1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Response
Camastra already had considerable experience as an administrator, having served in a number of senior military and judicial positions. The Viceroy also appointed three generals as commissioners in order to organise the immediate relief efforts in the worst affected cities. One of the Duke of Camastra's first acts was to temporarily exempt the worst affected areas from taxes. Amongst other administrators sent to the damaged area was Colonel Don Carlos de Grunenbergh, Royal Engineer to the King of Spain, who had experience in planning and building fortifications.


1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Response
In Palermo, the Viceroy formed two councils, a civil one made up of nobles, and another that was ecclesiastical, made up of senior church officials. They were directed to meet twice weekly, and were charged with the drawing up of plans for the reconstruction of the worst affected towns and cities.


1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Reconstruction
The initial reconstruction efforts concentrated on restoring the military defences of Syracuse, Augusta, Catania and Acireale, due to their strategic importance. The reconstruction plans were of three types: move the town to a new site, rebuild at the same site with a completely new town plan or rebuild using the existing town plan. Examples of towns that fell in the first category were Avola and Noto, their former locations now being known as Avola Antica and Noto Antica.


1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Reconstruction
Catania is an example of a city that was rebuilt on the same site to a new plan, while adapting some of the existing structures. Syracuse is an example of a city rebuilt entirely to its existing plan. Ragusa was partly rebuilt on its old site to the medieval plan (Ragusa Ibla) and partly on a new, but neighbouring site, to a 'modern' plan (Ragusa Superiore).


1693 Sicily earthquake, Aftermath, Reconstruction
The degree and extent of the damage caused by the earthquake prompted an architectural revival in the towns of Sicily and Malta, a style that has become known as Sicilian Baroque. At this time many of the palazzi, public buildings, cathedrals and churches were reconstructed in this style. Towns that suffered serious damage from the earthquake in which many of their structures were rebuilt, include Syracuse, Ragusa, Catania, Caltagirone, Palazzolo Acreide, Modica, Comiso, Scicli and Mdina on Malta. Many of these towns now form part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily), inscribed in 1992, referring to the "exceptional quality" of the region's art and architecture.


1693 in Italy
An incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1693:


1693 in Scotland
Events from the year 1693 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1693 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1693.


1693 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1693 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1693 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1693 in science
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rjwilmsi (talk | contribs) at 13:50, 16 November 2019 (→Deaths: Journal cites:, added 1 DOI). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1693 in science
The year 1693 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1694
1694 (MDCXCIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1694th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 694th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 94th  year of the 17th century, and the  5th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1694, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake
The 1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake occurred on 8 September. It caused widespread damage in the Basilicata and Apulia regions of what was then the Kingdom of Naples, resulting in more than 6,000 casualties. The earthquake occurred at 11:40 UTC and lasted between 30 and 60 seconds.


1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake, Tectonic setting
The central and southern part of the Apennines has been characterised by extensional tectonics since the Pliocene epoch (i.e. about the last 5 million years), with most of the active faults being normal in type and NW-SE trending. The extension is due to the back-arc basin in the Tyrrhenian Sea opening faster than the continental collision of the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate.


1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake, Damage
There was serious damage to the area between Campania and Basilicata, with more than 30 municipalities being almost completely destroyed. These included Bisaccia. Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, Bella and Muro LucanoIn Melfi, fifty buildings collapsed and the castle, cathedral, five monasteries and many churches were severely damaged. In Potenza, several buildings, the church and the Trinità Tower collapsed.


1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake, Damage
The following number of casualties were reported, 700 at Calitri, 700 at Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, 600 at Muro Lucano, 400 at Ruvo del Monte, 300 at Teora, 280 at Guardia Lombardi, 250 at Bella, 230 at Pescopagano, 190 at Cairano, 160 at Atella, 120 at Sant'Andrea di Conza and 100 at Tito.


1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake, Characteristics
The earthquake was preceded by a small foreshock on the evening of 7 September. The mainshock was followed immediately by an aftershock, the first of a series that lasted until June of the following year.


1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake, Characteristics
The earthquake occurred on a NW-SE trending normal fault. The area of damage for the 1694 earthquake is similar to that for the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, but involved movement on a different fault.


1694 Kaiser
1694 Kaiser (prov. designation: 1934 SB) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for Dutch astronomer Frederik Kaiser.


1694 Kaiser, Orbit and classification
Kaiser is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,354 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.of 1.8–3.0 AU once every 3.71 years (1,354 days). Its eccentric orbit of 0.26 is inclined by 11 degrees towards the plane of the ecliptic. Kaiser's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1694 Kaiser, Naming
This asteroid was named in honor of Dutch astronomer Frederik Kaiser (1808–1872), the director of the Leiden Observatory from 1837–1872. He founded the new Leiden Observatory and stimulated Dutch astronomical research. Frederick Kaiser is also honored by the lunar and Martian craters Kaiser. Originally, the asteroid was erroneously named Kapteyn (MPC 2822), and only later it was noticed that the Duch astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn was already honored by the minor planet 818 Kapteynia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883).


1694 Kaiser, Physical parameters, Spectral type
On the Tholen taxonomy, the carbonaceous C-type asteroid is classified as a rare GC-type, an intermediate to the G-type asteroids.


1694 Kaiser, Physical parameters, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kaiser measures 13.84 and 15.68 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.241 and 0.166, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 28.42 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 11.46


1694 Kaiser, Physical parameters, Rotation period
Two rotational lightcurves for Kaiser were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado (see video in § External links). The lightcurves from January 2006 and November 2012, gave a rotation period of 13.02 and 13.23 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.32 and 0.13 magnitude, respectively (U=3/2+).


1694 in Ireland
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 14:12, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1694 in Scotland
Events from the year 1694 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1694 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1694.


1694 in piracy
See also 1693 in piracy, other events in 1694, 1695 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.


1694 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1694 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1694 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1694 in science
The year 1694 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1695
1695 (MDCXCV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1695th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 695th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 95th  year of the 17th century, and the  6th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1695, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1695
It was also a particularly cold and wet year. Contemporary records claim that wine froze in the glasses in the Palace of Versailles.


1695 English general election
The 1695 English general election was the first to be held under the terms of the Triennial Act of 1694, which required parliament to be dissolved and fresh elections called at least every three years. This measure helped to fuel partisan rivalry over the coming decades, with the electorate in a constant state of excitement and the Whigs and Tories continually trying to gain the upper hand.


1695 English general election
Despite the potential for manipulation of the electorate, as was seen under Robert Walpole and his successors, with general elections held an average of every other year, and local and central government positions frequently changing hands between parties, it was impossible for any party or government to be certain of electoral success in the period after 1694, and election results were consequently genuinely representative of the views of at least the section of the population able to vote.


1695 English general election
The election of 1695, however, was comparatively quiet, being fought mainly on local issues. The new government led by the Whig junto made gains in most contested constituencies, and their party was returned with a narrow majority. The junto's support was not certain, however, as their policies increasingly alienated backbench 'country' Whigs, who were willing to co-operate with the Tories, and the government frequently ran into trouble in the House of Commons. Eighty-five constituencies were contested, 31% of the total.


1695 English general election
Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown.


1695 English general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period. In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union.


1695 Linfen earthquake
The 1695 Linfen earthquake struck Shanxi Province in North China, Qing dynasty on May 18. Occurring at a shallow depth within the continental crust, the surface wave magnitude 7.8 earthquake had a maximum intensity of XI on the China seismic intensity scale and Mercalli intensity scale. This devastating earthquake affected over 120 counties across eight provinces of modern-day China. An estimated 52,600 people died in the earthquake, although the death toll may be 176,365.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Shanxi Rift System is a seismically active intracontinental rift zone in North China. Since 231 BC, eight Ms  7.0 earthquakes have been recorded in the rift system. The 1303 Hongdong and 1556 Shanxi earthquakes were the deadliest events occurring in the rift, with a death toll of 200,000 and 830,000 respectively.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Tectonic setting
Bounded to the west by the Lüliang Mountains, and the east by the Taihang Mountains, the Shanxi Rift forms the eastern boundary of the Ordos Block; a fragment of continental crust within the Eurasian Plate. Within the rift features half-grabens. It formed when extension began in the Miocene or Pliocene, separating the crust into the Ordos Block from the North China Craton.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Tectonic setting
The reason for extension in this part of China is still debated though the most agreed hypothesis is crustal deformation resulting from the India-Asia collision involving the Indian and Eurasian plates along the Main Himalayan Thrust in the Himalayas, causing the rotation of crustal blocks in China. Other hyphotheses are slab rollback of the Pacific Plate as it is being subducted along the east coast of Japan, or localized intraplate tectonics.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Tectonic setting
Dip-slip and strike-slip earthquakes in North China are consistent with ongoing crustal extension along the Shanxi Rift System. The rift extends for 1,200 km, and is up to 60 km in width. The graben is bounded by normal faults on both sides capable of generating earthquakes. Extension along the rift zone occur at a slow rate of 0.8 ± 0.3 mm/year, therefore earthquakes occur with long intervals of recurrence. The estimated magnitudes of earthquakes by Chinese researchers previously have possible inaccuracies as they are based on written descriptions and death toll from the earthquakes.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake had an epicenter at Xiangfen County in the prefectural-level city of Linfen. The Linfen-Fushan Fault, also known as the Guojiazhuang Fault, Liucun Fault, and Luoyunshan Fault were determined as the source of the event based on examining intensity data from isoseismal maps. Earlier studies on the individual faults found that the maximum magnitude for each of them is 7.0 therefore a multi-fault rupture was involved in the 1695 event to produce an Ms  7.8 event. It generated a rupture of 70 km along a steeply-dipping northwest-striking fault with left-lateral slip sense.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Earthquake
The location of the quake is adjacent to another large earthquake in 1303. The previous event prior to 1695 was the Ms  7.0 1683 Yuanping earthquake. Simulations of earthquakes found that the 1695 earthquake occurred in regions of reduced stress due to coulomb stress transfer from previous events. It suggest the region was already under long-term stress which led to the ruptures. The 1695 quake is the last magnitude 7.0 or greater earthquake to strike the Shanxi Rift.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Damage and casualties
At Linfen, where the maximum intensity was X-XI, many dwelling in villages were destroyed, killing their inhabitants. The shock knocked down structures in the city, including walls, temples, towers, homes, and warehouses. According to one account, more than 40,000 homes were destroyed in the quake. Conflagrations were started and the ground erupted black-colored water, killing many. More than 60 villagers died at a settlement in Linfen when temples and homes collapsed. In another village, more than 80 of the 180 inhabitants died due to collapsing structures. The shock collapsed entire cave homes and buried many people.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Damage and casualties
In Xinjian Village, Xiangling County, 7,000 people died. Many more livestock were also killed. In the aftermath, only a handful of homes, government buildings, temples and education institutions survived. Linfen lost some 28,000 people or 16% of its population during the quake. The city accounted for 53% of the total quake toll. Reports of damage also came from Hebei, Gansu, and Jiangsu provinces. An official report in 1875 stated that 52,600 lives were lost, but a monument from the Yuan dynasty placed that figure at 176,365. Ground effects caused from the quake are still visible today. At Dongputou and Xiputou villages in the Xiangcheng District, a large valley formed and split the villages into two. The Tongli canal, a source of water for agriculture in the region was destroyed during the tremors.


1695 Linfen earthquake, Response
Kangxi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, was briefed about the devastation brought by the quake. He appointed ministers and government officials to survey the affected area. A disaster relief team was dispatched to conduct rescue and relief efforts. Kangxi provided relief fund to help the victims of the earthquake and rebuild damaged cities. Taels of silver were given to each deceased individual. In Linfen, a total of 36212 taels were handled out. Donations requested by the Minister of Relief from all government officials amounted to 4,594,200 taels of silver and were used to rebuild homes. Funds for the reconstruction of towns and the city structure were allocated by the government. Soldiers patrolled the area to prevent crimes and disorderly conduct.


1695 Walbeck
1695 Walbeck, provisional designation 1941 UO, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1941, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after Henrik Walbeck.


1695 Walbeck, Classification and orbit
The asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.6 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,694 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic. Walbeck's observation arc begins the night after its official discovery observation.


1695 Walbeck, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, the carbonaceous asteroid is characterized as a Cg-type, an intermediate between the C-type and G-type asteroids.


1695 Walbeck, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In November 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Walbeck was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. It gave a rotation period of 5.1607 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=3). Two similar periods were obtained by David Romeuf and by a team of Hungarian astronomers (U=2/2).


1695 Walbeck, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Walbeck measures between 17.88 and 19.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.037 and 0.051. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.046 and a diameter of 19.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5.


1695 Walbeck, Naming
The minor planet was named in memory of Finnish scientist Henrik Johan Walbeck (1793–1822), astronomer and geodesist at the old Academia Aboensis who used the method of least squares to derive a good value for the Earth's flattening. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).


1695 in Italy
An incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1695:


1695 in Scotland
Events from the year 1695 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1695 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1695.


1695 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1695 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1695 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1695 in science
The year 1695 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1696
1696 (MDCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1696th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 696th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 96th  year of the 17th century, and the  7th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1696, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot
The 1696 Jacobite assassination plot was an unsuccessful attempt led by George Barclay to ambush and kill William III and II of England, Scotland and Ireland in early 1696.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Background
One of a series of plots by Jacobites to reverse the Glorious Revolution of 1688–9, the plot of 1696 had been preceded by the "Ailesbury plot" of 1691–2. Strictly the "Fenwick plot" of 1695 is distinct from the assassination plot of 1696. The successor was the proposed French invasion of Scotland of 1708.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Background
Robert Charnock had served under John Parker in the Jacobite cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. In 1694 he was put in command of forces raised in the London area by Parker, for a potential Jacobite rising against William III and Mary II. Parker also drew in George Porter and Sir William Parkyns. He left the country in the middle of 1694. By then Charnock was discussing a plan to kidnap William III and take him to France. Mixed messages from James II confused the issue, and nothing had been done by April 1695, when William left the country.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Background
Sir John Fenwick, 3rd Baronet was one of the inner circle who advised James on English affairs. The death of Queen Mary at the end of 1694 revived their interest in direct action in England, and finance from France arrived by April 1695. Fenwick, however, was opposed to the schemes proposed by Charnock and his group. Meeting in May with Sir John Friend and others, he sent Charnock to France to move a plan for a massive invasion, instead. In June Fenwick was involved in Jacobite rioting and was arrested. Sir George Barclay was sent to act as his deputy in commanding forces supposed to co-ordinate with an invasion force under the Duke of Berwick. Barclay assessed the plan as hopeless, shunned Fenwick, and went back to the original idea of "kidnapping" William, certainly a euphemism for an assassination.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Plan
The plot was based on William III's habitual movements, on returning from hunting. On the south bank of the River Thames, at Kew, he would take a ferry that would bring him to the north bank, on a lane that ran from Turnham Green to Brentford (at this period these places were not built up, and lay west of the London conurbation). Barclay's plan depended on surprising William in his coach, and his armed escort. It was intended to use three parties of armed men, one to capture the king, and the others to deal with his guards. A point was chosen on the lane which was narrow enough so that the royal coach and six horses would not be able to manoeuvre.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Plan
The plot was prepared and its armed men were ready to act on 15 February and 22 February 1696. One party was under the command of Ambrose Rookwood.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Detection of the plot
William Trumbull, who was Secretary of State for the Northern Department at the time, heard about the plotting from August 1695. He gathered intelligence on it through informers, and led the early investigation, which later was handed over to James Vernon. There was no shortage of rumour, with the information from Thomas Prendergast proving decisive: he had been approached by George Porter on 13 February, and then went to William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland to reveal the conspiracy. In a second interview he gave the king details of the conspirators, a group numbering around 40 in all.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Detection of the plot
The ramifications of the plot proved more troublesome to Vernon. Fenwick defended himself actively by trying to implicate Lord Godolphin, the Duke of Shrewsbury, the Earl of Marlborough, and the Earl of Orford. These charges led into the heart of the Junto, and Shrewsbury was Vernon's immediate superior. To add to the awkward position, this group of Whigs had in fact been in correspondence with James II at St Germain.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath
The attempt did not take place on either day when the plotters were in position, and on 23 February a proclamation was made against them. A number of Jacobites connected to Fenwick, but not involved in the plot were arrested, including James Grahme on 3 March, Thomas Higgons and Bevil Higgons; they were later released. On 21 March, Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury, another not directly involved in the plot was taken to the Tower of London, where he was kept until February 1697. Viscount Montgomery went into hiding after being named in a proclamation; he gave himself up on 15 December and was held in Newgate Prison for about seven months.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath
A long sequence of trials related to the plot began in March. The 1695 Treason Act made the date of arrest crucial in determining whether the accused were entitled to defense counsel; this was denied to Friend, Parkyns and Charnock when Sir John Holt enforced the letter of the law. Sentenced to death, Friend and Parkyns were attended by three Non-Juror priests, Jeremy Collier, Shadrach Cook and William Snatt and immediately prior to the execution on 13 April, the clergymen declared the two absolved of their sins.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath
In doing so, they effectively declared the conspirators to be correct in their actions, whilst also performing a rite that was not recognised by the Church of England. This caused a considerable furore; Collier went into hiding and was outlawed, while Cook and Snatt were tried, found guilty but later released.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath
Constantijn Huygens, William's personal secretary, records in his Diary; 'I was in doubt whether to watch the execution of Friend and Parkyns, but being on my way from Kensington, I saw the spectators walking away and so returned home.' He also mentions pamphlets on the trial were already for sale in the streets.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Aftermath
Rookwood and others, who had counsel, were executed in April; in total, nine Jacobite activists were put to death. Sir John Fenwick was convicted on a bill of attainder, and executed on 28 January 1697. Robert Cassels, Robert Meldrum, James Counter, James Chambers, Robert Blackbourn, and Major John Bernardi were detained without trial; other than Counter, none were released, the last survivor, Bernardi, dying in 1736 while still in Newgate.


1696 Jacobite assassination plot, Political consequences
In political terms, the unmasked plot strengthened the hand of the Whig Junto in dealing with the Country Party, and in asking parliament to vote money. The House of Commons agreed to the swearing of an "association", in effect a loyalty oath to the king; and it was argued that William's preservation was divine providence, undermining the view that he had only been entitled to the English throne in the lifetime of the late Queen Mary.


1696 Nurmela
1696 Nurmela, provisional designation 1939 FF, is a Baptistina asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 March 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after Finnish academician Tauno Nurmela. The possibly elongated asteroid has a rotation period of 3.15 hours.


1696 Nurmela, Orbit and classification
Nurmela is the second-largest member of the small Baptistina family (403), a large inner-belt family, named after 298 Baptistina, its largest member and namesake. When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, it is also a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.


1696 Nurmela, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,242 days; semi-major axis of 2.26 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku.


1696 Nurmela, Physical characteristics
Nurmela is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while its albedo and membership to the Baptistina family is indicative for an X-type.


1696 Nurmela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March and April 2007, two rotational lightcurves of Nurmela was obtained from photometric observations by Adrián Galád and Robert Stephens. They gave an identical rotation period of 3.1587 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 and 0.42 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). In April 2017, another observation by Stephens gave a concurring period of 3.159 hours (U=3) with an amplitude of 0.58 magnitude, indicative for an elongated shape.


1696 Nurmela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nurmela measures between 6.06 and 10.31 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.116 and 0.28.


1696 Nurmela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 14.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.9.


1696 Nurmela, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Finnish academician Tauno Kalervo Nurmela (1907–1985), some time professor of Romanic philology and later chancellor of University of Turku. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).


1696 in Scotland
Events from the year 1696 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1696 in art, Events
A sculpture of a walking horse now attributed to Giovanni Francesco Susini (c. 1585 – c. 1653), is sold as a work by Susini's master Giambologna by the art dealer Marcus Forchondt in Antwerp to Prince Johann Adam Andreas I von Liechtenstein.


1696 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1696.


1696 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1696.


1696 in piracy
See also 1695 in piracy, Other events in 1696, 1697 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.


1696 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1696 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1696 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1696 in science
The year 1696 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1697
1697 (MDCXCVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1697th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 697th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th  year of the 17th century, and the  8th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1697, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
On June 17, 1696, King John III Sobieski died in his palace at Wilanów near Warsaw. This meant that another free election was necessary, as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was left without a monarch.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
One of the candidates for the Polish throne was the Duke of Oława (Lower Silesia) and son of the late king, James Louis Sobieski. He was initially supported by the Kingdom of France and the Swedish Empire. Also, among his followers were szlachta from Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, and Bishop of Kujawy, Stanisław Dąmbski. James Louis Sobieski, however, did not get along with his French-born mother, Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien. The mother and her son argued about properties of John III Sobieski, and as a result, James Louis lost the support of Polish nobility.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
Another candidate, the Elector of Saxony Augustus II the Strong, was backed by influential and powerful Emperor Leopold I. To win the support of Roman Catholic, conservative Poles, Augustus decided to convert from Lutheranism to Catholicism. The conversion took place in Vienna, on June 2, 1697, and this decision won for Frederick the support of Pope Innocent XII.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
The main opponent to the Saxon elector was Francois Louis, Prince of Conti, backed by King Louis XIV of France. His candidacy won support of several Polish and Lithuanian magnates, many of whom were bribed by French envoy, Melchior de Polignac. On October 24, 1696, Primate of Poland Michał Stefan Radziejowski, who had previously backed James Louis Sobieski, switched sides and declared his support of Francois Louis. Since Radziejowski at that time was the interrex, his decision attracted the nobility, which followed him.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
Nevertheless, key role in the oncoming election was played by the Tsardom of Russia, which was Polish ally in the ongoing war against the Ottoman Empire (see Great Turkish War). The Russians backed Augustus, who had previously declared that he would continue the war, and who had in 1695-1696 commanded Austrian - Saxon army in its Hungarian campaign. The election of Francois Louis meant quick end to the Polish-Ottoman war, and possibility of a Polish-Russian conflict. The Russians, well aware of this danger, sent large sums of money to the Commonwealth, trying to win the support of Polish-Lithuanian nobility.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
The election took place in Wola near Warsaw, on June 27, 1697. By popular support, Francois Louis, Prince of Conti was elected new King of the Commonwealth. This was immediately contested by Augustus the Strong, who declared himself the new monarch. Third candidate, James Louis Sobieski, expressed his support of Conti.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
On July 27, 1697, Augustus, backed by Russia, Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia, crossed Polish border near Czeladź in Lesser Poland. He marched towards Kraków, but was not allowed to enter the ancient capital, as the Starosta of Kraków, Franciszek Wielopolski, himself a supporter of Conti, did not let him into the city. The stalemate was quickly solved after Wielopolski had accepted a bribe, but soon another problem appeared. According to the Polish law, the coronation in Wawel Cathedral was to be carried out only with royal insignia, kept in Wawel Treasury. There were eight locks in the door to the Treasury, with eight keys. The keys were kept by eight Senators, out of which six supported Conti. Augustus II and his entourage decided to make a hole in the Treasury wall, leaving the door intact.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
On September 15, 1697, Augustus signed the Pacta Conventa, and was crowned new King of Poland, August II, by Bishop of Kujawy, Stanisław Dąmbski. Primate Radziejowski refused to recognize the coronation, stating that Conti was the rightful monarch. Radziejowski started the so-called Łowicz Rokosz, which gathered supporters of the Frenchman. Conti himself arrived at the Baltic Sea port of Gdańsk on September 26, 1697, with a squadron of six ships commanded by Jean Bart. Since Russia concentrated its army near Lithuanian border, a possibility of an international conflict was real. The situation was solved without foreign intervention, as on November 9, the attack of troops loyal to Augustus forced Conti to abandon his quarters in Oliwa, and to leave Poland. On December 12, 1697, Conti returned to France.


1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
Primate Radziejowski refused to recognize Augustus until spring of 1698, when he received a large sum of money, and was promised a government post.


1697 in Scotland
Events from the year 1697 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1697 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1697.


1697 in piracy
See also 1696 in piracy, other events in 1697, 1698 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.


1697 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1697 in poetry, Births
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1697 in poetry, Notes
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1697 in science
The year 1697 in science and technology involved some significant events.


16974 Iphthime
16974 Iphthime (/ɪfˈθaɪmiː/; prov. designation: 1998 WR21) is a Jupiter trojan and a binary system from the Greek camp, approximately 57 kilometers (35 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 November 1998, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the ETS Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico. The dark Jovian asteroid belongs to the 80 largest Jupiter trojans and has a notably slow rotation of 78.9 hours. It was named after Iphthime from Greek mythology. The discovery of its companion by Hubble Space Telescope was announced in March 2016.


16974 Iphthime, Orbit and classification
Iphthime is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.


16974 Iphthime, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8–5.6 AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,319 days; semi-major axis of 5.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1974 WX at Crimea-Nauchnij in November 1974, or 24 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.


16974 Iphthime, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Iphthime, sister of Penelope and daughter of Icarius. Iphthime appears in her sister's dream to comfort her as she is grieving. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 3 December 2017 (M.P.C. 107739).


16974 Iphthime, Physical characteristics
Iphthime is an assumed C-type asteroid. Its V–I color index of 0.96 is typical for D-type asteroids, the most common spectral type among the larger Jupiter trojans.


16974 Iphthime, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Iphthime was obtained for the first time by Stefano Mottola from photometric observations during seven nights at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 78.9±0.4 hours or 3.3 days with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=2+).


16974 Iphthime, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Iphthime measures between 55.43 and 57.341 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.065 and 0.069. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0691 and a diameter of 55.43 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.


16974 Iphthime, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1698
1698 (MDCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1698th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 698th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th  year of the 17th century, and the  9th   year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1698, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1698 English general election
After the conclusion of the 1698 English general election the government led by the Whig Junto believed it had held its ground against the opposition. Over the previous few years, divisions had emerged within the Whig party between the 'court' supporters of the junto and the 'country' faction, who disliked the royal prerogative, were concerned about governmental corruption, and opposed a standing army. Some contests were therefore between candidates representing 'court' and 'country', rather than Whig and Tory. The Whigs made gains in the counties and in small boroughs, but not in the larger urban constituencies.


1698 English general election
Increasingly, however, the Tories and the country Whigs managed to wear down the government's resolve and win over dissident Whig MPs. After 1699, the junto ministry gradually disintegrated to be replaced by a largely Tory government, which was securely in power by the autumn of 1700.


1698 English general election
Party strengths are an approximation, with the allegiance of many MPs being unknown.


1698 English general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period. In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union.


1698 in Scotland
Events from the year 1698 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1698 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1698.


1698 in piracy, Deaths
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1698 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1698 in poetry, Births
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1698 in poetry, Deaths
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1698 in science
The year 1698 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1699
1699 (MDCXCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1699th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 699th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 99th  year of the 17th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1699, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1699 Java earthquake
On the morning of January 5, 1699, a violent earthquake rocked the then Dutch East Indies city of Batavia on the island of Java. In the contemporary period, the Indonesian capital city Jakarta. Dutch accounts of the event described the earthquake as being "so heavy and strong" and beyond comparable to other known earthquakes. This event was so large that it was felt through west Java, and into southern Sumatra.


1699 Java earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Indonesian islands of Java, Sumatra and Lesser Sunda chain lie along a destructive plate boundary where the Australian Plate meets the Sunda Plate. The plates converge, with the Australian Plate being much denser as it is oceanic lithosphere, subducting beneath the less dense Sunda Plate. Subduction is responsible for the large megathrust earthquakes along the west coast of Sumatra and south coast of Java. It also play a significant role in the volcanic activity on the islands. However, intraplate earthqakes can also occurr as the Australian Plate deforms when it is subducting; faults within the downgoing slab may result in intermediate-depth events that are also considerably large.


1699 Java earthquake, Earthquake
Approximately fifteen minutes of violent shaking was felt but the damage was limited. Other descriptions stated that the earthquake lasted up to 45 minutes. At least 28 people in Batavia were fatally wounded and 49 stone-constructed structures collapsed as a result of the earthquake. Some 21 homes and 29 barns were also obliterated. Almost every home situated in the city suffered some extent of damage. The earthquake uprooted and toppled many trees, blocking waterways and choking river systems. At Mount Salak, a volcano on the island of Java, the violent tremors triggered landslides and debris masses, blocking rivers and causing floods. The combination of earth and vegetation produced a debris flow that passed through the Ci Liwung river and into Batavia, where it entered the Java Sea.


1699 Java earthquake, Earthquake
In the port settlement of Bantam, now Banten, the earthquake destroyed a storage warehouse and caused additional damages. In Lampung, Sumatra, the earthquake threw every home off their foundations.


1699 Java earthquake, Origin
The earthquake source is not well determined but is likely a large, intermediate-depth event. Other researchers suggest it was a megathrust event with a magnitude of 9.0 Mw  along the Sunda megathrust. If it were an intraslab earthquake occurring within the downgoing Australian Plate as it subducts beneath the Sunda Plate along the Sunda megathrust, the estimated moment magnitude (Mw ) would be 7.4 to 8.0, with an epicenter near Batavia. Modelling of the 1699 earthquake scenarios show that an intraslab earthquake of Mw  8.0 provided results consistent with historical documentations of the earthquake. High Mercalli intensity values at IX corresponds to the pattern of damage described by Dutch officials in Java and Sumatra. As Banten Province is situated on pyroclastic deposits and Quaternary sediments, seismic waves were likely amplified, resulting in higher degrees of shaking.


1699 Java earthquake, Origin
Simulations of a magnitude 9.0 earthquake only produced shaking assigned at VI to VII which did not match the damage descriptions. Such intensities would only cause moderately damage. Weaker levels of shaking was produced at the mountainous regions, which were insufficient to trigger a landslide.


1699 in Scotland
Events from the year 1699 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1699 in architecture
The year 1699 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1699 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1699.


1699 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1699.


1699 in piracy, Deaths
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1699 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1699 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1699 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1699 in science
The year 1699 in science and technology involved some significant events.


169P/NEAT
169/NEAT is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It is the parent body of the alpha Capricornids meteor shower. 169/NEAT may be related to comet P/2003 T12 (SOHO).


169P/NEAT
169P is a low activity comet roughly a few kilometers in diameter. 169P and the smaller body P/2003 T12  likely fragmented from a parent body roughly 2900 years ago.


169P/NEAT
It is the parent body of the Alpha Capricornids meteor shower in late July.


169th (3rd London) Brigade
The 169th (3rd London) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars. Throughout its existence the brigade, serving under numerous many different titles and designations, was an integral part of the 56th (London) Infantry Division. It served on the Western Front in the First World War, and in the North African and Italian campaigns during the Second World War.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Origin
The Volunteer Force of part-time soldiers was created following an invasion scare in 1859, and its constituent units were progressively aligned with the Regular British Army as the 19th Century progressed. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Origin
The North London Brigade was one of the formations organised at this time. The commanding officer of the Coldstream Guards and his adjutant were ex officio the brigade commander and brigade major, while the Coldstream Guards' orderly room at Wellington Barracks acted as brigade headquarters. The brigade's original composition was:


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Territorial Force
This organisation was carried over into the Territorial Force (TF) when that was created under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the North London Brigade becoming the 3rd London Brigade in 1st London Division. The commander and staff continued to be provided by the Coldstream Guards up to the outbreak of war in 1914. All of the Volunteer Battalions in the Central London area became part of the all-Territorial London Regiment and were numbered sequentially through the London brigades and divisions:


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Territorial Force
The London Irish Rifles became the 18th Londons and transferred to the 5th London Brigade in the 2nd London Division.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Territorial Force
In May 1912, however, the 10th Battalion (Paddington Rifles) was disbanded and the personnel were absorbed by 3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), part of 1st London Brigade, and was replaced by a new 10th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Hackney Rifles). In 1913 the new battalion was retitled 10th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Hackney).


169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War
The 1st London Division was mobilised in early August 1914, soon after the outbreak of the First World War. Most of the men of the brigade, when asked, elected to volunteer for overseas service (according to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, soldiers of the TF were only allowed to serve overseas with their consent). The men who did not volunteer, together with the many recruits coming forward to volunteer, were formed into 2nd Line battalions and brigade, 2/3rd London Brigade, part of 2/1st London Division. These later became 175th (2/3rd London) Brigade and 58th (2/1st London) Division respectively. The battalions were also redesignated, becoming, for example, '1/8th' Londons (for the 1st Line) to differentiate them from the 2nd Line units, which were redesignated '2/8th' Londons (for the 2nd Line).


169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War
However, from November 1914 until April 1915 all of the battalions of the brigade were posted elsewhere, either to other formations or to reinforce the tired Regulars of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) serving on the Western Front. The 3rd London Brigade was, as a result, broken up in April 1915 as was the 1st London Division. The 1/9th and 1/12th Londons were both sent to France, the 1/9th to 13th Brigade of 5th Division, and 1/12th to 84th Brigade of 28th Division, both consisting largely of Regular Army troops. The remaining two battalions, the 1/10th and 1/11th Londons, were both transferred to 162nd (1/1st East Midland) Brigade, 54th (East Anglian) Division


169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War
In early 1916 the War Office authorised for the division to be reformed in France, although now it was to be known as 56th (1/1st London) Division and the brigade came into existence again, now the 169th (1/3rd London) Brigade but was now composed mainly of different units, with the exception of 1/9th Londons. The other three battalions had joined mainly from other divisions, the 1/2nd


169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War
Londons had originally been with 1st London Brigade and fought in France with 17th Brigade of 6th Division (later 24th Division), and the 1/5th Londons, originally part of 2nd London Brigade, had served with 11th Brigade of 4th Division (later 8th Brigade of 3rd Division) and the 1/16th Londons, originally of 4th London Brigade of 2nd London Division, later served with 18th Brigade of 6th Division, before transferring to 169th Brigade.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War
The reformed brigade would serve with 56th Division for the rest of the war, fighting in the trenches of the Western Front in both Belgium and France and saw its first action fighting alongside the 46th (North Midland) Division on the Gommecourt Salient on 1 July 1916, to distract the German Army's attention away from the simultaneous Somme offensive. The first day of the Somme was a complete failure, and saw nearly 60,000 casualties being sustained by the British Army, the bloodiest day in British military history.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War
The diversionary assault at Gommecourt was also considered a failure, sustaining only heavy casualties for both divisions involved, with 56th Division suffering 4,567 men and 182 officers killed, wounded or missing. The division later participated in the pursuit of the German Army when they retreated to the Hindenburg Line in early 1917, and later in battles at Arras, Langemarck, Passchendaele, Cambrai, Albert, Spring Offensive, and the Hundred Days Offensive, suffering heavy casualties in nearly all engagements. By the time of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 the division had sustained nearly 35,000 casualties in just over two and a half years.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle
Due to a shortage of manpower in the BEF in early 1918, all British divisions serving on the Western Front were reduced from twelve to nine infantry battalions, with all brigades reducing to three. The 1/9th Londons (the only original battalion of the brigade) were, therefore, transferred from 169th Brigade to 175th (2/3rd London) Brigade of 58th (2/1st London) Division where they were amalgamated with the 2/9th Londons and was subsequently renamed the 9th Battalion. On 6 February, with the disbandment of 2/5th Londons, the 1/5th was redesignated as the 5th Battalion.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars
The Territorial Force was disbanded after the war but later reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army, formed on a very similar basis to the old Territorial Force. The brigade was reformed as the 169th (3rd London) Infantry Brigade, along with the rest of the division, with much the same composition it had before the Great War, of four Territorial battalions of the London Regiment. In 1922 all battalions of the London Regiment dropped the 'battalion' from their title, becoming, for example, 9th London Regiment (Queen Victoria's Rifles).


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars
Throughout the inter-war years 169th Brigade, unlike the other two brigades of 56 Division, saw little change in its composition until the middle part of the 1930s. In 1935 the 10th London Regiment (Hackney) was transferred as a replacement battalion to 167th (1st London) Infantry Brigade. Due to a serious need to strengthen the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom, particularly for London, Southern England and the Midlands, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were, throughout the 1930s, converted into anti-aircraft or searchlight battalions of either the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars
Therefore, on 15 December 1935, the 11th London Regiment (Finsbury Rifles) was converted into an anti-aircraft role, being transferred to the Royal Artillery, and became 61st (Finsbury Rifles) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery, becoming part of 28th (Thames and Medway) Anti - Aircraft Group, attached to 1st Anti - Aircraft Division, which was formed by the redesignation of the Headquarters of 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars
Two replacement battalions arrived, the first being the 17th London Regiment (Tower Hamlets Rifles), previously the 17th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Poplar and Stepney Rifles) and, more recently, 17th London Regiment (Tower Hamlets Rifles). The other replacement battalion was the 18th London Regiment (London Irish Rifles). Both battalions were originally from 141st (5th London) Infantry Brigade from the now disbanded 47th Division. The battalion was previously known as 18th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Irish Rifles). After the disbandment of the 47th Division, the 56th Division was redesignated simply as The London Division and so the brigade was also redesignated, becoming 3rd London Infantry Brigade.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars
In 1937 the London Regiment was disbanded after nearly all of its battalions were converted to other roles or posted elsewhere. For the most part, therefore, the battalions previously part of the London Regiment became Territorial battalions of Regular Army regiments. The 9th Londons became the Queen Victoria's Rifles (King's Royal Rifle Corps), 12th Londons became The Rangers (King's Royal Rifle Corps), 17th Londons became the Tower Hamlets Rifles (Rifle Brigade) and 18th Londons became the London Irish Rifles (Royal Ulster Rifles).


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars
In the following year all British infantry divisions were reduced from twelve to nine battalions, all brigades reducing to three, and the London Division simultaneously was converted into a motorised infantry division, and so the Queen's Victoria Rifles was transferred from the brigade to become the motorcycle reconnaissance battalion for the division. A further change in 1938 came when the London Irish Rifles was transferred to 1st London Infantry Brigade, making the 3rd a two battalion brigade.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Between the wars
In March 1939, almost as a direct result of the invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Territorial Army was ordered by to be doubled in size and each unit was ordered to form a 2nd Line duplicate, and so both The Rangers and the Tower Hamlets Rifles formed 2nd battalions, with the original battalions becoming the 1st battalions of their respective regiment, and were all assigned to the 3rd London Infantry Brigade.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The 3rd London Infantry Brigade and the division, along with the rest of the Territorial Army, were mobilised between late August and early September 1939, due to the already tense situation in Europe becoming worse when, on 1 September, the German Army invaded Poland. Two days later, both Britain and France declared war on Germany, thus beginning the Second World War.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
Initially assigned to the 1st London Infantry Division, in October 1939 the brigade was reassigned to 2nd London Infantry Division, formed in April 1939 as a 2nd Line duplicate of the original London Division (which had been redesignated 1st London Division upon creation of a duplicate 2nd).


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
In the New Year of January 1940 the 1st battalions of both the Tower Hamlets Rifles and The Rangers were transferred elsewhere, leaving only the two 2nd Line duplicate battalions in the brigade. Later in the year the remaining battalions were also posted away, on 16 October, the 2nd Tower Hamlets Rifles was transferred to the newly created 26th Armoured Brigade and the 2nd Rangers, on 15 October, became part of 20th Armoured Brigade. On 28 November 1940 the brigade Headquarters was redesignated as Headquarters 71st Infantry Brigade.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
A new 169th Brigade was created on the same day from the redesignation of the 35th Infantry Brigade, which was renumbered 169th (London) Infantry Brigade on 28 November 1940. The brigade, also known frequently as the "Queen's Brigade", was composed of the 2/5th, 2/6th (Bermondsey) and 2/7th (Southwark) battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), all Territorial battalions.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The 35th Brigade had been part of the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division and seen service with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in the Battle of France where they were forced into a retreat to Dunkirk, where they suffered heavy casualties and were evacuated to England. Shortly after arriving back in England the 12th Division was disbanded in July and its brigades sent elsewhere, the 35th transferring to the 1st London Infantry Division, and reforming it a standard infantry division. On 18 November 1940 the division regained its historical number and was redesignated 56th (London) Infantry Division.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade, brought up to strength earlier in the year with large numbers of conscripts, remained with the division in Kent, under command of XII Corps, and, as with most of the rest of the British Army after the evacuation from Dunkirk, either on coastal defence and home service duties or training to repel a German invasion of England which was, at the time, thought highly likely.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
In November 1941, after serving in Kent since July 1940, the division moved to East Anglia, in particular to Suffolk, where they came under command of XI Corps. The move to Suffolk proved to be popular for the many men, mostly conscripts but also wartime volunteers, from the nearby counties who had joined the brigade since Dunkirk. The brigade performed much the same duties as they had in Kent, performing home defence duties and in training to expel an invasion.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
As the spring of 1942 arrived the brigade, and in turn the rest of 56th Division, were involved in more and more demanding large-scale exercises. However, there was a drain on the battalions as they were frequently required to send drafts overseas as replacements for the 1st and 2nd battalions, both Regular Army units stationed in the India and the Middle East, respectively.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade soon left to be sent to Essex for a month before returning to Suffolk again and in July, after being brought up to full War Establishment strength, began to prepare for overseas service although the whereabouts where as yet unknown and the men of the battalions were given 14 days leave.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
Shortly before departing the men of the brigade and division were visited by General Sir Bernard Paget, Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, followed by His Majesty King George VI The division left the United Kingdom from Liverpool on 25 August 1942 and were sent to Iraq where they arrived on 4 November and came under command of III Corps alongside the British 5th Infantry Division, part of the British Tenth Army, itself under overall command of Persia and Iraq Command and Middle East Command.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The 56th Division remained in Iraq, participating in numerous exercises throughout the months stationed there (with the Queen's Brigade participating in Exercise 'Fortissimo', watched by over 5,000 people). On 19 March 1943, however, the brigade, the men now very well trained and fit, received orders to depart for Egypt and were relieved by the Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division. The brigade arrived in Egypt, by road, on 19 April 1943, and from there was ordered to Tunisia to join X Corps of the British Eighth Army, which was fighting in the Campaign in Tunisia.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
By now the brigade had covered a distance of over 3,200 miles. The 169th (Queen's) Brigade, now 10 miles south of Enfidaville, relieved the 69th Infantry Brigade, part of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and suffered its first casualties (as part of 56th Division) on 23 April 1943, from shellfire. The campaign in Tunisia ended less than a month later with the surrender of over 230,000 Italian and German soldiers, a number almost equal to that captured at the Battle of Stalingrad the year before, who would become Prisoners of war.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
Despite playing only a comparatively minor part in the campaign the Queen's Brigade had suffered over 250 casualties, around 10% of the overall strength of the brigade. The 2/5th Queen's had 85 casualties, 15 of them being killed, the rest wounded, 2/6th Queen's had lost their Commanding Officer along with 15 other ranks killed and a further 79 officers and men wounded and 2/7th Queen's had one officer and 20 men killed and four officers and 62 men wounded.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The 56th Division (minus the 168th Brigade which was detached to come under command of the 50th Division in April 1943) did not take part in Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, but instead remained behind in reserve in Libya where they were visited by many senior high-ranking officers and H.M. The King George VI, who had visited them nearly a year before when they began departing for overseas service, and the men cheered as he drove past. On 1 June they celebrated the Glorious First of June. In July, the 169th (Queen's) Brigade began training in amphibious warfare for the upcoming invasion of the Italian mainland, code-named Operation Avalanche, with D-Day being scheduled for 9 September where they were assigned as an assault brigade.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The 56th Division left Libya, where they had remained for nearly the past four months, on 4 September and were at sea for the next four days and landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, D-Day, and initially met light opposition but soon met heavy resistance as the Germans tried desperately to repel the Allies' invasion.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The Queen's Brigade, together with the rest of 56th Division (minus the 168th Brigade, temporarily replaced by the 201st Guards Brigade), which was still part of British X Corps but now under command of the U.S. Fifth Army under Mark W. Clark, saw heavy and confused fighting over the next few days and mounting casualties (by the end of Avalanche most battalions involved had suffered up to 360 casualties) for the next ten days and led to a unique moment in the regiment's history.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
On 19 September, D-Day + 10, when the Salerno crisis had passed, the 169th (Queen's) Infantry Brigade was relieved in the line by the 131st (Queen's) Infantry Brigade, containing the 1st Line parent 1/5th, 1/6th and 1/7th Queen's, which (also part of British X Corps) had recently arrived as part of the famous 7th Armoured Division, the "Desert Rats". This relief by six battalions of the same regiment in two brigades is believed to not only be a unique moment in the history of the Queen's, but in the history of the British Army as a whole.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
9 September is now a special Regimental Day in the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, which is also the anniversary of the creation of said regiment. Ironically, the 169th (Queen's) Brigade was, at the time, commanded by Brigadier Lewis Lyne, who would later receive promotion to command of the 7th Armoured Division from November 1944 onwards. Together with the rest of the division, the brigade advanced up Italy and later crossed the Volturno Line.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
On the morning of 18 October, the brigade was ordered to secure the village of Calvi Risorta, which was to be aided by bombardment from air support. However, the village was captured before the scheduled bombardment but the message that it had been captured, delivered by a pigeon named G.I. Joe, of the U.S. Army Pigeon Service, managed to arrive in time to avoid the bombing, after having flown 20 miles in 20 minutes. In doing so, he had saved the lives of many soldiers as well as the civilians of the village.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
Soon afterwards, the brigade crossed the Barbara Line but, with the rest of Allied Armies in Italy, were eventually held up by the formidable Winter Line defences (or Gustav Line). On 2 December, when fighting in front of the Bernhardt Line (a smaller part of the Winter Line), the Queen's Brigade led an assault to capture Monte Camino, which took four days of hard fighting to capture the mountain and saw casualties for 2/5th Queen's, which spearheaded the assault.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The commanding officer (CO) of the 2/5th Queen's, Lieutenant Colonel John Yeldham Whitfield, was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his actions in capturing Camino, leading personally from the front with his Webley revolver. He was also awarded the Red Star Order from a general of the Russian Army in Italy. He would later command the 56th Division and it was largely due to him that the brigade avoided being split up and "retained their integrity as a Queen's Brigade". By the end of the war, it was the only brigade of the 56th Division not to undergo any significant changes in its composition.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The Queen's Brigade continued to fight in front of the Bernhardt Line, and crossed the Garigliano river in January 1944, part of the First Battle of Monte Cassino. In mid-February, however, the brigade was pulled out of the line and, with most of the 56th Division (168th Brigade had already been sent earlier in the month), was sent to Anzio, scene of much better fighting in the Battle for the Anzio beachhead, where the division came under command of U.S. VI Corps.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The division started to land around mid-February, with the Queen's Brigade landing on 16 February, coincidentally at the same time the Germans launched a major counter-attack and all three Queen's battalions were immediately deployed in the front line. The 2/7th Queen's, chosen as it was "fresh", was given a task to locate and extract a U.S. Army battalion, the 2nd Battalion of the 157th Infantry Regiment, part of U.S. 45th Infantry Division, which was surrounded and isolated a mile from the main frontline and suffering heavy casualties.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The 2/7th Queen's completed the task but, in the process, themselves suffered very heavy losses in what is known to veterans as the Battle of the Caves. Casualties were high at 85%, with 362 officers and men being lost, nearly half the strength of a British infantry battalion at the time, most being taken prisoner. The other battalions would come to suffer similar casualties.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
For the next few weeks, the brigade, together with the Americans and Germans, "fought for some of the most miserable terrain on the planet Earth in" almost a "trench-warfare stalemate" more alike to that suffered a generation before on the Western Front during the First World War. Although not involved in any major fighting, the battalions were under almost constant artillery or mortar fire, causing a steady stream of casualties. The division was relieved in the line on 28 March 1944 by the British 5th Infantry Division and sent to Egypt to rest and refit, after several weeks of nearly continuous combat.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The Queen's Brigade had by this time sustained 45% casualties, nearly half its strength, in just a few weeks, testimony to the severity of fighting at Anzio. Although high, this was not the highest casualty rate of the division, with 168th Brigade suffering slightly higher, at 50%.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade arrived in Egypt on 4 April and, throughout the next few weeks, was brought up to strength from returning wounded and by receiving large drafts of replacements in the form of ex-anti-aircraft gunners of the Royal Artillery, and with the absence of the Luftwaffe now found their original roles redundant, who had been retrained as infantrymen and had to be taught all the infantry weapons.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
In April the Queen's Brigade was inspected by General Sir Bernard Paget, now Commander-in-Chief of Middle East Command, who had inspected the division nearly two years before when the division was still 'green' and inexperienced and was preparing for overseas service. In late June the Queen's Brigade, now up to strength, learned they were to return to Italy, where they landed on 17 July.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
While at Tivoli the 169th (Queen's) Brigade, and the whole of the 56th Division, was inspected again by H.M. The King George VI, who had visited them almost exactly two years before when the division was preparing for overseas service. Soon after, on 26 July, the 56th Division received a new General Officer Commanding GOC, Major-General John Yeldham Whitfield, who was previously the CO of the 2/5th Battalion, Queen's before being promoted to command of 13th Brigade (British 5th Division) and returning to take over from Major-General Gerald Templer.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
Soon after arriving the division, now back under Eighth Army command for the first time since May 1943, was involved in the fighting around the Gothic Line (also known as Operation Olive, where the Eighth Army sustained 14,000 casualties, nearly 1,000 per day) in the severe heat of the summer. In particular, during the first week of September, the Queen's Brigade was the spearhead of the 56th Division in its attempt to capture Gemmano Ridge (nicknamed by military historians as the "Cassino of the Adriatic"), which was captured on 8 September by 2/7th Queen's.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The attack by two battalions, and supported by very heavy artillery fire, was "watched with pride by their fellow Queensman, Maj-Gen Whitfield". They managed to capture 100 prisoners of war, from the German 5th Mountain Division. The Germans later launched a series of intense counterattacks against all three Queen's battalions with the whole brigade being involved, but these were beaten off and the brigade managed to successfully hold on to the village. The day after, the Queen's Brigade was relieved by 139th Infantry Brigade of British 46th Infantry Division.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
On 13 September Brigadier Grenfell Smith-Dorrien, commanding the Queen's Brigade and son of General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, a general who served in the First World War, was killed by enemy shellfire. The battles around the Gothic Line lasted another few weeks, and by the end of the battle the 56th Division had sustained very heavy casualties, and the Queen's Brigade was reduced to nearly half strength, with all three battalions losing up to 400 casualties whereas the division itself had been reduced to virtually two brigades and had to be completely reorganised.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade was again brought up to strength from anti-aircraft gunners and men from the 7th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (previously of 167th Brigade) and the 1st Battalion, Welch Regiment (from the now disbanded 168th Brigade), the former was now disbanded due to the acute shortage of manpower that plagued the British Army at this stage of the war whereas the 1st Welch was reduced to a small cadre.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
However, the manpower available was simply not enough, and, as a direct result of heavy casualties and the lack of infantrymen, all British infantry battalions in serving Italy were reduced from four to three rifle companies and this "would seriously hamper deployment once one of the three suffered loss."


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The Gothic Line offensive had been partially successful, with the Eighth Army commander, General Sir Oliver Leese, claiming that he "had 'severely mauled' eleven German divisions and taken over 8,000 prisoners" but it had delivered far less than had been expected and with the weather worsening due to the oncoming autumn rains and snow of winter, and no hope of a successful breakthrough offensive in such weather, both the U.S. Fifth and British Eighth Armies settled down and began to prepare plans for a final offensive against the Germans in the spring, with the scheduled date being for 1 April 1945.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
On 30 November, the Queen's Brigade was temporarily detached from 56th Division command to come under control of British 46th Division, replacing the 139th Brigade which had been transferred to Greece, and reverted to 56th Division on 11 December 1944, when both the 138th and 169th brigades were relieved by the 2nd New Zealand Division.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
In April 1945 the Queen's Brigade, together with the rest of 56th Division, and the 15th Army Group fought in the final offensive in Italy (Operation Grapeshot).


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The 56th Infantry Division, fighting alongside the British 78th Infantry Division (nicknamed The Battleaxe Division, the 78th served with distinction, many times alongside the 56th, throughout the whole campaign), played a major role in the Battle of the Argenta Gap where the Queen's Brigade, riding in LVTs (nicknamed Fantails) manned by the 27th Lancers and the U.S. 755th Tank Battalion, captured, with minimal loss, 300 prisoners of war from the 42nd Jäger Division which greatly surprised the Germans.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade continued to fight in the offensive, which ultimately ended on 2 May 1945 with the surrender of all German forces in Italy and, after nearly 20 months of fighting (minus a single day), finally saw an end to the Italian Campaign. The Queen's Brigade in the final offensive had, unusually for the fighting in Italy, suffered light casualties. The British Eighth Army moved into Austria for occupation duties soon after Victory in Europe Day and was redesignated British Troops Austria and the brigade entered Vienna and began occupation duties.


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle
3rd London Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle
From 28 November 1940 169th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows:


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders
The following officers commanded 3rd London Infantry Brigade during the war:


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders
From 28 November 1940 the following officers commanded 169th Infantry Brigade:


169th (3rd London) Brigade, Post-war
The brigade remained in Italy after the war until it was disbanded, with the battalions being absorbed by their 1st Line parent formations. When the Territorial Army was reconstituted in 1947 56th Division was reorganised as an armoured formation and 169th Brigade was not reformed. However, the division converted back into an infantry formation in 1956, and the brigade was reformed with the following organisation:


169th Airlift Squadron
The 169th Airlift Squadron (169 AS) is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard 182d Airlift Wing located at Peoria Air National Guard Base, Peoria, Illinois. The 169th is equipped with the C-130H3 Hercules.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The 304th Fighter Squadron was activated at Morris Field, North Carolina with the 98th, 303d, and 304th Fighter Squadrons assigned. It received its initial cadre from the 20th Fighter Group. The squadron operated as replacement training unit, flying primarily P-40 Warhawks and P-51 Mustangs, but also other fighter aircraft. The squadron and its components were disbanded in 1944 in a major reorganization of the Army Air Forces (AAF) in which all units not programmed to be transferred overseas were replaced by AAF Base Units to free up manpower for overseas deployment. The 341st AAF Base Unit (Replacement Training Unit, Fighter) took over the group's equipment at Pinellas.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard
The wartime 304th Fighter Squadron was re-constituted and re-designated as the 169th Fighter Squadron on 24 May 1946. It was allotted to the Illinois Air National Guard, being organized at Greater Peoria Airport, Illinois and was extended federal recognition on 21 June 1947. The 169th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 304th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with the F-51D Mustang and was assigned to the Illinois ANG 126th Bombardment Group (Light), at Chicago Municipal Airport.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
In February 1951. The unit was ordered to active service on 1 April 1951 as a result of the Korean War. The unit was initially assigned to Tactical Air Command at Langley AFB, Virginia.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
The wing moved to Bordeaux-Merignac Air Base, France with the first elements arriving in November 1951. The unit was assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. By 10 November, Bordeaux was considered an operational base and was assigned to the 12th Air Force.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
At Bordeaux, the aircraft were marked in Black/Yellow/Red, and it flew B-26's for training and maneuvers and stayed at Bordeaux AB until being transferred Laon-Couvron Air Base, France on 25 May 1952 where it remained for the balance of the year. The 169th was relieved from active duty and transferred, without personnel and equipment, back to the control of the Illinois ANG on 1 January 1953.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
After returning to Peoria, the 169th returned to flying the Mustang, receiving the very-long distance F-51H which was designed as an escort fighter for B-29s in the Pacific Theater during World War II. In 1954 the 169th FBS obtained the copyright for The Chief, a Walt Disney cartoon character, to display as their emblem. The obsolete Mustangs were retired in 1956 and for two years, the squadron flew T-6G Texan trainers. In 1958, the squadron received its first F-84F Thunderstreak, and began a tactical fighter mission in the late 1950s.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
On 1 July 1961, the parent 125th Wing's mission was changed to an air refueling one and the squadron was assigned the KC-97 Stratotanker aircraft. The 169th flew the first Air National Guard air-to-air refueling mission in 1961.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
On 1 October 1961, as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 169th was again mobilized and assigned to the Missouri ANG 131st Tactical Fighter Wing, and again equipped with F-84F Thunderstreak tactical fighters. Due to budget shortfalls, the squadron physically remained at Peoria while the 131st TFW and its 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed to Toul-Rosières Air Base, France as the USAFE 7131st Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional). During the next year, elements of the 169th were rotated from Peoria to Toul Air Base as needed.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
While in France, the Guardsmen assumed regular commitments on a training basis with the U.S. 7th Army as well as maintaining a 24-hour alert status. The 7131st exchanged both air and ground crews with the Royal Danish Air Force's 730th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Skydstrup Air Station, Denmark, during May 1962. As the Berlin situation subsided, all activated ANG units were ordered to be returned to the United States and released from active duty. The 7131st TFW was inactivated in place in France on 19 July 1962 leaving its aircraft and equipment to USAFE.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
Upon its return to Illinois State Control, the Illinois Air National Guard authorized the 169th Tactical Fighter Squadron to expand to a group level, and the 182d Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau on 15 October 1962. The 169th TFS became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 182d Headquarters, 182d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 182d Combat Support Squadron, and the 182d USAF Dispensary.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
During the 1960s the squadron continued to operate its F-84F Thunderstreaks, and the unit was not activated during the Vietnam War. In May 1969, the F-84Fs were retired and 182d TFG was re-designated as the 182d Tactical Air Support Group (TASG); flying Forward Air Control (FAC) missions. The 169th was equipped with light observation U-3A/B Blue Canoe and in January 1970, the O-2A Skymaster aircraft. The group's mission being to perform visual reconnaissance, as the FAC flew light aircraft slowly over the rough terrain at low altitude to maintain constant aerial surveillance over a combat area.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
By patrolling the same area constantly, the FACs grew very familiar with the terrain, and they learned to detect any changes that could indicate enemy forces hiding below. Members of the 182d TASG provided relief assistance during state active duty for the Canton tornado disaster in July 1975. In 1976, the 182d TASG was awarded its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1979, the squadron received OA-37B Dragonfly jet FAC aircraft from the New York and Maine Air National Guard, continuing the FAC mission. The 182d TASG received an "Excellent" rating on its first Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) under the 12th Air Force, and the group was awarded its second Air Force Outstanding Unit award in 1985. In January 1991, 138 group personnel were called to active duty during the 1991 Gulf War and deployed to United States Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF).


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In March 1992 the A-37s were finally retired. and the group received the Block 15 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Air Defense Fighter (ADF). It was re-designated as the 182d Fighter Group on 15 March. In June 1993, members served on state active duty in response to the Mississippi River flooding of southern Illinois.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
Due to government budget constraints and military restructuring after the Cold War, the 182d FG converted to the C-130E Hercules and was re-designated the 182d Airlift Wing (AW) effective 1 October 1995. In 1996, the wing began participation in ongoing flying missions for Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia. In 1997, the 182d AW celebrated its 50th anniversary and received an "Excellent" in its first Air Mobility Command (AMC) ORI.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
After the September 11 attacks, members of the wing were called up to support the Air Force at various locations around the world. During a September 2002 deployment to Oman, wing aircraft flew combat supply missions into Afghanistan for Operation Enduring Freedom. On 29 March 2003, SSgt Jacob Frazier of the 169th Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS) was killed in action while serving with Army Special Forces in Afghanistan. He was the first member of the wing to die in combat.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In March 2003, immediately following mobilization, six aircraft and over 350 personnel were deployed to Minhad, United Arab Emirates, for Operation Iraqi Freedom. These airmen returned in August after providing airlift support throughout the theater. Since that mobilization, smaller numbers of wing personnel and aircraft have continually supported Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. On 28 December 2003, a wing crew delivered earthquake relief supplies to Iran, becoming the first US aircraft to land there since 1981.


169th Airlift Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Beginning in January 2005, the wing converted from the C-130E to the newer H3 model. In October 2006, the wing received a rating of "Excellent" after serving as the lead wing during an AMC ORI. On 3 February 2007, the wing was awarded its third Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2005. Some personnel remain deployed to combat zones as part of Air and Space Expeditionary units while other members of the wing continue routine worldwide support to the Air Force


169th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 169th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.


169th Battalion (109th Regiment), CEF
The 169th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 5th Reserve Battalion on January 24, 1917.


169th Battalion (109th Regiment), CEF
The 169th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. C. Wright.


169th Division (People's Republic of China)
The 169th Division (Chinese: 第169师) was an infantry division in the People's Liberation Army. It was created on April 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army issued by the Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948. It was based in the 3rd Training and Consolidation Division of Northeastern Military Region.


169th Division (People's Republic of China)
The division functioned as a second-line unit and never went into battle.


169th Division (People's Republic of China)
In July 1950, the division was disbanded and reorganized into border troops.


169th Division (People's Republic of China)
At the time of its disbanding, the 169th Division consisted of the 505th, 506th and 507th Regiments.


169th Engineer Battalion
The battalion is currently part of the U.S. Army Engineer School, headquartered at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri and is a subordinate unit to the 1st Engineer Brigade. The battalion mainly conducts advanced individual training for engineering vertical skills and specialty engineering skills.


169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage
Shortly after the battalion was formed in 1943 at Camp Beale, California, it first saw combat during the Allied Invasion of Italy in September 1944. The battalion fought its way up the Italian Peninsula. After the capture of Rome, the 169th played a significant role in the seven-month campaign to push the Nazi Army through the Apennines and out of the Po Valley of Northern Italy.


169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage
Throughout their campaign in Italy, the soldiers of the 169th cleared minefields and tank obstacles, destroyed enemy bunkers, cleared roadways, built many bridges to replace those destroyed by the retreating enemy, removed barbwire obstacles, built enemy prisoner of war compounds, and fought as Infantry when the need arose. The battalion received the Rome, North Apennines, and the Po Valley campaign streamers as a result of their courageous service in Italy during World War II.


169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage
Beginning in 1954, the battalion spent twelve years at Fort Stewart, Georgia before their next major period of active service in Vietnam. At Fort Stewart, the battalion’s mission was to construct, rehabilitate and maintain military routes of communications and facilities, and perform related engineering work in the communications zone and rear areas of the combat zone. Starting in 1966, the 169th served seven years in a war that had no front lines and where the farmer working in the field by day became an enemy attacking by night.


169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage
This battalion built hundreds of miles of roads and constructed quarters for thousands of American soldiers throughout the Delta region of South Vietnam. They also built bridges, installed culverts, repaired heavy construction equipment, cleared land, and accomplished all the missions associated with heavy engineer construction equipment operators, mechanics, carpenters, plumbers, electricians, structures specialists, and combat engineers. The battalion was reactivated in 1986 and served as Advanced Individual Training unit responsible for the training of various vertical construction specialties. Later that year, the battalion became the 169th Engineer Battalion (Support).


169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage
In this role, the 169th supported all types of engineer training on Fort Leonard Wood by commanding the staff and faculty company, garrison company, and engineer companies whose mission involved pipelines, quarries, fire fighting, and bridging. In the spring of 1995, the 169th became a One Station Unit Training battalion responsible for training combat engineers, bridge builders, heavy construction equipment operators and mechanics, and engineer technicians for service in today’s Army. The 169th has a credit for 14 campaigns in Southeast Asia and three in World War II. It has also received three meritorious unit commendations and one Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal.


169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage
Inactivated 30 Apr 72  Lineage continued as 3rd Bn, 4th Tng Bde, FLW, MO


169th Engineer Battalion, History and lineage
Reactivated as 169th EN BN (Support), FLW, MO Sept 86


169th Engineer Battalion, Distinctive unit insignia
Description: A silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess enhanced dovetailed of three Argent and Gules, in base a fleur-de-lis flowered of the first. Attached below the shield is a silver scroll inscribed "MIND AND HAND" in black letters.


169th Engineer Battalion, Distinctive unit insignia
Symbolism: Scarlet and white are the colors of the Corps of Engineers. The fleur-de-lis flowered was suggested by the coat of arms of Florence, Italy, where the battalion was activated after being reconstituted in 1944. The dovetail is used to allude to an engineering construction principle. The three points represent the organization's three battle honors awarded for service in Italy during World War II.


169th Engineer Battalion, Distinctive unit insignia
Background: The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 26 Jan 1956.


169th Engineer Battalion, Coat of arms
Shield: Scarlet and white are the colors of the Corps of Engineers. The fleur-de-lis flowered was suggested by the coat of arms of Florence, Italy, where the battalion was activated after being reconstituted in 1944. The dovetail is used to allude to an engineering construction principle. The three points represent the organization's three battle honors awarded for service in Italy during World War II.


169th Engineer Battalion, Coat of arms
Crest: The many campaigns in which the 169th participated, during the Vietnam War are recalled by the golden dragon, holding an engineer's divider to symbolize the outstanding construction work the unit accomplished in support of military operations during 1967 and 1968. The mountains represent the rugged country in which exacting land development projects were completed and also symbolize the regions in Italy where the unit saw action during World War II, specifically the Po Valley, North Apennines and Rome-Arno. Scarlet denotes courage and recalls three Meritorious Unit Commendations and the Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal awarded the 169th in the period 1966 to 1970.