163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Inter-war period
The brigade (and the division) was disbanded after the war, along with the rest of the Territorial Force. However, it was reformed, as the 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Infantry Brigade, in the Territorial Army and continued to serve with the 54th (East Anglian) Division and had the same four battalions as it did before the First World War. However, in 1921, the 4th and 5th battalions of the Suffolks were amalgamated as the 4th/5th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment. The brigade later received the 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment from the 162nd (East Midland) Infantry Brigade. The composition of the brigade remained this throughout much of the inter-war period.


163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Inter-war period
In 1938, however, the 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment was transferred back to 162nd (East Midland) Infantry Brigade, when all British infantry brigades were reduced to three battalions.


163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War
In the Second World War, the brigade continued to be part of the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division from 3 September 1939 to 13 December 1943, when that division was disbanded. The brigade then became a Lines of Communication unit for the 21st Army Group. It stayed in the United Kingdom for the duration of its service. The original battalions of the brigade were converted into the 53rd Infantry Brigade, joining the 18th Infantry Division, on 18 September 1939 and the 163rd Infantry Brigade was reformed from the redesignation of the 161st Infantry Brigade.


163rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War
Second World War commanders of the brigade included Brig. M.D. Jephson, Brig. R.A.D. Moseley, Brig. O.M. Wales, and Lieut.Col. A.L. Taffs.


163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 163rd Infantry Division (German: 163. Infanterie-Division) was a German Army infantry division in World War II. Formed in November 1939, it was engaged in the invasion of Norway the following year. It fought alongside the Finnish Army during Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. During this time, the division's transit through neutral Sweden caused the Midsummer Crisis of 1941. The division spent most of the war in Finland, before being returned to Germany. It was destroyed in March 1945 in Pomerania by the First Polish Army, subordinated to the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front.


163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 163rd Infantry Division was raised in November 1939. In April 1940 it was employed in the invasion of Norway, landing at Oslo, Kristiansand, Arendal, and Stavanger. It was troops from this division that was present on the heavy cruiser Blucher when it was sunk in the Battle of Drøbak Sound in the early hours of the invasion of Norway. Thereafter it remained on occupation duty in Norway until June 1941, when it was subordinated to the Finnish army to support operations along the River Svir during Operation Barbarossa.


163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
In the early stages of Operation Barbarossa and the Continuation War the 163rd Division was to be transferred from Norway to Finland, and Sweden decided to allow safe transit of the division by railway through Swedish territory. The decision was in conflict with the Swedish neutrality-policy causing a political crisis (the "Midsummer Crisis" of 1941), and it raised many challenging questions about Sweden's neutrality during World War II. Today this remains a highly debated subject in Sweden and in the Nordic countries. The division was transferred 25 June to 12 July. In Swedish literature the division is better known as "Division Engelbrecht", after its commander at the time. The transport took the route Charlottenberg-Laxå-Hallsberg-Krylbo-Ånge-Vännäs-Boden-Haparanda.


163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
In February 1942 it joined the German XXXVI Mountain Corps near Kandalaksha, and remained there until the Germans withdrew from Finland back into Norway in autumn 1944. In early 1945 it was transferred back to Germany, standing in reserve for a time at Berlin, then destroyed by the Soviets in Pomerania in March.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 163rd Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the Montana National Guard. It went overseas with the 41st Infantry Division in World War II.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History
In December 1942, General Douglas MacArthur decided to commit more American troops to the Battle of Buna-Gona. The 163rd Regimental Combat Team, under the command of Colonel Jens A. Doe, was alerted on 14 December 1942. It arrived at Port Moresby on 27 December. The first elements, which included the 1st Battalion and regimental headquarters, flew over the Owen Stanley Range to Popondetta and Dobodura on 30 December, where they came under the command of Lieutenant General Edmund Herring's Advanced New Guinea Force.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 163rd Regimental Combat Team was attached to Major General George Alan Vasey's 7th Division and Doe assumed command of the Sanananda Front from Brigadier Ivan Dougherty on 3 January 1943. The front line consisted of a raised road with Japanese positions on relatively dry ground astride it, surrounded by jungle swamp. Roadblocks had been established behind the Japanese positions but they had not been budged; both sides resupplied their positions through the swamp. Vasey's plan was for the Americans to fix the Japanese in position while he attacked with Brigadier George Wootten's 18th Infantry Brigade, supported by M3 Stuart light tanks of the 2/6th Armoured Regiment and 25 pounders of the 2/1st Field Regiment.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Constituted in the Montana National Guard as the 1st Regiment of Infantry and organized 1884- 1887 from existing companies.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Per fess Argent and Azure, in chief a palm tree on a mount Proper and in base a giant cactus and fleur-de-lis Or. Attached below the shield is a Blue scroll doubled and inscribed "MEN, DO YOUR DUTY" in Gold letters.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The palm tree represents Philippine service, the giant cactus Mexican Border duty and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. Blue and white are the colors associated with Infantry and refer to the organization's combat service as the 163d Infantry during World War II.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 163d Infantry Regiment, Montana National Guard on 8 December 1941. It was redesignated for the 163d Armored Cavalry Regiment, Montana National Guard on 17 September 1953. It was amended to change the symbolism on 21 January 1970. The insignia was updated to include both the Montana and Nevada Army National Guard on 20 January 1975. It was redesignated for the 163d Infantry Regiment, Montana Army National Guard on 1 February 1989.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms
Per fess Argent and Azure, in chief a palm tree on mount Proper and in base a giant cactus and a fleur-de-lis Or.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Montana Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure a fleur-de-lis the middle leaf and tie Or, and outside leaves Argent. Motto:   MEN, DO YOUR DUTY.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms
The palm tree represents Philippine service, the giant cactus Mexican Border duty and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. Blue and white are the colors associated with Infantry and refer to the organization's combat service as the 163d Infantry during World War II.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms
The crest is that of the Montana Army National Guard.


163rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 163d Infantry Regiment, Montana National Guard on 15 December 1941. It was redesignated for the 163d Armored Cavalry Regiment, Montana National Guard on 17 September 1953. The insignia was amended to change the symbolism on 21 January 1970. It was amended to add the crest of the State of Oregon on 22 March 1971. It was amended to delete the crest of the State of Oregon and add the crest of the State of Nevada on 20 January 1975. The insignia was redesignated for the 163d Infantry Regiment and amended to delete the crest of the State of Nevada on 1 February 1989


163rd Military Intelligence Battalion (United States)
The 163rd Military Intelligence Battalion is a military intelligence battalion of the United States Army based at Fort Hood under the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade (Expeditionary) supporting III Corps.


163rd New York Infantry Regiment
The 163rd New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. "3rd Regiment, Empire Brigade") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 163rd New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning July 11, 1862, and mustered in October 10, 1862 in Washington, D.C., under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John B. Leverick.


163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Carroll's Brigade, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, to November 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863.


163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 163rd New York Infantry ceased to exist on January 20, 1863 when it was consolidated with the 73rd New York Volunteer Infantry.


163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for Washington October 5, 1862. Moved to Pleasant Valley, Maryland, October 18–19, 1862. Moved toward Warrenton, Virginia, October 24 – November 16. Moved to Falmouth November 18–24. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 12–15, Duty at Falmouth, until January 20, 1863.


163rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 26 men during service; 3 officers and 15 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 8 enlisted men died of disease.


163rd New York State Legislature
The 163rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 8, 1941, to April 24, 1942, during the ninth and tenth years of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.


163rd New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, and amended in 1937, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


163rd New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The American Labor Party endorsed the whole Democratic ticket, which included one Republican judge  of the Court of Appeals. The Prohibition Party also nominated a ticket.


163rd New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1940, was held on November 5. All six statewide elective offices were carried by the nominees on the Democratic-American Labor fusion ticket. The approximate party strength at this election, as gathered from the results, was: Democrats 2,843,000; Republicans 2,837,000; American Labor 365,000; and Prohibition 5,000.


163rd New York State Legislature, Elections
All three women legislators—State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur; and Assemblywomen Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown, and Edith C. Cheney (Rep.), of Corning—were re-elected.


163rd New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1941, was held on November 4. Two vacancies in the State Senate and two vacancies in the State Assembly were filled.


163rd New York State Legislature, Elections
On March 10, 1942, Mary A. Gillen, the widow of Assemblyman Michael J. Gillen, was elected to the seat previously held by her husband.


163rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 164th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1941; and adjourned at 2.30 a.m. on April 4.


163rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
Joe R. Hanley (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


163rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
On December 7, 1941, happened the Attack on Pearl Harbor, and the United States entered World War II. Subsequently, some legislators resigned their seats to join the armed forces, among them Robert F. Wagner, Jr., Phelps Phelps, Francis E. Dorn and Henry J. Latham.


163rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 165th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1942; and adjourned on April 24.


163rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Francis J. McCaffrey Jr and Charles O. Burney Jr changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen Carmine J. Marasco and William Kirnan were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.


163rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


163rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 163rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 163rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 163rd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 12, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Hiram Miller.


163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 13 and was assigned to 1st Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to June 1864. Served duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., with headquarters at Fort Reno, until June 8. Moved to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, June 8–12 and attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James. Reconnaissance on the Petersburg & Richmond Railroad June 14–15. Skirmish on Petersburg and Richmond Turnpike June 15–16. Moved to Wilson's Landing June 16. Fatigue duty building Fort Pocahontas and scouting on west side of the James River until August. Ordered to Columbus, Ohio, August 29.


163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 163rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 10, 1864, at Camp Chase.


163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


163rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 29 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


163rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
The 163rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (163 RAC) was a short-lived armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that served in India during World War II.


163rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin
163 RAC was formed by the conversion to the armoured role of the 13th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters, a hostilities-only battalion raised in 1940, on 30 July 1942, the day after it arrived in India. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 163 RAC would have continued to wear their Foresters cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.


163rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
163 RAC was stationed at Rawalpindi under command of 267th Indian Armoured Brigade. However, there was a change of policy, and on 1 December 1944 (also reported as 1 December 1943) the regiment was re-converted to infantry, reverting to its previous title of 13th Foresters and coming under command of 67 Indian Training Brigade.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station
163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue is a local station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located in Washington Heights, Manhattan, at the intersection of Amsterdam and Saint Nicholas Avenues. It is served by the C train at all times except nights, when the A train takes over service.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, History
The station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. Construction of the whole line cost $191.2 million. While the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line already provided service to Washington Heights, the new Eighth Avenue subway via St. Nicholas Avenue provided an alternative route.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, History
Under the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative and was entirely closed for several months. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. A request for proposals for the 72nd Street, 86th Street, Cathedral Parkway–110th Street, and 163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue stations was issued on June 1, 2017, and the New York City Transit and Bus Committee officially recommended that the MTA Board should award the $111 million contract to ECCO III Enterprises in October 2017. As part of the renovations, the station was closed on March 12, 2018 and reopened on September 27, 2018.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout
This underground station has two local tracks and two side platforms. Two express tracks, used by the A train during daytime hours, run below the station and are not visible from the platforms. To the north, the upper level local tracks become the center tracks of 168th Street, allowing C trains to terminate there, while the lower level express tracks become the outer tracks, continuing towards 207th Street.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout
Both platforms have mosaic name tablets reading "163RD STREET - AMSTERDAM AVE." in white sans-serif lettering broken onto two lines. The background is yellow with a black border. Small black "163" and directional signs in white lettering run at regular intervals, but there is no trim line on either platform. Grey (previously yellow) I-beam columns run along both platforms, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout
This station has a full length mezzanine supported by I-beam columns above the platforms, but only the southern half is opened. The open southern half has three staircases from each platform, black I-beams, and two sets of turnstile banks leading to the center or the extreme south end of the mezzanine. The closed northern half is walled off and retained the original yellow-colored I-beams. The staircases from the platforms to this portion have been removed.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout
Prior to the station's renovation, the open southern half was split into three sections by two black steel fences, and free transfers between directions were not possible. Outside fare control, there is a token booth. The closed northern half was gated off and had an exit-only turnstile leading to the fare control area at the center, and three gated staircases from each platform.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout
The 2018 artwork at this station is Ciguapa Antellana, me llamo sueño de la madrugada. (who more sci-fi than us), a glass mosaic by Firelei Baez. The artwork consists of four pieces, two on the mezzanine and one on each platform. The mosaic contains leaves and vines, as well as symbolism that is evocative of Baez's Caribbean ancestry.


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout, Exits
The open southern half of the mezzanine has three exits:


163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue station, Station layout, Exits
The closed northern half had three exits leading to 163rd Street. One exit, which has temporarily been uncovered as an area to haul out debris from renovations, goes to the southeast corner. The other two went to the southwest corner and remain sealed.


163rd meridian east
The meridian 163° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


163rd meridian east
The 163rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 17th meridian west.


163rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 163rd meridian east passes through:


163rd meridian west
The meridian 163° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


163rd meridian west
The 163rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 17th meridian east.


163rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 163rd meridian west passes through:


164
Year 164 (CLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Macrinus and Celsus (or, less frequently, year 917 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 164 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


164 (number)
164 (one hundred [and] sixty-four) is the natural number following 163 and preceding 165.


164 (number), In mathematics
In base 10, 164 is the smallest number that can be expressed as a concatenation of two squares in two different ways: as 1 concatenate 64 or 16 concatenate 4.


164 AM
MNB Radio 1, transmitting from Ulaanbaatar, is the only currently licensed station to use 164 kHz for broadcasting. The frequency however is within the 160–190 kHz Part 15 band authorized by the United States of America's Federal Communications Commission, and low-powered stations in the United States may use this frequency to broadcast.


164 AM
This Mongolia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


164 AM
This article about a radio station in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


164 BC
Year 164 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Longinus (or, less frequently, year 590 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 164 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


164 Eva
164 Eva is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on July 12, 1876, in Paris. The reason the name Eva was chosen remains unknown. The orbital elements for 164 Eva were published in 1877 by American astronomer Winslow Upton. It is categorized as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous chondritic materials.


164 Eva
Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2008 gave a light curve with a period of 13.672 ± 0.003 hours and a small brightness variation of 0.04 ± 0.01 in magnitude. This is consistent with a previous study reported in 1982 that listed a period estimate of 13.66 hours.


164 Eva
Between 2000 and 2021, 164 Eva has been observed to occult fourteen stars.


164 Eva
With a perihelion of 1.718 AU 164 Eva is the closest asteroid over 100 kilometers to approach the orbit of Mars. Its closest approach is about 0.05 AU or about 19.5 lunar distances.


164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes"
164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes" (Bulgarian: 164 ГПИЕ "Мигел де Сервантес, 164th High School with Advanced Studies in Spanish Language "Miguel de Cervantes) is among the top and most prestigious secondary schools in Bulgaria and the Balkans, based in the capital city of Sofia.


164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes"
The school, founded in 1991, is the first school in Bulgaria in which the first language is Spanish and one of the three out now.


164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes"
164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes" and the American College of Sofia are considered to be the best high schools in Bulgaria. The students of the two schools almost always take the first two places, with very small differences, in the Bulgarian matriculations, with results higher than 5,60 which is considered an "A+++" in Bulgaria, and almost always they are the only schools, whose average results are "A++++"s. The differences are small, mostly in the range 1е-20.


164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes", Name
The school's name comes from the famous Miguel de Cervantes, a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright, also the author of Don Quixote, born on 9 October 1547, in Alcalá de Henares.


1640
1640 (MDCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1640th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 640th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 40th  year of the 17th century, and the  1st   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1640, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1640 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1640 kHz: 1640 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.


1640 AM, In the United States
All stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and are Class B stations.


1640 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1640.


1640 in paleontology
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1640. Robert Plot, the first man to illustrate a dinosaur fossil, is born.


1640 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1640 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1640 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1640 in science
The year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1640s
The 1640s decade ran from January 1, 1640, to December 31, 1649.


1640s BC
The 1640s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1649 BC to December 31, 1640 BC.


1640s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1640s in South Africa.


1640s in archaeology
The decade of the 1640s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1641
1641 (MDCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1641st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 641st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 41st  year of the 17th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1641, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1641 Caracas earthquake
The 1641 Caracas earthquake took place in Venezuela on 11 June 1641. It is often known as the San Bernabé earthquake because 11 June is the feast day of Barnabas in the Catholic calendar. The earthquake caused extensive damage in Caracas and the destruction of La Guaira; the event led the Caracas City Council to propose rebuilding its city in what was then the savannah of Chacao, a move that was opposed by the Governor, Ruy Fernández de Fuenmayor.


1641 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1641.


1641 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1641 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1641 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1641 in science
The year 1641 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1642
1642 (MDCXLII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1642nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 642nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 42nd  year of the 17th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1642, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1642 Yellow River flood
The 1642 Yellow River flood or Kaifeng flood was a man-made disaster that principally affected Kaifeng and Xuzhou.


1642 Yellow River flood
Kaifeng is located on the south bank of the Yellow River, prone to violent flooding throughout its history. During the early Ming dynasty, the town was the site of major floods in 1375, 1384, 1390, 1410, and 1416. By the mid-15th century, the Ming had completed restoration of the area's flood-control system and operated it with general success for over a century.


1642 Yellow River flood
The 1642 flood, however, was not natural, but directed by the Ming governor of the city in the hopes of using the floodwaters to break the six-month siege the city had endured from the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng.


1642 Yellow River flood
The dikes were burst in an attempt to flood the rebels, but the water destroyed Kaifeng. Over 300,000 of the 378,000 residents were killed by the flood and ensuing peripheral disasters such as famine and plague. If treated as a natural disaster, it would be one of the deadliest floods in history.


1642 Yellow River flood
After this disaster the city was abandoned until 1662 when it was rebuilt under the rule of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing dynasty. Archaeological research in the city has provided evidence for the 1642 flood and subsequent occupation in 1662. It remained a rural backwater city of diminished importance and experienced several other less devastating floods.


1642 Yellow River flood
The flood also brought an end to the "golden age" of the Jewish settlement of China, said to span about 1300–1642. China's small Jewish population, estimated at around 5,000 people, was centered at Kaifeng. Furthermore, the flood destroyed the synagogue and most of the community's irreplaceable Torah.


1642 in England
Events from the year 1642 in England, opening year of the English Civil War and Wars of the Three Kingdoms.


1642 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1642.


1642 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1642 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1642 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1642 in science
The year 1642 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1642 års tiggareordning
1642 års tiggareordning (English: Beggar regulation of 1642) was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public Poor relief in the Sweden. The regulations of the law, with some alterations, was in effect until the 1847 års fattigvårdförordning (Poor relief regulation of 1847).


1642 års tiggareordning
In the middle ages, poor care in Sweden was traditionally handled through the rotegångsystem in the country side, and by the poor houses of the church in the cities, a system which was kept after the Swedish Reformation, though the responsibility was formally (though not in practice) transferred from the church to the civil authorities (as the church itself became owned by the state).


1642 års tiggareordning
The regulation of 1642 stated that the every parish were responsible for their own paupers. Every parish should have a poor house for old and sick people, and an orphanage for children, financed by the parish church collection. If such facilities did not exist in the parish (and in rural communities, they seldom did, except for the occasional backstuga), then the paupers should either be housed with the parishioners in accordance with the established traditional rotegångsystem, or be given a beggar permit, legal only in their own parish: all other forms of beggary were banned.


1642 års tiggareordning
The 1642 regulation were given some complements and smaller alterations, but it remained as the ground for the poor care system in Sweden until the 1847 års fattigvårdförordning (Poor relief regulation of 1847).


1643
1643 (MDCXLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1643rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 643rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 43rd  year of the 17th century, and the  4th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1643, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1643 in England
Events from the year 1643 in England. This is the second year of the First English Civil War, fought between Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I).


1643 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1643.


1643 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1643 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1643 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1643 in science
The year 1643 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1644
1644 (MDCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1644th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 644th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 44th  year of the 17th century, and the  5th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1644, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1644
It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1644).


1644 Baptist Confession of Faith
The 1644 Baptist Confession of Faith, also called the First London Baptist Confession, is Particular Baptist confession of faith.


1644 Baptist Confession of Faith, Origin
In 1644, 7 Particular Baptist (Reformed Baptist or Calvinistic Baptist) churches met in London to write a confession of faith. The document called First London Baptist Confession, was published in 1644.


1644 Baptist Confession of Faith, Doctrine
This confession of faith contains 53 articles. It contains the doctrine of the believers' Church and the believer's baptism.


1644 Rafita
1644 Rafita, provisional designation 1935 YA, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It is the namesake of the Rafita family, a family of stony asteroids in the intermediate main-belt. However, Rafita is a suspected interloper in its own family. It was discovered on 16 December 1935, by Spanish astronomer Rafael Carrasco Garrorena at the Royal Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid in Spain, and named in memory of the discoverer's son.


1644 Rafita, Orbit and classification
Rafita asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,486 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. Rafita was first observed as A906 RB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 29 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1644 Rafita, Lightcurves
Rafita's first rotational lightcurve was obtained by American astronomer Alan Harris of JPL in January 1981. It gave a rotation period of 5.100 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 magnitude (U=2). Photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in December 2004, gave a period of 6.800 hours and an amplitude of 0.13 magnitude (U=2).


1644 Rafita, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Rafita measures between 13.96 and 17.69 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.106 and 0.164. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with Petr Pravec's revised WISE-results, that is an albedo of 0.1329 and a diameter of 15.482 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.86.


1644 Rafita, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his late son, Rafael Carrasco. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).


1644 in England
Events from the year 1644 in England. This is the third year of the First English Civil War, fought between Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I).


1644 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1644.


1644 in music
The year 1644 in music involved some significant events and new musical works.


1644 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1644 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1644 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1644 in science
The year 1644 AD in science and technology involved some significant events.


1644 papal conclave
The 1644 papal conclave was called upon the death of Pope Urban VIII. It lasted from 9 August to 15 September 1644; the cardinal electors chose Giovanni Battista Pamphili, who took office as Pope Innocent X.


1644 papal conclave, Background
Pope Urban VIII died on July 29, 1644. His reign (which included the costly First War of Castro) had been financially troubling for Rome and for the Church, and the conflict for control of the Church between Spain and France and the ongoing Thirty Years' War meant many cardinals arrived at the conclave seeking a compromise that would bring stability to the Church.


1644 papal conclave, Background
But Urban's reign had also subjected the Church to his notorious nepotism. He had appointed three family members as Cardinals; his brother Antonio Marcello Barberini and his two nephews, Francesco Barberini and Antonio Barberini. His nephews, especially, were keen to retain the wealth, power and property they had amassed during their uncle's reign and both sought to move the conclave in their favour.


1644 papal conclave, Background
They started by hiring, it was rumoured, bands of brigands and mercenaries to roam the streets of the city causing trouble, creating noise and generally making it uncomfortable for the cardinals inside the conclave.


1644 papal conclave, Conclave
Anne of Austria, French Queen Mother and sister to Philip IV of Spain, was adamant that none of the older cardinals appointed by the pro-Spanish Pope Paul V should be elected to the Papal throne.


1644 papal conclave, Conclave
Francesco Barberini sided with the cardinals loyal to Spain. Urban VIII had been a strong francophile and the mood of the conclave was with Spain from the beginning. Antonio, at the direction of Cardinal Jules Mazarin, sided with the cardinals loyal to France and was supported with funding from the French with which he was to buy wavering votes. Maria Antonietta Visceglia suggests that it may have been part of Spain's strategy to split the influence of the Barberini family.


1644 papal conclave, Conclave
With the Habsburgs in Spain as well as the Empire, the results of a papal election often depended on the strength, or lack thereof, of anti-Spain groups, and whether these could unite. Conclave protodeacon Cardinal Carlo de' Medici led a prestigious coalition of non-aligned Italian cardinal-princes connected to the Roman aristocracy. Urban's practice of concentrating power and curial appointments in his family and those related to his relatives came as a disappointment to those very cardinal-princes instrumental in his election.


1644 papal conclave, Conclave
Antonio Barberini continued to promote the candidacy of Cardinal Sacchetti, in accordance with the French policy. Urban VIII and his family had been so overly partial to the French that the Imperialists and the Spanish were determined that no supporter of French interests would be elected. On August 9, Spain's Cardinal Gil de Albornoz presented a veto against Sacchetti, signed by the king. Cardinal Antonio Barberini let it be known that the Barberini were prepared to stay in conclave until everyone died before they allowed someone who was not a member of their faction to be elected pope, and that their candidate was Sacchetti. The effect, however, was to increase opposition to Sacchetti.


1644 papal conclave, Conclave
The French Ambassador, Saint-Chamont, became alarmed by reports of the movement of Spanish Neapolitan troops on the southern border of the Papal States. He feared that this might be an invasion, with the purpose of capturing the College of Cardinals and forcing the election of a pope favorable to the Spanish interest. He assured the Cardinals the full support of the French, and informed them that the Marshal de Brézé was at Marseille, with a fleet and troops, prepared to rush to the assistance of the College of Cardinals. There were also French troops in Lombardy and Savoy who could be called upon to defend the Papal States if necessary. Similar assurances were offered by the Spanish ambassador and the Prince of Parma. Nothing came of the saber-rattling, except to unnerve some members of the Sacred College.


1644 papal conclave, Conclave
Cardinal Mazarin was furious and blamed the ambassador who in turn claimed Antonio Barberini had included the clause is his own agreement as an excuse for turning on the French and siding with the Spanish. Mazarin, keen to remain on good terms with the Barberini, recalled the ambassador and continued to support the Barberini. Mazarin later provided shelter for the Barberini nephews (including the cardinals' brother, Taddeo Barberini) after Innocent X had them investigated and exiled to Paris.


1644 papal conclave, Election of Innocent X
Though it's likely he didn't have to, Francesco Barberini countered with a generous offer from the Spanish delegation, which included a promise of the protection of the King Philip IV of Spain for the Barberini (including Francesco himself). Antonio and his delegation agreed and the following morning, on 15 September 1644, Pamphili was elected and took the papal throne as Pope Innocent X.


1644 papal conclave, Election of Innocent X
Among Innocent X's first orders of business was to order the removal of the soldiers guarding the various palaces, princes, ambassadors and other notables. He also disbanded the conscripted mounted troops and foot soldiers so that Rome would be less of an armed camp.


1644 papal conclave, Election of Innocent X
Furious at the power Innocent's election gave to his already-powerful sister-in-law, Olimpia Maidalchini, Cardinal Alessandro Bichi was said to have exclaimed, "We have just elected a female pope". Supporters of Bichi and the French delegation hung banners in churches calling her "Pope Olimpia I".


1645
1645 (MDCXLV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1645th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 645th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 45th  year of the 17th century, and the  6th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1645, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1645 Luzon earthquake
The 1645 Luzon earthquake was one of the most destructive earthquakes to hit the Philippines. It occurred on November 30 at about 08:00 PM local time on Luzon Island in the northern part of the country. The island was struck by a 7.5 Ms tremor produced by the San Manuel and Gabaldon Faults (Nueva Ecija) in the central section of the island.


1645 Luzon earthquake
Aftershocks continued a few days, then on December 4 at 11:00 pm, another event (allegedly equal or stronger than November 30) hit the area, causing further death and destruction.


1645 Luzon earthquake
In Manila, damage was entirely severe: it almost "crumbled" ten newly constructed cathedrals in the capital, residential villas and other buildings. An estimated number of 600 Spanish people were killed, and about 3,000 Spanish were injured.


1645 in England
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Camboxer (talk | contribs) at 17:04, 14 March 2020 (addition). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1645 in England
Events from the year 1645 in England. This is the fourth year of the First English Civil War, fought between Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I).


1645 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1645.


1645 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1645 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1645 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1645 in science
The year 1645 in science and technology involved some significant events.


164589 La Sagra
164589 La Sagra, provisional designation 2007 PC11, is an asteroid of the Euterpe family from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 August 2007, by astronomers of the Astronomical Observatory of Mallorca at its robotic La Sagra Observatory in Grenada, Spain. It was named after Mount La Sagra and the discovering La Sagra Observatory.


164589 La Sagra, Orbit and classification
La Sagra is a member of the Euterpe family (410), a small family of stony asteroids named after its principal body, 27 Euterpe. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,395 days; semi-major axis of 2.44 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in October 1992, nearly 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Sagra Observatory.


164589 La Sagra, Naming
This minor planet takes its name from the mountain La Sagra ("Sierra de La Sagra"; 2,382 meters above sea level), the highest mountain of the Prebetic mountain range, on whose north hillside the La Sagra Observatory is located. This asteroid was the observatory's first numbered discovery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 21 March 2008 (M.P.C. 62357).


164589 La Sagra, Physical characteristics
Since Euterpe asteroids are of silicaceous rather than carbonaceous composition, with a relatively high albedo around 0.26 (also see list of families), La Sagra measures approximately 1.2 kilometer in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 16.6. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of La Sagra has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


1646
1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1646th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 646th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th  year of the 17th century, and the  7th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1646, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1646
It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+(-10(X)+50(L))+5(V)+1(I) = 1646).


1646 Rosseland
1646 Rosseland, provisional designation 1939 BG, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 January 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was later named after Norwegian astrophysicist Svein Rosseland.


1646 Rosseland, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,324 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. Rosseland was first observed at Johannesburg Observatory as 1937 QH, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation in 1939.


1646 Rosseland, Physical characteristics, Photometry
American astronomer Richard Binzel obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Rosseland in the early 1980s. It gave a rotation period of 69.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=2). During a survey of presumed slow rotators, photometric observations by Brazilian Cláudia Angeli and colleges gave a period of 69.2 hours and an amplitude of 0.45 magnitude (U=1).


1646 Rosseland, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Rosseland measures between 11.48 and 13.49 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.18 and 0.2253. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.85 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.82.


1646 Rosseland, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of renowned Norwegian astrophysicist Svein Rosseland (1894–1985), founder and first director of the Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics in Oslo. His work on the theory of stellar interiors included studies of stellar rotation and stability and the derivation of the Rosseland mean opacity. The lunar crater Rosseland is also named after him. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3932).


1646 in England
Events from the year 1646 in England. This is the fifth and last year of the First English Civil War, fought between Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I).


1646 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1646.


1646 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1646 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1646 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1646 in science
The year 1646 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1647
1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1647th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 647th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 47th  year of the 17th century, and the  8th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1647, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1647 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1647 kHz:


1647 Menelaus
1647 Menelaus /mɛnəˈleɪəs/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 42 kilometers (26 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 23 June 1957 by American astronomer Seth Nicholson at the Palomar Observatory in California, and later named after the Spartan King Menelaus from Greek mythology. The dark asteroid has a rotation period of 17.7 hours. It is the principal body of the proposed Menelaus cluster, which encompasses several, mostly tentative Jovian asteroid families.


1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification
Menelaus is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). Since the discovery of the first Jupiter trojan, 588 Achilles, by astronomer Max Wolf in 1906, more than 7000 Jovian asteroids have already been discovered.


1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.1–5.3 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,347 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. Menelaus was first imaged at Palomar in November 1951. This precovery extends the body's observation arc by more than 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification, Menelaus cluster
In 1993, Andrea Milani suggested that Menelaus might be the parent body of an asteroid family based on a modified HCM-analysis. The finding was also mentioned by David Jewitt in 2004, who noted that the Menelaus family is the largest proposed dynamical family to exist among the Jupiter trojans, despite having only 8 members.


1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification, Menelaus cluster
In 2008, Fernando Roig and Ricardo Gil-Hutton described this particular aggregation of Jupiter trojans as the "Menelaus clan", which, similar to the Flora family in the inner asteroid belt, is composed of several families (or subfamilies). In this publication, the Menelaus clan encompasses a dozen clusters, if the separation criteria used in the HCM analysis are sufficiently relaxed. The principal bodies of these proposed family-like clusters include: 1647 Menelaus, 3548 Eurybates, 1749 Telamon, 12973 Melanthios, 13062 Podarkes, 5436 Eumelos, 2148 Epeios, 4007 Euryalos, 4138 Kalchas, 3063 Makhaon and others.


1647 Menelaus, Orbit and classification, Menelaus cluster
With the exception of the Eurybates family, which was studies in more detail by Jakub Rozehnal and Miroslav Brož in 2011 (also see 3548 Eurybates § Eurybates family), all other proposed families with their principal bodies in the Menelaus clan, including Menelaus itself, are tentative and not listed neither on the Asteroids—Dynamic Site (Milani and Knežević), nor included in the robust HCM-analysis by Nesvorný (also see Asteroid family § All families). Instead, these bodies are considered non-family asteroids of the Jovian background population.


1647 Menelaus, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Greek mythological figure, Menelaus, husband of Helen of Troy, brother of Agamemnon, and king and leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the Trojan War. The discoverer followed the convention to name bodies located in the camp to the east of Jupiter after famous Greek heroes.


1647 Menelaus, Naming
The Dictionary of Minor Planet Names also mentions that the lunar crater Menelaus was named after the Greek hero. However, based on the official International Astronomical Union–WGPSN nomenclature, it is named after Greek geometer and astronomer Menelaus of Alexandria (70–140). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in June 1960 (M.P.C. 2019).


1647 Menelaus, Physical characteristics
Menelaus is an assumed C-type, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids. It has a V–I color index of 0.866.


1647 Menelaus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
The Palomar Transient Factory in California obtained a rotational lightcurve of Menelaus from photometric observation in the R-band in October 2010. It gave a rotation period of 17.7390 hours with a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude in the R-band (U=2). In February 2014, a refined period of 17.74±0.01 hours with an amplitude of 0.15 magnitude was determined by American astronomer Robert D. Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies (U=3-).


1647 Menelaus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Menelaus measures 42.72 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.056. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 44.22 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.5.


1647 Menelaus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1647 Santiago earthquake
The 1647 Santiago earthquake struck Santiago, Chile on the night of 13 May (22:30 local time, 02:30 UTC on 14 May) and is said to have brought virtually every building in the city to the ground. The earthquake was felt throughout the so-called Captaincy General of Chile, an administrative territory of the Spanish Empire. The maximum felt intensity was XI on the Mercalli intensity scale and there were about a thousand casualties.


1647 Santiago earthquake, Tectonic setting
Chile lies along the destructive plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate.


1647 Santiago earthquake, Damage
The earthquake was the most damaging in the history of Santiago. Damaged buildings included the Iglesia San Agustín (Saint Augustine Church). Inside the church, the Cristo de Mayo crucifix was undamaged except for its crown of thorns which had fallen to Christ's neck, despite the diameter of the crown being smaller than that of the head. The Bishop of Santiago, friar Gaspar de Villaroel, salvaged the image from the debris and dragged it from the church to the Plaza de Armas to display to the gathering survivors.


1647 Santiago earthquake, Characteristics
The cause of the earthquake is not known with certainty, although from contemporary reports, it appears unlikely to have been a megathrust event. It may have been either an extensional event within the Benioff zone, or a shallow focus intraplate event, possibly along the San Ramón Fault.


1647 Santiago earthquake, Aftermath
After the earthquake the Cristo de Mayo crucifix was kept in the home of the landowner Catalina de los Ríos y Lisperguer, better known as La Quintrala, until her death in 1665. Each year since 1647 on May 13, many townspeople gather to commemorate the earthquake.


1647 Santiago earthquake, Aftermath
Some days after the earthquakes the city was affected by heavy rains which made the problems of sanitation worse. Over the next few weeks an estimated 2,000 people died of "chabalongo", the name then used for typhus.


1647 Santiago earthquake, Aftermath
Due to the high level of damage caused by the earthquake the government considered moving the capital a few kilometers farther north (in the area that is currently known as Quillota). The decision was made, however, to reconstruct Santiago on the same site.


1647 Santiago earthquake, Aftermath
Gaspar de Villarroel, Bishop of Santiago, said that the earthquake should not be considered as divine punishment for the sins of the inhabitants, adding that "it will be a mortal sin to judge that their (the citizens') sins destroyed this city".


1647 Santiago earthquake, In literature
The earthquake was the subject of a novella, The Earthquake in Chile, by the German author Heinrich von Kleist, published in 1807.


1647 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1647.


1647 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1647 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1647 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1647 in science
The year 1647 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1648
1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1648th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 648th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 48th  year of the 17th century, and the  9th   year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1648, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1648
1648 has been suggested as possibly the last year in which the overall human population declined, coming towards the end of a broader period of global instability which included the collapse of the Ming dynasty and the Thirty Years' War, the latter of which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
The 1648 free election in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth began on October 6, 1648, and ended on November 17 of the same year. The new King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania was John II Casimir, the younger brother of previous king, Władysław IV, who had died on May 20, 1648.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Background
The death of King Władysław IV, which took place in the town of Merecz (now Merkine), was not a surprise, as the king, despite being only 52 years of age, suffered from gout and kidney failure. Władysław died at the beginning of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, which devastated southeastern part of the enormous country. Following the customary rule, Poland–Lithuania was ruled by an interrex, the senile Primate Maciej Łubieński. Due to Łubieński’s health problems, the powerful Crown Chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński became the de facto interrex.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Background
The 1648 free election was, to a large degree, influenced by the ongoing conflict in the Ukrainian provinces of Poland. The two opposing factions that emerged during the election were:


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Background
Apart from the two House of Vasa candidates, the Protestant nobility supported Sigismund Rakoczi, son of Duke of Transilvania, George I Rakoczi. Sigismund was also backed by Orthodox Christians, and by Bohdan Khmelnytsky.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Convocation Sejm
The so-called Convocation Sejm convened in Warsaw on July 16, 1648, and deliberated until August 1. The two camps argued with each other, as the pro-war faction blamed late King Władysław and Jerzy Ossoliński for the outbreak of the uprising in the Polish Ukraine. Upon the request of Ossolinski, the Sejm became a confederation, in order to begin negotiations with Khmelnytsky, and to break down the Zaporizhian Cossack - Crimean Tatar alliance.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Election
The election, which began on October 6, 1648, took place in the shadow of a disastrous Polish defeat in the Battle of Pilawce, in which Polish forces were commanded by  Władysław Dominik Zasławski, Mikołaj Ostroróg and Aleksander Koniecpolski. All three supported the Prince-Bishop of Breslau Charles Ferdinand, but despite this, the outcome of the election was uncertain.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Election
Since both candidates enjoyed widespread support among the electors, there was a danger that a double election would take place, similar to the one in 1587. The situation did not change after Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga expressed her support of John Casimir. Furthermore, John Casimir was backed by the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Election
The stalemate ended when Sigismund Rakoczi backed out of the election, after the death of his father (on October 11). Hetman Janusz Radziwiłł, who had supported Rakoczi, then decided to back John Casimir. Also, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, himself a Polish subject, who at the same time commanded the siege of Zamość Fortress, sent a letter to Warsaw, expressing his support of John. Khmelnytsky’s letter was welcomed by the electors, who hoped for a truce with the Cossacks.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Election
Since Charles was well aware that his election would mean war, and that the situation in the Commonwealth was difficult, he decided to withdraw his nomination (November 11, 1648). In exchange, he received the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz and two abbeys.


1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Election
On November 17, John Casimir Vasa was elected as the new King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Three days later, he signed the pacta conventa, and Primate Łubieński confirmed the nomination. The coronation took place in Kraków’s Wawel Cathedral, on January 17, 1649.


1648 Shajna
1648 Shajna, provisional designation 1935 RF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1935, by Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Two weeks later, it was independently discovered by Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory, South Africa. It was later named after the discoverer and her husband, Russian astronomers Grigory Shajn.


1648 Shajna, Orbit and classification
Shajna orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,221 days). Its well-determined orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1921, Shajna was first identified as 1921 GB at Heidelberg Observatory. Its first used observation was taken at Uccle in 1934, when it was identified as 1934 CK1, extending the body's observation arc by one year prior to its official discovery observation.


1648 Shajna, Rotation period
In July 2005, a rotational lightcurve of was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.4140 hours with a brightness variation of 0.65 magnitude (U=3). Two modeled lightcurves from various surveys including the Lowell photometric database gave similar periods of 6.41368 and 6.41369 hours (U=n.a.). Photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2012, gave nearly identical periods of 6.4140 and 6.4248 hours in the R- and S-band, respectively (U=2/2).


1648 Shajna, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Shajna measures between 8.26 and 9.45 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.191 and 0.35. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.23 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.54.


1648 Shajna, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the late couple of Russian astronomers Grigory Shajn (1892–1956) and the discoverer herself, Pelageya Shajn (1894–1956), first woman ever to discover a minor planet. The asteroid 1190 Pelagia is also named after her, while her husband is honored by the lunar crater Shayn. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1962 (M.P.C. 2117).


1648 in England
Events from the year 1648 in England. The Second English Civil War begins.


1648 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1648.


1648 in poetry
— First lines from Robert Herrick's To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time, first published this year


1648 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1648 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1648 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1648 in science
The year 1648 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1649
1649 (MDCXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1649th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 649th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 49th  year of the 17th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1649, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1649 in England
Events from the year 1649 in England. The Second English Civil War ends and the Third English Civil War begins.


1649 in Norway, Deaths
This year in Norway article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1649 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1649.


1649 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1649 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1649 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1649 in science
The year 1649 in science and technology involved some significant events.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade
The 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War as part of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division. As the 164th Infantry Brigade, it remained in the United Kingdom throughout the Second World War, as part of the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Formation
The brigade was raised in 1908 when the Territorial Force was created and was originally formed as the North Lancashire Brigade, attached to the West Lancashire Division. The brigade was composed of two Volunteer battalions of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) and two of the Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire).


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, First World War
The division was mobilised on 5 August 1914, the day after Britain declared war on Germany, thus beginning the First World War.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, First World War
From late 1914 to early 1915 units of the brigade began to be sent independently overseas, mainly to France and Belgium, and were replaced by the 2nd Line units being formed, the 170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade of 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division. To differentiate the 1st Line battalions from the 2nd Line, the prefix '1/' was adopted by all 1st Line battalions (1/4th King's Own) and '2/' for all 2nd Line.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, First World War
In April 1915 the 164th Brigade was redesignated 154th Brigade and joined the 51st (Highland) Division. In June 1916 the brigade, now again redesignated 164th (1st North Lancashire) Brigade, returned to the West Lancashire Division, now the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, and served with it for the rest of the war on the Western Front in battles at Passchendaele, Cambrai and Estaires in 1918.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Interwar years
Both the brigade and division were disbanded after the war in 1919 but later reformed in 1920 in the Territorial Army as the 164th (North Lancashire) Infantry Brigade and continued to serve with the 55th Division. The brigade was reconstituted with the same four battalions as it had before the First World War.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Interwar years
However, in the late 1930s the brigade saw all of its battalions posted away or converted to other roles: in 1938 the 4th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 56th (King's Own) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, the 5th Battalion, King's Own was transferred to the 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division. They were both replaced in the brigade by the 4th and 5th battalions of the South Lancashire Regiment, from the 166th (South Lancashire) Infantry Brigade.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Interwar years
The 4th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) was transferred to the Royal Engineers and became the 62nd (Loyals) Searchlight Regiment and the 5th Battalion was converted into a reconnaissance motorcycle battalion when the 55th Division was reorganised as a motorised infantry division and the 164th Brigade was disbanded.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Interwar years
It was, however, reformed in mid-1939, now as the 164th Infantry Brigade, when the 55th Division was ordered to form a duplicate division, the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division. The 164th Brigade again came under command of the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division.


164th (North Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade again served in the Second World War with the division throughout the war and, in October 1941, no longer was an operational formation to be sent overseas. In January 1942 it was reduced to a Lower Establishment yet it was not reduced to a training division as most others were. In December 1943, with the division, it was sent to Northern Ireland and was raised to a Higher Establishment in May 1944, before returning to the United Kingdom in July. It served there until the war finally ended in 1945 and the division was disbanded in 1946 and was not reformed.


164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)
The 164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade is an air defense artillery brigade of the United States Army as part of the Florida Army National Guard.


164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)
The unit is headquartered in Orlando, Florida on the site of the former McCoy Air Force Base and is composed of two air defense artillery battalions and one field artillery battalion located at 12 National Guard armories across Central Florida.


164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities
The unit has supported the homeland defense mission through seven deployments commanding a multi-component task force responsible for securing the airspace in and around the National Capital Region. The latest deployment is Task Force Apollo.


164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities
In 2016, the brigade headquarters participated in Warfighter 16–3, a corps-level exercise in Fort Carson, Colorado, that allowed the unit to practice its warfighting functions, integrate as a fully functioning staff, and achieve its training objectives of planning and executing a theater-level air defense mission.


164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities
In response to Hurricane Matthew, the brigade was activated in its entirety, with 1,139 Soldiers assigned to 14 counties from 6–10 October 2016. Brigade Soldiers staffed 21 shelter in 5 counties for 3,304 displaced persons; distributed 34,824 bottles of water, 17,364 MREs, and 377 tarps at 6 Point of Distribution Sites; and conducted one security mission.


164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities
Later in 2016, the brigade headquarters participated in Yama Sakura 71, a theater-level exercise on Kyushu, Japan to enhance the U.S. and Japan's combat readiness and interoperability, strengthen bilateral relationships, and demonstrate U.S. resolve to support the security interests of allies and partners in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region.


164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Recent Activities
In response to Hurricane Irma, the brigade was activated in its entirety and augmented with almost 400 Airmen, as well as Emergency Assistance Compact (EMAC) forces from the Georgia National Guard (both Army and Air), the New Jersey Army National Guard, and the United States Army Reserve, performing missions in 27 counties from 7–23 September 2017. Brigade Soldiers rescued hundreds of persons from rising water; staffed 79 shelters for 10,260 displaced persons; distributed 1,914,864 bottles of water, 1,013,808 MREs, and 366 tons of ice at 40 Point of Distribution Sites; and conducted six security missions. The University of Central Florida housed many brigade units in their stadium and practice field house, made available because of a canceled football game.


164th Airlift Squadron
The 164th Airlift Squadron (164 AS) is a squadron of the Ohio Air National Guard 179th Airlift Wing located at Mansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base, Mansfield, Ohio. The 164th is equipped with the C-130 Hercules.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The 363d Fighter Squadron was established at Hamilton Field, California in December 1942. Began training on the P-39 Airacobra at Tonopah Army Airfield, Nevada.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Became part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation in Germany during 1945. Inactivated in Germany during August 1946.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard
The wartime 363d Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 164th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 20 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 164th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 363d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the Ohio ANG 55th Fighter Wing, operationally gained by Continental Air Command.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
With the formation and federal recognition of the Ohio ANG 121st Fighter Group at Lockbourne Field, near Columbus, the squadron was reassigned. The mission of the 164th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Ohio. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans. In 1949 the squadron exchanged its F-51Ds for F-51H Mustang very long range escort fighters that were suitable for long-range interception of unknown aircraft identified by Ground Control Interceptor radar stations.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty. The 164th Fighter Squadron was federalized on 10 February 1951. The 164th, however, was selected to remain in Ohio and continue the air defense mission, being operationally gained by the Eastern Air Defense Force, Air Defense Command. With the end of the federalization of the Air National Guard in 1952, the 164th again was assigned to the 121st Tactical Fighter Group at Columbus, however the squadron remained in an attached status to Air Defense Command.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
In September 1953 after the Korean War, the 164th received its first jet aircraft, refurbished F-80A Shooting Stars that had been modified and upgraded to F-80C standards. The squadron only operated the Shooting Star for a year when in October 1954 the equipment was changed to F-84E Thunderjets that had returned from wartime duty in Korea. In August 1954, the 164th began standing daytime air defense alert at Mansfield, placing two aircraft at the end of the runway with pilots in the cockpit from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. This ADC alert lasted each and every day until 30 June 1956.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
In early 1957, the squadron sent their war-weary Thunderjets to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and received new F-84F Thunderstreak swept-wing interceptors. Later in 1957, the 164th Fighter-Bomber Squadron received the 1st Air Force Flying Safety Award for three consecutive years of accident-free flying, an impressive accomplishment as in the previous three years the squadron had flown three different types of aircraft.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
On 10 November 1958, the squadron was re-designated as the 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron and the squadron ended its attachment to Air Defense Command, returning to Tactical Air Command control.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 164th was federalized as part of the 121st Tactical Fighter Wing and Group for a period of twelve months beginning on 1 October. When activated, the 121st TFW consisted of three operational units, the 162d Tactical Fighter Squadron, based at Springfield Municipal Airport, Springfield Ohio; the 166th Tactical Fighter Squadron based at Lockbourne AFB, Ohio, and the 164th TFS at Mansfied. However, due to funding shortages, only 26 F-84F's of 166th TFS were deployed to Étain-Rouvres Air Base, France, although several ground support units from the 162d and 164th were also deployed. The squadron, however, remained under Federal USAF control until the crisis ended and it was returned to Ohio state control on 31 August 1962.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
After the Berlin Federalization ended on 15 October 1962, the 164th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 179th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 164th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 179th Headquarters, 179th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 179th Combat Support Squadron, and the 179th USAF Dispensary.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The squadron continued normal peacetime training throughout the 1960s. Individual squadron members volunteered for duty during the Vietnam War, however the 164th was not federalized in 1968 as the F-84Fs were not considered front line combat aircraft. In February 1972, the squadron retired its Thunderstreaks and converted to the F-100 Super Sabre as a result of the American draw-down from the Vietnam War.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
The squadron flew the F-100s until the winter of 1976 when the 179th was transferred from Tactical Air Command to Military Airlift Command on 5 January. At this time, the unit converted to the C-130B Hercules and received a complement of eight aircraft. With the change of equipment, the unit was designated a Tactical Airlift Group. Upgrade to the C-130H was completed in 1991.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
The 179th Airlift Group was active during Desert Shield/Storm providing airlift support throughout the Continental United States and Europe. Portions of the 179th were activated during Desert Shield/Storm and served in the US, Europe and Saudi Arabia.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In March 1992, the 179th adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and became simply the 179th Airlift Group; the 164th as an Airlift Squadron. On 1 June of that year, Military Airlift Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force restructuring after the end of the Cold War. Air Mobility Command (AMC) initially became the gaining major command for the 179th, although on 1 October 1993, it was moved to Air Combat Command (ACC) along with the other C-130 units.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
With the Air National Guard in the post Cold War era providing nearly 50% of the USAF's tactical airlift capability, the 179th Airlift Group supported combat and humanitarian operations and exercises around the world, beginning in July 1992 as part of Operation Provide Promise; a humanitarian relief operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav War. Ongoing until 1996 airlift units delivered food, medicine, and supplies and evacuating over 1,300 wounded people from the region. It the longest running humanitarian airlift in history.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In late 1992, the 179th began airlifting personnel, equipment and supplies to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope. The Air Force enlisted Air National Guard units being charged with carrying out United Nations Security Council Resolution 794: to create a protected environment for conducting humanitarian operations in the southern half of Somalia.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
The 179th was also engaged in Operation Uphold Democracy (19 September 1994 – 31 March 1995) providing airlift support to United States military forces in Hati during its military intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d'état that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
On 11 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 179th Airlift Group was expanded and changed in status to the 179th Airlift Wing. Under the Objective Wing organization, the 164th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the 179th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 179th Maintenance Group, 179th Mission Support Group and the 179th Medical Group.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In December 1996, the 164th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (164th EAS) was first formed from 179th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Pisa Airport, Italy in support of Operation Joint Guard. It assisted in providing logistical support to NATO-led multinational peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina which was tasked with upholding the Dayton Peace Agreement. This ongoing commitment continued until 1998. Other Air Expeditionary Force deployments in the late 1990s included Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Joint Forge and Operation Shining Hope, all addressing the Yugoslavian crises of the era.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era
After the events of 11 September 2001 the 164th EAS has been activated on several occasions, initially providing logistic support for Air Force fighter squadrons engaged in Combat Air Patrols over major cities during Operation Noble Eagle in late 2001 and 2002. The EAS has seen duty in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to close Mansfield-Lahm Municipal Airport Air Guard Station (AGS), Ohio. The 179th Airlift Squadron would distribute its eight C-130H aircraft The 908th Airlift Wing (AFR), Maxwell AFB, Alabama (four aircraft), and the 314th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas (four aircraft). Flying related Expeditionary Combat Support (ECS) moves to Louisville IAP AGS, KY (aerial port) and Toledo Express Airport AGS, OH (fire fighters). However, due to the base's superior record and recommendations for reconsideration by state and local officials, the base was incorporated into the Ohio Air National Guard's future by receiving a bridge mission of flying a C-21 Learjet mission until it becomes operational in the C-27J Spartan.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era
On 20 July 2008, the 179th AW continued its growth by the standing up of the 200th Red Horse (Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers) detachment. The Mansfield base has been assigned with 200 Red Horse personnel and another 200 will be assigned to Port Clinton. A new building across the airfield is to be constructed to house the attachment with an approximated completion in 2010.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era
The 179th AW, along with the 175th Wing of the Maryland Air National Guard, was the first unit to train and deploy the C-27J Spartan in 2010. Airmen from the 179th Airlift Wing made Air National Guard history 26 July 2011, by deploying in support of Operation Enduring Freedom for the first time with the C-27J Spartan, one of the Air Force's newest aircraft. This joint mission is being conducted with aircrew from the 164th Airlift Squadron, a subordinate unit of the 179th Airlift Wing, and Soldiers from the Oklahoma and Georgia National Guard. They will be working in conjunction with the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, from Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in direct support of the Army for airlift and airdrop operations. The 179th AW made history with a nine-month overseas rotation, as opposed to the typical four-to-six-month Air National Guard deployment schedule.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era
As of 25 August 2021, the 179th AW was chosen as the preferred site for the Air National Guard's first cyber warfare wing (CWW). The decision came after many months of uncertainty, starting in mid 2020. The original proposal was that either the 133d AW of the Minnesota ANG or the 179th AW of the Ohio ANG would host the new CWW mission, and in the process divesting the respective unit's C-130H fleet. Initially, local officials were defenders of the 179th's role in supporting the Air Force's tactical airlift mission.


164th Airlift Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Modern Era
In time, however, their focus shifted towards support in securing the CWW mission for the 179th AW. Despite many citing the need to maintain a larger fleet of the world's foremost tactical airlifter, the Air Force has continued with plans to reduce the C-130 fleet by approximately 50 aircraft, mainly by retiring the oldest of the C-130H fleet.


164th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


164th Airlift Wing
The 164th Airlift Wing is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard, stationed at Memphis Air National Guard Base, Tennessee. If activated to federal service in the United States Air Force, the 164th is gained by Air Mobility Command.


164th Airlift Wing
The wing has been an airlift unit since it was established as the 164th Air Transport Group in 1961, and has flown a variety of strategic and tactical airlift aircraft. After 34 years as a group, it was expanded to become a wing in 1995.


164th Airlift Wing, Overview
The 164 Airlift Wing mission includes carrying fully equipped combat-ready military units to any point in the world on short notice and to provide field support required to sustain the fighting force.


164th Airlift Wing, History
The origins of the 164th Airlift Wing can be traced to December 1942, when the Army Air Forces activated the 359th Fighter Squadron. The 359th served during World War II in the European Theater of Operations. In 1946, the squadron was allotted to the National Guard as the 155th Fighter Squadron.


164th Airlift Wing, History, Strategic airlift operations
The 155th served as a fighter and tactical reconnaissance until 1 April 1961, when it converted to the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter. With this transition, the unit that would eventually become the 164th Airlift Wing was activated as the 164th Air Transport Group, the headquarters for the 155th Air Transport Squadron and its supporting organizations. The entire organization was gained (when called to federal service) by Military Air Transport Service. Conversion to the Stratlfreighter brought a worldwide airlift mission to the group with operations to such places as Europe, Japan, South America, Australia and South Vietnam. On 1 January 1966, the group became the 164th Military Airlift Group as Military Air Transport Service was replaced by Military Airlift Command (MAC). Peak operations with the C-97 occurred in May 1966, when the unit flew 1702 hours and made ten round trips to Southeast Asia.


164th Airlift Wing, History, Strategic airlift operations
May 1967 brought the introduction of the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, affectionately known as "Old Shakey", to the group. The group personnel performed numerous humanitarian missions as well as routine support missions for MAC. The Globemaster brought with it the capability to airdrop personnel and equipment, which the C-97 lacked, and the group assumed a secondary mission of tactical airlift. The C-124 was replaced in group service in 1974 by the Lockheed C-130 Hercules.


164th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift operation
The 164th's gaining command changed to the Tactical Air Command (TAC) as it assumed a C-130 tactical airlift mission and was redesignated as the 164th Tactical Airlift Group. However, its association with TAC was short-lived (although "Tactical" remained in its name), for in early 1975 all United States Air Force C-130 airlift aircraft were transferred to MAC, which again became the group's command upon mobilization. Throughout the remainder of the 1970s into 1990, the 164th provided worldwide tactical airlift support. Operation Desert Storm in 1991 brought on the activation of several units of the group. Its 164th Mobile Aerial Port Squadron was the first Air National Guard Aerial Port unit activated, subsequently serving a six-month tour in Southwest Asia.


164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift
In April 1992, the 164th's C-130s were transferred to other units and the 164th received the first of eight C-141 Starlifter aircraft and returned to the strategic airlift mission. The conversion had been planned to occur earlier. but was delayed by the unit's partial mobilization during Desert Storm. For nearly three months the group flew both types. The Air Force dropped the distinction between "Tactical" and "Military" airlift units and the unit became the 164th Airlift Group. With the inactivation of MAC in June 1992, the unit was gained by the newly established Air Mobility Command.


164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift
As the National Guard implemented the Objective Wing organization, the group was assigned subordinate groups in 1994 and was redesignated the 164th Airlift Wing on 1 October 1995. In 2004, the 164th, one of the last units to operate the C-141C. retired its Starlifters and began operating the C-5 Galaxy.


164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift
In 2006, Colonel Bob Wilson, a former commander of the 155th Airlift Squadron, and former director of operations of the 164th Airlift Wing and a veteran Command Pilot of over 30 years experience in the Air Force and Air National Guard, was inducted into the Tennessee Aviation Hall of Fame in 2006.


164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift
In 2008, due to restructuring in the Air Force, the 164th Aerial Port Squadron was inactivated and its personnel were reassigned into other functional areas including logistical readiness and traffic management, among others. In September 2008, the 164th relocated from its former facility on Democrat Road to a new Air National Guard base on Swinnea Road. The new base was designed to provide adequate facilities to support the size and mission of the C-5A, including 3 maintenance hangars large enough to fully enclose a C-5. The old Air National Guard facility and property was purchased by FedEx to utilize for its operations at Memphis International Airport. This was the first Air Force facility constructed from the beginning to meet post 9/11 security standards.


164th Airlift Wing, History, Return to strategic airlift
In February 2013, the 164th Airlift Wing began to convert from the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy to the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, a conversion completed December 2015.


164th Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .