15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism
A schism between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and part of its Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' (which later became the Moscow Patriarchate) occurred between approximately 1467 and 1560. This schism de facto ended supposedly around 1560.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism
On 15 December 1448, Jonah became Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' without the agreement of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which made the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' de facto independent. In 1467, Metropolitan Gregory the Bulgarian, which had been appointed by the Pope as the Uniate Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', severed the Union with the Catholic Church, and recognized the jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Dionysius I of Constantinople. Dionysius demanded that all the Eastern Orthodox hierarchs of Muscovy submit to Gregory, but Moscow peremptorily refused. On the same year, Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow declared a complete rupture of relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism
Relations were gradually restored and in 1560 the Patriarch of Constantinople considered the Metropolitan of Moscow to be his exarch. In 1589–1591, the Church of Moscow was recognized as autocephalous, and the Patriarch of Moscow later became the fifth Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Background, Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'
The Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus had always been a metropolis under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Background, Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'
In 1299, Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', "moved his official seat from Kiev to Vladimir, demonstrating the shift of the centre of Rus from the south-west to the north-east. The title though remained Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus and the metropolitan was supposed to be responsible for all Orthodox Christians in Rus, including those in Galicia, which became a kingdom in 1253, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which had gained control of the former Polotsk Principality after the Mongol Invasion."


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Background, Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'
In 1325, the seat was moved from Vladimir to Moscow by the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' Peter of Moscow at the invitation of Ivan of Moscow.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church
After the death of Metropolitan Photios in 1431, Bishop Jonah of Ryazan and Murom was chosen by the grand prince and the council of bishops as the new Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' at the end of 1432. However, due to internal strifes in Muscovy, he did not hurry to Constantinople to receive his ordination and did not decide to go to Constantinople until the middle of 1435. Meanwhile, at the request of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Švitrigaila, bishop Gerasim of Smolensk was appointed Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', but the latter did not come to Moscow and remained Metropolitan only in Lithuania. Soon, Švitrigaila suspected Gerasim of treason and executed him in 1435.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church
When Jonah finally arrived to Constantinople in 1436, the Ecumenical Patriarch had already chosen the Greek bishop Isidore and appointed the latter as the new Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. Isidore came to Moscow in 1437 and made a good impression there with his diplomatic skills and knowledge of the Slavonic language. However, only 5 months later, in September 1437, he left Moscow to participate to the Council of Florence, where the unification of the Churches of Rome and Constantinople should be adopted.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church
The Church of Constantinople officially accepted the union with the Catholic Church in July 1439 at the council of Florence and was therefore at that time in full communion with the pope. Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', Isidore of Kiev, had also accepted the union in the name of the whole Metropolis of Kiev, which included Moscow. Abraham of Suzdal and others who had come from Moscow with Isidore refused to accept the union. Both pro-union priests of the Church of Constantinople and Isidor of Kiev were met with an important backlash by their respective Churches for having accepted the union and the filioque.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Council of Florence, union with the Catholic Church
Isidore was an ardent supporter of the union, and after its adoption in July 1439, Pope Eugene IV bestowed on him the title of apostolic legate in all the Eastern lands of Lithuania, Livonia, Galicia and all Rus'; in December 1439 Isidore also received the title of cardinal.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow
Isidor was sent as a papal legate for all Russia and Lithuania and went to Moscow to announce the decision of the Council of Florence. However, in Moscow, bishops and the nobility did not accept the union with the Catholic Church and Isidor was deposed by bishops of the Metropolis of Kiev and sent to prison.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow
On the way back, through the Rus' lands belonging to the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, Isidor announced the Union and conducted services of Eastern Orthodox priests in Catholic churches and vice versa, commemorated the Pope and claimed that the rites performed by Eastern Orthodox have the same power as the Catholic ones. This caused discontent among both Catholics and Orthodox, but the Eastern Orthodox nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania favored Isidore. Some researchers believe that they recognized him only as an Eastern Orthodox metropolitan, not as the cardinal and legate of the Pope, but others doubt it. The situation was complicated by the fact that Poland and Lithuania were leaning on the side of the Council of Basel, which soon put forward his anti-Pope; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania rejected the Council of Florence and the position of Isidore as the legate of Pope Eugene IV.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow
On March 19, 1441, Isidore came to Moscow. Three days later he held a mass in the Dormition Cathedral. During this mass, he commemorated the Pope and read the papal bull of the Union, which listed all the concessions, including dogmatic, made in Florence by the Eastern Orthodox; while he was reading the bull, he was arrested by the Grand Duke Vasily II of Moscow "who arrested him and tried him as an apostate to the Orthodox faith." Then, at Grand Duke Vasily II's command, "six Russian bishops met in a synod, deposed Isidore, and shut him up in prison."


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow
Prior to that event in Dormition Cathedral, in Moscow, they had not understood well the conditions under which the Union was concluded, but when the details became clear, the Council of Bishops of Moscow condemned Isidor and imprisoned him in the monastery. Later, a letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople was drawn up, in which Isidore's faults were listed and a request was made to consider his case.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow
Then the authors of the message asked to allow the bishops in Russia to ordain a Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' by themselves; apparently, they had no doubt that Isidore would be deprived of his dignity. This letter has been interpreted in two ways. According to the historian Golubinsky, Moscow offered Constantinople a kind of compromise: Moscow gets the opportunity to ordain a Metropolitan and in return it does not raise the issue of the Union, while remaining in formal dependence on the uniate Patriarch of Constantinople. According to the historian Florya, the Eastern Orthodox of Moscow were sure of the imminent failure of the Union supporters, and were hoping for this failure.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow
However, the situation was different, and the new Patriarch of Constantinople was the uniate Metrophanes II, who continued to follow the decisions of the Council of Florence. The Eastern Orthodox of Moscow did not dare to judge Isidore themselves, so he was expelled from Moscow (it was officially announced that he had escaped); then, he was also expelled from Tver. He was also poorly met in Lithuanian Navahrudak, because Lithuanian Prince Casimir recognized the anti-pope Felix V who had been previously elected by the Council of Basel.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Metropolitan Isidore and his mission in Eastern Europe and Moscow
In March 1443, Isidore had moved in Buda, possession of the new king of Poland and Hungary Vladislav III, and contributed to the publication of the privilege, which formally equated the rights of Catholic and Eastern Orthodox clergy in kings' lands. Then he went to Rome. It is known that at least one of the Eastern Orthodox bishops of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the ordination from Isidor, and repented of it, but other information on the situation in Lithuania is extremely rare.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Question of the subordination of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' and the union
After the exile of Isidore from Moscow in 1441, the question of the subordination of the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' to the Church of Constantinople remained unclear for a long time. In Constantinople itself, there was a fierce struggle between pro- and anti-unionists. In fact, the Union was supported by a narrow group of elite from the capital of the dying Empire. Russian Grand Prince Vasiliy II supported the anti-unionists (those information are preserved his correspondence with the monks of Mount Athos). After the death of the pro-unionist Metrophanes II in 1443, in Constantinople for a long time they did not manage to elect a new Patriarch. In 1444–1445 there were 15 public disputes between supporters and opponents of the Union.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Question of the subordination of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' and the union
Gradually, the ranks of the pro-unionists were reduced and ten years after the Council of Florence, only four of the members of the Greek delegation remained faithful to the Union. Despite this, the firm supporter of the Union Gregory Mammas became the new Patriarch (in 1444 or 1445). His position remained fragile and he fled Constantinople in 1451 after the death of Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaiologos (one of the initiators of the Union). Information about relations between Moscow and Constantinople during this period is extremely scarce and unreliable.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'
Meanwhile, there was a long civil war between Vasily II and his cousins in the Moscow Principality, during which both sides sought support from Jonah. In 1446 Dmitry Shemyaka seized power in Moscow, and in exchange for help he promised Jonah that he (Johah) would become Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' and let him take the Palace of the Metropolitan in Moscow. However, after Vasily II regained his throne in 1447, Jonah was still officially only the bishop of Ryazan and his name was only in third place. It is only in 1448 that the Council of bishops of North-Eastern Rus' proclaimed Jonas Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. This decision was not unanimous – the bishops of Tver and Novgorod (both cities were semi-independent from Moscow) did not sign the Charter of his election.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'
In support of Jonah's claims, Moscow claimed that the previous Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus', Photios, had proclaimed Jonah as his successor, and that a Patriarch of Constantinople which they did not name had once promised Jonah that he would become Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' after Isidore. Some modern researchers doubt the validity of these claims.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'
The election of Jonah was not accompanied by a clear break with Constantinople. For example, Vasily II composed a letter to the new Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos (whom he wrongly considered an opponent of the Union). Vasily justified the unauthorized election of Jonah by extreme circumstances and asked for communion and blessings, but only if there would be an Eastern Orthodox Patriarch in Constantinople:


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'
We have done this from necessity, not from pride or insolence. Till the end of time we shall abide in the Orthodoxy that was given to us; our Church will always seek the blessing of the Church of Tsarigrad and will be obedient in all things to the ancient piety.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'
However Constantine XI, in a desperate search for allies against the Turks, agreed to the Union. Soon, in 1453, Constantinople fell and the question of recognizing Jonah remained uncertain until his death.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'
The Ecumenical Patriarchate wrote in an official letter in 2018: "the Holy Metropolitanate of Kiev has always belonged to the jurisdiction of the Mother Church of Constantinople, founded by it as a separate Metropolitanate, occupying the 60th position in the list of the eparchies of the Ecumenical Throne.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Premises of the schism, Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'
Later on, the local Synod in the state of Great Russia — upon an unfounded pretext — unilaterally cut itself off from its canonical authority, i.e. the Holy Great Church of Christ (1448), but in the city of Kiev other Metropolitans, authentic and canonical, were continually and unceasingly ordained by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, since the Kievan clergy and laity did not accept their subjection to the center of Moscovy."


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism
After his election, Metropolitan Jonah tried to assert his jurisdiction over the Eastern Orthodox of Lithuania. He succeeded because the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir, who was recently (in 1447) elected king of Poland, and Vasily II (his brother-in-law) were able to agree on this. In 1451, Casimir IV sent a charter to the Eastern Orthodox of Lithuania in which he called them to obey Jonah as Metropolitan.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism
In 1454, after they conquered Constantinople, the Ottomans removed Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius II and imposed a new Ecumenical Patriarch, Gennadios, "who promptly renounced the Filioque."


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism
However, in 1458 the Patriarch-Uniate Gregory Mammas, who had fled from Constantinople to Rome, ordained Gregory the Bulgarian as new Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. Previously, also in 1458, Pope Calixtus III had divided the Metropolis of Kiev into two parts: "Superior Russia" centered about Moscow and "Inner Russia" centered about Kiev.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism
Casimir IV was forced to cede to the demands of Pope Calixtus III and to recognize Gregory as Metropolitan, restoring the Union in Lithuania. Jonah resisted this decision, and in 1459 he assembled the Council and demanded that its members swear allegiance to him or to his successor, as well as to sever relations with the Uniate Metropolitan Gregory. In case of any persecution by the authorities, Jonah promised the bishops refuge in the Moscow Principality, but only one Bishop, Evfimy of Bryansk and Chernigov, took advantage of this offer (he became Bishop of Suzdal). In 1461, Jonah died. Despite the victory of Gregory the Bulgarian over the Eastern Orthodox bishops, he faced resistance to the Union at the grassroots level (at this time the first Orthodox "brotherhoods" were formed).


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism
At the same time, in Constantinople, which was ruled by the Turks, the Union was finally rejected. As a result, Gregory decided to leave the Catholic Church, and returned to the jurisdiction of Patriarch Dionysius I of Constantinople. In February 1467 Dionysius sent a letter to Moscow, in which he called all the Russian lands, and especially Great Novgorod, to accept Gregory as the only legitimate Metropolitan recognized by Constantinople.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism
In addition, in the same letter Dionysius claimed that his Holy Catholic Church "did not accept, does not hold, and does not name as metropolitans" Jonah and other metropolitans, ordained in Moscow after him. At this time, Philip I was the metropolitan in Moscow, since 1464; he replaced Theodosius, whom Jonah had appointed as his successor.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Complete rupture with the Ecumencal Patriarch by Ivan III
Grand Prince Ivan III of Russia refused to recognize Gregory the Bulgarian, which led to a rupture of relations between Moscow and Constantinople. In 1470, Ivan III wrote to the Archbishop of Novgorod that he did not recognize Gregory as a Metropolitan; Ivan added concerning the Patriarch of Constantinople: "we do not demand him, nor his blessing, nor his disregard, we consider him, the very patriarch, alien and renounced". These words were a clear confirmation of the formal break with Constantinople, which arose because of the autocephaly of the church of Moscow. Soon the Novgorod Republic tried to get out from the influence of Moscow, recognizing Casimir of Poland and Lithuania as their liege, and Gregory as their Metropolitan. But Ivan III suppressed this attempt by military force, executing leaders of the opposition (1471).


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church
In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the role of the Roman emperor as the sole secular head of all Eastern Orthodox was very prominent. Thus, in 1393 Patriarch Anthony IV of Constantinople wrote to Grand Prince Vasily I of Moscow:


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church
The holy emperor has a great place in the church, for he is not like other rulers or governors of other regions. This s [sic] so because from the beginning the emperors established and confirmed the [true] faith in all the inhabited world. They convoked the ecumenical councils and confirmed and decreed the acceptance of the pronouncements of the divine and holy canons regarding the correct doctrines and the government of Christians. [


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church
...] The basileus [note: the Greek term for emperor] is anointed with the great myrrh and is appointed basileus and autokrator of the Romans, and indeed of all Christians. Everywhere the name of the emperor is commemorated by all patriarchs and metropolitans and bishops wherever men are called Christians, [a thing] which no other ruler or governor ever received. Indeed he enjoys such great authority over all that even the Latins themselves, who are not in communion with our church, render him the same honor and submission which they did in the old days when they were united with us.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church
So much more do Orthodox Christians owe such recognition to him.... Therefore, my son, you are wrong to affirm that we have the church without an Emperors for it is impossible for Christians to have a church and no empire. The Baslleia [empire] and the church have a great unity and community - indeed they cannot be separated. Christians can repudiate only emperors who are heretics who attack the church, or who introduce doctrines irreconcilable with the teachings of the Apostles and the Fathers. [ ...] Of whom, then, do the Fathers, councils, and canons speak? Always and everywhere they speak loudly of' the one rightful basileus, whose laws, decrees, and charters are in force throughout the world and who alone, only he, is mentioned in all places by Christians in the liturgy.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church
The basileus gave the Patriarchate of Constantinople an enormous prestige, although this position of Eastern Orthodox emperor was challenged; indeed, the rivalry for primacy with the basileus of the Byzantine empire was especially strong among the Eastern Orthodox Slavs in the Balkans, who sought autocephaly for their churches and gave their rulers the title of tsar (emperor). The capital of the Bulgarian Tsardome, Tarnovo, was even called "New Rome". The Patriarchs of Constantinople, however, did not recognize these rulers as equal to a basileus of the Byzantine Empire. Muscovy also shared this feeling of rivalry with the Byzantine empire over the secular primacy in the Eastern Orthodox Church.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
The expulsion of Metropolitan Isidore and the independent ordination of Jonah were the response of Moscow to the Union. However, even after the Patriarchate of Constantinople officially rejected the Union in 1484, its jurisdiction over Moscow was not restored because there was no Eastern Roman emperor anymore.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
In 1453, Constantinople was captured by the Turks, and the last fragment of the Byzantine Empire, Trebizond, fell in 1461 to the Turks. Even before the fall of Constantinople, the Orthodox Slavic states in the Balkans had fallen under Turkish rule. The fall of Constantinople caused tremendous fears, many considered the fall of Constantinople as a sign the End time was near (in 1492 it was 7000 Anno Mundi); others believed that the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (although he was a Roman Catholic) now took the place of the emperors of Constantinople.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
There were also hopes that Constantinople would be liberated soon. Moreover, the Orthodox Church was left without its Eastern Orthodox Basileus. Therefore, the question arose of who would become the new basileus. At the end of the various "Tales" about the fall of Constantinople, which gained great popularity in Moscow Russia, it was directly stated that the Rus' people would defeat the Ishmaelites (Muslims) and their king would become the basileus in the City of Seven Hills (Constantinople).


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
The Grand Prince of Moscow remained the strongest of the Eastern Orthodox rulers; Ivan III married Sophia Paleologue, broke his formal subordination to the Golden Horde (already divided into several Tatar kingdoms) and became an independent ruler. All of this strengthened Moscow's claims to primacy in the Eastern Orthodox world. However, the liberation of Constantinople was still far away — the Moscow State had no opportunity to fight the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the 15th century, the emergence of the idea that Moscow is a truly a new Rome can be found. Metropolitan Zosima, in 1492, quite clearly expressed it, calling Ivan III "the new Tsar Constantine of the new city of Constantine — Moscow." This idea is best known in the presentation of the monk Philotheus of the early 16th century:


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
So know, pious king, that all the Christian kingdoms came to an end and came together in a single kingdom of yours, two Romes have fallen, the third stands, and there will be no fourth [emphasis added]. No one shall replace your Christian Tsardom according to the great Theologian [cf. Revelation 17:10] [...].


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
The Moscow scholars explained the fall of Constantinople as the divine punishment for the sin of the Union with the Catholic Church, but they did not want to obey the Patriarch of Constantinople, although there were no unionist patriarchs since the Turkish conquest in 1453 and the first Patriarch since then, Gennadius Scholarius, was the leader of the anti-unionists. At the next synod, held in Constantinople in 1484, the Union was finally declared invalid. Having lost its Christian basileus after the Turkish conquest, Constantinople as a center of power lost a significant part of its authority.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
On the contrary, the Moscow rulers soon began to consider themselves real Tsars (this title was already used by Ivan III), and therefore according to them the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church should have been located in Moscow, and thus the bishop of Moscow should become the head of the Orthodoxy. The text of the bishop's oath in Muscovy, edited in 1505–1511, condemned the ordination of metropolitans in Constantinople, calling it "the ordination in the area of godless Turks, by the pagan tsar."


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
"The liturgical privileges that the Byzantine emperor enjoyed carried over to the Muscovite tsar. In 1547, for instance, when Ivan IV was crowned tsar, not only was he anointed as the Byzantine emperor had been after the late twelfth century, but he was also allowed to communicate in the sanctuary with the clergy."


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Consequences of the fall of Constantinople, Moscow, third Rome
"The Russian Orthodox Church declared itself autocephalous in 1448, on the basis of explicit rejection of the Filioque, and the doctrine of "Moscow as the Third and Final Rome" was born. This rejection of the Idea of Progress embodied in the Council of Florence is the cultural root of subsequent Russian imperial designs on the West."


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
When breaking off relations with Constantinople in 1467–1470, ambassadors of the Ecumenical Patriarch were forbidden to enter the possession of the Moscow Grand Prince Ivan III. As a result, direct contacts were completely interrupted for almost half a century. However, Moscow continued to intensively communicate with the monks of Mount Athos and in 1517 Patriarch Theoleptus I of Constantinople used this channel of communication. Together with the elders of Athos, among whom was the famous Maximus the Greek, he sent his ambassadors, Gregory (Metropolitan of Zichnai) and the patriarchal deacon, to the Grand Prince Vasily III.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
The question of who initiated this contact remains unresolved. It is known that Vasily III was childless for a long time in his first marriage, and many attempts were made to beg for an heir from the Higher powers. The monks of Athos who accompanied the ambassadors reported that they fulfilled the request to pray for the childbearing of Princess Solomonia in the monasteries of the Holy Mountain. Modern researchers (Dm.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
Kryvtsov, V. Lurie) believe that the initiative came from the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the real goal (in addition to the request for financial assistance) was to restore the canonical jurisdiction of Constantinople over Moscow. The story of this embassy in the Moscow chronicles was seriously reworked, and some documents were withdrawn, but the original evidence is preserved in the materials of the trial of Maximus the Greek. It follows from them that the Patriarch's ambassadors were met extremely coldly; the Grand Prince and Metropolitan Varlaam did not accept the blessing from the Patriarch's envoy.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
In the ensuing controversy about the right to autocephaly, Moscow had no serious canonical arguments. However, Muscovites believed that if God was dissatisfied with the ordination of Jonas in 1448, He would somehow have showed it. In particular, afterlife miracles of former Metropolitans of Moscow, saint Alexius and saint Peter - saint Alexius having been canonized by Jonah in 1448 -, were cited to prove that those saints were in favor of the ordination of Metropolitan Jonah.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
In addition, Muscovites recalled precedents – the proclamation of autocephaly of the Serbian and Bulgarian churches and similar miracles performed by the relics of the Patriarch of Bulgaria. According to the Moscow scholars, those miracles could not have been possible if God did not want the Bulgarians to have their own independent primate.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
The embassy of the Patriarch of Constantinople was in Moscow for a year and a half, and at this time (1518-1519) sources record a series of miraculous healings from the relics of Metropolitan Alexius (his canonization was the first act of Metropolitan Jonah after his ordination in 1448). In honor of these healings, magnificent celebrations were arranged with the participation of the Grand Duke, Metropolitans, bishops and other members of the clergy, who had to show the "Greeks" the legitimacy of the Moscow autocephaly.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
The possession of ancient Byzantine icons as a symbol of continuity and preservation of "pure" Orthodox traditions was also demonstrated to the "Greeks". In 1518, Metropolitan of Moscow Varlaam made a public prayer for the ending of prolonged rains. When the rains came to an end, it was also regarded as an approval of the legitimacy of Varlaam's ordination.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
The Greeks could not do anything against such arguments. Even if they were not directly expressed, the very atmosphere of the continuous triumph of "Russian Orthodoxy" made useless any attempt to officially raise the question of the subordination of the Moscow autocephalous church to the Patriarch of Constantinople. So the envoys of the Ecumenical Patriarch returned with nothing. The next envoy of the Patriarch of Constantinople appeared in Moscow only 37 years later, in 1556.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
Maximus the Greek stayed in Moscow and tried to debate, explaining the uncanonical character of the Moscow autocephaly and the fact that the Metropolitan of Moscow was ordinated "not according to divine scripture, nor according to the rules of the Saints Fathers". This ended for him with a trial and a very long imprisonment, despite the sympathetic attitude of a part of the clergy who, to the best of their strength, facilitated his fate and made it possible for him to continue his writings.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, Schism, Attempts to restore relations
In 1539, Grand Prince Vasily III died. As a result of court intrigues, Metropolitan Daniel was dismissed, and Joasaph (Skripitsyn), abbot of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, was put in his place. Joasaph was a famous book lover and patron of scribes and calligraphers; he opposed to Josephites and was a friend of Maximus the Greek. Ascending the post, Joasaph did not renounce the patriarch of Constantinople, as his predecessors Moscow metropolitans did and as his successors would; Joasaph did not declare Moscow's Orthodoxy as being the only true one. Historian Vladimir Lurie believes that the actions of Joasaph can be considered as an attempt to bring Moscow out of the schism. However, Joasaph's rule was short-lived, in 1542 he was removed from the See of Moscow.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly
The exact time of the end of the schism is not known for sure. The Church historian Anton Kartashev believed that the excommunication imposed by Constantinople for the rejection of Isidore "was never lifted from the Russian Church in formal and documented way. It gradually melted in the course of history, and at the time the Moscow Patriarchate was approved in 1589, it was not even remembered".


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly
On the other hand, the modern historian of the Church, Vladimir Lurie, believes that in 1560-1561 the Metropolis of Moscow returned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople, while losing its self-proclaimed autocephaly. This conclusion was made as a result of a detailed analysis of a set of documents relating to the Embassy of Archimandrite Theodorite of 1557 and the Embassy of Archimandrite Joasaph of 1560–1561. The main issue of negotiations was to confirm the coronation of Ivan the Terrible as a real Eastern Orthodox tsar (emperor).


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly
In one letter, the patriarch of Constantinople Joasaph calls the metropolitan of Moscow "the exarch of the catholic patriarch" (Greek: ώς εξαρχος πατριαρχιός καθολικός). Such a title meant administrative subordination, and beyond that it was specially noted in this letter that "he has power from us" (that is, from the Patriarch of Constantinople) and only in this way could he act as a hierarch.


15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism, End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly
The Russian Orthodox Church considers that it became de facto autocephalous in 1448, yet the other Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs recognized its autocephaly only in 1589–1593. "This was done by means of two letters signed, not by the Ecumenical Patriarch alone, but also by other Patriarchs of the East. In these letters the Patriarchal rank of the primate of the Russian Church was recognized and the Patriarch of Moscow was placed fifth in diptych after the four Patriarchs of the East."


15° Off Cool
15° Off Cool is a 2007 comedy special by Bill Engvall, which premiered on Comedy Central on Sunday, March 25, 2007. It was made available on DVD and CD, the latter version of which debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart in March 2007 with sales of 9,000 copies. The special was recorded at The Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas.


15α-Hydroxy-DHEA
15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, abbreviated as 15α-hydroxy-DHEA or 15α-OH-DHEA, is an endogenous metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Both 15α-OH-DHEA and its 3β-sulfate ester, 15α-OH-DHEA-S, are intermediates in the biosynthesis of estetrol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).


15α-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate
15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, abbreviated as 15α-hydroxy-DHEA sulfate or 15α-OH-DHEA-S, also known as 15α-hydroxy-17-oxoandrost-5-en-3β-yl sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and a metabolic intermediate in the production of estetrol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) during pregnancy. It is the C3β sulfate ester of 15α-hydroxy-DHEA.


15α-Hydroxyestradiol
15α-Hydroxyestradiol (15α-OH-E2) is an endogenous estrogen which occurs during pregnancy. It is structurally related to estriol (16α-hydroxyestradiol) and estetrol (15α-hydroxyestriol or 15α,16α-dihydroxyestradiol).


15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate (15β-OH-CPA) is a steroidal antiandrogen and the major metabolite of cyproterone acetate (CPA). It is formed from CPA in the liver by hydroxylation via the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. During therapy with CPA, 15β-OH-CPA circulates at concentrations that are approximately twice those of CPA. 15β-OH-CPA has similar or even greater antiandrogen activity compared to CPA. However, it has only about one-tenth of the activity of CPA as a progestogen. 15β-OH-CPA also shows some glucocorticoid activity, similarly to CPA and unesterified cyproterone.


15–16th & Locust station
15–16th & Locust station is the western terminus of the PATCO Lindenwold Line in the Rittenhouse Square neighborhood of Philadelphia. The station has a single island platform, with a fare mezzanine above. The mezzanine level connects to the Center City Pedestrian Concourse, which connects subway and regional rail stations in the Center City area.


16 & 1
16 & 1 is the seventh studio album by Canadian country music group Doc Walker. It was released on August 29, 2011 by Open Road Recordings. The album includes covers of Bob Seger's "Get Out of Denver" and the Crash Test Dummies' "I Think I'll Disappear Now."


16 & 1
16 & 1 was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards.


16 (Regina) Field Ambulance
16 (Regina) Field Ambulance is a Canadian Forces Primary Reserve medical unit in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.


16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, History
This unit has a long and distinguished history that lives up to the medical corps tradition of being faithful in adversity. It is the latest in a line of Saskatchewan army medical units dating back to 21 Field Ambulance of World War I and 10 Field Ambulance of World War II.


16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, History, World War II
From 1940 to 1941, the unit trained at Camp Dundurn, in preparation for deployment to England. Once deployed, the unit provided medical services, as well as successfully evacuating thousands of Canadian and Allied units.


16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, History, Post-World War II to 1990
In the early 1970s, the unit was disbanded along with all militia medical units across Canada, but was reformed as a Medical Company, as part of 16 Service Battalion, a combat service support unit, based out of Regina Garrison in Regina, Saskatchewan.


16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, History, 1990–present
In the early 1990s, the unit received official detachment status for its detachment operating in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, out of Sgt. Hugh Cairns VC Armoury. In 2004, the Canadian Forces Medical Service underwent a reorganization, and 16 Medical Company became its own unit again, and was renamed 16 (Regina) Field Ambulance.


16 (Regina) Field Ambulance, Royal Canadian Army Cadets
16 (Regina) Field Ambulance is affiliated with 328 Royal Canadian Army Medical Cadet Corps, based in Saskatoon.


16 (Robin album)
16 is the fourth studio album by Finnish singer Robin, released on 22 September 2014. Two singles preceded the release; "Kesärenkaat" and "Parasta just nyt". The album peaked at number one on the Finnish Albums Chart in October 2014.


16 (Sneaky Sound System song)
"16" is the third single by Australian dance group Sneaky Sound System, taken from their second studio album 2. It was released on 14 February 2009.


16 (Sneaky Sound System song)
They performed the song on Australian television show Rove on 8 February 2009.


16 (band)
16, stylized as -(16)-, is an American sludge metal band from Los Angeles, California. The band is currently signed to Relapse Records. -(16)- has been cited, along with fellow pioneering acts such as Eyehategod, Crowbar and Acid Bath, as one of the subgenre's seminal outfits. In June 2020, the band released their eighth full-length album, Dream Squasher.


16 (band), History, Formation and Curves That Kick (1992–1994)
16 was formed in Santa Ana, California by Bobby Ferry (guitar), Cris Jerue (vocals), and Jason Corley (drums) in 1992. According to Ferry, he and Jerue bonded as part of the Southern California skate scene. Ferry has stated band was originally called 15, but changed their name when they were made aware of a previously existing group called Fifteen, who had been signed to Lookout Records. Ferry also named some of the band's early influences, including 7 Seconds, Bad Brains, and Metallica, as well as the "wave of [Amphetamine Reptile] bands, Helmet, Jesus Lizard, Unsane and Tar." The band's first full-length album, Curves That Kick, was released in 1993 on Bacteria Sour, an independent label owned by renowned artist, Pushead. Following the album's release, -(16)- toured Japan in 1994.


16 (band), History, Drop Out and Blaze of Incompetence (1995–1998)
The band's next record, Drop Out, was released by Pessimiser/Theologian records in 1996 (after being shelved for nearly two years). In spite of Drop Out's critical acclaim, -(16)- did not tour heavily, opting instead to focus on performing locally. Jason Corley was ejected from the band at the end of 1994, and replaced by Andy Hassler. Phil Vera was also added as a second guitarist. The band released Blaze of Incompetence in 1997 (again on Pessimiser/Theologian), and did a US tour with Grief in 1998. Andy Hassler was fired shortly after the tour. R.D. Davies replaced Andy, and then he was replaced by Mark Sanger 6 months later.


16 (band), History, Zoloft Smile and hiatus (1999–2004)
16's next album, Zoloft Smile, was recorded in 1999/2000, but was not released until 2002 by At A Loss Recordings. By the time the album was released, Bobby and Tony had both quit the band. The rest of the guys carried on with Phil being the lone guitar player. Nial McGaughey and later, Rafa Martinez handled bass duties. Phil took over vocal duties in 2003, after Cris was forced to go to rehab for alcohol and drug dependency.


16 (band), History, Zoloft Smile and hiatus (1999–2004)
Addiction issues have plagued the band throughout their career, with Jerue remarking in a 2012 interview with Invisible Oranges, "there have been 14 dudes in this band and not one has been stable mentally or chemically." The band then toured the US and Japan as a three-piece (Phil, Mark, Rafa), until calling it quits in 2004.


16 (band), History, Reformation, Bridges to Burn, and Deep Cuts from Dark Clouds (2007–2014)
Ferry, Jerue, Corley and Tony Baumeister reformed -(16)- in 2007, subsequently securing a deal with Relapse Records. Their Relapse debut, Bridges to Burn, was released in January 2009. The band parted ways with Corley again, and recruited Mateo Pinkerton as their new drummer. In 2010, Relapse Records released The First Trimester, a compilation of non-album material. Deep Cuts from Dark Clouds followed in 2012. In 2012, Last Hurrah Records also released Lost Tracts of Time, a compilation featuring b-sides from the Zoloft Smile era.


16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015–present)
On May 18, 2016, Stereogum premiered a new track from Lifespan of a Moth, "The Absolute Center of a Pitch Black Heart".


16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015–present)
On June 9, 2016, Decibel premiered 16's video for "Peaches, Cream and The Placenta". Guitarist Bobby Ferry said of the track, "The song is a stressed-out walk down a well-trodden trail that we have been prancing down since the early '90s. The lyrics delicately touch with all thumbs on the subject of addictive personality sorcery that creates unintended helpless victims." The video was directed by longtime 16 collaborator and producer, Jeff Forrest.


16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015–present)
In June 2016, it was announced that "Landloper" was the opening track from Lifespan of a Moth.


16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015–present)
On August 15, 2016, guitarist Bobby Ferry discussed Lifespan of a Moth on the Everything Went Black podcast, hosted by Tombs frontman Mike Hill.


16 (band), History, The Lifespan of a Moth and Dream Squasher (2015–present)
In 2020, a brand new album, entitled Dream Squasher was announced for release on June 5. Ferry undertook the vocal duties, as Cris Jerue retired from the music industry.


16 (magazine)
16 was a fan magazine published in New York City.


16 (magazine), Origins
Founded in 1956, the first issue of 16 hit the newsstands in May 1957, with Elvis Presley on the cover.


16 (magazine), Origins
However, its longtime editor-in-chief, former fashion model and subscriptions clerk Gloria Stavers, transformed 16 from a standard general-interest movie magazine into a major fan magazine focused on the preteen female as its primary reader base. Stavers was editor from 1958 until 1975. She chose to cater to that particular demographic because of the many fan letters she had read from girls aged nine through 12 writing to popular celebrities in care of the magazine, and she remembered how she felt at that age and developed a formula to increase readership in that demographic.


16 (magazine), Content
16's covers attracted readers by featuring sensational and hyperbole-laden headlines such as "The Day He Almost DIED! ", head shots of various male entertainers, and very whimsical artwork. Although the articles were printed on newsprint, 16 featured colorful, glossy pin-up poster art.


16 (magazine), Content
Prior to the 1970s, most of the pin-ups of the celebrities were kept clean-cut, but 16 began to increasingly sexualize the posters they featured, in keeping with the more permissive times. 16 Magazine also often offered contests that would award the winner an opportunity to have a "meet and greet" with their favorite performer.


16 (magazine), Content
Most of the articles and features tended to lean on the lighter side. Rather than asking the artist serious questions about musical influences and social issues, it would offer the readers interviews asking a celebrity about his favorite color or meal, or would have him describe his "ideal girl" or dream date. If he was married, in a long term relationship, or not heterosexual in orientation, that information was kept out of the magazine, as was any news about the celebrity that even hinted at scandal.


16 (magazine), Content
Stavers also attempted to expand the perception of teen idols by featuring such unlikely candidates as Star Trek actor Leonard Nimoy and shock rock pioneer Alice Cooper.


16 (magazine), Content
In 1997, in honor of its 40th year of publication, former 16 Magazine editors Randi Reisfeld and music critic Danny Fields published the commemorative book "Who's Your Fave Rave? ", a retrospective of 16 and a biography on its long-time editor styled to resemble an issue of the magazine. There was also an accompanying CD of the same name, featuring many of the pop acts promoted in the magazine throughout the years.


16 (magazine), No-advertising policy
Despite the lack of serious journalistic content and fierce competition from Tiger Beat and other celebrity magazines, 16 remained the top-selling teen celebrity magazine for many years.


16 (magazine), No-advertising policy
For at least 30 years of its publication, 16 Magazine was entirely self-supporting. In 2001, 16 became part of Primedia's Teen Magazines groups and is considered a monthly "specials" issue focusing on a specific topic or act.


16 (magazine), No-advertising policy
Despite this, no regular or special issue of 16 Magazine was seen or published since, including online. By this time, newer teen magazines had taken over, such as J14, M Magazine, Popstar! Magazine, and the resurrected Tiger Beat.


16 (magazine), Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 Magazine, 1950s
In the 1950s, some of the teen idols featured in the pages of 16 Magazine included Elvis Presley, Paul Anka, Dion, and Mousketeer Annette Funicello.


16 (magazine), Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 Magazine, 1960s
During the 1960s, 16 Magazine introduced its readers to a variety of rock and roll/pop music acts, referred to by the editor and readers as "Faves". Some of those acts include The Beatles, Herman's Hermits, Paul Revere and the Raiders, The Monkees, The Cowsills, Jim Morrison, and The Doors. The appearance of the "faves" was highly selective. Some acts such as The Rolling Stones and The Beach Boys received very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored.


16 (magazine), Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 Magazine, 1970s
In the 1970s, 16 began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities on its covers was also rare, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column.


16 (magazine), Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 Magazine, 1980s and beyond
During the 1980s and well into the 1990s, 16 continued to serve up one "boy band" after another, from new wave artists like Duran Duran to N'Sync. However, Destiny's Child broke the racial and gender barrier when they appeared on the cover.


16 (number)
16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. 16 is a composite number, and a square number, being 42 = 4 × 4. It is the smallest number with exactly five divisors, its proper divisors being 1, 2, 4 and 8.


16 (number)
In English speech, the numbers 16 and 60 are sometimes confused, as they sound very similar.


16 (number)
Sixteen is the fourth power of two. For this reason, 16 was used in weighing light objects in several cultures. The British have 16 ounces in one pound; the Chinese used to have 16 liangs in one jin. In old days, weighing was done with a beam balance to make equal splits. It would be easier to split a heap of grains into sixteen equal parts through successive divisions than to split into ten parts.


16 (number)
Chinese Taoists did finger computation on the trigrams and hexagrams by counting the finger tips and joints of the fingers with the tip of the thumb. Each hand can count up to 16 in such manner. The Chinese abacus uses two upper beads to represent the 5s and 5 lower beads to represent the 1s, the 7 beads can represent a hexadecimal digit from 0 to 15 in each column.


16 (number), Mathematics
Sixteen is an even number and a square of four.


16 (number), Mathematics
Sixteen is the only integer that equals mn and nm, for some unequal integers m and n (m = 4, n = 2, or vice versa). It has this property because 22 = 2 × 2. It is also equal to 32 (see tetration).


16 (number), Mathematics
Sixteen is the base of the hexadecimal number system, which is used extensively in computer science.


16 (number), Mathematics
Sixteen is the largest known integer n for which 2n+1 is prime.


16 (number), Languages, Grammar
In Spanish and Portuguese, 16 is the first compound number (Spanish: dieciséis, European Portuguese: dezasseis, Brazilian Portuguese: dezesseis); the numbers 11 (Spanish: once, Portuguese: onze) through 15 (Spanish: quince, Portuguese: quinze) have their own names.


16 (number), In sports
Many leagues and tournaments have 16 teams or individual participants, for example:


16 (number), In sports
In both the NBA and NHL, 16 teams qualify for the respective league playoffs; it is also the number of wins needed to win the title (both leagues have four playoff rounds, with four wins in seven games needed to win each round).


16 (number), In sports
In AFL Women's, the top-level league of women's Australian rules football, each team has 16 players on the field at any given time (as opposed to the 18 of almost all other competitions in the sport, most notably the parent Australian Football League for men).


16 @ War
"16 @ War" is the debut single from Karina from her debut album First Love. It is produced by Tricky Stewart and The-Dream, and written by them. It has spent 8 weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and peaked at #51. It debuted at #93. The song expresses hardships of life from a sixteen-year-old girl's point of view.


16 Acres
16 Acres is a 2012 documentary film directed by Richard Hankin which provides an account of the recovery effort following the September 11 attack, specifically the reconstruction process of the World Trade Center site. The name of the documentary refers to the 16 acres of land that the aforementioned site is situated on.


16 Acres
It features interviews with Michael Bloomberg, George Pataki, Chris Ward, Larry Silverstein, Daniel Libeskind, David Childs, Michael Arad, Janno Lieber, Roland Betts, Rosaleen Tallon, and Scott Raab.


16 Altamont Terrace
16 Altamont Terrace is a historic home in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland, United States. Built circa 1851, it is an example of Greek Revival architecture, with an Ionic portico above a stone foundation and cast iron balconies. The house served as the Allegany County hospital from 1889 to 1890. The building was converted into apartments in about 1905.


16 Altamont Terrace
16 Altamont Terrace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.


16 Aquarii
16 Aquarii, abbreviated 16 Aqr, is a star in the constellation of Aquarius. 16 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is a faint star, just visible to the naked eye, with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.869. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.5 mas, it is located about 342 light years away. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −6 km/s, and is predicted to come within 220 light-years in 6.8 million years.


16 Aquarii
At the estimated age of 740 million years, this is an aging giant star currently on the red giant branch with a stellar classification of G7 III. This indicates it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is generating energy via hydrogen fusion along a shell surrounding a hot core of inert helium. The star has 2.3 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 8 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 37 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,096 K.


16 Arietis
16 Arietis (abbreviated 16 Ari) is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. 16 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. Its apparent magnitude is 6.01. Based upon the annual parallax shift of 6.27 ± 0.07 mas, this star is approximately 520 light-years (160 parsecs) distant from Earth. The brightness of this star is diminished by 0.40 in magnitude from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust. This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K3 III.


16 August 2012 Iraq attacks
A series of bombings and shootings occurred in Iraq on 16 August 2012, in one of the most violent attacks since post-US withdrawal insurgency has begun. At least 128 people were killed and more than 400 wounded in coordinated attacks across Iraq, making them the deadliest attacks in the country since October 2009, when 155 were killed in twin bombings near the Justice Ministry in Baghdad.


16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Background
The attacks occurred about eight months following the withdrawal of the United States military forces from the area, leaving the security of the country in the hands of the Iraqi security forces. Several major attacks took place in the months of June and July, following a statement released by Islamic State of Iraq to announce the start of a new "offensive".


16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks
Numerous attacks were conducted within hours of each other on 16 August 2012 across Baghdad and several central and northern provinces in Iraq.


16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks
At least 52 people were killed and 177 injured in attacks across Baghdad, with most casualties from two car bombings in the predominantly Shi'ite districts of Zaafaraniya and Sadr City. The deadliest blast happened near an amusement park in Zaafaraniya, claiming 27 lives and injuring 75, most of them women and children. An earlier attack near the park had killed 2 and left 11 injured. Two car bombs exploded next to a government building in the Husseiniya district, killing 7 and injuring 42. In the evening, a car bomb was detonated close to a military checkpoint in Sadr City, killing at least 16 and leaving 49 wounded.


16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks
Gunmen using silencers shot 10 soldiers dead at a checkpoint in Mushada, northwest of Baghdad, injuring at least 10 others. At least seven explosions and several shootings killed 8 and wounded 29 in Kirkuk, while a suicide car bombing killed 11 officers and injured 31 others at an anti-terrorism office in Daquq. A suicide bombing at a tea shop in Tal Afar killed 7 and injured 25. Attacks in Mosul killed another nine people and injured 27.


16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Attacks
Ten people were killed and 9 injured in three separate incidents in Diyala Governorate near Baqubah, most of them members of the security forces. A car bomb in Kut killed at least 7 and injured more than 70 others. Four police officers were killed and six injured in attacks around Fallujah. Gunmen killed two civilians at a market in Baaj, and a bomb in Tuz Khurmatu killed a woman and injured 4 others. Bombings also took place in Badush, Abu Ghraib, Al Wajehiya, Hawija, Ramadi and Iskandariya, killing 4 and leaving 24 injured. Unidentified gunmen killed three and injured 5 others in several attacks in Dhouib, al-Rasul and Aswad.


16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Perpetrators
Though no group has claimed responsibility, the attacks are believed to be orchestrated by al-Qaeda, seeking to regain control of the country following the departure of the American forces.


16 August 2012 Iraq attacks, Reactions, Domestic
An unnamed official for the current Iraqi government believed the attacks were made by al-Qaeda and their allies, as part of a larger scheme to ignite "a bloody sectarian war".


16 Aurigae
16 Aurigae is a triple star system located 232 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.547, and is located about 2/3 of the way from Capella toward Beta Tauri. It also lies in the midst of the Melotte 31 cluster, but is merely a line-of-sight interloper. The system has a relatively high proper motion, advancing across the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.166 arc seconds per annum, and is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −28 km/s.


16 Aurigae
The primary component is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 1.19 years and an eccentricity of 0.1189. The visible member is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K2.5 IIIb CN-0.5; sometimes just given as K3 III. The notation of the former class indicates weak lines of CN in the spectrum. This star is an estimated five billion years old with 1.30 times the mass of the Sun. As a consequence of exhausting the hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 18.8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 112 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,264 K.


16 Aurigae
A third component is an magnitude 10.6 star at an angular separation of 4.2″. It shows a common proper motion with the primary and thus is a likely third member of the system.


16 Avenue N
16 Avenue N is a major road in Calgary, Alberta, that forms a 26.5-kilometre (16.5 mi) segment of Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) and connects Calgary to Banff and Medicine Hat. It is a four to six-lane principal arterial expressway at its extremities, but is an urban arterial road between the Bow River and Bowness Road, and also between Crowchild Trail and Deerfoot Trail. Due to Calgary's quadrant system, it is known as 16 Avenue NW west of Centre Street and 16 Avenue NE to the east.


16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NW
The Trans-Canada Highway in Alberta originates at the British Columbia border, where it proceeds east through Banff National Park to Calgary and becomes 16 Avenue NW. It first intersects Valley Ridge Boulevard / Crestmont Boulevard before a major interchange at Stoney Trail (Highway 201), a partial ring road the borders Calgary to the north and east. Signage recommending that traffic en route to the International Airport, Edmonton, and Medicine Hat use Stoney Trail as a bypass.


16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NW
It continues past Canada Olympic Park to an intersection at Bowfort Road, where construction of a single point urban interchange was completed on August 31, 2017. It passes along the southern boundary of the former town of Bowness and begins to descend into the Bow River valley where it intersects Sarcee Trail, an expressway providing a bypass option to Highway 2 south. 16 Avenue NW begins to transition to a four lane, arterial road and crosses the Bow River. Between the city limits and Sarcee Trail, 16 Avenue NW separates the northwest and southwest quadrants of Calgary.


16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NW
After crossing the Bow River, 16 Avenue NW passes through the former village of Montgomery after which it becomes a short expressway that crosses Bowness Road (signed as Memorial Drive for eastbound traffic), Shaganappi Trail, and exits the Bow River valley. It passes the Alberta Children's Hospital and Foothills Medical Centre before crossing University Drive, which provides access to the University of Calgary, McMahon Stadium, and access to southbound Crowchild Trail. After crossing Crowchild Trail, it becomes a six lane arterial road with numerous signalized intersections and extensive commercial development.


16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NW
It passes Motel Village, a cluster of motels which were constructed due to its proximity to the Trans-Canada Highway, which is accessible via a signalized service road and Banff Trail, which also doubles as the access road northbound Crowchild Trail. It passes by North Hill Centre (Calgary's first shopping mall), 14 Street NW, and Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) continuing east and intersects Centre Street, leaving the northwest quadrant.


16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NE
At Centre Street, 16 Avenue NE enters the northeast quadrant and continues east, and intersects Edmonton Trail before descending the Nose Creek valley and intersects Deerfoot Trail (Highway 2) through a split-diamond interchange before it leaves the valley and intersects 19 Street NE. East of 19 Street NE, it becomes a short freeway, beginning with a cloverleaf interchange at Barlow Trail; the area is formerly known as Crossroads since it used to be the former alignment of Highway 2 - while neighbourhood has since been renamed to Mayland Heights, some of the areas businesses still utilized the Crossroads name.


16 Avenue N, Route description, 16 Avenue NE
16 Avenue continues east with interchanges at 36 Street NE and 52 Street NE before intersecting 68 Street NE. It again intersects Stoney Trail, where westbound signage recommends that traffic en route to Banff, Edmonton, and Lethbridge use Stoney Trail as a bypass, before leaving Calgary and heading east towards Chestermere, Medicine Hat, and the Saskatchewan border.


16 Avenue N, History
Sixteenth Avenue North was part of the village of Crescent Heights until annexed by The City of Calgary in the early 1900s. An electric trolley ran down the artery connecting the area with downtown from 1911 to the mid-1900s. The electric trolley was slowly phased out and replaced with buses. In fact, Calgary's first park and ride was on the Tuxedo bus loop in 1956 and one of three trial express buses started on October 21, 1957—the Yellow Pennant Express from Capitol Hill.


16 Avenue N, History
In the 1950s, Highway 1 was rerouted from 17 Avenue SE and a series of streets through downtown Calgary to follow 16 Avenue N as part of the Trans-Canada Highway construction; however shortly afterwards the City of Calgary began to study alternate routes in an effort to relieve congestion. In 1970, the City of Calgary a proposed freeway that would run north of 16 Avenue N between 23 and 24 Avenue N, but the plans were cancelled.


16 Avenue N, History
In the following years, different bypass options were studied in conjunction with plans for a Calgary ring road, including the possibility of the Trans-Canada Highway following Sarcee Trail (including an extension through the Tsuu T'ina Nation), Highway 22X, and Highway 901 before rejoining Highway 1 near Gleichen that was proposed by Alberta Transportation in 1989; this plan was rejected as Calgary is considered a major destination city and was opposed by business owners along the 16 Avenue N.  On November 2, 2009, the northeast section of Stoney Trail was opened, providing a 41 km (25 mi) bypass option for the Trans-Canada Highway around north Calgary.


16 Avenue N, History
The inner city section of 16 Avenue N was a four lane, undivided street. From 2002–2010, the City of Calgary widened it to a six lane urban boulevard between removing buildings along south side of 16 Avenue N between 10 Street NW and 6 Street NE.


16 Avenue N, Future
The City of Calgary considers 16 Avenue N as part of the skeletal road network, however the sections through Montgomery (between the Bow River and Bowness Road) and between Banff Trail and Deerfoot Trail as Main Streets - streets that would be mixed use residential and commercial corridors. The City of Calgary have long-term plans in converting 16 Avenue N to a freeway in the outlying areas, which includes converting the Deerfoot Trail interchange into a three-level diamond interchange, and interchanges at 19 Street NE and 68 Street NE. With the projected completion of the Bowfort Road interchange in summer 2017, 16 Avenue NW will be a freeway west of Sarcee Trail to its western terminus.


16 Avenue N, Major intersections
From west to east. The entire route is in Calgary.


16 Avenue North station
16 Avenue North is a planned and approved CTrain light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada part of the Green Line. Construction is expected to begin in 2024 and complete in 2027 as part of construction stage one, segment 2B. The station serves as the northern terminus station for stage one of construction and is expected to be one of the busiest stations on opening day. It will serve as a transfer point between the Green Line and MAX Orange BRT, connecting riders to the city's northwest, northeast, the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, the Foothills Medical Centre, the Alberta Children's Hospital and future Calgary Cancer Centre.


16 Avenue North station
The station will be directly south of 16 Avenue North in the community of Crescent Heights. It is planned to be a low-profile urban station with curb height platforms, at-grade boarding, and will be in the median of Centre Street. The station will not include a park and ride. The area surrounding the station is instead expected to be redeveloped with high-density transit oriented development. As of 2015, there were 6,250 residents and 3,250 jobs within walking distance of the station. That number is expected to increase to 13,400 residents and 5,050 jobs after the station opens for service in 2027.


16 Avenue North station
The station was planned as an underground station in the city's 2017 recommendations, but was modified to an at-grade station with the city's 2020 alignment update.


16 BC
Year 16 BC was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Monday or Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ahenobarbus and Scipio (or, less frequently, year 738 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 16 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


16 Biggest Hits
16 Biggest Hits is a series of albums issued by Legacy Recordings, a division of Sony Music.


16 Biggest Hits (Alabama album)
16 Biggest Hits is a 2007 Alabama compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 384,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (Alabama album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at #40 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of August 16, 2008.


16 Biggest Hits (Alan Jackson album)
16 Biggest Hits is the fifth greatest hits compilation album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 446,000 copies in the United States as of May 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (Alan Jackson album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at #22 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of August 25, 2007. It also peaked at #141 on the Billboard 200 the week of March 22, 2008.


16 Biggest Hits (Charlie Daniels album)
16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 Charlie Daniels compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.


16 Biggest Hits (Charlie Daniels album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits first reached #68 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart in 2007. It later peaked at #12 following Daniels' passing.


16 Biggest Hits (Clint Black album)
16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 Clint Black compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.


16 Biggest Hits (Clint Black album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at #72 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of February 24, 2007.


16 Biggest Hits (Diamond Rio album)
16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album from the country music band Diamond Rio. It was released on February 23, 2008 by Arista Nashville after the group left the label.


16 Biggest Hits (Diamond Rio album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at #63 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of August 25, 2007.


16 Biggest Hits (George Jones album)
16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album American country music artist George Jones. This album was released on July 14, 1998, on the Legacy Recordings and Epic Records labels. It was certified Gold on November 5, 2002, by the RIAA. It has sold 1,188,000 copies in the US as of April 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (John Denver album)
16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 John Denver compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.


16 Biggest Hits (John Denver album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at #61 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of February 24, 2007.


16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)
16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album by country singer Johnny Cash released in 1999.


16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)
The album is made of the biggest hits of Cash's career like "Ring of Fire", "Understand Your Man", and "A Boy Named Sue". The album also contains several songs which were not hits such as "I Still Miss Someone", and "The Legend of John Henry's Hammer".


16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)
Cash had 13 US #1 country hits between the years 1956 and 1976, with this album containing only 8 of them.


16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)
The album was certified 2× Platinum in 2005 by the RIAA. It has sold 3,203,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album), Track listing
All tracks are written by Johnny Cash, except where noted.


16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash album)
16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 333,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at #26 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart in 2006 and #126 on the Billboard 200.


16 Biggest Hits (Merle Haggard album)
16 Biggest Hits is a 1998 Merle Haggard compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.


16 Biggest Hits (Merle Haggard album)
All songs except "Big City", "Are the Good Times Really Over (I Wish a Buck Was Still Silver)" and "Going Where the Lonely Go" are re-recordings from October 1994.


16 Biggest Hits (Merle Haggard album)
The album was certified Gold in 2002 by the RIAA. It has sold 955,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (Merle Haggard album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at number 55 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart in 1999.


16 Biggest Hits (Ricky Van Shelton album)
16 Biggest Hits is a budget priced compilation album from country music artist Ricky Van Shelton. This is one of many similar compilations released by various record labels to capitalize on its catalogue and especially Ricky Van Shelton. This was his last overall album for Columbia Records. It was re-released on March 24, 2009.


16 Biggest Hits (Roy Orbison album)
16 Biggest Hits is a 1999 Roy Orbison compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.


16 Biggest Hits (Roy Orbison album)
The album was certified Gold in 2005 by the RIAA. It has sold 830,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (Roy Orbison album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at #47 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of February 10, 2001.


16 Biggest Hits (Waylon Jennings album)
16 Biggest Hits is a 2005 Waylon Jennings compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 747,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (Willie Nelson album)
16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was released on July 14, 1998.


16 Biggest Hits (Willie Nelson album)
The album was certified Platinum in 2002 by the RIAA. It has sold 1,852,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.


16 Biggest Hits (Willie Nelson album), Track listing
All tracks are written by Willie Nelson, unless otherwise noted.


16 Biggest Hits (Willie Nelson album), Chart performance
16 Biggest Hits peaked at #29 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart the week of July 3, 1999.


16 Biggest Hits, Volume II
16 Biggest Hits, Volume II is a 2007 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.


16 Bit (Italian band)
16 Bit was an Italian rock band founded in the town of Caserta in 2004. The group was founded by Fabio Verzillo, Dario Licciardi, Nando Brunetti, Roberto Celentano, and Antonio De Francesco. The band's 2010 album grew out of the soundtrack for the 2008 police-horror film Animanera directed by Raffaele Verzillo.


16 Blocks
16 Blocks is a 2006 American action thriller film directed by Richard Donner and starring Bruce Willis, Mos Def, and David Morse. The film unfolds in the real time narration method. It was Donner's last film as a director before his death in 2021.


16 Blocks, Plot
Jack Mosley (Bruce Willis) is an alcoholic, burned-out NYPD detective. Despite a late shift the night before, his lieutenant orders him to escort a witness, Eddie Bunker (Mos Def), from local custody to the courthouse 16 blocks away to testify on a police corruption case before a grand jury at 10 a.m. Bunker tries to be friendly with Mosley, telling him of his aspirations to move to Seattle to become a cake baker with his sister who he has never met, but Mosley is uninterested, and stops at a liquor store.


16 Blocks, Plot
They are suddenly ambushed by a gunman, and Mosley drags Bunker to a local bar to take shelter and call for backup. Mosley's former partner, Frank Nugent (David Morse), and several other officers arrive. Nugent and his men are part of the corruption scheme, and he tells Mosley that Bunker is not worth defending as his testimony will likely expose several corrupt officers, including Nugent. The corrupt cops try to frame Bunker for firing at an officer before they try to kill him. Mosley intervenes, rescuing Bunker and fleeing.


16 Blocks, Plot
Mosley briefly stops at his sister Diane's (Jenna Stern) apartment to retrieve guns and ammo, and learns the police have already approached her about his activities earlier that day. He and Bunker take steps to further elude the police, and Mosley is wounded in the process. They become cornered in a run-down apartment building as Nugent and his men search floor by floor. Mosley calls the district attorney to arrange for help, but purposely gives the wrong apartment number, suspecting there is a mole involved.


16 Blocks, Plot
Mosley and Bunker are able to escape onto a passenger bus, and as the police follow them, Mosley is forced to treat the passengers as hostages. The bus crashes into a construction site and is soon surrounded by the ESU. Aware that Nugent will likely order the ESU to raid the bus, risking the safety of the passengers, Mosley allows the passengers to go free, using their cover to allow Bunker to sneak off the bus in the confusion. Mosley finds a tape recorder in the discarded possessions on the bus, and prepares a farewell message to Diane.


16 Blocks, Plot
To his surprise, Bunker returns to the bus; while Nugent is ready to fire on him, Nugent is made to stand down by a superior officer. Bunker has come to see Mosley as his friend and wants to be there for him to see this through. Bunker's tenacity convinces Mosley to get to the courthouse, and he manages to drive the bus into an alley, temporarily blocking the police from following them. He finds that Bunker has been wounded, and calls Diane, a paramedic, to bring an ambulance around to help, despite knowing she will be followed.


16 Blocks, Plot
Diane cares for Mosley and Bunker's wounds, though Bunker still needs further treatment at a hospital. As Diane's ambulance drives away, the police stop her but discover the ambulance is empty; she had a second ambulance pick up Mosley and Bunker that would not be under similar surveillance. Meanwhile, Mosley reveals to Bunker that should he testify, not only will Nugent be convicted but so would Mosley as one of the corrupt cops. Mosley gets off a block from the courthouse and wishes Bunker luck with his bakery, instructing the paramedic to take Bunker to the Port Authority and put him on a bus for Seattle. Bunker promises to send him a cake on his birthday.


16 Blocks, Plot
Mosley continues to the courthouse, where the police and ESU are waiting for him, as well as the district attorney. Mosley enters the courthouse building through the underground garage, encountering Nugent alone, who tries unsuccessfully to dissuade him from testifying in Bunker's place. Mosley enters the courthouse proper, where one of Nugent's men (David Zayas) tries to shoot Mosley but is killed by one of the ESU snipers. Mosley informs the district attorney that he will testify in exchange for Bunker having his record expunged, also revealing that he had recorded the conversation with Nugent in the garage on the tape recorder, which he submits as evidence.


16 Blocks, Plot
Two years later, Mosley is freed from prison. He celebrates his birthday with Diane and other friends, and is surprised to find that the cake had indeed come from Bunker, who has been successful in starting "Eddie & Jack's Good Sign Bakery" in Seattle.


16 Blocks, Cast
Willis originally wanted rapper Ludacris to play the part of Eddie Bunker. 16 Blocks is the second film in which David Morse plays the villain to Bruce Willis as the protagonist; the first was 12 Monkeys, in which Morse plays Dr. Peters.


16 Blocks, Release, Theatrical
The film, released by Warner Bros., opened in the United States on March 3, 2006.


16 Blocks, Release, Theatrical, Alternate ending
The film was shot with the ending written for the screenplay (as described by Donner and writer Richard Wenk), but they realized during filming that there was "a better opportunity to have a little more empathy and wrap the picture up in a different way." The ending written for the film changed the scenario in which Frank after watching Jack get in the elevator, he instructs Bobby to stand down, saying it's over. But Bobby's radio is off and he is still planning on ambushing Jack.


16 Blocks, Release, Theatrical, Alternate ending
In the lobby Jack is approached by the District Attorney McDonald and says he will testify in Eddie's place in return for Eddie's record being expunged. As Jack reaches into his pocket, Bobby appears and Frank, having run upstairs to stop Bobby, leaps in front of Jack to protect him and gets shot, causing them both to fall down the stairs. When they land at the bottom it's discovered the bullet went through Frank and fatally hit Jack. The tape recorder with Jack and Frank's conversation on it is heard playing in Jack's pocket.


16 Blocks, Release, Theatrical, Alternate ending
Frank tearfully listens and looks at Jack with sorrow. The tape is taken to the jury, Frank and Bobby are led away and a blanket is placed over Jack's body. Sometime later Diane receives a cake from Eddie, supposed to be for Jack's birthday along with a letter saying he sent the cake, hoping to hear from Jack but never did. He was then informed of what happened, he acknowledges Jack and wishes him a happy birthday.


16 Blocks, Reception, Box office
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $12.7 million, which was the second-highest grossing film of the weekend. As of its May 15, 2006 closing date, the film grossed a total of $36.895 million in the U.S. box office. It made $65.6 million worldwide. According to Box Office Mojo, production costs were around $55 million. The film made $51.53 million on rentals, and remained on the DVD top 50 charts for 17 consecutive weeks.


16 Blocks, Reception, Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 56% approval rating from 162 critics, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's consensus reads: "Despite strong performances from Bruce Willis and Mos Def, 16 Blocks barely rises above being a shopworn entry in the buddy-action genre." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 34 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


16 Blocks, Reception, Critical response
Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice commented that "the clichés come thick on the ground" and called it "a small movie trying to seem epic, or a bloated monster trying to seem lean." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars and called Willis and Mos Def "a terrific team," concluding that "Until Richard Wenk's script drives the characters into a brick wall of pukey sentiment, it's a wild ride."


16 Blocks, Reception, Critical response
Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars and commended Mos Def for his "character performance that's completely unexpected in an action movie," while calling the film "a chase picture conducted at a velocity that is just about right for a middle-age alcoholic." Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe described the film as admirably old fashioned, praising Donner for his direction, but criticized the film for lacking originality, saying it feels like a remake of The Gauntlet directed by Clint Eastwood.


16 Blocks, Remake
In May 2013, Original Entertainment confirmed to have sealed a five-picture deal with Millennium Films to produce Bollywood remakes of Rambo, The Expendables, 16 Blocks, 88 Minutes, and Brooklyn's Finest, with the productions for Rambo and The Expendables expected to start at the end of that year.


16 Camelopardalis
16 Camelopardalis is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis, located 348 light years away from the Sun as determined from parallax measurements. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.28. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of around 12 km/s.


16 Camelopardalis
This is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 Vn, where the 'n' notation indicates "nebulous" lines due to rapid rotation. In the past it was misidentified as a Lambda Boötis star. It is around 400 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 217 km/s. The star has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and 3.3 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 97 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,748 K.


16 Camelopardalis
An infrared excess indicates it has a dusty debris disk with a mean temperature of 120 K orbiting at a distance of 52 AU from the star. This disk has a combined mass equal to 2.1% the mass of the Earth.


16 Candles (song)
"16 Candles" is a 1958 song performed by The Crests and written by Luther Dixon and Allyson R. Khent.


16 Cephei
16 Cephei is a single star located about 119 light years away from the Sun in the constellation of Cepheus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.036. The star has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.174 arc seconds per annum. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s.


16 Cephei
This is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star, somewhat hotter than the sun, with a stellar classification of F5 V. It is around two billion years old with a projected rotational velocity of 26.4 km/s. The star has 1.38 times the mass of the Sun and 2.77 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 11 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,238 K. The star is a source of X-ray emission.


16 Cephei
There are several 11th and 12th magnitude stars within a few arc-minutes of 16 Cephei, all of them distant background objects. Only one of these is listed in the Washington Double Star Catalog and Catalog of Components of Double and Multiple Stars as a companion.


16 Collyer Quay
16 Collyer Quay, formerly Hitachi Tower is a 37-storey, 166 m (545 ft), skyscraper in the central business district of Singapore. It is located on 16 Collyer Quay, in the zone of Raffles Place, near Chevron House, Change Alley, Tung Centre, and The Arcade, all of which are roughly 100 metres away. Facing Clifford Pier, the building commands a panoramic view of Marina Bay. It has an underground linkage to Raffles Place MRT station.


16 Collyer Quay
The skyscraper has a spire that is 13 m (43 ft), which increases the tower overall height from 166 to 179 m (545 to 587 ft) It is on a 999-year leasehold.


16 Collyer Quay
16 Collyer Quay has a net lettable area of approximately 25,980 m2 (279,600 sq ft). The building had close to 100% occupancy as of December 31, 2007, and key tenants include Hitachi and American Express.


16 Collyer Quay, History
Hitachi Tower was designed by Murphy/Jahn, Inc. Architects, and local firm Architects 61 Pte Ltd. It was completed in 1992. Other firms involved in the development include Hitachi, CapitaLand Commercial Limited, Savu Investments Private Limited, CapitaLand Limited, Obayashi Gumi Corporation, Sendai Eversendai Engineering Group, Steen Consultants Private Limited, PCR Engineers Private Limited, and Rider Hunt Levett & Bailey.


16 Collyer Quay, History, Selling of stake
On January 16, 2008, CapitaLand sold its 50% stake in Hitachi Tower for S$403.5 million, which it had earlier bought in 2000. The National University of Singapore, which owns the remaining  50% of the office building, also sold its stake. Upon the deal’s completion, CapitaLand will recognise a gain of S$110.1 million.


16 Collyer Quay, History, Selling of stake
According to CapitaLand, the deal took into consideration the agreed value of the development at $811 million, or about $2,900 per square foot of net lettable area. It also claimed the consideration was arrived at on a willing-buyer willing-seller basis. However, the company did not state the buyer, but sources said that the building was bought by a fund linked to Goldman Sachs. This is based on the fact that Goldman Sachs bought the next-door Chevron House a year earlier.


16 Collyer Quay, History, Selling of stake
In January 2011, NTUC Income acquired a 49 percent stake in Savu Investments, the holding company which owns the asset, from Goldman Sachs. In January 2013, NTUC Income bought over Goldman Sach's remaining 51% stake in Savu Investments, the acquisition valuing the property at around $660 million, or less than $2,400 per square foot, on a net lettable space of over 278,000 square feet.


16 Collyer Quay, Architecture
16 Collyer Quay is linked to the 33-storey Chevron House by a four-storey glass galleria. According to the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), the two buildings are designed and planned in parallel, with each tower takes on different architectural expressions, while complementing each other to "strengthen the urban quality" of Raffles Place.


16 Collyer Quay, Architecture
The building is topped off by a two-storey navigating beacon. URA claims it recalls the maritime history of the Collyer Quay area. Its facade is expressed in three parts, which breaks the verticality of the 37-storey tower and creates a stepping down effect that matches with the height of its shorter neighbour, Tung Centre.


16 Collyer Quay, Architecture
At the urban level, the two buildings respect and are designed around established patterns of pedestrian movement and urban use. The bank lobby is lifted to the upper floors to create Change Alley on the first storey, a pedestrian thoroughfare lined with retail activities that is today, a well-used and vibrant space linking Raffles Place to Collyer Quay.


16 Comae Berenices
16 Comae Berenices is a single star in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. 16 Comae Berenices is the Flamsteed designation. It is a member of the Coma Star Cluster and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.96. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 11.7 mas, it is located about 279 light years away.


16 Comae Berenices
This is a chemically-peculiar A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A4 V. It displays an infrared excess, suggesting the presence of an orbiting debris disk at a mean distance of 18.2 AU with a temperature of 1870 K. 16 Com has 2.54 times the mass of the Sun and 3.71 times the Sun's radius. The star is 310 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 80 km/s. It is radiating 67 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,299 K.


16 Cook Street
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 19:09, 28 March 2020 (Add short description). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


16 Cook Street
16 Cook Street, Liverpool is the world's second glass curtain walled building. Designed by Peter Ellis in 1866, it is a Grade II* Listed Building.


16 Cook Street
Built two years after Oriel Chambers on Water Street, the architect's best-known work, it shows the development of Ellis' style. Its floor to ceiling glass allows light to penetrate deep into the building, contrasting strongly with the adjacent structures. It has been suggested that American architect John Root was influenced by the construction of both buildings, having studied in Liverpool at the time of their construction.


16 Cook Street
Both 16 Cook Street and Oriel Chambers were featured in the ITV (Granada / Tyne Tees) television programme Grundy's Northern Pride, looking at John Grundy's favourite buildings in the north of England, aired on 9 January 2007.


16 Cygni
16 Cygni or 16 Cyg is the Flamsteed designation of a triple star system approximately 69 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It consists of two Sun-like yellow dwarf stars, 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B, together with a red dwarf, 16 Cygni C. In 1996 an extrasolar planet was discovered in an eccentric orbit around 16 Cygni B.


16 Cygni, Distance
The parallax of the two brightest stars were measured as part of the Hipparcos astrometry mission. This yielded a parallax of 47.44 milliarcseconds for 16 Cygni A and 47.14 milliarcseconds for 16 Cygni B. Since the two components are associated, it is reasonable to assume they lie at the same distance, so the different parallaxes are a result of experimental error (indeed, when the associated parallax errors are taken into account, the ranges of the parallaxes overlap). Using the parallax of the A component, the distance is 21.1 parsecs. The parallax of the B component corresponds to a distance of 21.2 parsecs.


16 Cygni, Stellar components
16 Cygni is a hierarchical triple system. Stars A and C form a close binary with a projected separation of 73 AU. The orbital elements of the A–C binary are currently unknown. At a distance of 860 AU from A is a third component designated 16 Cygni B. The orbit of B relative to the A–C pair was determined in 1999 and not updated since (as of June 2007): plausible orbits range in period from 18,200 to 1.3 million years, with a semimajor axis ranging from 877 to 15,180 AU. In addition B orbits between 100 and 160 degrees inclination, that is against the A–C pole such that 90 degrees would be ecliptical.


16 Cygni, Stellar components
Both 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B are yellow dwarf stars similar to the Sun. Their spectral types have been given as G1.5V and G3V, with A being a little hotter than the Sun, and B somewhat cooler. The system was within the field of view of the original mission of the Kepler spacecraft, which collected extremely precise photometric data of the stars.


16 Cygni, Stellar components
From these measurements, asteroseismology models have calculated precise masses of 1.08 and 1.04 times the solar mass for 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B respectively, and independent ages of around 7 billion years for each star. The system has also been observed through interferometry, which allowed the determination of the angular diameter of each star. The angular diameters together with the asteroseismology models were used to calculate radii of 1.229 and 1.116 times the solar radius for components A and B respectively.


16 Cygni, Stellar components, Abundances
Despite having the same age and presumably the same primordial composition, observations show a small difference in the metallicity of the two 16 Cygni stars. The primary star has an iron abundance of 1.26 times the solar value, compared to 1.13 for the secondary star.


16 Cygni, Stellar components, Abundances
A similar trend has been found for all other metals, with the primary component having an average of 10% more metals than B. One possibility is that this difference is linked to the planet 16 Cygni Bb, since its formation may have removed metals from the protoplanetary disk around 16 Cygni B. However, another study found no difference in heavy element abundances between 16 Cygni A and B.


16 Cygni, Stellar components, Abundances
Another chemical peculiarity between the stars is in their lithium abundance. Measurements of the lithium abundance in the system show a 4 times higher abundance in component A than in 16 Cygni B. Compared to the Sun, 16 Cygni A has 1.66 as much lithium, while 16 Cygni B has only 0.35. It has been hypothesized that the accretion of about 1 Earth mass of metals by 16 Cygni B soon after the system's formation may have destroyed the lithium in the star's atmosphere. Another proposed scenario is the engulfment of a Jupiter-mass planet by 16 Cygni A, which increased the amount of lithium in the star's outer atmosphere.


16 Cygni, Planetary system
In 1996 an extrasolar planet in an eccentric orbit was announced around the star 16 Cygni B. The discovery by the radial velocity method was made from independent observations from the McDonald Observatory and Lick Observatory. The planet's orbit takes 799.5 days to complete, with a semimajor axis of 1.69 AU. It has a very high eccentricity of 0.69, which might be the result of gravitational perturbations from 16 Cygni A. In particular, simulations show the planet's eccentricity oscillates between low and high values in timescales of tens of millions of years.


16 Cygni, Planetary system
Like the majority of extrasolar planets detectable from Earth, 16 Cygni Bb was deduced from the radial velocity of its parent star. At the time that only gave a lower limit on the mass: in this case, about 1.68 times that of Jupiter. In 2012, two astronomers, E. Plavalova and N.A. Solovaya, showed that the stable orbit would demand about 2.38 Jupiter masses, such that its orbit was inclined at either 45° or 135°.


16 Cygni, Planetary system
The eccentric orbit and mass of 16 Cygni Bb makes it extremely unlikely that a terrestrial sized planet will be found orbiting within the star's habitable zone.


16 Cygni, Planetary system
For the 16 Cyg B system, only particles inside approximately 0.3 AU remained stable within a million years of formation, leaving open the possibility of short-period planets. For them, observation rules out any such planet of over a Neptune mass.