157th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia (DUI) was originally approved for the 157th Infantry Regiment on 12 June 1924. It was subsequently redesignated for the 144th Field Artillery Battalion of the Colorado National Guard on 1 May 1956. The insignia was redesignated for the 157th Artillery Regiment of the Colorado National Guard on 23 March 1961 and then redesignated for the 157th Field Artillery Regiment, Colorado Army National Guard on 28 August 1972.


157th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The DUI is a gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess embattled Gules and Or in chief two wigwams of the second garnished of the first and in base a sea horse brandishing a sword in dexter paw of the last. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Blue scroll inscribed "EAGER FOR DUTY" in Gold letters.


157th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The shield is scarlet and yellow which are the Spanish colors; the parting line embattled in recollection of fortifications. The sea horse of the Philippines recalls that the fortification was the walled city of Manila. The two wigwams recall the Indian service in the frontier days.


157th Field Artillery Regiment, Campaign participation credit
All of the above WW II Campaign credits were earned as the 157th Infantry Regiment of the 45th Infantry Division.


157th Fighter Squadron
The 157th Fighter Squadron (157 FS) is a unit of the South Carolina Air National Guard 169th Fighter Wing located at McEntire Joint National Guard Base, Columbia, South Carolina. The 157th FS is one of the few Air National Guard squadrons to operate the HARM Targeting System (HTS)-equipped F-16C Block 52 Fighting Falcon, also known as the F-16CJ.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Activated in late 1942. Trained under First Air Force in northeastern United States with P-40 Warhawks, also performing Air Defense as part of Norfolk and Philadelphia Fighter Wings. Deployed to European Theater of Operations, June 1943, being equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts in England. Assigned as a heavy bomber escort squadron under VIII Fighter Command. Re -equipped with long-range P-51D Mustangs, July 1944, Thunderbolts being transferred to IX Fighter Command as tactical fighter-bombers supporting ground forces in France. Performed bomber escort missions until the end of the war in Europe, April 1945.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Squadron demobilized in England during the summer of 1945, inactivated in United States as a paper unit, October 1945.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard
The wartime 350th Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 157th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the South Carolina Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Congaree Air Base, Columbia, South Carolina and was extended federal recognition on 9 December 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 157th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 350th Fighter Squadron and assigned to the Georgia ANG 54th Fighter Wing, an umbrella organization formed for administrative and logistical support for many Air National Guard units in the southeastern United States. It remained, however, under the operational control of the South Carolina Air National Guard.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard
The 157th was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned an air defense mission for the state of South Carolina. In 1950 the 157th was re-equipped with former World War II F-5 Mustangs, now designated RF-51D which had been used in the United States in a training role. The squadron became part of Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation
The 157th Fighter Squadron was federalized due to the Korean War on 10 October 1950. On 1 November the RF-51 Mustangs were transferred to other units and the 157th was re-equipped with RF-80A Shooting Star photo-reconnaissance jets and transferred to Lawson AFB, Georgia. At Lawson, the wartime 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was formed with the 157th along with the 160th TRS (Alabama ANG) with RF-80As and the 112th TRS (Ohio ANG) with RB-26C Invader Night Reconnaissance aircraft. The 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation
The 117th TRG then began what was then believed to be a short transition training period. The original plan was to deploy the 117th to France and reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe at a new base in France, Toul-Rosières Air Base. However Toul Air Base was still under construction, and delays in France for several reasons forced the 117th to remain at Lawson AFB for over a year until finally receiving deployment orders in January 1952.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation
The 117th arrived at Toul Air Base on 27 January 1952. However at the time of the Wing's arrival, Toul AB consisted of a sea of mud, and the new jet runway was breaking up and could not support safe flying. The commander of the 117th deemed it uninhabitable and its flying squadrons of the wing were ordered dispersed to West Germany. The 112th TRS was transferred to Wiesbaden AB, the 157th TRS deployed to Fürstenfeldbruck AB, and the 160th deployed to Neubiberg AB. The non-flying Headquarters and Support organizations were assigned to Toul.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation
The mission of the 117 TRW was to provide tactical, visual, photographic and electronic reconnaissance by both day and night, as was required by the military forces within the European command. The RF-80s were responsible for the daylight operations; the RB-26s for night photography. In June 1952, the 117th was involved in Exercise 'June Primer'. This exercise took place in an area bordered by a line drawn from Cherbourg to Geneva in the east and in the west by this Swiss, Austrian and Russian occupation zone borders.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation
The two RF-80 squadrons of the 117th had to complete a number of varying missions, including vertical photography of prospective paratroop air drop zones, oblique photos of the Rhine and Danube river bridges, vertical photography of the airfields of Jever, Fassburg, Celle, Sundorf and Gütersloh and various visual missions on behalf of the seventh army, including artillery adjustment for the 816th field artillery. The 157 TRS had had wire recorders fitted to five of its RF-80s prior to June Primer and these greatly facilitated the latter missions.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation
By July 1952 the facilities at Wiesbaden AB were becoming very crowded, and it was felt that the B-26's could fly from the primitive conditions at Toul. The 112 TRS returned to Toul, however the jet-engined RF-80s remained in West Germany until a new runway was constructed.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Korean War activation
On 9 July 1952 the activated Air National Guard 117 TRW was released from active duty and inactivated in place and its mission was taken over by the newly activated 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. All of the aircraft and support equipment remained at Toul and was transferred to the 10th TRW.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense
After returning from West Germany, the squadron was re-formed at Congaree Air Base and the South Carolina Air National Guard assumed an air defense mission. Due to the lack of jet aircraft in the United States (most were being used in the Korean War), the 157th was re-equipped with very long-range F-51H Mustangs and the unit was allocated to the Eastern Air Defense Force, Air Defense Command (ADC). After the Korean Armistice in 1953, the 157th began to receive F-86A Sabre jets, pressed into the daylight interceptor mission by ADC. In 1954, the Mustangs were reaching the end of their service life, and ADC supplied the 157th with some F-80C Shooting Stars as an interim replacement.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense
On 5 September 1957, the 157th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 169th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 157th was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor squadron and became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 169th Headquarters, 169th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 169th Combat Support Squadron, and the 169th USAF Dispensary.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense
Shortly afterwards Air Defense Command upgraded the new 169th FIG to the all-weather/day-night F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense
In 1960 ADC released all its F-104A Starfighters to the ANG because the F-104 fire control system was not sophisticated enough to make it an all-weather interceptor. The 157th was one of three selected ANG units to receive the Starfighter Mach-2 interceptors. The  "Swamp Foxes", as a result of the national recognition as one of the best air defense units in the nation, were chosen to fly the new high performance jet fighter.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense
Brigadier General Barnie B. McEntire Jr., the first commander of the South Carolina ANG and its first general officer died 25 May 1961, when he courageously piloted his malfunctioning F-104 fighter jet away from populated areas near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to crash into the Susquehanna River. On 1 October 1961, then-Governor Ernest F. Hollings presided over the ceremony renaming the heroic wing commander's South Carolina installation from Congaree Air Base to McEntire Air National Guard Base.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense
The 169th FIG was called into active service a second time in November 1961 as the construction of the infamous "Berlin Wall" pushed the world to the brink of war. Within a month after mobilization, 750 personnel and 22 157th FIS F-104 aircraft were in place at Morón Air Base, Spain as the unit took up flying daily air defense patrols as part of the NATO air defense force in Western Europe. With world tension easing, the squadron returned home in August 1962.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Air Defense
Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, ADC decided to make a permanent fighter unit at Homestead Air Force Base an F-104 unit because of its superior fighter-on-fighter performance. The F-104's lack of an all-weather capability not a factor because Cuba lacked a bomber force. In June 1963 the F-104s were transferred back to the active-duty Air Force. The South Carolina ANG was re-equipped with F-102A Delta Daggers, which became available because of Project Clearwater, which withdrew F-102s from overseas bases. The "Deuce", still a very potent interceptor, served with the 169th FIG until April 1975, when Aerospace Defense Command was reducing the USAF interceptor force as the threat of Soviet Bombers attacking the United States was deemed remote.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
With the phase-down of continental air defenses in the 1970s, the 169th was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), and was re-designated a Tactical Fighter Group. The 157th Tactical Fighter Squadron began to receive A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from Tactical Air Command units that were preparing to receive the new A-10 Thunderbolt II. Receiving its aircraft from the 354th TFW at Myrtle Beach AFB and the 355th TFW at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability. In 1982, the 157th received new twin-seat A-7K trainers.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In the early 1980s, the South Carolina congressional delegation in Congress, led by Senators Strom Thurmond and Ernest Hollings, pressured the Department of Defense to upgrade Army and Air National Guard units with front line equipment to better supplement the Active Duty forces as part of the "Total Force" concept. Specifically, Thurmond and Hollings wanted the Air Force to equip the South Carolina ANG with the new F-16 Fighting Falcon, which was, as the time, just being introduced into the active duty force of Tactical Air Command.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
Beginning in July 1983, some of the initial Block 1 and Block 5 F-16As were transferred to the 169th Tactical Fighter Group, being the first Air National Guard unit to receive the aircraft. Its A-7Ds were subsequently reassigned to other Air National Guard units. Later, Block 10 F-16A/B were delivered by the Air Force to the 157th TFS. By the mid eighties all the F-16s received by the 169th had undergone Pacer Loft modification bringing them up to the same block 10 standard.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
With the equipment change to the F-16, the 169th was assigned to the air defense mission again under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), which was established when TAC assumed the Aerospace Defense Command mission in 1979. In addition, although the F-16s weren't adapted to perform in the tactical close air support mission that the A-7D was utilized for, the 157th TFS did practice the conventional attack role with Mark 82 (Mk 82) and Mark 84 (Mk 84) gliding bombs. The quality of the pilots and ammunition/maintenance crews of the 157th TFS was demonstrated during Gunsmoke '89 held at Nellis AFB from 1 October till 14 October. The 157th TFS took first place out of 15 other teams.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In December 1990, during the buildup for war during Operation Desert Shield, the 157th was federalized for a third time and was deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia just a year and a half after taking first place at Gunsmoke '89. The 157th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Provisional) flew a total of 1,729 combat sorties during Operation Desert Storm. A total mission rate of over 90% was achieved, which was quite a remarkable feat.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
Early in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 169th adopted the new USAF "Objective Organization" in early 1992, with the word "tactical" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 169th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In 1995, the 157th Fighter Squadron became the recipient of brand-new Block 52 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons coming straight from the Lockheed facility at Fort Worth, Texas. The 169th Fighter Group becoming the first AirNational Guard unit to receive these state-of-the-art aircraft. The mission profile of the unit changed in the way that they became a multi-role squadron being able to perform all kind of missions. More specifically they also received the HARM Targeting System being able to fly anti-radar sorties with the AGM-88 anti-radar missile.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
The main mission profile of the squadron therefore changed to that of Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). The 157th Fighter Squadron continues to fly the SEAD mission today. Also, on 11 October 1995 ACC and the National Guard Board authorized the status of the 169th to be expanded to the Wing level, and the 157th Fighter Squadron became part of the new 169th Operations Group under the new 169th Fighter Wing.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In February 1997, the 157th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (157 EFS) was first formed from 169th FW personnel and aircraft and deployed to Doha International Airport, Qatar, to join with other active-duty and national guard squadrons as part of Operation Southern Watch. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi’ite Muslims. This made the 169th the first Air National Guard unit to deploy alongside active-duty Air Force units to comprise an Air Expeditionary Force (AEF).


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
The 157th EFS was activated again in January 2000 as a component of Operation Northern Watch; a United States European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds. The deployment was completed in April 2000. The 157th EFS was formed again in March 2001, when the unit deployed to Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia in a second Operation Southern Watch deployment. The guardsmen returned to McIntire JGB in July.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In 2002, aircraft and personnel from the 169th deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and participated directly in combat operations. Also that year, 50 South Carolina ANG airmen, then assigned to the 240th Combat Communications Squadron, deployed to Central Asia for six months in support of the Global War on Terrorism, and the 245th ATCS deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In 2003, nearly 400 Airmen from the 169th and all its F-16s were mobilized and deployed to Southwest Asia as part of what became Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). The 169th was attached to the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing, stationed in Qatar, and flew more than 400 combat missions (performing the Suppression and Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses mission and flying numerous precision bombing missions over Iraq.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission announced an historic expansion at McEntire. Five more Block 52 F-16s from the active duty USAF would arrive at the base in 2006 and five more the following year. Then, in 2007, active duty Air Force personnel began arriving at McEntire as the base prepared to host and operate the largest Active Association unit in the nation's Combat Air Forces, bringing about 150 active duty personnel on board to work, train and deploy with the 169th.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In May 2010, the 169th became the first Air National Guard unit to support an AEF mission for a full 120 days. While simultaneously deploying Airmen for Operation Enduring Freedom, the wing deployed more than 300 Airmen in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, during which the 169th flew more than 800 combat air patrol missions over Iraq from Balad AB and other locations. The unprecedented deployment also allowed the 169th team to escort the last Army combat forces out of Iraq on the last day of OEF.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Starting in October 2010 the 157th FS began an Air Sovereignty Alert mission at nearby Shaw AFB. The squadron gradually took over the alert duties of the 20th Fighter Wing and, on 6 May 2011, the squadron completely took over the role when a new alert facility was built at McEntire Joint National Guard Base.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Most recently, in April 2012, the 157th EFS was formed and deployed with pilots, maintenance specialists and support staffers. They provided air support to ground units from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan. Pilots flew more than 2,200 sorties for a total of 9,400 combat hours. The four-month deployment ended in late August.


157th Fighter Squadron, History, South Carolina Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Although not confirmed it has been discussed that the 157th Fighter Squadron will likely be re-equipped with the Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II early in its roll-out to active duty USAF units such as the 20th Fighter Wing at nearby Shaw AFB, as the South Carolina ANG has a history of receiving the newest equipment when it becomes available.


157th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


157th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 157th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


157th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 157th Infantry Brigade is an active/reserve component (AC/RC) unit based at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit was activated using the assets of the 5th Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of First Army Division East.


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Activation
The 79th Division "Liberty" Division, also known as the "Lorraine" Division, was a National Army division established 5 August 1917 by the War Department to be formed at Camp Meade, Maryland. The division was commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn. Draftees were from Pennsylvania and Maryland. Movement overseas commenced on 6 July 1918 and was completed by 3 August 1918. The 157th Infantry Brigade was commanded by Brig. Gen. William Jones Nicholson.


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Activation
Shrouded in secrecy, the brigade left from Hoboken, New Jersey in July 1918 on the SS Leviathan, a speedy ex-German liner that arrived at Brest, France the morning of 15 July 1918. They trained for two months at Champ Little behind the French lines. On 26 September 1918 they "went over the top" in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. In a period of heartbreaking losses, the men struggled through nine kilometers of barbed wire and pot-marked earth. They destroyed German defenses that were said to be impregnable. That night they were on the outskirts of Montfaucon, headquarters of the enemy command. The 313th fought until the end, 11 November 1918. Gen. John J. Pershing commended the men of the 79th Division, and especially the 313th Infantry Regiment whose forces penetrated deeper into enemy territory than any other outfit.


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization from 1963 to 1995
The 157th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) was reactivated on 3 January 1963 in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania using assets from the inactivating 79th Infantry Division. It moved to Horsham on 31 January 1968, where it remained until its inactivation on 1 September 1995 during the post-Cold War drawdown. In 1966 this Brigade consisted of 3 Infantry Battalions: the 1–313th IN co-located Indiantown Gap Military Reservation (IGMR), since redesignated Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG), Annville, PA; and at Lock Haven, PA; the 1–314th IN (Mechanized) co-located at Bristol and Warrington, PA; the 1–315th IN located at 5200 Wissahickon Ave, Philadelphia, PA.


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization from 1963 to 1995
It had 2 Armor Battalions at that time: namely, the 4–77th AR (location uncertain) and the 6–68th AR co-located at Bethlehem, PA and IGMR, PA. After the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, the 4–77th was disbanded, its armored vehicles sent to Israel to replace Israeli losses, and its personnel merged into the 6–68th AR. That same year, the Brigade's 1–314th IN (Mechanized) lost its armored vehicles- primarily M578s, M113s, M59s and M577s all of which were also sent to Israel to replace their war losses. It was not until the summer of 1971 that the 1–314th IN was re-designated a Mechanized unit. By the summer of 1973 the 1–313th IN was disbanded with its personnel and company units redesignated as part of the 1–314th IN.


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization
In 2006, as part of the Army's Transformation Plan, the 5th Brigade, 87th Division was reflagged as the 157th Infantry Brigade. As part of Operation Bold Shift, the battalion changed their missions to better train Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit is currently composed of:


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization
For further information see The Brigade, A History by John J. McGrath from the Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Constituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as Headquarters, 158th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 79th Division


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Reconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 79th Division


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Redesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Brigade


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Redesignated 24 August 1936 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Converted and redesignated 12 February 1942 as the 79th Reconnaissance Troop (less 3d Platoon), 79th Division (Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3d Platoon, 79th Reconnaissance Troop, 79th Division)


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Troop ordered into active military service 15 June 1942 and reorganized at Camp Pickett, Virginia, as the 79th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 79th Division (later redesignated as the 79th Infantry Division)


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and redesignated 2 August 1943 as the 79th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Activated 28 January 1947 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the 79th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
(Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve)


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and redesignated 15 July 1949 as the 79th Reconnaissance Company


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Converted and redesignated (less 3d Platoon) 5 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade, and relieved from assignment to the 79th Infantry Division (3d Platoon, 79th Reconnaissance Company, concurrently redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Infantry Brigade – hereafter separate lineage)


157th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage
Withdrawn 24 October 1997 from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army; Headquarters concurrently activated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina


157th Infantry Division "Novara"
The 157th Infantry Division "Novara" (Italian: 157ª Divisione fanteria "Novara") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during the Second World War, formed on 10 March 1942 as a garrison division and named for the city of Novara. The division was based along the Italian-Yugoslavian border and participated in operations against Yugoslav Partisans operating in the area. The division was used to reform the 2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca" on 1 June 1943.


157th Infantry Division (France)
157th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the French Army during the First World War. One source says it was known as the Red Hand Division from a device on its Color.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
The 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, also known as the Iron Brigade, is based out of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was formerly known as the 57th Field Artillery Brigade, at which time its subordinate organizations included the 1st Battalion, 126th Field Artillery Regiment and the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment from the Wisconsin Army National Guard, plus the 1st Battalion, 182nd Field Artillery Regiment of the Michigan Army National Guard. Not to be confused with the famous "Iron Brigade" of the Civil War, its nickname was traditionally given to crack artillery units in the Civil War. It was during World War I that the 57th Field Artillery Brigade earned its nickname as it spent many hours at the front and fired more artillery rounds than any brigade in the American Army.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 20th century, World War I era
Part of the 32nd Infantry Division, the unit was organized under War Department orders of 18 July 1917, from National Guard troops from Wisconsin and Michigan. Brigadier General William G. Haan, while acting as Division Commander, was also in command of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade. The 119th Field Artillery, composed largely of Michigan artillery and cavalry troops, was commanded by Major Chester B. McCormick, later promoted to the rank of Colonel. The 120th Field Artillery was made up almost entirely from troops of the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, and the commanding officer of the latter organization. Colonel Carl Penner, continued in command. The 1st Wisconsin Field Artillery Regiment became the 121st Field Artillery, the heavy artillery regiment of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade. The Commanding Officer of the Wisconsin Artillery, Colonel Philip C. Westfahl, became Commander of the new regiment.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 20th century, World War II service
In 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt established the Mojave Anti- Aircraft Range, a military reservation of approximately 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2) in the area of the present Fort Irwin. In 1942, the Mojave Anti- Aircraft Range was renamed Camp Irwin, in honor of Maj. Gen. George LeRoy Irwin, commander of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade during World War I. Two years later, Camp Irwin was deactivated and placed on surplus status.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 20th century, Kosovo service
Starting in November 2011, 157th MEB deployed to Kosovo as the headquarters of Multi-National Battle Group-East in support of the NATO KFOR (Kosovo Forces) mission. The 157 returned successfully.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Iraq service
On 22 April 2006 the 1-121st FA left for Camp Shelby in Mississippi for two months for pre-mobilization training. After their training concluded the 1-121st FA was then deployed to Kuwait and portions of Iraq. During their deployment two battalion soldiers were killed in action. Cpl . Steven Castner died 24 July 2006 after a roadside bomb attack hit his convoy near Tallil, Iraq.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Afghanistan service
The 951st Engineer Company of the 724th Engineer Battalion deployed to Afghanistan in February 2009 as part of the 276th Engineer Battalion, Virginia Army National Guard, to provide route clearance operations for Coalition forces. During this deployment the 276th completed 1090 missions and received the Valorous Unit Award while sustaining the loss of only one soldier to enemy fire. Sgt . Ryan C. Adams of 3rd Platoon, 951st Engineer Company, died on 2 October from wounds sustained from an RPG attack on his vehicle.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Afghanistan service
The 229th Engineer Company of the 724th Engineer Battalion deployed to Southern Afghanistan in September 2012, and expanded mobility for American and Afghan forces through numerous route improvement projects and base expansions.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Afghanistan service
On 16 January 2013, Bravo Battery of the 121st FA deployed to Afghanistan.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Afghanistan service
On 17 May 2014, Alpha Battery of the 1-121 FA deployed overseas to Afghanistan in support of coalition forces.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
During the early 1960s, the unit was assigned the Little John. On 30 December 1967, the 32nd Infantry Division was deactivated and National Guard units realigned. Along with the 32nd Infantry Division, the 32nd Infantry Division Artillery was redesignated as the 257th Field Artillery Group. On 30 September 1978, the 257th Field Artillery Group was redesignated as the 57th Field Artillery Brigade; a designation which had previously existed until the 32nd Division was reorganized into the then-standard triangular (three regiment) division in 1942 and the 32nd Division Artillery created.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
As a part of the strategic transformation, the 57th Field Artillery Brigade was transformed from a Field Artillery Brigade to the 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB).


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
The previous HHB, 57th Field Artillery Brigade transformed into HHC, 157th MEB. This unit almost doubled in size while the headquarters remained in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This is a newly designed, multifunctional command and control organization.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
Unit Mission: The Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB) enables, enhances, and protects the operational and tactical freedom of action of the support force. It received and integrates mission tailored forces to Brigade Combat Teams (BCT) and support brigades. It commands and controls forces necessary to conduct security and functional operations in a designated area of operations (AO) in order to enable force application, focused logistics, battle space awareness, and protection.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
A new unit, 357th Network Support Company (NSC), is headquartered in Two Rivers, Wisconsin. The primary mission for the NSC is to provide communication support to all units within the CSB. This unit mainly comprised the previous Detachment 1 HHB 57th FA Brigade.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
The 1st Battalion, 126th Field Artillery Regiment (Paladin) will transform into the 257th Brigade Support Battalion (BSB) and will be headquartered in Oak Creek, WI. The primary mission for the BSB is to provide service support to all assigned units within the CSB. The BSB has a Distribution Company in Whitewater and a Maintenance Company in Kenosha, Wisconsin.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
A new unit, the 457th Chemical Company, is headquartered in Burlington, Wisconsin. Their mission is to provide chemical detection and decontamination for the CSB.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
The 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment, which maintains Multiple Launch Rocket Systems, (MLRS) will convert to High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), with their headquarters located in Milwaukee, WI, and their firing batteries located in Racine (Battery A), Plymouth (Battery B), and Sussex (Battery C).


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
A new unit, 108th Forward Support Company (FSC), to be headquartered in Sussex, WI, was formed by the direct support MLRS maintenance team (Detachment 2, 107th Maintenance Company) and the service support of the 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment. Their primary mission is to provide service support to a HIMARS battalion.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
On 3 February 2008, 0930 hours Change of Command of this Brigade was passed from Col. Dominic A. Cariello to Col. Mark Michie. Colonel Michie was assigned to Joint Forces Headquarters in Madison. He graduated from the US Army War College graduate course in Carlisle, PA, in June 2007, having spent 11 months at the Army's Senior Service College.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
In March 2008, the 264th Engineer Group (Chippewa Falls, WI) cased its flag and de-activated. The 724th Engineer Battalion, along with 9 modular units, will fall under the command and control of the 157th MEB.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, History, 21st century, Modern era redesignation
In 2012, 1-121 FA BN A Btry (Racine, WI) was combined with C Btry (Sussex, WI) resulting from a MTOE change changing the Battalion from 3 × 6 (six guns per Battery) to 2 × 8 (eight guns per Battery). The combining left the Racine armory vacant and kept the A Btry designation now based out of Sussex, WI.


157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Current units
All units under the 257th Brigade Support Battalion except for the 32nd Military Police Company and the 357th Brigade Signal Company were disbanded effective August 2019.


157th Motor Rifle Division
The 157th Motor Rifle Division was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army. It existed from 1969 to 1987 and was based in Feodosia. In 1987 it became the 710th Territorial Training Center. In 1989, the training center became a storage base.


157th Motor Rifle Division, History
In April 1969, the 157th Motor Rifle Division was activated in Feodosiya as part of the 32nd Army Corps. It replaced the 52nd Motor Rifle Division, which had been moved to Nizhneudinsk. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 17% strength. On 1 December 1987, it became the 710th Territorial Training Center. On 1 September 1989, the training center became the 5378th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base.


157th New York Infantry Regiment
The 157th New York Infantry Regiment was a regiment of infantry organized in New York state during the American Civil War.


157th New York Infantry Regiment
On August 13, 1862, Colonel Philip P. Brown Jr. was authorized to recruit this regiment in the then 23d Senatorial District of the State. It was organized at Hamilton, convening in the service of the United States for three years from September 19, 1862. On June 22, 1865, the men not to be Muster (military) with the regiment were transferred to the 54th New York Volunteer Infantry.


157th New York Infantry Regiment, Legacy
During the American Civil War the 157th participated in the Mud March, the Battle of Chancellorsville, and the Battle of Gettysburg. On the first day at Gettysburg they suffered in heavy fighting north of the town. On the second day they were a reserve regiment rushed to the aid of the 137th New York holding the right flank on Culp's Hill.


157th New York Infantry Regiment, Legacy
They guarded the "Immortal 600" Confederate officers at Fort Pulaski, Georgia. This was a special group of prisoners that were there for the "purpose of retaliation". Col. Brown and his men, though, treated the prisoners better than their orders specified and this led to an official reprimand for Col. Brown, much to the Confederates' dismay.


157th New York State Legislature
The 157th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to August 18, 1934, during the second year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.


157th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


157th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party and the Communist Party also nominated tickets. The Prohibition Party adopted at this time the name Law Preservation Party: to emphasize that Prohibition should be preserved while it was in the process of being repealed. They endorsed the "dry" candidates (mostly Republicans) and nominated own candidates in many districts where "wet" candidates were the front-runners. In New York City, a "City Fusion" (generally allied with the Republicans) and a "Recovery" (Anti- Tammany Democrats supporting Joseph V. McKee) ticket were nominated for the local elections held at the same time.


157th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1933, was held on November 7. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals which was carried by the incumbent Democrat Leonard C. Crouch who was nominated by the Democrats and endorsed by the Republicans, the Law Preservation Party and the City Fusion.


157th New York State Legislature, Elections
The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Democrats/Republicans/Law Preservation/City Fusion 3,250,000; Socialists 100,000; and Communists 31,000.


157th New York State Legislature, Elections
Doris I. Byrne (Dem. ), a lawyer from the Bronx, was the only woman elected to the 157th Legislature.


157th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1934; and adjourned at 2.30 a.m. on April 28.


157th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Marguerite O'Connell (Dem.) was elected Clerk of the New York State Senate to fill the unexpired term of her deceased husband Patrick H. O'Connell, becoming the first woman to hold this office.


157th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Assembly Clerk Fred W. Hammond (Rep.) encountered opposition from the Republican State Committee Chairman W. Kingsland Macy who instructed his followers not to vote for Hammond. The second ballot for assembly clerk, on January 4, stood: Hammond 66; Louis A. Cuvillier (Dem.) 62; Charles F. Close (Rep.) 16; Ward H. Arburry 3; and Clement Curry 1. The split persisted, and no clerk could be elected. On January 12, in an unprecedented move, Speaker McGinnies appointed Hammond as Clerk without election.


157th New York State Legislature, Sessions
State Senator Warren T. Thayer (Rep.) was accused to act as a lobbyist for a utility company while having been chairman of the senate committee in charge of the pertaining legislation. He resigned his seat on June 11. He was tried before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and on June 19, the State Senate in special session found Thayer guilty of official misconduct by the unanimous vote of the 47 senators present.


157th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 10, 1934; and adjourned on August 18.


157th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


157th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


157th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


157th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 157th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 157th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 157th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 15, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel George Wythe McCook.


157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Baltimore, Maryland, May 17 and was assigned to Tyler's Command, VIII Corps. Duty in the defenses of Baltimore and at Fort Delaware guarding Confederate prisoners until September.


157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 157th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 2, 1864, at Camp Chase.


157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


157th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 10 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 157th  Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was a Union infantry regiment which fought in multiple key engagements during the final years of the American Civil War, including the Battle of Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg, and Appomattox Campaign. One of two military units raised at roughly the same time in the Philadelphia area during the fall of 1862, the 157th Pennsylvania was stationed initially at Fort Delaware, beginning in December 1862, and remained there on garrison duty until it was reassigned to the defense of Washington, D.C. during the early winter of 1863.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
It was then assigned to the Army of the Potomac during the spring of 1864, and sent to the front lines of the war's Eastern Theater, where it remained for the duration of the war. During a reorganization of Union Army units in the spring of 1865, its men were merged with those of the 191st Pennsylvania Infantry.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Raised in response to the continuing need for additional soldiers to support the Union Army during the American Civil War, the 156th and 157th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry regiments began their respective recruiting drives in the Philadelphia area during the fall of 1862. Neither drive went well, however; as a result, by December 1862, the partially-staffed 157th Pennsylvania was assigned to garrison duty at Fort Delaware.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
With recruitment still proceeding slowly for both regiments after the New Year of 1863, the men who had been recruited for the 156th Pennsylvania, who numbered roughly the size of just one company, were transferred to the 157th Pennsylvania Infantry, thereby forming a battalion composed of four companies. The commissioned officers appointed to lead this new iteration of the 157th Pennsylvania were: Edmund T. Tiers, lieutenant colonel, and Thomas H. Addicks, major.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The men of the newly reorganized 157th Pennsylvania were then transported to Washington, D.C., attached to Tyler's Division, 22nd Corps in February 1863, and assigned to defensive duties of the city. On May 29, 1864, the battalion was reassigned to the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, 5th Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac, and ordered out on operations between North Anna and Cold Harbor, Virginia. Engaged in the battles of Bethesda Church (June 1–3) and Cold Harbor (June 1–12), the 157th Pennsylvania then participated in the Siege of Petersburg, including the Battle of the Crater (July 30).


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Attached to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Army Corps beginning in August 1864, the 157th Pennsylvanians were then assigned to operations along the Weldon Railroad (August 18–21) before engaging in the fighting at Poplar Springs Church (September 30–October 2), Yellow House (October 2), and Boydton Plank Road (October 27–28), and in Warren's Raid on the Weldon Railroad (December 7–12).


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Engaged in the Battle of Hatcher's Run (February 5–7, 1865), the 157th Pennsylvania was then merged into the 191st Pennsylvania Infantry on March 21, 1865, and assigned to the Appomattox Campaign. According to historians of the Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee, the agency responsible for the conservation of the state's Civil War-era battle flags, it was on that same day that the 157th Pennsylvania's original commanding officer, Edmund T. Tiers, requested that his regiment be given its First State Color. Although the flag was eventually manufactured by Horstmann Brothers and Company, it was never carried into battle.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Present for Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, the men of the 157th Pennsylvania (now part of the 191st Pennsylvania), then officially mustered out in Virginia on June 28, 1865.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
According to historian Samuel Bates, “In consequence of its consolidation, no separate muster-out rolls were made. The records of the officers and men will, therefore, be found in their places in the rolls of the One Hundred and Ninety-first, and such as left the service, or died before the consolidation, in an appendix to that regiment.”


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members
Abram Douglas Harlan initially cared for casualties of the war at Fortress Monroe before enrolling as a private with Company C of the Myers Independent Cavalry. He then enrolled with the 157th Pennsylvania on October 16, 1862, was commissioned as a first lieutenant and regimental quartermaster with the battalion's field and staff officers' corps on December 16, and was then honorably discharged on February 27, 1863. Post-war, he held a variety of clerkships with the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, and the U.S. Customs Bureau office in Philadelphia, and was then elected to the Pennsylvania Senate in 1883. Twice re-elected, he served until 1892.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members
John Wallace Scott was wounded in action multiple times while serving with the 157th Pennsylvania, and was then awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor for his gallantry during the Battle of Five Forks, Virginia on April 1, 1865. Although his citation states that his actions took place while he was a member of the 157th Pennsylvania, that particular act of valor actually occurred after his regiment had been merged into the 191st Pennsylvania.


157th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable members
Two men were assigned as color-bearers for the 157th Pennsylvania:


157th Street station
157th Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Broadway and 157th Street in Washington Heights, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.


157th Street station
The 157th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 157th Street started on May 14 of the same year. The station held a soft opening on October 29, 1904, and officially opened two weeks later on November 12. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948, and the station was renovated in the late 20th century.


157th Street station
The 157th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Broadway's intersection with 157th Street and not connected to each other within fare control.


157th Street station, History, Construction
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.


157th Street station, History, Construction
The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.


157th Street station, History, Construction
The 157th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900. The section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track. A third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks.


157th Street station, History, Opening
Operation of the first subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch. Two days later, service was extended one stop to 157th Street, which at the time was still incomplete. The station had been soft opened to allow passengers to travel to the Yale–Columbia football game at the Polo Grounds.


157th Street station, History, Opening
157th Street was formally opened on November 12, 1904, as the first extension to the subway. The station's opening had been delayed by two weeks because there was still painting and plastering work going on in the station. 157th Street thus became the terminal for West Side Line trains, relieving congestion at 96th Street, which previously had been the terminus for the IRT's local trains. On March 12, 1906, the IRT was extended from 157th Street to 221st Street.


157th Street station, History, Opening
Shuttle trains served the new extension terminating at 157th Street, meaning that passengers south of 157th Street wanting to go to stations on the extension had to transfer at 157th Street. On May 30, 1906, express trains began running through to 221st Street, eliminating the need to transfer at this station.


157th Street station, History, Station improvements
After the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an "H"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.


157th Street station, History, Station improvements
To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.


157th Street station, History, Station improvements
The northbound platform at the 157th Street station was extended 70 feet (21 m) to the south and 60 feet (18 m) to the north, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.


157th Street station, History, Station improvements
Work to construct new entrances at the station was 49 percent completed in Fiscal Year 1924.


157th Street station, History, Station improvements
Platforms at IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 157th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157 m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 157th Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 157th Street opened.


157th Street station, History, Station improvements
At the same time, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.


157th Street station, Station layout
This station was part of the original subway, and has two side platforms and two tracks. The 1 stops here at all times.


157th Street station, Station layout
The platforms were originally 350 feet (110 m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street, but as a result of the 1948 platform extension, became 520 feet (160 m) long. The platform extensions are at the rear ends of the original platforms: the southbound platform was extended northward and the northbound platform was extended southward.


157th Street station, Station layout, Design
As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a "U"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain I-beam columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m). Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs.


157th Street station, Station layout, Design
The tiled columns that run along the entire length and contain "157" painted in black. Some of the columns between the tracks have "157" signs in black lettering on white borders. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.


157th Street station, Station layout, Design
The decorative scheme consists of blue/green tile tablets; buff tile bands; a green terracotta cornice; and buff terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. The platforms contain their original trim line that includes "157" mosaics and name tablets reading "157TH ST." There are also directional signs on the tiles containing white lettering on a black background and brown border.


157th Street station, Station layout, Exits
Each platform has one same-level fare control area near the middle. Both are fully staffed, containing a turnstile bank and token booth, and each has two street stairs. The northbound side's two exits lead to the southeast corner of 157th Street and Broadway, and the southbound side's two exits lead to the northwest corner of the intersection. There are no crossovers or crossunders to allow free transfers between directions. Only the South Ferry-bound side token booth is staffed.


157th meridian east
The meridian 157° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


157th meridian east
The 157th meridian east forms a great circle with the 23rd meridian west.


157th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 157th meridian east passes through:


157th meridian west
The meridian 157° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


157th meridian west
The 157th meridian west forms a great circle with the 23rd meridian east.


157th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 157th meridian west passes through:


158
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


158
Year 158 (CLVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tertullus and Sacerdos (or, less frequently, year 911 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 158 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


158 (number)
158 (one hundred [and] fifty-eight) is the natural number following 157 and preceding 159.


158 (number), In mathematics
158 is a nontotient, since there is no integer with 158 coprimes below it. 158 is a Perrin number, appearing after 68, 90, 119.


158 (number), In mathematics
158 is the number of digits in the decimal expansion of 100!, the product of all the natural numbers up to and including 100.


158 BC
Year 158 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Laenas (or, less frequently, year 596 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Houyuan. The denomination 158 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


158 Koronis
Koronis (minor planet designation: 158 Koronis) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Russian astronomer Viktor Knorre on January 4, 1876, from the Berlin observatory. It was the first of his four asteroid discoveries. The meaning of the asteroid name is uncertain, but it may come from Coronis the mother of Asclepius from Greek mythology. Alternatively, it may come from Coronis, a nymph of the Hyades sisterhood. The Koronis family is named after this asteroid.


158 Koronis
From its spectrum this is classified as an S-type asteroid, indicating a stony composition. Photometric observations show a synodic rotation period of 14.206 ± 0.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28–0.43 in magnitude. A subsequent study at the Altimira Observatory during 2010 was in agreement with this estimate, yielding a rotation period of 14.208 ± 0.040 hours. Based on a model constructed from the lightcurve, the shape of Koronis resembles that of 243 Ida, an asteroid in the same family, although it is a bit larger.


158 Koronis
A collision involving 158 Koronis 15 million years ago created a cluster of 246 objects. 158 Koronis itself retained 98.7% of the total mass. These new objects formed the Koronis(2) family. Koronis(2) is a subfamily of the much larger Koronis family.


158 Regiment RLC
158 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps, is a reserve regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. The Regiment's role is to provide logistical support to the Regular Army through its paired regular regiment, 7 Regiment RLC, as well as providing soldiers when required. 158 Regiment currently falls under the command 102 Logistics Brigade.


158 Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed in 1996 by converting the 5th Battalion, the Royal Anglian Regiment from the infantry to transport role. 160 Squadron was formed in Lincoln in July 2014 as part of the Army 2020 restructuring.


158 Regiment RLC, Honorary Colonels
The following is a list of the Honorary Colonels of the Regiment:


1580
1580 (MDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.


1580 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1580 kHz: 1580 AM is a Canadian clear-channel frequency. See list of broadcast station classes.


1580 Betulia
1580 Betulia, provisional designation 1950 KA, is an eccentric, carbonaceous asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 4.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 May 1950, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for Betulia Toro, wife of astronomer Samuel Herrick.


1580 Betulia, Orbit and classification
Betulia orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1–3.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,190 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.49 and an inclination of 52° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1950.


1580 Betulia, Orbit and classification, Close approaches
Betulia is a near-Earth asteroid with an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1365 AU (20,400,000 km), which corresponds to 53.2 lunar distances. As an Amor asteroid, and contrary to the Apollo and Aten asteroids, it approaches Earth's orbit from beyond but does not cross it. Betulia is also a Mars-crosser due to its eccentric orbit.


1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Betulia is an unusual C-type asteroid, as near-Earth objects are typically of stony rather than carbonaceous composition. Based on images taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the asteroid has also been characterized as a carbonaceous but "brighter" B-type asteroid.


1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Betulia were obtained from photometric observations since the 1970s. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 6.1324 hours with a brightness variation of 0.70 magnitude (U=3), indicating that the body has a non-spheroidal shape. Other observations gave a period between 6.130 and 6.48 hours.


1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics, Poles
Photometric and radiometric observations of Betulia were also used to model the asteroid's lightcurve. It gave a concurring period of 6.13836 hours as well as a spin axis of (133.0°, 22.0°) and (136.0°, 22.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β), respectively. The results supersede previously determined rotational poles (also see LCDB summary).


1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Radar observations at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, Tom Gehrels estimate from the Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids, and observations by Alan W. Harris using the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Betulia measures between 3.82 and 8.55 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.17.


1580 Betulia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link takes an albedo of 0.09 and a diameter of 4.2 kilometers as best estimates and adopts an absolute magnitude of 15.1.


1580 Betulia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Betulia Toro Herrick, wife of Samuel Herrick (1911–1974), an American astronomer who specialized in celestial mechanics. Herrick had studied the asteroid's orbit, and requested the name, along with that of 1685 Toro. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in May 1952 (M.P.C. 768).


1580 Dover Straits earthquake
Though severe earthquakes in the north of France and Britain are rare, the 1580 Dover Straits earthquake appears to have been one of the largest in the recorded history of England, Flanders or northern France. Its effects started to be felt in London at around six o'clock in the evening of 6 April 1580, being Wednesday in the Easter week.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Location and magnitude
A study undertaken during the design of the Channel Tunnel estimated the magnitude of the 1580 quake at 5.3–5.9 ML and its focal depth at 20–30 km, in the lower crust. The Channel Tunnel was therefore designed to withstand those tremors. Being relatively deep, the quake was felt over a large area and it is not certain where the epicentre was located. The Channel Tunnel study proposed three possible locations, two south of Calais and one offshore. The barycentre of the isoseismals with intensities IV to VII lies in the Boulonnais, 10 km east of Desvres, the barycentre of the VII isoseismal lies about 1 km northeast of Ardres, and the barycentre of the only pleistoseismal zone lies in the English Channel.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Location and magnitude
The British Geological Survey estimates the magnitude to be 5.7–5.8 ML.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records
The earthquake is well recorded in contemporary documents, including the "earthquake letter" from Gabriel Harvey to Edmund Spenser mocking popular and academic methods of accounting for the tremors. It fell during Easter week, an omen-filled connection that was not lost on the servant-poet James Yates, who wrote ten stanzas on the topic:


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records
Yates' poem was printed in 1582 in The Castell of Courtesy.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records
English writer Thomas Churchyard, then aged 60, was in London when the quake struck and he drafted an immediate account which was published two days later. In his 2007 biography of Richard Hakluyt, historian Peter C. Mancall provides extensive extracts from Churchyard's 8 April 1580 pamphlet, A Warning to the Wyse, a Feare to the Fond, a Bridle to the Lewde, and a Glasse to the Good; written of the late Earthquake chanced in London and other places, the 6th of April, 1580, for the Glory of God and benefit of men, that warely can walk, and wisely judge.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records
Set forth in verse and prose, by Thomas Churchyard, gentleman. Mancall notes that Churchyard's pamphlet provides a sense of immediacy so often lacking in retrospective writing. According to Churchyard, the quake could be felt across the city and well into the suburbs, as "a wonderful motion and trembling of the earth" shook London and "Churches, Pallaces, houses, and other buildings did so quiver and shake, that such as were then present in the same were toosed too and fro as they stoode, and others, as they sate on seates, driven off their places."


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records
The English public was so eager to read about the quake that a few months later, Abraham Fleming was able to publish a collection of reports of the Easter Earthquake, including those written by Thomas Churchyard, Richard Tarlton (described as the writing clown of Shakespeare's day), Francis Schackleton, Arthur Golding, Thomas Twine, John Philippes, Robert Gittins, and John Grafton, as well as Fleming's own account. Published by Henry Denham on 27 June 1580, Fleming's pamphlet was titled: A Bright Burning Beacon, forewarning all wise Virgins to trim their lampes against the coming of the Bridegroome.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records
Conteining A generall doctrine of sundrie signes and wonders, specially Earthquakes both particular and generall: A discourse of the end of this world: A commemoration of our late Earthquake, the 6 of April, about 6 of the clocke in the evening 1580. And a praier for the appeasing of Gods wrath and indignation. Newly translated and collected by Abraham Fleming.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records
Shirley Collins cites ballad-writer Thomas Deloney as having written the broadside ballad "Awake Awake" about the earthquake, which she subsequently recorded on her 2016 album Lodestar. In the sleeve notes she states "Awake Awake is a fascinating survival of the penitential song written in 1580 by ballad-writer Thomas Deloney, when the Great Earthquake in London toppled part of old St Paul's Cathedral, Deloney taking it as a sign of God's displeasure.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Records
Over three hundred years later, in 1909, Ralph Vaughan Williams noted down this version from the singing of Mrs Caroline Bridges of Pembridge and it's in Mary Ellen Leather's  (1912). A remarkable journey down through those many years." An adaptation of the original tune was subsequently put to the carol "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" by Ralph Vaughan Williams.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact
Farther from the coast, furniture danced on the floors and wine casks rolled off their stands. The belfry of Notre Dame de Lorette and several buildings at Lille collapsed. Stones fell from buildings in Arras, Douai, Béthune and Rouen. Windows cracked in the cathedral of Notre Dame at Pontoise, and blocks of stone dropped ominously from the vaulting. At Beauvais, the bells rang as though sounding the tocsin. Many deaths were reported from Saint-Amand-les-Eaux.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact
In Flanders, chimneys fell and cracks opened in the walls of Ghent and Oudenarde, killing several people. Peasants in the fields reported a low rumble and saw the ground roll in waves.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact
On the English coast, sections of wall fell in Dover and a landslip opened a raw new piece of the White Cliffs. At Sandwich a loud noise emanated from the Channel, as church arches cracked and the gable end of a transept fell at St Peter's Church. Near Hythe, Kent, Saltwood Castle—made famous as the site where the plot was hatched in December 1170 to assassinate Thomas Becket — was rendered uninhabitable until it was repaired in the 19th century.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact
In London, half a dozen chimney stacks and a pinnacle on Westminster Abbey came down; two children were killed by stones falling from the roof of Christ's Church Hospital. Indeed, many Puritans blamed the emerging theatre scene of the time in London, which was seen as the work of the Devil, as a cause of the quake. There was damage far inland, in Cambridgeshire, where stones fell from Ely Cathedral. Part of Stratford Castle in Essex collapsed.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact
In Scotland, a local report of the quake disturbed the adolescent James VI, who was informed that it was the work of the Devil.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Impact
There were aftershocks. Before dawn the next morning, between 4 and 5 o'clock, further houses collapsed near Dover due to aftershocks, and a spate of further aftershocks was noticed in east Kent on 1–2 May.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Other earthquakes in the Dover Straits
198 years earlier there was a very similar event, the magnitude 5.8–6.0 1382 Dover Straits earthquake, with an estimated epicentre not far from that estimated for the 1580 event. Two later quakes in the Dover Strait, in 1776 and 1950, both thought to be around magnitude 4, were noted in the 1984 compilation by R.M.W. Musson, G. Neilson and P.W. Burton. None in this study occurred before 1727, but the same team devoted an article to the 1580 earthquake that year, the classic study.


1580 Dover Straits earthquake, Other earthquakes in the Dover Straits
The 2007 Kent earthquake was initially thought to have occurred in the Dover Straits, but later analysis showed it to have occurred directly under the town of Folkestone in Kent.


1580 in Scotland
Events from the year 1580 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1580 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1580.


1580 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1580 in science
The year 1580 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.


1580s
The 1580s decade ran from January 1, 1580, to December 31, 1589.


1580s BC
The 1580s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1589 BC to December 31, 1580 BC.


1580s in the Southern Netherlands
Events from the 1580s in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège.


1580s in the Southern Netherlands, Incumbents, Habsburg Netherlands
Monarch – Philip II, King of Spain and Duke of Brabant, of Luxembourg, etc.


1580s in the Southern Netherlands, Incumbents, Habsburg Netherlands
Governor General – Alexander Farnese, Prince (later Duke) of Parma


1580s in the Southern Netherlands, Incumbents, Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Prince-Bishop – Gerard van Groesbeeck to December 1580; Ernest of Bavaria from January 1581


1581
1581 (MDLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.


1581 Abanderada
1581 Abanderada, provisional designation 1950 LA1, is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 June 1950, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, Argentina. The asteroid was named after Eva Perón.


1581 Abanderada, Orbit and classification
Abanderada is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,049 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1581 Abanderada, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1927 JD at Simeiz Observatory in May 1927. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery image taken at Lowell Observatory in September 1929, or almost 21 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Plata.


1581 Abanderada, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, the asteroid's spectral type is ambiguous. It is closest to a bright carbonaceous B-type and somewhat similar to the common C-type asteroids. Tholen has also flagged the asteroid's spectra as "unusual" (BCU).


1581 Abanderada, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Abanderada was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini. The lightcurve with a period of 19.2 hours was later retracted due to its poor quality (U=n.a.). As of 2017, the body's effective rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.


1581 Abanderada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Abanderada measures between 29.508 and 31.74 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.06 and 0.093, while the Japanese Akari satellite found a diameter of 36.49 kilometers with an albedo of 0.061.


1581 Abanderada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, that is, an albedo of 0.0523 and a diameter of 39.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.85.


1581 Abanderada, Naming
This minor planet was named in after Eva Perón (1919–1952), wife of President Juan Perón (1895–1974) of Argentina. The name "Abanderada" may be translated from Spanish as "woman with a banner"—an appellation frequently used in reference to her as a crusader for social and political change.


1581 Abanderada, Naming
The discoverer also named the asteroids 1569 Evita, 1582 Martir, 1588 Descamisada and 1589 Fanatica in tribute to Eva Perón. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1953 (M.P.C. 877).


1581 in Scotland
Events from the year 1581 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1581 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1581.


1581 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1581 in science
The year 1581 in science and technology included the following notable events.


15810 Arawn
15810 Arawn, provisional designation 1994 JR1, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) from the inner regions of the Kuiper belt, approximately 133 kilometres (83 mi) in diameter. It belongs to the plutinos, the largest class of resonant TNOs. It was named after Arawn, the ruler of the Celtic underworld, and discovered on 12 May 1994, by astronomers Michael Irwin and Anna Żytkow with the 2.5-metre Isaac Newton Telescope at La Palma Observatory in the Canary Islands, Spain.


15810 Arawn
Arawn is unique in that it has been observed at a much closer distance than most Kuiper belt objects, by the New Horizons spacecraft, which imaged it from a distance of 111 million km (69 million mi; 0.74 AU) in April 2016; this and its other observations have allowed its rotation period to be determined.


15810 Arawn, Orbit and physical properties
Arawn is moving in a relatively eccentric orbit entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. With a semi-major axis of 39.4 AU, it orbits the Sun once every 247 years and 6 months (90,409 days). Its orbit has perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) of 34.7 AU, an aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) of 44.1 AU, an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It is a plutino, being trapped in a 2:3 mean motion resonance with Neptune, similarly to dwarf planet Pluto, the largest known plutino.


15810 Arawn, Orbit and physical properties
It measures approximately 133 km (83 mi) in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 7.6, and estimated albedo of 0.1. Observations by the Hubble Space Telescope show that Arawn has a very red surface. In April 2016, a rotation period of 5.47 hours was determined for this minor planet.


15810 Arawn, Quasi-satellite dynamical state and orbital evolution
In 2012 Arawn was hypothesized to be in a quasi-satellite loop around Pluto, as part of a recurring pattern, becoming a Plutonian quasi-satellite every 2 Myr and remaining in that phase for nearly 350,000 years. Measurements made by the New Horizons probe in 2015 made it possible to calculate the motion of Arawn much more accurately. These calculations confirm the general dynamics described in the hypotheses. However, it is not agreed upon among astronomers whether Arawn should be classified as a quasi-satellite of Pluto based on this motion, since its orbit is primarily controlled by Neptune with only occasional smaller perturbations caused by Pluto.


15810 Arawn, Origin
Arawn is moving in a very stable orbit, likely as stable as Pluto's. This suggests that it might be a primordial plutino formed around the same time Pluto itself and Charon came into existence. It is unlikely to be relatively recent debris originated in collisions within Pluto's system or a captured object.


15810 Arawn, Observation
Arawn is currently relatively close to Pluto. In 2017 it was only 2.7 AU from Pluto. Before 486958 Arrokoth was discovered in 2014, Arawn was the best known target for a flyby by the New Horizons spacecraft after its Pluto flyby in 2015.


15810 Arawn, Observation
Arawn was one of the first objects targeted for distant observations by New Horizons, which were taken on 2 November 2015. More observations were made in April 2016.


15810 Arawn, Observation
On 2 November 2015 Arawn was imaged by the LORRI instrument aboard New Horizons, making it the closest observation of a Kuiper belt object other than the Pluto–Charon system by a factor of 15.


15810 Arawn, Observation
Between 7–8 April 2016, New Horizons imaged Arawn from a new record distance of about 111 million kilometers, using the LORRI instrument. The new images allowed the science team at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado, to further pinpoint the location of Arawn to within 1000 kilometers. The new data also made it possible for scientists to observe Arawn's rotation period, which was determined to be 5.47 hours.


15811 Nüsslein-Volhard
15811 Nüsslein-Volhard, provisional designation 1994 ND1, is a dark background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 July 1994, by German astronomer Freimut Börngen at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. It was named for Nobelist Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard.


15811 Nüsslein-Volhard, Orbit and classification
Nüsslein-Volhard orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,095 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic.


15811 Nüsslein-Volhard, Orbit and classification
The asteroid's observation arc begins 39 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its first identification as 1955 SX1 at the Goethe Link Observatory in September 1955.


15811 Nüsslein-Volhard, Physical characteristics
According to the observations made by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Nüsslein-Volhard measures 15.2 and 16.2 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.062 and 0.067, respectively. A low albedo of 0.06 is typical for carbonaceous asteroids.


15811 Nüsslein-Volhard, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
As of 2017, Nüsslein-Volhard's actual composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.


15811 Nüsslein-Volhard, Naming
This minor planet was named after Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 1942), a German biologist who, together with Eric Wieschaus and Edward Lewis, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995. Her research identified the genes controlling the embryonic development for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 May 2002 (M.P.C. 45748).


15817 Lucianotesi
15817 Lucianotesi (or 1994 QC) is an Amor asteroid discovered on August 28, 1994, by A. Boattini and M. Tombelli at San Marcello Pistoiese.


1582
1582 (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the proleptic Gregorian calendar, the 1582nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 582nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 82nd year of the 16th century, and the 3rd year of the Proleptic 1580s decade.


1582
However, this year also saw the beginning of the Gregorian calendar switch, when the papal bull known as Inter gravissimas introduced the Gregorian calendar, adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal until Thursday, October 4. However, the next day became Friday, October 15 (like a common year starting on Friday), in those countries (France followed two months later, letting Sunday, December 9 be followed by Monday, December 20). Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion of the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923.


1582 Ancuancu earthquake
On April 2, 1582, Ancuancu (in present-day La Paz Department, Bolivia) was struck by an earthquake, that reportedly buried all of the inhabitants except for one chief who reportedly lost the ability to speak. In the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley was formed as a result of the earthquake.


1582 Cagayan battles
The 1582 Cagayan battles were a series of clashes between the forces of the Spanish Philippines led by Captain Juan Pablo de Carrión and wokou (possibly led by Japanese pirates) headed by Tay Fusa. These battles, which took place in the vicinity of the Cagayan River, finally resulted in a Spanish victory.


1582 Cagayan battles
This event is a recorded battle between European soldiers and sailors against Japanese pirates, which followed similar events like the battles of Manila and Fukuda Bay. The clash pitted Spanish musketeers, pikemen, rodeleros and sailors assisted by allied native warriors against a larger group of Japanese, Chinese, and likely native Filipino pirates made up of rōnin, soldiers, fishermen, and merchants (smugglers and legitimate). The pirates had a large junk, and 18 sampans which are flat bottomed, wooden fishing boats.


1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude
Around 1573, the Japanese began to exchange gold for silver on the Philippine island of Luzon, especially in the provinces of Cagayan, Metro Manila, and Pangasinan, specifically the Lingayen area. In 1580, however, a ragtag group of pirates forced the natives of Cagayan into submission. These raiders were called Wokou.


1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude
In response, the Governor-General of the Philippines Gonzalo Ronquillo commissioned Juan Pablo de Carrión, hidalgo and a captain of the Spanish navy, to deal with the piracy.


1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude
Ronquillo wrote to King Philip II on 16 June 1582:


1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude
Los japoneses son la gente más belicosa que hay por acá. Traen artillería y mucha arcabucería y piquería. Usan armas defensivas para el cuerpo. Lo cual todo lo tienen por industria de portugeses, que se lo han mostrado para daño de sus ánimas.


1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude
The Japanese are the most belligerent people here. They bring artillery and many arquebusiers and pikemen. They wear body armor. All provided from the works of the Portuguese, whom they have shown to them for the detriment of their souls (sic) ...


1582 Cagayan battles, Prelude
Carrión took the initiative and shelled a Wokou ship, possibly of Chinese manufacture, in the South China Sea, removing it from action. A retaliation came from Tay Fusa, who sailed toward the Philippine archipelago with a fleet.


1582 Cagayan battles, Opposing forces
The Wokou fleet was composed of one junk and 18 sampans. Although their numbers were composed of Japanese, Chinese, and Philippine raiders, the name of their leader suggests the Japanese led their fleet. Spanish sources record it as Tay Fusa, which does not correspond to a Japanese name but could be a transliteration of Taifu-sama, with taifu (大夫) being a word for a Japanese medieval chieftain, also pronounced as tāi-hu in Hokkien Chinese, or dàfū in Mandarin Standard Chinese. They carried not only bladed weapons, but also muskets, which had been provided by the Portuguese.


1582 Cagayan battles, Opposing forces
To counter this, Carrión gathered forty soldiers and seven boats: five small support vessels, a light ship (San Yusepe), and a galleon (La Capitana), with their respective crews. Though lesser in numbers, the Spanish were advantaged by their greater experience with firearms than the pirates, as well as the superior quality of their armor and weaponry. Some Chinese sources claim that the Japanese pirates were not very good at firing their muskets, which is believed to be due to a shortage of good powder. However, during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), the Japanese musketeers had significant superiority in accuracy and range against Korean archers.


1582 Cagayan battles, Battle
As they passed the Cape Bojeador, the Spanish flotilla encountered a heavy Wokou sampan. It had recently arrived at the coast and its sailors were abusing the native population. Carrión, although outnumbered by the Wokou, engaged in naval battle with the sampan, eventually boarding it. The Spanish rodeleros then encountered armored Japanese Wokou wielding swords. Though initially successful, the Spanish soldiers were repelled back to their own ship, whose deck became a battlefield.


1582 Cagayan battles, Battle
Eventually the Spanish turned the battle again in their favor by improvising a parapet with Spanish pikemen at front and arquebusiers and musketeers at the rear, thanks to the well-timed reinforcement of the rest of the fleet. The Wokou abandoned the ships and swam away, with some of them drowning due to the weight of their armor. The Spanish had suffered their first casualties, among them the galley's captain Pero Lucas.


1582 Cagayan battles, Battle
The flotilla continued down the Cagayán River, finding a fleet of eighteen sampans and a Wokou fort erected inland. The Spanish fleet forced their way through using artillery and disembarked onshore. They dug in, assembling the artillery unloaded from the galleon in the trenches, and continually bombarded the pirates. The Wokou decided to negotiate a surrender and Carrión ordered them to leave Luzon. The pirates asked for gold in compensation for the losses they would suffer if they left, which was denied outright by Carrión. After this, the Wokou decided to attack by land with a force of some six hundred strong.


1582 Cagayan battles, Battle
The Spanish trenches, manned by both soldiers and sailors, endured a first assault, then another. In response to their pikes being seized by the Wokou soldiers, the Spanish oiled the shafts of their pikes in order to make them difficult to grasp. The Spanish were running low on gun powder by the third attack, which became a close-quarters fight that almost breached the trenches. Finally, with the Wokou assaults diminishing, the Spanish emerged from the trenches and attacked, routing the remaining Wokou. They then plundered the Wokou weapons left on the battlefield, which included katanas and armor, and kept them as trophies.


1582 Cagayan battles, Aftermath
With the region pacified, and the arrival of reinforcements, Carrión founded the city of Nueva Segovia (now Lal-lo). Pirate activity was sparse afterwards, although the impression left by the fierceness of the battle led the local Spanish viceroy to request more troops. The commercial activity near Cagayan was focused in Lingayen Bay, in Pangasinan, on the port of Agoo and consisted principally of deerskin trade.


1582 Martir
1582 Martir, provisional designation 1950 LY, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 June 1950, by  Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in Argentina. The asteroid was named after the First Lady of Argentina, Eva Perón.


1582 Martir, Orbit and classification
Martir is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,047 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory with its official discovery observation.


1582 Martir, Physical characteristics
Martir has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey.


1582 Martir, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Martir was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. After a review of the previous lightcurve analysis, a half-period solution with a fit on a monomodal lightcurve gave a revised rotation period of 9.84 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=2). This result supersedes two previous analysis that gave a period of 15.665 and 15.757 hours.


1582 Martir, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Martir measures between 34.42 and 39.969 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.038 and 0.060.