1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, Long-term effects
Rocks erupted in 1669 have been quarried, especially after the 1693 earthquake when they were used during the reconstruction of the city. Lava was used to pave roads, for constructions, and later for architectural elements, the production of bituminous conglomerate, concrete, and statues such as the Fountain of the Elephant in Catania. The present-day port of Catania is attached to the 1669 lava flow. Elsewhere in Catania, the lava flow is mostly hidden.


1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Impact, Impact on science
Mount Etna's 1669 eruption drew increased interest in the volcano's activity. During the 18th and 19th centuries, abbots and geologists compiled histories of the volcano and lists of its eruptions. Reports of eruptions at Etna became more complete and detailed. Francesco d'Arezzo melted the rocks erupted in 1669 to obtain information about their nature.


1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Geology
The lavas erupted in 1669 define a sodic hawaiite suite with two distinct acidic and mafic members that were erupted before and after 20 March, respectively. These two magmas formed through fractional crystallization processes in different parts of Mount Etna's plumbing system. It appears that prior to the 1669 eruption, a batch of more acidic magma was residing underneath Etna. A batch of new, more mafic magma that was more buoyant than the residing magma penetrated and traversed the magmatic system, and reached the surface. Later, the more acidic magma erupted. Magma was accumulating prior to 1669 in the plumbing of Mount Etna; increased volatile content or increased magma volume might have eventually triggered the eruption.


1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Geology
The lava flows of 1669 contain up to 18% bubbles, a large proportion and considerably more than expected from lava flows on the surface that might explain the fluidity of the flows that maintained pahoehoe morphology 16 km (9.9 mi) from the vents. The lava also contains large phenocrysts of plagioclase, as do lavas of other eruptions of the 17th century; these lavas are called cicirara and they often appear at the end of an eruption cycle at Mount Etna.


1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Research history
Owing to its magnitude, the eruption was well documented by contemporaries. Records range  from administrative documents that were part of the crisis management and the post-crisis management over memoirs to eyewitness reports. Italian scientist Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) in his 1670 publication Historia et Meteorologia and the British ambassador in Constantinople Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea (1628–1689) in a report to King Charles II of England wrote about the eruption. Later reviews of the eruption were written by the British diplomat Sir William Hamilton (1730–1803).


1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Research history
Borelli's history of the 1669 eruption is the oldest scientific description of Etna's volcanic activity. Anonymous reports published in 1669 include An answer to some inquiries concerning the eruptions of Mt. Aetna, 1669, communicated by some inquisitive merchants now residing in Sicily and A chronological account of several Incendiums or fires of Mt. Aetna. The large number of contemporary records makes it possible to reconstruct the course of the eruption with reasonable accuracy.


1669 eruption of Mount Etna, Implications for volcanic hazards at Etna
The 1669 eruption represents a worst-case scenario of an effusive eruption at Etna; over 500,000 people live in Catania and a similar eruption today would cause about €7,000,000,000 damage. Apart from the lava, tephra and lapilli associated with explosive activity would damage critical infrastructure close to the vent, disrupt air travel, and impact both human health and the environment.


1669 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1669.


1669 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1669 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1669 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1669 in science
The year 1669 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1669–1670 papal conclave
The 1669–1670 papal conclave (20 December – 29 April)  was convened on the death of Pope Clement IX and ended with the election of Emilio Altieri as Pope Clement X. The election saw deference within the College of Cardinals to Louis XIV of France, and a freeing of the cardinals loyal to Spain to vote according to their conscience. Eventually the elderly Altieri was elected with support of the major factions within the College.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Background
Clement IX had primarily named Italian cardinals to the college, only appointing one French and one Spanish cardinal when he needed their assistance to fight back an invasion by the Ottoman Empire in Crete. He created his friends cardinals, with seven of the twelve that he created coming from his native Tuscany. Clement did not feel obligated to appoint a German cardinal because the Holy Roman Emperor had requested his assistance in Hungary. Within days of his death Clement IX had created seven additional cardinals, which brought the number of potential electors to its maximum of seventy.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Background
During his pontificate Clement strove diplomatically to bring Western European nations to the defense of Crete. The Ottomans were planning to advance on the Venetian owned capital of the island at Candia. He intervened in the War of Devolution and helped negotiate a peace, which increased the likelihood that Spain and France would both aid Crete. The French initially sent a small force to aid Crete in 1668, before increasing their troop commitment in 1669. This did affect the outcome of the Ottoman advance, and they captured Candia in September 1669.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Background
Within the College of Cardinals a faction of cardinals that was not loyal to any of the Catholic monarchies had developed; they were called the Squadrone Volante had and risen during the conclave of 1655. The name, which translates as Flying Squadron, was given because of their support of candidates who they believed had the best interest of the papacy in mind, rather than candidates supported by the secular monarch. Christina, Queen of Sweden, who had abdicated the Swedish throne and moved to Rome before converting to the Catholic Church, served as the secular supporter of the group, and became particularly close to Decio Azzolino.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Conclave
The cardinals delayed the conclave until the ambassador of Louis XIV of France and the French cardinals arrived, which demonstrated the influence France had in the College at that time. When it opened on 21 December 1669, fifty-four of the seventy members of the College of Cardinals were present, and twelve additional cardinals arrived as the conclave progressed. The factions broke down relatively evenly between the cardinals loyal to Spain and France, with each country controlling eight. Clement IX's nephew Jacopo Rospigliosi's influence in the conclave was relatively weak as Clement IX had only created eight cardinals, whereas Flavio Chigi led twenty-four creations of Alexander VII.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Conclave
The College of Cardinals at the time did not have any cardinals that stood out as the obvious frontrunner, and the number of papabili was greater than at most conclaves. Accounts from contemporary sources listed up to 21 cardinals who were considered to have a chance of being elected pope.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Conclave
Pietro Vidoni had the support of members of the Flying Squadron as well as Christina of Sweden and her ally Azzolino. Also, he was opposed by neither France nor Spain. Francesco Barberini, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, opposed Vidoni because he had not been asked about his candidacy previously.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Conclave
Charles d'Albert d'Ailly, the French ambassador to the conclave, arrived on 16 January 1670. He announced on 10 February that Louis XIV had vetoed Chigi's candidate for the papacy, Scipione Pannocchieschi d’Elci. The exclusion caused d'Elci much embarrassment, and he became sick and quickly died after the French veto was announced. Following d'Elci's exclusion, there was confusion amongst the cardinals about whom they should elect, because none of the existing candidates had the numerical possibility of being elected pope.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Conclave
The cardinals then attempted to elect Vidoni again, but Chigi was now opposed to him out of anger at the French for excluding d'Elci. The Spanish cardinals also worked against Vidoni, implying at one point that Mariana of Austria, the Queen regent of Spain, had excluded Vidoni's candidacy. The Spanish then attempted to elect Benedetto Odescalchi, but d'Ailly declared that no one would be allowed to be elected unless they owed loyalty to Louis XIV. The Spanish soon sent word that their cardinals were free to vote for anyone. The letter was brought by courier and announced that Mariana of Austria had not actually excluded Vidoni nor any member of the college.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Election of Clement X
In late April all the factions except the Flying Squadron had disappeared, and the cardinals had agreed to elect Emilio Altieri. On 29 April 1670 Altieri received three votes at the scrutiny in the morning, which was the same number he had received consistently since the beginning of the conclave. At the afternoon scrutiny, he received twenty-one votes, and was shortly acclaimed pope by an additional thirty-five cardinals. This brought his final total to fifty-six out of a total possible of fifty-nine electors.


1669–1670 papal conclave, Election of Clement X
Altieri was old and was in poor health, and resisted his own election to the point where he had to be dragged out of his room by two cardinals in order to be acclaimed. His election took place at 3 pm, but he resisted being elected for an hour. He took the name Clement in honour of Clement IX, who had created him a cardinal. At the age of 79, Altieri is the oldest person to have been elected pope.


166P/NEAT
166P/NEAT is a periodic comet and centaur in the outer Solar System. It was discovered by the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) project in 2001 and initially classified a comet with provisional designation P/2001 T4 (NEAT), as it was apparent from the discovery observations that the body exhibited a cometary coma. It is one of few known bodies with centaur-like orbits that display a coma, along with 60558 Echeclus, 2060 Chiron, 165P/LINEAR and 167P/CINEOS. It is also one of the reddest centaurs.


166P/NEAT
166P/NEAT has a perihelion distance of 8.56 AU, and is a Chiron-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a > aJupiter).


166th (South Lancashire) Brigade
The 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the Second World War.


166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, Formation
Raised in the Territorial Force as the South Lancashire Brigade, it was attached to the West Lancashire Division and was composed of the 9th and 10th (Liverpool Scottish) battalions of the King's Regiment (Liverpool) and the 4th and 5th battalions of the South Lancashire Regiment.


166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, First World War
These later became 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade and 55th (West Lancashire) Division respectively, in 1915. The brigade served with the division on the Western Front during the First World War.


166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, Inter-war period
The brigade and division were both disbanded after the war as was the Territorial Force which was reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army. The brigade was also reformed as the 166th (South Lancashire) Infantry Brigade and again joined the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division which was also reformed in the Territorial Army.


166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, Second World War
In 1939 war with Nazi Germany was becoming increasingly likely and, as a consequence, the Territorial Army was doubled in size with each unit forming a duplicate. The 55th Division raised the duplicate 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division and the 166th Infantry Brigade was subsequently redesignated the 176th Infantry Brigade and was transferred to help form the new division.


166th (South Lancashire) Brigade, History, Second World War
A new 166th Infantry Brigade was raised in the Second World War from the redesignation of the 199th Infantry Brigade. The brigade had previously served with the 66th (East Lancashire) Infantry Division until it was disbanded in June 1940 and transferred to the 55th Division and reformed it as a standard infantry division. continued to serve with the 55th (West Lancashire) Division from 1944 until the end of the war.


166th Aero Squadron
The 166th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.


166th Aero Squadron
The squadron was assigned as a Day Bombardment Squadron, performing long-range bombing attacks on roads and railroads; destruction of materiel and massed troop formations behind enemy lines. It also performed strategic reconnaissance over enemy-controlled territory, and tactical bombing attacks on enemy forces in support of Army offensive operations.


166th Aero Squadron
After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. It returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being re-designated as the 49th Squadron (Bombardment).


166th Aero Squadron
The current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron, assigned to the 53d Wing, Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Organization and training
The squadron was organized at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas on 18 December 1917. After several days, the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Dayton Ohio where it received its first training in the handling of Curtiss JN-4 and Standard J-1 aircraft.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Organization and training
On 20 February 1918, the squadron left Wright Field for Garden City, Long Island, New York, where it was one of a group of squadrons concentrated there for shipment overseas. On 5 March it embarked on a White Star Line ship, landing at Liverpool, England on 19 March. The squadron was then moved to Catterick Airdrome, Catterick Bridge, North Yorkshire in England for four and one-half months of training with the Royal Flying Corps. On 7 August the squadron was ordered to France for combat action.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Organization and training
It was moved to Southampton on the channel coast where it embarked on a cross-channel ferry to Le Havre, Upper Normandy, France on the night of 12/13 August. From there it was moved to the St. Maixent Aerodrome which was the primary reception center for new units assigned to American Expeditionary Forces.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Organization and training
At St. Maixent, the squadron spent four days being equipped in all manner of equipment necessary for combat on the front, then was moved to Romorantin Aerodrome where the pilots of the squadron were equipped with De Haviland DH-4 aircraft with Liberty Engines. Initially the squadron was scheduled to remain at Romorantin for several weeks of flight training, however the order was given to move to Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, after just two days. However, when the squadron arrived there, it was informed that the squadron was supposed to go to Delouze Aerodrome, which it arrived three days later. After a series of delays and moves to several different Airdromes the squadron arrived at Maulan Aerodrome in the early hours of 25 September.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations
At Maulan the squadron set up headquarters, mess and recreation tents and set up the airfield for combat operations. On 18 October, the 166th made its initial combat patrol, when at 14:00 thirteen pilots took off to attack Buzancy. Dropping 800 kg of bombs on the target, the formation was attacked by a formation of eight enemy Fokker aircraft. Two squadron aircraft were crippled, however they were able to make it back to friendly territory. One enemy aircraft was shot down.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations
Weather conditions prevented further combat operations until 23 October. Thirteen planes took off to conduct a raid on Bois de Barricourt. Six planes reached the objective and dropped 600 kg of bombs. The formation was attacked by ten Fokkers who offered stubborn resistance all the way to the objective and then back to the lines when they turned off. During the combat, three squadron planes were forced to land, however the pilots reached the safety of Allied lines. Two Fokkers were shot down. Continuing poor weather conditions delayed further offensive operations until 27 October when fifteen planes took off on a raid to Briquenay. Nine planes reached the target and dropped 900 kg of bombs. A raid on Montigny two days later was a success with eleven planes reaching the target.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations
Additional raids on 30 and 31 October ended combat actions when poor weather again moved in. 3 November saw two bombing raids, one on Stengy in the morning, then hitting Beaumont in the afternoon. The last raid by the 166th Aero Squadron occurred on 5 November when eleven planes attacked Montmedy. The attackers were intercepted by eight German Fokkers, one of which being a tri-plane. Severe cloud cover over the target made it impossible to bomb the target, so a secondary target at Raucourt was bombed instead.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations
Weather conditions prevented further operations up until the Armistice was declared. The squadron was in combat for less than one month. Twelve successful raids were carried out with six enemy aircraft destroyed. No squadrons planes were lost, although one observer was killed, two wounded along with a pilot being wounded.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
After the armistice, the 166th remained at Maulan until being ordered to the Third Army Air Service, moving on 22 November to the Joppécourt Aerodrome, then on 5 January 1919 to Trier Aerodrome. On 15 April 1919 orders were received for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's DH-4 aircraft were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.


166th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
Personnel were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to a staging camp at Le Mans. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. The squadron finally embarked at Brest for the trans-Atlantic crossing home, arriving in New York Harbor in mid June 1919. There most of the men were demobilized and returned to civilian life.


166th Air Refueling Squadron
The 166th Air Refueling Squadron (166 ARS) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard 121st Air Refueling Wing located at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, Ohio. The 166th is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The 364th Fighter Squadron was established at Hamilton Field, California in December 1942 and was part of the 357th Fighter Group.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Became part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation in Germany during 1945. Inactivated in Germany during August 1946.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard
The wartime 364th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 166th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Lockbourne Army Airfield, Columbus, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 10 November 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 166th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 364th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned initially to the Illinois ANG 66th Fighter Wing, operationally gained by Continental Air Command. On 7 December 1947 the Ohio ANG 55th Fighter Wing, was federally recognized and the squadron was transferred.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard
With the formation and federal recognition of the Ohio ANG 121st Fighter Group at Lockbourne Field, near Columbus, the squadron was reassigned. The mission of the 166th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Ohio. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard
In October 1948 the squadron exchanged its F-51Ds for F-51H Mustang very long range escort fighters that were suitable for long-range interception of unknown aircraft identified by Ground Control Interceptor radar stations, the 166th being one of the first ANG squadrons to receive the F-51H. In March 1950, the squadron entered the jet age with the receipt of Republic F-84C Thunderjets.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was called to active duty. The 166th Fighter Squadron was federalized on 10 February 1951 and assigned to the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Group of the Indiana Air National Guard of Air Defense Command as the 166th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The squadron initially remained at Lockbourne and flew air defense training missions.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
On 20 September, the 166th was reassigned to the Federalized Oregon ANG 142d Fighter-Interceptor Group which was headquartered at O'Hare International Airport with no change of mission. However, ADC was experiencing difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. Therefore, in February 1952 the squadron was reassigned to the 4706th Defense Wing, which was organized on a geographic basis.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
However, Strategic Air Command (SAC) had taken over Lockbourne AFB on 1 April 1951 and it was decided to move the 166th to Youngstown Municipal Airport, Ohio, which was accomplished in August 1952. The move resulted in a reassignment to the 4708th Air Defense Wing. The squadron was released from Federal Service and returned to Ohio state control on 1 November and its mission, personnel and F-84 aircraft at Youngstown were taken over by the 86th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air defense command
After the Korean War mobilization ended, the ADC 86th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron assumed the assets of the 166th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron F-84Cs and many of their personnel.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air defense command
The 166th was re-equipped with F-51H Mustangs which the squadron flew until 1954 when the 166th received refurbished F-80A Shooting Stars that had been modified and upgraded to F-80C standards. With the F-80s, the squadron began standing daytime air defense alert at Youngstown, placing two aircraft at the end of the runway with pilots in the cockpit from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset. The squadron only operated the Shooting Star until January 1955 when the 166th received F-84E Thunderjets that had returned from wartime duty in Korea.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air defense command
Upgraded with new F-84F Thunderstreaks in November 1957, the gaining command of the squadron became Tactical Air Command (TAC), however, it remained attached to Air Defense Command in a secondary role. In 1959, the need for active duty Air Defense Command bases and regular Air Force fighter-interceptor operations were diminishing and the intent to scale back operations at Youngstown AFB was announced on 28 October 1959. The Ohio Air National Guard moved the 121st FBG back to Lockbourne Air Force Base on 1 March 1960.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
The 121st Tactical Fighter Wing were called to active duty for a period of twelve months on 1 October. When activated, the wing consisted of three operational units, the Ohio ANG 162d Tactical Fighter Squadron, based at Springfield Municipal Airporto; the Ohio ANG 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron, based at Mansfield-Lahm Municipal Airport, and the 166th TFS.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
The mission of the activated 121st TFW was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), and deploy to Étain-Rouvres Air Base, France, a standby USAFE base. However, due to funding shortages, only 26 F-84F Thunderstreaks of 166th TFS was deployed to France, although several ground support units from the 162nd and 164th were also deployed.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
On 4 November the first ANG T-33 aircraft arrived at Etain, with the F-84's arriving on 16 November. On 11 December, the deployed units of the 121st TFW were redesignated the 7121st Tactical Wing. Ground shipments of equipment and supplies arrived from Ohio during January 1962 along with additional supplies and equipment from the Chateauroux-Deols Air Depot.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
The mission of the 7121st TW was tactical air support of US Army units in case of an armed conflict with the Warsaw Pact, and alert began almost immediately upon arrival. Four F-84F's were loaded with armament and maintained on alert 24/7 for continual launch preparedness. However, as the F-84 was a day fighter only, its night alert was of limited use if necessary.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
Rotational deployments to the gunnery range at Wheelus AB were also made, where the excellent weather and ranges there provided the Air National Guard pilots an opportunity to re-qualify in air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons delivery. Weather permitting, daily missions at U S Army training ranges in West Germany were also flown to exercise with ground units there. Several ANG fighter pilots were detached as Forward Air Controllers and Air Liaison Officers to work with Seventh Army units, and additional pilots were deployed from Ohio to keep the squadron at full strength.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
A NATO exchange program was conducted with the West German Air Force, with 4 F-84's being deployed to Hopsten Air Base, West Germany with an equal number of German personnel and aircraft being deployed to Etain to fly missions with the 166th. This was the first German Air Force deployment to France since the end of World War II.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
In July 1962 the deployed Air National Guardsmen were no longer needed in Europe and the 7121st began to redeploy its personnel to Ohio. All the aircraft and support equipment, however, remained at Etain to equip a new wing being formed there, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
The last of the ANG personnel departed on 9 August 1962.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command
Having left their Thunderstreaks in France, the 166th TFW was re-equipped with F-100C Super Sabre fighter-bombers, which greatly enhanced its mission capabilities. During the mid-1960s the squadron trained with the supersonic jet, however on 26 January 1968, in response to the USS Pueblo incident, President Johnson mobilized a major portion of the Selected Reserve Force, which included the 166th TFS.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command
Along with the Kansas ANG F-100C 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron, the 166th was federalized and deployed to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. The federalized ANG squadrons were assigned as part of the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing. The squadrons flew deterrent air defense missions over South Korean airspace during the next year. During the deployment some pilots flew combat missions in South Vietnam while performing temporary assignments with other units. The performance of the ANG units at Kusan in 1968–69 suggested the prerequisites of effective air reserve programs and paved the way for adoption of the total force policy in 1970 which exists today.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command
On 10 June 1968, the ANG squadrons returned to the United States after the men of the Pueblo were released. However, the experience of the F-100's in South Korea showed the Air Force that the F-100C was not a good air defense aircraft. The F-100s were aging and clearly unsuited to the most pressing operational responsibilities in the event of an attack by the North Koreans. In addition, the F-100's were slow in attaining altitude and lacked an effective all-weather, air-to-air combat capability, essential in Korea. In 1971 the F-100Cs were retired and replaced by F-100D/F Super Sabres, being received from combat units in South Vietnam that were returning to the United States.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command
In 1974 Lockbourne AFB was renamed Rickenbacker AFB in honor of Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, the World War I "Ace of Aces" and a Columbus, Ohio native. Also in 1974, under the "Total Force Policy", Guard and Reserve units began to receive newer aircraft and equipment in the 1970s. The 121st began conversion to the A-7D Corsair II in December which brought with it additional missions.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command
Beginning in 1977, the 166th began a NATO commitment to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), and began deployments to West German and English bases exercising with NATO and USAFE units in a series of exercises. The first deployment, in May 1977 to Ingolstadt Manching Air Base, West Germany the 166th deployed 10 A-7Ds as part of "Coronet Whist". In Germany, the units A-7Ds exercised with A-7s from the PA ANG 146th TFS (Pittsburgh IAP) and West German aircraft. In July 1978, a deployment to RAF Wittering, England saw 3 A-7Ds as part of "Coronet Teal".


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command
When the active duty units departed in 1979, Rickenbacker became an Air National Guard Base with the 121st as its largest flying unit. The 1980s brought new and more demanding tasks when the 121st became part of President Jimmy Carter's Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF) and was ultimately integrated into war plans as a part of United States Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF) in the 1980s.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command
Training for this high priority mission was intense and included many deployments, exercises and evaluations. Additional deployments during the 1980s were Coronet Castle and Coronet Miami at RAF Sculthorpe, England, and "Creek Corsair". Cornet Fox, at Leck Air Base, West Germany in May 1986, saw the squadron stage though Lajes Air Base, Azores and RAF Mildenhall, England before arriving in West Germany A deployment in July and August 1988, to Spangdahlem Air Base, West Germany, being the last NATO deployment for the squadron with the Corsairs.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Tactical air command
By the time of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm in 1990, the A-7D Corsairs were not considered front-line aircraft and the squadron was not activated. However the 121st TFW provided support for operations at home station while smaller elements and individuals served as active duty augmenters in several locations. The 121st Security Forces Squadron was activated and deployed to the Persian Gulf in November 1990. Stationed at Sheik Isa Air Base, Bahrain, it served under combat conditions, returning home in April 1991.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling
With the end of the Cold War, a major reorganization of the Air Force was soon underway which would bring about the most significant mission change in the history of the 121st. After 35 years of flying fighters it was to become an air refueling wing.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling
In 1992, the A-7D’s were flown to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and the first KC-135R Stratotankers were received. The 121st also assumed base support responsibilities. In October 1993, the 121st Air Refueling Wing was consolidated with the 160th Air Refueling Group which was inactivated in the process. With this consolidation, the 121st became a "Super Wing" by gaining the 145th Air Refueling Squadron.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling
Under the 120th ARW, the squadron began flying from bases in southern France to support strike aircraft during Operation Deny Flight missions over the Balkans. The unit was a fixture at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, as well as Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, supporting Operations Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch, respectively, over Iraq.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling
After the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the 121st Air Refueling Wing launched into immediate action supporting armed aircraft over the United States during Operation Noble Eagle. The 121st ARW had the distinction of flying more missions than any other unit during this time. The 121st ARW has also deployed and participated in Operation Enduring Freedom over Afghanistan, as well as Operation Iraqi Freedom over Iraq.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air refueling
In addition to the combat deployments, the unit has also been very heavily tasked with airlift missions during national emergencies. Immediately following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the 121ARW was one of the first units to send aircraft into Louisiana filled with supplies and troops. Similar missions were flown in September 2005, after Hurricane Rita.


166th Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


166th Airlift Wing
The 166th Airlift Wing (166th AW) of the Delaware Air National Guard (DANG) is stationed at New Castle Air National Guard Base, Delaware. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


166th Airlift Wing, Overview
The 166th Airlift Wing is based at the New Castle County Airport just outside Wilmington, Delaware. Operating eight permanently assigned, Lockheed C-130H2 Hercules transport aircraft, the wing provides the U.S. Air Force with tactical airlift, airdrop capability of paratroops and cargo, and aeromedical evacuation of patients anywhere in the world. Additionally, the wing has a civil engineer function and a network warfare unit (the 166th Network Warfare Squadron).


166th Airlift Wing, Overview
Under command of the Governor of Delaware, the wing is prepared to support the State of Delaware with trained personnel and equipment for various humanitarian missions to protect life and property and to preserve peace, order and public safety. The wing's gaining command is the Air Mobility Command, U.S. Air Force.


166th Airlift Wing, History
On 7 April 1962 the Delaware Air National Guard, with the 142nd Tactical Fighter Squadron, enlarged to "group status" as the 166th Air Transport Group and then was reassigned from the Tactical Air Command to the Military Air Transport Service. The Delaware Air National Guard gave up its F-86 Sabrejets for the four engine C-97 Stratocruiser cargo planes.


166th Airlift Wing, History
Dr. Harold Brown, Secretary of the Air Force, announced that effective 1 January 1966, the Military Air Transport Service would be redesignated as the Military Airlift Command. In addition to the name change certain Air National Guard units were also redesignated, including Delaware's. The unit was named the 166th Military Airlift Group.


166th Airlift Wing, History
During the period from 1969 to 1971 the Delaware Air National Guard flew missions to Vietnam.


166th Airlift Wing, History
On 9 April 1968, the Delaware Air National Guard was called to state duty to quell civil disturbance and violence in the city of Wilmington, Delaware. The unit was released from state duty after several weeks. However, many individuals remained on state duty through 20 January 1969.


166th Airlift Wing, History
On 12 May 1971 the Delaware ANG changed its name from the 166th Military Airlift Group to the 166th Tactical Airlift Group and replaced its C-97s with C-130A Hercules turboprop cargo plane, and began transition from the Military Airlift Command to the Tactical Air Command.


166th Airlift Wing, History
On 16 October 1985, the Delaware Air National Guard began replacing its aging, antiquated C-130A's with the delivery of a brand new factory fresh C-130H. The last new C-130H aircraft arrived in January 1986.


166th Airlift Wing, History
On 25 January 1991 selected units of the Delaware Air National Guard were activated for the Persian Gulf War known as Operation Desert Storm. A majority of the unit was stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, Saudi Arabia. Over 150 personnel deployed to six other locations in Europe and two stateside bases. The 166th Civil Engineer Squadron voluntarily deployed to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware and performed the monumental accomplishment of enlarging Dover's Mortuary capacity - the assignment was completed in a record 23 days. On 30 June 1991 the units/personnel were released from active duty performed in support of the Persian Gulf War.


166th Airlift Wing, History
Another name change occurred on 16 March 1992, with the 166th Tactical Airlift Group being redesignated the 166th Airlift Group. In 1993 an Air Force reorganization placed the 166th under Air Combat Command.


166th Airlift Wing, History
On 1 October 1995, the 166th Airlift Group was renamed the 166th Airlift Wing and was gained by the Air Mobility Command.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States)
The 166th Aviation Brigade is an aviation training brigade of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas. It was a subordinate unit of First Army – Division West. An "AC/RC" (Active Component / Reserve Component) formation, the 166th Aviation Brigade was the sole organization responsible for the post-mobilization training of United States Army Reserve & National Guard aviation units. The unit was formerly designated as 3rd Brigade, 75th Division.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States)
From 1997, the 166th Aviation Brigade has trained other aviation units for front-line service. As such, it has never seen combat, and has thus never earned any campaign streamers or unit awards. As the only brigade in the First Army responsible for training aviation units, the 166th Aviation Brigade is the principal unit for training Army Reserve and Army National Guard assets preparing to deploy to contingencies around the world, which means it is responsible for 47 percent of all Army Aviation assets.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States)
The 166th Aviation Brigade partnered with its First Army – Division West sister brigade, the 479th Field Artillery Brigade for its combat aviation brigade (CAB) mobilizations, but maintained validation authority, or final approval over a CAB's successful completion of mobilization training. The 166th Aviation Brigade inactivated at Fort hood on 24 June 2015. The 166th Aviation Brigade reactivated at Fort Hood on 17 August 2018.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), Organization
The 166th Aviation Brigade consisted of from 2006–2015 of eight battalions from five regiments. Its Headquarters and Headquarters Company is located at Fort Hood, its Reserve Component battalions were located at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, Fort Riley, Kansas and Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and its Active Component battalions were located at Fort Riley, Kansas, Fort Stewart, Georgia, Fort Knox, Kentucky and Fort Hood, Texas. The 1st Battalion, 291st Aviation Regiment was the brigade's primary assault helicopter training unit, specializing in fast-attack helicopters such as the Boeing AH-64 Apache.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), Organization
The 2nd Battalion, 291st Aviation Regiment was the brigade's primary utility, lift, and air ambulance helicopter training unit, specializing in utility helicopters such as the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk and the CH-47 Chinook. The 1st Battalion, 337th Regiment (Training Support) specialized in mobilization and de-mobilization for aviation units. The remaining battalions, including the 1st Battalion, 351st Regiment (Training Support), 3rd Battalion, 382nd Regiment (Logistics Support), and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions of the 383rd Regiment (Combat Support/Combat Sustainment Support) specialized in areas of general instruction about other aspects of mobilization, conducting exercises, and logistics management.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), Organization
While its Reserve Component battalions have somewhat maintained their former mission of training National Guard and Army Reserve units in Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri as they did before the brigade reflagged, they have shifted toward supporting the brigade's primary mission – the mobilization of Combat Aviation Brigades (CABs) by either assisting with ground training, or training and evaluating the CABs' aviation support battalions.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
The 166th Aviation Brigade was first constituted 16 September 1988 in the Army Reserve as Headquarters, 166th Aviation Group. It took two years for the formation to be organized and the unit was finally activated on 16 September 1990 in Germany. It received a distinctive unit insignia on 3 April 1991. Its headquarters was at Illesheim.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
The formation was inactivated on 15 June 1997 in Germany. Over the next four months, the unit's inactive components were reorganized and redesignated as a brigade sized unit, allowing it to take on a larger support staff that could command more soldiers. This transformation occurred as the brigade was reassigned to the continental United States. It was activated on 24 October 1997 as the 166th Aviation Brigade at Fort Riley, Kansas. It was also activated into the Active duty force.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
The brigade began to undertake training support duties for units in the process of mobilization and de-mobilization. It was also tasked to provide support for local authorities in the event of peacetime crises and natural disasters. Soldiers of the brigade also participated in assistance with community projects around the Fort Riley community, including repairing and refurbishing run down properties for shelter house projects as well as disabled veterans. After two years of duty, the brigade was inactivated on 16 October 1999 at Fort Riley, Kansas.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
As part of the Army's Transformation Plan, the 3rd Brigade, 75th Division was redesignated as the 166th Aviation Brigade, under the command of Division West of the First Army. Its mission would be to train and mobilize aviation units of the Army's reserve and national guard components. It was to be the only brigade under the First Army that specialized in training for Army aviation units. It was activated 1 December 2006 as a reserve unit at Fort Riley.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
The brigade became a partner organization of the 1st Infantry Division, which was stationed at Fort Riley and could provide better support than the headquarters of First Army Division West, which was headquartered at Fort Carson, Colorado and maintained units all over the western United States. The brigade received a shoulder sleeve insignia on 13 June 2007, but it has not been authorized for wear due to First Army policy requiring its units to wear its SSI.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
In the summer of 2008, the brigade's combat service/combat sustainment support battalions took part in equipment testing and training in Rapid City, South Dakota. It tested the Multifunction Agile Remote Control Robot IV, a route clearance robot, with the assistance of the South Dakota National Guard. The bulk of the brigade spent the summer at Fort Sill, Oklahoma to train aviation assets for deploying units. In June 2008, the brigade trained the aviation assets of the 34th Infantry Division in air combat, air assault, and other tactics related to aviation.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
For this mission, the brigade was assisted by the 479th Field Artillery Brigade, which handled ground exercises. As part of a new training routine, the brigade trained the 34th Infantry Division's aviation units at Fort Rucker, spending a longer time training the unit because it continued to train the brigade as it mobilized and prepared to deploy. Other units trained with the Division, but none through the entire mobilization process. This process used new and never-before-used facilities to streamline training exercises. Purportedly, it gave the 166th Aviation Brigade much additional time for training, as the streamlining process made some programs more efficient, cutting time needed to prepare for them in half.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
After extensive evaluation, the 166th Aviation Brigade completed training for the Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), 34th Infantry Division on 4 August 2008. The brigade returned to Fort Riley for a month before beginning the process over again with pre-mobilization training of the CAB, 28th Infantry Division, and returned to Fort Sill for post-mobilization training in late January 2008.


166th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
As part of a First Army realignment of training support brigades, the Department of the Army approved a change of station for First Army – Division West and two of its training support brigades. The 166th Aviation Brigade moved to Fort Hood, Texas on 15 July 2009. The brigade's Active Component battalions, all of which are aviation units, moved at a later date, most likely the summer 2010 (with the exception of 1st Battalion, 291st Regiment, which was already located at the installation). The 166th Aviation Brigade inactivated at Fort hood on 24 June 2015. The 166th Aviation Brigade reactivated at Fort Hood on 17 August 2018.


166th Battalion (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada), CEF
The 166th (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 from The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, which was based in that city. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 12th Reserve Battalion on January 8, 1917. The 166th (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. G. Mitchell.


166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 5th Cavalry Division (Chinese: 骑兵第5师)(1st Formation) was created in April 1949 basing on Cavalry Division of Jichareliao Military Region. Its history could be traced to Zhude Cavalry Division of Jireliao Military Region formed on November 30, 1946.


166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 13th, 14th and 15th Cavalry Regiments. It took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War, including the Liaoshen Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.


166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division took part in the ceremony of the Surrender of Beiping.


166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
From June 3, 1949 to February 24, 1950, the division moved to Henan province to eliminate the remnants of Republic of China Army.


166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
On April 2, 1950, the division was inspected by the Command in Chief Zhu De.


166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
From October 1950, the division was put under command of Liaoxi Military District.


166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In March 1951, the division was renamed as 166th Division(Chinese: 第166师). All three cavalry regiments were converted to infantry regiments. The division was then composed of:


166th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In May 1952, the division was disbanded. All its three regiments became 7th, 8th and 9th Independent Infantry Regiments of Northeastern Military Region.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 166th Infantry Division (German: 166. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. The unit, at times designated Commander of Reserve Troops 2 of Wehrkreis VI (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen 2 des Wehrkreis VI), 166th Division (German: 166. Division), Division No. 166 (German: Division Nr. 166), and 166th Reserve Division (German: 166. Reserve-Division), was active between 1939 and 1945.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
The original staff that would eventually become the 166th Division was the Commander of Reserve Troops 2 of Wehrkreis VI, which was formed in Bielefeld on 10 October 1939. Initially, this staff served to assist the original Commander of Reserve Troops for the sixth Wehrkreis, which would eventually become the 154th Infantry Division.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
This staff was moved to the newly formed Wehrkreis XX, which was headquartered in Białystok in occupied Poland, on 15 November 1939. As part of this move, the staff became the 166th Division. The initial divisional forces consisted of several reserve formations from Wehrkreis VI. The initial divisional commander was Walter Behschnitt, who served until May 1940.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166
On 21 December 1939, the division was renamed Division No. 166.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166
In March 1940, Division No. 166 consisted of the following formations:


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166
On 25 August 1940, Division No. 166, now commanded by Otto Schellert, was deployed back to Bielefeld. Several formations were reassigned, leaving the division with the following structure in August 1940:


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166
On 15 March 1941, Christian Friedrich, commonly known as Fritz Willich, took command of the division. He was in turn succeeded by Helmuth Castorf on 1 June 1942.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166
As part of the reorganization of the Replacement Army on 1 October 1942, several formations of Division No. 166 were transferred to other units, mainly the Division No. 526. This resulted in the following structure for Division No. 166 as of 15 October 1942:


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 166
In January 1943, the division staff was redeployed, along with its exercise units, to occupied Denmark, whereas the replacement units were transferred to the new Division No. 179. The initial headquarters of the 166th in Denmark was in Copenhagen.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Reserve Division
On 26 October 1943, Division No. 166, still in Denmark, was renamed 166th Reserve Division. The division, now headquartered at Holstebro, consisted of the following formations in December 1943:


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Reserve Division
Eberhard von Fabrice took command of the division on 10 July 1944.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Reserve Division
The 166th Reserve Division, mostly unchanged but now headquartered at Lemvig, consisted of the following formations in December 1944:


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Reserve Division
In January 1945, an additional regiment, Reserve Grenadier Regiment z.b.V. 166, was formed and assigned to the 166th Reserve Division.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Infantry Division
On 9 March 1945, several Reserve Divisions, including the 166th, became full Infantry Divisions. Its subordinate reserve regiments were upgraded to full regiments, leaving the 166th Infantry Division with the following structure in March 1945:


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Infantry Division
On 28 March 1945, Fabrice was briefly replaced as divisional commander by Helmuth Walter, but he assumed command once more on 31 March 1945. He remained in command until the end of the war.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 166th Infantry Division
The 166th Infantry Division did not see combat until German surrender on 8 May 1945. It was still in the Lemvig area at the time of surrender.


166th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Superior formations
Between February 1943 and May 1945, the 166th Division in its various iterations was directly subordinate to the Wehrmacht Commander in Denmark.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 166th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army. It was part of the Ohio National Guard. In 1992, the regiment was consolidated with the 148th Infantry Regiment.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican–American War and Civil War
The 166th Infantry Regiment traces its history back to the Mexican–American War. On 23 June 1846, the 2nd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry was mustered into federal service at Camp Washington. The regiment was organized from companies in south-central Ohio. It mustered out of federal service a year later in New Orleans. It was reorganized and mustered into federal service again on 1 September 1847 at Camp Wool but mustered out on 26 July 1848 at Cincinnati. Between 1855 and 1861, the regiment was reorganized as independent companies in Ohio.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican–American War and Civil War
In April 1861, it was reorganized at Camp Jackson as the 3rd and 4th Regiments, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The 3rd was mustered in on 27 April and the 4th on 2 May for a three-month service period. Three year service term regiments with the same numerical designation were mustered in on 5 June for the 3rd and 12 June for the 4th at Camp Dennison. The 3rd Ohio Infantry was mustered out on 23 June 1864 in Cincinnati but the 4th Ohio Infantry was reorganized as the 4th Battalion, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in June 1864. The 4th Battalion was mustered out on 12 June 1865 in Jeffersonville.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interlude and Spanish–American War
Between 1870 and 1877, the regiment was reorganized as independent companies based in south-central Ohio. During 1876 and 1877, the companies were consolidated as a result of labor unrest and became the 5th, 6th and 14th Infantry Regiments of the Ohio National Guard. On 27 July 1878, the 5th Infantry was consolidated into the 6th and 14th. The 6th and 14th were combined on 14 June 1890 to become the 14th Infantry Regiment.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interlude and Spanish–American War
As a result of the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, the 14th Infantry was mustered into federal service on 9 May 1898 at Camp Bushnell as the 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. They were soon transferred to Camp George R. Thomas in Chickamauga Park, Georgia. The regiment became part of the Army of the Gulf. On 22 July, it embarked for Newport News and was loaded onto the SS Saint Paul. On 3 August, the regiment landed at Arroyo in Puerto Rico and fought in the Puerto Rican Campaign until the end of hostilities on 13 August.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interlude and Spanish–American War
On 29 October, the 4th Ohio embarked on the SS Chester for the voyage back to America. After landing at New York City on 3 November, they were reviewed by President McKinley after being moved to Washington, D.C. The regiment was mustered out at Columbus on 20 January 1899. On 14 April, the regiment was disbanded. It was reorganized as the 4th Infantry Regiment of the Ohio National Guard on 14 July 1899.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I
The regiment was mustered into federal service on 11 July 1916 in Camp Willis and mustered out on 3 March 1917 at Fort Wayne, Michigan. On 15 July, the regiment was called into federal service due to the United States entry into World War I. It was drafted into federal service on 5 August. It was reorganized as the 166th Infantry Regiment on 20 August and assigned to the 42nd Infantry Division's 83rd Infantry Brigade. It arrived on the Western Front in February 1918 and fought until the end of the war on 11 November. The regiment participated in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The regiment returned stateside and was demobilized on 17 May 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar and World War II
Elements of the regiment consolidated with elements of the former 7th Ohio Infantry on 21 May 1920 to become the 4th Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard. with headquarters at Columbus. On 1 July 1921, the regiment was redesignated as the 166th Infantry and assigned to the 37th Infantry Division.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar and World War II
On 15 October 1940, it was inducted into federal service at Columbus. Ten days later, the 166th relocated to Camp Shelby, where it was relieved from assignment to the 37th Division on 16 January 1942, becoming a separate unit. The regiment moved to New Orleans, Louisiana on 12 February, and 1st Battalion was detached to Task Force 1291, serving as a garrison unit in Aruba and Curaçao in the Caribbean. The 166th was transferred to Fort Barrancas, Florida on 2 October 1942, without 1st and 2nd Battalions.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar and World War II
On 15 April 1943, it returned to Camp Shelby and became part of the Third Army, where the 2nd Battalion rejoined the regiment. On 18 April 1943, the regiment was assigned to the Southern Defense Command at New Orleans, without the 2nd Battalion which was at Texas City. On August 20, 1943, the 166th Infantry Regiment was authorized to be reorganized; the 1st Battalion returned to the regiment without personnel on 1 September 1943, and a new 1st Battalion was formed.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar and World War II
On 7 September, the regiment, less the 2nd Battalion (which was assigned to Camp Hood, Texas), was ordered to move to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. On 22 January 1944, the 166th Infantry Regiment, less the 2nd and 3rd Battalion and Company D, was inactivated at Fort Sill. The 3rd Battalion and Company D became part of the Replacement and School Command on 1 February 1944. The 2nd Battalion was inactivated on 22 February at Camp Hood, Company D was inactivated on 17 November 1944, and the 3rd Battalion was inactivated on 12 February 1945.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War
The 166th Infantry Regiment was reorganized on 11 November 1946 as part of the Ohio National Guard. On 1 September 1959, it became a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. It consisted of the 1st Battle Group, part of the 37th Infantry Division. It was reorganized on 1 April 1963 to consist of the 1st Battalion, still part of the 37th. It was again reorganized on 15 February 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion and was transferred to the 38th Infantry Division. It was transferred on 1 March 1977 to the 73rd Infantry Brigade.


166th Infantry Regiment (United States), Cold War
On 1 May 1989, it was withdrawn from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the U.S. Army Regimental System. It was consolidated on 1 September 1992 with the 148th Infantry Regiment. The new unit, designated the 148th Infantry, consisted of the 1st Battalion of that regiment, part of the 73rd Infantry Brigade. Its new headquarters was at Lima, Ohio.


166th New York State Legislature
The 166th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 8, 1947, to March 13, 1948, during the fifth and sixth years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.


166th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1943, 56 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six), Bronx (five), Queens (four), Erie (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Nassau (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.


166th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The American Labor Party, the Liberal Party and the Communist Party also nominated tickets.


166th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1946, was held on November 5. Governor Thomas E. Dewey and Lieutenant Governor Joe R. Hanley were re-elected, both Republicans. The other five statewide elective offices up for election were carried by four Republicans, and the Democratic Chief Judge with Republican, American Labor and Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 2,826,000; Democrats 1,532,000; American Labor 429,000; Liberals 177,000; and Communists 90,000.


166th New York State Legislature, Elections
All four women members of the previous legislature—State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur; and Assemblywomen Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Gladys E. Banks (Rep.), of the Bronx; and Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights—were re-elected. Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Elizabeth Hanniford (Rep.), a statistician of the Bronx; Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons; and Maude E. Ten Eyck (Rep.), of Manhattan; were also elected to the Assembly.


166th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1947, was held on November 4. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Four vacancies in the State Senate, and four vacancies in the Assembly were filled.


166th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 170th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1947; and adjourned on March 18.


166th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Benjamin F. Feinberg (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


166th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 171st) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1948; and adjourned on March 13.


166th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. MacNeil Mitchell, Sidney A. Fine and George T. Manning changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Ernest I. Hatfield was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.


166th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


166th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


166th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 166th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 166th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 166th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Taylor near Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in May 13, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Harrison Gray Otis Blake.


166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 15 and was attached to 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864. 3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to August 1864. Assigned to garrison duty at Fort Richardson, Fort Barnard, Fort Reynolds, Fort Ward, and Fort Worth (with regimental headquarters at Fort Richardson), defenses of Washington south of the Potomac River, until September. Participated in the repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11–12.


166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 166th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 9, 1864.


166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


166th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 29 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


166th Rifle Division
The 166th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army that fought in World War II, formed twice. The division's first formation was formed in 1939 and wiped out in the Vyazma Pocket in October 1941. In January 1942, the division reformed. It fought in the Battle of Demyansk, the Battle of Kursk, Belgorod-Khar'kov Offensive Operation, Vitebsk–Orsha Offensive, Polotsk Offensive, Šiauliai Offensive, Riga Offensive  and the Battle of Memel. It was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.


166th Rifle Division, History, First formation
The 166th Rifle Division was formed at Tomsk in September 1939. It was commanded by Colonel Alexey Holzinev. On 22 June 1941, the division was in its summer quarters south of Yurga. The division hastily moved to Tomsk and was reequipped with new uniforms, weapons and ammunition. On 26 June, the first train of the division left for Smolensk. The division became part of the 24th Army and by mid-July was defending the Bely-Dorogobuzh-Yelnya area. On 19 July, two battalions of the 517th Rifle Regiment and the 499th Artillery Regiment engaged in battle with German troops at Lake Shchuchye.


166th Rifle Division, History, First formation
Days later, Soviet troops began counterattacks in the Smolensk area. The division was initially part of Group Khomenko but was transferred to Group Kalinin on 22 July. Along with the 91st Rifle Division, the 166th was to attack towards Dukhovshchina. On 24 July, it reached Lelimovo but was forced to withdraw to the area between Pakikino and Pochinok.


166th Rifle Division, History, First formation
The division continued to attack and in early August captured Gutarovo, only 32 kilometers from Yartsevo. On 11 August, the 517th and 735th Rifle Regiments broke through German defences and provided a corridor for Ivan Boldin's group to escape from its encirclement. Colonel Mikhail Dodonov became the division commander on 31 August. In late September, the depleted division was moved to the second echelon to receive replacements. On 2 October, the German troops began Operation Typhoon and the division was forced to take up positions at Kholm-Zhirkovsky.


166th Rifle Division, History, First formation
On 4 October, Western Front decided to withdraw from the Gzhatsk defensive line, but the division could not retreat. On 7 October, the division was encircled in the Vyazma Pocket. Only 517 soldiers from the division escaped from the encirclement. A number of soldiers from the division became partisans in the area. The division was officially disbanded on 27 December 1941.


166th Rifle Division, History, First formation
Poirer and Connor, in their Red Army Order of Battle in the Great Patriotic War, 1985, write that it was established at Tomsk prior to June 1941. Wiped out Vyazma Oct 1941.


166th Rifle Division, History, Second formation
The division was reformed from the 437th Rifle Division in January 1942 at Chebarkul. The division was mostly composed of soldiers from Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk Oblasts, Bashkortostan and Kazakhstan. It was commanded by Major General Fyodor Shchekotsky. Between 29 January and 16 February 1942, the division was transported to Lyubim.


166th Rifle Division, History, Second formation
Fought at Kursk and in Kurland. With 6th Guards Army of the Kurland Group (Leningrad Front) May 1945.


166th Rifle Division, History, Second formation
The division was stationed at Alytus. After the war, it appears to have been disbanded while serving with the 2nd Guards Rifle Corps, 6th Guards Army, Baltic Military District, in 1946.


166th Rifle Division, History, Second formation
6th Guards Army headquarters moved from Siauliai to Riga in February 1946.


166th Street station
166th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on December 25, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 169th Street. The next stop to the south was 161st Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973.


166th Street station
The train was notable at this station for arriving in front of the Franklin Avenue Armory and having views of Morris High School.


166th meridian east
The meridian 166° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


166th meridian east
The 166th meridian east forms a great circle with the 14th meridian west.


166th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 166th meridian east passes through:


166th meridian west
The meridian 166° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


166th meridian west
The 166th meridian west forms a great circle with the 14th meridian east.


166th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 166th meridian west passes through:


167
Year 167 (CLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Quadratus (or, less frequently, year 920 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 167 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


167 (number)
167 (one hundred [and] sixty-seven) is the natural number following 166 and preceding 168.


167 (number), In mathematics
167 is a Chen prime, a Gaussian prime, a safe prime, and an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and a real part of the form 3n−1{\displaystyle 3n-1}.


167 (number), In mathematics
167 is the only prime which can not be expressed as a sum of seven or fewer cubes. It is also the smallest number which requires six terms when expressed using the greedy algorithm as a sum of squares, 167 = 144 + 16 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 1,although by Lagrange's four-square theorem its non-greedy expression as a sum of squares can be shorter, e.g. 167 = 121 + 36 + 1 + 1.


167 (number), In mathematics
167 is a full reptend prime in base 10, since the decimal expansion of 1/167 repeats the following 166 digits: 0.00598802395209580838323353293413173652694610778443113772455089820359281437125748502994 0119760479041916167664670658682634730538922155688622754491017964071856287425149700...


167 (number), In mathematics
167 is a highly cototient number, as it is the smallest number k with exactly 15 solutions to the equation x - φ(x) = k. It is also a strictly non-palindromic number.


167 (number), In mathematics
167 is the smallest multi-digit prime such that the product of digits is equal to the number of digits times the sum of the digits, i. e., 1×6×7 = 3×(1+6+7)


167 (number), In mathematics
167 is the smallest positive integer d such that the imaginary quadratic field Q(√–d) has class number = 11.


167 BC
Year 167 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paetus and Pennus (or, less frequently, year 587 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 167 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


167 Catering Support Regiment RLC
167 Catering Support Regiment is a reserve regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.


167 Catering Support Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed as the Catering Support Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps in 1993.


167 Catering Support Regiment RLC, Structure
The regiment has its headquarters and training facilities at Prince William of Gloucester Barracks in Grantham, Lincolnshire.


167 Urda
Urda (minor planet designation: 167 Urda) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters on August 28, 1876, in Clinton, New York, and named after Urd, one of the Norns in Norse mythology. In 1905, Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa showed that the asteroid varied in brightness.


167 Urda
Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2007–8 gave a light curve with a period of 13.06133 ± 0.00002 hours. This S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements.


167 Urda
In 2002, a diameter estimate of 37.93 ± 3.17 km was obtained from the Midcourse Space Experiment observations, with an albedo of 0.2523 ± 0.0448.


167 Urda
A stellar occultation by Urda was observed from Japan on July 23, 2001.


167 series
The 167 series (167系, 167-kei) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1965 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) until 2003.


167 series, History
The 167 series trains were developed from the earlier 165 series express-type EMU, and were introduced from 1965 for use on school excursion services. They were originally painted in the JNR excursion train livery of yellow No. 5 and red No. 3.


167 series, History
Following the privatization of JNR in 1987, JR East received 35 167 series vehicles, allocated to Tamachi Depot in Tokyo, and JR-West received 16 vehicles, allocated to Miyahara Depot. The JR West fleet was withdrawn by 2001, and the JR East fleet was withdrawn by 2003.


1670
1670 (MDCLXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1670th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 670th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th  year of the 17th century, and the  1st   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1670, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1670 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1670 kHz: 1670 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.


1670 AM, In the United States
All stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and are Class B stations.


1670 Broadway
1670 Broadway, formerly Amoco Tower, is a 448 feet (137 m) tall skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. It was completed in 1980 and has 36 floors. Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC designed the building and it is the 11th tallest skyscraper in Denver.


1670 Broadway
The 1670 Broadway building features, along with the tenants, a Starbucks coffee shop, a Russell's Convenient Store, and a UMB Bank. UBS purchased the building in 1990. In 2006, TIAA-CREF became one of the building's biggest tenants, and the company's symbol now adorns the top of the structure.


1670 Broadway
In August 2018, Korean asset manager Hana Financial Group acquired the building for $238 million. The company received $78 million in CMBS financing from UBS and $64.8 million in mezzanine financing to fund the acquisition.


1670 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1670.


1670 in literature
Il y a plus de quarante ans que je dis de la prose sans que j'en susse rien. (For more than forty years I've been speaking prose without knowing anything about it) – Monsieur Jourdain, Le Bourgeois gentilhomme


1670 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1670 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1670 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1670 in science
The year 1670 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1670s
The 1670s decade ran from January 1, 1670, to December 31, 1679.


1670s BC
The 1670s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1679 BC to December 31, 1670 BC.


1670s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1670s in South Africa.


1670s in archaeology
The decade of the 1670s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1671
1671 (MDCLXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1671st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 671st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 71st  year of the 17th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1671, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1671 Chaika
1671 Chaika, provisional designation 1934 TD, is a background asteroid from the Astraea region in the central asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 October 1934, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The assumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.8 hours. It was named for Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova.


1671 Chaika, Orbit and classification
According to a HCM-analysis by Nesvorný, Chaika is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population, while for Milani and Knežević, it is a member of the larger Astraea family, named after 5 Astraea. The Astraea family is not recognized by Nesvorný as a collisional asteroid family, who rather considers it an artifact in the model due to a resonant alignment.


1671 Chaika, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,520 days; semi-major axis of 2.59 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at the Lowell Observatory in April 1907. The body's observation arc begins at the Tokyo Observatory (389) in November 1930, almost 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz–Crimea.


1671 Chaika, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Soviet cosmonaut Valentina "Chaika" Tereshkova (born 1937). Tereshkova received the call sign "Chaika" – the Russian word for seagull – as she was the first woman to fly in space. The asteroid's name was proposed by the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) in St Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).


1671 Chaika, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Chaika was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers Roberto Crippa, Federico Manzini and Josep Coloma. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.7718±0.0002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=3). John Menke in collaboration with Walter Cooney and David Higgins determined a concurring period of 3.774±0.003 hours with an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=3).


1671 Chaika, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Chaika measures between 7.5 and 13.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.12 and 0.29. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


1671 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1671.


1671 in music
The year 1671 in music involved some significant musical events.


1671 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1671.


1671 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1671 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1671 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1671 in science
The year 1671 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1672
1672 (MDCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1672nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 672nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 72nd  year of the 17th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1672, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1672 Gezelle
1672 Gezelle, provisional designation 1935 BD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 January 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was later named after Flemish poet and Roman Catholic priest Guido Gezelle.


1672 Gezelle, Orbit and classification
The C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–4.0 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,063 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. Gezelle's first identification as A924 EO at Heidelberg Observatory remained unused. Its observation arc begins 9 days after its official discovery observation.


1672 Gezelle, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Astronomer James W. Brinsfield obtained a rotational lightcurve of Gezelle at the Via Capote Observatory (G69) in October 2008. It gave a well defined rotation period of 40.72 hours with a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude (U=3). In 2016, similar periods of 40.6821 and 40.6824 hours were obtained from modeled photometric observations derived from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources (U=n.a. ).


1672 Gezelle, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gezelle measures between 26.21 and 26.56 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.055 and 0.093. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 27.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.


1672 Gezelle, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of famous Flemish poet and Roman Catholic priest Guido Gezelle (1830–1899), who wrote extensively on religion and nature. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).


1672 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1672 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1672 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1672 in science
The year 1672 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1673
1673 (MDCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1673rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 673rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 73rd  year of the 17th century, and the  4th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1673, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1673 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1673.


1673 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1673 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1673 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1673 in science
The year 1673 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1674
1674 (MDCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1674th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 674th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 74th  year of the 17th century, and the  5th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1674, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1674 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1674 kHz:


1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami
The 1674 Ambon earthquake occurred on February 17 at between 19:30 and 20:00 local time somewhere in the Maluku Islands. The resulting tsunami reached heights of up to 100 meters on Ambon Island killing over 2,000 individuals. It was the first detailed documentation of a tsunami in Indonesia and the largest ever recorded in the country.


1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Overview
The tectonics of the North Maluku Islands is dominated by complex collision, subduction and strike-slip elements. Intermediate to deep focus earthquakes with focal depth of 60 km or greater is immediately ruled out as the souce because no known historical events of the same kind has generated a large tsunami. The 1938 Banda Sea earthquake, an intermediate depth magnitude 8.5 event only caused a minor tsunami.


1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Overview
The Seram Trough is a zone of complex convergence between the Pacific, Australian, Sunda and numerous micro tectonic plates. This megathrust fault is located north of Seram Island. While it has generated large tsunamigenic earthquakes in the past such as that in 1899 and 1629, the fault is situated too far from Ambon to have caused huge tsunami run-ups.


1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Overview
Since the tsunami from the earthquake had an extreme run-up height of at least 100 meters, researchers have dismissed the possibility of faulting as a source of the tsunami. Instead, an earthquake-generated landslide appear to be the likely source of the tsunami. However, the source if the earthquake has never been comnfirmed, but two faults, the South Seram Thrust and an unnamed fault on the island are the likely culprit. No magnitude has been assigned to the event in published research journals, but the BMKG and NGDC databases list the magnitude at 6.8 at a depth of 40 km.


1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Documentation
In an account by Georg Eberhard Rumphius, a German botanist, the earthquake occurred on a Saturday evening, at 7:30 pm local time, when locals on the islands were celebrating the Chinese Lunar New Year. The bells of the nearby Victoria Castle on Ambon Island began to clang by itself. The earthquake was so strong as to knock people off their balance. Seventy-five stone buildings reportedly collapsed, killing 79 people and injuring 35. Most of the injuries were fractured arms and legs. Among the casualties in the collapses were European settlers.


1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Documentation
Water began sprouting up from wells and the ground, some spurted upwards to a height of 20 feet. Blue clay and sand also erupted from the ground. Many homes and roads on other parts of the island were cracked and severely damaged. Both Rumphius's wife and two daughters were killed during the earthquake after they were crushed by a falling wall. They were among the 31 Europeans who died in the earthquake and tsunami.


1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami, Documentation
Right after the earthquake, a large tsunami reportedly swept through the coast of the island. On the Hitu peninsula, the waves were throught to be as high as 100 meters, nearly topping the coastal hills. Entire forests and plantations were uprooted and washed away. The tsunami was accompanied by a deafening noise. When it slammed into the coast, eyewitnesses described the flow as very dirty and foul smelling.


1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
On November 10, 1673, Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, suddenly died in Lwów. The Polish throne was vacant again, so another free election was necessary. As in 1669, the main candidates were French Duke Louis, Grand Conde, Philip William, Elector Palatine (both supported by Louis XIV of France), and Charles V, Duke of Lorraine.


1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
Hetman John Sobieski, who was a very influential figure in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not express interest in the Polish crown, and before the election stated that he did wish to be elected. Sobieski was hated by Lithuanian magnates of the Pac family, who in January 1674, during the Convocation Sejm, demanded that a bill prohibiting native Poles (or Piasts) from running in the election should be introduced.


1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
The very fact that the Pac family promoted such a bill means that Sobieski was regarded by many as a possible candidate. His name was mentioned by envoys of the House of Habsburg, and by French newspaper La Gazette. French diplomats later stated that Sobieski himself hesitated between running in the election, and supporting the Grand Conde.


1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
The election began on Saturday, June 19, 1674. Despite the protests of Lithuanians, the Bishop of Kraków Andrzej Trzebicki initiated the process, by singing the hymn Veni Sancte Spiritus. The next day, Sunday, June 20, was dedicated to religious ceremonies and behind the scenes negotiations. On Monday, June 21, the Bishop of Vilnius, Michał Pac stated that Lithuania agreed to the Piast candidate. In the afternoon of the same day, John III Sobieski became King of Poland.


1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Sources
U. Augustyniak, Historia Polski 1572-1795, Warszawa 2008M. Markiewicz, Historia Polski 1494-1795, Kraków 2002


1674 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1674.


1674 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1674 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1674 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1674 in science
The year 1674 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1675
1675 (MDCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1675th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 675th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 75th  year of the 17th century, and the  6th   year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1675, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1675 Simonida
1675 Simonida, provisional designation 1938 FB, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Milorad Protić in 1938, it was later named after the medieval Byzantine princess Simonida.


1675 Simonida, Discovery
Simonida was discovered on 20 March 1938, by Serbian astronomer Milorad Protić at Belgrade Astronomical Observatory. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Fernand Rigaux at Uccle Observatory in Belgium.


1675 Simonida, Classification and orbit
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, a large population of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,219 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. Simonida's first observation was a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1675 Simonida, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In March 1988, Polish astronomer Wiesław Z. Wiśniewski obtained a lightcurve of Simonida that gave a rotation period of 5.3 hours with a brightness variation of 0.26 magnitude (U=2). In January 2004, astronomer A. Kryszczynska at Poznań Observatory measured a period of 5.2885 hours with an amplitude of 0.50 magnitude (U=2+). In January 2008, photometric observations by astronomers Martine Castets, Bernard Trégon, Arnaud Leroy and Raoul Behrend gave a rotation period of 5.16 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 (U=3-).


1675 Simonida, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the space-based Japanese Akari satellite, Simonida measures 12.16 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.211. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link, however, agrees with the results obtained by 8 observations of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, that gave a diameter of 11.08 kilometers and an albedo of 0.25 with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.


1675 Simonida, Naming
This minor planet was named for Byzantine princess and queen consort Simonida, the wife of medieval Serbian king Stefan Milutin and symbol of beauty in former Yugoslavia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1973 (M.P.C. 3359).


1675 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1675.


1675 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1675 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1675 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1675 in science
The year 1675 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic
The 1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic was a major outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. It occurred between December 1675 and August 1676, and it resulted in approximately 11,300 deaths, making it the deadliest epidemic in Maltese history. Most deaths were in the urban areas, including the capital Valletta and the Three Cities, which had a mortality rate of about 41%. In the rural settlements, the mortality rate was 6.9%.


1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic
The exact cause of the outbreak remains uncertain, but infected merchandise from North Africa seems to be a likely source since the disease first appeared in the household of a merchant who had goods from Tripoli. The epidemic spread rapidly and efforts to contain it were poor, in part due to disagreements on whether the disease was actually plague or not. Eventually strict measures were taken and the epidemic subsided after eight months.


1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic, Background
At the time of the outbreak, Malta was ruled by the Order of St John. In 1592–93, a plague epidemic killed about 3,000 people, and there were smaller outbreaks in 1623 and 1655.