173rd Support Battalion (United States), History of the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne)
In July 2013, the 173rd BSB deployed for a fourth time since its 2005 reactivation. This time, BSB Paratroopers deployed from Bamberg, Germany as part of Task Force Repel, back to Afghanistan and Regional Command – East, as a subordinate element of Task Force Bayonet conducting Security Force Assistance and Training (SFAT) Operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom XIII. The Battalion aligned a forward logistics element in Wardak Province, Afghanistan and the remainder of the battalion at Forward Operating Base Shank, Logar Province Afghanistan, where they executed the difficult task of reducing the footprint of the Brigade and retrograding critical military material while continuing to train their Afghan counterparts.


173rd Support Battalion (United States), History of the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion (Airborne)
The Battalion redeployed from combat operations in March 2013 and immediately began preparations to relocate from Bamberg, Germany to Vicenza, Italy to the newly completed Caserma Del Din where the Sky Soldiers of the 173rd BSB continue the distinction of honored service dating back to Vietnam and proudly represent the Airborne fighting spirit wherever they serve.


173rd Tunnelling Company
The 173rd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services. On 17 April 1915, 173rd Tunnelling Company became the first Royal Engineer tunnelling company to fire mines beneath enemy lines.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Background
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Laventie
From its formation in March 1915 until the end of the war 173rd Tunnelling Company served under Second Army in the Ypres Salient. It moved into the Fauquissart area near Laventie in northern France.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60
Mining and counter-mining had been going on at Hill 60 near Ypres for months before the formation of the first Royal Engineer tunnelling units. On 17 February 1915, British sappers at Hill 60 blew a small mine which they had taken over from the French, but without great effect. The Germans retaliated with a small mine at Zwarteleen, but were driven out of the British positions. On 21 February, however, they blew a large mine nearby, killing forty-seven men and ten officers of the 16th Lancers. In mid-March the Germans blew another large mine at Zwarteleen, creating a 9.1-metre (30 ft)  deep crater and damaging their own lines in the process.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60
In spring 1915, the newly formed 173rd Tunnelling Company was given the job of undertaking a major mining operation beneath Hill 60. In the first British offensive underground attack operation in the Ypres Salient, they laid six mines by 10 April 1915, an operation planned by Major-General E. Bulfin, commander of the 28th Division and continued by the 5th Division when the 28th Division was relieved.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60
Work beneath Hill 60 began early in March and three tunnels were begun towards the German line about 50 yards (46 m) away, a pit first having been dug some 16 feet (4.9 m) deep. Almost immediately the miners came upon dead bodies and quick-lime had to be brought over to cover them. By the time the work was finished, the tunnels stretched more than 100 yards (91 m).


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60
Two mines in the north were charged with 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of explosives each, two mines in the centre had 2,700 pounds (1,200 kg) charges and in the south one mine was packed with 500 pounds (230 kg) of guncotton, although work on it had been stopped when it ran close to a German tunnel. The explosive charges were ready on 15 April and on 17 April 1915 at 19:05 the mine group was fired.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Aubers Ridge
The unit was employed under the command of I Corps and the Indian Corps on operations in preparation for the Battle of Aubers Ridge on 9 May 1915, which formed part of the British contribution to the Second Battle of Artois (9 May – 18 June 1915). The Battle of Aubers Ridge marked only the second British use of specialist tunnelling companies, who tunnelled under no man's land and planted mines under the German defences to be blown at zero hour. 173rd Tunnelling Company  was also extended to the Rue du Bois and Red Lamp areas soon afterwards.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Cuinchy 1915
In summer 1915, the 173rd Tunnelling Company was employed under the command of the 2nd Division on operations near Cuinchy. 170th and 176th Tunnelling Company were also deployed under the 2nd Division at that time.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Loos 1916/17
In January 1916, the 173rd Tunnelling Company moved to the Hulluch-Loos area. The unit began sinking shafts and driving galleries to counter an enemy mining initiative immediately to the south and east of Loos. When 255th Tunnelling Company was formed the same month, some experienced officers and men from 173rd Tunnelling Company were attached to the new unit.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Loos 1916/17
From January 1916 to April 1917, 173rd Tunnelling Company  waged war underground on three levels ("Main", "Deep", "Deep Deep") in the Hill 70 - Copse - Double Crassier area of Loos, supported by the newly raised 258th Tunnelling Company which deployed in April 1916. This mining sector, together with Hulluch to the North, was then taken over by 3rd Australian Tunnelling Company until September 1918. By that time the enemy mining threat had ceased completely and the front was relatively quiet.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
In spring of 1917, 173rd Tunnelling Company moved to the Ypres Canal sector near Boezinge where it commenced work on the dugout at Yorkshire Trench. This was an addition to the existing fortification; it was a first line trench for about one year between summer or autumn 1916 until the summer of 1917. The completed Yorkshire Trench dugout then served as headquarters for the 13th and 16th Battalions of the Royal Welch Fusiliers at the start of the Battle of Passchendaele later that year.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
The BEF had decided to carry out all operations in the offensive of summer 1917 from deep dugouts. East of the Ypres Canal in the close vicinity of Yorkshire Trench there were several more dugouts, seven of which - all south and southeast of Yorkshire Trench - were finished by the 173rd or 179th Tunnelling Companies. Of these, Yorkshire Trench, Butt 18, Nile Trench and Heading Lane Dugout were double battalion headquarters, Bridge 6 was a brigade headquarters, and Lancashire Farm Dugout contained two battalion and two brigade headquarters.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient
The condition of the ground made digging the deep dugouts extremely difficult and dangerous. Work had to be carried out silently and secretly, facing an observant enemy who was only a few hundred metres away. About 180 dugout sites have been located in the Ypres Salient and in the 1990s some of them were entered, at least in part. Yorkshire Trench was rediscovered by amateur archaeologists and systematically excavated in 1998. Although the area is now part of a large industrial estate, the location was opened to the public in 2003 (). Yorkshire Trench is located close to the John McCrae memorial site at Essex Farm.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive
In March 1918, the 173rd Tunnelling Company were working alongside 177th Tunnelling Company on the Fifth Army's Green Line near Wiencourt on the Somme when the German spring offensive (21 March – 18 July 1918)  opened, and were ordered to halt an uncontrolled retreat by Allied units on the Guillaucourt-Marcelcave road. 253rd Tunnelling Company were also involved in the latter operation.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive
173rd Tunnelling Company played an important role in destroying the Somme bridges in an attempt to slow the enemy advance. On 25 March 1918, personnel of the unit were converted into infantry – called No 2 RE Battalion – for emergency purposes, along with other Royal Engineers troops from XIX Corps (see 258th Tunnelling Company).


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive
In April 1918, the 173rd and several other tunnelling companies (171st, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th and 3rd Australian) were forced to move from their camps at Boeschepe, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions during the Spring Offensive. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from Reningelst to near Saint-Omer. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st, 173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th, 3rd Canadian and 3rd Australian Tunnelling Companies.


173rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Armistice
After the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Captain D. Richards MC of the 173rd Tunnelling Company became the last officer of a tunnelling company of the Royal Engineers to leave French soil.


173rd meridian east
The meridian 173° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


173rd meridian east
The 173rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 7th meridian west.


173rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 173rd meridian east passes through:


173rd meridian west
The meridian 173° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


173rd meridian west
The 173rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 7th meridian east.


173rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 173rd meridian west passes through:


174
Year 174 (CLXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 927 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 174 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


174 (number)
174 (one hundred [and] seventy-four) is the natural number following 173 and preceding 175.


174 BC
Year 174 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paullulus and Scaevola (or, less frequently, year 580 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 174 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


174 Phaedra
Phaedra (minor planet designation: 174 Phaedra) is a sizable, rocky main belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on September 2, 1877, and named after Phaedra, the tragic lovelorn queen in Greek mythology.


174 Phaedra
The asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.84 years and an eccentricity of 0.14. Lightcurve data obtained from Phaedra indicates a rather irregular or elongated body. It has a cross-section size of ~35 km. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Shadowbox Observatory in Carmel, Indiana, during 2009 gave a light curve with a period of 4.96 ± 0.01 hours. This is consistent with previous studies in 1977, 1988, and 2008. The asteroid's pole of rotation lies just 5–16° away from the plane of the ecliptic.


1740
1740 (MDCCXL) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1740th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 740th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 40th  year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1740, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1740 Batavia massacre
The 1740 Batavia massacre (Dutch: Chinezenmoord, lit. ' Murder of the Chinese'; French: Meurtre des Chinois, lit. ' Murder of the Chinese'; Indonesian: Geger Pacinan, lit. ' Chinatown Tumult') was a pogrom in which Dutch soldiers and native collaborators killed ethnic Chinese residents of the port city of Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies. The violence in the city lasted from 9 October 1740 until 22 October, with minor skirmishes outside the walls continuing late into November that year. Historians have estimated that at least 10,000 ethnic Chinese were massacred; just 600 to 3,000 are believed to have survived.


1740 Batavia massacre
In September 1740, as unrest rose among the Chinese population, spurred by government repression and declining sugar prices, Governor-General Adriaan Valckenier declared that any uprising would be met with deadly force. On 7 October, hundreds of ethnic Chinese, many of them sugar mill workers, killed 50 Dutch soldiers, leading Dutch troops to confiscate all weapons from the Chinese populace and to place the Chinese under a curfew. Two days later, rumours of Chinese atrocities led other Batavian ethnic groups to burn Chinese houses along Besar River and Dutch soldiers to fire cannons at Chinese homes.


1740 Batavia massacre
The violence soon spread throughout Batavia, killing more Chinese. Although Valckenier declared an amnesty on 11 October, gangs of irregulars continued to hunt and kill Chinese until 22 October, when the governor-general called more forcefully for a cessation of hostilities. Outside the city walls, clashes continued between Dutch troops and rioting sugar mill workers. After several weeks of minor skirmishes, Dutch-led troops assaulted Chinese strongholds in sugar mills throughout the area.


1740 Batavia massacre
The following year, attacks on ethnic Chinese throughout Java sparked the two-year Java War that pitted ethnic Chinese and Javanese forces against Dutch troops. Valckenier was later recalled to the Netherlands and charged with crimes related to the massacre. The massacre figures heavily in Dutch literature, and is also cited as a possible etymology for the names of several areas in Jakarta.


1740 Batavia massacre, Background
During the early years of the Dutch colonisation of the East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), many people of Chinese descent were contracted as skilled artisans in the construction of Batavia on the northwestern coast of Java; they also served as traders, sugar mill workers, and shopkeepers. The economic boom, precipitated by trade between the East Indies and China via the port of Batavia, increased Chinese immigration to Java. The number of ethnic Chinese in Batavia grew rapidly, reaching a total of 10,000 by 1740. Thousands more lived outside the city walls. The Dutch colonials required them to carry registration papers, and deported those who did not comply to China.


1740 Batavia massacre, Background
The deportation policy was tightened during the 1730s, after an outbreak of malaria killed thousands, including the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Dirck van Cloon. According to Indonesian historian Benny G. Setiono, the outbreak was followed by increased suspicion and resentment in native Indonesians and the Dutch toward the ethnic Chinese, who were growing in number and whose wealth was increasingly visible.


1740 Batavia massacre, Background
As a result, Commissioner of Native Affairs Roy Ferdinand, under orders of Governor-General Adriaan Valckenier, decreed on 25 July 1740 that Chinese considered suspicious would be deported to Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and forced to harvest cinnamon. Wealthy Chinese were extorted by corrupt Dutch officials who threatened them with deportation; Stamford Raffles, an explorer, administrator and historian of Java, noted in 1830 that in some Javanese accounts, the Dutch were told by the Dutch-appointed Chinese headman of Batavia, Nie Hoe Kong, to deport all Chinese wearing black or blue because these were thought to be poor.


1740 Batavia massacre, Background
There were also rumours that deportees were not taken to their destinations but were thrown overboard once out of sight of Java, and in some accounts, they died when rioting on the ships. The deportation of ethnic Chinese caused unrest among the remaining Chinese, leading many Chinese workers to desert their jobs.


1740 Batavia massacre, Background
At the same time native occupants of Batavia, including the ethnic Betawi servants, became increasingly distrustful of the Chinese. Economic factors played a role: most natives were poor, and perceived the Chinese as occupying some of the most prosperous neighbourhoods in the city. Although the Dutch historian A.N. Paasman notes that at the time the Chinese were the "Jews of Asia", the actual situation was more complicated. Many poor Chinese living in the area around Batavia were sugar mill workers who felt exploited by the Dutch and Chinese elites equally.


1740 Batavia massacre, Background
Rich Chinese owned the mills and were involved in revenue farming and shipping; they drew income from milling and the distillation of arak, a molasses and rice-based alcoholic beverage. However, the Dutch overlords set the price for sugar, which itself caused unrest. Because of the decline of worldwide sugar prices that began in the 1720s caused by an increase in exports to Europe and competition from the West Indies, the sugar industry in the East Indies had suffered considerably. By 1740, worldwide sugar prices had dropped to half the price in 1720. As sugar was a major export, this caused considerable financial difficulties for the colony.


1740 Batavia massacre, Background
Initially some members of the Council of the Indies (Raad van Indië) believed that the Chinese would never attack Batavia, and stronger measures to control the Chinese were blocked by a faction led by Valckenier's political opponent, the former governor of Zeylan Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, who returned to Batavia in 1738. Large numbers of Chinese arrived outside Batavia from nearby settlements, however, and on 26 September Valckenier called an emergency meeting of the council, during which he gave orders to respond to any ethnic Chinese uprisings with deadly force. This policy continued to be opposed by van Imhoff's faction; Vermeulen (1938) suggested that the tension between the two colonial factions played a role in the ensuing massacre.


1740 Batavia massacre, Background
On the evening of 1 October Valckenier received reports that a crowd of a thousand Chinese had gathered outside the gate, angered by his statements at the emergency meeting five days earlier. This report was received incredulously by Valckenier and the council. However, after the murder of a Balinese sergeant by the Chinese outside the walls, the council decided to take extraordinary measures and reinforce the guard. Two groups of 50 Europeans and some native porters were sent to outposts on the south and east sides of the city, and a plan of attack was formulated.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre
After groups of Chinese sugar mill workers revolted using custom-made weapons to loot and burn mills, hundreds of ethnic Chinese, suspected to have been led by Nie Hoe Kong, killed 50 Dutch soldiers in Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara) and Tanah Abang on 7 October. In response, the Dutch sent 1,800 regular troops, accompanied by schutterij (militia) and eleven battalions of conscripts to stop the revolt; they established a curfew and cancelled plans for a Chinese festival.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre
Fearing that the Chinese would conspire against the colonials by candlelight, those inside the city walls were forbidden to light candles and were forced to surrender everything "down to the smallest kitchen knife". The following day the Dutch repelled an attack by up to 10,000 ethnic Chinese, led by groups from nearby Tangerang and Bekasi, at the city's outer walls; Raffles wrote that 1,789 Chinese died in this attack. In response, Valckenier called another meeting of the council on 9 October.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre
Meanwhile, rumours spread among the other ethnic groups in Batavia, including slaves from Bali and Sulawesi, Bugis, and Balinese troops, that the Chinese were plotting to kill, rape, or enslave them. These groups pre-emptively burned houses belonging to ethnic Chinese along Besar River. The Dutch followed this with an assault on Chinese settlements elsewhere in Batavia in which they burned houses and killed people. The Dutch politician and critic of colonialism W. R. van Hoëvell wrote that "pregnant and nursing women, children, and trembling old men fell on the sword. Defenseless prisoners were slaughtered like sheep".


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre
Troops under Lieutenant Hermanus van Suchtelen and Captain Jan van Oosten, a survivor from Tanah Abang, took station in the Chinese district: Suchtelen and his men positioned themselves at the poultry market, while van Oosten's men held a post along the nearby canal. At around 5:00 p.m., the Dutch opened fire on Chinese-occupied houses with cannon, causing them to catch fire. Some Chinese died in the burning houses, while others were shot upon leaving their homes or committed suicide in desperation.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre
Those who reached the canal near the housing district were killed by Dutch troops waiting in small boats, while other troops searched in between the rows of burning houses, killing any survivors they found. These actions later spread throughout the city. Vermeulen notes that many of the perpetrators were sailors and other "irregular and bad elements" of society. During this period there was heavy looting and seizures of property.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Massacre
The following day the violence continued to spread, and Chinese patients in a hospital were taken outside and killed. Attempts to extinguish fires in areas devastated the preceding day failed, and the flames increased in vigour, and continued until 12 October. Meanwhile, a group of 800 Dutch soldiers and 2,000 natives assaulted Kampung Gading Melati, where a group of Chinese survivors were holding up under the leadership of Khe Pandjang. Although the Chinese evacuated to nearby Paninggaran, they were later driven out of the area by Dutch forces. There were approximately 450 Dutch and 800 Chinese casualties in the two attacks.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence
On 11 October Valckenier unsuccessfully requested that officers control their troops and stop the looting. Two days later the council established a reward of two ducats for every Chinese head surrendered to the soldiers as an incentive for the other ethnic groups to assist in the purge. As a result, ethnic Chinese who had survived the initial assault were hunted by gangs of irregulars, who killed those Chinese they found for the reward. The Dutch worked with natives in different parts of Batavia; ethnic Bugis and Balinese grenadiers were sent to reinforce the Dutch on 14 October.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence
On 22 October Valckenier called for all killings to cease. In a lengthy letter in which he blamed the unrest entirely on the Chinese rebels, Valckenier offered an amnesty to all Chinese, except for the leaders of the unrest, on whose heads he placed a bounty of up to 500 rijksdaalders.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence
Outside the walls skirmishes between the Chinese rebels and the Dutch continued. On 25 October, after almost two weeks of minor skirmishes, 500 armed Chinese approached Cadouwang (now Angke), but were repelled by cavalry under the command of Ridmeester Christoffel Moll and Cornets Daniel Chits and Pieter Donker.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence
The following day the cavalry, which consisted of 1,594 Dutch and native forces, marched on the rebel stronghold at the Salapadjang sugar mill, first gathered in the nearby woods and then set the mill on fire while the rebels were inside; another mill at Boedjong Renje was taken in the same manner by another group. Fearful of the oncoming Dutch, the Chinese retreated to a sugar mill in Kampung Melayu, four hours from Salapadjang; this stronghold fell to troops under Captain Jan George Crummel. After defeating the Chinese and retaking Qual, the Dutch returned to Batavia. Meanwhile, the fleeing Chinese, who were blocked to the west by 3,000 troops from the Sultanate of Banten, headed east along the north coast of Java; by 30 October it was reported that the Chinese had reached Tangerang.


1740 Batavia massacre, Incident, Follow-up and further violence
A ceasefire order reached Crummel on 2 November, upon which he and his men returned to Batavia after stationing a contingent of 50 men at Cadouwang. When he arrived at noon there were no more Chinese stationed at the walls. On 8 November the Sultanate of Cirebon sent between 2,000 and 3,000 native troops to reinforce the city guard. Looting continued until at least 28 November, and the last native troops stood down at the end of that month.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
Most accounts of the massacre estimate that 10,000 Chinese were killed within Batavia's city walls, while at least another 500 were seriously wounded. Between 600 and 700 Chinese-owned houses were raided and burned. Vermeulen gives a figure of 600 survivors, while the Indonesian scholar A.R.T. Kemasang estimates that 3,000 Chinese survived. The Indonesian historian Benny G. Setiono notes that 500 prisoners and hospital patients were killed, and a total of 3,431 people survived. The massacre was followed by an "open season" against the ethnic Chinese throughout Java, causing another massacre in 1741 in Semarang, and others later in Surabaya and Gresik.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
As part of conditions for the cessation of violence, all of Batavia's ethnic Chinese were moved to a pecinan, or Chinatown, outside of the city walls, now known as Glodok. This allowed the Dutch to monitor the Chinese more easily. To leave the pecinan, ethnic Chinese required special passes. By 1743, however, ethnic Chinese had already returned to inner Batavia; several hundred merchants operated there. Other ethnic Chinese led by Khe Pandjang fled to Central Java where they attacked Dutch trading posts, and were later joined by troops under the command of the Javanese sultan of Mataram, Pakubuwono II. Though this further uprising was quashed in 1743, conflicts in Java continued almost without interruption for the next 17 years.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
On 6 December 1740 van Imhoff and two fellow councillors were arrested on the orders of Valckenier for insubordination, and on 13 January 1741, they were sent to the Netherlands on separate ships; they arrived on 19 September 1741. In the Netherlands, van Imhoff convinced the council that Valckenier was to blame for the massacre and delivered an extensive speech entitled "Consideratiën over den tegenwoordigen staat van de Ned. O.I. Comp." ("Considerations on the Current Condition of the Dutch East Indies Company") on 24 November.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
As a result of the speech, the charges against him and the other councillors were dismissed. On 27 October 1742 van Imhoff was sent back to Batavia on the Hersteller as the new governor-general of the East Indies, with high expectations from the Lords XVII, the leadership of the Dutch East India Company. He arrived in the Indies on 26 May 1743.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
Valckenier had asked to be replaced late in 1740, and in February 1741 had received a reply instructing him to appoint van Imhoff as his successor; an alternative account indicates that the Lords XVII informed him that he was to be replaced by van Imhoff as punishment for exporting too much sugar and too little coffee in 1739 and thus causing large financial losses. By the time Valckenier received the reply, van Imhoff was already on his way back to the Netherlands. Valckenier left the Indies on 6 November 1741, after appointing a temporary successor, Johannes Thedens.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
Taking command of a fleet, Valckenier headed for the Netherlands. On 25 January 1742 he arrived in Cape Town but was detained, and investigated by governor Hendrik Swellengrebel by order of the Lords XVII. In August 1742 Valckenier was sent back to Batavia, where he was imprisoned in Fort Batavia and, three months later, tried on several charges, including his involvement in the massacre. In March 1744 he was convicted and condemned to death, and all his belongings were confiscated. In December 1744 the trial was reopened when Valckenier gave a lengthy statement to defend himself.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
Valckenier asked for more evidence from the Netherlands, but died in his prison cell on 20 June 1751, before the investigation was completed. The death penalty was rescinded posthumously in 1755. Vermeulen characterises the investigation as unfair and fuelled by popular outrage in the Netherlands, and arguably this was officially recognised because in 1760 Valckenier's son, Adriaan Isaäk Valckenier, received reparations totalling 725,000 gulden.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
Sugar production in the area suffered greatly after the massacre, as many of the Chinese who had run the industry had been killed or were missing. It began to recover after the new governor-general, van Imhoff, "colonised" Tangerang. He initially intended for men to come from the Netherlands and work the land; he considered those already settled in the Indies to be lazy. However, he was unable to attract new settlers because of high taxes and thus sold the land to those already in Batavia.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
As he had expected, the new land-owners were unwilling to "soil their hands", and quickly rented out the land to ethnic Chinese. Production rose steadily after this, but took until the 1760s to reach pre-1740 levels, after which it again diminished. The number of mills also declined. In 1710 there had been 131, but by 1750 the number had fallen to 66.


1740 Batavia massacre, Aftermath
After the 1740 massacre, it became apparent over the ensuing decades through a series of considerations that Batavia needed Chinese people for a long list of trades. Considerable Chinese economic expansion occurred in the late eighteenth century, and by 1814 there were 11,854 Chinese people within the total of 47,217  inhabitants.


1740 Batavia massacre, Legacy
Vermeulen described the massacre as "one of the most striking events in 18th-century [Dutch] colonialism". In his doctoral dissertation, W. W. Dharmowijono notes that the attack has figured heavily in Dutch literature, early examples of which include a poem by Willem van Haren that condemned the massacre (dating from 1742) and an anonymous poem, from the same period, critical of the Chinese. Raffles wrote in 1830 that Dutch historical records are "far from complete or satisfactory".


1740 Batavia massacre, Legacy
Dutch historian Leonard Blussé writes that the massacre indirectly led to the rapid expansion of Batavia, and institutionalised a modus vivendi that led to a dichotomy between the ethnic Chinese and other groups, which could still be felt in the late 20th century. The massacre may also have been a factor in the naming of numerous areas in Jakarta.


1740 Batavia massacre, Legacy
One possible etymology for the name of the Tanah Abang district (meaning "red earth") is that it was named for the Chinese blood spilled there; van Hoëvell suggests that the naming was a compromise to make the Chinese survivors accept amnesty more quickly. The name Rawa Bangke, for a subdistrict of East Jakarta, may be derived from the colloquial Indonesian word for corpse, bangkai, due to the great number of ethnic Chinese killed there; a similar etymology has been suggested for Angke in Tambora.


1740 Broadway
1740 Broadway (formerly the MONY Building or Mutual of New York Building) is a 26-story building in Midtown Manhattan in New York City owned by EQ Office. Located on the east side of Broadway between West 55th and 56th Streets, it shares a trapezoid-shaped city block with the Park Central Hotel.


1740 Broadway, Signage on the facade
Its most famous attribute was once a sign at the top of its facade which advertised for Mutual of New York, the structure's original owner. The first version spelled out the entire name, with the first letter of each of the words in it (MONY) being red neon lighting which was twice the size of the rest. It was in this form that the sign served as both the inspiration for Tommy James and the Shondells' 1968 hit single "Mony Mony" and as a motif in Midnight Cowboy. The subsequent version was the corporate logo, which was the insurance company's acronym with a dollar sign inside the "O."


1740 Broadway, Signage on the facade
The MONY sign was removed by Vornado in December 2007, and replaced with "1740" to reflect its street address. The numerals, 8 1⁄2 feet (2.6 meters) tall and in Futura typeface, are illuminated at night by white light-emitting diodes.


1740 Broadway, The Weather Star
Perched on the roof is the Weather Star, a 150-foot (46 m) tower of lights topped with a star which was built by Artkraft Strauss. The star was green if the following day's weather forecast was fair, orange for cloudy, flashing orange for rain and flashing white for snow. The direction the lights on the tower moved depended on whether the temperatures were expected to rise or fall; absence of movement meant no change. The Weather Star is still operable, but is no longer used for meteorological forecasting purposes. At the base of the tower is a four-sided electronic digital board that has always displayed the current time and temperature.


1740 Broadway, The Weather Star
Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York built the structure in 1950 for its corporate headquarters. The architect Shreve, Lamb and Harmon also designed the Empire State Building. It left the building after being acquired by AXA. Mutual Insurance had been renamed MONY Life Insurance Company in 1998. The building was completely renovated in 2007.


1740 English cricket season
The 1740 English cricket season was the 44th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of eight matches. Each of the surviving match records features London Cricket Club with half the known matches played at the Artillery Ground in Finsbury.


1740 English cricket season, Other events
Thomas Waymark, who had been employed by the Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond as a groom, relocated to Bray, Berkshire where he was employed by the cricket enthusiast Mr Darville, and took part in matches organised by him.


1740 English cricket season, Other events
In a letter from Goodwood House to his friend Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, the Duke of Richmond mentioned several local people including "John Newland, that you must remember". This is the first mention in the sources of the Newland brothers who were members of Slindon Cricket Club.


1740 Paavo Nurmi
1740 Paavo Nurmi, provisional designation 1939 UA, is rare-type asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter.


1740 Paavo Nurmi
It was discovered on 18 October 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was named after Finnish distance runner Paavo Nurmi.


1740 Paavo Nurmi, Orbit and classification
Paavo Nurmi orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,415 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1740 Paavo Nurmi, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1933 DD at Heidelberg Observatory in 1933. This observation, however, remained unused and the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in 1939.


1740 Paavo Nurmi, Physical characteristics
On the Tholen taxonomic scheme, Paavo Nurmi has been characterized as a rare F-type asteroid, a subtype of the carbonaceous asteroids, which are common in the outer, but not in the inner main-belt.


1740 Paavo Nurmi, Physical characteristics
Paavo Nurmi has an absolute magnitude of 13.24. According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 12.76 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.046. As of 2017, its rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1740 Paavo Nurmi, Naming
This minor planet was named for famed Turku-born Finnish distance runner Paavo Nurmi, also known as The Flying Finn, who won nine Olympic gold medals and set 22 official world records at distances between 1,500 metres and 20 kilometres. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Description of making and using Mi'kmaw canoes, both moosehide (in past) and birchbark currently used


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Woman in Montreal who needs money sells enslaved 20-year-old Pawnee named Manon for 300 livres "in receipts from the Beaver trade"


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
In spring and summer, Joseph La France canoes Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, meeting Monsoni Ojibwe and "Sturgeon Indians"


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Suffering from gout, Jesuit ministers to Indigenous people, parish of 400 and distant members of his flock near Montreal (Note: "savages" used)


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Council president Paul Mascarene "notifies the Indians and inhabitants" of Nova Scotia that King has declared war on King of Spain


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
To preserve "Indulgence they have heitherto Enjoyed," Acadians are reminded to conform to government orders and decisions


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Mascarene letter (summary) ends with warning to Acadians to be loyal or face reaction that "will involve the innocent with the guilty"


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Acadian deputies to handle "restless spirits" so that "community may not make itself suspected, and avoid the ruin which may overtake it"


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Mascarene specifies some civil service roles, and is concerned that in "these thirty years past," Protestants have not peopled Nova Scotia


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Handling Acadians' need for new land when it is allowed only to Protestants means letting them take land anyway or expelling them


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Fearing unauthorized priest will direct when "a stroke" is to be given their government, Council decides his community must expel him


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Priests forbidden to excommunicate "Whereby to Deprive His Majesty's Subjects[... ]of Assistance or means To Procure their Livelyhood"


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Mascarene advises missionary priest of King's supremacy over both Catholic Church and his conduct in Nova Scotia


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Mascarene reports that some shippers into and out of Nova Scotia are not clearing with port authorities


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
"Succeeded far above our Expectations" - "Indian trade" at Oswego has undercut prices at Montreal by half and increased trade fivefold


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
"Be always on your Guard" - Hudson's Bay Company urges Bay staff to be prepared for (probably unlikely) attack by Spanish


1740 in Canada, Historical documents
Given war with Spain and perhaps France, chief factor at Prince of Wales Fort cancels next year's northern expedition in order to augment defences


1740 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1740.


1740 in poetry
—first stanza of James Thomson's "Rule, Britannia", written for the masque Alfred


1740 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1740 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1740 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1740 in science
The year 1740 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1740 papal conclave
The 1740 papal conclave (18 February – 17 August), convoked after the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, was one of the longest conclaves since the 13th century.


1740 papal conclave
The initial favourite to succeed as pope, the elderly Pietro Ottoboni (1667–1740), Dean of the College of Cardinals, died shortly after the beginning of the conclave, and cardinals loyal to the House of Bourbon repeatedly proposed Pompeo Aldrovandi, but eventually had to accept that he could not secure two-thirds of the votes.


1740 papal conclave
After six months, other possible candidates had also failed, and Prospero Lambertini, Archbishop of Bologna, who had been a cardinal since 9 December 1726, was elected. He took the name Benedict XIV.


1740 papal conclave, The conclave
The conclave began on 18 February 1740, following the funeral of Clement XII, and lasted for six months.


1740 papal conclave, The conclave
At the outset, only thirty-two Cardinals entered into the conclave, in which there was an expectation that the elderly Pietro Ottoboni (1667–1740), a Cardinal for more than fifty years and Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, would be chosen to succeed Clement XII. However, opposition to Ottoboni was raised because of his protective relationship with France. After a few days he was taken seriously ill, left the conclave on 25 February, and died on 29 February. Ottoboni's place as Dean was taken by Tommaso Ruffo, vice-dean of the Sacred College.


1740 papal conclave, The conclave
As more cardinals arrived in Rome and entered into the conclave, a group of the French formed an alliance with the Austrians and with the Spanish cardinals from Naples and Tuscany. The cardinals loyal to the Bourbons proposed the name of Pompeo Aldrovandi, but he fell just short of securing the two-thirds majority required. For forty days, his nomination was voted on unsuccessfully before it became clear he could not be elected.


1740 papal conclave, The conclave
There was considerable and lengthy confusion, with a series of names advanced, all of whom failed to find the necessary level of support. After long deliberation, Cardinal Lambertini, a canon lawyer, was proposed as a compromise candidate, and he is reported to have said to the College of Cardinals "If you wish to elect a saint, choose Gotti; a statesman, Aldrovandi; an honest man, me". This appears to have assisted his cause, which also benefited from his reputation for deep learning, gentleness, wisdom, and conciliation in policy.


1740 papal conclave, The conclave, The election of Benedict XIV
In the words of one historian, the College of Cardinals was


1740 papal conclave, The conclave, The election of Benedict XIV
"...too sensible of their own weakness to risk giving offense to the neighboring courts, At length they fixed on a man who was at least unlikely to be offensive, as he had never in his life been engaged in diplomatic affairs, either as ambassador or nuncio. This was Prospero Lambertini, a native of Bologna.


1740 papal conclave, The conclave, The election of Benedict XIV
On 17 August in the evening, Lambertini was elected Pope, receiving the ballots of more than the required two-thirds of the fifty-one Cardinals present. Lambertini accepted his election and took the name of Benedict XIV in honour of his friend and patron Pope Benedict XIII. It had been one of the longer conclaves, though far from the longest. Benedict was crowned a few days later in the loggia of the Vatican Basilica.


1740 papal conclave, Other witnesses
Giovanni Angelo Braschi, later Pope Pius VI, attended the conclave while still a layman as assistant to Cardinal Ruffo.


1740 papal conclave, Other witnesses
The young Horace Walpole, who was in Rome at the time, attempted to attend the coronation but gave up because he found the waiting interminable. He wrote to his friend and cousin Conway "I am sorry to have lost the sight of the Pope's coronation, but I might have staid for seeing it till I had been old enough to be Pope myself."


1740 papal conclave, List of participants
Of the sixty-eight cardinals living at the death of Pope Clement XII, four died during the sede vacante and fifty-one took part in the final ballot. :


1740s
The 1740s decade ran from January 1, 1740, to December 31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason.


1740s
Military and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa of Austria’s struggle to succeed the various crowns of her father King Charles VI led to a war involving nearly all European states in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually spilling over to North America with the War of Jenkins’ Ear (which went on to involve many of the West’s first ferocious maritime battles). Capitalism grew robust following the fallout of the South Sea bubble two decades and the subsequent reign of Sir Robert Walpole, whose rule ended on the earlier half of this decade.


1740s BC
The 1740s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1749 BC to December 31, 1740 BC.


1740s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1740s in South Africa.


1740s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1740 - 1749 to Wales and its people.


1740s in archaeology
The decade of the 1740s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1741
1741 (MDCCXLI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1741st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 741st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 41st  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1741, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1741 British general election
The 1741 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 9th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.


1741 British general election
The election saw support for the government party increase in the quasi-democratic constituencies which were decided by popular vote, but the Whigs lost control of a number of rotten and pocket boroughs, partly as a result of the influence of the Prince of Wales, and were consequently re-elected with the barest of majorities in the Commons, Walpole's supporters only narrowly outnumbering his opponents.


1741 British general election
Partly as a result of the election, and also due to the crisis created by naval defeats in the war with Spain, Walpole was finally forced out of office on 11 February 1742, after his government was defeated in a motion of no confidence concerning a supposedly rigged by-election. His supporters were then able to reconcile partially with the Patriot Whigs to form a new government, and the Tories remained excluded from any realistic hope of forming a government.


1741 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1741 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 30 April 1741 and 11 June 1741.


1741 British general election, Dates of election
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1741 English cricket season
The 1741 English cricket season was the 45th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of nine significant matches, including the first known appearance of Slindon Cricket Club. The earliest known tie in an elevel-a-side match occurred.


1741 English cricket season, Recorded matches
The Duchess of Richmond wrote to her husband on 9 September, and said she "wish’d..... that the Sussex mobb had thrash'd the Surrey mob". She had "a grudge to those fellows ever since they mob'd you" (apparently a reference to the Richmond Green fiasco in August 1731). She then said she wished the Duke "had won more of their moneys".


1741 English cricket season, Recorded matches
A single -wicket match was played on 8 June between five players of London and five of Surrey at the Artillery Ground for £20 a side. The result is unknown.


1741 English cricket season, Other events
The earliest known match in Bedfordshire took place on 10 August involving Bedfordshire and a team from Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire. The match was hosted by John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, who captained Bedfordshire. The Northants/Hunts team included its patrons George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax (Northants) and John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (Hunts). A further match followed between the two teams at Cow Meadow, Northampton on 15 August which is the earliest known match in Northamptonshire.


1741 English cricket season, Other events
There was a match at Wotton Underwood in Buckinghamshire that was reportedly attended by 6,000 people. Details, including the date, are unknown except that the patrons were the Duke of Bedford (who lost) and Richard Grenville.


1741 English cricket season, Other events
Among the main primary sources for the events of the 1741 season are letters written by Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond and his wife Duchess Sarah. The Duchess took a keen interest in all the Duke's doings including his cricket. Several references and letters written by her, including some financial accounts, have survived. In other letters to Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, the Duke spoke about a game on 28 July which resulted in a brawl with "hearty blows" and "broken heads." The game was at Portslade between Slindon and unnamed opponents.


1741 Giclas
1741 Giclas (prov. designation: 1960 BC) is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1960, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It is named for astronomer Henry L. Giclas.


1741 Giclas, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family, a group consisting of about 200 known bodies. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,789 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. Its first used observation was taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1953, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1741 Giclas, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Between 2004 and 2014, several lightcurves of Giclas gave a rotation period between 2.92 and 3.107 hours with an brightness variation between 0.10 and 0.15 magnitude (U=3-/3/3/2).


1741 Giclas, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Giclas measures 12.50 and 15.06 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo in the range of 0.260 to 0.374.


1741 Giclas, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 13.60 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.5.


1741 Giclas, Naming
This minor planet was named in honour of American astronomer Henry Lee Giclas (1910–2007), longtime staff member of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, where he discovered 17 minor planets and the comet 84P/Giclas. Giclas responsibility included the programs of minor planet positions and stellar proper motions, using the 13-inch Lawrence Lowell Telescope. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami
The devastating eruption of Oshima–Ōshima began on the 18th of August, 1741 and ended on May 1 the next year. Eleven days into the eruption, the Kampo tsunami (Japanese: 寛保津波, Hepburn: Kampo tsunami) with estimated maximum heights of over 90 meters swept across neighboring islands in Japan and the Korean Peninsula.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Background
Japan is situated along a zone of convergence between the at least four major and minor tectonic plates. The Philippine Sea Plate dives beneath the Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate along the Nankai Trough and Ryukyu Trench in southern Japan. In northern Japan, the Pacific Plate subducts beneath the Okhotsk Plate, part of the larger North American Plate, along the Japan and Kruil trenches. The subduction process is related to the production of volcanoes in Japan as the downgoing oceanic slab undergoes dehydration at depths of roughly 90 to 100 km beneath the overriding plate. Water in the structure of hydrated minerals interact with the upper mantle, lowering its melting point. As the mantle begins to melt, its density decreases and rises through the upper crust, forming a volcanic vent.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Background
Part of the so–called Ring of Fire, Japan is not only volcanically active, but also one of the most earthquake prone regions in the world. The largest earthquakes occur at subduction zones off the eastern coast of Japan. A submarine 9.1 Mw  megathrust earthquake off the Tōhoku coast in March 2011 which caused a devastating tsunami was a result of rupture on the subduction megathrust interface.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Background, Oshima Island
Oshima is the uninhabited island located in the Sea of Japan, approximately 60 km west of the Oshima Peninsula on the larger island Hokkaidō. The island consists of two basaltic and andesitic stratovolcanic peaks, the highest measuring 737 meters above sea level. No records of eruptions prior to the 1741–42 eruption exists due to the remoteness of the island although some fumaroles were documented. The most recent record of an eruption was in 1790. Activity resurfaced in 1996 with seismic unrest beneath the island but no eruption occurred.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami
The initial eruption began on the 18th of August and was visible from Hokkaido by the 23rd. By the 25th, so much ash had been ejected that sunlight was blocked out. Ash fall measured up to over 20 centimeters at places. On August 29 at 05:00, a second and more violent eruption took place on the island and was followed–up by a large tsunami up to 90 meters. The tsunami engulfed many coastal villages and towns along the shores of the Sea of Japan. While the eruption itself did not result in any casualties, the ensuing tsunami drowned over 2,000 people.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami
In Kaminokuni, the waves reportedly wiped out 50 homes and drowned all but one of its residents. Ishizaki, a city separated from the sea by a ridge 19.4 meters above sea level, was also engulfed by the tsunami. Around Matsumae Peninsula, heavy ash fall from the eruption blocked out the sun and plunged villages into darkness. A tsunami arrived along the shores at some time between 20:00 and 22:00. More than 729 homes were washed away and 33 others were seriously damaged. The tsunami also took with it two warehouses and destroyed 25. Wave heights reportedly exceeded 9 meters.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami
Along the 120 km length from Kumaishi to Nebuta, at least 1,467 inhabitants lost their lives. Some 1,521 fishing boats and ships near the erupting volcanic island were also destroyed by the waves. One hundred and forty (140) people were killed while 53 vessels and 83 houses were lost to the waves in Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture on the island of Honshu.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami
Run–up heights of 60 to 90 meters were apparently observed by eyewitnesses at Sado Island, Niigata, at least 400 km from Oshima Oshima, according to a 1984 catalogue. Oral records, however, suggest the highest tsunami waves topped 34 meters and written documentation on the tsunami presented a height of 13 meters.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Kampo tsunami
On the Korean Peninsula, the tsunami slammed into the east coast, flooding nine villages and demolishing many fishing vessels. The tsunami was documented five times in the annals of the Joseon dynasty. Estimation of wave heights along the coast range from 3 meters to 4 meters.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins
The source of the Kampo Tsunami is still debated among scientists, claiming an earthquake, debris avalanche or some other phenomenon caused the tsunami. There is still no consesus in the debate but much evidence points to a landslide and debris avalanche along the flank of the volcano.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Earthquake
Off the western coast of Hokkaidō and northern Honshu, at the eastern brink of the Sea of Japan lies a convergent plate boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk plates, microplates of the Eurasian and North American plates respectively. The convergent boundary is the source for many historically documented tsunamigenic earthquakes in 1833, 1940, 1964, 1983 and most recently, the 1993 southwest off Hokkaido earthquake.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Earthquake
Based on analysing records of the tsunami heights, a large magnitude 7.5–8.4 earthquake along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan would have been sufficient enough to generate the wave heights as observed in 1741. The earthquake hypothesis however is challenged because no records of shaking from an earthquake exists. A 1995 research article suggested the 1741 tsunami may have been caused by an earthquake that ruptured a present–day seismic gap on the plate boundary between the rupture zones of the 1833 and 1983 earthquakes.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Earthquake
Because of the absence of documented shaking caused by a possibly large earthquake (Mt  7.5–8.4), scientists interpreted the event had characteristics similar to a tsunami earthquake. Such events involve a slower than usual rupture propagation along a thrust fault. An event of this sort would go undetected by humans because of the lack of short–period ground motions. The earthquake theory also did not rule out the possibility of the volcano collapsing because of the extreme tsunami run–ups. However, there has been no attempts to conduct submarine surveys in the Sea of Japan to confirm the claim of seismic activity along the plate boundary.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Sector collapse
A landslide and debris avalanche involving a subaerial and submerged portion of the volcanic island has been the more accepted source mechanism of the large tsunami. With an initial height of 850 meters, the event reduced the elevation of Hishi–yama peak to 722 meters. An estimated 2.4 km3 section of the volcano came loose and fell into the seafloor and settled towards the north of the island, similar to that during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens which was 2.3 km3.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Sector collapse
The slide deposit on the seafloor has a thickness of 36 ± 2 meters by average and  182 ± 10 meters at maximum. The debris field presently covers an area calculated at 69 ± 4 km2 and extends up to 16 km away from the island. This would make it the second largest historical volcanic sector failure in history, alongside the 1888 eruption of Ritter Island.


1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami, Origins, Sector collapse
A more recent study in 2019, however, stated that the slide volume was 2.2 km3, a significant difference from the 2001 research. The same paper also implied that the maximum thickness of the landslide is 300 meters and an area 14 kilometers by 9 kilometers is buried under debris.


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Sloop "Sarah" (Abraham Brasher, captain) lands in Newfoundland with enslaved people purchased in New York


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Wanting new trade and discoveries, Hudson's Bay Company countermands Chief Factor Richard Norton's order to stop search for Northwest Passage


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Captain seeking Northwest Passage ordered to "cultivate a Friendship and Alliance" with Indigenous people living by "Western American Ocean"


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Hudson's Bay Company states objections to Capt. Middleton visiting their forts while searching for Northwest Passage


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
After much fruitless proselytizing, Jesuit missionary converts everyone at "Mission of l'Assomption among the Hurons" (Note: "savages" used)


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Haudenosaunee who bring enslaved Chickasaw to Kahnawake no longer burn them, but adopt and convert them (Note: "savages" used)


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Board of Trade warned that Acadians smuggle commodities (sometimes "whole droves of Cattle") to Île-Royale via many east coast harbours


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council "follow the Antient laws & Customs" of Acadians, except where royal rights or British laws are involved


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Council president Paul Mascarene says priests cannot govern "the Temporall by the Spirituall, Incroaching [and] Endeavouring" to rule parishes


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Among many warnings, Mascarene says if Acadians devalue British leniency, "we shall find a way to make them repent [slighting] so good an offer"


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Council secretary's widow needs his debtors to pay up so she can buy merchandise in Boston to sell and pay his debts


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
New York lieutenant governor calls for funding of new chapel for Kanien’kéhà:ka, as requested by their sachems


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Deed by which Seneca sachems sell large tract of land in Albany County, New York to Crown


1741 in Canada, Historical documents
Example of music (notes and lyrics) of Indigenous people in Nova Scotia


1741 in France
A list of events from the year 1741 in France.


1741 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1741.


1741 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1741 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1741 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1741 in science
The year 1741 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1741 to 1745 in sports
Events in world sport through the years 1741 to 1745.


1741 to 1745 in sports, Sources
This year in sport article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1742
1742 (MDCCXLII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1742nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 742nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 42nd  year of the 18th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1742, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1742 English cricket season
The 1742 English cricket season was the 46th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of ten significant matches, including two famous matches London and Slindon in September.


1742 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1742 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on January 24. The result was the election of Charles Albert of Bavaria, the first non-Habsburg emperor in hundreds of years.


1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession
On October 3, 1700, weeks before his death, the childless and severely disabled Charles II of Spain named Philip V of Spain, his sister's grandson and the grandson of the French king Louis XIV of France, heir to the entire Spanish Empire. The possession by the House of Bourbon of the French and Spanish thrones threatened the balance of power in Europe. England, Austria and the Dutch Republic, fearing this threat, resurrected the Grand Alliance in support of the claim of Archduke Charles, then a young man of fifteen.


1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession
The Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I had married another sister of Charles II in 1666, and in 1685 their daughter surrendered her right to the Spanish throne to Archduke Charles, Leopold's son from a later marriage. The first hostilities of the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in June 1701. The Grand Alliance declared war on France in May 1702.


1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession
That same year, Maximilian II Emanuel, the elector of Bavaria, and his brother Joseph Clemens of Bavaria, the elector of Cologne, joined France in support of Philip's claim to the Spanish succession. They were quickly forced into flight and were deprived of their electorates by the Imperial Diet in 1706. They did not participate in the imperial election of 1711, which elected Archduke Charles as Charles VI.


1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession was ended by the treaties of Utrecht, Rastatt and Baden. The last of these, signed on September 7, 1714, restored the territories and electorates of Maximilian Emanuel and Joseph Clemens. Charles VI renounced his claim to the Spanish throne to Philip.


1742 Imperial election, Background, The campaign of Charles VI
In his later years, Charles VI tried to secure the election of his son-in-law, Francis Duke of Lorraine, as his successor. He was opposed in these efforts by Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria. Charles Albert believed that he had a better claim, as he was a son-in-law of Charles VI's older brother Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor and a great-great-great grandson of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Nevertheless, Francis tended to have greater support.


1742 Imperial election, Background, The campaign of Charles VI
Charles VI died on October 20, 1740. Maria Theresa, his daughter and Francis of Lorraine's wife, inherited his royal titles in  Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Galicia and Lodomeria, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma, according to the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.


1742 Imperial election, Background, War of the Austrian Succession
Although Prussia had accepted the Pragmatic Sanction, it now repudiated Maria Theresa's inheritance as a violation of Salic law. Its king Frederick the Great invaded Silesia on December 16. France and Bavaria joined Prussia in 1741, and on November 26, they captured Prague. On December 9, Charles Albert crowned himself King of Bohemia.


1742 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1742
The electors called to Frankfurt the next month to elect the successor of Charles VI were:


1742 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1742
Clemens August was the brother of Charles Albert and Charles III Philip his cousin. Francis of Lorraine was supported by not only his wife, Maria Theresa, who claimed to be queen regnant of Bohemia, but also the electors of Mainz, Trier and Brunswick-Lüneburg.


1742 Imperial election, Elected
The electors of Brandenburg and Saxony remained uncommitted, but were wooed by the French to support Charles Albert. Charles Albert won an additional advantage when he was able to secure the exclusion of Maria Theresa from the election, on the grounds that the succession to Bohemia remained unsettled. With the three votes of the House of Wittelsbach and the support of the electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg, his election seemed inevitable. The other three electors acquiesced. Charles Albert was elected and crowned at Frankfurt on February 12 as Charles VII, the first non-Habsburg to be elected in some three hundred years.


1742 Imperial election, Aftermath
As a result of her exclusion, Maria Theresa did not accept the legitimacy of the election until after the death some three years later of Charles VII.


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Without Île-Royale "and other Indulgencies at the Treaty of Utrecht," France's fisheries would have "by this time been totally destroyed"


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
"What humanity!" - French missionary surprised by Indigenous travel companions' generosity with game they hunt (Note: "savages" used)


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
"Indefatigable, artful, insinuating" priests among Six Nations assert France's "Power and Grandeur" and "render the English[...]contemptible"


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Poor crop at Lorette means people must forage for food, "which is prejudicial[... ]to their spiritual interests" (Note: "savages" used)


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Montreal renews law requiring ladders on roofs and by chimneys and attic battering rams, all in case of fire


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
When Northwest Passage not found, Arthur Dobbs suggests locating trading posts up rivers that flow to Hudson Bay and James Bay


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Joseph La France canoes down Nelson River in warm, leafy spring and arrives at York Factory on June 29 to find ice and snow


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council president reminds Board of Trade that without their directives, he can maintain authority only through deputies


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Mascarene tells Bishop of Quebec that priests "who presume to exercise any ecclesiastical power" in Nova Scotia violate British law


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Rumours of war with France have not lessened Acadians' fidelity and obedience, except when growing families take "unappropriated lands"


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Unmistakable warning to Acadians: "By continuing in your disobedience, you will oblige us to make use of force to reduce you to your duty"


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
Council hears first that ship's cables cut and ship robbed, then that cables and robbers found by Acadian deputies and "Indian Captains"


1742 in Canada, Historical documents
"Offensive and unwholsome" - Heating Hudson's Bay Co. buildings includes capping chimneys when fires burn down to coals, causing headache


1742 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1742.


1742 in poetry
Knows it at forty, and reforms his plan;At fifty chides his infamous delay,Pushes his prudent purpose to resolve;In all the magnanimity of thought


1742 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1742 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1742 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1742 in science
The year 1742 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1743
1743 (MDCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1743rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 743rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 43rd  year of the 18th century, and the  4th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1743, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1743 English cricket season
The 1743 English cricket season was the 47th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-a-side match was played. Details have survived of 18 eleven-a-side and three single wicket matches.


1743 English cricket season
Two paintings of cricket matches date from this year. The Cricket Match by Francis Hayman hangs at Lord's and depicts a game at the Artillery Ground and An Exact Representation of the Game of Cricket by Louis Philippe Boitard now hangs in the Tate Gallery.


1743 English cricket season, Recorded matches, Single wicket matches
A three-a-side game was played at the Artillery Ground on 11 July with six players who were stated to be "the best in England". They were William Hodsoll (Dartford), John Cutbush (Maidstone) and Val Romney (Sevenoaks) playing as Three of Kent; and Richard Newland (Slindon), William Sawyer (Richmond) and John Bryant (Bromley) playing as Three of All-England. Hodsoll and Newland were captains and Kent won by 2 runs. The London Evening Post says the crowd was computed to be 10,000". A return match was arranged at Sevenoaks Vine on Wednesday, 27 July but it did not take place.


1743 English cricket season, Recorded matches, Single wicket matches
A five a side game on Richmond Green between Five of Richmond and Five of London was played on 16 August and on 31 August a five-a-side match was plated Artillery Ground between Five of London and Five of Richmond.


1743 English cricket season, Other events
A match at Finningham between teams from Finningham and Stradbroke in September is the earliest known reference to cricket in the county of Suffolk.


1743 Schmidt
1743 Schmidt, provisional designation 4109 P-L, is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden survey on 24 September 1960, by astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 17.5 hours. It was named for the optician Bernhard Schmidt.


1743 Schmidt, Orbit and classification
Schmidt is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. As it is located in the dynamical region of the Vesta family, the asteroid is potentially a Vestian interloper due to its completely different spectral type. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 11 months (1,421 days; semi-major axis of 2.47 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1931 BJ at the Lowell Observatory in January 1931, more than 29 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar Observatory.


1743 Schmidt, Orbit and classification, Palomar–Leiden survey
The survey designation "P-L" stands for "Palomar–Leiden", named after the Palomar and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.


1743 Schmidt, Naming
This minor planet was named after Baltic German optician and astronomer Bernhard Schmidt (1879–1935), who invented the Schmidt camera, a telescope design with a spherical primary mirror and an aspherical correcting lens, providing a wide field of view with little optical aberrations. Proposed by Paul Herget, the asteroid's official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 August 1970 (M.P.C. 3086).


1743 Schmidt, Physical characteristics
Schmidt is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid as determined during the first phase of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey.


1743 Schmidt, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In September 1983, a rotational lightcurve of Schmidt was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.45 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3). A modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave a concurring period of 17.4599±0.0001 hours, as well as two spin axes at (69.0°, −62.0°) and (261.0°, −53.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1743 Schmidt, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Schmidt measures between 17.00 and 20.78 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.042 and 0.0603.


1743 Schmidt, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0603 and a diameter of 17.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.48.


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Montreal merchant sells five enslaved Black people (2 men, 3 "women and girls") in Quebec City for 3,000 livres


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Ordinance refers to 445,000-livre construction expense for Montreal wall, with part of 115,500 livres paid by city returned by king


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Any war declared against France need not involve Acadians and Indigenous people, "if they are wise" (Note: "savages" used)


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia president Mascarene points out dangers of having potentially insurgent population, far too few soldiers and poor defences in case of war


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Council hears "Indians [have] no Intention to take or Pillage the Traders," but orders all to "even by force[...]Prevent all Such Robberys"


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Council orders priests (and their parishioners) to get its prior consent to enter Nova Scotia, and not "behave themselves Irregularly"


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Mascarene satisfied with all but one priest and says "if everyone aims at the same End We may prevent trouble from approaching Us"


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Visitor to Onondaga describes town and its situation, longhouse, and "comical fellow" with mask, staff and rattle


1743 in Canada, Historical documents
Sixteen-year-old James Wolfe marches "in the greatest Spirits [and] shall be very well able to hold it out with a Little help of a Horse"


1743 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1743.


1743 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1743 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1743 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1743 in science
The year 1743 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1744
1744 (MDCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1744th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 744th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 44th  year of the 18th century, and the  5th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1744, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1744 English cricket season
The 1744 cricket season in England is remembered for the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. This was drafted by members of several cricket clubs, though the code was not published until 1755. The season is also notable for the two earliest known surviving match scorecards. The second of those matches, played on Monday, 18 June, was a celebrated event in which a Kent county team challenged a team representing the rest of England at the Artillery Ground, Kent winning by one wicket. In September, Slindon Cricket Club defeated London Cricket Club and then issued a challenge to play "any parish in England". The challenge was accepted by the Addington and Bromley clubs, but there is no record of either challenge match having been completed.


1744 English cricket season, The Laws of Cricket
The earliest known coded issue of the Laws of Cricket was drafted by members of several clubs including London, of which Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, was president. Representatives of the clubs met at the Star and Garter tavern on Pall Mall, London. The heading of the printed version, published in 1755, reads: "The Game at Cricket, As settled by the Several Cricket-Clubs, Particularly that of the Star and Garter in Pall-Mall". According to Wisden Cricketers' Almanack in 1965, these Laws were undoubtedly a recension of a much earlier code. No earlier code has been found. However, there were cases of Articles of Agreement being drawn up, as for the matches in 1727 between Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and Alan Brodrick, 2nd Viscount Midleton.


1744 English cricket season, The Laws of Cricket
There are four Laws for bowlers but they do not say he must roll the ball and there is no mention of prescribed arm action, only that he must "deliver the ball" with one foot behind the bowling crease. Rowland Bowen, writing in the 1965 edition of Wisden, asserts that the ball was bowled in the true sense (all along the ground) through the first half of the 18th century and that this was the rule prior to the 1750s, though it was largely forsaken by the 1770s after bowlers began pitching the ball.


1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards
The season is also notable for the two earliest known surviving match scorecards. It is not until the 1772 season that more scorecards of top-class matches have survived, although a handful of cards from minor matches have been found. The first, containing individual scores but no details of dismissals, is from a match between the London Cricket Club and a combined Surrey and Sussex team at the Artillery Ground on 2 June. No titles were given to the teams at the time and various titles have been applied retrospectively by modern authors. London, whose team included "given men", was the host club and their opponents were all from the counties of Surrey or Sussex. The scorecard was kept by the 2nd Duke of Richmond at Goodwood House.


1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards
The card gives the scores by each player and their surnames only, although it does differentiate between the two pairs of brothers (the Harrises and Newlands) who were playing. The Daily Advertiser carried the names of players expected to play in the match on 1–2 June and reported the same names on 3 June although these are not the same names which appear on the scorecard. Surrey & Sussex scored 102 all out and 102 for 6 in their two innings. London scored 79 and 70 so that Surrey & Sussex won by 55 runs. This was the first known game at which tickets for readmission were issued to the spectators.


1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards
Just over a fortnight later, on 18 June, the scorecard from a match between a Kent XI and an England XI at the Artillery Ground has also survived. The match was arranged by Lord John Sackville who captained the Kent team. England totalled 40 and 70 in their two innings; Kent responded with 53 and 58 for 9 to win by one wicket. It is the first match for which a full scorecard including dismissals has survived and it became the first entry in Arthur Haygarth's Scores & Biographies, although he gave the year as 1746 instead of 1744.


1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards
Spectators included the Prince of Wales and his brother, Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. The match was described by the London Daily Advertiser as the "greatest cricket match ever known". The poet James Love (1722–1774) commemorated it in his Cricket: An Heroic Poem (1745), written in rhyming couplets. According to cricket historian H. S. Altham, it "should be in every cricket lover's library" and "his description of the game goes with a rare swing". The poem is one of the first substantial pieces of literature about cricket – in More Than A Game, former prime minister John Major says it is the earliest-known cricket poem. Love was himself a cricketer and a member of Richmond Cricket Club in Surrey.


1744 English cricket season, Earliest known scorecards
There was crowd disorder at the 18 June match. The Daily Advertiser reported on Saturday, 30 June that it was "with difficulty the match was played out". A decision was taken to charge sixpence admission at future matches on the Artillery Ground. Also, the field would be surrounded by a ring of benches to hold over 800 people and no one without prior authorisation would be allowed within the ring.


1744 English cricket season, Single wicket matches
The single wicket form of cricket was popular and four top-class matches have been recorded:


1744 English cricket season, First mentions
Thanks to the two surviving scorecards, the names of several players from the period are known, although many of them are by surname only. Among those mentioned in the sources for the first time are:


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Alerting Fort Albany to war with France, Hudson's Bay Company orders readying of men and arms and getting "Trading Indians" to patrol daily


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Louisbourg francophone man obtains Council warrant to capture chief and other "Chickinakady Indians" he says murdered crew of British ship


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Council meets with Saint John River Indigenous leaders who have heard rumours of British-French war and seek (and get) assurances of peace


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Duvivier's force of 900 regular troops and militia from Île-Royale takes Canso from its 80-man garrison on May 13 and burns settlement


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
"Breaking the French measures;[... ]timely Succours receiv'd [and] our French refusing to take up arms against us" halts Annapolis attack


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council reports that in June and August attacks, local Acadians helped enemy "while we were entirely Deserted by them"


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Word from Île-Royale is that 23 British fishing and commercial ships have been taken by large schooner and five other French privateers


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
New York governor George Clinton tells Assembly he has increased defences (including Six Nations scouts) at Oswego, Saratoga and Albany


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
In July and August, Boston privateer takes French ships on "great banks," plus other French fishers on northeast coast of Newfoundland


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Privateer brings in to Boston three French ships, including one carrying to Canada wine, brandy, iron and dry goods worth £8-9,000


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Under flag of truce, three vessels arrive at Boston from Île-Royale with 350 British prisoners taken from Canso and "sundry Vessels, &c."


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
French abhor inhumanity of privateers who took New York ship by firing after it surrendered, including one "chew'd" musket ball


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
New Hampshire privateer with Île-Royale prizes is attacked by "Indians on Cape Sables," and later by canoes (driven off by swivel guns)


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Report of arrival of 70-gun and three other French warships plus 18 armed merchant ships at Île-Royale with arms for Quebec-built warship


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Duvivier orders Minas Acadians to supply horses, handlers and gunpowder, and to pledge loyalty to French king (Note: "savages" used)


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia commander Mascarene reports skirmish and tactical issues (including Indigenous fighters' "sculking way of fighting")


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Acadians ask French not to take their meagre harvest and to withdraw, citing "mild" government they live under (Note: "savages" used)


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
In October, captured French privateer's crew is found to include "Irish Roman-catholick soldiers formerly of" Canso regiment


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council allows commandeering of vessel and equipment to counter "great body of Indians" threatening from Minas and Chignecto


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Massachusetts declares war on French-allied Indigenous peoples in November, and sets bounties for scalps of men, women and children


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Mascarene says loyal as well as disloyal Acadians "must unavoidably share in the trouble that military people generally bring with them"


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Mascarene praises daughter of former seigneur for her loyalty, but will not defend property of her disloyal family (Note: "savages" used)


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Council hears of Cobequid Acadians' loyalty and non-participation "in the last troubles " (except when forced to assist)


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Annapolis River Acadians told loyalty includes supplying non-combatant personnel, no matter their fear of Indigenous people's "resentment"


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Map: lands surrounding Gulf of St. Lawrence and lower St. Lawrence River


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Joseph Robson wonders what keeps Hudson's Bay Company from competing with French upriver, and then finds it hard going up Nelson River


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Minister to Kanien’kéhà:ka reports having to calm them after "our restless Enemies the French" spread rumour of British attack


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
New Hampshire proclamation summons volunteers for expedition against Cape Breton (Île-Royale)


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
Soldier's widow and step-mother of his children has to ask Council's permission to sell his property, as "none Other would Accept of that Office"


1744 in Canada, Historical documents
"There is a satisfaction even, in giving way to Grief" - On duty in Belgium, young James Wolfe writes home about his soldier brother's death


1744 in Great Britain, Births
29 July  Thomas Glenn Kelly born in this oldest man in lived in uk


1744 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1744.


1744 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1744 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1744 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1744 in science
The year 1744 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1745
1745 (MDCCXLV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1745th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 745th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 45th  year of the 18th century, and the  6th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1745, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1745 (film)
1745 is a 2017 British short drama film directed by Gordon Napier and co-produced by director himself with John McKay. The film stars Moyo Akandé and Morayo Akandé with Clive Russell, Buki Adenipikun, and Emmanuel Njoku in supporting roles.


1745 (film), Plot
The film revolves around two sisters: Emma Atkin and Rebecca Atkin torn from their home in Nigeria for slavery, but start a perilous journey from foreign hands through the Scottish Highlands in search of freedom.


1745 (film), Release and reception
The film made its premiere on 30 June 2017 in the Edinburgh International Film Festival. The film received positive reviews from critics and screened throughout the film festivals.


1745 (film), Release and reception
In 2017 at the Africa International Film Festival (AFRIFF), the short won the award for the Best International Short Film under the International Short Film Competition. In the same year, the film won the Best Writing Award at the Underwire Film Festival, UK. Then in 2019, the film won the Best Short Screenplay Award at the Seoul International Film Festival.


1745 (film), Release and reception
Meanwhile, the film also received nominations at BAFTA Awards, Scotland for the BAFTA Scotland Award for the Best Short Film as well as Best British Short at the British Independent Film Awards. At the 2017 Black International Film Festival, the short became a Finalist for the Best Short Film. At the Edinburgh International Film Festival, the film received nominations for Best Short Film - Special Mention. Then in 2018 at the London Short Film Festival, UK, the film was nominated for the Best Short Film.


1745 English cricket season
The 1745 English cricket season was the second season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.


1745 English cricket season, Recorded matches
Details of 22 eleven-a-side matches between significant teams have survived:


1745 English cricket season, Recorded matches, Single wicket matches
A single wicket match between two teams of three took place on 24 June at the Artillery Ground.


1745 English cricket season, Other events
On 10 May, the Ipswich Journal reported that: "All lovers of Cricket are hereby desired to meet at Gray's Coffee House (in Norwich) on Friday 17th inst. at 6 pm to settle rules for that manly diversion". The report is the earliest known mention of cricket in the county of Norfolk.


1745 English cricket season, Other events
A ladies match took place on Gosden Common, near Guildford, between "XI Maids of Bramley" and "XI Maids of Hambledon" on 26 July. The players dressed in white but the Hambledon team wore red ribbons on their heads and the Bramley team wore blue ribbons. A return match was played on 6 August.