15-meter band
The 15-meter band (also called the 21-MHz band or 15 meters) is an amateur radio frequency band spanning the shortwave spectrum from 21 to 21.45 MHz. The band is suitable for amateur long-distance communications, and such use is permitted in nearly all countries.


15-meter band
Because 15-meter waves propagate primarily via reflection off of the F-2 layer of the ionosphere, the band is most useful for intercontinental communication during daylight hours, especially in years close to solar maxima, but the band permits long-distance without high-power station equipment outside such ideal windows. The 15-meter wavelength is harmonically related to that of the 40-meter band, so it is often possible to use an antenna designed for 40 meters.


15-meter band, History
The 15-meter band was designated by the  in part to compensate for the loss of the 160-meter band to amateurs by the introduction of LORAN during World War II. The 15-meter band opened to amateurs for CW operation only in the United States on May 1, 1952, and telephony operations were authorized above 21.25 MHz on March 28, 1953.


15-meter band, Frequency allocation, Canada
Canada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion or guideline.


15-metre class
The IYRU Fifteen Metre class yachts are constructed to the First International rule of 1907. A total of twenty 15mR yachts were built between 1907 and 1917, the four that have survived are still actively raced.


15-metre class, History
The IYRU International Rule was set up in 1907 to replace the YRA 1901 revised Linear Rating Rule. The IYRU 15mR boats would replace the YRA 52-raters and open competition to foreign nations, replacing local or national systems with a unified rating system across Europe. The rule changed several times, but the 15mR boats only raced in the first rule of 1907. The twenty boats that were built, were raced in Spain, France, Britain and Germany. The rule was proposed for competition in the 1908 Olympics but there were no entries.


15-metre class, 1907 Rule
The 15-Metre class is a construction class, meaning that the boats are not identical but are all designed to meet specific measurements in a formula, in this case the In their heyday, Metre classes were the most important group of international yacht racing classes, and they are still actively raced around the world. "Metre" does not refer to the length of the boat, but to her rating; the length overall of 15mR boats measuring almost 30 metres (98 ft).


15-metre class, 1907 Rule
The 15mR formula used in the First International Rule from 1907 to 1920:


15-minute city
The 15-minute city is a residential urban concept in which most daily necessities are within a short walk or bicycle ride of residents' homes. The concept was popularized by Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo and inspired by French-Colombian scientist Carlos Moreno.15-minute cities are built from a series of 5-minute neighborhoods, also known as complete communities or walkable neighborhoods. The concept has been described as a "return to a local way of life."


15-minute city, History
The 15-minute city concept is derived from historical concepts of proximity and walkability, such as Clarence Perry's controversial neighborhood unit. As inspiration for the 15-minute city, Moreno cited Jane Jacobs's model laid out in The Death and Life of Great American Cities.


15-minute city, History
Anne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, included a plan to implement the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign.


15-minute city, History
The climate crisis and global COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the consideration and implementation of the 15-minute city. In July 2020, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group published a framework for cities to "build back better" using the 15-minute concept, referring specifically to plans implemented in Milan, Madrid, Edinburgh, and Seattle after COVID-19 outbreaks. The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group report highlighted the importance of an inclusive community engagement through mechanisms like participatory budgeting and adjusting city plans and infrastructure to encourage dense, complete overall communities.


15-minute city, History
A manifesto published in Barcelona in April 2020 proposing a radical change in the organization of cities in the wake of COVID-19 was signed by 160 academics and 300 architects. The proposal is based on four key elements: reorganization of mobility, (re) naturalization of the city, de-commodification of housing, and de-growth.


15-minute city, Research Models
The 15-minute city is a proposal for developing a polycentric city, where density is made pleasant, one's proximity is vibrant, and social intensity (a large number of productive, intricately linked social ties) is real.


15-minute city, Research Models
Carlos Moreno first proposed the 15-minute city in 2016. Other authors have proposed similar but different models within the realm of chrono-urbanism.


15-minute city, Research Models, Moreno and the 15-minute city
Moreno's 2021 article introduced the 15-minute city concept as a way to ensure that urban residents can fulfill six essential functions within a 15-minute walk or bike from their dwellings. These functions include: living, working, commerce, healthcare, education and entertainment. The 15-minute city framework of this model has four components; density, proximity, diversity and digitalization.


15-minute city, Research Models, Moreno and the 15-minute city
Moreno cites the work of Nikos Salingaros, who posits that there exists an optimal density for urban development which would encourage local solutions to local problems. The authors discuss proximity in terms of both space and time and argue that a 15-minute city would decrease both space and time necessary for activity. Diversity in this 15-minute city model refers to mixed-use development and multicultural neighborhoods, both of which Moreno et al. argue would improve the urban experience and increase community participation in the planning process. Digitalization is a key aspect of the 15-minute city derived from smart cities.


15-minute city, Research Models, Moreno and the 15-minute city
Moreno et al. argue that the Fourth Industrial Revolution has reduced the need for commuting because of access to technology like virtual communication and online shopping. Moreno et al. conclude by stating that these four components, when implemented at scale, would form an accessible city with a high quality of life.


15-minute city, Research Models, Larson and the 20-minute city
The 20-minute city concept was described by Kent Larson in a 2012 TED talk and his City Science Group at the MIT Media Lab has developed a neighborhood simulation platform  to integrate the necessary design, technology, and policy interventions into “compact urban cells.” In his “On Cities” Masterclass for the Norman Foster Foundation, Larson proposed that the planet is becoming a network of cities, and those successful cities in the future will evolve into a network of high-performance, resilient, entrepreneurial communities


15-minute city, Research Models, Weng and the 15-minute walkable neighborhood
Weng et al., in their 2019 article using Shanghai as a case study, proposed the 15-minute walkable neighborhood with a focus on health, and specifically non-communicable diseases. The authors posit the 15-minute walkable neighborhood as a way to improve the health of residents and documented existing disparities in walkability within Shanghai. The authors found that rural areas on average are significantly less walkable and areas with low walkability tend to have a higher proportion of children. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on the health benefits of walking and differences in walkability and usage across age groups.


15-minute city, Research Models, Da Silva and the 20-minute city
Da Silva et al., in their 2019 article using Tempe, Arizona, as a case study, propose that the 20-minute city, where all needs could be met within 20 minutes by walking, biking, or transit. The authors found that Tempe is highly accessible, especially by bike, but accessibility varies with geographic area. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on accessibility within the built environment.


15-minute city, Implementations, Africa
Lagos, Nigeria, converted schools that were closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic into food markets to prevent panic buying. The program also decreased commute times and shored up food supplies within communities.


15-minute city, Implementations, Asia
Singapore's Land Transport Authority in 2019 proposed a by 2040 a master plan that included the goals of "20-minute towns" and a "45-minute city".


15-minute city, Implementations, Asia, China
The 2016 Master Plan for Shanghai called for "15-minute community life circles," where residents could complete all of their daily activities within 15 minutes of walking. The community life circle has been implemented in other Chinese cities, like Baoding and Guangzhou.


15-minute city, Implementations, Asia, China
The Standard for urban residential area planning and design (GB 50180–2018), a national standard that came into effect in 2018, stipulates four levels of residential areas: 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 10-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 5-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, and a neighborhood block. Among them, "15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood" means "residential area divided according to the principle that residents can meet their material, living and cultural demand by walking for 15 minutes; usually surrounded by urban trunk roads or site boundaries, with a population of 50,000 to 100,000 people (about 17,000 to 32,000 households) and complete supporting facilities."


15-minute city, Implementations, Asia, China
Chengdu, to combat urban sprawl, commissioned the "Great City" plan, where development on the edges of the city would be dense enough to support all necessary services within a 15-minute walk.


15-minute city, Implementations, Europe
Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo introduced the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign and began implementing the concept during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, school playgrounds have been converted to parks after hours, while the Place de la Bastille and other squares have been revamped with trees and bicycle lanes.


15-minute city, Implementations, Europe
Cagliari, a city on the Italian island of Sardinia, began a municipal strategic plan for revitalizing the city and improving walkability. The city actively sought public feedback through a participatory planning process, as described in the Moreno model. A unique aspect of the plan calls for re-purposing public spaces and buildings that were no longer being used, relating to the general model of urban intensification.


15-minute city, Implementations, North America
In 2012, Portland developed a plan for complete neighborhoods within the city, which are aimed at supporting youth, providing affordable housing, and promoting community-driven development and commerce in historically under-served neighborhoods. Similar to the Weng et al. model, the Portland plan emphasizes walking and cycling as ways to combat non-communicable diseases like obesity and stresses the importance of the availability of affordable healthy food. The Portland plan notably calls for a high degree of transparency and community engagement during the planning process, which is similar to the diversity component of the Moreno et al. model.


15-minute city, Implementations, South America
Bogotá, Colombia in March 2021, implemented 84 kilometers of bike lanes to encourage social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. This expansion complemented the Ciclovía practice that originated in Colombia in 1974, where bicycles are given primary control of streets. The resulting bicycle lane network is the largest of its kind in the world.


15-minute city, Implementations, Oceania
The city of Melbourne, Australia developed Plan Melbourne 2017–2050 to accommodate growth and combat sprawl. The plan contains multiple elements of the 15-minute city concept, including new bike lanes and the construction of "20-minute neighborhoods."


15-minute city, Implications
The 15-minute city, with its emphasis on walkability and accessibility, has been put forward as a way to better serve groups of people that have historically been left out of planning, such as women, children, people with disabilities, and the elderly.


15-minute city, Implications
Social infrastructure is also emphasized in order to maximize urban functions such as schools, parks, and complementary activities for residents. There is also a large focus on access to green space, which may promote positive environmental impacts such as increasing urban biodiversity and helping to protect the city from invasive species. Studies have found that increased access to green spaces can also have a positive impact on the mental and physical health of a city's inhabitants, reducing stress and negative emotions, increasing happiness, improving sleep, and promoting positive social interactions. Urban residents living near green spaces have also been found to exercise more, improving their physical and mental health.


15-minute city, Critiques
While many cities have implemented policies that resemble the 15-minute city concept, there remains disagreement over whether the model benefits residents. Critics have pointed out that the creation of dense, walkable cores, like a 15-minute neighborhood, often leads to gentrification and displacement. Furthermore, price increases, like those which lead to gentrification, could be most harmful to marginalized groups like people with disabilities, forcing move-outs. Similarly, as the origin of the idea is largely European, critics have argued that implementation of the model could be colonialist and perpetuate harm to marginalized communities.


15-minute city, Critiques
In addition, critics noted that models are not universal, as cities with less urban sprawl, like those in Europe, are more likely to implement the concept than cities with lots of sprawl, like those in Asia and North America. Notable exceptions include Chengdu, which utilized the 15-minute city concept to curb sprawl, and Melbourne, where Sally Capp, the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, stressed the importance of public transit in expanding the radius of the 15-minute city.


15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase
In enzymology, a 15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are (5Z)-(15S)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are (5Z)-(15S)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-13-enoate, NADH, NADPH, and H+.


15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (5Z)-(15S)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate:NAD(P)+ Delta13-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 15-oxo-Delta13-prostaglandin reductase, Delta13-15-ketoprostaglandin reductase, 15-ketoprostaglandin Delta13-reductase, prostaglandin Delta13-reductase, prostaglandin 13-reductase, and 15-ketoprostaglandin Delta13-reductase.


15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase, Structural studies
As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , and .


15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type naval gun
The 15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type (60口径三年式15.5cm3連装砲, 60 kōkei sannenshiki 15.5 centi sanrensōhō) was a dual-purpose naval gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy on the  Yamato-class battleships as secondary armament in four triple turrets, the  Mogami-class cruisers in five triple turrets (later converted to five twin 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun turrets) and on the light cruiser Ōyodo in two triple turrets. The  Tone-class cruisers were also initially planned to carry the 15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type in five triple turrets, but were redesigned with the 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type in four twin turrets.


15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type naval gun
They were also deployed on 60° single mounts as coastal defense guns in the Tokyo Bay area. Construction was of the monobloc type with autofretting and used a Welin breech block mechanism which could be operated either hydraulically or by hand. Their slow rate of fire, limited elevation and slow traverse made them unsuitable for the AA role, but they were an excellent anti-ship weapon.


15/Love
15/Love is a Canadian television series that revolves around the lives of aspiring young tennis players at the Cascadia Tennis Academy. The show was created by Karen Troubetzkoy and Derek Schreyer, 15/Love first aired on the television channel YTV on September 6, 2004. The series was filmed in Saint-Césaire, Quebec.


15/Love, Series overview
The show focuses on the lives of hopeful teenage tennis players as they train at the Cascadia Tennis Academy. In this high-pressure environment, the characters struggle through adolescence and romance while trying to become the world champion tennis stars that they and others think they can be.


15/Love, Cast, Main
Schneider and Linetsky were killed in a car accident on September 8, 2003, on their way to the set of 15/Love in St. Cesaire, Québec. Their deaths were written into the series as their characters were killed in a plane crash on their way home from a tennis tournament in the thirteenth episode.


150 (number)
150 (one hundred [and] fifty) is the natural number following 149 and preceding 151.


150 (number), In other fields
The total number of dragon eggs in Spyro: Year of the Dragon.


150 000 000
150 000 000 (Russian: Sto pyat'desyat millionov) is a poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky written in 1919–1920 and first published in April 1921 by GIZ (Gosizdat) Publishers, originally anonymously. The poem, hailing the 150-million-strong Russian people's mission in starting the world revolution (represented here as an allegorical battle of Russian Ivan and the American president Woodrow Wilson, the embodiment of the capitalist evil) failed to impress the Soviet revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin who apparently saw in it little but a pretentious Futuristic experiment.


150 000 000, History
Mayakovsky conceived and started writing the poem in the first half of 1919 and completed it in March 1920. Among its several working titles were "The Will of the Millions" (Воля миллионов), "The Tale of Ivan" (Былина об Иване) and "Ivan The Bylina. The Revolutionary Epic" (Иван Былина. Эпос революции).


150 000 000, History
On 5 March 1920 Mayakovsky recited fragments of the poem at the event celebrating the opening of the All-Russian Union of Poets Club in Moscow. He read it in full on the 4th and the 20th of December of the same year, at the Petrograd House of Arts and Polytechnic Museum in Moscow, respectively.


150 000 000, History
The poem first appeared in fragments in Khudozhestvennoye Slovo (Artistic Word) magazine's October 1920 issue. As a separate edition it came out in April 1921, published by Gosizdat (GIZ) without the name of the author mentioned. The reason for this anonymity was explained in the poem's first two stanzas: "150 millions is the name of this poem's master / Bullet is rhythm, flame's a rhyme jumping from house to house. / 150 millions speak through my mouth / Masses marching over the stepping-stone paper is the offset duplicator machine getting these pages printed. // Who'd enquire the Moon and the Sun of what makes them bring out day and night, who’d demand the name of creator genius? / The same's with this poem: it hasn't got one single author."


150 000 000, History
"Completed 150 Millions. Published it anonymously, so that everyone could add things and improve it. Nobody did, everybody knew the name of the author anyway. Well, whatever. Now it comes out with my name on," Mayakovsky commented in I, Myself autobiography ("Year 1920" chapter).


150 000 000, Reception
Mayakovsky's public recitals in Moscow and Petrograd had great success, but in higher places the publication caused controversy. Vladimir Lenin, for whom Mayakovsky was just "one of those Futurists" (whom he reviled) was outraged with the fact that Gosizdat printed 5 thousand copies of the poem which he found "pretentious and dodgy."


150 000 000, Reception
On 6 May 1921 in the course of one of the Soviet government's meetings Lenin forwarded a note to Lunacharsky: "You should be ashamed of yourself, having supported the printing of 5 thousand copies of Mayakovsky's 150 000 000. Its nonsensical, utterly  silly and pretentious. I reckon no more than 1 of 10 books of this ilk should be published, and in 1500 copies maximum, for libraries and oddballs who enjoy reading  such things. You, Lunacharsky, should be caned for your Futurism. Lenin."


150 000 000, Reception
On the flip side of the paper there is Lunacharsky's written reply: "For me personally this particular thing holds little appeal. But – 1) no lesser poet than Brysov expressed his delight and demanded for 20 000 [copies] to be printed, 2) the poem, as recited by its author, had great success - mind you, with the workers' audience." Indeed, in August 1920 Bryusov sent a letter to the Gosizdat leadership: "The board of directors of the Narkompros' Literary and Publishing Department (ЛИТО) received the manuscript of c(omrade) Mayakovsky's 150 Millions, found the poem extremely important from the propagandistic point of view and suggests that it should be published as soon as possible."


150 000 000, Reception
Lenin, obviously dissatisfied with Lunacharsky's reply, sent to Gosizdat's director M.N.Pokrovsky a similar note, demanding that the publication of the works by "those Futurists" should be curtailed. The note ended with the question: "Would it be possible for us to find some reliable anti-Futurists?"


150 000 000, Reception
There is evidence, though, that Lenin still professed some interest to Mayakovsky's poetry, at least occasionally. According to the Soviet literary historian E. Naumov, there is one "still unpublished verbatim account of one of the disputes under the Lunacharsky's chairmanship, concerning the Left Front of the Arts (LEF). The Gosizdat director N.L.Meshcheryakov, having credited the LEF writers with supporting the revolution, added: "I recall one curious episode. After his poem's 150 000 000's release, Mayakovsky took one copy, wrote upon its cover: "To Comrade Vladimir Ilyich with our ComFut greetings, Vladimir Mayakovsky" and sent it. Lenin, a lively, open and curious man, upon reading it, commented: "But it's an intriguing kind of literature, you know. It represents one very special brand of communism. It's the hooligan communism."


150 000 000, Plot
Driven by hunger, rage and hatred for the hostile outside world, people of Russia leave their homes to march all over the land, joined by animals, machines and even whole gubernias, all merging into one sweeping force, intent on "doing this old romantic world in."


150 000 000, Plot
In Chicago, a monstrously rich wonder-city, the world revolution's worst enemy Woodrow Wilson abides in a giant hotel, sporting a bowler-hat "higher than Sukharev Tower." Among his servants Adelina Patti, Fyodor Chalyapin and Ilya Mechnikov are notable.


150 000 000, Plot
The rumor of a storm coming from the Pacific spreads among the people of Chicago, sunbathing on the ocean beach. Soon it transpires that the reason behind this cataclysm is mysterious Ivan's approaching them, walking on water. Wilson makes a decision to confront the enemy face to face, gets all of his fat turned into muscles by some magic ointment and arms himself with revolvers and a 70-blade sabre.


150 000 000, Plot
The world gets divided into two: half of it joins Ivan (in fact, merges with him, physically), the other half runs away for Wilson's protection. Ivan steps upon the beach without having wetted his feet, and challenges Wilson, now clad in armory, for a showdown. The "World Class Struggle Championship Final" takes place on Chicago's central square. Wilson strikes first and slashed armless Ivan, but out of the wound, instead of blood, peoples, machines, gubernias, et cetera start to pour out to attack the old world.


150 000 000, Plot
Wilson, sieged in his palace, spreads out famine, diseases and, worst of all, "ideas" to ward the enemy off, but to no avail. He dies, gets "scorched out" and the rejoicing world marches into the Future, ruled by "a genius Cain." A hundred years on, and everybody (the visiting Martians included) is celebrating the victory, remembering "the Revolution's bloody Ilyad."


150 BC
Year 150 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flamininus and Balbus (or, less frequently, year 604 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 150 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


150 California Street
150 California Street is a 24-story, 101 m (331 ft) office tower skyscraper located on California Street in the financial district of San Francisco, California.


150 California Street, History
Construction of the building was completed in 2000 and the building was designed by architecture firm Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum. In 2002, the AIA San Francisco and The San Francisco Business Times honored its designers with the 2002 Honor Award for Architecture.


150 High Street, Stratford
150 High Street, Stratford, also known as the Stratford Halo, is a 43-storey 135 m (443 ft) high residential tower in Stratford, London. It began construction in 2008 and was completed in 2013. As of 2019, it is the 46th tallest structure in London.


150 High Street, Stratford, Architecture
The tower, rising to 43 stories, has a blue and purple exterior cladding. The development is accompanied by two medium rise buildings of 7 and 10 stories. It features three enclosed multi-storey sky gardens.


150 High Street, Stratford, Architecture
In 2014, The Guardian included it in their list of "Horror storeys: the 10 worst London skyscrapers". Others in the list included 20 Fenchurch Street (also known as "The Walkie Talkie") and the Vauxhall Tower.


150 Mile House
150 Mile House (also referred to as "the 50") is an unincorporated community of 893 people in the Cariboo region of British Columbia. It is located 15 km (9 mi) southeast of Williams Lake on Highway 97.


150 Mile House
150 Mile House was an important stop on the Cariboo Wagon Road during the Cariboo Gold Rush. The name marks the distance from Lillooet via the Old Cariboo Road. It is the junction for roads to the communities of Likely and Horsefly to the northeast. Its main features are the "50 Centre", a red roofed mini mall, and 150 Mile House Elementary school.


150 Milligrams
150 Milligrams (French: La Fille de Brest, lit. The Girl of Brest) is a 2016 French drama film directed by Emmanuelle Bercot. It was screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. The film is based on the true story of French pulmonologist Irène Frachon, who became noted for her investigations of the serious side effects and deaths attributed to the diabetes drug Mediator, produced by French manufacturer Laboratoires Servier.


150 Milligrams, Reception
The Hollywood Reporter's Leslie Felperin cited the "outsize but empathic central performance" by star Sidse Babett Knudsen in the role of Frachon and the director's ability to handle the film's "intellectually rigorous storytelling" and many characters.


150 Nassau Street
150 Nassau Street, also known as the Park Place Tower and the American Tract Society Building, is a 23-story, 291-foot (89 m) building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is located at the southeast corner of Spruce Street and Nassau Street, next to 8 Spruce Street, the former New York Times Building, and New York City Hall.


150 Nassau Street
150 Nassau Street was built in 1894–1895 as the headquarters of the American Tract Society (ATS), a nonprofit, nonsectarian but evangelical organization that distributed religious tracts. Designed by the architect R. H. Robertson, it is one of the first skyscrapers built from a steel skeleton and was among New York City's tallest buildings when it was completed.


150 Nassau Street
150 Nassau Street is located near Park Row, which contained several newspaper headquarters. The building failed to make a profit during ATS's occupancy, and the New York Life Insurance Company foreclosed on the building in 1914. After ATS moved out, the New York Sun occupied the building from 1914 to 1919. The building's 10th through 23rd floors were converted into condominiums between 1999 and 2002. In 1999, it was designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The American Tract Society Building is also a contributing property to the Fulton–Nassau Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2005.


150 Nassau Street, Site
150 Nassau Street is located in the Financial District of Manhattan, just east of New York City Hall and the Civic Center. The building is located on a parallelogram-shaped plot that abuts Nassau Street to the west for 100 feet 7 inches (30.66 m) and Spruce Street to the north for 94 feet 6 inches (28.80 m). The Morse Building is immediately to the south, while a public plaza and 8 Spruce Street is located to the east. The Potter Building and 41 Park Row are located across Nassau Street and Pace University is located across Spruce Street.


150 Nassau Street, Design
150 Nassau Street was designed by Robert Henderson Robertson in the Romanesque style. The building is 291 feet (89 m) tall with 23 stories. 150 Nassau Street was one of New York City's first skyscrapers to employ a steel skeletal frame. It is designed with elements of Romanesque Revival and Renaissance Revival architecture.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Form
Much of the building is 20 stories high, except for its northwestern corner, which contains a small three-story tower with a pitched roof. The top of the main roof is 261 feet (80 m) tall, but the top of the pitched roof is 291 feet (89 m). The floors above the first story are U-shaped, with a small light court facing south. Two water towers were located above the main roof, but were removed. The Nassau Street side consists of a three-story arcade, meant to complement 41 Park Row to the west, with an open-air top story.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade
At the time of 150 Nassau Street's construction, the facades of many 19th-century early skyscrapers consisted of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, midsection, and capital. 150 Nassau Street contains six horizontal layers, divided by band courses and cornices: of these, two are in the base, three in the midsection, and one at the capital. Both principal facades contain five vertical bays. The main entrance, located in the center bay on Nassau Street, consists of a double-height archway supported by two pairs of columns, one on each side. Underneath the arch is an elaborate entablature and a semicircular transom. The windows are mostly sash windows.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade
The principal facades are the northern and western facades, which are made of self-supporting masonry on the ground through fifth floors, and brick and terracotta supported by the building's box girders on the upper floors. The basement on the Spruce Street side is visible due to the downward slope of the lot from west to east. On the lowest two floors of both principal facades, each bay contains an arched window. On each of the third through 20th floors, there are two sash windows in each bay.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade
The 6th, 10th, 14th, and 18th floors are framed by cornices on their tops and bottoms, and divide the midsection into three distinct horizontal segments. The 19th through 23rd floors form a "capital"; the 19th and 20th floors cover the entire lot area and are similar in design to the lower floors, but the 21st floor contains an arched, open-air arcade measuring two bays wide on Spruce Street and five bays wide on Nassau Street. The 21st through 23rd stories constitute the building's tower: 21st and 22nd stories contain tile walls and rectangular windows, while the 23rd floor contains a pitched roof with dormers.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade
The southern and eastern facades are made of self-supporting brick below the 13th floor and are supported by lattice girders above that point. These facades mostly lack ornament. The lower five stories of the eastern facade served as a party wall to a now-demolished building on Spruce Street.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Facade
Terracotta, possibly created by New York Architectural Terra Cotta, was used for decorative detail on the facade. When built, the top story contained further ornamentation such as a flagpole and finials, which caused the building to stand out on the skyline. The winged figures on the facade's uppermost portion were similar to that of Robertson's previous Corn Exchange Bank building at William and Nassau Streets.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Foundation
The ground directly underneath 150 Nassau Street was made of a layer of fine red sand extending 36 feet (11 m) deep, then a 7-to-8-foot (2.1 to 2.4 m) layer of clay, followed by another layer of fine sand. The layer of bedrock was located 100 feet (30 m) underground, and the builders decided against digging to the depth of the bedrock using pneumatic caissons. During construction, the foundation was excavated to a depth of 35 feet (11 m). The builders then drove pilings into the ground. Each piling was made of spruce tree trunks between 20 and 25 feet (6.1 and 7.6 m) long and 10 to 14 inches (250 to 360 mm) wide. Atop each piling was granite blocks, then vertical brick piers, and finally cast-iron footings for the building's columns.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Foundation
Along portions of the south and west walls, the builders could not install pilings to provide foundations for the columns. These columns were instead supported by cantilevers made of trusses; six pairs of cantilevers were used. Several neighboring buildings, including the Morse Building, were underpinned while the foundation was being built. The columns are generally spaced 18 to 19 feet (5.5 to 5.8 m) apart.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Features
150 Nassau Street uses some 2,665 short tons (2,379 long tons; 2,418 t) of metal. Generally, each floor is supported by pairings of I-beams, with each pairing spaced about 6.3 feet (1.9 m) apart. The I-beams under the basement through third floors are 12 inches (300 mm) thick, while the I-beams under the remaining floors are 15 inches (380 mm) thick. Box girders are also located under the 6th, 10th, 14th, and 18th floors, and plate girders are under the 19th floor. The floors themselves are made of flat brick arches 12 inches (300 mm) deep. The columns were wrapped with 4 inches (100 mm) of brick to provide fireproofing.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Features
150 Nassau Street features six elevators arranged around a semicircular space in the northwest corner of the building. Of these, two were originally "express elevators" running non-stop to the upper floors. The building's only fire staircase is located on the opposite side of the semicircular elevator lobbies on each floor. Upon the building's completion, the ATS described the new facilities as "convenient or necessary for an office of the highest standard". These included radiators under every window, as well as steam, electric and gas services.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Features
Two storefronts were located at ground level and there was space for four additional stores in the basement; the 22nd floor also contained a restaurant. The rest of the building had space for more than 700 offices. As built, each floor had 36 offices, which could be rented either as singular units or as part of a multi-unit suite. The corridors in the building were built to a relatively narrow width to maximize office space.


150 Nassau Street, Design, Features
Since the building's 2002 renovation, the lowest nine floors contain 80 corporate offices. The 10th through 23rd floors contain 45 luxury condominiums, most of which are two- or three-bedroom units. The top three floors contain a penthouse unit with 6,400 square feet (590 m2) of space, an outdoor deck, a private terrace on the roof, and ceilings 18 feet (5.5 m) tall. The penthouse, dubbed the "Skyhouse", was designed by David Hotson and Ghislaine Viñas, and includes features such as geometrical designs and an 80-foot (24 m) slide. As originally planned, the 23rd story was to be used as condominiums.


150 Nassau Street, History, Planning
The American Tract Society, or ATS, was established in 1825 as a nonprofit, nonsectarian but evangelical organization. It was the first organization in the U.S. formed specifically to give out religious tracts. ATS bought land in 1825 at the southwest corner of Nassau and Spruce Streets, completing its four-story Tract House the next year. The house's addresses were subsequently changed to 144 Nassau Street in 1827, and then to 150 Nassau Street in 1833. A five-story Tract House was built on the same site in 1846–1847.


150 Nassau Street, History, Planning
ATS subsequently went into financial decline after the Panic of 1873. By 1886, the society had voted for a "thorough examination of all [its] affairs and business". In 1894, ATS's executive committee proposed relocating uptown to Madison Square Park, stating that most of New York City's commerce had relocated further north. Two years later, ATS decided instead to build a new speculative skyscraper on its current land, calling the site "a safe and remunerative investment".


150 Nassau Street, History, Planning
During the late 19th century, the surrounding area had grown into the "Newspaper Row", as several newspaper headquarters had been built on the adjacent Park Row, including the New York Times Building, the Potter Building, the Park Row Building, and the New York World Building. Meanwhile, printing was centered around Beekman Street, less than one block south of 150 Nassau Street.


150 Nassau Street, History, Construction
ATS bought two nearby lots in March 1894 and Robertson announced plans for a new 23-story skyscraper on the site the following month. Robertson submitted these plans to the New York City Department of Buildings in May 1894. The structure was expected to cost $1 million. ATS financed the project by mortgaging its existing property.


150 Nassau Street, History, Construction
Construction began almost immediately afterward. William Williams Crehore was the engineering consultant, John Downey was the general contractor, and George R. Read served both as construction supervisor and managing agent. Keystone Bridge Works was the steel supplier, Atlas Iron Construction was the steel contractor, and Louis Weber Building was the masonry contractor. The structure was erected with the largest derrick utilized in the city at the time, completing two stories per week.


150 Nassau Street, History, Construction
Two double-drum engines were installed on the seventh floor of the light court to bring up the material: one with 30 horsepower (22 kW) and the other with 50 horsepower (37 kW). There were fears that the adjacent Morse Building was structurally unstable when a crack appeared in the facade due to 150 Nassau Street's construction, though engineers said it was not serious.


150 Nassau Street, History, Construction
During the new building's construction, ATS was exempt from real-estate taxes. In early 1895 the under-construction building was assessed at $300,000, of which $6,000 of taxes would have normally had to be paid. The New York Life Insurance Company offered ATS a $1.25 million mortgage loan on the property that July. The project was completed by September 1895. At that point, it was among the city's tallest buildings, behind only the Manhattan Life Insurance Building, the World Building, Madison Square Garden, and St. Patrick's Cathedral.


150 Nassau Street, History, Construction
However, 150 Nassau Street contained usable space up to its top story, while the other structures' top sections were composed mainly of spires or domes. 150 Nassau Street was largely a speculative development, relying on businesses from the nearby Civic Center neighborhood to occupy the structure. Upon the building's completion, the New York City Department of Public Works leased the basement, 17th floor, and one of the two ground-level storefronts.


150 Nassau Street, History, American Tract Society use
The construction of the new headquarters caused ATS to go into debt. From its opening, 150 Nassau Street was beset with "painful disappointments", in part because of its inability to attract tenants. Several major elevator accidents also occurred at the building. In one such accident, a cab dropped from a lower floor to the cellar, and in another, a cab dropped from the eighth to the fifth floor without slowing down; however, no serious injuries were incurred in either incident.


150 Nassau Street, History, American Tract Society use
The third such incident occurred in November 1896, when a cab dropped from the 10th floor to the basement, injuring three people. ATS replaced the Otis elevators with Crane elevators in early 1897. Despite this, in September 1897, another elevator dropped 19 floors, killing the two occupants. The coroner's jury did not find anyone culpable in the 1897 incident, but highlighted a need for a "competent" elevator maintenance engineer. The elevator accidents, which were covered intensively by the media, were among the reasons why tenants were reluctant to rent space in the building.


150 Nassau Street, History, American Tract Society use
By 1900, 150 Nassau Street had over 3,000 employees. In subsequent years, 150 Nassau Street was occupied by ATS's publishing and administrative offices, as well as several "tenants of questionable character", which in turn led to accusations of mismanagement. ATS defaulted on the mortgage in 1913, and after unsuccessfully attempting to raise funds, gave the structure to the New York Life Company the following year.


150 Nassau Street, History, Later history
In August 1914, it was announced that The New York Sun would move into 150 Nassau Street and demolish its former headquarters nearby at Nassau and Frankfort Streets. The Sun started moving into the building the following July, taking space in the basement and the second through fifth floors. The New York Life Insurance Company filed a lawsuit to foreclose on the building's $1.25 million mortgage. In 1916, a New York Supreme Court judge appointed a referee to oversee the foreclosure. The building was damaged the same year by a fire at a nearby low-rise building on Beekman Street.


150 Nassau Street, History, Later history
The Sun moved out during 1919, the same year that the building was sold to the 150 Nassau Street Corporation. The company defaulted on the building's mortgage in 1936 and New York Life took back the building. New York Life kept the building until 1945, after which it was acquired by multiple owners. Tenants during this time included the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, founded in 1921.


150 Nassau Street, History, Later history
The New York World and Tribune buildings immediately to the north were demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, and Pace College (later Pace University) built 1 Pace Plaza on the site of the latter. Pace also acquired 150 Nassau Street and other nearby buildings in 1967, with plans to destroy them and build an office tower. These plans did not proceed and Pace University sold 150 Nassau Street in 1982.


150 Nassau Street, History, Later history
Nassau Equities bought the building in 1998 and proposed renovating the upper stories with offices and residences. A controversy ensued when Nassau Equities' executive Jack Lefkowitz attempted to evict all the tenants at once. The next year, on June 15, 1999, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as an official city landmark. Renovations took place during 2001 and were completed the next year. On September 7, 2005, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Fulton–Nassau Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district.


150 Nassau Street, History, Later history
The penthouse unit went unsold until 2007 when it was purchased by Google engineering director Craig Nevill-Manning and his wife. By 2013 the penthouse was on sale for $20 million. That same year, residents filed a lawsuit to prevent a Denny's restaurant from opening in the building. The restaurant moved to 150 Nassau Street anyway, but closed permanently in 2018.


150 Nassau Street, Critical reception
Lower Manhattan's late-19th century skyscrapers generally received mixed reception. Negative criticism focused mainly on the layered design of the facade. A writer for the Architectural Record said that 150 Nassau Street had a "repetition of motif". Sarah Landau, summarizing critics' general sentiments toward the building, said that "detractors object[ed] to the breaking up of the street elevations into six horizontal divisions and to the considerable diversity of treatment from top to bottom", but that the layers were typical of Robertson's designs. Montgomery Schuyler praised the design of the building's top, but was critical of the facade's six-part horizontal division, saying that it was "arbitrary" and failed to "correspond to any actual requirement, mechanical or aesthetic".


150 Nassau Street, Critical reception
The building also received praise because of the facade's layering, rather than in spite of it. An Engineering News article stated that, as a result of the inclusion of details such as belt courses, "the general treatment of the building by its designer is very good and the appearance is quite pleasing". Robertson himself found skyscrapers to be "uninteresting architecturally", but that despite the many restrictions that he felt to be a hindrance to skyscraper design, "something monumental could be made out of the building". The Landmarks Preservation Commission wrote that the building was architecturally notable as the result of a "contemporary search for an appropriate solution for the architectural expression for a skyscraper".


150 North Riverside
150 North Riverside Plaza is a highrise building in Chicago, Illinois, completed in 2017. The building is 54 stories tall. The building occupies a two-acre site on the west bank of the Chicago River, whose size and location demanded an unusually small base for the building. The building features 1.2 million square feet (110,000 m2) of leasable office space. Due to its unique superstructure design, it encompasses just 25 percent of the lot. In 2019, the building was given the Chicago Chapter of the American Institute of Architects' highest award for design excellence.


150 North Riverside, Background
As required by the city of Chicago for any new riverfront building, the developer was required to set aside part of the lot size for public park space; 75 percent of the project site is reserved for a public park, amphitheater, and riverwalk. The site is built with air rights over tracks that carry Metra and Amtrak trains into Chicago Union Station. The building has achieved LEED gold and WiredScore Platinum certification.


150 North Riverside, Design
The west side of the building features a lobby with a glass wall that is nearly 100 feet (30 m) tall at its peak. The architect's intention is to connect the interior and exterior visually.


150 North Riverside, Design
One signature aspect of 150 North Riverside building is the way the office floors cantilever out from the central core. The building is constructed with a smaller base for a height of 8 stories (104 ft), but the building cantilevers out to the full size of the office floor space. This gives it a slenderness ratio of 1:20 at its base.


150 North Riverside, Reception
Variously referred to by popular names like "The Tuning Fork", "The Champagne Flute", or "The Guillotine", the building has become a highlight of architectural boat tours. Architecture critic Blair Kamin in his positive review calls it "a persuasive blend of the pragmatic and dramatic."


150 North Riverside, Reception
The building is one of the most-awarded towers in Chicago, receiving national and international acclaim:


150 Nuwa
Nuwa (minor planet designation: 150 Nuwa) is a large main-belt asteroid with an orbital period of 5.15 years. It was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on October 18, 1875, and named after Nüwa, the Chinese creator goddess. This object is a candidate member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that orbit near the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter. Based upon the spectrum it is classified as a C-type asteroid, which indicates that it is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous chondritic material and the surface is exceedingly dark.


150 Nuwa
Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Catania Astrophysical Observatory during 1992 and 1993 gave a light curve with a period of 8.140 ± 0.005 hours. In 2004, an additional photometric study was performed at Swilken Brae Observatory in St Andrews, Fife, yielding a probable period of 8.1364 ± 0.0008 hours and a brightness variation of 0.26 ± 0.03 in magnitude. A 2011 study from Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico gave a period of 8.1347 ± 0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 ± 0.02 magnitude, which is consistent with prior results.


150 Nuwa
On December 17, 1999, a star was occulted by Nuwa.


150 Regiment RLC
150 Regiment RLC is a regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps Army Reserve in the United Kingdom


150 Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport in 1967, as 150th (Northumbrian) Transport Regiment from seven territorial transport regiments, with four transport squadrons. The regiment was transferred into the Royal Logistic Corps and was renamed the 150th (Yorkshire) Regiment RLC in 1993. 216 Squadron was transferred to 159th Support Regiment in 2006 but transferred back under Army 2020 in 2014.


150 West Jefferson
150 West Jefferson is a skyscraper and class-A office center in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. The building's construction began in 1987 and was completed in 1989. It stands at 26 stories tall, with two basement floors, for a total of 28. The building stands at 150 West Jefferson Avenue, between Shelby Street and Griswold Street, and between Jefferson and Larned Street bordering the Detroit Financial District.


150 West Jefferson
Detroit's two oldest law firms,  and Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone, occupy the building. Butzel Long on the main lobby level Miller Canfield on the 25th floor. KPMG and Amazon also occupy 150 West Jefferson.


150 West Jefferson
REDICO, a Southfield-based commercial real estate firm, purchased the building in July 2016.


150 West Jefferson, Architecture
The building's main exterior materials include glass, granite, and concrete in a postmodern architectural design. The high-rise building is primarily used as an Office tower, with a parking garage, restaurant and retail offices inside it. This building is connected to the rest of downtown Detroit by a station stop on the Detroit People Mover transit system built into the adjacent parking ramp. The 150 West Jefferson high rise replaced the Detroit Stock Exchange Building. Some of the façade of the old building was preserved and incorporated into the interior and exterior decoration of the new building.


150 West Jefferson, Architecture
The skyscraper rises 444' 6" from its front entrance off West Jefferson Avenue. The back entrance off the podium on Larned Street actually sits 7' lower. Four flagpoles, each 30 feet (9 m) high, are located at each corner of the top of the slanted roof. Each displays an American flag; the four can be seen across the river in Windsor, Ontario.


150 West Jefferson, Architecture
The Financial District station of the Detroit People Mover system is accessed inside this building.


150 West Main Street
150 West Main Street is the fourth tallest building in Downtown Norfolk, Virginia, United States. Norfolk's highest rated restaurant, Todd Jurich's Bistro, is located on the building's ground floor.


150 West Main Street, History
In 2000, Norfolk's office vacancy rate was well below 10%. The development was a joint project between the city of Norfolk and a limited liability company headed by local businessmen Tom Robinson (Robinson Development Group) and Robert Stanton (Stanton Partners, Inc.). The 840-space parking facility, which occupies the second through tenth floors, was financed by the city of Norfolk. When the highrise opened in 2002, a large number of tenants in older properties, especially the Bank of America Center, built in 1967, moved to the new Class "A" building when their leases expired.


150 West Main Street, Structure
The 20-story tower contains 234,000 sq ft (21,700 m2) of leasable space, managed by CB Richard Ellis.


150 West Main Street, Structure
A branch office of SunTrust occupies part of the ground floor, and their name is on the banner sign at the top of the building. Todd Jurich's Bistro, a full-service restaurant established in 1992, changes its menu regularly based on the availability of fresh seasonal ingredients. Their wine selection is notable, and they have several private dining rooms. The lobby features original artwork on display, and a 2,000 sq ft (190 m2) penthouse is available to tenants for conferences and meetings. The building has 24/7 security and a backup generator provides electricity during power outages.


150 West Main Street, Structure
In 2005, the original investors sold the property to the St. Joe Company for $50.5 million.


150 West Main Street, Structure
On August 7, 2007 St. Joe sold the 98% leased building to Eola Capital, LLC for $56 million.


150 West Main Street, Structure
Finally, Gate Petroleum acquired the building on February 8, 2008. At the time, the occupancy rate was 97% with just three vacant suites. The majority of lessees are legal and financial businesses, including dozens of lawyers, Certified Public Accountants, and prominent firms: Troutman Sanders, Kaufman & Canoles, Virginia Natural Gas, CB Richard Ellis brokerage and Wachovia Securities.


150 metres
150 metres is a sprint event in track and field. It is a very rarely contested non-championship and not an IAAF-recognised event. Given the proportion of standard running tracks, the event typically incorporates a bend when held in a track and field stadium, although some especially-built tracks allow the event to take place entirely on a straight.


150 metres
The event was given a high-profile outing in 1997 as an intermediate contest between two 1996 Olympic champions: Donovan Bailey (100 metres) and Michael Johnson (200 metres). Johnson pulled up mid-race, allowing Bailey to win the $1 million prize. This race coincided with a period of similar 150 m meetings between Bailey and the 1992 Olympic champion Linford Christie; the pair raced three years running for high cash prizes in Sheffield, England, in 1995, 1996 and 1997, with Christie winning the first two outings and Bailey winning the last.


150 metres
The Manchester City Games in England – a competition featuring a long, raised track on one of the city's major streets – has provided many of the event's highlights since 2009, including the men's world best of 14.35 seconds, set by Usain Bolt in 2009. Allyson Felix ran the fastest ever 150 m race by a woman in 2013 (16.36 seconds), although faster times have been recorded at intermediate stages of the 200 m event.


150 metres
The Great North City Games (held variously in Newcastle and Gateshead) features a similar setup to the Manchester event and has provided several of the best men's and women's times. The British events typically attracted American, British and Caribbean competitors, and athletes from these places account for nearly all the top 25 best times for men and women. A one-off 150 m race on Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro was held in 2013 and Bolt finished in a time close to his own world record.


150 metres
The 150 m had some significance as a regular indoor event in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of indoor tracks matching that distance. Wales held a national championship over the distance up to 1972 and Finland briefly had a women's national championship in the mid 1960s. A relay version of the distance (4 × 150 metres) was contested at the 1967 European Athletics Indoor Championships and was won by the Soviet Union's women's team.


150 metres
The distance attracted the attention of 1980 Olympic 200 m champion Pietro Mennea, whose hand-timed run of 14.8 seconds in Cassino, Italy, in 1983 stood as a world best time for over a quarter of a century. Italy also provided a women's 150 m best that same decade, with Jamaican Merlene Ottey setting a time of 16.46 seconds in Trapani in 1989 – a world best mark which was unbeaten for over two decades.


150 metres, All-time top 25, Men, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 14.88:


150 metres, All-time top 25, Men, Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (inside 14.92). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown.


150 metres, All-time top 25, Women, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 16.70:


150 personae non gratae of Turkey
The 150 personae non gratae of Turkey (Turkish: Yüzellilikler, lit. ' Hundred-and-fiftyers') is a list of high-ranking personages of the Ottoman Empire who were exiled from the Republic of Turkey shortly after the end of the Turkish War of Independence with the Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922. The Sultanate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Angora (Ankara) on 1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, was declared persona non grata. Leaving Constantinople (now Istanbul) aboard the British warship HMS Malaya on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in Sanremo, Italy, on 16 May 1926.


150 personae non gratae of Turkey
The list was created on 23 April 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and revised on 1 June 1924. By targeting the former Imperial ruling-elite, it reaffirmed the political and cultural break between the Empire and the Republic. The preliminary list contained 600 individuals.


150 women in 150 words
The "150 women in 150 words" project was undertaken by the Royal Society Te Apārangi and published during their 150th anniversary celebrations in 2017. The aim of the project was "celebrating women’s contributions to expanding knowledge in New Zealand", and involved short online biographies of a range of women from early Polynesian settlers to present-day scientists.


150 women in 150 words
The biographies are arranged on the Royal Society Te Apārangi's website in four categories: pre-1866 (of which there are two, Whakaotirangi and Kahupeka), 1867–1917, 1918–1967, and 1968–to the present time. The full list of biographies below is arranged alphabetically by (most commonly used) surname.


1500
Year 1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The year 1500 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.


1500
The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. This time was also just after the Old World's discovery of the Americas in 1492, and therefore was influenced greatly by the New World.


1500
Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Early Modern Era.


1500
The end of this year marked the halfway point of the 2nd millennium, as there were 500 years before it and 500 years after it.


1500 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1500 kHz: The Federal Communications Commission categorizes 1500 AM as a U.S. clear-channel frequency. WFED Washington, D.C. and KSTP St. Paul are the dominant Class A stations on 1500 AM.


1500 Broadway
1500 Broadway is a skyscraper located in Times Square, New York City. The skyscraper was completed in 1972 by Arlen Realty & Development Corporation, with a height of 119 meters (390 feet), and has 34 floors. 1500 Broadway is famous for the seven-story NASDAQ ticker tape display that wraps around the building and for the glass-fronted studio of ABC's Good Morning America television show.


1500 Broadway
Replacing the Hotel Claridge that figured prominently in the 1969 film Midnight Cowboy, 1500 Broadway occupies an entire block front on the east side of Broadway between 43rd Street and 44th Street, and comprises 500,000 square feet of office and retail space. The property was acquired by Tamares Group in 1995.


1500 Broadway
Tenants include ABC Studios, Disney, NASDAQ, Sunrise Brokers LLC, Hewitt Associates, Fair Isaac, Starbucks, Essence Magazine, Edelman Public Relations Worldwide, and IIG Capital. The Beijing-based, English-language newspaper China Daily publishes a U.S. edition which is also based at 1500 Broadway.


1500 Broadway, Times Square Studios
The 1500 Broadway building has been host to ABC Studios and Times Square Studios since 1985. Times Square Studios is a television studio located in Times Square, New York City. The studio is best known as the home of ABC's Good Morning America.


1500 Jyväskylä
1500 Jyväskylä (jyvæs-kylæ), provisional designation 1938 UH, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was named for the Finnish town Jyväskylä.


1500 Jyväskylä, Classification and orbit
Jyväskylä is a member of the Flora family, a large collisional group of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,227 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Turku, 3 weeks prior to its official discovery observation.


1500 Jyväskylä, Physical characteristics
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve was derived from data contained in the Lowell photometric database. Light-curve analysis gave it a rotation period of 8.8275 hours and a spin axis of (123°, −75.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).


1500 Jyväskylä, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 7.39 and 8.095 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.161 and 0.31. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this family – and calculates a diameter of 6.63 kilometers, using an absolute magnitude of 13.06.


1500 Jyväskylä, Naming
This minor planet was named for the Finnish town Jyväskylä. It is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and on the Finnish Lakeland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).


1500 Louisiana Street
1500 Louisiana Street, formerly Enron Center South, is a 600 ft (183m) tall skyscraper in Houston, Texas. It was completed in 2002 and has 40 floors and a total building area of 1,284,013sq.ft. It is the 17th tallest building in the city and the tallest completed in the 2000s. It was designed by César Pelli.


1500 Louisiana Street, History
Enron, a Houston-based company, had the building constructed to serve as its US headquarters. Due to a scandal in late 2001 the company collapsed and filed for bankruptcy that same year; Enron never occupied the building. Intell Management and Investment Co. paid $102 million for the tower, which came equipped with technology that was, in 2003, the latest for energy firms. Charlie Giammalva of Lincoln Property Co., the leasing company of 1500 Louisiana, said that the building was "zero percent occupied." Giammalva said that the management of the building had contacted several firms, such as ExxonMobil, about the possibility of leasing space in the building. By July 2003 none of the firms contacted the management.


1500 Louisiana Street, History
ChevronTexaco bought the building in 2004 for $340 million. By 2005 the firm announced that it would move out of the former Chevron Tower in Houston Center and moved into 1500 Louisiana Street. In 2006 4,000 employees worked in 1500 Louisiana.


1500 in India
The following lists events that happened during 1500 in India.


1500 in Italy
An incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in AD 1500


1500 in Scotland
Events from the year 1500 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1500 in art
The year 1500 in art involved some significant events and new works.


1500 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1500.


1500 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1500 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1500 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1500 in science
The year 1500 AD in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.


1500 metres
The 1500 metres or 1,500-metre run (typically pronounced 'fifteen-hundred metres') is the foremost middle distance track event in athletics. The distance has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 and the World Championships in Athletics since 1983. It is equivalent to 1.5 kilometers or approximately 15⁄16 miles.


1500 metres
The demands of the race are similar to that of the 800 metres, but with a slightly higher emphasis on aerobic endurance and a slightly lower sprint speed requirement. The 1500 metre race is predominantly aerobic, but anaerobic conditioning is also required.


1500 metres
Each lap run during the world-record race run by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in 1998 in Rome, Italy averaged just under 55 seconds (or under 13.8 seconds per 100 metres).


1500 metres
1,500 metres is three and three-quarter laps around a 400-metre track. During the 1970s and 1980s this race was dominated by British runners, along with an occasional Finn, American, or New Zealander, but through the 1990s many African runners began to win Olympic medals in this race, especially runners from Kenya, Ethiopia, Morocco and Algeria.


1500 metres
In the Modern Olympic Games, the men's 1,500-metre race has been contested from the beginning, and at every Olympic Games since. The first winner, in 1896, was Edwin Flack of Australia, who also won the first gold medal in the 800-metre race. The women's 1,500-metre race was first added to the Summer Olympics in 1972, and the winner of the first gold medal was Lyudmila Bragina of the Soviet Union.


1500 metres
During the Olympic Games of 1972 through 2008, the women's 1,500-metre race has been won by three Soviets plus one Russian, one Italian, one Romanian, one Briton, one Kenyan, and two Algerians. The 2012 Olympic results are still undecided as a result of multiple doping cases. The best women's times for the race were controversially set by Chinese runners, all set in the same race on just two dates four years apart at the Chinese National Games. At least one of those top Chinese athletes has admitted to being part of a doping program. This women's record was finally broken by Genzebe Dibaba of Ethiopia in 2015.


1500 metres
In American high schools, the mile run (which is 1609.344 metres in length) and the 1,600-metre run, also colloquially referred to as "metric mile", are more frequently run than the 1,500-metre run, since US customary units are better-known in America.


1500 metres
Which distance is used depends on which state the high school is in, and, for convenience, national rankings are standardized by converting all 1,500-metre run times to their mile run equivalents.


1500 metres, Strategy
Many 1500 metres events, particularly at the championship level, turn into slow, strategic races, with the pace quickening and competitors jockeying for position in the final lap to settle the race in a final sprint. Such is the difficulty of maintaining the pace throughout the duration of the event, most records are set in planned races led by pacemakers or "rabbits" who sacrifice their opportunity to win by leading the early laps at a fast pace before dropping out.


1500 metres, All-time top 25, Women, Non-legal
The following athlete had her performance (superior to 3:56.31) annulled due to a doping violation:


1500 metres, Other sports
1,500 metres is also an event in swimming and speed skating. The world records for the distance in swimming for men are 14:31.02 (swum in a 50-metre pool) by Sun Yang, 14:08.06 (swum in a 25-metre pool) by Gregorio Paltrinieri; and by women 15:25.48 (swum in a 50-metre pool) by Katie Ledecky, and 15:19.71 (swum in a 25-metre pool) by Mireia Belmonte García.


1500 metres, Other sports
The world records for the distance in speed skating are 1:40.17 by Kjeld Nuis and 1:49.83 by Miho Takagi.


1500 metres at the Olympics
The 1500 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event. The men's 1500 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896. The women's event was not introduced until over seventy years later, but it has been a permanent fixture since it was first held in 1972. The Olympic final and the World Athletics Championship final are the most prestigious 1500 m races at an elite level. The competition format comprises three rounds: a heats stage, semi-finals, then a final typically between twelve athletes.


1500 metres at the Olympics
The 1500 meters was one of four individual events documented exclusively by Olympic documentary filmmaker Bud Greenspan.


1500 metres at the Olympics
The Olympic records for the event are 3:28.32 minutes for men, set by Jakob Ingebrigtsen in 2021, and 3:53.11 minutes for women, set by Faith Kipyegon in 2021. The 1500 metres world record has been broken several times at the Olympics: the men's record was beaten in 1900, 1936, and 1960, while the women's record was improved in 1972 (three times) and in 1980.


1500 metres at the Olympics
Only two athletes have defended the Olympic 1500 m title: Tatyana Kazankina became the first person to win two gold medals in the event in 1980 (repeating her 1976 win) and, soon after, Sebastian Coe became the first man to do so in 1980 and 1984. No athlete of either sex has won more than two medals. Historically, athletes in this event have also had success in the 800 metres at the Olympics. Kelly Holmes was the last athlete to win both events at the same Olympics in 2004. 2012 1500m gold medalist Taoufik Makhloufi made both podiums without winning gold in 2016.


1500 metres at the Olympics
Great Britain is the most successful nation in the event, having won six gold medals and a total of fourteen. Kenya has the next highest number of gold medals, with five, while the United States has the next highest medal total with thirteen. The United States is the only nation to have swept the medals in the event, having done so in St. Louis in 1904, albeit in a final between seven Americans and two foreigners.


1500 metres at the Olympics, Intercalated Games
The 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon.


1500 metres at the Olympics, Intercalated Games
At this event a men's 1500 m was held and the reigning 800 metres and 1500 m champion from the 1904 Olympics, James Lightbody, was the winner. Two 1908 Olympic participants, Britain's John McGough and Sweden's Kristian Hellström were the silver and bronze medalists.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships
The 1500 metres at the World Championships in Athletics has been contested by both men and women since the inaugural edition in 1983. It is the second most prestigious title in the discipline after the 1500 metres at the Olympics. The competition format typically has two qualifying rounds leading to a final between twelve athletes. It is one of two middle-distance running events on the programme, alongside the World Championship 800 metres.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships
The championship records for the event are 3:27.65 minute for men, set by Hicham El Guerrouj in 1999, and 3:58.52 minutes for women, set by Tatyana Tomashova in 2003. The world record has never been broken or equalled at the competition by either men or women, reflecting the lack of pacemaking and athletes' more tactical approach to championship races.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships
Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco is the most successful athlete of the event through his four straight wins from 1997 to 2003, as well as a silver in 1995. Algeria's Noureddine Morceli is the next most successful athlete, with three gold medals. Two-time champion Hassiba Boulmerka of Algeria is the only woman to have won three medals. Rashid Ramzi is the only athlete to have won both middle-distance titles, having done an 800 m/1500 m double at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics. The first two women's champions Mary Decker and Tatyana Dorovskikh both completed 1500 m/3000 m World Championships doubles, while Bernard Lagat completed a 1500 m/5000 metres double at the 2007 World Championships. Steve Cram, the inaugural men's winner, is the only non-African-born man to win the World Championship event.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships
Algeria is the most successful nation in the discipline, having won five gold medals across the men's and women's event. Morocco and Bahrain each have won four gold medals, while Russia and the United States each have three. The United States has the highest total of medals in the events at twelve, with six in both in the men's and women's divisions. Kenya has the highest number of medals in the men's event, with a total of seven.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships
Two medallists have been stripped of their honours in the event due to doping: 1987 bronze medallist Sandra Gasser and 2007 silver medallist Yelena Soboleva.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping
The 1500 m was the event that first saw the disqualification of a World Championships medallist on the grounds of doping. The 1987 women's bronze medallist Sandra Gasser gave a positive test for anabolic steroids at the competition and received a two-year ban from the sport later that month. Twelve years passed without incident in the event, until the disqualification of the first male 1500 m athlete in 1999: Ibrahim Mohamed Aden was disqualified and given a public warning for ephedrine usage due to failing his post-race test after the semi-finals.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping
The 2003 men's finalist Fouad Chouki was banned for two-years after a positive test for EPO. Chouki lost an appeal at the Court of Arbitration for Sport in which he claimed that an unknown person had injected him with EPO in the aftermath of the race. Regina Jacobs (a two-time silver medallist) had her 2003 semi-final performance annulled retrospectively following the BALCO scandal, as later analysis of her sample at the 2003 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships showed usage of the novel steroid THG.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping
The women's World Championships 1500 m was affected by doping for three straight editions starting from 2007. Russia's Yelena Soboleva became the second athlete to be stripped of a 1500 m medal after she was banned for her involvement in a doping test manipulation scheme, alongside 2007 finalist Yuliya Fomenko and two-time world champion Tatyana Tomashova (who did not compete in 2007 and whose gold medals from 2003 and 2005 still stand).


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping
In 2009 Mariem Alaoui Selsouli withdrew from the final after a sample given earlier that year tested positive for EPO while heats runner Alemitu Bekele Degfa was banned due to biological passport abnormalities. Ukrainian duo Anzhelika Shevchenko and Nataliya Tobias had their 2011 results annulled while Olesya Syreva became the third Russian 1500 m to be disqualified for doping.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping
Bernard Lagat, the men's gold medallist in 2007, had a positive "A" sample test for EPO prior to the 2003 World Championships which was disregarded after the "B" sample (taken at the same time) returned a negative result. He was temporarily banned in the interim period of testing and missed the world championships as a result, having been runner-up two years earlier. Lagat and medical advisor Hans Heid were critical of the testing procedure for EPO and advocated the dropping of the technique until more reliable methods were found.


1500 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping
Outside of the competition, the 2005 men's champion Rashid Ramzi was banned for doping after winning at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Inaugural women's champion Mary Decker was banned for doping later in her career, as were 2003 and 2005 runners-up Süreyya Ayhan and Olga Yegorova.


1500 metres world record progression
The 1500-metre run became a standard racing distance in Europe in the late 19th century, perhaps as a metric version of the mile, a popular running distance since at least the 1850s in English-speaking countries.


1500 metres world record progression
A distance of 1500 m sometimes is called the "metric mile". The French had the first important races over the distance, holding their initial championship in 1888.


1500 metres world record progression
When the Olympic Games were revived in 1896, metric distances were run, including the 1500; however, most of the best milers in the world were absent, and the winning time of 4:33 1/5 by Australian Edwin Flack was 17 4/5 seconds slower than the amateur mile record, despite the fact one mile is 109.344 metres longer than 1500 metres.


1500 metres world record progression
The 1900 Olympics and 1904 Olympics showed improvements in times run, but it was not until the 1908 Olympics that a meeting of the top milers over the distance took place, and not until the 1912 Olympics that a true world-class race over the distance was run.


1500 metres world record progression
The distance has now almost completely replaced the mile in major track meets.


1500 metres world record progression, Men (outdoors), IAAF era
The first world record in the 1500 m for men (athletics) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations, in 1912.


1500 metres world record progression, Men (outdoors), IAAF era
To July 17, 2015, the IAAF has ratified 38 world records in the event.


1500 metres world record progression, Men (outdoors), IAAF era
The "Time" column indicates the ratified mark; the "Auto" column indicates a fully automatic time that was also recorded in the event when hand-timed marks were used for official records, or which was the basis for the official mark, rounded to the 10th of a second, depending on the rules then in place.


1500 metres world record progression, Men (outdoors), IAAF era
Auto times to the hundredth of a second were accepted by the IAAF for events up to and including 10,000 m from 1981. Hence, Steve Ovett's record at 3:31.4 was rendered as 3:31.36 from that year.


1500 metres world record progression, Women (outdoors), IAAF era
The first world record in the 1,500 m for women (athletics) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations, in 1967.


1500 metres world record progression, Women (outdoors), IAAF era
To June 21, 2009, the IAAF has ratified 13 world records in the event.


1500 metres world record progression, Women (outdoors), IAAF era
The "Time" column indicates the ratified mark; the "Auto" column indicates a fully automatic time that was also recorded in the event when hand-timed marks were used for official records, or which was the basis for the official mark, rounded to the 10th of a second, depending on the rules then in place.


1500 metres world record progression, Women (outdoors), IAAF era
The IAAF accepted records to the hundredth of a second starting in 1981.


1500 or Nothin'
1500 or Nothin' is an American musical ensemble composed of record producers, songwriters, musicians and music videographers, formed in 2006, in Los Angeles, California. With headquarters located in Inglewood, California, 1500 or Nothin' is composed of three internal divisions: 1500 Or Nothin’  Music, 1500 Or Nothin’  Video, and 1500 Or Nothin’ Ancillary. In 2006, 1500 or Nothin' began to create "a variety of music genres including Hip-Hop Rap, Rhythm & Blues, Alternative Rock, Urban and New Adult Contemporary. The collective 1500 or Nothin' has lent their writing, production or instrument skills to records for Justin Timberlake, Asher Roth, Jay-Z, Kanye West, T.I., Bruno Mars and B.o.B..


1500 or Nothin'
In addition, the 1500 or Nothin' band or The Fifteen Hundreds as they are often referred to, are an 8-piece band that tours internationally and makes television appearances regularly with artists including Snoop Dogg, Lupe Fiasco, The Game, and Faith Evans. 1500 Or Nothin' official members are Larrance "Rance" Dopson, Charles 'Uncle Chucc' Hamilton, Lamar 'Mars' Edwards, Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Kenneth "Bam" Alexander, Alexandria Dopson, Carlos 'Los' Mc Swain, and Jeret Black.


1500 or Nothin', Touring
In anticipation of his sixth album Mastermind, Miami-based rapper Rick Ross teamed up with the 1500 or Nothin' band to give concertgoers a whole new experience for 'One Night Only on August 14, 2013 at Club Nokia at L.A. LIVE. Live on tour or for television appearances, the band had performed with artists such as Nas, Lupe Fiasco, Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, The Game, Xzibit, T.I., Faith Evans, and Fort Minor. They are currently working with rapper Azealia Banks. They appeared at her April 2015 shows at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.


1500 or Nothin', Ventures
As a growing label, 1500 or Nothin'  has partnered with Peer Publishing Company to create their own publishing company, 1500 Or Nothin'  Publishing. They have signed artists Janae, Ally Brooke, and more.


1500 or Nothin', Ventures
1500 or Nothin' has also created the 1500 Sound Academy with member James Fauntleroy as one of the instructors. The facility offers courses relating to production, mixing, writing, muscianship, and management to aspiring music professionals.


1500 or Nothin', Awards and recognition
In 2012, 1500 or Nothin'  had eight Grammy nominations and by 2014 were nominated for 21in total.


1500 or Nothin', Awards and recognition
The 1500 or Nothin' band worked as co-music directors for The 2013 Soul Train Awards in Las Vegas, legendary keyboardist Greg Phillinganes in 2014. They have also been nominated and received accolades from ASCAP, BET, BMI and the American Billboards.


1500s (decade)
The 1500s ran from January 1, 1500, to December 31, 1509.


1500s BC (decade)
The 1500s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1509 BC to December 31, 1500 BC.


1500s in music
The first decade of the 16th century marked the creation of some significant compositions. These were to become some of the most famous compositions of the century.


1500th Air Transport Wing
The 1500th Air Transport Wing (ATW) is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last active in 1971 at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii under the designation 6486th Air Base Wing (ABW). The 1500th ATW was a heavy cargo transport wing of Military Air Transport Service (MATS), formed on 1 June 1949. In 1952 the wing lost its operational elements and became the base support element for Hickam until it was replaced by the 15th Air Base Wing in 1971.


1500th Air Transport Wing, History, 1500th Air Transport Group
Military Air Transport Service assumed responsibility for the strategic airlift mission previously carried out by the Air Transport Command (ATC), transporting cargo and personnel to destinations within the Pacific and the Continental United States. It organized the 531st Air Transport Group (ATG) at Hickam to replace ATC's 1521st Air Force Base Unit (Air Transport). The group was initially equipped with three squadrons of C-54 Skymasters that could reach the Continental US, but required intermediate stopovers along the Pacific transport routes to stations as far away as Pakistan.


1500th Air Transport Wing, History, 1500th Air Transport Group
The unit also had association with Naval Air Transport squadrons assigned to Hickam as part of the joint service organization of MATS. The group was a tenant organization at Hickam, which was a Pacific Air Command (PAC) Base. In October 1948, the group was redesignated the 1500th ATG when MATS renumbered its Table of Distribution (TD) units to conform to USAF policy that its TD units be numbered between 1200 and 2100.


1500th Air Transport Wing, History, 1500th Air Transport Wing
In 1949, Hickam transferred from PAC to MATS, and MATS organized the 1500th Air Transport Wing as the overall headquarters for the 1500th ATG and support organizations to operate Hickam. In 1949, MATS reorganized its units at Hickam and the wing briefly lost its host responsibilities for Hickam and its operational squadrons. It soon received C-54 squadrons, which were transferred from the 1501st ATW at Fairfeld-Susun (later Travis) AFB. It received its first long-range C-97 Stratofreighter aircraft and two additional squadrons in 1951.


1500th Air Transport Wing, History, 1500th Air Transport Wing
The wing reorganized in May 1952 as the 1500th Air Base Wing and the 1500th Air Transport Group was reassigned to Pacific Division, MATS. The wing continued as a support organization for Hickam and the Pacific Division until 1954. At that time, in anticipation of the transfer of Hickam to Far East Air Forces (later Pacific Air Forces) (PACAF), the wing was reassigned and renumbered as the 6486th Air Base Wing to reflect its new assignment. It remained the host at Hickam until being replaced by the 15th ABW in a USAF program to continue the histories of notable combat units.


1500th Air Transport Wing, Lineage, Aircraft
Note: 1284th Air Transport Squadron (later 50th ATS) operated a VC-97 version of Stratofreighter, 1951–1966 for VIP/Special Air Missions.


1500th Air Transport Wing, Notes and references
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


1500–1550 in Western European fashion
Fashion in the period 1500–1550 in Western Europe is marked by voluminous clothing worn in an abundance of layers (one reaction to the cooling temperatures of the Little Ice Age, especially in Northern Europe and the British Isles). Contrasting fabrics, slashes, embroidery, applied trims, and other forms of surface ornamentation became prominent. The tall, narrow lines of the late Medieval period were replaced with a wide silhouette, conical for women with breadth at the hips and broadly square for men with width at the shoulders. Sleeves were a centre of attention, and were puffed, slashed, cuffed, and turned back to reveal contrasting linings.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion
Henry VIII of England (ruled 1509–1547) and Francis I of France (ruled 1515–1547) strove to host the most glittering renaissance court, culminating in the festivities around the Field of Cloth of Gold (1520). But the rising power was Charles V, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily from 1516, heir to the style as well as the riches of Burgundy, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1520.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion
The inflow of gold and silver from the New World into recently united Spain changed the dynamics of trade throughout Western Europe, ushering in a period of increased opulence in clothing that was tempered by the Spanish taste for sombre richness of dress that would dominate the second half of the century. This widespread adaptation of Hispanic court attire in Europe was seen as a sign of allegiance to the empire of Charles V.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion
Regional variations in fashionable clothing that arose in the 15th century became more pronounced in the sixteenth. In particular, the clothing of the Low Countries, German states, and Scandinavia developed in a different direction than that of England, France, and Italy, although all acknowledged the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid-1520s.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion
Linen shirts and chemises or smocks had full sleeves and often full bodies, pleated or gathered closely at neck and wrist. The resulting small frill gradually became a wide ruffle, presaging the ruff of the latter half of the century. These garments were often decorated with embroidery in black or red silk, and occasionally with gold metal threads if the garment was meant to be flashier of ones wealth. The bodice was boned and stiffened to create a more structured form, and often a busk was inserted to emphasise the flattening and elongation of the torso.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion
Small geometric patterns appeared early in the period and, in England, evolved into the elaborate patterns associated with the flowering of blackwork embroidery. German shirts and chemises were decorated with wide bands of gold trim at the neckline, which was uniformly low early in the period and grew higher by midcentury. Silk brocades and velvets in bold floral patterns based on pomegranate and thistle or artichoke motifs remained fashionable for those who could afford them, although they were often restricted to kirtles, undersleeves and doublets revealed beneath gowns of solid-coloured fabrics or monochromatic figured silks. Yellow and red were fashionable colours.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion
Inspired by the mended uniforms of the Swiss soldiers after the country's 1477 victory over the Duke of Burgundy, elaborate slashing remained popular, especially in Germany, where a fashion arose for assembling garments in alternating bands of contrasting fabrics. Elsewhere, slashing was more restrained, but bands of contrasting fabric called guards, whether in colour or texture, were common as trim on skirts, sleeves, and necklines. These were often decorated with bands of embroidery or applied passementerie. Bobbin lace arose from passementerie in this period, probably in Flanders, and was used both as an edging and as applied trim; it is called passamayne in English inventories.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion
The most fashionable furs were the silvery winter coat of the lynx and dark brown (almost black) sable.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
Women's fashions of the early 16th century consisted of a long gown, usually with sleeves, worn over a kirtle or undergown, with a linen chemise or smock worn next to the skin.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
The high-waisted gown of the late medieval period evolved in several directions in different parts of Europe. In the German states and Bohemia, gowns remained short-waisted, tight-laced but without corsets or stays (see the difference between the two ). The open-fronted gown laced over the kirtle or a stomacher or plackard. Sleeves were puffed and slashed, or elaborately cuffed.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
In France, England, and Flanders, the high waistline gradually descended to the natural waist in front (following Spanish fashion) and then to a V-shaped point. Cuffs grew larger and were elaborately trimmed.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
Hoop skirts or farthingales had appeared in Spain at the very end of the 15th century, and spread to England and France over the next few decades. Stays also appeared during this period.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
A variety of hats, caps, hoods, hair nets, and other headresses were worn, with strong regional variations.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, German fashion
In the first half of the 16th century, German dress varied widely from the costume worn in other parts of Europe. Skirts were cut separately from bodices, though often were sewn together, and the open-fronted gown laced over a kirtle with a wide band of rich fabric, often jeweled and embroidered, across the bust. Partlets (called in German gollers or collars) were worn with the low-cut bodice to cover the neck and shoulders, and were made in a variety of styles. The most popular goller was a round shoulder-capelet, frequently of black velvet lined in silk or fur, with a standing neckband; this goller would remain in use in some parts of Germany into the 17th century and became part of national dress in some areas.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, German fashion
Narrow sleeves were worn in the earliest years of the century, and were later decorated with bands of contrasting fabric and rows of small panes or strips over puffed linings. Skirts were trimmed with bands of contrasting fabric, but were closed all around. They would be worn draped up to display an underskirt.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, German fashion
From 1530, elements of Spanish dress were rapidly adopted in fashionable Germany under the influence of the imperial court of Charles V.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Dress in Holland, Belgium, and Flanders, now part of the Empire, retained a high, belted waistline longest. Italian gowns were fitted to the waist, with full skirts below.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
The French gown of the first part of the century was loosely fitted to the body and flared from the hips, with a train. The neckline was square and might reveal the kirtle and chemise beneath. Cuffed sleeves were wide at the wrist and grew wider, displaying a decorated undersleeve attached to the kirtle. The gown fastened in front early, sometimes lacing over the kirtle or a stomacher, and the skirt might be slit in front or the train tucked up in back to display the skirt of the kirtle.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
As a fitted style emerged under Spanish influence, the gown was made as a separate bodice and skirt; this bodice usually fastened at the side or the side-back with hooks and eyes or lacing.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
From the 1530s, French and English fashions featured an open, square-necked gown with long sleeves fitted smoothly over a tight, sometimes boned kirtle or pair of bodies, (later in the century) and a farthingale. With the smooth, conical line of the skirt, the front of the kirtle or petticoat was displayed, and a decorated panel called a forepart, heavily embroidered and sometimes jeweled, was pinned to the petticoat or directly to the farthingale.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
The earlier cuffed sleeves evolved into trumpet sleeves, tight on the upper arm and flared below, with wide, turned back cuffs (often lined with fur) worn over full undersleeves that might match the decorated forepart. At the very end of the period, full round sleeves (perhaps derived from Italian fashions) began to replace the flaring trumpet sleeves, which disappeared by the later 1550s.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Fabric or chain girdles were worn at the waist and hung down to roughly knee length; a tassel or small prayer book or purse might be suspended from the girdle.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
The low neckline of the dress could be filled with a partlet. Black velvet partlets lined in white with a high, flared neckline were worn pinned over the gown. Partlets of the same rich fabric as the bodice of the gown give the appearance of a high-necked gown. Sheer or opaque linen partlets were worn over the chemise or smock, and high-necked smocks began to appear; toward 1550 these might have a small standing collar with a ruffle, which would become the pleated ruff of the next period.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear
In France, England, and the Low Countries, black hoods with veils at the back were worn over linen undercaps that allowed the front hair (parted in the middle) to show. These hoods became more complex and structured over time.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear
Unique to England was the gable hood, a wired headdress shaped like the gable of a house. In the 16th century gable headdress had long embroidered lappets framing the face and a loose veil behind; later the gable hood would be worn over several layers that completely concealed the hair, and the lappets and veil would be pinned up in a variety of ways.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear
A simple rounded hood of the early years of the century evolved into the French hood, popular in both France and England; its arched shape sat further back on the head and displayed the front hair which was parted in the center and pinned up in braids or twists under the veil.


1500–1550 in Western European fashion, Women's fashion, Hats and headgear
German women adopted hats like fashionable men's baretts early in the century; these were worn over caps or cauls (colettes) made of netted cord over a silk lining. Hats became fashionable in England as an alternative to the hood toward the 1540s. Close fitting caps of fur were worn in cold climates.