin Group for Khaled Hosseini's novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact
The China International Television Corporation have used the documentary to explore and better understand the culture of Afghanistan to conduct their videoconferencing on Afghanistan.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact
The Center for Afghanistan Studies and Academy of International Studies of the Jamia Millia Islamia university held screenings and discussions on the film.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact
Afghan critics and scholars have hailed the film for being neutral to the political and tribal issues while other documentaries often take sides. Wasef Bakhtari, renowned poet and historian has commented on the ability of the director to speak both Pashtu and Dari natively, while also communicating perfectly in English. Other publications covering the film and the filmmakers include a through interview in Peyk magazine.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact
Many publications have reviewed and discussed the film thoroughly, mostly in Afghanistan, but also some in the west. Cine Source mentions 16 Days in Afghanistan as one of the two distinguished documentaries made in Afghanistan after the Taliban era. Another states that the film has something for everyone. One publication discusses the film in comparison to more recent film, the Raindance-selected Where My Heart Beats.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact
In 2009, 16 Days in Afghanistan opened a two-day film festival on Afghanistan in India sponsored by the Embassy of Afghanistan, India Habitat Centre and Nelson Mandela Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution. Other films in the series were The Beauty Academy of Kabul, The Afghan Chronicles, Beyond Belief and the recent Sundance selection, Afghan Star.


16 Days in Afghanistan, Impact
In 2011, the film was shown in the British Museum in the United Kingdom in partnership with the National Museum of Afghanistan and the National Geographic.


16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence
16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls. The campaign runs every year from 25 November, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, to 10 December, Human Rights Day. It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women's Global Leadership Institute, held by the Center for Women's Global Leadership (CWGL) at Rutgers University.


16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence
Since 1991, more than 6,000 organizations from approximately 187 countries have participated in the campaign. The theme for 2020 international Human rights day was "recover better".


16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence, Themes
Every year, the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign either introduces a new theme, or continues an old theme. The theme focuses on one particular area of gender inequality and works to bring attention to these issues and make changes that will have an impact. The Center for Women's Global Leadership sends out a "Take Action Kit" every year, detailing how participants can get involved and campaign in order to make a change.


16 Days of Glory
16 Days of Glory is a 1985 documentary film about the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, United States directed by Bud Greenspan. Among the athletes it profiles are Mary Lou Retton, Greg Louganis and Michael Groß.


16 Days of Glory
There are multiple versions of the film, including a theatrical version running almost 2.5 hours, and a six-hour TV version that was shown on PBS as a six-part mini-series in July 1988.


16 Days of Glory
The film premiered at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California on July 29, 1985. It had a two-week Oscar qualifying run in Santa Monica, California beginning October 23, 1985, and opened in New York City on March 7, 1986, grossing $84,000. Its television premiere was on The Disney Channel on January 24, 1987.


16 December (film)
16 December is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Mani Shankar, based on a plot to destroy the capital city of India, New Delhi with a nuclear bomb on 16 December 2001 – 30 years after the surrender of Pakistan at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The film's title comes from the historical date of 16 December 1971 (which is also Bangladesh's Victory Day), commemorating the day Pakistan signed the document of Liberation of Bangladesh.


16 December (film), Plot
Major General Vir Vijay Singh (Danny Denzongpa), Vikram (Milind Soman), Sheeba (Dipannita Sharma), and Victor (Sushant Singh), who are Indian Revenue Service officers belonging to the Department of Revenue Intelligence, and have been wrongly implicated in the killing of their corrupt superior officer and removed from service, are hired by the Chief of the same agency to investigate a series of large Money Launderings. Vikram and Sheeba share some romance between them. The team is equipped with hi-tech equipment such as mini spy cameras, computers, the internet and other communication devices.


16 December (film), Plot
Through various encounters, they discover that the money is being transferred to a Swiss Bank account. By means of an Indian employee, Sonal Joshi (Aditi Govitrikar) working in the Auckland, New Zealand branch of the same bank, they investigate the account in New Zealand and, with her help, find that the money is being transferred to an international terrorist organization named KAALA KHANJAR. This organization, working in conjunction with terrorist Dost Khan (Gulshan Grover), manages to smuggle a Russian-made nuclear bomb into India. Dost Khan plans to explode the nuclear uvva on the same day, '16 December'.


16 December (film), Plot
Although the ruling dictator of Pakistan surrendered unconditionally to India during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, some of the hard-lined Pakistani soldiers were bitter and angry at the surrender, as they wanted to continue fighting the Indians until their last breath. They retreated in silence and later came together to form their own groups of communal soldiers to carry out terrorists attacks against neighboring India.


16 December (film), Plot
Led by Dost Khan, a hardliner Pakistani army officer, who, against his wishes, had to surrender after the end of the 1971 war, the terrorists planned to take an act of revenge by having a nuclear explosion in the heart of New Delhi. They transport it into a music competition disguised as a musical instrument. When Vir Vijay Singh comes to know about the plan, he plans to find out the location of the nuclear bomb as soon as possible by taking the help of Remote Radiation Sensors in satellites and innumerable beggars in the city. This helps the team zero in on the location.


16 December (film), Plot
After they overpower most of the terrorists in a commando operation, Dost Khan comes to know about it and sets the nuclear bomb to explode in a few minutes. This creates a lot of problem for Vijay Vir Singh, as the bomb can be defused only by the exclusive voice command of Dost Khan saying: Dulhan Ki Vidaai Ka Waqt Badalna Hai. They adopt a novel way to do it by speaking to Dost Khan and making him say fragments of this sentence without making him realize that it was being done to defuse the bomb. After the conversation is over, they synthesize the sentence to defuse the bomb just in time.


16 December (film), Critical reception
16 December received mostly positive reviews from critics in India and abroad. Ronjita Kulkarni of Rediff.com gave the movie 5/5 stars and wrote, "For a first-timer, director Mani Shankar does a valiant job with 16 December. It has four songs, three of which appear in the background, but it certainly does not follow the routine song-and-dance formula. 16 December entertains as well makes you think". Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 4/5 stars and wrote, "The film does have a love angle though there is no undue focus on the romantic couple. Now for the film.


16 December (film), Critical reception
In 16 December, Mani Shankar has tried to explore white-collar crime. The premise being, millions of rupees leave the Indian shores daily to Swiss bank accounts. The account holders always remain a secret. What the director tries to do is trace this movement of money from the grass-roots level". Rachit Gupta of Filmfare rated the movie −4/5 stars, stating, "16 December moves at a brisk pace. Mani Shankar does not waste time on unnecessary details. The film requires a fair amount of concentration to understand the chain of events". DNA gave the movie 5/5 stars and said that, one of the best Hindi spy films that had ever come out, it is India's equivalent to Brian De Palma's Mission: Impossible.


16 December (film), Critical reception, Overseas
Rachel Saltz of The New York Times wrote, "16 December may not be a box office hit. But it is definitely different from the usual love stories that we are subjected to." Sneha May Francis of Emirates 24/7 wrote, "After his debut in Tarkieb, Milind Soman gives a composed and good performance in this film. Debutante Dipannita Sharma lends some freshness to the film. There is no helplessness at any point of time."


16 December (film), Critical reception, Overseas
Simon Foster of the Special Broadcasting Service gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and described it as "thrilling, fast-paced and loud a movie that catches Hollywood standard". Robert Abele of Los Angeles Times "16 December has all merits to strike a chord with the youth", praising Danny's 'bravura' performance, the film's 'Hollywood style' look and action sequences, as well as the music.


16 Divisions
The 16 Divisions of construction, as defined by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)'s MasterFormat, is the most widely used standard for organizing specifications and other written information for commercial and institutional building projects in the U.S. and Canada. In 2004, MasterFormat was updated and expanded to 50 Divisions. It provides a master list of divisions, and section numbers and titles within each division, to follow in organizing information about a facility’s construction requirements and associated activities. Standardizing the presentation of such information improves communication among all parties involved in construction projects.


16 Divisions, Divisions
The following are the sixteen divisions listed in the Master Format 1995 Edition.


16 Divisions, Divisions
All spec divisions higher than 16 are placed  in Division 17 - Others. Also use  Division 17-Others for any spec-shaped material not easily classified (e.g.,  geotechnical, pre-bid notes, etc.)


16 Down
16 Down (sometimes stylized as 16Down) is an alternative pop rock band from Zwolle, Netherlands founded in 1997. The band has released three albums and had three charting singles.


16 Down, History
After Erwin Nyhoff, the only original member left in the Dutch band Prodigal Sons, decided to go solo under the name Prodigal Son in late 1996, the remaining members Jeroen Hobert, Marco Hovius and Arjan Pronk formed the band After Dust, later renaming themselves 16 Down.


16 Down, History
In March 2001, the release of the single "Subtle Movements" earned the band media attention and chart success in The Netherlands and a spot at Lowlands 2001, a 3-day festival with over 57,000 tickets sold. Their debut album Headrush and its second single "Heaven Still Cries" followed, garnering more chart success for the band. The album's third single "If The Money's Right" featured guest vocals by Rudeboy of Urban Dance Squad and was used by Pepsi in a television commercial.


16 Down, History
In 2002, 16 Down participated in the Marlboro Flashback Tour series, performing a full set of Radiohead songs in a number of cities across the Netherlands.


16 Down, History
In the spring of 2003, 16 Down joined Anouk on her sold-out 17-date tour for her album Graduated Fool, followed by performances at the Parkpop and Bospop festivals that summer.


16 Down, History
Before the release of the band's sophomore album, founding members Hobert ("for personal reasons") and Pronk left the band, both later performing with The Horse Company.


16 Down, History
Life in a Fishbowl was preceded by the release of its lead single "The Day That I Met You" before being released in October 2003.


16 Down, History
16 Down's third album F.L.O. was released at Paradiso in Amsterdam in 2007. A tour of 60 concerts followed in 2008 and 2009.


16 Down, History
In 2011, frontman Marco Hovius built his own studio using money he made re-singing a Beck's Beer advertising song. There, he records and produces his own and other bands' music.


16 Down, History
In recent years, Marco Hovius has fronted a Pearl Jam tribute band and performed solo acoustic cover song nights across The Netherlands. Despite previous mentions of plans for a fourth 16 Down album on the band's social media, it has yet to materialize.


16 East Broad Street
16 East Broad Street is a building on Capitol Square in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. Completed in 1901, the building stands at a height of 168 feet (51 m), with 13 floors. It stood as the tallest building in the city until being surpassed by 8 East Broad Street in 1906.


16 East Broad Street
From 1927 to 1939, the eleventh floor of the building served as the office for the National Football League. Joseph F. Carr, a Columbus native, was president of the NFL at the time.


16 Fathoms Deep
Sixteen Fathoms Deep (also written as 16 Fathoms Deep) is a 1948 American adventure film directed by Irving Allen and starring Lloyd Bridges, Lon Chaney Jr. and Arthur Lake. It was a remake of the 1934 film of the same title in which Chaney had also starred.


16 Fathoms Deep, Plot
Lloyd Douglas turns up to a town in Florida and gets work as a diver. He works for Captain Briacos.


16 Fathoms Deep, Production
The film was shot on location in Tarpon Springs, Florida. It was to be shot in Ansco, a form of color stock. It was intended to film only some footage in Florida and the rest in California but the footage would not match so it had to be shot entirely in Florida.


16 Grandes e Inolvidables de Anselmo López Vol. 2
16 Grandes e Inolvidables de Anselmo López Vol. 2, is a Venezuelan Compilation album of 1999, made by Anselmo López on the record label Music House. He performs Venezuelan folk bandola music.


16 Great Turkic Empires
The 16 Great Turkic Empires (Turkish: 16 Büyük Türk Devleti, which translates as "16 Great Turkish States") is a concept in Turkish ethnic nationalism, introduced in 1969 by Akib Özbek, map officer and widely invoked by Turkish authorities during the 1980s, under the government of Kenan Evren. Prior to this assertion, the 16 stars had been taken as representing sixteen medieval beyliks which succeeded the Seljuk Empire.


16 Great Turkic Empires, The list
List of the "16 Great Turkic Empires" are the following:


16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception
Turkish nationalist writer, novelist, poet and philosopher, Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız, supporter of the pan-Turkist or Turanism ideology, had noted that while some states with questionable Turkic identity were included in the list (like Mungal), some ostensibly Turkic states (such as Akkoyunlu) were left out, and labeled the list a "fabrication."


16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception
In spite of Atsız' criticism, the concept was made a mainstream topos in Turkish national symbolism in the wake of the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, under the presidency of Kenan Evren, when "Turkish-Islamic synthesis" was declared the official nature of Turkish national identity. The Turkish Postal administration issued a series of stamps dedicated to the 16 Empires in 1984, showing portraits of their respective founders as well as attributed flags. In 1985, Özbek's 16 Empires were invoked as a retrospective explanation of the 16 stars in the presidential seal of Turkey (introduced in 1936).


16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception
Several municipal buildings and public parks in Turkey have collections of busts or statues of the founders of the "16 Empires" alongside a statue of Kemal Atatürk, including the municipal buildings of Keçiören (Ankara), Mamak, Ankara, Etimesgut, Niğde, Nevşehir, Pınarbaşı, Kayseri, etc.


16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception
In 2000, Türk Telekom produced a series of smart cards dedicated to the topic.


16 Great Turkic Empires, Reception
In January 2015, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan received Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas in the Turkish Presidential Palace with a guard of 16 "warriors", actors wearing loosely historical armour and costume, intended to symbolise the 16 empires. The costumes were ridiculed in secular Turkish media outlets, and one of the costumes in particular was mocked as a "bathrobe", becoming a trend on social media under the name of Duşakabinoğulları (as it were "sons of the shower cabin").


16 Greatest Hits
16 Greatest Hits is a compilation album by Steppenwolf, released in 1973. It features some of their most famous songs, including "Born to Be Wild", "The Pusher", and "Magic Carpet Ride", and "Hey Lawdy Mama." The album consisted of the 11 tracks from the previous Gold: Their Great Hits album, in the same order as on the two sides of that earlier album, with the addition of the final two tracks on side 1, and the final three tracks on side 2.


16 Greatest Hits
This album was originally issued as Dunhill 50135, and later as ABC/Dunhill with the same number, on LP, 8-track cartridge, and cassette. Following MCA's assimilation of the ABC family of labels, the album was reissued as MCA 1599 (some vinyl copies using previously-pressed LPs with an ABC-Dunhill label), then as budget-label MCA 37049. The album was made available in all formats through several U. S. record clubs, each bearing notes as to their club origin. The album was also issued (under various titles) in Canada, England, Germany, Greece, and the Benelux countries, and was issued on CD in 1985.


16 Greatest Hits, Track listing
Note: The version of "Magic Carpet Ride" is not the original single version, but rather, the album version edited down to the length of the single version.


16 Horsepower
16 Horsepower was an American alternative country music group based in Denver, Colorado, United States. Their music often invoked religious imagery dealing with conflict, redemption, punishment, and guilt through David Eugene Edwards's lyrics and the heavy use of traditional bluegrass, gospel, and Appalachian instrumentation cross-bred with rock. For the bulk of its career, the band consisted of Edwards, Jean-Yves Tola, and Pascal Humbert, the latter two formerly of the French band Passion Fodder. After releasing four studio albums and touring extensively, the group broke up in 2005, citing "mostly political and spiritual" differences. The members remain active in the groups Woven Hand and Lilium.


16 Horsepower, Band history
David Eugene Edwards and Pascal Humbert formed 16 Horsepower in 1992 in Los Angeles, California, where they had met building movie sets for Roger Corman's Hollywood Studios. Friend, co-worker and trained jazz drummer Jean-Yves Tola joined shortly after. The trio performed once as Horsepower before they parted ways with Humbert as Edwards and Tola relocated to Denver, Colorado.


16 Horsepower, Band history
In Edwards's hometown of Denver, the band once again became a trio with the addition of Keven Soll, a luthier and accomplished double bass player. Frustrated by misconceptions about the name Horsepower being related to heroin and inspired by a traditional American folk song about sixteen horses pulling the coffin of a beloved to the graveyard, the name was changed to 16 Horsepower. The band spent the following years rehearsing and gaining a reputation for their intense live performances while touring extensively across North America and eventually they released a seven-inch single, "Shametown", in 1994 on Ricochet Records.


16 Horsepower, Band history
By this time they had gained the attention of A&M Records, and recording of Sackcloth 'n' Ashes began in 1995. For various reasons A&M decided to postpone the release of the album, and so the band returned to the studio and recorded their eponymous debut EP which was released the same year.


16 Horsepower, Band history
The debut full-length studio album Sackcloth 'n' Ashes was eventually released in 1996, garnering praise from the international music press. Pascal Humbert had relocated to Denver and joined the band as a second guitarist, although his primary instrument is the bass. Following differences about the musical direction, Soll was asked to leave and was replaced by Rob Redick, later known as the bassist for Candlebox. Redick did not last long because of what the band has referred to as "kind of a mutual unhappiness", and Humbert took over the bass duties. Jeffrey-Paul Norlander joined on second guitar shortly before recording began on the second album, Low Estate, with John Parish as producer. Edwards and Norlander had previously been in several bands together, most notably The Denver Gentlemen.


16 Horsepower, Band history
Norlander departed in 1998 and was replaced by Steve Taylor, the band's guitar technician, who had already been performing on a handful of songs on the bands European tour in 1996.


16 Horsepower, Band history
Spending two years touring and writing new material, 16 Horsepower's third full-length album Secret South was not recorded and released until 2000. The album marked a distinct change in sound and tone from earlier releases as the up-tempo rock influences had all but vanished completely and left room for a more melodic folk-inspired sound. The band toured in Europe in 2000 with the new album, and rumours of a break-up began to circulate shortly after. This rumour was further fueled by the fact that the band members had begun to focus on solo and side-projects. Humbert had released his solo-debut with his project Lilium the previous year and Edwards had begun recording and performing live with his new project Woven Hand.


16 Horsepower, Band history
16 Horsepower, short of Steve Taylor, returned in 2002 with Folklore. As hinted by the title, this fourth studio album took the band further into traditional folk territory and featured only four original 16 Horsepower compositions. While the band went on several tours in support of the album, their creative output was focused on Woven Hand and Lilium, Tola having also joined the latter. Olden, a compilation of previously unreleased versions of early material was released in 2003.


16 Horsepower, Band history
This release was supported by a tour in early 2004, including their first US dates in three years, featuring a set split between early material and Folklore-era songs. In April 2005 the band announced their official break-up, as a result of personal, political and spiritual differences as well as finding the constant touring incompatible with their daily lives.


16 Horsepower, Band history
Alternative Tentacles, a San Francisco-based record label run by former Dead Kennedys frontman Jello Biafra absorbed American distribution of the band's latter records shortly before their breakup. Since the band's demise, the label has released two DVD-format retrospectives, and in 2008 released a two-CD set Live March 2001. Humbert joined Woven Hand in 2007.


16 Horsepower, Styles and themes
It has always been difficult to describe the band's music in simple terms as it borrowed just as heavily from folk music, country, bluegrass, and traditional as it did from rock music. 16 Horsepower and Edwards' later project Woven Hand were described by one critic as "incendiary gospel, hallowed folk and mordant tones infused with a high, dark theatricality worthy of Nick Cave."


16 Horsepower, Styles and themes
Edwards' grandfather was a Nazarene preacher and young Edwards often went along as his elder preached the gospel to various peoples. This experience colored his approach to songwriting as well as the instrumentation employed to develop the band's unique sound. On several tracks over the course of the band's career, Edwards evoked decisive Christian imagery, particularly that of the redemptive capacity of Jesus Christ.


16 Horsepower, Styles and themes
16 Horsepower, especially in their early days, saw themselves first and foremost as a rock band. David Eugene Edwards, however, had an interest in all things from past times, including musical instruments. One instrument that was paramount during the nascent days of 16 Horsepower was the Chemnitzer concertina. It was erroneously credited as a bandoneon (a closely related instrument) on Sackcloth 'n' Ashes. The antique instrument used on the early tours and recordings was falling apart and quite cumbersome to tour with; some time before the sessions for Low Estate, it was replaced with the more modern American-made Patek brand instrument.


16 Horsepower, Influences
Acknowledged influences on the band included Joy Division, the Gun Club, Nick Cave and the Birthday Party. 16 Horsepower would eventually share the same management as Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and tour with them. They also collaborated with Bertrand Cantat from French band Noir Désir on a cover of The Gun Club's "Fire Spirit" for the 1998 EP The Partisan and on "The Partisan" itself.


16 Horsepower, Legacy
16 Horsepower are among the Denver-based bands credited for laying the foundation for what today has become known as "Gothic Americana". American metal band DevilDriver paid homage to 16 Horsepower with a cover of "Black Soul Choir" on their 2011 release, Beast. A post-rock interpretation of "Black Soul Choir" sung by Brandy Bones became a live staple of Canadian band Big John Bates during their 2012 Battered Bones tour.


16 Horsepower, Legacy
Their 2000 cover of "Wayfaring Stranger" was featured at the end of Bart Layton's 2012 documentary The Imposter.


16 Horsepower (EP)
16 Horsepower is the first EP by the band of the same name. It was released on November 7, 1995. It is often referred to simply as the Haw EP amongst fans, noting to the title of the first track. It is the group's second release, following the "Shametown" 7" vinyl record of 1994, the A-side of which was re-recorded here.


16 Horsepower (EP), References
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16 Hudson
16 Hudson is a Canadian animated series. It is developed by Big Bad Boo based on the miniseries Lili and Lola and it has been broadcast by TVOKids since August 21, 2018 and Knowledge Kids since September 3, 2018. It has 39 episodes which are each 7 minutes long.


16 June 2013 Iraq attacks
On 16 June 2013, a series of coordinated bombings and shootings struck across several cities in Iraq, killing at least 54 people and injuring more than 170 others.


16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background
From a peak of 3,000 deaths per month in 2006–07, violence in Iraq decreased steadily for several years before beginning to rise again in 2012. In December 2012, Sunnis began to protest perceived mistreatment by the Shia-led government. The protests had been largely peaceful, but insurgents, emboldened by the war in neighboring Syria, stepped up attacks in the initial months of 2013. The number of attacks rose sharply after the Iraqi army raided a protest camp in Hawija on 23 April 2013.


16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background
Overall, 712 people were killed in April according to UN figures, making it the nation's deadliest month in five years. Conditions continued to deteriorate in May when UNAMI reported at least 1,045 Iraqis were killed and another 2,397 wounded in acts of terrorism and acts of violence, making it the deadliest month in the country since April 2008.


16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background
The attacks on 16 June occurred about a month after Iraq's deadliest week in almost 5 years, as a series of deadly bombings and shootings across the country killed at least 449 people and left 732 others injured between 15 May and 21 May.


16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks
Unlike most of the violence in Iraq during previous months, the majority of deadly attacks took place in southern cities, where such incidents are relatively rare. In the city of Kut, a car bomb exploded in an industrial area early in the morning, killing 6 people and injuring 15 others. A second bombing outside the city killed 5 civilians and wounded another 12. In Najaf, at least 8 were killed and 29 injured after a bomb exploded at a local market. Other cities in the south were targeted as well - twin car bombs in the central area of Basra killed 6 and wounded 9, while similar attacks in Nasiriyah killed 2 and left 35 injured. A roadside blast in Hillah killed a civilian and wounded nine others.


16 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks
Other attacks were reported from the central and northern parts of the country, in addition to the bombings in the south. A suicide bomber detonated his explosive vest at a coffee shop in Baghdad's Amin neighborhood, leaving 11 dead and at least 25 others injured. Gunmen attacked an oil pipeline in Hatra, south of Mosul, killing 6 Iraqi Army soldiers and wounding five more. In Mosul itself, two separate blasts injured 9 people, including 6 soldiers. A roadside bomb and a subsequent car bombing left 5 civilians dead and 12 others injured in Madain, near Salman Pak. Two civilians were killed and nine injured in a bombing in Mahmoudiyah, while a blast in Tuz Khormato killed two police officers and injured another, and four people were injured in an attack near Mahaweel. Two government employees were abducted near Riyadh.


16 Lacertae
16 Lacertae is a triple star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta, located about 1,580 light years from the Sun. It has the variable star designation EN Lacertae; 16 Lacertae is the Flamsteed designation. This system is visible to the naked eye as a faint blue-white hued star with a maximum apparent visual magnitude of +5.587. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −12 km/s.


16 Lacertae
The binary nature of the brighter component was discovered in 1910 by astronomer Oliver J. Lee at Yerkes Observatory. The first orbital elements were published by Otto Struve and Nicholay T. Bobrovnikov in 1925. This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 12.1 days and a small eccentricity of 0.05. It forms an eclipsing binary variable, although only the eclipse of the primary component has been detected. This component is a Beta Cephei variable star with three dominant pulsation modes having frequencies of around six per day. It has a stellar classification of B2 IV, matching a B-type subgiant star with 9.5 times the mass of the Sun and 5.6 times the Sun's radius.


16 Lacertae
The unseen secondary is an F-type star of class F6–7. The tertiary component is a magnitude 11.4 star with a class of F0. As of 2008, it was located at an angular separation of 27.6″ from the primary.


16 Librae
16 Librae is a star in the constellation Libra. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49. An annual parallax shift of 37.17 mas yields a distance estimate of 87.7 light years. It is moving further from the Sun with a radial velocity of +26 km/s.


16 Librae
This is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F2 V. It is an estimated 660 million years old and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 113 km/s. The star has 1.47 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating nearly 10 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 7,187 K.


16 Librae
16 Librae has a common proper motion companion located at an angular separation of 22.8 arc seconds along a position angle of 297°, as of 1999. Designated component B, this is a red dwarf star with a class of about M6 and an infrared J-band magnitude of 12.19.


16 Lovers Lane
16 Lovers Lane is the sixth album by Australian indie rock group The Go-Betweens, released in 1988 by Beggars Banquet Records. Prior to the recording of the album, longtime bassist Robert Vickers left the band when the other group members decided to return to Australia after having spent several years in London, England; he was replaced by John Willsteed. The album was recorded at Studios 301 in Sydney, between Christmas 1987 and Autumn 1988.


16 Lovers Lane
16 Lovers Lane was the final release from the original version of the band. The Go-Betweens broke up in 1989 and would produce no other material until Grant McLennan and Robert Forster reformed the band, with a completely different line-up of personnel, in 2000.


16 Lovers Lane, Details
In late 1987, the band relocated from the UK to Sydney. The relationship between guitarist Robert Forster and drummer Lindy Morrison had ended, whilst singer Grant McLennan and violinist Amanda Brown became more involved. Upon their return to Australia, the band added John Willsteed on bass and began preparing their sixth album.


16 Lovers Lane, Details
The recording process for 16 Lovers Lane was different to previous releases. Between December 1987 and January 1988, McLennan and Forster began an intense songwriting process. They demoed all the songs in advance and then presented them to the producer and their bandmates, leaving less room for improvisation. McLennan stated: "We really sat down for the first time in years and wrote together in the sense that anything new we'd come up with the night before we'd go through and rearrange and discard or put it into something else. Our normal method was to write separately and the spend two weeks together, familiarising ourselves with each others songs and suggesting things. So this way was a completely different process and it was due to trying to get back to what started the band - closeness."


16 Lovers Lane, Details
McLennan said the band was also affected by moving back to Australia. "We'd spent five years in London—blackness, darkness, greyness and poverty—and suddenly for some reason we seemed to have more money in Sydney, and we all had places to live and being in a city where after five years we can go to the beach in ten minutes." Forster agreed saying it brought on "a burst of energy, a burst of songs".


16 Lovers Lane, Details
McLennan said, "I had a vision for this record. It was, in some way, just sitting down with acoustic guitars in sunlight, writing songs, and then making a record. It was as simple as that. And I get that vibe from the record, a summer feeling". Forster described the album as, "the perfect combination between London melancholy and Sydney sunshine".


16 Lovers Lane, Details
The songwriting duo demoed sixteen tunes acoustically and sent them to English producer, Mark Wallis, prior to his arrival in Australia. The book, 100 Best Australian Albums, states that Wallis' production maintained the acoustic feel, embellishing them sparingly and "affording them a sparkle and crispness that suggested the summer that was their inspiration". Drummer Lindy Morrison was said to have "hated" Wallis, which may be a reflection of the fact that Wallis replaced Morrison with a drum machine on five of the songs on the album.


16 Lovers Lane, Details
Both Morrison and Brown were unhappy with the pre-production process, which limited their contribution, but Forster defended it, saying: "The pre-production to every album can't always been the same. You can't keep doing the same things over and over". Still, in a documentary about the album, Wallis says that the drumming on all of the tracks are a mix of programmed and real drums, and Morrison – not available all the time for family reasons – says that you can tell that the machine beats are still hers from the fact that "everything is so "simple".


16 Lovers Lane, Details
"Unbelievably brilliant, I think the whole album was incredible. Normally if you have an album with two singers and two writers, there's always one that you like better. Not in the case of The Go-Betweens, two equally talented guys, just like Lennon and McCartney."


16 Lovers Lane, Details
Elsewhere, Forster blamed others for the synthetic nature of the recordings. He said: "I wanted to make the kind of record I ended up making on Danger in the Past. I just wanted the band to be playing live, get us into a really big studio. Instead, it was one person in the studio with the rest of them playing pool. Lindy would be talking about drum machines, and her and Amanda were talking about triggering the violin to make synthesizer keyboard sounds. The only two live tracks on that album are both my songs, and I insisted on those." In 2016, Forster wrote, "I had trouble with 16 Lovers Lane for a long time. It wasn't until the late nineties that I recognised it for what it was - a pop record".


16 Lovers Lane, Details
The original release of the album contained ten songs. Most of McLennan's lyrics were written about Amanda Brown.


16 Lovers Lane, Details
In 2004, LO-MAX Records issued a greatly expanded CD, which included a second disc of ten bonus tracks, and music videos for the songs "Streets of Your Town" (two versions) and "Was There Anything I Could Do? ", which were filmed to promote 16 Lovers Lane at the time of its initial release.


16 Lovers Lane, Reception
In October 2010, 16 Lovers Lane was listed at No. 12 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums. The authors describe the album as being "the band's high-water mark and Forster and McLennan knew they'd nailed it" and that the songs were "their most direct, accessible and heartfelt ever", with "Forster, particularly, having learnt a new restraint. Gone was the bravado and archness that had informed much of his earlier work and in its place was an openness and honesty."


16 Lovers Lane, Reception
Reviewing the album in Spin, Evelyn McDonnell said the Go-Betweens reminded her of, "whooping cranes: great gangling creatures capable of heights of gracefulness when in flight and passionate spasms when in heat. Similarly, the Go-Betweens infuse portentious poetry into giddy pop structures, then throw the uncertain songs in the air, whispering 'Fly or fuck.'" While praising the album, McDonnell blamed most of the album's occasional "putrid moments" on producer Mark Wallis.


16 Lovers Lane, Reception
The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.


16 Lovers Lane, Track listing
All tracks are written by Grant McLennan and Robert Forster.


16 Lovers Lane, Track listing
All tracks are written by G. McLennan, R. Forster, except where noted.


16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound
16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound was a hit on the Country charts for musician Don Lee in 1982.


16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound, Background
By July 1982 "16 Lovin' Ounces To The Pound" bw "All I Ever Wanted Was You (Here Lovin' Me)" was released on Crescent 103. It was produced by Lee himself and co-written with B. Duncan, B. R. Jones and J. R. Halper. Lee had previously made the Cash Box Top 100 Country Singles chart that year with the single, "I'm In Love With A Memory".


16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound, Chart performance, Billboard
The single stayed on the Billboard country chart for a total of three weeks, reaching a peak position of 86 on September 18, 1982.


16 Lovin' Ounces to the Pound, Chart performance, Cash Box
On September 25, 1982, the single had been on the Cash Box Top 100 Country Singles chart for five weeks, moving to No. 66 on the chart.


16 Lyncis
16 Lyncis is a star in the constellation Lynx. It is positioned next to the western constellation border with Auriga, and is also known as Psi10 Aurigae, which is Latinized from ψ10 Auriga. The star has a white hue and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.90. The distance to this object is approximately 241 light years based on parallax, but it is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −12 km/s. It has an absolute magnitude of 0.56.


16 Lyncis
This object is a solitary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0Vn, a star that is currently fusing its core hydrogen. The 'n' suffix indicates "nebulous" absorption lines due to rapid rotation. It is around 181 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 229 km/s. This spin rate is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 10% larger than the polar radius. 16 Lyncis has 2.38 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 56 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,395 K.


16 Lyncis
16 Lyncis is suspected of being slightly variable, but this has not been confirmed. It was noted when 16 Lyncis was used as a comparison star for observing another variable, the peculiar HD 51418 (NY Aurigae).


16 Lyrae
16 Lyrae is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the constellation Lyra, located 126 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.00. The system is moving further away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +5 km/s. It is a suspected member of the Ursa Major Moving Group stream.


16 Lyrae
Cowley et al. (1969) found a stellar classification of A7 V for the visible component, matching an A-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. Abt and Morrell (1995) instead listed a class of A6 IV, suggesting it has left the main sequence and become a subgiant star. It is 791 million years old with a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 124 km/s. This system is a source for X-ray emission with a luminosity of 105.3×1020 W, which is most likely coming from the unseen companion.


16 Martyrs of Japan
The Martyrs of Japan (日本の殉教者, Nihon no junkyōsha) were Christians who were persecuted for their faith in Japan, mostly during the 17th century.


16 Martyrs of Japan, Early Christianity in Japan
Christian missionaries arrived with Francis Xavier and the Jesuits in the 1540s and briefly flourished, with over 100,000 converts, including many daimyōs in Kyushu. The shogunate and imperial government at first supported the Catholic mission and the missionaries, thinking that they would reduce the power of the Buddhist monks, and help trade with Spain and Portugal. However, the Shogunate was also wary of colonialism, seeing that the Spanish had taken power in the Philippines, after converting the population. It soon met resistance from the highest office holders of Japan.


16 Martyrs of Japan, Early Christianity in Japan
Emperor Ogimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568, but to little effect. Beginning in 1587 with imperial regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s ban on Jesuit missionaries, Christianity was repressed as a threat to national unity. After the Tokugawa shogunate banned Christianity in 1620, it ceased to exist publicly. Many Catholics went underground, becoming hidden Christians (隠れキリシタン, kakure kirishitan), while others lost their lives. Only after the Meiji Restoration, was Christianity re-established in Japan.


16 Martyrs of Japan, Early Christianity in Japan
The first group of martyrs, known as the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan (1597), were canonized by the Church in 1862 by Pope Pius IX. The same pope beatified the second group, known as the 205 Martyrs of Japan (1598–1632), in 1867.


16 Martyrs of Japan, 16 Martyrs of Japan (1633–1637)
Another group of martyrs were investigated by the Vatican Curia's Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) in 1980 and were beatified on 18 February 1981. Pope John Paul II canonized these 16 Martyrs of Japan as saints on 18 October 1987. This group is also known as Lorenzo Ruiz, Dominic Ibáñez de Erquicia Pérez de Lete, Iacobus Tomonaga Gorōbyōe, and 13 companions.


16 May 1877 crisis
The 16 May 1877 crisis (French: Crise du seize mai) was a constitutional crisis in the French Third Republic concerning the distribution of power between the president and the legislature. When the royalist president Patrice MacMahon dismissed the Opportunist Republican prime minister Jules Simon, the parliament on 16 May 1877 refused to support the new government and was dissolved by the president. New elections resulted in the royalists increasing their seat totals, but nonetheless resulted in a majority for the Republicans. Thus, the interpretation of the 1875 Constitution as a parliamentary system prevailed over a presidential system. The crisis ultimately sealed the defeat of the royalist movement, and was instrumental in creating the conditions of the longevity of the Third Republic.


16 May 1877 crisis, Background
Following the Franco-Prussian War, the elections for the National Assembly had brought about a monarchist majority, divided into Legitimists and Orleanists, which conceived the republican institutions created by the fall of Napoleon III in 1870 as a transitory state while they negotiated who would be king. Until the 1876 elections, the royalist movement dominated the legislature, thus creating the paradox of a Republic led by anti-republicans. The royalist deputies supported Marshal MacMahon, a declared monarchist of the legitimist party, as president of the Republic. His term was set to seven years – the time to find a compromise between the two rival royalist factions.


16 May 1877 crisis, Background
In 1873, a plan to place Henri, comte de Chambord, the head of the Bourbon branch supported by Legitimists, back on the throne had failed over the comte's intransigence. President MacMahon was supposed to lead him to the National Assembly and have him acclaimed as king. However, the Comte de Chambord rejected this plan in the white flag manifesto of 5 July 1871, reiterated by a 23 October 1873 letter, in which he explained that in no case would he abandon the white flag, symbol of the monarchy (with its fleur-de-lis), in exchange for the republican tricolor.


16 May 1877 crisis, Background
Chambord believed the restored monarchy had to eliminate all traces of the Revolution, especially the Tricolor flag, in order to restore the unity between the monarchy and the nation, which the revolution had sundered. Compromise on this was impossible if the nation were to be made whole again. The general population, however, was unwilling to abandon the Tricolor flag. Chambord's decision thus ruined the hopes of a quick restoration of the monarchy.


16 May 1877 crisis, Background
Monarchists therefore resigned themselves to wait for the death of the ageing, childless Chambord, when the throne could be offered to his more liberal heir, the Comte de Paris. A "temporary" republican government was therefore established. Chambord lived on until 1883, but by that time, enthusiasm for a monarchy had faded, and the Comte de Paris was never offered the French throne.


16 May 1877 crisis, Background
In 1875, Adolphe Thiers joined with the initiative of moderate Republicans Jules Ferry and Léon Gambetta to vote for the constitutional laws of the Republic. The next year, the elections were won by the Republicans, although the end result was contradictory:


16 May 1877 crisis, Background
Political crisis was thus inevitable. It involved a struggle for supremacy between the monarchist President of the Republic and the republican Chamber of Deputies.


16 May 1877 crisis, The crisis
The crisis was triggered by President MacMahon, who dismissed the moderate republican Jules Simon, head of the government, and substituted him with a new "Ordre moral" government led by the Orleanist Albert, duc de Broglie. MacMahon favoured a presidential government, while the Republicans in the chamber considered the parliament as the predominant political organ, which decided the policies of the nation.


16 May 1877 crisis, The crisis
The Chamber refused to accord its trust to the new government. On 16 May 1877, 363 French deputies – among them Georges Clemenceau, Jean Casimir-Perier and Émile Loubet – passed a vote of no confidence (Manifeste des 363).


16 May 1877 crisis, The crisis
MacMahon dissolved the parliament and called for new elections, which brought 323 Republicans and 209 royalists to the Chamber, marking a clear rejection of the President's move. MacMahon had either to submit himself or to resign, as had Léon Gambetta famously called for: "When France will have let its sovereign voice heard, then one will have to submit himself or resign" (se soumettre ou se démettre) MacMahon thus appointed a moderate republican, Jules Armand Dufaure as president of the Council, and accepted Dufaure's interpretation of the constitution:


16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath
The crisis sealed the defeat of the royalists. President MacMahon accepted his defeat and resigned in January 1879. The Comte de Chambord, whose intransigence had resulted in the breakdown of the alliance between Legitimists and Orleanists, died in 1883, after which several Orleanists rallied to the Republic, quoting Adolphe Thiers' words that "the Republic is the form of government which divides [the French] the least". These newly rallied became the first right-wing republicans of France.


16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath
After World War I (1914–18), some of the independent radicals and members of the right-wing of the late Radical-Socialist Party allied themselves with these pragmatic republicans, although anticlericalism remained a gap between these long-time rivals (and indeed continues, to be a main criterion of distinction between the French left-wing and its right-wing).


16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath
In the constitutional field, the presidential system was definitely rejected in favor of a parliamentary system, and the right of dissolution of parliament severely restricted, so much that it was never used again under the Third Republic. After the Vichy regime, the Fourth Republic (1946–1958) was again founded on this parliamentary system, something which Charles de Gaulle despised and rejected (le régime des partis). Thus, when de Gaulle had the opportunity to come back to power in the crisis of May 1958, he designed a constitution that strengthened the President.


16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath
His 1962 reform to have the president elected by direct universal suffrage (instead of being elected by deputies and senators) further increased his authority. The constitution designed by de Gaulle for the Fifth Republic (since 1958) specifically tailored his needs, but this specificity was also rested on the President's personal charisma.


16 May 1877 crisis, Aftermath
Even with de Gaulle's disappearance from the political scene a year after the May 1968 crisis, little changed until the 1980s, when the various cohabitations under President François Mitterrand renewed the conflict between the presidency and the prime minister. Subsequently President Jacques Chirac proposed to reduce the term of the presidency from seven to five years (the quinquennat) to avoid any further "cohabitation" and thus conflict between the executive and legislative branches. This change was accepted by referendum in 2000.


16 Most Requested Songs (Bobby Vinton album)
16 Most Requested Songs is a compilation album of 16 Top 40 hits that Bobby Vinton had for Epic Records. It is the last of 29 collections in the 16 Most Requested Songs series that was released by Epic. Unlike most collections of Vinton's music, the song "Roses Are Red (My Love)" is the last track on this album, rather than the first. Inside the album cover is a biographical essay about Vinton's life and career that was written by Will Friedwald (the author of Jazz Singing). Although this album was released in 1991, it did not enter the charts until five years later. It was the first compilation of Vinton's music in the charts since the release of Bobby Vinton Sings the Golden Decade of Love 21 years before.


16 Most Requested Songs (Jo Stafford album)
16 Most Requested Songs is a 1995 compilation album of songs recorded by American female singer Jo Stafford.


16 Most Requested Songs (Johnny Mathis album)
16 Most Requested Songs is a compilation album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released in 1986 by Columbia Records and features 12 tracks representing his time with the label from 1956 to 1963, including his Billboard top 10 hits "Chances Are", "It's Not for Me to Say", "The Twelfth of Never", "Gina", and "What Will Mary Say" as well as his signature song, "Misty". The remaining four selections ("Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)", "Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (A Time for Us)", "(Where Do I Begin) Love Story", and "Didn't We") were recorded with Columbia between 1969 and 1977.


16 Most Requested Songs (Johnny Mathis album)
On August 4, 2000, the album received Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 500,000 copies.


16 Most Requested Songs (Johnny Mathis album), Reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic retrospectively gave the collection a good review. "Although other sets may have a few more tracks, this is a very entertaining sampler. "<allmusic/>


16 Most Requested Songs: Encore!
16 Most Requested Songs: Encore! is a compilation album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released by Columbia Records on May 16, 1995.


16 Most Requested Songs: Encore!
The album did not chart in Billboard magazine until after Williams's death in 2012 when it spent its sole week on the Billboard 200 at number 152 in the issue dated October 13 of that year.


16 Persei
16 Persei is a single, suspected variable star in the northern constellation of Perseus, located approximately 121 light years away based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.22. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +14 km/s. It displays a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.224″ per year.


16 Persei
Based upon a stellar classification of F2 III, this matches an aging giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and is evolving away from the main sequence. It is a possible pulsating Delta Scuti variable, although there is some uncertainty about this classification. However, Kunzli and North (1998) found no variation. The star is 1.44 billion years old with 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and 3.2 times the Sun's radius. It shows a high rotation rate with a projected rotational velocity of 149 km/s, which is causing an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 24% larger than the polar radius. 16 Persei is radiating 23 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,004 K.


16 Persei
It has two reported visual companions: B, with magnitude 12.8 and separation 76.7", and C, with magnitude 10.43 and separation 234".


16 Prince Street, Peterhead
16 Prince Street is a Category B listed building in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It dates from 1838. It was formerly Peterhead's infant school, colloquially known as the Chuckney School. Today it is an office building for Aberdeenshire Council.


16 Prince Street, Peterhead
Described by architectural historians David Walker and Matthew Woodworth as "a temple to education", the building's front elevation presents a single symmetrical storey, made of granite ashlar and with a central portico in the Roman Doric style, the pediment of which is surmounted by a bellcote. Extending to either side of this are wings of three bays. It was originally T-plan in shape, with a third wing extending back from the entrance, but has been greatly extended since its construction.


16 Psyche
16 Psyche (/ˈsaɪkiː/) is a large asteroid discovered by the Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis, working in Naples, on 17 March 1852 and named after the Greek mythological figure Psyche. The prefix "16" signifies that it was the sixteenth minor planet in order of discovery. It is one of the dozen most massive asteroids, containing about one percent of the mass of the asteroid belt, and is over 200 kilometres (120 mi) in diameter. Psyche is hypothesized to be the exposed core of a protoplanet, and is the most massive of the metal-rich M-type asteroids. Its composition and density match mesosiderite meteorites and it is likely their parent body. Psyche is scheduled for space exploration, with a spacecraft launch planned in 2022, arrival in 2026, and orbital exploration in 2026–2027.


16 Psyche, Symbol
Astronomers created icon-like symbols for the first fifteen asteroids to be discovered, as a type of shorthand notation consistent with older notation for the classical planets. Psyche was given an iconic symbol, as were a few other asteroids discovered after 16 Psyche. The symbol , a semicircle topped by a star, represents a butterfly's wing, symbol of the soul (psyche is the Greek word for "soul"), and a star.


16 Psyche, Symbol
However the iconic symbols for all asteroids were superseded before Psyche's symbol ever came into use. With more than a dozen asteroids discovered, remembering all their individual emblems became increasingly cumbersome, and in 1851, German astronomer J.F. Encke suggested using a circled number instead: ⑯. The first asteroid designated with the new scheme was ⑯ Psyche, when American astronomer J. Ferguson published his observations in 1852.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Mass, size and shape
Psyche is massive enough that its gravitational perturbations on other asteroids can be observed, which enables a mass measurement. The values for the mass of (3.38±0.28)×10−11 M☉ and the density of 6.98±0.58 g/cm3 obtained from a 2002 analysis by Kuzmanoski and Kovačević, of a close encounter with asteroid . The new, high density estimate suggests that 16 Psyche must be composed mostly of metals. As of 2019, the best mass estimate is (2.41±0.32)×1019 kg, with a derived bulk density of 3.99±0.26 g/cm3.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Mass, size and shape
The first size estimate of Psyche came from IRAS thermal infrared emission observations. They showed that it had a diameter of about 253 kilometres (157 mi), although it was likely an overestimate as Psyche was viewed pole-on at that time.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Mass, size and shape
Light curve analysis indicates Psyche appears somewhat irregular in shape. There is a pronounced mass deficit near the equator at about 90° longitude comparable to Rheasilvia basin on 4 Vesta. There are also two additional smaller (50–70 km in diameter) crater-like depressions near the south pole. Psyche's north pole points towards the ecliptic coordinates β = 28°, λ = −6°, with a 4° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 95°.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Mass, size and shape
Observations of two multi-chord stellar occultations of 2010 and 2014 allow the matching of light curve inversions DAMIT model 1806 that give an equivalent-volume mean diameter of 216±12 km, and an equivalent surface mean diameter of 227±13 km. The density of Psyche derived from these estimates, 3.7±0.6 g/cm3, is consistent with that of other metallic asteroids.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Features
Observations of Psyche with Very Large Telescope's adaptive optics SPHERE imager revealed two large craters, on the order of 90 km across, which were provisionally named Meroe /ˈmɛroʊiː/ and Panthia /ˈpænθiə/, after the twin witches in the Roman novel Metamorphoses by Apuleius.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin
Observations indicate that Psyche has a metal-pyroxene composition, consistent with it having one of the brightest radar albedos in the asteroid belt (0.37±0.09). Its density, 4.0±0.3 g/cm3, is compatible with mesosiderite meteorites (≈ 4.25 g/cm3) and the Steinbach meteorite (≈ 4.1 g/cm3).


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin
Psyche seems to have a surface that is 90% metallic and 10% silicate rock, with 6±1% of orthopyroxene. Scientists think that these metals may be mostly iron and nickel.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin
The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility at the Mauna Kea Observatories reported evidence (~3 μm absorption feature) of hydroxyl ions on the asteroid in October 2016 that may suggest water ice. Since Psyche is thought to have formed under dry conditions without the presence of water, the hydroxyl may have reached Psyche via past impacts from smaller carbonaceous asteroids.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin
Psyche appears to be an exposed metallic core or a fragment of a metallic core from a larger differentiated parent body some 500 kilometers in diameter. The surface has about 20% of metallic contents, although reflection spectra are anomalous and difficult to match with theoretical composition models as in 2021. If Psyche is indeed a remnant metallic core, there could be other asteroids on similar orbits. However, Psyche is not part of any identified asteroid family.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin
One hypothesis is that the collision that formed Psyche occurred very early in the Solar System's history, and all the other remnants have since been ground into fragments by subsequent collisions or had their orbits perturbed beyond recognition. However, this scenario is considered to have a probability of just 1%. An alternative is that Psyche was broken by impacts, but not catastrophically torn apart. In this case, it may be a candidate for the parent body of the mesosiderites, a class of stony–iron meteorites.


16 Psyche, Characteristics, Composition and origin
Another possibility is that Psyche may be an endmember of diverse relic bodies left by the inner planet formation. The asteroid's mantle may have been stripped away not by a single collision but by multiple (more than three) relatively slow sideswipe collisions with bodies of comparable or larger size. What is left is a metallic core covered by a thin layer of silicates, which reveals itself spectrally. In such a case, Psyche would be analogous to Mercury but much less massive.


16 Psyche, Exploration
No spacecraft has visited Psyche, but in 2014 a mission to Psyche was proposed to NASA. A team led by Lindy Elkins-Tanton, the director of the School for Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University, presented a concept for a robotic Psyche orbiter. This team argued that 16 Psyche would be a valuable object for study because it is the only metallic core-like body discovered so far.


16 Psyche, Exploration
The spacecraft would orbit Psyche for 20 months, studying its topography, surface features, gravity, magnetism, and other characteristics and would be based on current technology, avoiding high cost and the necessity to develop new technologies. On 30 September 2015, the Psyche orbiter mission was one of five Discovery Program semifinalist proposals.


16 Psyche, Exploration
The mission was approved by NASA on 4 January 2017 and was originally targeted to launch in October 2023, with an Earth gravity assist maneuver in 2024, a Mars flyby in 2025, and arriving at the asteroid in 2030. In May 2017, the launch date was moved up to target a more efficient trajectory, launching in 2022, with a Mars gravity assist in 2023 and arriving in 2026.


16 Psyche, Exploration
On 28 February 2020, NASA awarded SpaceX a US$117 million contract to launch the Psyche spacecraft, and two smallsat secondary missions, on a Falcon Heavy rocket in July 2022.


16 Puppis
16 Puppis is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis, and is located in the northernmost part of its constellation, almost due north of the bright star Rho Puppis, and east of Canis Major. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.40. The star is located is approximately 465 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It was the brightest star in Officina Typographica, an obsolete constellation.


16 Puppis
The visible member is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B5 V, according to N. Houk and M. Smith-Moore (1978). Earlier, Hoffleit et al. (1964) had listed a class of B5 IV, suggesting a more evolved subgiant star. It is spinning rapidly, which is creating an equatorial bulge that is 6% larger than the polar radius. The star is radiating 836 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 16,680 K.


16 Reception Depot
16 Reception Depot was an administrative unit of the Personnel Service Corps of the South African Army.


16 Reception Depot, History, Origin
16 Reception Depot was activated as the reception depot to service the then Western Cape Command.


16 Reception Depot, History, SADF era and the Bush War
The unit was used to mobilize white troops in the greater Western Cape area. This involved:


16 Reception Depot, History, SANDF era
By the early 2000s, Commands were no longer responsible for individual recruitment, making Reception Depots essentially redundant.


16 Sagittarii
16 Sagittarii is a multiple star system in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. It is near the lower limit of brightness for stars that can be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.02. The estimated distance to this system is about 4,600 light years. It is a member of the Sgr OB7 cluster. Along with the O-type star 15 Sgr, it is ionizing an H II region along the western edge of the molecular cloud L291.


16 Sagittarii
Mason et al. (1998) found this to be a member of a speckle binary with an estimated orbital period of roughly 130 years and a magnitude difference of 0.4. Both components show indications of a variable radial velocity, suggesting that they are spectroscopic binaries – making it a candidate quadruple star system. However, Tokovinin (2008) considers it a triple star system.


16 Sagittarii
Orbital elements for the main spectroscopic binary, components Aa and Ab, were published by Mayer et al. (2014), giving an orbital period of 12.76 days and an eccentricity of 0.18. This system displays a merged stellar classification of O9.5 III, matching a blue-hued O-type giant star. It shows a longitudinal magnetic field strength of −74±44 G and a projected rotational velocity of 51 km/s. Tokovinin (2008) gives an estimated mass of 50 times the mass of the Sun for the primary, and 3.72 for the secondary. The tertiary member, component B, has 2.54 times the Sun's mass.


16 Serpentis
16 Serpentis is a binary star system in the Serpens Caput portion of the equatorial constellation of Serpens, located 228 light years from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a fain, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.261. The system is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +3 km/s.


16 Serpentis
The variable radial velocity of this star was discovered at Lick Observatory and was announced by J. H. Moore in 1924. It is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 14.58 years and an eccentricity of 0.345. The visible component is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K0III: CN1 Ba0.7 Sr2. This is a mild barium star with the suffix notation above indicating associated abundance anomalies. The companion is a presumed white dwarf star that has already passed through its giant stage, during which time it enhanced the envelope of the companion with s-process elements. The pair form one of the widest barium star binaries known, which may account for the mildness of the barium anomaly.


16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six
16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six is a song by Tom Waits appearing on his 1983 album Swordfishtrombones. In 1988, it was released as a single in support of his live performance album Big Time.


16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six, Personnel
Adapted from the 16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six liner notes.


16 Shots
16 Shots is a documentary film about the shooting of Laquan McDonald. Written and directed by Richard Rowley, it is an updated and expanded version of the 2018 movie The Blue Wall. It had a limited theatrical release on June 7, 2019, and started  streaming on Showtime on June 14, 2019. It was released on DVD on August 4, 2020.


16 Shots
16 Shots won a News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Investigative Documentary and a Television Academy Honor and was nominated for a Peabody Award.


16 Shots, Synopsis
16 Shots uses extensive interviews, combined with news reports and scenes of Chicago, to depict the shooting of Laquan McDonald and subsequent events.


16 Shots, Synopsis
On October 20, 2014, McDonald, a 17-year-old African-American youth, was shot and killed by a Chicago Police officer. The police department ruled that the shooting was justifiable self-defense. More than a year later, police dashcam videos were released to the public, showing that McDonald was walking away from police officers when he was shot 16 times. There had been a cover-up of the actual events by members of the police department and various government officials. This caused widespread outrage at a time of national reexamination of the relations between police departments and minority communities.


16 Shots, Synopsis
Chicago mayor Rahm Emanuel fired police commissioner Garry McCarthy, Cook County state's attorney Anita Alvarez was voted out of office, and Emmanuel himself decided not to run for reelection. Jason Van Dyke, the police officer who shot McDonald, was found guilty of second degree murder and aggravated battery. These events also led to an investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice, and a consent decree for a federal judge to oversee numerous reforms of the Chicago Police Department.


16 Shots, Production
16 Shots is an updated and expanded version of the documentary The Blue Wall. The earlier film, with a running time of 76 minutes, premiered at the Hot Docs film festival in Toronto on May 1, 2018.


16 Shots, Critical reception
Frank Scheck wrote in The Hollywood Reporter, "The film delivers its gripping account in clear, suspenseful fashion and includes news footage from the time and contemporary interviews with many of the principal figures involved... Freelance journalist Jamie Kalven, who covered the story extensively and is one of the film's producers, figures prominently, as do several activists and community leaders.... The filmmaker's intent was obviously to concentrate on the specific incident and its aftermath, but personal details would probably have enhanced the overall emotional impact. Nonetheless, 16 Shots is a worthy addition to what has sadly become a proliferating documentary subgenre."


16 Shots, Critical reception
In RogerEbert.com Brian Tallerico said, "16 Shots isn't as much about the actual shooting of Laquan McDonald as one might expect. We don't hear from his family and friends. Instead, it's about the ripple effect that transformed a city that night.... 16 Shots is a very deliberate, ominous documentary, filled with views of the Chicago skyline and a pulsing score, but Rowley makes several smart decisions as a storyteller. First, he presents both sides. McCarthy, Van Dyke's attorney, Alvarez, and a few spokespeople for the FOP are on-hand to defend their actions..."


16 Shots, Critical reception
In The New York Times Ken Jaworowski wrote, "Rowley interviews activists, witnesses, jurors and police representatives. Their frustrations would be easy to inflame, yet the director and his crew listen closely to what is being said, and allow time for those interviewed to work through their thoughts.... To be sure, the case has been extensively covered in the media, leaving this film to function largely as a summary of the shooting and the trial.... Still, 16 Shots remains valuable as a record of past events that hold sway over the present."


16 Shots, Critical reception
Eric Zorn said in the Chicago Tribune, "... the film shortchanges viewers when it comes to... the cover-up – the brazen, outrageous, wide-ranging and still unpunished official effort to conceal, minimize and outright lie about what happened.... Much of this story will be new for viewers outside the Chicago area, and they'll be riveted by how it unfolded from a seemingly routine news event into a crushing scandal. They'll be justifiably impressed by the range of interview subjects and the effort that director Richard Rowley and producers Jacqueline Soohen and Jamie Kalven made to give both sides of the story time on camera."


16 Shots, Critical reception
In the Chicago Reader Andrea Gronvall wrote, "... by focusing primarily on the crime and its explosive aftermath and very little on McDonald himself, the filmmaker doesn't go far enough in his indictment of the CPD's so-termed "code of silence" because the problem doesn't stop with cover-ups... The fact that the circumstances of [McDonald's] upbringing match those of so many other young Black men in Chicago adds to, not detracts from, a forthright conversation about race."


16 Sierra station
The 16 Sierra MRT station is a mass rapid transit (MRT) station under construction that will serve the suburbs of 16 Sierra and Pulau Meranti in Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. It is one of the stations being built as part of the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (KVMRT) project on the Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line.


16 Squadron SAAF
16 Squadron SAAF is an attack helicopter squadron of the South African Air Force (SAAF). It was originally formed in World War II as a maritime patrol squadron, however, over the course of the war it was disbanded and reformed a number of times, operating a number of different types of aircraft. It was finally disbanded in June 1945 and was not re-raised until 1968 as a helicopter squadron. In the late 1980s the squadron took part in the conflict in Angola before being disbanded again in 1990. It was raised once more in 1999 and it is currently operating the Rooivalk attack helicopter.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
The squadron was formed on 18 September 1939 as a Coastal Command squadron based at Walvis Bay (station), equipped with three ex-South African Airways Junkers Ju 86Z aircraft in the role of a maritime patrol squadron. However, it was short-lived, and by December of that year it had become B Flight of 32 Squadron.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
The squadron was re-formed at Addis Ababa on 1 May 1941, flying eight Ju-86Z taken over from 12 Squadron plus two Martin Marylands. It was disbanded that August following the Italian surrender.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
The third chapter of the squadron's World War II history began when 20 Squadron, equipped with Martin Maryland and Bristol Beaufort aircraft and taking part in the invasion of Madagascar, was renumbered. Following the successful invasion of Madagascar, the squadron moved to Kenya, where it was equipped with the Bristol Blenheim V for use in the maritime patrol role, thus returning to its original purpose.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
In April 1943 the squadron moved to Egypt, and was equipped with Bristol Beaufighters for use in anti-submarine duties. It continued to perform this role until it was again disbanded on 15 June 1945.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
16th SAAF Squadron, stationed in then Italy, made dozens of air strikes against German forces and collaborators in then Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, etc. during 1944 and 1945. On 6 September 1944, the 16th Squadron bombed Zenica, focusing on bridges.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
It would be 23 years before the squadron was once again re-formed, this time at AFB Ysterplaat on 1 February 1968, and equipped with the Aérospatiale Alouette III. A year later it moved to AFB Durban, though did not stay long, and finally moved to AFB Bloemspruit during 1972. The squadron's A Flight was transferred to AFS Port Elizabeth in 1973, with its B Flight moving first to AFB Ysterplaat, and then to AFS Port Elizabeth in 1980 to join A Flight.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
In 1986, the squadron received an additional type, the Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma. Throughout this period the squadron played a vital role in the South-West Africa/Angola Border War, and following the cessation of hostilities was disbanded in October 1990.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
The latest chapter in 16 Squadron's history began on 28 October 1999 when it was reformed at AFB Bloemspruit and equipped with the new Denel Rooivalk attack helicopter, receiving all 12 ordered. Due to the complexities of integrating a new type and the creation and modification of tactics for the use of the SAAF's first attack helicopter, the squadron was only expected to reach complete operational readiness in 2008. It is however still a functioning squadron, and regularly carries out joint exercises with the South African Army and other elements of the Air Force.


16 Squadron SAAF, History
The Rooivalk saw its first combat in support of the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during 2013.


16 Stones
16 Stones is a 2014 American film that takes place in 1830s Missouri. It concerns the 16 stones of the Jaredites in the tradition of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


16 Stones
The film was directed by Brian Brough. It stars Brad Johnson as Joseph Smith, Mason D. Davis as blacksmith James, Ilene Wood as James's mother, Ben Isaacs as missionary Thomas, and Nathan Norman as the villain Mobber. Norman says the film had a profound effect on his spirituality.


16 Tales
16 Tales is a series of educational video games developed by The Lightspan Partnership starting in 1996. Each game consists of four 15-minute video programs detailing various cultures' stories and lore.


16 Vayathinile
16 Vayathinile (transl. At Age 16; read as Pathinaaru Vayathinile) is a 1977 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film co-written and directed by Bharathirajaa in his directorial debut. The film stars Kamal Haasan, Sridevi, and Rajinikanth, with Ganthimathi, Sathyajith and Goundamani in supporting roles. It focuses on the strengths and vulnerabilities of Mayil (Sridevi), a 16-year-old schoolgirl, and the challenges she faces and overcomes.


16 Vayathinile
The film was originally titled Mayil, and set to be funded by the National Film Development Corporation of India. When they backed out, it was picked up by S. A. Rajkannu who produced it under his banner Shri Amman Creations, and eventually retitled. 16 Vayathinile became the first Tamil film to be shot predominantly outdoors; Tamil films were primarily filmed in Madras studios. Its soundtrack album and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with cinematography by P. S. Nivas. P. Kalaimani wrote the film's dialogue.


16 Vayathinile
16 Vayathinile was released on 15 September 1977, and was distributed by Rajkannu himself since no distributor was willing to buy it. Although written off by the media as an experimental film that would fail, the film received critical praise for Bharathiraja's script, Ilaiyaraaja's music and the performances of Haasan, Sridevi and Rajinikanth. It was commercially successful, with a 175-day theatrical run. It won numerous awards, including the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki; the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Tamil) for Haasan and Special Commendation Award for Performance for Sridevi; and four State Awards, including Best Director for Bharathiraja and Best Actor for Haasan.


16 Vayathinile
16 Vayathinile attained cult status in Tamil cinema and is considered to be the bellwether of films depicting realistic portrayals of rural life. Making stars of its director and lead actors, it was remade in Telugu as Padaharella Vayasu (1978), in Hindi as Solva Sawan (1979), and in Malay as Melati Putih (1984).


16 Vayathinile, Plot
Mayil is a 16-year old schoolgirl who lives in a village with Guruvammal, her mother. Guruvammal also takes care of a limping orphan who is dismissively called "Chappani" (Lame) by the villagers and does whatever he can to earn a living. Mayil's ambition is to become a teacher, and she hopes to marry a sophisticated, educated man; although Chappani is in love with her, she does not reciprocate his love.


16 Vayathinile, Plot
Sathyajith, an urban veterinarian, arrives in the village to work and falls in love with Mayil. Believing that Sathyajith is the right person for her, Mayil falls in love with him, to the point of refusing an opportunity to attend a teacher-training course in Madras to remain with him. Despite loving Sathyajith, she does not allow him to exploit her sexually, which disappoints him. Never intending a serious relationship with Mayil, he proceeds to his native place to marry another woman. When Mayil begs Sathyajith not to leave her, he says he befriended her for pleasure—not marriage.


16 Vayathinile, Plot
A dejected Mayil confesses about her relationship with Sathyajith to Guruvammal, who quickly plans to betroth her to someone else. The village ruffian Parattaiyan—who lusts for Mayil—spreads rumours about her relationship with Sathyajith. Because of this, Mayil's engagement plans are halted and the village becomes hostile to her. Unable to bear the shame, Guruvammal dies and leaves Chappani to take care of Mayil.


16 Vayathinile, Plot
Chappani takes good care of Mayil, cheering her up when she needs it. She warms to Chappani, making him more confident and assertive and grooming him and his manners, to the surprise of many in the village. Mayil tells him to slap anyone calling him "Chappani" and to respond only to those addressing him by his name, Gopalakrishnan. When Sathyajith and Parattaiyan dismissively call him "Chappani", Gopalakrishnan slaps them. Mayil and Gopalakrishnan celebrate his newfound courage. An insulted Parattaiyan later beats Gopalakrishnan badly. Mayil saves him and spits on Parattaiyan in revenge.


16 Vayathinile, Plot
Mayil decides to marry Gopalakrishnan, and sends him to the nearby town for buying wedding supplies. Learning of Gopalakrishnan's absence, Parattai goes to Mayil's house and tries to rape her. Gopalakrishnan returns to Mayil's house and pleads with Parattaiyan to leave her. When Parattaiyan refuses, Gopalakrishnan kills him with a rock and is arrested. He promises Mayil that he will return, and she waits every day for him.


16 Vayathinile, Production, Development
Bharathirajaa planned to write and direct a black-and-white film titled Mayil that would be funded by the National Film Development Corporation of India (NDFC), but according to him, the NFDC withdrew "at the last minute" without specifying a reason. The project was eventually picked up by S. A. Rajkannu who produced it under his banner Shri Amman Creations. Mayil was eventually re-titled 16 Vayathinile, and marked Bharathirajaa's screenwriting and directorial debut. Its dialogue was written by P. Kalaimani. P. S. Nivas was signed as cinematographer and R. Bhaskaran as editor. Chithra Lakshmanan and K. Bhagyaraj worked as assistant directors. The latter provided suggestions for scenes and dialogues.


16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting
When the film was in development in black-and-white, Bharathiraja envisioned Nagesh in the role of Chappani. After it was changed to colour, he wanted Lakshmanan to sign Kamal Haasan for the role of Chappani, expecting to pay Haasan ₹15,000 since the actor had received ₹17,000 for Aayirathil Oruthi (1975). When Haasan asked for ₹30,000, Lakshmanan suggested that Bharathiraja offer the role to Sivakumar since the production unit could not afford Haasan's request; however, Bharathiraja saw Haasan as the ideal choice and agreed to pay him ₹27,000.


16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting
In 2017, Haasan recalled, "Years ago, a man sporting a soiled dhoti and shirt came to my office to narrate a script. Had I turned the offer down on the basis of his dirty clothes, I wouldn't have been here talking to you. After listening to the script, I realised that he was such a genius and the movie was the cult classic [16 Vayathinile], and he was none other than ace Bharathiraja sir".


16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting
Rajinikanth was cast as the village ruffian Parattaiyan. Bharathiraja stated in 2013 that although had finalised ₹3,000 as the salary for Rajinikanth after the latter initially charged ₹5,000, he ultimately paid ₹2,500 to him. Some years later, he stated that Rajinikanth's salary was lower than Haasan's due to the former not being an established star then, but added that he was uncertain about the exact salary details. 16 Vayathinile marked Rajinikanth's first appearance in a colour film.


16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting
Since the actor was not fluent in Tamil at the time, Bhagyaraj read him his lines and Rajinikanth repeated them until he mastered them. For the role of Mayil, Bharathiraja initially wanted a 16-year old girl, but after meeting 14-year old Sridevi, offered her the role, which he said would be down-to-earth and de-glamourised; to his surprise, Sridevi readily accepted.


16 Vayathinile, Production, Casting
For the role of Mayil's mother Kuruvammal, Bharathiraja wanted someone who could speak the village dialect fluently and chose Ganthimathi for her acting style. Receiving a salary of ₹150, Bhagyaraj was initially considered for the veterinarian's role but declined as he wanted to concentrate on directing; despite that, he still made a cameo appearance in the film. The role of the veterinarian went to newcomer Shabbir Ahmed, who was given the screen name Sathyajith during post-production. His scenes were shot in ten days. Sathyajith was not well-versed in Tamil at the time of auditioning but dubbed in his own voice, even though Bharathiraja offered to have someone else dub for him. Haasan, Sridevi, Rajinikanth and Gandhimathi were credited by their character names in the opening credits, rather than their actual names.


16 Vayathinile, Production, Filming
Shot mainly in Mysore and Kollegal, 16 Vayathinile was the first Tamil film made predominantly outdoors and no sets were used. Due to budgetary constraints the crew could not afford a camera which could film slow motion and Sridevi had to run in slow motion for the song "Chendoora Poove". For his character, Haasan grew his curly hair long and wore lungis and khadi high-buttoned shirts.


16 Vayathinile, Production, Filming
Bharathiraja also recalled that he showed a "handsome Kamal Haasan in an ugly way" as he wanted to prove that characters need not always be attractive, and to break this stereotype in the film industry. In 2017 at SICA function, Haasan recalled that he and Bharathiraja desired to take the film's cinematography like Ryan's Daughter (1970), but they did not have the required budget. The scene where Mayil spits on Parattai required several takes before Rajinikanth insisted that Sridevi actually spit on him for real.


16 Vayathinile, Production, Filming
While Bharathiraja wanted the film to follow a linear narration, it was Bhagyaraj's idea to begin the film with a flashback sequence. After the film completed its shoot, it was screened at least 20 times for the distributors and the narrative switched every time between the linear and non-linear versions. Eventually, Rajkannu himself released the film, with the flashback narrative. A sequence featuring faulty lip sync was retained in the final cut after going unnoticed. The budget of the film was ₹0.5 million (equivalent to ₹11 million or US$160,000 in 2019).


16 Vayathinile, Themes
16 Vayathinile focuses on rural Tamil Nadu, and the vulnerabilities of Mayil. Film critic Naman Ramachandran compared Parattaiyan to Rajinikanth's character Kondaji from Katha Sangama (1975), stating, "Like in that film, Rajinikanth is a card-playing wastrel with henchmen in tow. Just like the Thimmaraya character in Katha Sangama runs errands for Kondaji, here Chappani/Gopalakrishnan performs services for [Parattaiyan], but the similarity ends there because Thimmaraya is evil and Chappani is good."


16 Vayathinile, Themes
He also described 16 Vayathinile as the first film when a villainous character played by Rajinikanth does not have a change of heart or get away without being punished: "Here he pays for his deeds with his life." Saraswathy Srinivas of Rediff.com called Parattaiyan an "extension" of Rajinikanth's negative character from Moondru Mudichu (1976), but said that "the villainy is more pronounced and transparent here."


16 Vayathinile, Themes
Film scholar Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai noted that the film was marked by "ambiguous and dark protagonists, new subjectivity, [and] avoidance of clichéd and cathartic closures". Kumuthan Maderya, writing for Jump Cut, described 16 Vayathinile as a "neo-nativity" film — a story set in rural Tamil Nadu, valorising the rustic and foregrounding the lives of villagers. Ashis Nandy, in his 1998 book The Secret Politics of Our Desires, noted that doctors in Tamil films like 16 Vayathinile are always viewed with "a bit of suspicion" and remain complete outsiders "capable of seducing women and polluting the community".


16 Vayathinile, Music
The soundtrack album and background score for 16 Vayathinile were composed by Ilaiyaraaja with lyrics by Kannadasan, Gangai Amaran and Alangudi Somu. Ilaiyaraaja, in an April 2015 interview with Maalai Malar, stated that Kannadasan accepted salaries ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹1,500. Ilaiyaraaja requested Kannadasan to accept ₹750 citing the film's budget constraints, to which Kannadasan agreed. The album, released on EMI Records, blends folk and Western classical music.