1655 Malta plague outbreak
The 1655 Malta plague outbreak was a minor outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. The outbreak appeared in Kalkara and some cases were reported in Żabbar and the urban area around the Grand Harbour. Restrictive measures were imposed and the outbreak was contained after causing 20 deaths.


1655 Malta plague outbreak, Background
At the time of the outbreak, Malta was ruled by the Order of St John. In 1592–1593 a plague epidemic had killed about 3,000 people on the island and there was a small outbreak in 1623.


1655 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak
In 1655 the plague was introduced to Malta through ships which had travelled from the Eastern Mediterranean to the island. They were anchored in Kalkara Creek, and the disease was first detected in a man from the village of Kalkara who had contact with them. The plague spread to other family members in Żabbar, and physicians were informed of the possibility of a contagious disease. Some cases later appeared in the urban area around the Grand Harbour: in Valletta, Birgu, Senglea and Bormla.


1655 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak, Containment measures
A medical commission was set up to investigate when the outbreak was detected, and it concluded that the disease was contagious and recommended the setting up of containment measures. Those who were infected were isolated at the Lazzaretto on Bishop's Island and those who had been in contact with them were quarantined. Their house and its contents were burnt down, and a cordon sanitaire was imposed on the town of Żabbar. When the disease appeared in the other Grand Harbour settlements, similar restrictions on movement were imposed and through these measures the outbreak was successfully contained.


1655 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak, Containment measures
During the 1655 outbreak, contact between Malta and Sicily was limited due to restrictions imposed by the Viceroy of Sicily.


1655 Malta plague outbreak, Impact
The outbreak caused the deaths of 20 people over a period of three months.


1655 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1655.


1655 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1655 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1655 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1655 in science
The year 1655 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1655 papal conclave
The 1655 papal conclave was convened following the death of Pope Innocent X and ended with the election of Fabio Chigi as Alexander VII. The conclave quickly reached a deadlock, with Giulio Cesare Sacchetti receiving 33 votes throughout the conclave, but never securing enough for his own election. Chigi was eventually elected Pope when Cardinal Mazarin, the leader of the French government, consented to his election at the request of Sacchetti.


1655 papal conclave, Background
Innocent X created Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili, his only nephew, a cardinal. Camillo would later renounce his status as a cardinal in order to marry. Instead, Innocent's sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini handled all of the functions that would ordinarily have been the realm of a cardinal nephew.


1655 papal conclave, Background
During Innocent's papacy, the Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the Thirty Years' War, and it was the most significant secular event that occurred during his reign. Innocent did not approve of the treaty because his representatives had not been a part of the discussions and he had not been consulted or asked to approve the recognition of the Protestant religion in Germany. He called upon secular Catholic leaders to renounce the peace,but they did not do so. Innocent in return refrained from appointing cardinals outside of Italy during his reign. He only created six non-Italian cardinals during his pontificate, and five of those were Crown-cardinals that Catholic monarchs insisted upon. Aside from these, the remainder of his 40 creations all came from Italy.


1655 papal conclave, Conclave
The College of Cardinals at the time of Innocent X's death had 69 members, and the conclave that followed saw 66 electors participate. 32 of the cardinals had been created either by Urban VIII or Innocent X. Because Olimpia Maidalchini was not a cardinal, she was not allowed to participate in the conclave, even though she was the only woman to have been allowed to give a speech to the cardinals. This left Innocent's creations without a natural leader during the process.


1655 papal conclave, Conclave
There were 18 cardinals loyal to Spain in the conclave, and while the French had less loyalty, Urban VIII's nephew Francesco Barberini was a member of their faction. Barberini's allegiance to France was due to the marriage of one of his nieces to the brother of Rinaldo d'Este, the cardinal who led the French faction. Barberini had the capacity to bring up to 20 additional cardinals to support a candidate he favoured.


1655 papal conclave, Conclave
Giulio Cesare Sacchetti, who had been considered the most likely to become pope in 1644, was the strongest candidate again, but some cardinals did not vote for him because he had been vetoed in the previous conclave by the Spanish. Sacchetti also was the favoured candidate of Cardinal Mazarin, the leader of the French government at that time. During the initial scrutiny Sacchetti received 33 votes, a number he consistently received throughout the conclave. The early scrutinies also were unique because there were a large amount of electors who wrote in no one, peaking at 27 votes on 22 January.


1655 papal conclave, Conclave
These votes came primarily from electors that had been created by Innocent X who did not want to vote for a cardinal who had been created by Urban VIII. 11 of the votes for no candidate came from the Squadrone Volante, a group of cardinals who were willing to support a candidate for any faction that they thought would be beneficial to the office of pope.


1655 papal conclave, Conclave
The stalemate continued through February, and younger members of the College of Cardinals began to play pranks on older members of the College in order to entertain themselves. This supposedly led to one older cardinal dying from pneumonia after a younger cardinal had caused him to fall and lie on a cold floor by startling him dressed as a ghost. There were also other illnesses amongst the cardinals that led several of them to leave the conclave.


1655 papal conclave, Election of Alexander VII
In mid-February, Sacchetti, recognizing that his own candidacy was lost, contacted Mazarin and requested that the French cardinals move their support to Fabio Chigi. Chigi was initially speculated as a candidate for pope before the death of Innocent X. Contemporary accounts reported that he was held to be the best suited for the position if the human considerations of the elector were not taken into account. Cardinal Mazarin of France was convinced to support Chigi by the Squadrone, even though he did not like him. Mazarin's hatred of Chigi dated to Mazarin's exile in Cologne during the Fronde while Chigi was serving as the papal nuncio in that city.


1655 papal conclave, Election of Alexander VII
In April 1655, Mazarin wrote back to Sacchetti agreeing to allow electors loyal to France to vote for Chigi should Sacchetti's own election become impossible. Sacchetti then proceeded to ask his supporters to transfer their support to Chigi. On the first scrutiny on 7 April 1655, 20 written ballots were cast for Chigi, before the other electors acclaimed him pope after a conclave lasting 80 days. Upon his election, Chigi took the name Alexander VII.


16550 UART
The 16550 UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) is an integrated circuit designed for implementing the interface for serial communications. The corrected -A version was released in 1987 by National Semiconductor. It is frequently used to implement the serial port for IBM PC compatible personal computers, where it is often connected to an RS-232 interface for modems, serial mice, printers, and similar peripherals. It was the first serial chip used in the IBM PS/2 line, which were introduced in 1987.


16550 UART
The part was originally made by National Semiconductor. Similarly numbered devices, with varying levels of compatibility with the original National Semiconductor part, are made by other manufacturers. A UART function that is register-compatible with the 16550 is usually a feature of multifunction I/O cards for IBM PC-compatible computers, and may be integrated on the motherboard of other compatible computers.


16550 UART
Replacement of the factory-installed 8250 UART was a common upgrade for owners of IBM PC, XT, and  compatible computers when high-speed modems became available. At speeds higher than 9600 baud, owners discovered that the serial ports of the computers were not able to handle a continuous flow of data without losing characters. Exchange of the 8250 (having only a one-byte received data buffer) with a 16550, and occasionally patching or setting system software to be aware of the FIFO feature of the new chip, improved the reliability and stability of high-speed connections.


16550 UART, Features
Both the computer hardware and software interface of the 16550 are backward compatible with the earlier 8250 UART and 16450 UART. The current version (since 1995) by Texas Instruments which bought National Semiconductor is called the 16550D.


16550 UART, Features
The 16550A and newer is pin-compatible with the 16450, but the Microsoft diagnostics program (MSD) supplied with MS-DOS 6.x, Windows 9x, Windows Me, and Windows 2000 often report the 16450 chip as an 8250 chip.


16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO
One drawback of the earlier 8250 UARTs and 16450 UARTs was that interrupts were generated for each byte received. This generated high rates of interrupts as transfer speeds increased. More critically, with only a 1-byte buffer there is a genuine risk that a received byte will be overwritten if interrupt service delays occur. To overcome these shortcomings, the 16550 series UARTs incorporated a 16-byte FIFO buffer with a programmable interrupt trigger of 1, 4, 8, or 14 bytes.


16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO
The original 16550 had a bug that prevented this FIFO from being used. National Semiconductor later released the 16550A which corrected this issue. Not all manufacturers adopted this nomenclature, however, continuing to refer to the fixed chip as a 16550.


16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO
According to another source, the FIFO issue was corrected only in the 16550AF model, with the A model still being buggy. (The C and CF models are okay too, according to this source.) The 16550AFN model added DMA transfers.


16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO
The 16550 also incorporates a transmit FIFO, though this feature is less critical as delays in interrupt service would only result in sub-optimal transmission speeds and not actual data loss.


16550 UART, The 16550 FIFO
The 16550A(F) version was a must-have to use modems with a data transmit rate of 9600 baud. Dropouts occurred with 14.4 kbit/s (v.32bis and higher) units and as compression was added with v.42 getting more data per interrupt was critical as data speed continued to increase.


1656
1656 (MDCLVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1656th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 656th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 56th  year of the 17th century, and the  7th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1656, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1656 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1656 kHz:


1656 Suomi
1656 Suomi (prov. designation:1942 EC) is a binary Hungaria asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 11 March 1942, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, who named it "Suomi", the native name of Finland. The stony asteroid has a short rotation period of 2.6 hours and measures approximately 7.9 kilometers in diameter. In June 2020, a companion was discovered by Brian Warner, Robert Stephens and Alan Harris. The satellite measures more than 1.98 kilometers in diameter, about 26% of the primary, which it orbits once every 57.9 hours at an average distance of 30 kilometers.


1656 Suomi, Orbit and classification
Suomi is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6–2.1 AU once every 2 years and 7 months (940 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic.


1656 Suomi, Orbit and classification
It is also classified as a Mars-crossing asteroid, since its perihelion – the point in its orbit, where it is nearest to the Sun – is less than the average orbital distance of the planet Mars (1.666 AU). Suomi's observation arc begins on the preceding night of its discovery, with an observation taken at Johannesburg Observatory on 10 March 1942.


1656 Suomi, Naming
As with 1453 Fennia, this minor planet was named after Finland (Finnish: Suomi). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3932).


1656 Suomi, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomy, Suomi is a stony S-type asteroid.


1656 Suomi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Suomi measures 7.86 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.156, making it one of the largest Mars crossing asteroid with a known diameter. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) agrees with IRAS, and adopts an albedo of 0.157 and a diameter of 7.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.146.


1656 Suomi, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Since 1991, a large number of rotational lightcurves of Suomi have been obtained from photometric observations (also see infobox). CALL adopts a rotation period of 2.583 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3).


1656 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1656.


1656 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1656 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1656 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1656 in science
The year 1656 in science and technology involved some significant events.


16560 Daitor
16560 Daitor /ˈdeɪtər/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 44 kilometers (27 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 November 1991, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the La Silla site of the European Southern Observatory in Chile. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid is one of the largest Jupiter trojans with an unknown rotation period. It was named after the Trojan warrior Daitor from Greek mythology.


16560 Daitor, Orbit and classification
Daitor is a Jovian asteroid in the so-called Trojan camp, located in the L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind Jupiter, orbiting in a 1:1 resonance with the Gas Giant (see Trojans in astronomy).


16560 Daitor, Orbit and classification
It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.3 AU once every 11 years and 4 months (4,152 days; semi-major axis of 5.06 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at Palomar Observatory in October 1955, more than 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.


16560 Daitor, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Daitor (Dai'tor), who was killed by Teucer (Teukros) during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 May 2010 (M.P.C. 70409).


16560 Daitor, Physical characteristics
In the SDSS-based taxonomy, Daitor is a carbonaceous C-type, while most Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids.


16560 Daitor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Daitor has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


16560 Daitor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Daitor measures between 43.38 and 51.42 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.053. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 40.33 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.


16560 Daitor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1657
1657 (MDCLVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1657th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 657th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th  year of the 17th century, and the  8th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1657, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1657 Roemera
1657 Roemera, provisional designation 1961 EA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 March 1961, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, and later named after American astronomer Elizabeth Roemer.


1657 Roemera, Orbit and classification
Roemera is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a large family of stony asteroids with nearly two thousand known members. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,315 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. Roemera was first identified as 1932 AB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1932, extending the body's observation arc by 29 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald.


1657 Roemera, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Roemera is a stony S-type asteroid.


1657 Roemera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In May 2008, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained a rotational lightcurve of Roemera from photometric observations at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. It gave a longer than average rotation period of 34.0 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2). Polish astronomer Wiesław Z. Wiśniewski found a different period solution of 4.5 hours with a low amplitude of 0.09 magnitude in March 1990 (U=2).


1657 Roemera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Roemera measures 7.66 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.220, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.04 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.89.


1657 Roemera, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor American astronomer Elizabeth Roemer (1929–2016), U.S. Naval Observatory, in appreciation of her untiring and successful efforts to advance the knowledge of the motions and physical properties of comets and minor planets. Roemer herself discovered the asteroids 1930 Lucifer and 1983 Bok. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1965 (M.P.C. 2347).


1657 in Belgium
Events in the year 1657 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège (predecessor states of modern Belgium).


1657 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1657.


1657 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1657 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1657 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1657 in science
The year 1657 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1658
1658 (MDCLVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1658th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 658th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 58th  year of the 17th century, and the  9th   year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1658, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1658 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1658 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on July 18.


1658 Imperial election, Background
The death of the previous emperor Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, on April 2, 1657 was followed by the longest interregnum since the 13th century. This was largely a result of the youth of Ferdinand's surviving son Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, who was only seventeen at the time of his father's death. It was generally agreed that the emperor had to be at least eighteen years old.


1658 Imperial election, Background
Cardinal Mazarin, the French chief minister, hoped to prevent Leopold's election and to secure either the election of his king Louis XIV of France or, at least, a candidate from outside the House of Habsburg such as Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, the elector of Bavaria. The electors called to choose Ferdinand's successor were:


1658 Imperial election, Background
Following the precedent set by his elder brother in the election of 1653, Leopold abstained from the vote.


1658 Imperial election, Elected
Mazarin's efforts were unsuccessful and Leopold was elected with little difficulty. He was crowned at Frankfurt on August 1.


1658 Innes
1658 Innes, provisional designation 1953 NA, is a rare-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was named after Robert T. A. Innes.


1658 Innes, Discovery
Innes was discovered on 13 July 1953, by South African astronomer Jacobus Bruwer at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.


1658 Innes, Discovery
It was the first numbered discovery of astronomer Jacobus Bruwer. In addition, he also discovered the minor planets 1660 Wood, 1794 Finsen, and 3284 Niebuhr. The asteroid 1811 Bruwer was named in his honour by the Dutch, Dutch-American astronomer trio of the Palomar–Leiden survey.


1658 Innes, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,495 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. Innes was first identified as 1940 GB at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 13 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1658 Innes, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomy, Innes has an AS-spectral type, an intermediate form of the rare A-types to the common stony asteroids (also see category listing).


1658 Innes, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 2005, astronomers Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies, California, and Lorenzo Franco at Balzaretto Observatory, near Rome, each obtained a rotational lightcurve of Innes. The photometric observations gave an identical rotation period of 3.191±0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 and 0.25 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


1658 Innes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the 2014-revised survey result of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Innes measures 13.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.248, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 14.76 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.52.


1658 Innes, Naming
This minor planet was named for Scottish–South African astronomer Robert T. A. Innes (1861–1933), first director of the discovering Union Observatory from 1903 to 1927 (originally named Transvaal Observatory). He was a skilled observational astronomer, famous for his deliberate search and discovery of the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, in 1915. He also made important theoretical and computational contributions to celestial mechanics and to the irregular rotation of the Earth. The astronomer is also honored by the lunar crater Innes. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3297).


1658 in art, Paintings
de Hooch – The Courtyard of a House in Delft


1658 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1658.


1658 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1658 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1658 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1658 in science
The year 1658 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1659
1659 (MDCLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1659th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 659th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 59th  year of the 17th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1659, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1659 Punkaharju
1659 Punkaharju, provisional designation 1940 YL, is a stony Postremian asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 December 1940, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It is named for the municipality of Punkaharju.


1659 Punkaharju, Orbit
Punkaharju is a member of the Postrema family (541), a mid-sized central asteroid family of little more than 100 members. The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,698 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. Punkaharju was first identified as 1930 QB at Uccle Observatory in 1930, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1659 Punkaharju, Rotation period
Between 2000 and 2011, several rotational lightcurves of Punkaharju were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Brian Warner and Pierre Antonini. They gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.01 hours with a brightness variation between 0.26 and 0.43 magnitude (U=3/3/3). In addition, a concurring period of 5.01327 hours was published in 2016, using the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue as the main-data source. French CCD-specialist Cyril Cavadore also derived a less secure period of 5.028 hours from his observations in October 2005 (U=2-).


1659 Punkaharju, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 28.01 and 31.21 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.165 and 0.271. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.196 and a diameter of 31.41 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 9.9.


1659 Punkaharju, Naming
This minor planet is named for the former municipality of Punkaharju, an isthmus region in southeastern Finland (also see Karelian Isthmus). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).


1659 in Ireland
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Sarah777 (talk | contribs) at 21:15, 19 November 2019 (rem stub tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1659 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1659.


1659 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1659 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1659 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1659 in science
The year 1659 in science and technology involved some significant events.


165P/LINEAR
165P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System. 165P/LINEAR has a perihelion distance of 6.8 AU, and is a Chiron-type comet with (TJupiter smaller than 3 and a semi-major axis larger than Jupiter's).


165th (Liverpool) Brigade
The 165th (Liverpool) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served during the First World War, with the 55th (West Lancashire) Division. During the Second World War, as part of the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, the brigade remained in the United Kingdom.


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Formation
The brigade was raised in 1908 when the Territorial Force was created, by the amalgamation of the Yeomanry and the Volunteer Force, and was originally formed as the Liverpool Brigade attached to the West Lancashire Division. The brigade was composed of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th battalions of the King's Regiment (Liverpool).


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War
The First World War began in August 1914 and most of the men of the brigade immediately volunteered for Imperial Service overseas although they were not obliged to do so, as the Territorial Force was initially intended to act as a home defence force during wartime. The Territorial Force was, therefore, split into a 1st Line and a 2nd Line. The 1st Line was liable for service overseas and the 2nd Line was intended to perform a home defence role and to send drafts of replacements to the 1st Line units serving overseas.


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War
The West Lancashire Division and Liverpool Brigade formed a duplicate 2nd Line units, the 2nd West Lancashire Division and 2nd Liverpool Brigade. To distinguish the 1st Line battalions from the 2nd Line, they adopted the fractional '1/', for all 1st Line units, (1/5th King's) and '2/' (2/5th King's) for all 2nd Line.


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War
However, between November 1914 and March 1915, all the infantry battalions of the West Lancashire Division were sent overseas to France and Belgium to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front which had suffered heavy casualties and was struggling to hold the line. As a result, the division was temporarily disbanded and the 1st Liverpool Brigade joined with its 2nd Line, now numbered as the 171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, and the division 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division.


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War
In early 1916 the West Lancashire Division was reformed, and now numbered as the 55th (West Lancashire) Division and the brigades were also numbered, the 1st Liverpool Brigade becoming 165th (1st Liverpool) Brigade


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, First World War
The brigade served with the 55th Division for the rest of the war on the Western Front at the Third Battle of Ypres, Battle of Cambrai and the Battle of Estaires in 1918.


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Between the wars
The brigade was disbanded after the war in 1919 when the Territorial Force was disbanded. It was later renamed in 1920 as the Territorial Army. The brigade came into existence again as the 165th (Liverpool) Infantry Brigade, again assigned to the 55th (West Lancashire Division) and again had the same four battalions of the King's Regiment (Liverpool). However, under the Geddes Axe, the 8th (Irish) Battalion was disbanded on 31 March 1922 and were replaced in the brigade by the 10th (Scottish) Battalion, previously from the 166th (South Lancashire) Infantry Brigade.


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Between the wars
The composition of the brigade remained unchanged throughout most of the inter-war years. In the late 1930s, however, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were converted to new roles, mainly anti-aircraft or searchlight units. The 6th (Rifle) Battalion was transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted to 38th (The King's) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, assigned to the 33rd (Western) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division, serving alongside other units converted from infantry battalions. They replaced in the brigade by the 4th/5th Battalion, Cheshire Regiment.


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Between the wars
In 1938, the 10th (Scottish) Battalion was transferred to the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders and was re-titled as the Liverpool Scottish but remained with the brigade. In the same year, when all infantry brigades of the British Army were reduced from four to three battalions, the 7th Battalion, King's was transferred to the Royal Tank Regiment and became 40th (The King's) Royal Tank Regiment, assigned to 23rd Army Tank Brigade. When the 7th Battalion left to become 40th RTR they were replaced by 4th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment, previously from 166th (South Lancashire) Infantry Brigade. Sometime in 1939, the brigade was redesignated 165th Infantry Brigade.


165th (Liverpool) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade again served in the Second World War with the 55th Division throughout the war and, in October 1941, no longer was an operational formation to be sent overseas. In January 1942 it was reduced to a Lower Establishment yet it was not reduced to a training division as most others were. In December 1943, with the division, it was sent to Northern Ireland and was raised to a Higher Establishment in May 1944, before returning to the United Kingdom in July. It served there until the war finally ended in 1945 and the division was disbanded in 1946 and was not reformed.


165th Air Support Operations Squadron
The 165th Air Support Operations Squadron (165 ASOS) is a combat support and geographically separated unit of the 165th Airlift Wing (AW) in the Georgia Air National Guard. The 165 ASOS is located at Savannah-Hilton Head International Airport, in the U.S. state of Georgia. The 165 ASOS falls under jurisdiction of Air Combat Command (ACC) along with other Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) squadrons, whereas the 165 AW falls under the jurisdiction of Air Mobility Command. The 165 ASOS provides TACP members; Air Liaison Officer (ALO) members; Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Liaison Officer (ISRLO) members; and support personnel to aligned units in support of combat operations.


165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Mission
The mission of the 165 ASOS is to provide combat mission ready TACP to aligned and supported units. The 165 ASOS provides support to the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) of the Georgia Army National Guard, the 53rd IBCT of the Florida Army National Guard, the 29th Infantry Division (ID), and augments any active duty conventional and special operations units. TACP specialist members of the 165 ASOS become fully trained and certified Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTACs), allowing them to provide terminal attack guidance of fixed and rotary wing attack aircraft. They also deploy with, advise, and assist joint force commanders in planning, requesting, coordinating and controlling, close air support, reconnaissance, and tactical airlift missions.


165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Mission
As a unit of the Georgia National Guard, the 165 ASOS also provides domestic support capabilities to the Governor of Georgia, and the greater region. Members are capable of responding to natural disasters and provide search and rescue operations, preservation of property, protection of life, public safety, maintenance of vital public services, logistic support, and manpower to meet any emergency relief support missions that arise.


165th Air Support Operations Squadron, History
On September 15, 1988 the federal government recognized the 111th Tactical Control Party Flight. The unit was first located at the Jekyll Island Airport, but moved to Brunswick, Georgia in January 1998 and was designated the 165 ASOS. It has undergone three separate conversions and held residence in five different places. The unit received a new facility at its current location in Garden City, Georgia, just east of Savannah on October 10, 2012. The 165 ASOS has been awarded five Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards for meritorious achievement.


165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Operations
The unit was first mobilized during Desert Storm in 1991. Following 9/11, members of the 165 ASOS have been deployed overseas supporting combat operations every year since 2002, except in 2013. Members have supported the 48th IBCT during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) (Afghanistan), and the 53rd IBCT in AFRICOM. Members have also supported numerous other groups in Special Operations Command, Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa for Operation Octave Shield, and in South America. Additionally, the 165 ASOS has supported the 1st Cavalry Division; the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th IDs; the 82nd Airborne; the 101st Airborne; the 37th IBCT; and 1st Armored Division (AD).


165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Operations
The 165 ASOS stood up a fully operational Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUAS) program in 2015. Its program is the largest SUAS program of conventional ASOS units in the United States Air Force and Air National Guard.


165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Operations
The 165 ASOS has also played a role in support of domestic operations. During the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, members deployed to New Orleans, set up communications, and conducted search and rescue operations. In 2007, thirty members of the squadron helped authorities conduct a weeklong search for a missing child in the Brunswick area. During severe winter ice storms in northern and eastern Georgia during 2014, the unit also responded and established a task force. This task force was able to clear downed trees, aided in the restoration of power and clearing of roads, and located and assisted stranded motorists. 165 ASOS members also assisted in moving families from homes without power to shelters throughout the area.


165th Air Support Operations Squadron, Operations
165 ASOS members conduct domestic training in a wide variety of specializations, and participate in exercises throughout the United States and world.


165th Airlift Squadron
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 2601:c4:8201:c980:d7e:e6e8:5726:6a6e (talk) at 01:51, 5 October 2021 (→Aircraft: The 165th Airlift Squadron now flies the C-130J Super Hercules.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


165th Airlift Squadron
The 165th Airlift Squadron (165 AS) is a unit of the Kentucky Air National Guard 123d Airlift Wing located at Louisville Air National Guard Base, Kentucky. The 165th is equipped with the C-130J Super Hercules.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Organized and trained in New England during 1943. Moved to England in January 1944, being assigned to VIII Fighter Command. Entered combat in mid-December 1943, supported the invasion of Normandy during June 1944 by patrolling the English Channel, escorting bombardment formations to the French coast, and dive-bombing and strafing bridges, locomotives, and rail lines near the battle area. After D-Day, engaged chiefly in escorting bombers to oil refineries, marshalling yards, and other targets in such cities as Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Berlin, Merseburg, and Brux. Continued combat operations until the German capitulation in May 1945. Returned to the United States and was inactivated in November, 1945.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard
The wartime 368th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 165th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Kentucky Air National Guard, on 16 February 1947 . It was organized at Standiford Field, Louisville, Kentucky, and was extended federal recognition on 9 June 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 165th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 368th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with 25 F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 123d Fighter Group, with an air defense mission for the state of Kentucky.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard
During the postwar years, the Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, these units also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score better than full-time USAF units. The unit's aircrews rapidly attained a high level of combat readiness, and just two years later, the unit earned its first Spaatz Trophy—an award given each year to the premier Air National Guard flying unit. In 1948, Captain Thomas Francis Mantell Jr., a pilot in the 165th Fighter Squadron, was killed while in pursuit of an Unidentified Flying Object in the Mantell UFO incident.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950 all three squadrons were equipped with F-51Ds.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization
After over a year of training at Godman AFB, the 123d was re-designated as a Fighter-Bomber Group and deployed to RAF Manston, Kent, England to replace the Strategic Air Command 12th Fighter-Escort Wing which was returned to Bergstrom AFB, Texas. In England, the mission of the 123d was to provide fighter escort for SAC B-50 Superfortress and B-36 Peacemaker bombers while flying over Western European airspace on their deterrence alert missions. The 123d left their F-51Ds at Godman AFB and the personnel boarded C-124 Globemaster II transports to England where they initially began conversion training on F-84E Thunderjets.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization
The training program began with the inexperienced F-51D pilots experiencing training difficulties with the jet aircraft, with several aircraft being lost in accidents. However, by March 1952 the 134th was judged to be 80% combat ready on the Thunderjets. However, the period of federalization for the 123d was expiring and in July 1952, the unit personnel were returned to the United States, the aircraft at RAF Manston being passed on to the active-duty 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated in place.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
After returning from England, the unit re-formed at Louisville. Because most jet aircraft were still in USAF use, the squadron received F-51D Mustangs and initially returned to its pre-federalization air defense mission, being designated as a Fighter-Interceptor unit. However, with the F-51s, the Kentucky Air National Guard was limited to daylight training only.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
On 1 January 1953, the Group was transferred to Tactical Air Command jurisdiction and re-equipped with refurbished F-86A Sabre air superiority fighter. With the switchover to TAC, the unit designation was changed to "Fighter-Bomber".


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
The 165th only flew the Sabre for two years, when it was re-equipped with Martin RB-57A Canberra reconnaissance aircraft. The 123d became a Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, in which it would remain for the next thirty years. The 165th would perform day and night, high and low, and visual and photographic reconnaissance. Unlike the Sabre fighters, the RB-57A was totally unarmed. The crew was two—one pilot and one photo-navigator One of their major activities of the 123d in the United States was to carry out photographic surveys of areas hit by natural disasters such as hurricanes or tornadoes. In 1965, the 123d was awarded its second Spaatz Trophy for superior combat readiness and flight training.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
In 1965, the unit transferred its RB-57s to active duty to be deployed to South Vietnam. In return the 123d was re-equipped, receiving the RF-101G Voodoo. The RF-101G was a derivative aircraft from twenty-nine ex-USAF F-101A Tactical Fighters that were withdrawn from fighter duty and were modified by Lockheed Aircraft Service Company of Ontario, California to serve as unarmed tactical reconnaissance aircraft for use by the Air National Guard. These aircraft were re-designated as RF-101G. As compared to the RF-101A dedicated photo-reconnaissance version of the F-101A, the RF-101G had a shorter and broader nose. These aircraft went to the Kentucky Air National Guard in July 1965, replacing the RB-57B.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
On 26 January 1968, the Pueblo Crisis precipitated the 123d's recall to federal service. Now officially known as the 123d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, the unit flew just under 20,000 tactical flying hours with the RF-101G and delivered nearly 320,000 reconnaissance prints to requesting agencies. Assigned personnel served on active duty for 16 months.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
The 123d TRW experienced a rocky tour of active duty. The wing had not been rated combat-ready when mobilized on 26 January 1968 primarily due to equipment shortages. It was not part of Secretary McNamara's Selected Reserve Force. The unit was given an unsatisfactory ORI rating in October 1968. Despite those problems, the 123d made a significant contribution to active force operations.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
It began functioning as the primary Air Force tactical reconnaissance unit in the continental U.S. Elements of its squadrons rotated temporary duty assignments in Japan and South Korea from July 1968 until April 1969 providing photo reconnaissance support to American forces in those areas, including service in South Vietnam flying combat reconnaissance missions.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
The 123d was released from active duty and returned to Kentucky state control on 8 June 1969. The wing earned its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its exceptional performance during this period.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
In 1971, there was a re-organization of Air National Guard tactical reconnaissance units, with all the RF-101Gs being sent to the Arkansas ANG 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The Kentucky ANG transferred its RF-101Gs to the Arkansas ANG and transitioned to the RF-101H Voodoo, a follow-on to the RF-101G. Being derived from the F-101C tactical fighter, the RF-101H differed from the RF-101G in having a strengthened airframe designed to allow maneuvers at up to 7.33 G. and having different fuel pumps and fuel feed and control systems, increasing its maximum available afterburner time from six minutes to 15.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
During 1976, a no-notice conversion announced by the National Guard Bureau brought the two-seat RF-4C Phantom II to the Kentucky Air National Guard, with the RF-101Hs aircraft being retired to AMARC. The unit attained combat-ready status within seven months—a record time. The Phantom years were marked with many overseas deployments, participation in international photo reconnaissance competitions and a remarkable flight safety record. In 1981, the unit placed first in the Air National Guard Photo Finish Competition and earned an unprecedented third Spaatz Trophy.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
In May 1983 the unit reached another historic milestone when it earned the highest possible rating from Tactical Air Command during its Operational Readiness Inspection. This was the first time that a TAC unit had received an outstanding rating. On 1 January 1989 the unit was awarded its seventh Air Force Outstanding Unit Award—a record for any Air National Guard unit.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact led to accelerated retirement plans for active duty USAF RF-4Cs. In 1988, the Kentucky Air National Guard's Phantoms were sent to AMARC, and on 9 January 1989 the 123d was officially re-designated the 123d Tactical Airlift wing and began conversion to the C-130B Hercules transport aircraft. By the end of the year, the unit had been involved in many worldwide airlift missions, including exercise Volant Oak in Panama. The unit also participated in an airlift competition, Sentry Rodeo. The wing's first humanitarian airlift came in the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
Although the 165th Tactical Airlift Squadron, the wing's flying component, was not federally mobilized for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, unit volunteers stepped forward to support the war effort. From August 1990 to March 1991, the 165th flew 1,240 airlift sorties worldwide in direct support of the Gulf War—the most for any Air National Guard unit. An additional 88 wing members were activated in support of Desert Shield/Storm.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In May 1992 the 123d received the 2000th C-130 straight off the assembly line as it began conversion to the C-130H Hercules. Eight months later, the 123rd deployed to Mombassa, Kenya, to fly relief missions into Somalia for Operation Restore Hope and Operation Provide Relief. Citizen-soldiers from the 123d flew 150 sorties and transported 720 tons of relief supplies and 1,444 passengers into some of the hardest-hit areas in Somalia.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
When the world's attention shifted to Eastern Europe in February 1993, the 123d responded again, deploying in support of Operation Provide Promise. The unit's all-volunteer force flew 1,082 airdrop and air-land sorties and delivered 2,215 tons of food and supplies into war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina. To support the operation, the wing deployed 451 personnel into Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, over several rotations until May 1994.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In July 1994 the 123d answered another call for help and deployed within 72 hours of notification to fly relief missions into Rwanda and Zaire for Operation Support Hope. Operating out of Mombassa, Kenya, unit personnel flew 147 sorties, transporting 652.5 tons of relief supplies to the beleaguered Rwandan refugees. Personnel from the unit's 205th Combat Communications Squadron also deployed to Haiti that year as part of Operation Uphold Democracy, providing satellite communications links for the theater commander.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In September 1994 the wing's sustained record of achievement was recognized by award of the 1993 Curtis N. Rusty Metcalf Trophy, presented annually to the best Air National Guard airlift or air refueling unit. The wing also earned the Air National Guard Distinguished Flying Unit Plaque and Air Force Flight Safety Plaque. In November 1994 the unit was granted its eighth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
The wing returned to Bosnia in 1996 to provide airlift for U.S. and NATO troops who were protecting the fragile peace. More than 170 Kentuckians volunteered for the mission, which delivered 913 tons of cargo and transported 2,296 passengers. The wing also achieved the highest readiness rate of any unit in the theater. That commitment to service continued in 1997, when the unit participated in several overseas deployments while offering a helping hand at home. More than 100 Kentucky Air Guard troops provided security forces, medical aid, communications links and civil engineering crews after record flooding ravaged several Kentucky communities.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
The unit also made its presence felt overseas, offering civil engineering skills in Spain and airlift services in Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Southern Watch, which enforced the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq. Other wing members deployed to Egypt as part of a multinational training exercise that integrated 7,000 troops from every branch of the U.S. military and six foreign countries.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In February 1998, the 123d Airlift Wing received its ninth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The following month, the wing accepted its sixth Distinguished Flying Unit Plaque, recognizing the 123d Airlift Wing as one of the top five Air Guard flying units in the nation for 1997. A mere three months later, the wing as presented with the 15th Air Force Reserve Forces Trophy as the top reserve unit in the numbered Air Force.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
1998 continued the 123rd Airlift Wing's tradition of global deployments with missions to Panama as part of Operation Coronet Oak and Ecuador for Nuevos Horizontes '98. The latter operation, whose name means New Horizons in Spanish, was a Southern Command joint training exercise that gave Kentucky Army and Air Guard engineers the opportunity to fine-tune military skills while constructing clinics, schools, and latrines in rural areas of the South American nation. Nearly 1,300 of the Commonwealth's citizen-soldiers participated in the effort, which also provided impoverished Ecuadorians with basic dental and medical care.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
The following year, the wing returned to Bosnia once more to provide theater airlift for the continuing peacekeeping mission, now called Operation Joint Forge. More than 350 Kentucky aircrew, maintainers, and support personnel deployed for the operation, along with about 200 members of the Ohio Air National Guard's 179th Airlift Wing.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
The two unit's C-130s flew nearly 500 sorties during the deployment, delivering 3,500 passengers and more than 1,000 tons of cargo to sites across Europe and inside Bosnia, including Sarajevo and Tuzla. The units also were tasked with helping stockpile equipment for what became Operation Allied Force, the NATO air campaign against Serbian forces in the former Republic of Yugoslavia. Working around the clock with the 37th Airlift Squadron at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, the Kentucky and Ohio crews flew more than 70 tons of fighter support equipment from RAF bases in England and Germany to bases in Italy. The Kentucky Air Guard closed out 1999 by again deploying for Operation Southern Watch, providing theater airlift services from an air base in Muscat, Oman.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments
Shortly thereafter, the unit began planning for a 90-day deployment to Muscat, Oman, to again support U.S. troops enforcing the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq. More than 160 personnel were joined by members of the Ohio Air Guard's 179th Airlift Wing to support Operation Northern Watch. Together, the two units flew 345 sorties during their three-month tasking, delivering 895 tons of cargo and 1,122 passengers to destinations in Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The mission, which was part of the Air Force's first-ever Aerospace Expeditionary Force, concluded in December 1999.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments
By April 2000 the 123d Airlift Wing had received its 10th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, and global deployments continued to mark the wing's activities.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments
More than 580 Kentucky Air Guard members deployed overseas from December 2000 to March 2001 as part of Air Expeditionary Forces based in Germany and Southwest Asia. Other unit members were sent to South America to participate in drug interdiction efforts. The largest contingent of Kentucky forces—nearly 470 aircrew, maintenance and support personnel—operated from Ramstein Air Base, Germany, in support of Operation Joint Forge, the multinational peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. While there, unit members transported approximately 2,500 passengers and 410 tons of cargo to locations like Sarajevo and Tuzla, Bosnia; and Taszar, Hungary.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Air Expeditionary deployments
Other 123d members deployed to Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey in support of Operation Joint Forge, Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch. The latter two missions are responsible for enforcing no-fly zones imposed upon Iraq following the 1991 Gulf War.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, unit members were tasked to participate in the war against terrorism and in homeland defense. Currently, more than 500 Kentucky ANG troops have been called to active duty for at least a year while scores of additional troops are serving on short-term duty as needed to support Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Enduring Freedom.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In the first half of 2002, the wing received three major honors recognizing its superior performance in 2001. The awards were the 15th Air Force Solano Trophy, given each year to the top reserve unit in the 15th Air Force; the Metcalf Trophy, given annually to the best tanker or airlift unit in the Air National Guard; and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award—the wing's 11th such honor.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
The wing also stood up the Air National Guard's first Contingency Response Group—a rapid-reaction "airbase in a box" with all the personnel, training and equipment needed to deploy to a remote site, open up a runway and establish airfield operations so that aid and troops can begin to flow into affected areas after a disaster.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
The group was instrumental in responding to the statewide ice storm last year that left nearly 770,000 households without power and water for days. All told, the wing deployed more than 380 Airmen across the Commonwealth to clear roads, distribute food and water and conduct house-to-house "wellness checks" credited with saving two people from death by carbon monoxide poisoning.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
The unit was equally engaged back home. When Hurricane Gustav began closing in on the Gulf Coast in August 2008, the 123d Airlift Wing provided the facilities and support for relief agencies to evacuate more than 1,400 New Orleans residents to Louisville and then repatriate them after the danger had passed.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In 2009, the Wing was awarded its 14th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for accomplishments from 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2009. During those two years, the wing stepped up to perform numerous critical missions at home and abroad, deploying 759 personnel—many of them in harm's way. For example, about 300 Kentucky Airmen and multiple C-130 aircraft were deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, from March through May 2009 to provide key airlift support for U.S. forces engaged with the enemy in Operation Enduring Freedom.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
The unit maintained an unprecedented 100 percent mission-capable rate during the deployment, never missing a single scheduled flight due to aircraft maintenance issues while completing more than 1,500 combat sorties that delivered 3,900 tons of cargo and transported 20,000 troops throughout the theater of operations. The wing also deployed more than 120 Airmen and two C-130 aircraft to the Caribbean in support of Operation Coronet Oak, an ongoing U.S. Southern Command mission to provide theater airlift capability for U.S. military and government agencies in Central and South America.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
A third major overseas deployment saw more than 200 Kentucky Air Guardsmen and three C-130 aircraft deploy to Ramstein Air Base, Germany, from January through March 2008 and August through September 2009 as part of Operation Joint Enterprise. Kentucky aircrews transported more than 200 tons of cargo and 700 troops to 18 nations across Europe and Africa during their tours.


165th Airlift Squadron, History, Kentucky Air National Guard, BRAC 2005
In its BRAC 2005 Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Berry Field Air National Guard Base, Nashville, Tennessee. This recommendation would distribute the C-130H Hercules aircraft of the 118th Airlift Wing (ANG) to the 123d Airlift Wing (ANG), Louisville Air National Guard Base (four aircraft) and another installation. Military judgment was the predominant factor in this recommendation—this realignment would create one right-sized squadron at Louisville (79) and would retain experienced ANG personnel.


165th Airlift Wing
The 165th Airlift Wing (165 AW) is a unit of the Georgia Air National Guard, stationed at Savannah Air National Guard Base, in the U.S. state of Georgia. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


165th Airlift Wing, Overview
The mission of the 165th Airlift Wing is to provide tactical airlift of personnel, equipment and supplies worldwide.


165th Airlift Wing, History
On 10 July 1958, the Georgia Air National Guard 158th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 165th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 158th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 165th Headquarters, 165th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 165th Combat Support Squadron, and the 165th USAF Dispensary.


165th Airlift Wing, History
Gained by Air Defense Command, along with the activation of the group, the 158th FIS was re-equipped with the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system. In 1958, the 116th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
Reorganization came in 1962 when the unit transitioned from a fighter mission to an airlift mission The 158th Fighter Squadron became 158th Air Transport Squadron on 1 July 1962 assigned to the 165th Air Group. They traded in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engines C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the squadron was re-designated the 128th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy). The 116th ATG was assigned to the MATS Eastern Transport Air Force, (EASTAF), and the squadron flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe Greenland, and the Middle East in support of Air Force requirements.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
In 1966 MATS became the Military Airlift Command (MAC) and EASTAF became the MAC Twenty-First Air Force. The 116th ATG was upgraded to the C-124 Globemaster II strategic heavy airlifter in 1965. Due to requirements generated by the Vietnam War, missions were flown across the Pacific to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
On 8 August 1975, the first of the C-130E aircraft, aptly named "Hercules", came to the City of Savannah at the international airport to replace the older C-124's. While the C-124's were being retired from the Air Force inventory, the C-130s were arriving at the 165th Tactical Airlift Group.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
The 158th received seven new C-130H Hercules aircraft directly from the Lockheed Factory manufactured for the unit during September and October 1981. On 15 April 1992, the unit was redesignated the 165th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, the unit received its current designation, the 165th Airlift Wing.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
In 2005, the unit deployed aircraft and more than 100 personnel to Karshi-Khanabad, Uzbekistan, for 11 months. During this period, the unit airlifted more than 35,660 tons of cargo in support of the Global War on Terror.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
Since the beginning of operations in the Persian Gulf, the 165th Airlift Wing has been integrally involved in air operations. Several elements of the wing have been deployed throughout the region, with airmen serving in Uzbekistan, Turkey, Kuwait, Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2009, the 165th Airlift Wing deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Recent deployments
On 25 January 2010, a small group of airmen deployed from the 165th Airlift Wing to Haiti in support of the Haitian relief efforts.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Recent deployments
In January 2011, the last of six C-130H2 Hercules aircraft began a three-month stint at Bagram Air Base. This was the ninth time the 165th has deployed – to Iraq or Afghanistan – since 11 September 2001, in support of the War on Terror. Deploying with the aircraft were more than 150 Georgia Guard airmen, including all of the wing's operations division and more than 50 percent of its maintenance department.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Recent deployments
During the summer of 2011, Air Guard personnel from Savannah's 165th Airlift Wing assisted the Georgia Forestry Commission in fighting wildfires in southern Georgia.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Recent deployments
From August 2012 until March 2013, 14 airmen from the 165th Airlift Wing's Aerial Port Squadron deployed to Camp Bastion, Afghanistan, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.


165th Airlift Wing, History, Disaster response
In January 2010, in response to the earthquake in Haiti, the 165th Airlift Wing placed a C-130 aircraft and crew on standby for the relief effort as ordered by the National Guard Bureau. The 165th quickly established a kitchen and dining area, one of fifteen in the burgeoning military sections of the city.


165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF
The 165th (French Acadian) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moncton, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout the Maritime provinces. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 13th Reserve Battalion on April 7, 1917. The 165th (French Acadian) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: LCol L. C. D'Aigle.


165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF
The 165th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.


165th Division (People's Republic of China)
The 165th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第165师)(3rd Formation) was activated in January 1970 in Longchuan, Guangdong province.


165th Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was a part of 55th Army Corps. The division was composed of:


165th Division (People's Republic of China)
In February 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War.


165th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 165th Infantry Brigade is a brigade of the United States Army. It no longer serves a combat role, and instead is a training unit of the United States Army.


165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I
The 165th Infantry Brigade, constituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as headquarters, 165th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 83rd Division. Organized 25 August 1917 at Camp Sherman, Ohio, and demobilized 12 February 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio.


165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I
The unit was reconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as headquarters and Headquarters Company, 165th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 83rd Division. Organized in November 1921 at Columbus, Ohio. Redesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and headquarters Company, 165th Brigade. The location of the garrison was changed 22 March 1934 to Dayton, Ohio, then Redesignated 24 August 1936 as headquarters and Headquarters Company, 165th Infantry Brigade.


165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
Converted and redesignated 23 February 1942 as the 83rd Reconnaissance Troop (less 3rd Platoon), 83rd division Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 165th infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3rd Platoon, 83rd reconnaissance Troop, 83 Division. Troop ordered into active military service 15 August 1942 and reorganized at Camp Atterbury, Indiana, as the 83rd Cavalry reconnaissance Troop, and element of the 83rd Infantry division. Reorganized and redesignated 12 August 1943 as the 83rd Reconnaissance troop, Mechanized. Inactivated 23 March 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.


165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War
During the Cold War, the unit underwent more changes. On 28 October 1946, it was redesignated as the 83rd Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop and Activated 14 November 1946 as the 83rd Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance troop at Cleveland, Ohio. It was then Organized Reserves re-designated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army reserve, and later reorganized and redesignated 15 August 1949 as the 83rd Reconnaissance Company. Location changed 21 April 1954 to Athens, Ohio; on 7 April 1956 to Toledo, Ohio, and later Inactivated on 20 March 1959 at Toledo, Ohio.


165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War
Converted and redesignated (less 3rd Platoon) 27 March 1963 as headquarters and headquarters Company, 2nd Brigade, 83rd Infantry Division (3rd Platoon, 83rd reconnaissance Company – hereafter separated lineage).


165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War
The unit saw one last period of activity during the Cold War. It was activated 15 April 1963 at Columbus, Ohio and then inactivated 31 December 1965 at Columbus, Ohio


165th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Today
The unit was again activated on 26 January 2007 as headquarters and Headquarters Company, 165th Infantry Brigade and transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command; Headquarters concurrently activated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina to serve as a Training Brigade.


165th New York Infantry Regiment
The 165th New York Infantry Regiment (aka, "2nd Battalion Duryée's Zouaves" and "Smith's Zouaves") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


165th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 165th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning August 1862 and mustered in for three-years service from August through December 1862 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Abel Smith Jr.. Ten companies were eventually recruited for the regiment, but the last four companies recruited were consolidated with the first six companies.


165th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 165th New York Infantry was regarded as a sister regiment to the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry. The regiment wore the same uniform as the 5th New York Infantry with the exception of the tassel of the fez, which was dark blue instead of yellow-gold. Photographic evidence suggests that later in the war the 165th New York Infantry was given replacement sashes that were a solid red color without the light blue trim.


165th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Independent Command, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. Dwight's Division, Department of the South, to September 1865.


165th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 165th New York Infantry mustered out of service September 1, 1865.


165th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for New Orleans, La., December 2, 1862. Expedition from New Orleans, La., to Ponchatoula March 21–30, 1863. Action at North Pass March 23. Capture of Ponchatoula March 24. Berwick Bay March 26. Expedition to Amite River May 7–19. Moved to Baton Rouge May 20–24. Siege of Port Hudson May 24-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge July 22 and duty there until September. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4–11. Sabine Pass September 8. Moved from Algiers to Brashear City, then to Berwick.


165th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Bayou Vermillion October 9–10. Carrion Crow Bayou October 11. Bayou Vermillion November 11. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7, and duty there until March. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14–26. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry, Cane River Crossing, April 23. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 13–20. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July.


165th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Movement to New Orleans, then to Fort Monroe, Va., and Washington, D.C., July. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Detached with the brigade as supply train guard for the army August 14 to October 27. Duty near Middletown and Newtown until December 1864, and at Stevenson's Depot and Winchester until April 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty there until June. Grand Review of the Armies May 23–24. Moved to Savannah, Ga., June 30-July 7. Duty Savannah, Ga., and at Charleston, S.C., until September.


165th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 124 men during service; 2 officers and 41 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 79 enlisted men died of disease.


165th New York State Legislature
The 165th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3, 1945, to March 26, 1946, during the third and fourth years of Thomas E. Dewey's governorship, in Albany.


165th New York State Legislature, Background
In 1943, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts. The total number of state senators was increased to 56. Chautauqua, Dutchess, Monroe, Oneida, Rensselaer, St. Lawrence, Schenectady and Steuben counties lost one Assembly seat each; and New York County lost seven seats. Kings and Westchester counties gained one seat each; Nassau County gained two; Bronx County gained five; and Queens County gained six seats.


165th New York State Legislature, Background
Thus, under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1943, 56 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six), Bronx (five), Queens (four), Erie (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Nassau (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.


165th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The American Labor Party, the newly organized Liberal Party and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of "Industrial Government Party") also nominated tickets.


165th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1944, was held on November 7. The two statewide elective offices up for election were carried by Democrats with American Labor and Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the average vote for U.S. Senator and Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republicans 2,913,000; Democrats 2,432,000; American Labor 476,000; Liberals 320,000; and Industrial Government 16,000.


165th New York State Legislature, Elections
Two of the four women members of the previous legislature—State Senator Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur; and Assemblywoman Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn—were re-elected. Gladys E. Banks (Rep.), of the Bronx; and Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights, were also elected to the Assembly.


165th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1945, was held on November 6. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Three vacancies in the State Senate and five vacancies in the Assembly were filled.


165th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 168th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1945; and adjourned on March 24.


165th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Benjamin F. Feinberg (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


165th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 169th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1946; and adjourned on March 26.


165th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. John D. Bennett, William S. Hults Jr, Roy H. Rudd, Fred G. Moritt, Louis L. Friedman, Isidore Dollinger and Mortimer A. Cullen changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen Arthur Wachtel and Fred S. Hollowell were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.


165th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


165th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


165th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 165th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 165th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 165th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 15, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Alexander Rohlander. The regiment only had enough men for eight companies.


165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment served duty at Camp Dennison until May 20 then moved to Johnson's Island, Ohio, May 20, and served guard duty there until June 25. Moved to Kentucky June 25, and served duty there until August. Moved to Cumberland, Maryland, August 8, and served in Maryland and Virginia until August 27.


165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 165th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 31, 1864, at Camp Dennison.


165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


165th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 2 enlisted men during service, both due to disease.


165th Street Bus Terminal
The 165th Street Bus Terminal, also known as Jamaica Bus Terminal, the Long Island Bus Terminal (the name emblazoned on the entranceway's red tiles), Jamaica−165th Street Terminal (as signed on buses towards the terminal), or simply 165th Street Terminal,  is a major bus terminal in Jamaica, Queens. Owned by MTA Regional Bus Operations, the terminal serves both NYCT and MTA Bus lines as well as NICE Bus lines to Nassau County, and was a hub to Green Bus Lines prior to MTA takeover. It is located at 89th Avenue and Merrick Boulevard, near the Queens Library. Most buses that pass through Jamaica serve either this terminal, the Jamaica Center subway station at Parsons Boulevard, or the LIRR station at Sutphin Boulevard.


165th Street Bus Terminal
Unlike other major bus centers in New York City, there is currently no direct subway transfer available at the terminal. The closest subway station is 169th Street on Hillside Avenue served by the E, F, and <F> trains. Most buses traveling to/from the east, which operate via Hillside Avenue, also stop at 179th Street served by the E, F, and <F> trains.


165th Street Bus Terminal, History
Construction on the "Long Island Bus Terminal" began in 1930, built by the Shore Road Development Company, Inc. with the intent of expanding transit service to and from Long Island. On August 11, 1936, Bee-Line, Inc. (one of the predecessors to the Nassau Inter-County Express) opened the terminal, operating routes from the terminal to the rest of Jamaica and Southeast Queens, and to Nassau County. It replaced the company's former terminal − the Jamaica Union Bus Terminal − at Jamaica Avenue and New York Boulevard (now Guy R. Brewer Boulevard), which was taken over by Green Bus Lines.


165th Street Bus Terminal, History
The new terminal, which cost $1.5 million to build, featured a waiting room, lounge, and ticket offices. The bus terminal was enclosed by two one-story buildings on 165th Street and Merrick Boulevard respectively. Upon opening, the terminal served the BMT Jamaica Line's nearby terminal at 168th Street and Jamaica Avenue, and would serve the IND Queens Boulevard Line's 169th Street station on Hillside Avenue upon its completion in 1937. In May 1939, Bee-Line relinquished its Queens routes; these routes began operation from the terminal under North Shore Bus Company (a predecessor to the NYCT bus operations) on June 25, 1939.


165th Street Bus Terminal, History
In March 1947, North Shore Bus would be taken over by the New York City Board of Transportation, making the bus routes from the terminal city operated. In 1952, the terminal was purchased by the Jamaica Realty Corporation, and in 1953 the New York City Transit Authority (today part of the MTA) took over operations of the terminal from the Board of Transportation. The terminal would later be served by the Green Bus Lines company (predecessor to the JFK Depot-based MTA Bus Company lines). Following the closure of the 168th Street station in 1977, the bus terminal lost its only direct subway connection.


165th Street Bus Terminal, History
As originally built, the terminal had only one entry point, on its north side from 89th Avenue. At some point, the structure on Merrick Boulevard was removed, allowing buses to turn directly onto the street or into the terminal.


165th Street Bus Terminal, List of routes
The terminal serves seven routes operated by MTA New York City Bus, four operated by MTA Bus Company, and six operated by Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE; formerly MTA Long Island Bus). All terminate here, except for the Q17, which is a through route. The southbound Q17 bus stops outside the terminal on Merrick Boulevard, while the northbound Q17 to Flushing stops on 168th Street, one block east.


165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall
Adjacent to the bus terminal is the 165th Street Mall, a pedestrian shopping mall running the entire length of 165th Street between 89th Avenue and Jamaica Avenue. Within the block are over 160 stores, including several apparel and footwear stores and a food court. The strip on 165th Street was originally constructed as part of the terminal, opening just after the terminal debuted in 1936. Shops were also built on 166th Street (today's Merrick Boulevard), but are not present today. In 1943 a massive fire damaged eleven stores along the strip, and a four-alarm fire in 1959 destroyed six shops and caused over $1 million in damage.


165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall
From 1947 to 1979, the mall housed a large Macy's location constructed by Robert D. Kohn, one of the department chain's first locations in Queens. The Macy's closed due to several issues, including the threat of burglary, the transition of Jamaica from a middle-class White neighborhood to a working class Black and immigrant neighborhood, and the closure and demolition of the BMT Jamaica Avenue El east of 121st Street that led many other businesses in the area to suffer.


165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall
In May 1979, 165th Street was redeveloped as a pedestrian mall, with the street closed to vehicular traffic and repaved with red brick. In May 1983, a third fire occurred damaging 12 stores.


165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall
One of the primary attractions of the mall today is the Jamaica Colosseum Mall, which took over the former Macy's building in 1984. The Colosseum is one of New York City's largest jewelry exchanges. It has over 120 merchants and jewelers, a rooftop parking lot, and houses the 165th Street Mall's food court. Several New York rappers including Jamaica native 50 Cent shopped in the Colosseum growing up, and music videos have been filmed at the facility.


165th Street Bus Terminal, 165th Street Mall
Following the opening of the Archer Avenue Lines in 1988, merchants from the mall sued the NYCT due to the loss of business after the diversion of several bus lines to the new subway stations. The NYCT proceeded to extend the Q76 and Q77 from the 179th Street station, while Green Bus Lines added five bus routes to the terminal.


165th Street Bus Terminal, Nearby points of interest
One block west of the terminal on 164th Street is the First Presbyterian Church, built in 1662. The Jamaica Main Post Office is located one block north of the church at 89th Avenue and 164th Street. The Queens Central Library and the Children's Library Discovery Center are located directly across Merrick Boulevard, as is the former Loew's Valencia Theater (now the Tabernacle of Prayer Church) one block south. On the southeast corner of 165th Street and Jamaica Avenue, across from the mall, is the former control tower of the 168th Street station, rented by retail shops since the 1930s.


165th meridian east
The meridian 165° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


165th meridian east
The 165th meridian east forms a great circle with the 15th meridian west.


165th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 165th meridian east passes through:


165th meridian west
The meridian 165° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


165th meridian west
The 165th meridian west forms a great circle with the 15th meridian east.


165th meridian west
The Samoa Time Zone and Phoenix Islands Time Zone is based on the mean solar time of this meridian.


165th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 165th meridian west passes through:


166
Year 166 (CLXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pudens and Pollio (or, less frequently, year 919 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 166 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


166 (number)
166 (one hundred [and] sixty-six) is the natural number following 165 and preceding 167.


166 (number), In mathematics
166 is an even number and a composite number. It is a centered triangular number.


166 (number), In mathematics
Given 166, the Mertens function returns 0. 166 is a Smith number in base 10.


166 BC
Year 166 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Galus (or, less frequently, year 588 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 166 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


166 Medium Regiment (India)
166 Medium Regiment  is an artillery regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army. The war cry of the unit is “Har Maidan Fateh”. It is a Single Class Composition Regiment composed entirely of Sikh gunners.


166 Medium Regiment (India), Formation
The regiment was raised as a Field Regiment on November 1, 1963 at Jalandhar Cantonment by its first CO, Lt Col (later Maj Gen) Rajeshwar Singh.


166 Medium Regiment (India), History
The regiment was the first unit to be equipped with the Indian Field Gun. It saw action in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. It participated in Operation Meghdoot and Operation Parakram (2002).


166 Medium Regiment (India), History
Nagrota Attack On 29th November 2016, two officers and five soldiers were killed and half a dozen others wounded in a fierce gun battle with a group of heavily armed militants which stormed the Army camp housing the regiment at Nagrota. Among the martyred was Major Gosavi Kunal Mannadir, who was subsequently awarded the Shaurya Chakra.


166 Medium Regiment (India), Operations
Some of the major operations undertaken by the Regiment include:


166 Medium Regiment (India), Achievements
Sub Hardeep Singh was awarded the Arjuna Award in 1992 for Kabbadi, he represented India in the International Kabaddi Tournament in 1984 and 1990, 3rd SAF Games in 1997 and the Asian Games in 1990. His team won Gold in all these events.


166 Rhodope
Rhodope (minor planet designation: 166 Rhodope) is a dark background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 August 1876, by German–American astronomer Christian Peters at the Litchfield Observatory in Clinton, New York, United States. The asteroid was named after Queen Rhodope from Greek mythology.


166 Rhodope, Orbit and classification
Rhodope is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population, when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. Alternatively, it has been dynamically assigned to the stony Eunomia family (502), which have a different spectral class and albedo than that of Rhodope though. The asteroid has also been considered a member of the Adeona family.


166 Rhodope, Orbit and classification
Rhodope orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,607 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with the first recorded observation by the MPC at Vienna Observatory on 10 September 1885, or more than 9 years after its official discovery observation at Clinton.


166 Rhodope, Orbit and classification
On 19 October 2005, it was observed occulting the prominent star Regulus from Vibo Valentia, Italy.


166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
Rhodope's spectral type is ambiguous. In the Tholen classification, the noisy spectrum is closest to a G-type and somewhat similar to a common C-type (GC:). In the SMASS classification, it is an Xe-subtype, that transitions from the X-type to the very bright E-type. In addition, Rhodope has also been characterized as a primitive P-type and carbonaceous C-type by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, respectively.


166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Two well-defined rotational lightcurves of Rhodope were obtained from photometric observations by French astronomer Matthieu Conjat and by an anonymous observer of the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL). Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 4.715 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 to 0.36 magnitude (U=3/3). The result supersedes a period of 7.87 hours measured by Alan Harris in the early 1980s (U=1).


166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Poles
In 2013, the asteroid's lightcurve was also modeled from combined dense and sparse photometry. It gave a concurring sidereal period of 4.714793 hours. The modelling also determined two spin axis of (345.0°, −22.0°) and (173.0°, −3.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Rhodope measures between 39.04 and 65.29 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.10.


166 Rhodope, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
CALL adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.0747 and a diameter of 54.56 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.75.


166 Rhodope, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Queen Rhodope of Thrace, wife of King Haemus and attendant of Artemis, also see (105). In vanity, Rhodope and Haemus compared themselves to the gods Zeus and Hera, see (5731) and (103), who punished the couple by changing them into the Rhodope Mountains and Balkan Mountains, respectively.


166 Squadron (Israel)
The 166 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Fire Birds Squadron, is an Elbit Hermes 900 squadron based at Palmachim Airbase.


1660
1660 (MDCLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1660th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 660th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 60th  year of the 17th century, and the  1st   year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1660, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1660 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1660 kHz: 1660 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.


1660 AM, In the United States
All stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and are Class B stations.


1660 Wood
1660 Wood, provisional designation 1953 GA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was named after British–South African astronomer Harry Edwin Wood.


1660 Wood, Discovery
Wood was discovered on 7 April 1953, by South African astronomer Jacobus Bruwer at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was the second numbered discovery made by Bruwer. He also discovered the minor planets 1658 Innes, 1794 Finsen, and 3284 Niebuhr. The asteroid 1811 Bruwer was named in his honour by the Dutch, Dutch-American astronomer trio of the Palomar–Leiden survey.


1660 Wood, Orbit and classification
Wood is a S-type asteroid and member of the Phocaea family (701). It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.1 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,354 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1931 KL at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation.