164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF
The 164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Orangeville, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Halton and Dufferin Counties.


164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF
Prior to sailing for England in April 1917, the battalion was reinforced by a draft from the 205th (Tiger) Battalion, CEF from Hamilton, Ontario. In June 1917, the battalion was further reinforced by drafts from the 2nd, 5th, and 12th Reserve Battalions totalling over 400 men. The 164th (Halton and Dufferin) Battalion, CEF was assigned to the 13th Brigade of the 5th Canadian Division, and was based at Witley Camp.


164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF
On February 12, 1918, it was learned that the 5th Canadian Division would cease to exist. Over the course of the next two months, the battalion was slowly broken up through a series of drafts for frontline units, in particular the 102nd and 116th Battalions, CEF. Sizeable drafts were also sent to the 21st Battalion, CEF, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and the Canadian Machine Gun Depot at Seaford. On April 16, 1918, the remaining members of the battalion—six officers and 92 other ranks—were absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion.


164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF
The 164th Battalion, CEF, had two Commanding Officers: Lieutenant Colonel  (April 22, 1917 – June 19, 1917) and Lieutenant Colonel B. M. Green (June 19, 1917 – April 16, 1918).


164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF
A listing of 164th soldiers from Dufferin County can be found in the Dufferin County Museum and Archives. It includes where they enlisted, enlisted number, next of kin, date of birth, plus, if known, if they earned a medal, if they were wounded, or killed in battle. A copy of the enlistment papers is also included in the binders holding The 164th Battalion Project. These binders are available for the public to view in the archives.


164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF
The 164 Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF, is perpetuated by The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment).


164th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 164th Division (Chinese: 第164师)(2nd Formation) was created in October 1950 basing on the Security Division of Northeastern Military Region.


164th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In July 1950 502nd Infantry Regiment of the inactivating 168th Division was attached to the division.


164th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In January 1952 the division was disbanded. Its divisional HQ was absorbed into 3rd Armored Troops Tank Organization Base, while its regiments were renamed as 3rd, 5th and 6th Independent Infantry Regiments of Northeastern Military Districts, respectively.


164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 164th Infantry Division (German: 164. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Army during World War II. Formed in November 1939, the division took part in the invasion of Greece in April 1941. In January 1942, consolidating the Axis seizure of the island during the Battle of Crete, the 164th was reorganized as Fortress Division Kreta (FDK). In mid-1942 the division was transferred to North Africa and re-designated as 164th Light Afrika Division (German: Leichte Afrika Division). It surrendered in May 1943 in Tunisia at the end of the North African Campaign.


164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history
The 164th Infantry Division was formed on 27 November 1939 with Oberst Konrad Haase as its commander. Stationed at Dresden, Wehrkreis IV, by January 1940, it included three infantry regiments and Haase had been promoted to generalmajor on 1 January 1940. It was held in reserve during the Battle of France and was later involved in the invasion of Greece in April 1941. After the end of the campaign, it was stationed in Salonika on occupation duty. During this time, one of its infantry regiments was detached to serve on the Greek island of Rhodes.


164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history
In early 1942, the division was moved to the island of Crete and organised as Fortress Division Kreta. Reinforced with the experienced 125th Infantry Regiment, it remained here until mid-1942 at which time it was transferred to North Africa to serve with the Panzer Armee Afrika. It was now designated as the 164th Light Afrika Division; each of its regiments only had two battalions. The division fought at El Alamein and performed well. During the battle, one of its regiments was instrumental in preventing the capture of the headquarters of Panzer Armee Afrika by advancing Allied infantry.


164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history
Along with the remainder of the Axis forces, the division gradually retreated into Tunisia. It spent the final stages of the campaign in Tunisia fighting against Free French troops as part of the 1st Italian Army. Liebenstein, the division's final commander, surrendered to Lieutenant General Bernard Freyberg, commander of the 2nd New Zealand Division.


164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Commanding officers
The following officers commanded the 164th Infantry Division during the course of World War II:


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The 145th Division (Chinese: 第145师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 34th Division, 12th Column of the PLA Northeastern Field Army. Its history can be traced to Eastern Harbin Security Command, formed in September 1945.


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The division is part of 49th Corps. Under the flag of 145th division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War. The division was composed of 433rd, 434th and 435th Regiments.


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In April 1952 the division absorbed the disbanding 219th Division (former a part of People's Liberation Army of the Nationalist Party of China), and renamed as 219th Infantry Division(Chinese: 步兵第219师). The division was then transferred to 55th Corps' control.


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1960 the division renamed as 219th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第219师).


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In January 1970 the division was renamed as 164th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第164师). All its regiments were renamed as follows:


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In February 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the conflict it inflicted 2195 casualties and 10 POWs to opposing PAVN forces.


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In October 1985 the division renamed as 164th Infantry Division(Chinese: 步兵第164师) and transferred to 41st Army's control following 55th Army Corps' disbandment.


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From 1985 to 1998 it maintained as a Southern Infantry Division, Catalogue B.


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1998, the division was transferred to People's Liberation Army Navy's control, under the command of South Sea Fleet, and reduced and renamed as 164th Marine Brigade(Chinese: 海军陆战第164旅).


164th Marine Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The brigade is now stationing in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, as one of the two major maneuver brigades of People's Liberation Army Marine Corps. Since then the brigade is composed of:


164th New York Infantry Regiment
The 164th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


164th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 164th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York, in September and October 1862. It was reorganized at Newport News, Virginia, and mustered in November 19, 1862, under the command of Colonel John Eugene McMahon.


164th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to District of Newport News, Virginia, Department of Virginia, to December 1862. Corcoran's Brigade, Division of Suffolk, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Corcoran's Brigade, King's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, Corcoran's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, Tyler's Division, XXII Corps, to May 1864. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to July 1865.


164th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 164th New York Infantry mustered out of service July 15, 1865.


164th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for Newport News, Virginia, November 6, 1862. Duty at Newport News, Va., until December 1862, and at Suffolk, Virginia, until May 1863. Action at Deserted House, Va., January 30, 1863. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Edenton Road April 15 and 24. Providence Church Road, Nansemond River, May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Blackwater May 12 and June 17. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 12. Provost duty in the defenses of that city, and at Alexandria, Va., and guard duty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad until May 1864.


164th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 17 to June 15. Spotsylvania Court House, Va., May 17–21. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 16–18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22–23, 1864. Demonstration on north side of James River July 27–29. Deep Bottom July 27–28. Demonstration north of James River August 13–20. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14–18. Ream's Station August 25.


164th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27–28. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5–7, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton Road March 30–31. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3–9. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington, D.C., May 2–12. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Duty at Washington until July.


164th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 245 men during service; 10 officers and 106 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 126 enlisted men died of disease. 26% of the men who served would die during the regiment's time of service.


164th New York State Legislature
The 164th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6, 1943, to October 30, 1944, during the first and second years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.


164th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, and amended in 1937, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


164th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The American Labor Party, the Communist Party, the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of "Industrial Government Party") also nominated tickets.


164th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1942, was held on November 3. Thomas E. Dewey and Thomas W. Wallace were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor, both Republicans. Of the other four statewide elective offices, three were also carried by Republicans, and one by a Democrat with American Labor endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 2,149,000; Democrats 1,501,000; American Labor 404,000; Communists 45,000; Socialists 22,000; and Industrial Government 3,500.


164th New York State Legislature, Elections
All four women legislators—State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur; and Assemblywomen Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown; Edith C. Cheney (Rep.), of Corning; and Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn—were re-elected.


164th New York State Legislature, Elections
Lt . Gov. Thomas W. Wallace died on July 17, 1943.


164th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1943, was held on November 2. Temporary President of the State Senate Joe R. Hanley (Rep.) was elected Lieutenant Governor; and Thomas D. Thacher (Rep.) was elected unopposed to succeed himself as Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Two vacancies in the State Senate and seven vacancies in the Assembly were filled.


164th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 166th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1943; and adjourned on March 26.


164th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Joe R. Hanley (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


164th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature finally re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts. Re -apportionment was overdue since the figures of the 1925 state census had been published, but the Assembly, the Senate and the Governor had been at odds over the question ever since. Now, for the first time since then, both Houses of the Legislature had majorities of the same party of which the Governor was a member, all Republican. The Re-Apportionment Bill was introduced in the Legislature on March 8; and signed by Gov. Dewey on April 8. The re-apportionment was contested in the courts by the Democrats, but was upheld unanimously by the New York Court of Appeals on November 18, 1943.


164th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The total number of state senators was increased to 56. Chautauqua, Dutchess, Monroe, Oneida, Rensselaer, St. Lawrence, Schenectady and Steuben counties lost one Assembly seat each; and New York County lost seven seats. Kings and Westchester counties gained one seat each; Nassau County gained two; Bronx County gained five; and Queens County gained six seats.


164th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 167th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1944; and adjourned on March 18.


164th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Benjamin F. Feinberg (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


164th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on October 30, 1944. This session was held to enact an extension of the voting time on the next election day, and to increase the pay for election workers.


164th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Floyd E. Anderson changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen John V. Downey and James A. Corcoran were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.


164th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


164th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


164th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 164th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 164th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 164th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Cleveland in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in May 11, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel John Calvin Lee.


164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 14 and was attached to 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps. It was assigned to duty on south side of the Potomac River as garrison at Fort C. F. Smith, Fort Strong, Fort Bennett, Fort Haggerty and other forts and batteries in the defenses of Washington, D.C. until August. Participated in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11–12.


164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 164th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 27, 1864.


164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio Militia
Over 35,000 Ohio Militiamen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio Militia units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


164th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 18 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


164th Quartermaster Group (United States)
The 164th Quartermaster Group is a Major Subordinate Command (MSC) of the 4th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (ESC) and one of only three of its kind in the Army Reserve. The unit manages a peacetime downtrace that has command and control of almost 600 Army Reservists located throughout Oklahoma and Texas, and its Soldiers support diverse missions that are logistical in nature. The units of the 164th Quartermaster Group have served in Operations Joint Forge in Bosnia, Joint Endeavor in Kosovo, Desert Storm in Iraq, Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, and Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. Additionally, most of the subordinate units and over 90% of the Soldiers in the Group have mobilized and deployed in support of all ONE, OEF, OIF, Global War on Terrorism missions since 2002.


164th Quartermaster Group (United States), Mission
The 164th Quartermaster Group mission is to plan, control and supervise the supply of bulk petroleum products and water to designated units in a designated area. It also coordinates theater petroleum and water distribution systems. Distributes bulk petroleum to US Army, Navy, Air Force, and other supported activities within theater. Provides command and control for two to five battalions (petroleum pipeline and terminal operating, petroleum supply, transportation, or water supply) and supervises other assigned or attached units.


164th Quartermaster Group (United States), History
The 164th Quartermaster Group activated on September 16, 2006. Its structure came from the 172nd Corps Support Group which deactivated in September 2006 under the command of COL Christopher T. Serpa.


164th Quartermaster Group (United States), History
Since its activation, the 164th Quartermaster Group has participated in the Quartermaster Liquid Logistics Exercise (QLLEX) and has performed duty under that exercise at Fort Devens, MA and at Yakima Training Center, WA.


164th Quartermaster Group (United States), History
In May 2007 the 164th mobilized and deployed a detachment to Kuwait and Afghanistan in support of OIF. In November 2007 they deployed additional personnel to Kuwait to join the detachment already on ground.


164th Quartermaster Group (United States), History
In 2009 the 164th QM GRP deployed two more detachments to Iraq. The first deployed in February 2009 and the second in April 2009 resulting in deployment of more than 50 personnel.


164th Regiment (United States)
The 164th Regiment (Regional Training Institute) is a training unit of the North Dakota Army National Guard. As the 164th Infantry Regiment, it was formed in the 1920s but traced its history to North Dakota units formed in the 1900s. The regiment was the first United States Army unit to land on Guadalcanal during World War II


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War I and interwar years
The 164th Infantry Regiment began its history on 8 December 1906 in the North Dakota Army National Guard as Company E, First Infantry Regiment, Williston, North Dakota. It entered federal service on 18 June 1916 for service on the Mexican border. On 14 February 1917, Company E was mustered out of service at Fort Snelling, Minnesota.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War I and interwar years
Company E was later reorganized on 25 March 1917, and drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. The company was reorganized and redesignated 4 October 1917 as Company E, 164th Infantry, an element of the 41st Infantry Division. The company was demobilized 28 February 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War I and interwar years
The company was later reorganized and federally recognized 22 January 1921 as Company E, 1st Infantry, Williston, North Dakota. It was reorganized and redesignated 21 October 1921 as Company E, 164th Infantry, an element of the 34th Infantry Division. L. R. Baird attained the rank of brigadier general and commanded the 164th Infantry from 1931 to 1941.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War I and interwar years
The 164th Infantry, Company G was based out of Glendive, Montana.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 164th Infantry, a unit of the North Dakota National Guard, entered federal service 10 February 1941 at Williston. Before deployment overseas, the 164th was relieved from assignment to the 34th Infantry Division.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Commanded by Colonel Earle Sarles, the 164th transited the South Pacific ferry route in March 1942 to New Caledonia. There they joined the 182nd Infantry Regiment and the 132nd Infantry Regiment, in addition to artillery, engineer and other support units to form a new division on 24 May 1942, designated the Americal Division. The name Americal was derived from a combination of the words America and New Caledonia. The regiment spent nearly five months in combat training.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II
In September, Colonel Sarles, a National Guard officer, was replaced as commander of the regiment by Colonel Bryant E. Moore, a West Point graduate. Moore would subsequently be promoted to command an infantry division in Europe, and the regiment would serve under other commanders, almost all of whom advanced to general's stars.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Arriving at Guadalcanal on 13 October 1942 ahead of its brother regiments as emergency reinforcement for the 1st Marine Division, the Regiment was the first U.S. Army unit to engage in offensive action during World War II in the Battle of Guadalcanal. Between 24 and 27 October, elements of the regiment withstood repeated assaults from Japanese battalions and inflicted some two thousand enemy casualties. The 1st Marine Division commander, Major General Alexander Vandegrift, was so impressed by the soldiers' stand that he issued a unit commendation to the regiment for having demonstrated "an overwhelming superiority over the enemy." In addition, the Marines took the unusual step of awarding Lt. Colonel Robert Hall, commander of the 3rd Battalion, 164th, with the Navy Cross for his role in these battles.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Until the Americal Division commander, Major General Alexander M. Patch, and other units of the division arrived, the 164th fought alongside the Marines in a series of encounters with Japanese units in the Point Cruz area, where they successfully dislodged enemy troops from two hilltop strongpoints. The action earned them the nickname "The 164th Marines." Members of the 164th were also known as "jungle fighters" within the U.S. media because of the terrain on which they fought.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Later, the 164th participated in extensive jungle patrols as well as organized offensive sweeps of the island to eliminate remaining Japanese resistance. This experience gained the regiment valuable combat experience in jungle travel and navigation, ambush and counter-ambush, and small-unit tactics using small arms and light support weapons. After the Battle of Guadalcanal, the regiment returned to Fiji with the rest of the Americal Division to refit and replenish losses. At this point, many veteran officers and men of the 164th volunteered to join the 5307th Composite Unit, better known as Merrill's Marauders, for service in Burma. With the rest of the Americal, the Regiment later participated in the Bougainville campaign, then fought to secure the islands of Leyte, Cebu, Negros, and Bohol, in the Philippines. The regiment was slated to be part of the invasion of Japan when the war ended in August.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Woodrow W. Keeble, the first Sioux Medal of Honor recipient, served with the 164th throughout the war. He was wounded several times and awarded the Purple Heart and multiple awards for valor during World War II. His Medal of Honor, officially recognized in 2008, came for his actions in the Korean War.


164th Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Corporal Kenneth S. Foubert of the 164th Infantry has been recognized as the first U.S. Army soldier to die in combat after the attack on Pearl Harbor. As he landed on the beach on Guadalcanal, he was struck by shrapnel from a bomb dropped by a Japanese plane.


164th Regiment (United States), History, Inter war service
The 164th was inactivated 24 November 1945 at Fort Lawton, Washington. On 10 June 1946, the 164th Infantry was relieved from assignment to the Americal Division and assigned to the 47th Infantry Division.


164th Regiment (United States), History, Inter war service
On 1 May 1947, the 164th was reorganized and federally recognized 1 May 1947 as Company E of the 164th Infantry at Williston.


164th Regiment (United States), History, Korean War service
The 164th was ordered to federal service 16 January 1951 at Williston. Company C of the 164th Infantry (NGUS) organized and federally recognized 16 January 1953 at Williston while the 164th Infantry was on federal service.


164th Regiment (United States), History, Korean War service
The 164th was inactivated from active federal Service 2 December 1954 and reverted to state control and redesignated as Company C, 164th Infantry; federal recognition was concurrently withdrawn from Company C, 164th Infantry (NGUS).


164th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A gold color metal and enamel device 1+1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a Spanish castle Gules door of the first and fimbriated Or between three six-pointed mullets one and two and debruised in base by a demi-sun issuing from base of the last. Attached below the shield is a blue scroll inscribed "JE SUIS PRET" in gold.


164th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The service of the former organization, 142d Engineer Battalion, is indicated by the blue shield for Infantry, with the Spanish castle taken from the Spanish Campaign medal representing Spanish War service. The Philippine Insurrection service is indicated by the three mullets from the Philippine Island flag. The sun in base, from the 41st Division shoulder sleeve insignia, denotes World War I service with that division.


164th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 164th Regiment Infantry on 11 an 1933. It was redesignated for the 142d Engineer Battalion on 8 May 1956. On 26 December 1974 the insignia was rescinded (cancelled). The insignia was approved for the 164th Regiment, with description and symbolism revised, on 6 November 1997.


164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon
Azure, a Spanish castle Gules door of the first and fimbriated Or between three six-pointed mullets one and two and debruised in base by a demi-sun issuing from base of the last.


164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the North Dakota Army National Guard: From a wreath Or and Azure, a sheaf of three arrows Argent armed and flighted Gules behind a string bow fesswise Or with a grip of the second. Motto JE SUIS PRET (I Am Ready).


164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism
The service of the former organization, 142d Engineer Battalion, is indicated by the blue shield for Infantry, with the Spanish castle taken from the Spanish Campaign medal representing Spanish War service. The Philippine Insurrection service is indicated by the three mullets from the Philippine Island flag. The sun in base, from the 41st Division shoulder sleeve insignia, denotes World War I service with that division.


164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism
The crest is that of the North Dakota Army National Guard.


164th Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 164th Regiment Infantry on 11 an 1933. It was redesignated for the 142d Engineer Battalion on 8 May 1956. On 26 December 1974 the coat of arms was rescinded (cancelled). The coat of arms was approved for the 164th Regiment, with description and symbolism revised, on 6 November 1997.


164th meridian east
The meridian 164° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


164th meridian east
The 164th meridian east forms a great circle with the 16th meridian west.


164th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 164th meridian east passes through:


164th meridian west
The meridian 164° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


164th meridian west
The 164th meridian west forms a great circle with the 16th meridian east.


164th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 164th meridian west passes through:


165
Year 165 (CLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Orfitus and Pudens (or, less frequently, year 918 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 165 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


165 (number)
165 (one hundred [and] sixty-five) is the natural number following 164 and preceding 166.


165 BC
Year 165 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Octavius (or, less frequently, year 589 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 165 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


165 Loreley
165 Loreley is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on August 9, 1876, in Clinton, New York and named after the Lorelei, a figure in German folklore.


165 Loreley
In the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered light curve data that was ultimately used to derive the spin states and shape models of 10 new asteroids, including (165) Loreley. The light curve of this asteroid varies by no more than 0.2 in magnitude, while the derived shape model shows multiple flat spots on the surface.


165 Loreley
One stellar occultation by Loreley has been observed, on July 20, 2003.


165 Loreley
The asteroid has an oblate shape with a size ratio of 1.26 ± 0.08 between the major and minor axes, as determined from the W. M. Keck Observatory.


165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC
165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC is an Army Reserve regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.


165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed in Grantham as 165 Port Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 1995. 266 Squadron was re-formed at Southampton in 2006.


165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force
The 165 Squadron is an Air Defence Group squadron of the Air Defence and Operations Command, Republic of Singapore Air Force. It operates the Rapier missile purchased from British Aerospace since 1983, providing air defence cover against low-flying aircraft.


165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force
With its motto, "Pride in Protection", the squadron conducted its first live-firing exercise at the Royal Artillery Range in Hebrides, the United Kingdom in July 1984, and participated in its first overseas deployment exercise in 1985 in Exercise Air Thai-Sing (now known as Exercise Cope Tiger) at Chandy Range in Thailand.


165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History
The 165 Squadron, then known as 165 SADA, was officially formed on 1 August 1983 with the acquisition of the Rapier missile after an air defence study in 1978. Formed at Changi Camp, it was established on 1 September 1985, before becoming fully operationally ready a year later.


165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History
In 1987, the battalion shifted to Lim Chu Kang Camp II, where it is currently located. Full -time National Servicemen were added to its ranks in 1988. In July 2006, ADSD became ADOC (Air Defence Operations Command) and ADB became ADG (Air Defence Group).


165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History
It current operates the Surface-to-Air PYthon and DERby - Short Range (SPYDER-SR) ground-based air defence system.


165 University Avenue
Coordinates: 165 University Avenue or Karma building is a small rented office building on University Avenue, the main commercial street in downtown Palo Alto, California, that gave rise to Plug and Play Tech Center and to the Amidi Group. It is run by Rahim & Saeed Amidi, whose family fled from the Iranian revolution in the 1970s. Located near Stanford University, the building has served as an incubator for several noted Silicon Valley companies, including Logitech, Google, PayPal, Danger, Inc (bought by Microsoft), BetterWorks, Milo.com (bought by eBay), and Yummly (bought by Whirlpool). YouTube also provides this location as the example address when setting the location of an uploaded video. Until 2000, the ground floor was home to a Palo Alto institution, Chimaera Books & Music. Like many independent bookstores, its closure was due, in part, to competition from the dot com economy.


165 West 57th Street
165 West 57th Street, originally the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing headquarters, is a building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the northern sidewalk of 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue. The five-story building was designed by George A. and Henry Boehm for dance instructor Louis H. Chalif. It  was designed as an event space, a school, and Chalif's apartment.


165 West 57th Street
165 West 57th Street has an asymmetrical facade. The original ground story was originally built with ivory-colored Dover marble but was later refaced with limestone. At the second and third stories, the facade contains a diagonal pattern resembling a diamond, with terracotta molding. Inside were a ballroom at the second story (later known as the Carl Fischer Hall, Judson Hall, or CAMI Hall) and a dining area at the third story. The fourth floor has terracotta panels and windows; it was originally used as Chalif's family residence. The fifth floor, used as an event space, has a loggia behind a colonnade. The building is topped by an overhanging cornice and an asphalt roof.


165 West 57th Street
Construction started in 1914 and was completed in 1916. The building was occupied by the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing until 1932 or 1933. Three clients were listed as occupying the building until 1937, after which it remained vacant for five years. The Federation of Crippled and Disabled moved its headquarters to the building in 1943 and operated there for several years. Carl Fischer Music acquired the building in 1946 and had a shop and performance hall there until 1959, when it was sold to Columbia Artists Management Inc (CAMI). The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 165 West 57th Street as a city landmark in 1999. It was sold to the Clover Foundation in 2007 and has been occupied by IESE Business School since then.


165 West 57th Street, Site
165 West 57th Street is on the north side of 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, two blocks south of Central Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The site covers 3,930 square feet (365 m2), with a width of 39.83 feet (12 m) on 57th Street and a depth of 100 feet (30 m). 165 West 57th Street shares the city block with the Alwyn Court to the northwest and One57, the Nippon Club Tower, the Calvary Baptist Church, and 111 West 57th Street to the east.


165 West 57th Street, Site
It is also near the Saint Thomas Choir School to the northwest; the American Fine Arts Society (also known as the Art Students League of New York building) and the Osborne Apartments to the west; the Rodin Studios to the southwest; Carnegie Hall and Carnegie Hall Tower to the south; and Russian Tea Room, Metropolitan Tower, and 130 and 140 West 57th Street to the southeast. 165 West 57th Street is part of an artistic hub that developed around West 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall in 1891.


165 West 57th Street, Design
The Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing building at 165 West 57th Street was designed by George A. and Henry Boehm. It was developed for Russian-born dance instructor Louis H. Chalif, founder of the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing. The school, one of the first in the United States to train dance instructors, taught children and amateur dancers as well. The building's exterior design generally reflects the original layout of the interior. As built, it had a first-floor reception area, a second-floor ballroom, a third-floor banquet hall, a fourth-floor living space for Chalif's family, and a fifth-floor gymnasium and solarium.


165 West 57th Street, Design
The Murphy Construction Company was the general contractor and S. C. Weiskopf was the structural steel contractor. The subcontractors included foundation contractor R. D. Coombs & Co., elevator supplier Otis Elevator Co., exterior marble contractor B. A. & G. N. Williams, terracotta contractor Federal Terra Cotta Co., plastering contractor P. J. Durcan Inc., and interior marble contractor McLaury Tile & Marble Corporation.


165 West 57th Street, Design
In addition, Empire City-Gerard Co. performed the trim and cabinet work, Liberty Sheet Metal Works installed the copper roofing and skylights, Standard Arch Co. installed the fireproof floor arches, American Kalamein Works Inc. installed the kalamein doors and windows, and Lieberman & Sanford Co. was responsible for ornamental iron work. The plumbing was installed by Charles H. Darmstadt, steam heating by Reis & O'Donovan Inc., and ventilation and electrical installation by Reis & O'Donovan Inc.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade
The street facade of 165 West 57th Street is designed with elements of Mannerism and the Italian Renaissance styles. The facade was designed with marble at its first story and buff brick with polychrome terracotta at the upper stories. The fifth story has a loggia made of marble, as well as an overhanging cornice. The street facade is asymmetrical, being divided into five vertical bays at the fourth and fifth stories.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade
On the first through third stories, the section corresponding to the westernmost bay is designed differently from the portion corresponding to the four other bays, which is largely symmetrical on these stories. There were windows on the side facades, The terracotta decorations contain classical Greek and Roman motifs, some of which relate to theater.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Ground story
The ground story was originally built with ivory-colored Dover marble. A horizontal band course of terracotta ran above it. In its initial design, there were two windows from the raised basement, which had iron grilles in front of them. A marble step led to the entrance, which was slightly offset. The entrance consisted of a pair of recessed wooden doors, above which was a transom and letters spelling Chalif's name. The doorway was flanked by gray-green scones, which were subsequently removed and taken to the Central Park Zoo. On each side of the entrance was a window. The westernmost section of the facade had an additional recessed service doorway at ground level and a small window at the height of the band course.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Ground story
The existing ground story dates from 1983 and is similar in design to the original. The current base is made of Indiana limestone and has a band of polished granite at its base. In addition, there is a polished-granite ramp and step leading to the center doorway, and the sconces flanking the main entrance are darker in color. The band course above the top story is also made of terracotta but has no window interrupting it.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Upper stories
There is tan-gray brick cladding at the second and third stories, which is laid in a diagonal pattern resembling a diamond. The wall bricks were originally installed in blue, cream, and gray-green hues, while the terracotta was cream and yellow. The westernmost bay of those stories has terracotta panels and three window openings. To the east (right) of that bay, the second story has a pair of round-arched windows surrounded by brick and terracotta, with carvings of female heads above them. These windows were originally casement windows with multiple panes, but they were replaced with single-pane windows. The third story has a pair of rectangular windows surrounded by terracotta frames, with louvers below the windows and lyres above them. There are flagpoles below these two third-story windows.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Upper stories
The fourth story has five window openings, though the westernmost opening is a blind opening with marble inside it. There are carved terracotta panels between each set of windows. Above the fourth story is a terracotta frieze containing depictions of swags and masks, as well as a denticulated cornice. The fourth floor panels were designed with an orange background.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Facade, Upper stories
There is a loggia on the fifth story, which contains a colonnade of several paired columns and a solitary column on the far east. The bases and the Ionic-style capitals of the columns are made of terracotta, while the rest of the columns are coated in concrete. There is a terracotta balustrade interspersed with the columns' bases. Above these columns is a frieze made of terracotta. On the loggia behind the colonnade are French doors, as well as a ceiling containing three light bulbs. Projecting from the top of the loggia is a sloped copper cornice that contains modillions and rosettes. Above the cornice are a metal railing, a gutter, an asphalt-tile pitched roof, and chimneys. As designed, the roof had green Spanish tiles, a skylight, and iron grilles and lanterns.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Features
The interior structure was designed with fireproof material. The superstructure is constructed in such a manner that two extra stories could be added if there was a need for more space. The structure was initially heated by steam and ventilated by a system of intake and exhaust fans, including a rooftop exhaust fan. Two electric elevators serving all floors were installed: one for passengers and the other for service. The building also had an interior staircase and an enclosed exterior fire escape in case of emergency. The asymmetrical arrangement of the facade reflected the fact that the elevators and staircase were on the western wall of the building.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Features
The building was intended to allow the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing to host classes and periodical exhibitions, as well as summer classes for dance teachers. In addition, an apartment for the Chalif family was provided in the design. As a result, the second and third floors were designed with few columns in the center of the space. The building was also designed so it could be rented for private social functions. For the decorations of the interior, cast ornamental plaster and paint were used frequently, but wood was used sparingly except in the ground-floor foyers. The wall hangings and furniture were designed to fit in with the color schemes. Crystal chandeliers provided artificial light. The ballrooms were planned with parquet floors and 23-foot (7.0 m) ceilings.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Features
When it was used by the Chalif School, the ground floor had a large wooden reception foyer, which led to the stairs and elevators. Also at ground level were offices, a coat room, dressing rooms, bathrooms with four shower baths, and a large studio. The second floor was devoted to the grand ballroom, with a mezzanine gallery at the south end. The third floor included a banquet hall, where a pantry connected to the basement kitchen via a service elevator. The fourth floor had the living apartments of the Chalif family.


165 West 57th Street, Design, Features
Chalif's apartment was planned as a nine-room apartment with three bathrooms and housekeeping. The Real Estate Record and Guide described it as having "all of the features now to be found in apartments of the highest type." The gymnasium floor at the top was a glass-enclosed space used by the summer school, with an open steel-trussed roof. It could be enclosed in winter and open on all sides in summer, and it was meant to be used for social functions and recreation.


165 West 57th Street, History
In 1905, Louis Chalif opened the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing. The school was initially situated on the Upper West Side and then at 360 Fifth Avenue inside the Aeolian Company's showroom. At the school, one of the first in the United States to train dance instructors, Chalif also taught children and amateur dancers. In 1907, the school relocated to the Aeolian Building at 7 West 42nd Street.


165 West 57th Street, History, Construction
In October 1914. Chalif purchased a 21-by-100-foot (6.4 by 30.5 m) lot at 165 West 57th Street from Louis de Bebian. At the time, the lot contained a four-story dwelling. Chalif acquired the adjacent 19-by-100-foot (5.8 by 30.5 m) lot at 163 West 57th Street, which also contained a four-story dwelling, from the Wilmurt Realty Company in May 1915. The two lots gave Chalif a combined frontage of nearly 40 feet (12 m) on 57th Street. Chalif had selected the site because it was convenient for pupils. The Sun described the building that August as "a Temple of Terpsichore".


165 West 57th Street, History, Construction
George and Henry Boehm had been hired to design a building for the Chalif school by that August. The Boehms had probably become involved with Chalif in 1907, when George Boehm had designed a building for the Acker, Merrall & Condit Company on 42nd Street, next to the Chalif School. The architects identified seven terracotta firms, consisting of three manufacturers and four modelers, to manufacture the building's terracotta in November 1915, and exact details of the terracotta were finalized later.


165 West 57th Street, History, Construction
Susan Tunick, an expert on terracotta, stated that an unusually large amount of documentation still existed about the terracotta contracting process. The architects submitted plans to the New York City Department of Buildings in December 1915. The site was cleared starting in January 1916 and work began that April. The building's construction was completed by that December.


165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s
The building sometimes served as an event space in its early years. In 1918, the building hosted an event for the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men after the original hosts, Daniel Webster Herrman and his wife, could not accommodate all the guests at their house. The building also hosted a meeting for the Women's Freedom Congress in 1919, as well as the Roosevelt Anniversary Ball and a dance for the Semper Fidelis Post's female marines in 1921. The school had a beginner course for delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1924.


165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s
The building also hosted the 21st birthday celebration of Dutch princess Juliana of the Netherlands in 1930, and the weddings of Louis's daughter Helen in 1928 and 1934. Other events included a 1929 performance by a group of instrumental orchestra performers, as well as sermons given by minister Charles Francis Potter in 1929 and 1930. Chalif's son Amos, who grew up in the building, said it had been "a wonderful place to grow up", as he learned to ride a bicycle there with his brother Selmer accompanying him.


165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s
Galy Russian Art Gowns moved into the building in 1930. The Chalif School had moved out of the building by 1932 or 1933. In October 1934, the Harlem Savings Bank took over the building through foreclosure. Amos Chalif said the bank providing a mortgage loan for the building and several nearby structures had gone bankrupt. Afterward, the building was occupied by Galy Russian Art Gowns, as well as the Vanity Fair Theater Restaurant and Georgian Hall. These tenants had moved out by 1937 and the building remained empty for the next five years. Documents from February 1939 indicate that the Harlem Savings Bank was planning to convert the second story into a 222 seat auditorium. At the same time, an arcade with an iron balcony was installed at the ground story.


165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s
The Federation of Crippled and Disabled bought the building in September 1942 and moved its headquarters to the building in January 1943. That December, the New York state government sued to disband the organization as fraudulent, accusing the officers and directors of using disabled persons solely for fundraising. The disbanding was averted the next year when the federation was reorganized. Carl Fischer Music acquired the building in February 1946. The Federation of Crippled and Disabled continued to occupy the building for some time.


165 West 57th Street, History, 1910s to 1940s
In 1947, five disabled students taking classed with the federation became the first-ever palsy and paralysis victims to receive diplomas from the New York City public school system. A Carl Fischer music store opened in the building in May 1948. The Carl Fischer Concert Hall on the second floor opened the same October.


165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present
Through the 1950s, the concert hall and the "Sky Room" at 165 West 57th Street held various musical performances and recitals. The musical programming at the hall was directed by Eric Simon, who invited composers such as Benjamin Britten and John Cage to perform there. Other events included a series of lectures by the Fashion Group Inc. in 1950, as well as a showcase in 1956 for performers who completed a two-year course with the American Theatre Wing. In 1959, Carl Fischer sold the building to Columbia Artists Management Inc (CAMI).


165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present
The Fischer company planned to move to Cooper Square and Columbia Artists was relocating from the nearby Steinway Hall. CAMI hired William Lescaze to remodel portions of the building, including at the ground story, where red mosaic tiles and new signage were added. At the time, Carnegie Hall was being proposed for demolition, and CAMI officials believed 165 West 57th Street would become an important music venue with the demolition of Carnegie Hall.


165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present
CAMI moved into the building in 1960 and the Carl Fischer Concert Hall was renamed the Judson Hall. The renovated 275-seat auditorium was named for musician Arthur Judson and formally reopened in October 1960. Further work on the building continued until 1963. Shortly afterward, Arthur Judson decided to leave CAMI, and he requested that his name be removed from the concert hall. Accordingly, the hall was renamed CAMI Hall. An advertisement from 1964 advertised the hall as being available for rent for private functions from 8 to 11 p.m. for $125 per night (equivalent to $1,043 in 2020).


165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present
CAMI hired Marlo & De Chiara in 1983 to redesign the ground-story exterior to resemble the original appearance. The Polonia Restoration Company conducted the reconstruction. CAMI moved its Community Concerts division from the building in 1990. The building served many of CAMI's late-20th-century clients. Ronald A. Wilford, president of CAMI in the 1990s, was quoted in The New York Times as "cast[ing] a long shadow from the music canyon of West 57th Street".


165 West 57th Street, History, 1950s to present
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 165 West 57th Street as a city landmark on October 17, 1999. At the time, Extell Development Company president Gary Barnett was acquiring several nearby plots to build a residential skyscraper, which would later become One57. By 2002, Barnett had acquired the air rights over 165 West 57th Street to develop his skyscraper. At the time, the second-story recital hall was described as having 168 seats. CAMI moved to 1790 Broadway in 2005, and 165 West 57th Street was placed on sale for $20 million in 2006. The building was purchased by the Clover Foundation in 2007. The same year, IESE Business School opened its New York City campus in the building. IESE continues to occupy 165 West 57th Street as of 2021.


165 West 57th Street, Critical reception
When it was completed, 165 West 57th Street was described by the Real Estate Record and Guide as being in a "purely modern style". The Real Estate Record stated, "The facade will add considerable interest to the locality in which it is being erected." Some architectural publications focused on the use of multiple colors of terracotta and brick. Architectural Forum characterized the upper stories' facade as having a "rich, cool color", with the terracotta "adding warmth to the color scheme without strong contrast".


165 West 57th Street, Critical reception
A brochure from the National Terra Cotta Society described the building as having "a very successful polychrome treatment" that contributed to the overall facade's "beautiful harmony", and Good Furniture & Decoration characterized the building as having "a golden charm that is all its own". According to architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern, the "Tuscan overtones" of the design "responded with refinement to the less tutored Italianate vocabulary of Carnegie Hall". The AIA Guide to New York City also cited the building's Tuscan design details.


165 West 57th Street, Critical reception
165 West 57th Street was also shown in exhibits and publications. When it was completed, Architectural Forum and Architecture and Building magazines both published images of the building. The Boehms showed a model of the Chalif School building during the 1921 Paris Salon. The same year, in his textbook about Russian pageants and dancing, Chalif advertised the building as being "unparalleled for its purposes in America" as well as "striking evidence" of the school's success. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography of 1927 called the school "a surprisingly beautiful building". An early 1930s catalog for the Chalif School advertised the building as being a "spacious and beautiful" dancing facility that received many architectural accolades.


165 West 57th Street, Critical reception
In 1949, after Chalif's death, Dance Magazine characterized the building as "the greatest highlight and dream of Chalif's lifetime", noting that Chalif would walk past the building even after other parties had purchased it. Amos Chalif stated in the 2000s that he also walked past his father's school building often. The New York Times described the building as a "sumptuous dancing school" in 1999.


165 series
The 165 series (165系, 165-kei) was an express electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1963 by Japanese National Railways (JNR).


165 series, History
During the early 1960s, the Chūō Main Line and Shinetsu Line were electrified, requiring new EMUs for the express services. New powerful trains were required, as the earlier 153 series trains were designed for operation in flat, warm areas.


165 series, Joyful Train conversions
A number of 165 series trains were converted for use as Joyful Train sets including the following.


165 series, Joyful Train conversions
The Yū Yū Tōkai joyful train on Yamakita station in 1992


165 series, Resale
Nine withdrawn 165 series cars were sold to the Chichibu Railway in 1992 and converted to become Chichibu Railway 3000 series 3-car sets for use on express services.


1650
1650 (MDCL) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1650th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 650th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 50th  year of the 17th century, and the  1st   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1650, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1650 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1650 kHz: 1650 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.


1650 Heckmann
1650 Heckmann, provisional designation 1937 TG, is a rare-type Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and later named after astronomer Otto Heckmann.


1650 Heckmann, Classification and orbit
Heckmann is a member of the Polanian subgroup of the Nysa family of asteroids and shows a rare F-type spectrum in the Tholen classification scheme. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,389 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. Heckmann was first identified as A906 OC at the discovering observatory in 1906. Its first used observation was taken at Heidelberg in 1909, when it was identified as A909 DF, extending the body's observation arc by 28 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1650 Heckmann, Rotation period
French amateur astronomer René Roy obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Heckmann in September 2005. It gave a rotation period of 12.05 hours with a brightness variation of 0.06 in magnitude (U=2). A more refined lightcurve with a period of 14.893 hours and an amplitude of 0.16 magnitude was obtained by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins at the Hunters Hill Observatory and collaborating stations in March 2008 (U=3). In September 2013, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a low rated lightcurve with a similar period of 14.9042 hours (Δ 0.09 mag; U=1).


1650 Heckmann, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Heckmann measures between 24.93 and 35.15 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.034 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0497 and a diameter of 29.07 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.56.


1650 Heckmann, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of German astronomer Otto Heckmann (1901–1983), director of the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, president of the International Astronomical Union (1967–1970) and the first director of ESO, the European Southern Observatory, which foundation had been initiated by him. He was active in the fields of cosmology and several aspects of fundamental astronomy. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3932).


1650 in England
Events from the year 1650 in England, second year of the Third English Civil War.


1650 in Germany, Events
Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae in Topographia Germaniae is published


1650 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1650.


1650 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1650 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1650 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1650 in science
The year 1650 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1650s
The 1650s decade ran from January 1, 1650, to December 31, 1659.


1650s BC
The 1650s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1659 BC to December 31, 1650 BC.


1650s in South Africa
Jan van Riebeeck landed at the Cape on 6 April 1652, setting up a supply station and fortifications for the Dutch East India Company. The decade saw the beginning of European settlement, marked by the introduction of crops from Europe and the New World and culminating in war with the Khoikhoi in 1659.


1650s in South Africa, Milestones
Bernert Willemsz Wijlant, the first European baby, was born at the Cape on 6 June 1652. In 1654, Batavian convicts and political opponents were banished to the Cape bringing Islam to South Africa. Hout Bay, a sheltered cove just south of the Cape settlement is proposed as a settlement for Dutch families on 6 October 1654. Van Riebeeck sent Jan Wintervogel, a Dutch ensign, to scout the interior in 1655. Wintervogel went as far as Saldanha Bay. Van Riebeeck sent Willem Muller, a Dutch corporal, with the Khoikhoi interpreter, Autsumao, to explore the Hottentots Holland region.


1650s in South Africa, Milestones
Maize and Grape vines were planted in the Cape that same year. In 1657, Abraham Gabbema was sent to scout the interior and explored as far as the Berg River and Paarl regions. Doman, the leader of the Goringhaiqua Khoikhoi, was sent to Batavia to be trained as an interpreter. Nine Dutch East India Company servants were freed to become free burghers (free citizens) on 21 February. They settled along the Liesbeeck River (now Rondebosch area). The first wine was pressed from Cape grapes on 2 February 1659. Jan van Riebeeck established the Burgher Militia on 1 May 1659. A few days later on 19 May, the Khoikhoi protested against white encroachment, leading to the first Khoikhoi-Dutch War.


1650s in South Africa, Slavery
The Dutch East India Company gave van Riebeeck authority to bring slaves to South Africa in 1654. The Roode Vos ship sailed to Mauritius and Anongil Bay, Madagascar in search of slaves, but brought back none. In 1658, the Amersfoort ship stole 250 slaves from a Portuguese slave trading trafficking slaves from Angola to Brazil. The ship arrived in South Africa on 28 March with 170 slaves. 80 died during the trip. Later that year, the Hassalt ship brought 228 out of an initial 271 slaves from the Gulf of Guinea to South Africa on 6 May. 43 died at sea. After these two shipments, the Dutch East and West companies agreed to stop enslaving natives from lands controlled by the other company. Slave traffickers brought 63,000 slaves to South Africa between 1658 and 1808, when the British abolished the slave trade.


1650s in South Africa, Slavery
Catharina Anthonis, became the first slave to be freed to marry Jan Woutersz, a Dutch settler, in 1656. In 1658 a Portuguese slaver was captured and 174 slaves were taken. About 80 were shipped to Batavia.


1650s in archaeology
The decade of the 1650s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1650s in piracy, Events, 1657
Brethren of the Coast is invited to use Port Royal as a base by Governor Edward D'Oley. This was done so that the Brethren would defend Port Royal.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion
Fashion in the period 1650–1700 in Western European clothing is characterized by rapid change. The style of this era is known as Baroque. Following the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Restoration of England's Charles II, military influences in men's clothing were replaced by a brief period of decorative exuberance which then sobered into the coat, waistcoat and breeches costume that would reign for the next century and a half. In the normal cycle of fashion, the broad, high-waisted silhouette of the previous period was replaced by a long, lean line with a low waist for both men and women. This period also marked the rise of the periwig as an essential item of men's fashion.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
The wide, high-waisted look of the previous period was gradually superseded by a long vertical line, with horizontal emphasis at the shoulder. Full , loose sleeves ended just below the elbow at mid century and became longer and tighter in keeping with the new trend. The body was tightly corseted, with a low, broad neckline and dropped shoulder. In later decades, the overskirt was drawn back and pinned up to display the petticoat, which was heavily decorated.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
Spanish court fashion remained out of step with the fashions that arose in France and England, and prosperous Holland also retained its own modest fashions, especially in headdress and hairstyles, as it had retained the ruff in the previous period.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Romantic negligence
A daring new fashion arose for having one's portrait painted in undress, wearing a loosely fastened gown called a nightgown over a voluminous chemise, with tousled curls. The style is epitomized by the portraits of Peter Lely, which derive from the romanticized style originated by Anthony van Dyck in the 1630s. The clothing in these portraits is not representative of what was worn on the street or at court.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Mantua
The mantua or manteau was a new fashion that arose in the 1680s. Instead of a bodice and skirt cut separately, the mantua hung from the shoulders to the floor (in the manner of dresses of earlier periods) started off as the female version of the men's Banyan, worn for 'undress' wear. Gradually it developed into a draped and pleated dress and eventually evolved into a dress worn looped and draped up over a contrasting petticoat and a stomacher. The mantua-and-stomacher resulted in a high, square neckline in contrast to the broad, off-the-shoulder neckline previously in fashion. The new look was both more modest and covered-up than previous fashions and decidedly fussy, with bows, frills, ribbons, and other trim, but the short string of pearls and pearl earrings or eardrops worn since the 1630s remained popular.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Mantua
The mantua, made from a single length of fabric pleated to fit with a long train, was ideal for showing the designs of the new elaborately patterned silks that replaced the solid-colored satins popular in mid-century.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hunting and riding dress
In a June 1666 diary entry, Samuel Pepys describes the Maids of Honour in their riding habits of mannish coats, doublets, hats, and periwigs, "so that, only for a long petticoat dragging under their men's coats, nobody could take them for women in any point whatever". For riding side-saddle, the costume had a long, trailing petticoat or skirt. This would be looped up or replaced by an ankle-length skirt for shooting or walking.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
Early in the period, hair was worn in a bun at the back of the head with a cluster of curls framing the face. The curls grew more elaborate through the 1650s, then longer, until curls were hanging gracefully on the shoulder. In the 1680s hair was parted in the center with height over the temples, and by the 1690s hair was unparted, with rows of curls stackedhigh over the forehead.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
This hairstyle was often topped with a fontange, a frilly cap of lace wired to stand in vertical tiers with streamers to either side, named for a mistress of the French King. This was popular from the 1690s to the first few years of the 18th century.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview
With the end of the Thirty Years' War, the fashions of the 1650s and early 1660s imitated the new peaceful and more relaxed feeling in Europe. The military boots gave way to shoes, and a mania for baggy breeches, short coats, and hundreds of yards of ribbon set the style. The breeches (see Petticoat breeches) became so baggy that Samuel Pepys wrote in his diary: "And among other things, met with Mr. Townsend, who told of his mistake the other day to put both his legs through one of his Knees of his breeches, and so went all day."


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview
(April 1661) The wide breeches that made such an error possible were soon being gathered at the knee: Pepys noted, 19 April 1663 "this day put on my close-kneed coloured suit, which, with new stockings of the colour, with belt, and new gilt-handled sword, is very handsome." This era was also one of great variation and transition.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Overview
In 1666, Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, following the earlier example of Louis XIV of France, decreed that at court, men were to wear a long coat, a vest or waistcoat (originally called a petticoat, a term which later became applied solely to women's dress), a cravat, a periwig or wig, and breeches gathered at the knee, as well as a hat for outdoor wear. By 1680, this more sober uniform-like outfit of coat, waistcoat, and breeches became the norm for formal dress.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Coat and waistcoat
The unfitted looser fit of the 1640s continued into the 1650s. In the 1650s, sleeves ranged from above to below the elbow. The sleeves could be slashed, unslashed, or dividing into two parts and buttoned together. The length of the coat reached the waist but by the late 1650s and early 1660s, the coat became very short, only reaching the bottom of the rib cage, much like a bolero jacket. During the 1660s, the sleeves varied a lot from elbow length to no sleeves at all. The coat could be worn opened or buttoned in the front. One common factor were many yards of ribbon loops arranged on the shoulders and the lower parts of the sleeves.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Coat and waistcoat
A longer and rather baggy coat (still with sleeves rarely going below the elbow) made an appearance in the early 1660s and as the decade progressed became the most popular coat. By the late 1660s, an upturned cuff became popular although the sleeves had still remained above the elbows. By the 1670s, a vest or waistcoat was worn under the coat. It was usually made of contrasting, often luxurious, fabric, and might have a plain back since that was not seen under the coat. It was a long garment which by the 1680s reached just above the knees.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Coat and waistcoat
With the end of the 1670s the sleeves became longer and the coat more fitted. The 1680s saw larger upturned cuffs and the waist of the coat became much wider. The coat could have lapels or none. This coat is known as the justacorps. The pockets on both sides of the coats were arranged horizontally or vertically (especially the mid to late 1680s) until the 1690s when the pockets were usually always arranged horizontally. The waistcoat could be sleeveless or have long sleeves. Typically, a long-sleeved waistcoat was worn in winter for added warmth. By the mid-1680s, ribbons were reduced to one side of the shoulder until by the 1690s, they were gone.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, collar and cravat
The ruffled long-sleeved white shirt remained the only constant throughout the period, although less of it was seen with the advent of the waistcoat.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, collar and cravat
During the early to mid-1650s, a rather small falling collar was in fashion. This increased in size and encompassed much of the shoulders by 1660. Cravats and jabots around the neck started to be worn during the early 1660s. By the mid-1660s, the collar had disappeared with just the cravat remaining, sometimes tied with a small bow of ribbon. Red was the most common color for the bow, although pink, blue, and other colors were also used.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, collar and cravat
By the 1670s, the bow of ribbons had increased in size and in the 1680s, the bow of ribbons became very large and intricate with many loops of ribbon. By the mid-1690s, the very large bow of ribbons was discarded. Also, a new style of cravat made its appearance in the 1690s, the Steinkerk (named after the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692). Before, the cravat was always worn flowing down the chest; the Steinkerk cravat looped through a buttonhole of the coat.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches and stockings
The previous decade saw Spanish breeches as the most popular. These were stiff breeches which fell above or just below the knee and were rather moderately fitted. By the mid-1650s, in Western Europe, much looser, uncollected breeches, called petticoat breeches became the most popular. As the 1650s progressed, they became larger and looser, very much giving the impression of a lady's petticoat. They were usually decorated with many yards of ribbon around the waist and around the ungathered knee on the outside of the leg.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches and stockings
Alongside the petticoat breeches, a collected but still loose fitted breeches called rhinegraves, were also worn. By the early 1660s, their popularity surpassed petticoat breeches. They could be worn with an overskirt over them, in this case the rhinegraves would be white. The overskirt was heavily decorated with ribbon on the waist and the bottom of the skirt. Its length was usually just above the knee, but could also extend past the knee so that the rhinegraves underneath could not be seen and only the bottom of the stocking-tops was visible.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches and stockings
With the rising popularity of the longer coat and waistcoat, the large collected rhinegraves and overskirt were abandoned in favor of more close fitting breeches. By the late 1670s, close fitted breeches were worn with the stockings worn over them and on or above the knee, often being gartered with a garter below the knee. With the long waistcoat and stockings worn over the knee, very little of the breeches could be seen. A possible reason that the stockings were worn over the knee, was to give the impression of longer legs since the waist coat fell very low, just above the knee. The breeches tended to be of the same material as the coat. The stockings varied in color.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Footwear and accessories
Shoes again became the most popular footwear during the 1650s, although boots remained in use for riding and outdoor pursuits. Boothose, originally of linen with lace cuffs and worn over the fine silk stockings to protect them from wear, remained in fashion even when boots lost their popularity. Boothose lasted well in the mid-1660s, attached right under where the rhinegraves were gathered below the knee, or fashionably slouched and unfastened. Shoes from the 1650s through the 1670s tended to be square toed and slightly long in appearance. Usually the shoes were tied with ribbon and decorated with bows. By the 1680s, the shoe became a bit more fitted; the heel increased in height (with red heels being very popular, especially for attendance at Court), and only a small ribbon if any remained.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Footwear and accessories
The baldric (a sword hanger worn across one shoulder) was worn until the mid-1680s, when it was replaced by the sword belt (a sword hanger worn across the hips).


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles
Throughout the period, men wore their hair long with curls well past the shoulders. The bangs (fringe) were usually combed forward and allowed to flow over the forehead a bit. Although men had worn wigs for years to cover up thinning hair or baldness, the popularity of the wig or periwig as standard wardrobe is usually credited to King Louis XIV of France. Louis started to go bald at a relatively young age and had to cover up his baldness with wigs.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles
His early wigs very much imitated what were the hairstyles of the day, but they gave a thicker and fuller appearance than natural hair. Due to the success of the wigs, other men started to wear wigs as well. By 1680, a part in the middle of the wig became the norm. The hair on either side of the part continued to grow in the 1680s until by the 1690s two very high pronounced points developed on the forehead.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles
As well, during the 1680s, the wig was divided into three parts: the front including the center part and the long curls which fell well past the shoulders, the back of the head which was combed rather close to the head, and a mass of curls which flowed down the shoulders and back. The curls of the wig throughout the 1660s until 1700 were rather loose. Tighter curls would not make their appearance until after 1700. Every natural color of wig was possible. Louis XIV tended to favor a brown wig. His son, commonly referred to as Monseigneur, was well known for wearing blond wigs. Facial hair declined in popularity during this period although thin moustaches remained popular up until the 1680s.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and headgear
Hats vary greatly during this period. Hats with very tall crowns, derived from the earlier capotain but with flat crowns, were popular until the end of the 1650s. The brims varied as well. Hats were decorated with feathers. By the 1660s, a very small hat with a very low crown, little brim, and large amount of feathers was popular among the French courtiers. Later in the 1660s, very large brims and moderate crowns became popular. Sometimes one side of the brim would be turned up. These continued fashionable well into the 1680s.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and headgear
From the 1680s until 1700, various styles and combinations of upturned brims were in fashion, from one brim upturned to three brims upturned (the tricorne). Even the angle at which the brims were situated on the head varied. Sometimes with a tricorne, the point would meet over the forehead or it would be set at a 45 degree angle from the forehead.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion
Young boys wore skirts with doublets or back-fastening bodices until they were breeched at six to eight. They wore smaller versions of men's hats over coifs or caps. Small children's clothing featured leading strings at the shoulder.


1650–1700 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion
Dress worn by Charles XI of Sweden in ca 1660.


1651
1651 (MDCLI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1651st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 651st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 51st  year of the 17th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1651, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1651 Behrens
1651 Behrens, provisional designation 1936 HD, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by  Marguerite Laugier in 1936, it was named after Johann Behrens.


1651 Behrens, Discovery
Behrens was discovered on 23 April 1936, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at Nice Observatory in southeastern France. It was independently discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory, Germany in the following month.


1651 Behrens, Classification and orbit
Behrens is an S-type asteroid and member of the Flora family, a large group of stony asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,175 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.


1651 Behrens, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Stéphane Charbonnel obtained a rotational lightcurve of Behrens from photometric observations made in August 2001. It gave a longer than average rotation period of 34.34 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=2).


1651 Behrens, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Behrens measures between 8.96 and 10.33 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.20 and 0.318. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family – and calculates a diameter of 10.31 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


1651 Behrens, Naming
Based on a proposal by Otto Kippes, who verified the discovery, this minor planet was named after Johann Gerhard Behrens (1889–1978), German amateur astronomer and pastor at Detern, in lower Saxony. He was known for his orbit computations on comets and minor planets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 October 1980 (M.P.C. 5523).


1651 in England
Events from the year 1651 in England, third and final year of the Third English Civil War and final year of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.


1651 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1651.


1651 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1651 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1651 in poetry, Deaths
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1651 in science
The year 1651 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1652
1652 (MDCLII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1652nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 652nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 52nd  year of the 17th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1652, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1652 Hergé
1652 Hergé, provisional designation 1953 PA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 1953, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was later named after Belgian cartoonist Hergé.


1652 Hergé, Orbit and classification
Hergé is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,234 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1933 UE1 at Heidelberg Observatory in 1933, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1652 Hergé, Physical characteristics
Hergé has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


1652 Hergé, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Astronomer Petr Pravec obtained a rotational lightcurve of Hergé from photometric observations taken at Ondřejov Observatory in September 2014. It gave a rotation period of 16.36 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.42 magnitude (U=3-).


1652 Hergé, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hergé measures between 8.68 and 8.95 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.116 and 0.308. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family – and calculates a diameter of 9.41 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.54.


1652 Hergé, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, better known under his pseudonym Hergé. He is considered to be the father of the fictional Adventures of Tintin, one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century, and creator of its hero, Tintin, in 1929. The asteroid 1683 Castafiore was also named after the comic-strip character Bianca Castafiore from the series. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6831).


1652 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1652.


1652 in poetry
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1652 in poetry, Births
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1652 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1652 in science
The year 1652 in science and technology involved some significant events.


16525 Shumarinaiko
16525 Shumarinaiko, provisional designation 1991 CU2, is a stony Nysian asteroid and synchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 February 1991, by Japanese astronomers Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at the Kitami Observatory on the island of Hokkaidō in northern Japan. The asteroid was named after the Japanese Lake Shumarinai. Its sub-kilometer sized minor-planet moon was discovered in 2013.


16525 Shumarinaiko, Orbit and classification
Shumarinaiko is a member of the Nysa family (405), the largest asteroid family of the main belt, consisting of stony and carbonaceous subfamilies. The family, named after 44 Nysa, is located in the inner belt near the Kirkwood gap (3:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter), a depleted zone that separates the central main belt.


16525 Shumarinaiko, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,358 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


16525 Shumarinaiko, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery from the Digitized Sky Survey. It was taken at Palomar Observatory in March 1950, almost 41 years prior to the asteroid's official discovery observation at Kitami in 1991.


16525 Shumarinaiko, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Shumarinaiko was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado, and Dan Coley at DanHenge Observatory (U80) in California. Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.5932 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.08 magnitude (U=3), superseding the results from previous observations that gave a period of 2.6425 and 8.8 hours, respectively (U=1/1). A low brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body is rather spherical in shape.


16525 Shumarinaiko, Physical characteristics, Moon
During the photometric observation by Warner and Coley in January 2013 (see above), mutual occultation and eclipsing events revealed that Shumarinaiko is a synchronous binary asteroid with an elongated minor-planet moon in orbit. The satellite, provisionally designated S/2013 (16525) 1, seems to be tidally locked to its orbital period of 14.409 hours. It measures least 16% of its primary (Ds/Dp of <0.16±0.02), which translates into a diameter of approximately 830 meters. There are more than 100 binary asteroids known to exist in the asteroid belt.


16525 Shumarinaiko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Shumarinaiko measures 5.253 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.306, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.66 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.6.


16525 Shumarinaiko, Naming
This minor planet was named after Lake Shumarinai. The lake is located within the Shumarinai Prefectural Natural Park in northern Hokkaidō, Japan. Artificially created to generate hydroelectricity in the 1940s, it is now known for its scenery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55722).


1653
1653 (MDCLIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1653rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 653rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd  year of the 17th century, and the  4th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1653, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1653 East Smyrna earthquake
The 1653 East Smyrna earthquake occurred on 23 February, with an estimated magnitude of 6.72±0.3 Mw and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.


1653 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1653 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Augsburg on May 31.


1653 Imperial election, Background
This was the first imperial election to take place after the Thirty Years' War.


1653 Imperial election, Background
On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This list of propositions criticized the practice of selling indulgences, remissions of the punishment meted out for sin in Purgatory. Luther's criticism snowballed into a massive schism in the church, and from there into a split among the states of the empire.


1653 Imperial election, Background
On August 26 and 27, 1619, the Protestant estates of Kingdom of Bohemia deposed the Catholic king Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and invited the Lutheran elector of the Electoral Palatinate, Frederick V of the Palatinate, to take his place. This Bohemian Revolt was put down with the help of the Catholic League, a confederation of Catholic princes of the empire. The league's leader, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, was granted the Upper Palatinate and its electoral rights in a treaty of 1619, confirmed at the Diet of Regensburg on February 25, 1623.


1653 Imperial election, Background
The revolt ignited a broader religious war across Germany, the Thirty Years' War, which would involve not only the states of the empire but also Sweden, the Dutch Republic, France, Denmark–Norway, England, Scotland, Spain and Hungary and which would kill some eight million people before its end. The Peace of Westphalia which ended the war in 1648 revived the principle of cuius regio, eius religio established in 1555 by the Peace of Augsburg and established the modern concept of Westphalian sovereignty. It additionally reinstated the electoral rights of the Electoral Palatinate, though not its territorial rights in the Upper Palatinate. Bavaria was raised to the Electorate of Bavaria, bringing the number of electors of the empire to eight.


1653 Imperial election, Background
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his successor. To avoid a tie, his son, Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans, king of Bohemia and the presumptive favorite, agreed to abstain. The remaining seven electors were:


1653 Imperial election, Aftermath
Ferdinand IV predeceased his father, dying of smallpox on July 9, 1654.


1653 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1653.


1653 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1653 in poetry, Births
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1653 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1653 in science
The year 1653 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1654
1654 (MDCLIV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1654th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 654th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 54th  year of the 17th century, and the  5th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1654, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1654 Anglo-Swedish alliance
The 1654 Anglo-Swedish alliance was signed by Bulstrode Whitelocke, representing the Commonwealth of England, and Christina, Queen of Sweden, in Uppsala, Sweden in 1654. Its main purpose was to offset the alliance between Denmark and the Netherlands. It was signed on April 28, but antedated April 11.


1654 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1654.


1654 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1654 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1654 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1654 in science
The year 1654 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1655
1655 (MDCLV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1655th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 655th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 55th  year of the 17th century, and the  6th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1655, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1655 Comas Solà
1655 Comas Solà, provisional designation 1929 WG, is a rare-type asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 November 1929, by Spanish astronomer of Catalan origin, Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. It was later named after the discoverer.


1655 Comas Solà, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,693 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as A901 VG at Heidelberg Observatory in 1901, extending the body's observation arc by 28 years prior to its official discovery observation at Barcelona.


1655 Comas Solà, Physical characteristics
Comas Solà shows as rare XFU-type and B-type spectrum in the Tholen and SMASS classification scheme, respectively.


1655 Comas Solà, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
A rotational lightcurve obtained by American amateur astronomer Robert Stephens gave a well-defined rotation period of 20.456 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3).


1655 Comas Solà, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Comas Solà measures between 30.57 and 40 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.073. More recently published revised WISE/NEOWISE-data gave a refined diameter of 35.6 and 35.94 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS, and adopts an albedo of 0.0726 with a diameter of 30.57 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 11.04.


1655 Comas Solà, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of its discoverer Josep Comas i Solà (1868–1937), first director of the discovering Fabra Observatory, Barcelona, capital of the Catalonia region in northeastern Spain. He was a prolific observer of minor planets and comets in the 1920s.


1655 Comas Solà, Naming
It is one of the rare cases where a minor planet bears the name of its discoverer. Solà is also honored by the asteroid 1102 Pepita, named after his nickname, and by the 127-kilometer wide Martian crater Comas Sola. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).