161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms, Exits
On each side of River Avenue, there is one street stair to each of 161st Street's two medians. There are also two stairs to the southwest corner and one to the southeast corner. The northeast corner has an ADA-accessible elevator and transfer passageway.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms, Exits
The view of the old Yankee Stadium from the IRT Jerome Line platform


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms, Exits
The IRT Jerome Line station as seen from the street


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, IND Concourse Line platforms
161st Street–Yankee Stadium (161st Street–River Avenue on some signage) is a local station on the IND Concourse Line that has three tracks and two side platforms. It is the southernmost station on the IND Concourse Line within the Bronx.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, IND Concourse Line platforms, Exits
The full-time mezzanine to the west is at 161st Street and River Avenue with four street staircases. The part-time entrance to the east is at Walton Avenue and has two street staircases and a passageway to 161st Street. Before the renovation, there was a full length mezzanine, with Transit Bureau Offices located to one side. After the renovation, the NYPD area was expanded, and public areas inside fare control were sealed, thus dividing the mezzanine into two separate areas. A few staircases to the platforms were also sealed and removed.


161st Virginia General Assembly
The 161st Virginia General Assembly, consisting of members who were elected in both the House election and Senate elections in 2019, convened on January 8, 2020. It is the first time that Democrats have held both houses of the General Assembly and the governorship since the 147th General Assembly in 1993.


161st Virginia General Assembly
A special session was called by Governor Ralph Northam for August 18, 2020 to make budget cuts and pass bills for criminal justice reform, racial justice, affordable housing and COVID-19 protections. The special session ended on November 9, 2020. After a shorter 30-day session occurred from January to February 2021, Northam called for another special session which lasted until March. After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the State Capitol was closed to the public and sessions were re-located to alternative buildings.


161st Virginia General Assembly, Membership
On November 9, 2019, Eileen Filler-Corn was nominated by the Democratic majority caucus for Speaker of the House of Delegates, and upon election by the House on January 8, she became the first woman and first person of Jewish descent to be elected Speaker. Concurrently, Charniele Herring was elected as Majority Leader, making her the first woman and first African-American to serve as Majority Leader.


161st Virginia General Assembly, Membership
In addition, Ghazala Hashmi became the first Muslim woman to be elected to the Senate. Incumbent Danica Roem became the first transgender legislator to be re-elected to office in U.S. history.


161st Virginia General Assembly, Membership
In total, the 161st General Assembly has the highest number of women elected to both bodies, with 30 in the House and 11 in the Senate.


161st Virginia General Assembly, Membership
Speaker Filler-Corn selected Del. Luke Torian to be the first African-American House Appropriations Chair in state history. This was the first time that an African-American delegate was selected to chair a House committee since William P. Robinson Jr. (D-Norfolk) chaired the Transportation Committee in 1998 and was co-chairman of the panel in 1998, according to House Clerk G. Paul Nardo.


161st Virginia General Assembly, Leadership, Senate, Committee chairs and ranking members
The Senate of Virginia has 10 Standing Committees and a Committee on Rules.


161st Virginia General Assembly, Legislation
Pre -filing of bills for the 2020 session began November 18, 2019. 828 bills were passed by the House by crossover day on February 12, 2020, an increase from the 603 bills passed under the Republican majority in the 2019 session.


161st Virginia General Assembly, Enacted, Equal Rights Amendment
HJ 1, prefiled by Jennifer Carroll Foy, and SJ 1, filed by Jennifer McClellan, will make Virginia the 3rd state since 2017 and the 38th overall necessary to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (counting the five that have since voted to rescind their ratifications). Both bills were given initial approval, with SJ 1 being approved 28-12 in the Senate and HJ 1 being approved 59-41 in the House, and were passed by the other chamber on January 27. All Democrats and several Republicans in both chambers voted in favor of the resolutions. However, experts and advocates have acknowledged legal uncertainty about the consequences of Virginia's potential ratification, due to the expired deadlines and the five states' purported revocations.


161st Virginia General Assembly, Events
A peaceful protest opposing gun control legislation occurred outside the Virginia State Capitol on January 20, 2020.


161st meridian east
The meridian 161° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


161st meridian east
The 161st meridian east forms a great circle with the 19th meridian west.


161st meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 161st meridian east passes through:


161st meridian west
The meridian 161° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


161st meridian west
The 161st meridian west forms a great circle with the 19th meridian east.


161st meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 161st meridian west passes through:


162
Year 162 (CLXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Plautius (or, less frequently, year 915 Ab urbe condita).


162
The denomination 162 AD for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


162 (number)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Fyrael (talk | contribs) at 21:19, 17 June 2020 (Disambiguating links to Enoch (link changed to Enoch (ancestor of Noah)) using DisamAssist.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


162 (number)
162 (one hundred [and] sixty-two) is the natural number between 161 and 163.


162 (number), In mathematics
Having only 2 and 3 as its prime divisors, 162 is a 3-smooth number. 162 is also an abundant number, since its sum of divisors 1+2+3+6+9+18+27+54+81=201{\displaystyle 1+2+3+6+9+18+27+54+81=201} is greater than it. As the product 3×6×9=162{\displaystyle 3\times 6\times 9=162} of numbers three units apart from each other, it is a triple factorial number.


162 (number), In mathematics
There are 162 ways of partitioning seven items into subsets of at least two items per subset.


162 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 162 kHz:


162 BC
Year 162 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corculum/Lentulus and Figulus/Ahenobarbus (or, less frequently, year 592 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Houyuan. The denomination 162 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


162 Candles
"162 Candles" is the eighth episode of the first season of The CW television series, The Vampire Diaries and the eighth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 5, 2009. The episode was written by Barbie Kligman and Gabrielle Stanton and directed by Rick Bota.


162 Candles, Plot
The episode starts with Stefan (Paul Wesley) waking up at the living room and hearing noises in the house. He thinks that is Damon (Ian Somerhalder) but it is really his old friend Lexi (Arielle Kebbel) who came to celebrate his birthday. Stefan is happy to see her and he tells her about the recent happenings in Mystic Falls, including Elena (Nina Dobrev) but he does not mention that Elena looks exactly like Katherine.


162 Candles, Plot
At the police station, Sheriff Forbes (Marguerite MacIntyre) interrogates everyone about Vicki's (Kayla Ewell) disappearance. Stefan and Elena match their stories that Stefan was just trying to help her with her drug issues, Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) only remembers the things Damon compelled him to remember and Matt (Zach Roerig) does not know anything other than what Jeremy told him. Matt and Jeremy believe she just left town and even Sheriff is not convinced, there is nothing more she can do. When the interrogations are over, Elena tells Stefan that they should stay away from each other.


162 Candles, Plot
Sheriff Forbes works late when Damon arrives at her office to bring her a package (supposedly from uncle Zach) that contains vervain. The Sheriff believes that Zach is out of town, as Damon made them believe, and now he tries to make the members of the council trust him and offers his help. That way, he can learn more things about the council and what they know.


162 Candles, Plot
Bonnie (Kat Graham) visits Elena at her bedroom who is down after her break up with Stefan. Bonnie tries to cheer her up by showing her a trick her grandmother taught her and she tells her that she is truly a witch. Bonnie is afraid that Elena will not believe her but Elena does.


162 Candles, Plot
Damon runs into Caroline (Candice Accola) who is still mad at him after the way he treated her. He compels her to throw a party and he also asks her to get his crystal back from Bonnie. Caroline says that she will do it.


162 Candles, Plot
At the Salvatore house, Stefan and Lexi talk about Elena when Damon shows up to invite them to Caroline's party later. Stefan is not in the mood of partying but Lexi convinces him that they should go. While Stefan gets into the shower, Elena knocks on the door and Lexi calls her in. Lexi is shocked seeing how much she looks like Katherine and Elena is surprised seeing Lexi in a towel and knowing Stefan is in the shower, believing that the two of them slept together and leaves. Lexi immediately runs back to the bedroom and ask Stefan what is wrong with him and why is he after a girl who looks like Katherine's twin sister. Stefan reassures her that Elena has nothing in common with Katherine and Lexi sees that Stefan is really in love with Elena.


162 Candles, Plot
Stefan stops by Elena's house before he goes to the party to ask her what she wanted to talk to him about. He realizes what Elena thought seeing Lexi and he explains that she is only a friend — his oldest friend — and she is in town for his birthday. Elena is relieved but she still does not want to go to Caroline's party and declines Stefan's proposal.


162 Candles, Plot
At the party, Caroline asks Bonnie for the crystal, but Bonnie does not give it back. Caroline tries to take it, but it shocks her the moment she touches it. The two of them argue and Bonnie leaves. When later Damon asks Caroline if she got his crystal back and she tells him no, he tells her that she is useless and shallow and leaves the bar. When he gets out he sees a young couple making out, he attacks them, kills the boy and compels the girl.


162 Candles, Plot
Elena changes her mind and arrives at the party seeing Lexi and Stefan having fun while playing pool. Lexi gets to the bar to order some drinks when she sees Elena. She approaches her and the two of them have a nice talk about Stefan making Elena relax a little bit about Stefan being a vampire, to give him some time and he will soon be totally himself around her. When Lexi goes back to Stefan, Stefan thanks her for what she did.


162 Candles, Plot
Sheriff Forbes finds the girl who survived Damon's attack and she asks her if she saw anything. The girl nods that she did and the Sheriff asks her to tell her everything.


162 Candles, Plot
Back at the party, a very drunk Caroline sits down with Matt who offers to take her back home. On their way out, they run into the Sheriff who sees that her daughter is drunk. She thanks Matt for offering to take her home and she gets back to work.


162 Candles, Plot
Elena finally decides to go and talk to Stefan while Lexi talks with Damon at the bar and asks him why he really is in town. Damon admits that he has a diabolical plan but he refuses to reveal it to her. While they are talking, Sheriff brings in the girl from the attack, who points to Lexi as her attacker. Sheriff walks up to Lexi and injects her with vervain. The cops drag Lexi out of the bar and Stefan, who saw everything, tries to get out to see what is happening.


162 Candles, Plot
Lexi throws off the men holding her and as she walks towards the Sheriff, Sheriff shoots her several times with wooden bullets but Lexi is strong and can handle the pain. Just as she is about to reach the Sheriff, Damon shows up and stakes her in heart. Lexi dies while Stefan and Elena watch from afar in shock. Damon whispers to Lexi before she dies that he did it because it was part of his plan. Sheriff thanks Damon for his help and asks him to put Lexi's body in the police car. Damon is relieved that his plan to throw the town off of his and Stefan's scent has worked.


162 Candles, Plot
Stefan is furious with Damon after killing Lexi and convinced that Damon will never change he tells Elena that he will go home and kill him. Elena tries to stop him because she knows that Stefan killing his brother will not do any good to him. She tells him that she will be there for him but he warns her to stay away.


162 Candles, Plot
Back at home, Stefan finds Damon waiting for him and the two of them get into a fight. Stefan stakes Damon, but not in the heart, telling him that now they are even; he saved his life once and now he spares his. Stefan walks away and Damon pulls the stake out of his body.


162 Candles, Plot
The episode ends with Bonnie having a nightmare of her running through a forest. She trips and falls and when she rises her eyes she sees her ancestor Emily (Bianca Lawson) warning her that "It's coming". Bonnie wakes up terrified but she is no longer in her bed but in the cemetery, at the Salvatore crypt.


162 Candles, Reception, Ratings
In its original American broadcast, "162 Candles" was watched by 4.09 million; down by 0.09 from the previous episode.


162 Candles, Reception, Reviews
Matt Richenthal from TV Fanatic gave a good review to the episode saying that "...it started out slow, but when the action picked up, it really picked up!"


162 Candles, Reception, Reviews
Josie Kafka of Doux Reviews rated the episode with 3/4 saying that despite the surprising death of a new character [Lexie] we were just getting to know, the episode was "pretty damn good".


162 Candles, Reception, Reviews
Lucia from Heroine TV also gave a good review to the episode saying: "...this was another thoroughly entertaining episode, with great moments for all the characters involved — even my often-neglected favorites, Matt and Bonnie (hurrah for screen time!). Thank you, show, for continuing to be surprisingly awesome."


162 Candles, Reception, Reviews
Popsugar of Buzzsugar gave a good review to the episode stating: "From the looks of the preview, I definitely thought this week would just be a filler episode, but it managed to keep up the pace of last week's super intense and amazing Haunted."


162 Candles, Reception, Reviews
Despite the positive reviews, Robin Franson Pruter of Forced Viewing rated the episode with only 1/4 saying: "A few good moments can’t buoy an episode sunk by the failure of its main story. [ ...] "162 Candles" remains the weakest episode of the series to date."


162 Laurentia
162 Laurentia is a large and dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on 21 April 1876, and named after Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent, an amateur astronomer who discovered asteroid 51 Nemausa.


162 Laurentia
An occultation by Laurentia was observed from Clive, Alberta on 21 November 1999.


162 Laurentia
Photometric observations of this asteroid from multiple observatories during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 11.8686 ± 0.0004 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 ± 0.05 in magnitude. This is in agreement with previous studies in 1994 and 2007.


162 Regiment RLC
162 Regiment RLC is an Army Reserve Regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.


162 Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport as 162nd Movement Control Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1967. It absorbed 88 Postal and Courier Regiment RLC and was re-named  as 162 Regiment RLC in 2013.


1620
1620 (MDCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1620th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 620th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 20th  year of the 17th century, and the  1st   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1620, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1620 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1620 kHz: 1620 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.


1620 AM, In the United States
All stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and 1 kW at nighttime and are Class B stations.


1620 Geographos
1620 Geographos (/dʒiːoʊˈɡræfɒs/), provisional designation 1951 RA, is a highly elongated, stony asteroid, near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, with a mean-diameter of approximately 2.5 km (1.6 mi). It was discovered on 14 September 1951, by astronomers Albert George Wilson and Rudolph Minkowski at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named in honor of the National Geographic Society.


1620 Geographos, Orbit and classification
Geographos orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8–1.7 AU once every 1 years and 5 months (508 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. Its orbit is well-determined for the next several hundred years. Due to its high eccentricity, Geographos is also a Mars-crosser asteroid. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar, two weeks prior to its official discovery observation.


1620 Geographos, Orbit and classification, Close approaches
As a potentially hazardous asteroid, Geographos has a minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) with Earth of less than 0.05 AU and a diameter of greater than 150 meters. The Earth-MOID is currently 0.0301 AU (4,500,000 km), which translates into 11.7 lunar distances. In 1994, Geographos made its closest approach to Earth in two centuries at 5.0 Gm – which will not be bettered until 2586.


1620 Geographos, Failed Clementine mission
Geographos was to be explored by the U.S.'s Clementine mission which was launched in January 1994. However, a malfunction in the spacecraft ended the mission before it could approach the asteroid.


1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Geographos is an S-type asteroid. This means that it is highly reflective and composed of nickel-iron mixed with iron- and magnesium-silicates.


1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Since the 1970s, several rotational lightcurve of Geographos have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period (retrograde sense of rotation) between 5.222 and 5.224 hours with a very high brightness variation between 1.02 and 2.03 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2/3/3/3).


1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
The Yarkovsky effect is causing a decrease in the orbital semimajor axis of 27.4±5.7 m yr−1, while the YORP effect is increasing the asteroid's rotation at the rate of (1.5±0.2)×10−3 rad yr−2.


1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Spin axis
Several lightcurve were also modeled from the abundant photometric observations. In 1994 and 1995, Polish astronomers obtained a concurring period 5.223328 hours and found a spin axis of (54.0°, −52.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (Q=3/3). Radiometric observations gave a period of 5.223327 hours and a pole of (55.0°, −46.0°). Two other international studies obtained a period of 5.223326 hours and a pole at (56.0°, −47.0°) and (55.0°, −45.0°), respectively (Q=3/3).


1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Shape and structure
The light curve shows a high amplitude, indicative of its elongated shape, measuring 5.0 × 2.0 × 2.1 kilometers, which corresponds to a mean-diameter of 2.5 km.


1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Shape and structure
The interior of the asteroid probably has a rubble-pile structure. The asteroid's high thermal inertia indicates the surface is most likely a mix of fine grains and large rocks and boulders. During the asteroid's close approach to Earth in 1994, a radar study of it was conducted by the Deep Space Network at the Goldstone Observatory, California. The resultant images show Geographos to be the most elongated object in the Solar System.


1620 Geographos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the observations with the Goldstone Observatory and the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geographos measures between 1.77 and 2.56 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.26 and 0.3258. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.26 and a diameter of 2.5 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.09.


1620 Geographos, Naming
This minor planet was named after the National Geographic Society, in recognition of its contribution to astronomy by supporting the National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (NGS-POSS), which produced a photographic atlas of the entire northern sky in the 1950s. NGS-POSS was headed by the second discoverer, Rudolph Minkowski. The Greek word geographos means geographer (from geo– 'Earth' + graphos 'drawer/writer'). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in August 1956 (M.P.C. 1468).


1620 L Street
1620 L Street is a high-rise building in Washington, D.C. The building rises 12 floors and 157 feet (48 m) in height. The building was designed by architectural firm Smith, Segreti, Tepper, McMahon & Harned and was completed in 1989. As of July 2008, the structure stands as the 24th-tallest building in the city, tied in rank with 1111 19th Street, 1333 H Street, 1000 Connecticut Avenue, the Republic Building, 1010 Mass, the Army and Navy Club Building and the Watergate Hotel and Office Building.


1620 L Street
1620 L Street is an example of postmodern architecture, and has a glass and granite facade. It is composed almost entirely of office space, with 512,000 square feet (48,000 m2) of commercial area; the three basement levels are used as parking space, containing a 126-spot parking garage. The street level floor is used for commercial retailing.


1620 Robben Island earthquake
The 1620 Robben island earthquake is widely accepted as the oldest recorded earthquake in South African history. It reportedly occurred on 7 April 1620 off Robben Island, with a Mercalli intensity of II–IV (Weak–Light). The event was observed by Augustin de Beaulieu, who was leading a fleet of three ships on Table Bay at the time, who recorded "two startling thunderclaps like cannon shots while ship was becalmed near Robben Island" between 6:00 and 7:00.


1620 Robben Island earthquake
In 2012, Sharad Master of the South African Journal of Science has disputed the accuracy of the recording of the event, concluding that the thunderclaps were very likely atmospheric phenomena. He argues that it was the slight quake which occurred off Cape Town in 1690 which is actually the oldest recorded one in South Africa which can be verified, of Mercalli intensity III.


1620 in France
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 18:41, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{yearbox|   in?= in France|}} → {{Year in France header}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1620 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1620.


1620 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1620 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1620 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1620 in science
The year 1620 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1620s
The 1620s decade ran from January 1, 1620, to December 31, 1629.


1620s, Events, 1623, July–December
Gabriel Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor; 15 November 1580 – 15 November 1629) Prince of Transylvania and King-elect of Hungary with his diploma dated in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg/Cluj he allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign.


1620s BC
The 1620s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1629 BC to December 31, 1620 BC.


1620s in England
Events from the 1620s in England. This decade sees a change of monarch.


1620s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1620s in South Africa.


1620s in archaeology
The decade of the 1620s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1621
1621 (MDCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1621st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 621st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st  year of the 17th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1621, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1621 Druzhba
1621 Druzhba, provisional designation 1926 TM, is a stony Florian asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 October 1926, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after the Russian word for friendship.


1621 Druzhba, Classification and orbit
Druzhba is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,216 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. Druzhba's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, one week after its official discovery observation.


1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Druzhba is a common S-type asteroid.


1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2009, American amateur astronomer Robert D. Stephens obtained a rotational lightcurve of Druzhba from photometric observations. In gave a well-defined rotation period of 99.20 hours with a change in brightness of 0.75	 magnitude (U=3) A 2016-published modeled light-curve of 99.100 hours concurred with the result.


1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
This makes it a relatively slow rotator, as the vast majority of minor planets rotate every 2 to 20 hours around their axis. Druzhba's long rotation period was particularly difficulty to measure: Previously, observations by Richard Ditteon at Oakley Observatory gave a period solution of 47.9 hours (Δmag 1.0; U=1), while Polish astronomer Wiesław Wiśniewski obtained a period of only 12 hours in the late 1980s (Δmag 0.16; U=1).


1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Druzhba measures between 9.08 and 12.69 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.237 and 0.312.


1621 Druzhba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Based on an absolute magnitude of 12.37, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a diameter of 9.05 kilometers and an albedo of 0.243 – similar to the albedo of 8 Flora, the family's largest member and namesake.


1621 Druzhba, Naming
This minor planet was named Druzhba, this is a Slavic word for friendship and the name of several cities, towns and other localities in Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Kazakhstan. The asteroid's name was proposed by the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy in St. Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).


1621 Panama earthquake
The 1621 Panama earthquake, also known as the Panamá Viejo earthquake occurred between 16:30 and 16:45 (UTC−5) on 2 May. It is considered to be the first documented violent quake in the Isthmus of Panama, with the epicenter at Pedro Miguel Fault, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). The quake shook and partially destroyed the Old Panama City, (Panama Viejo), which at that time was a town of about 5,000 inhabitants. It left extensive damage, especially with buildings made of masonry which were partially or fully destroyed.


1621 Panama earthquake
Among the buildings that suffered total collapse were the council, municipal, barracks and prison buildings, and the house of the judge of the Audiencia of Panama. The Convento de la Concepción and the Church of the Society of Jesus also suffered considerable damage, but were only partially rebuilt. The earthquake was preceded by a minor earthquake, which occurred between 9 and 10 am, and a small tsunami was reported by a witness, which flooded a street bordering the coast of Panama city.


1621 in India
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1621 to India and its people.


1621 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1621 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1621 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1621 in science
The year 1621 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1621 papal conclave
The 1621 papal conclave (February 8 – February 9) was convened on the death of Pope Paul V and ended with the election of Alessandro Ludovisi as Pope Gregory XV. It was the shortest conclave in the seventeenth century.


1621 papal conclave, Death of Paul V
Pope Paul V died on January 28, 1621 in the 16th year of his pontificate. At the time of his death, there were seventy cardinals in the Sacred College, but only sixty nine were valid electors. Fifty one of them participated in the election of the new Pope.


1621 papal conclave, Factions in the Sacred College
There were three main parties in the Sacred College, with cardinal-nephews of the deceased Popes as leaders:


1621 papal conclave, Factions in the Sacred College
Three cardinals of the Italian ruling families (d'Este, Medici and Sforza) were not counted among the members of these factions.


1621 papal conclave, Factions in the Sacred College
It was generally thought that the next Pope would be the candidate chosen by Cardinal Borghese, because he was the most influential person in the Sacred College. He wanted to elect his friend Cardinal Campori, and already before opening the conclave he had obtained twenty four declarations in his favor. Although Campori had two significant opponents (Republic of Venice and Cardinal Orsini), Borghese was sure that he would be able to achieve his election on the first day of voting, by acclamation.


1621 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XV
The conclave began in the evening of February 8. On the next day, Cardinal Borghese tried to elect Campori by acclamation, but failed because many of his friends defected and aligned themselves with Orsini, who had secured French support for his action against Campori. Facing such strong opposition, Campori withdrew his candidature.


1621 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XV
In the subsequent scrutiny (the only one during this conclave), the greatest number of votes received (fifteen) were for Jesuit Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, but he had already declared in the previous conclave that he would not accept papal dignity in the case of his election. Now, at the age of 78, Bellarmine did not change his mind.


1621 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XV
The rest of the day the most influential cardinals: Borghese, Orsini, Zapata, Capponi, d'Este and Medici, spent on looking for a compromise candidature. Finally, the leaders of factions agreed to elect aged and ill Cardinal Alessandro Ludovisi of Bologna, who seemed to have been the ideal candidate for a temporary pontificate.


1621 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XV
On that same day, at about 11 o’clock in the evening, all the cardinals assembled in the Capella Paolina and by acclamation elected Alessandro Ludovisi to the papacy. He accepted his election and took the name of Gregory XV.


1621 papal conclave, Legacy
Pope Gregory XV in his Bull Aeterni Patris Filius (November 15, 1621) prescribed that in the future only three modes of papal election were to be allowed: scrutiny, compromise, and quasi-inspiration. His Bull "Decet Romanum Pontificem" (March 12, 1622) contains a ceremonial that regulates these three modes of election in every detail. The ordinary mode of election was to be election by scrutiny, which required that the vote be secret, that each cardinal give his vote to only one candidate and that no one vote for himself.


1621 papal conclave, Legacy
Most of the papal elections during the sixteenth century were influenced by political conditions and by party considerations in the College of Cardinals. By introducing secrecy of vote, Pope Gregory XV intended to abolish these abuses. The rules and ceremonies prescribed by Gregory XV were kept substantially the same until Pope John Paul II issued the constitution "Universi Dominici Gregis" in 1996.


162173 Ryugu
162173 Ryugu, provisional designation 1999 JU3, is a near-Earth object and a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It measures approximately 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in diameter and is a dark object of the rare spectral type Cb, with qualities of both a C-type asteroid and a B-type asteroid. In June 2018, the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa2 arrived at the asteroid. After making measurements and taking samples, Hayabusa2 left Ryugu for Earth in November 2019 and returned the sample capsule to Earth on 5 December 2020.


162173 Ryugu, History, Discovery and name
Ryugu was discovered on 10 May 1999 by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. It was given the provisional designation 1999 JU3. The asteroid was officially named "Ryugu" by the Minor Planet Center on 28 September 2015 (M.P.C. 95804). The name refers to Ryūgū-jō (Dragon Palace), a magical underwater palace in a Japanese folktale. In the story, the fisherman Urashima Tarō travels to the palace on the back of a turtle, and when he returns, he carries with him a mysterious box, much like Hayabusa2 returning with samples.


162173 Ryugu, Geological history
Ryugu formed as part of an asteroid family, belonging either to Eulalia or Polana. Those asteroid families are likely fragments of past asteroid collisions. The large number of boulders on the surface supports a catastrophic disruption of the parent body. The parent body of Ryugu likely experienced dehydration due to internal heating and must have formed in an environment without a strong magnetic field. After this catastrophic disruption, part of the surface was reshaped again by the high speed rotation of the asteroid forming the equatorial ridge (Ryujin Dorsum). Only the western bulge remained as an older structure. It is hoped that surface samples will help to reveal more of the geological history of the asteroid.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Orbit
Ryugu orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.96–1.41 AU once every 16 months (474 days; semi-major axis of 1.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. It has a minimum orbital intersection distance with Earth of 95,443.442 km (0.000638 AU), equivalent to 0.23 lunar distances.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Physical
Early analysis in 2012 by Thomas G. Müller et al. used data from a number of observatories, and suggested that the asteroid was "almost spherical", a fact that hinders precise conclusions, with retrograde rotation, an effective diameter of 0.85–0.88 km (0.528 miles) and a geometric albedo of 0.044 to 0.050. They estimated that the grain sizes of its surface materials are between 1 and 10 mm.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Physical
Initial images taken by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft on approach at a distance of 700 km (430 mi) were released on 14 June 2018. They revealed a diamond-shaped body and confirmed its retrograde rotation. Between 17 and 18 June 2018, Hayabusa2 went from 330 to 240 km (210 to 150 mi) from Ryugu and captured a series of additional images from the closer approach. Astronomer Brian May created stereoscopic images from data collected a few days later. After a few months of exploration, JAXA scientists concluded that Ryugu is actually a rubble pile with about 50% of its volume being empty space.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Physical
The acceleration due to gravity at the equator has been evaluated at about 0.11 mm/s2, rising to 0.15 mm/s2 at the poles. The mass of Ryugu is estimated at about 450 million tonnes. The asteroid has a volume of 0.377 ± 0.005 km3 and a bulk density of 1.19 ± 0.03 g/cm3 based on the shape model.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Shape
Ryugu has a round shape with an equatorial ridge, called Ryujin Dorsum. Ryugu is a spinning top-shape asteroid similar to Bennu. The ridge is shaped by strong centrifugal forces. The western side has a different shape compared to the rest of the asteroid. The western side, also called the western bulge has a smooth surface with a sharp equatorial ridge. The models showed that subsurface material is structurally intact and relaxed in the western bulge, while other regions are more sensitive to structural failure. The eastern and western side of Ryugu are bordered by the Tokoyo and Horai Fossae. The structural differences are due to structural changes in the history of the asteroids. Landslides and internal alternations reshaped the asteroid during a phase of high-speed rotation. The western bulge is the region that was not affected by these reshaping forces.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface
Observations from Hayabusa2 showed that the surface of Ryugu is very young and has an age of 8.9 ± 2.5 million years based on the data collected from the artificial crater that was created with an explosive by Hayabusa2.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface
The surface of Ryugu is porous and contains no or very little dust. The measurements with the radiometer on board of MASCOT, which is called MARA, showed a low thermal conductivity of the boulders. This was an in situ measurement of the high porosity of the boulder material. This result showed that most meteorites originating from C-type asteroids are too fragile to survive the entry into Earth's atmosphere.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface
The images from the camera of MASCOT, which is called MASCam, showed that surface of Ryugu contains two different almost black types of rock with little internal cohesion, but no dust was detected. One type of rocky material on the surface is brighter with a smooth surface and sharp edges. The other type of rock is dark with a cauliflower-like, crumbly surface. The dark type of rock has a dark matrix with small, bright, spectrally different inclusions. The inclusions appear similar to CI chondrites. An unanticipated side effect from the Hyabusa2 thrusters revealed a coating of dark, fine-grained red material.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface, Craters
Ryugu has 77 craters on the surface. Ryugu shows variations of crater density that cannot be explained by randomness of cratering. There are more craters at lower latitudes and fewer at higher latitudes, and fewer craters in the western bulge (160°E – 290°E) than in the region around the meridian (300°E – 30°E). This variation is seen as evidence of a complicated geologic history of Ryugu. The surface has one artificial crater, which was intentionally formed by the Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI), which was deployed by Hayabusa2. SCI fired a 2 kg copper mass onto the surface of Ryugu on 5 April, 2019. The artificial crater showed a darker subsurface material. It created an ejecta of 1 cm thickness and excavated material from up to 1 metre in depth.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Surface, Boulders
Ryugu contains 4,400 boulders with a size larger than 5 metres. Ryugu has more large boulders per surface area than Itokawa or Bennu, about one boulder larger than 20 metres per 50 km2. The boulders resemble laboratory impact fragments. The high number of boulders is explained with a catastrophic disruption of Ryugu's larger parent body. The largest boulder, called Otohime has a size of ~160 × 120 × 70 m and is too large to be explained with an ejected boulder from a crater.


162173 Ryugu, Characteristics, Magnetic field
No magnetic field was detected near Ryugu on a global or local scale. This measurement is based on the magnetometer on board of MASCOT, which is called MasMag. This shows that Ryugu does not generate a magnetic field, indicating that the larger body from which it was fragmented was not generated in an environment with a strong magnetic field. This result cannot be generalized for C-type asteroids, however, because the surface of Ryugu seems to have been recreated in a catastrophic disruption.


162173 Ryugu, Surface features
As of August 2019, there are 13 surface features that are named by the IAU. The three landing sites are not officially confirmed but are referred to by specific names in media by JAXA. The theme of features on Ryugu is "children's stories". Ryugu was the first object to introduce the feature type known as the Saxum, referring to the large boulders found on Ryugu's surface.


162173 Ryugu, Surface features, Dorsa
A dorsum is a ridge. There is a single dorsum on Ryugu.


162173 Ryugu, Surface features, Saxa
A saxum is a large boulder. Ryugu is the first astronomical object with them being named. Two boulders have been named "Styx" and "Small Styx" unofficially by the JAXA team; it is unknown if these names will be submitted for IAU approval. Both names refer to the River Styx.


162173 Ryugu, Surface features, Landing sites
JAXA has given informal names to the specific landing and collection sites.


162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) spacecraft Hayabusa2 was launched in December 2014 and successfully arrived at the asteroid on 27 June 2018. It returned material from the asteroid to Earth in December 2020.


162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission
The Hayabusa2 mission includes four rovers with various scientific instruments. The rovers are named HIBOU (aka Rover-1A), OWL (aka Rover-1B), MASCOT and Rover-2 (aka MINERVA-II-2). On 21 September 2018, the first two of these rovers, HIBOU and OWL (together the MINERVA-II-1 rovers) which hop around the surface of the asteroid, were released from Hayabusa2. This marks the first time a mission has completed a successful landing on a fast-moving asteroid body.


162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission
On 3 October 2018, the German-French Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) lander successfully arrived on Ryugu, ten days after the MINERVA rovers landed. Its mission was short-lived, as was planned; the lander had only 16 hours of battery power and no way to recharge.


162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission
Hayabusa2 touched down briefly on February 22, 2019 on Ryugu, fired a small tantalum projectile into the surface to collect the cloud of surface debris within the sampling horn, and then moved back to its holding position. The second sampling was from the subsurface, and it involved firing a large copper projectile from an altitude of 500 metres to expose pristine material. After several weeks, it touched down on 11 July 2019 to sample the subsurface material, using its sampler horn and tantalum bullet.


162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission
The last rover, Rover-2 or MINERVA-II-2, failed before release from the Hayabusa2 orbiter. It was deployed anyway on 2 October 2019 in orbit around Ryugu to perform gravitational measurements. It impacted the asteroid a few days after release.


162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission
On 13 November 2019, commands were sent to Hayabusa2 to leave Ryugu and begin its journey back to Earth. On 6 December 2020 (Australian time), a capsule containing the samples landed in Australia and after a brief search was retrieved.


162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission
Prior to the sample capsule return, the amount of sample was expected to be at least 0.1 g. The description of overall bulk sample was planned to be done by JAXA in the first six months. 5 wt% of the sample will be allocated for the detailed analysis by JAXA. 15 wt% will be allocated for initial analysis, and 10 wt% for "phase 2" analysis among Japanese research groups. Within a year, NASA (10 wt%) and international "phase 2" research groups (5 wt%) will receive their allotment. 15 wt% will be allocated for research proposals by international Announcement of Opportunity. 40 wt% of the sample will be stored unused for future analysis.


162173 Ryugu, Hayabusa2 mission
After the sample capsule return, the amount of retrieved sample is about 5.4 g. Since it was 50 times more than anticipated, allotment plan was adjusted so that: 2 wt% to the detailed analysis by JAXA; 6 wt% for the initial analysis; 4 wt% for the "phase 2" analysis by Japanese research groups; 10 wt% for NASA; 2 wt% for the international "phase 2" research groups; 1 wt% for the public outreach; 15 wt% for the international Announcement of Opportunity; and the 60 wt% will be preserved for future analysis.


1622
1622 (MDCXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1622nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 622nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 22nd  year of the 17th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1622, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1622 Chacornac
1622 Chacornac, provisional designation 1952 EA, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 March 1952, by French astronomer Alfred Schmitt at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after astronomer Jean Chacornac.


1622 Chacornac, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,220 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1930, extending Chacornac's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1622 Chacornac, Lightcurves
Between 2009 and 2013, several rotational lightcurves for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory and the Hunters Hill Observatory, as well as by astronomers Eric Barbotin and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 11.48 and 12.20 hours with a brightness variation between 0.21 and 0.25 in magnitude (U=2/2/2).


1622 Chacornac, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, Chacornac measures 10.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.224, while observations by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission gave a diameter of 8.4 kilometers and a high albedo of 0.36. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by AKARI and assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 9.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.2.


1622 Chacornac, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of French astronomer Jean Chacornac (1823–1873), an early discoverer of minor planets himself, most notably 25 Phocaea. He also discovered the parabolic comet C/1852 K1 (Chacornac) in 1852 and independently discovered 20 Massalia. The lunar crater Chacornac also bears his name. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4418).


1622 North Guyuan earthquake
The 1622 North Guyuan earthquake struck Ningxia, China on 25 October with a Richter magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was the only recorded big earthquake in western China for 148 years, between 1561 and 1709. The earthquake occurred on the "rake of the Zhongwei-Tongxin fault", with a mid-seismogenic depth of about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi).


1622 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1622.


1622 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1622 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1622 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1622 in science
The year 1622 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1623
1623 (MDCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1623rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 623rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 23rd  year of the 17th century, and the  4th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1623, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1623, Events, July–December
Gabriel Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor; 15 November 1580 – 15 November 1629) Prince of Transylvania and King-elect of Hungary with his diploma dated in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg/Cluj he allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign.


1623 Malta plague outbreak
The 1623 Malta plague outbreak was a minor outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. It was probably caused by infected materials from a major epidemic in 1592–1593, and it was successfully contained after causing 40 to 45 deaths.


1623 Malta plague outbreak, Background
At the time of the outbreak, Malta was ruled by the Order of St John. Between 1592 and 1593, a plague epidemic had killed about 3,000 people on the island.


1623 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak
The first cases of plague in this outbreak were detected in the capital Valletta, among family members of Paulus Emilius Ramadus, the Port Chief Sanitary Officer. It is suspected that the latter had handled refuse material from the 1592–1593 epidemic which might have been infected, causing the 1623 outbreak. The disease subsequently spread to a number of other households.


1623 Malta plague outbreak, Outbreak, Containment measures
In the 1623 outbreak health authorities implemented strict measures which managed to successfully contain the spread of the disease. Sanitary Commissioners isolated people who had been infected and those who came in contact with them on Bishop's Island in Marsamxett Harbour. Houses of infected people were guarded, and restrictions were imposed on movement between Valletta and the rest of the island. Congregations were prohibited, and other containment measures included the banning of cloaks, which were believed to facilitate contact between people.


1623 Malta plague outbreak, Impact
The outbreak caused the deaths of either 40 or 45 people.


1623 Vivian
1623 Vivian, provisional designation 1948 PL, is a carbonaceous Themis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 1948, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named after Vivian Hirst, daughter of British astronomer William P. Hirst.


1623 Vivian, Orbit and classification
Vivian is a C-type asteroid and member of the Themis family, a large family of asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. Vivian's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1623 Vivian, Rotation period and pole
In March 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Vivian was obtained by American astronomer Lawrence Molnar at the Calvin–Rehoboth Observatory in New Mexico. It gave it a rotation period of 20.5209 hours with a brightness variation of 0.85 magnitude (U=3-). Modeled lightcurve data gave a concurring period of 20.5235 hours (U=n.a. ).


1623 Vivian, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vivian measures between 24.77 and 29.98 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.075 and 0.08. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 25.82 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.


1623 Vivian, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Vivian Hirst, daughter of British astronomer William P. Hirst, receiver of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa's Gill Medal and after whom the minor planet 3172 Hirst is named. Hirst calculated the preliminary orbit for this and several other minor planets discovered by Ernest Johnson. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (M.P.C. 3569).


1623 in Italy
An incomplete series of events which occurred in Italy in 1623:


1623 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1623.


1623 in philosophy, Events
Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze. But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and read the letters in which it is composed. It is written in the language of mathematics and its characters are triangles and circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one wanders about in a dark labyrinth.


1623 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1623 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1623 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1623 in science
The year 1623 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1623 papal conclave
The 1623 papal conclave was convened on the death of Pope Gregory XV and ended with the election of Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII. It was the first conclave to take place after the reforms that Gregory XV issued in his 1621 bull Aeterni Patris Filius.


1623 papal conclave, Background
After his election, Gregory XV had reformed the papal conclave system with his bull Aeterni Patris Filius of 1621, which was intended to streamline the conclave process, and this was the first papal election to follow these reforms.


1623 papal conclave, Background
Following the 1605 conclaves, papal elections had become standardized despite not being hereditary. The typical pope during the 200 years following Paul V's election that year was around seventy and had been a cardinal for a decade after a career as a canon lawyer. Popes typically came from the second-tier nobility of Rome or the Papal States.


1623 papal conclave, Conclave
Fifty-four cardinals participated in the conclave following the death of Gregory XV. Among them were four Spanish cardinals and three German cardinals, but none from France.


1623 papal conclave, Conclave
The cardinals were primarily split in factions between those created by popes before Pope Paul V was elected in 1605, who numbered thirteen, those created by Paul, who numbered thirty-two, and those created by Gregory XV, who numbered nine. The two cardinals who had the most influence over the conclave were Scipione Borghese, the nephew of Paul V, and Ludovico Ludovisi, the nephew of Gregory XV. Ludovisi attempted to increase his influence over the conclave by becoming allies with the cardinals who originated from regions controlled by the Habsburgs.


1623 papal conclave, Conclave
Borghese had supported Pietro Campori in the previous conclave, which had elected Gregory XV, and Campori was his preferred candidate during this conclave as well. It was anticipated that Campori's age of 66 would be a benefit, because a Spanish memorandum had revealed that they viewed older cardinals as less likely to develop an independent foreign policy as pope. Because the French influence in this election was not expected to be much, Borghese anticipated that electing Campori pope would be easier, since French opposition had been the main thing preventing it in the previous conclave.


1623 papal conclave, Conclave
The first scrutiny of the conclave was significant because it revealed that Gregory XV's reform intended to discourage cardinals from voting for their friends in the first round had not been successful. The second scrutiny revealed to Borghese that Giovanni Garzia Mellini was the candidate from the Borghese party that had the most support among electors. Ludovisi was opposed to Mellini, and he spread rumours amongst the cardinals that Borghese would rather die than see anyone outside of his faction becoming pope. These rumours caused other cardinals to lose good will towards Borghese, coupled with the alleged fact that the summer heat had begun to exhaust them.


1623 papal conclave, Election of Urban VIII
After candidates from both major factions had been rejected by the electors, Borghese began to look for neutral candidates including Maffeo Barberini. Barberini began openly campaigning for his own election, which had not been seen in previous conclaves. Barberini had been friends with Maurice of Savoy, who served as the spokesman for the cardinals supporting France during the conclave. He also received the support of Ludovisi, which caused Borghese to oppose him. Borghese had contracted an illness during the conclave, and in order to leave he agreed to the election of Barberini and instructed his cardinals to vote for Barberini's election.


1623 papal conclave, Election of Urban VIII
In the next scrutiny, Barberini received enough votes for election, but there was one ballot missing. The cardinals disputed what to do for two hours, and eventually Barberini requested a second scrutiny, which he won with fifty out of the fifty-four cardinals present. The relative speed of Urban's election has been attributed to the summer heat that the cardinals were forced to endure during the process.


1623 papal conclave, Election of Urban VIII
Upon his election, Barberini took the name of Urban VIII. Barberini had previously served as the papal nuncio to France under Paul V, and had been created a cardinal because of his service there, and his election pleased Louis XIII of France. During Paul V's papacy Urban was noted in a series of biographies on potential cardinal electors for being a writer and poet. The symbol of his family was the bee, and his election was afterwards said by Romans to have been foretold by a swarm of bees entering the conclave. Following the election, eight cardinals died within two weeks, but the new pope survived despite catching malaria during the conclave.


1624
1624 (MDCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1624th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 624th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 24th  year of the 17th century, and the  5th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1624, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1624 in Italy
An incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1624:


1624 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1624.


1624 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1624 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1624 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1624 in science
The year 1624 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1625
1625 (MDCXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1625th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 625th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 25th  year of the 17th century, and the  6th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1625, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1625 El Salvador earthquake
The 1625 El Salvador earthquake struck El Salvador in 1625. Described as a "violent earthquake that caused serious damage", it affected the city of San Salvador, and left it in ruins. Surrounding pueblos were also affected.


1625 Eye Street
1625 Eye Street is a high-rise  building located in Washington, D.C., United States. Its construction began in 2001 and was completed in 2003. The building rises to 160 feet (49 m), featuring 12 floors and 10 elevators to serve those 12 floors. The construction of this building replaced the Cafritz Building, which also used the same address as this building. The original architect of the building was Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (Washington), who designed the postmodern concept of the building. Gensler repositioned the design and ultimately completed the documentation, permitting and construction administration of the building.


1625 Eye Street
The material of the postmodern design includes steel and glass. The building serves as an office use building and as a parking garage. The building is operated by American Real Estate Partners. The building was originally operated and developed by Union Labor Life Insurance Company, though in late 2003, Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill (Washington) bought the operations to the building for $157 million.


1625 Eye Street
The building's tenants include CQ Roll Call, Colliers International, the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, and O'Melveny & Myers.


1625 The NORC
1625 The NORC, provisional designation 1953 RB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1953, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was named after the IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC).


1625 The NORC, Orbit and classification
The NORC orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.9 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,083 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A914 SA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1914. Its observation arc begins 24 years prior to its official discovery observation, when it was identified as 1929 CA at Uccle.


1625 The NORC, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, The NORC is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1625 The NORC, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Between 2009 and 2014, five rotational light-curve were obtained of The NORC from photometric observations taken by René Roy, David Higgins and the Palomar Transient Factory. The light-curves gave a rotation period between 12.94 and 18.820 hours with a change in brightness of 0.06 to 0.33 in magnitude (U=+1/2/3-). The best rated result with a period of 13.959 hours (Δmag 0.16) was obtained by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins.


1625 The NORC, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, The NORC measures between 44.66 and 75.11 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.023 and 0.065. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 47.60 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.34.


1625 The NORC, Naming
This minor planet was named after the IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC), IBM's first-generation vacuum tube computer built in the 1950s (also see List of vacuum tube computers and § External links). NORC was the fastest, most powerful electronic computer of its time. Under the direction of Wallace J. Eckert, after whom the asteroid 1750 Eckert is named, NORC performed a vast amount of orbital calculations for minor planet. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in May 1957 (M.P.C. 1591).


1625 in Italy
An incomplete series of events which occurred in Italy in 1625:


1625 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1625.


1625 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1625 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1625 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1625 in science
The year 1625 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1626
1626 (MDCXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1626th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 626th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 26th  year of the 17th century, and the  7th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1626, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1626 Girifalco earthquake
The 1626 Girifalco earthquake occurred on April 5 at 12:45. It was the strongest earthquake in a sequence that lasted from March 27 through to October of that year. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.0 Me and a maximum perceived intensity of X (extreme) on the Modified Mercalli scale. It caused widespread destruction in Girifalco and Catanzaro, then part of the Kingdom of Naples. There is no precise estimate for the number of casualties, but it is thought to lie in the range 11-100. The earthquake may have been caused by movement on the NW-SE trending Stalettì-Squillace-Maida fault system.


1626 Sadeya
1626 Sadeya, prov. designation: 1927 AA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1927, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Solà at Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain, and named after the Spanish and American Astronomical Society. The discovery of a companion was announced on 1 December 2020.


1626 Sadeya, Orbit and classification
The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a group of asteroids with rather high inclinations between 18° and 32°. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,327 days; semi-major axis of 2.36 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic. Sadeya's observation arc begins 2 months after its official discovery with a precovery taken at Yerkes Observatory.


1626 Sadeya, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Spanish and American Astronomical Society, also known by its acronym "S.A.D.E.Y.A." (Spanish: Sociedad Astrónomica de España y América). It was founded by Comas i Solà, who also was its first president. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).


1626 Sadeya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Sadeya has a well-defined rotation period between 3.414 and 3.438 hours with a change in brightness between 0.07 and 0.22 in magnitude (U=2+/3-/3). These numerous rotational lightcurves were obtained by ESO astronomers, Julian Oey, Pierre Antonini, Ramon Naves, Enric Forné, Hilari Pallares, Brian Warner and Vladimir Benishek between 1996 and 2014.


1626 Sadeya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sadeya measures between 14.25 and 15.14 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.30 and 0.512. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a lower albedo of 0.23 – derived from 25 Phocaea, the namesake of the Phocaea family – and calculates a diameter of 15.95 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.2.


1626 Sadeya, Satellite
On 1 December 2020, the discovery of a satellite in orbit of Sadeya was announced by Vladimir Benishek, Petr Pravec, and several other collaborators. The minor-planet moon measures approximately 3.81 kilometers (2.4 miles) in diameter, or 26% that of its primary, and has an orbital period of about  51.3 hours.


1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
The election for the Chancellorship of the University of Cambridge, 1626, chose a new Chancellor of the University. There were two candidates for the post, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, supported by the king, and Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire, a son of the Chancellor who had just died.


1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Background
The election was brought about by the death on 28 March 1626 of the previous Chancellor, the Earl of Suffolk. A past Lord High Treasurer who had fallen from office, Suffolk had owned Audley End House, near Cambridge, said to be the largest private house in England, and at the time of his death was Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire and also of Suffolk.


1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Background
While holding a largely ceremonial position, the Chancellor was nevertheless influential in the University, and monarchs of England liked to have their supporters in such key positions. Charles I had been on the throne for barely a year and was anxious to have his supporters in significant offices.


1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Campaigns
Suffolk died at his great house at Charing Cross, so that the news came to the court before it reached the University. The day after the death, 29 March, the chaplain of George Montaigne, Bishop of London, arrived in Cambridge bearing a message from his master to report that King Charles wished to see his father's favourite Buckingham elected as the new Chancellor. However, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire, one of the dead man's eight sons, decided to contest the election. A fierce contest ensued, later described by James Bass Mullinger as "essentially one between the two great theological parties of the time".


1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Campaigns
Buckingham was strongly supported by Leonard Mawe, himself recently appointed by the King as Master of Trinity, the most important college. On the morning of the election, Mawe summoned all the fellows of Trinity and pressed them to vote for Buckingham.


1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Ballot and outcome
The University's Statutes of 1570 gave the heads of houses considerable influence in such elections, chiefly because there was no secret ballot, and of all the doctors of the University in residence only one, Dr George Porter, President of Queens' College and Regius Professor of Civil Law, voted for Berkshire. In the event, many fellows of colleges who were expected to do likewise abstained by staying away from the election.


1626 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Ballot and outcome
Buckingham was declared the winner, but with a majority over Berkshire of only three votes. Some men present doubted the result and thought of challenging it, but it was decided not to do so.


1626 in Italy
An incomplete series of events which occurred in Italy in 1626:


1626 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1626.


1626 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1626 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1626 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1626 in science
The year 1626 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1626 influenza pandemic
In 1626 a flu pandemic spread from Asia to Europe, Africa, North America, and South America during the first such pandemic of the seventeenth century.


1626 influenza pandemic, Asia
Pandemic influenza yet again spread from Anatolia to Europe and Africa through the bustling, international ports of Constantinople.


1626 influenza pandemic, Europe
In Europe it started in the southern part of the continent, beginning in Italy and nations bordering the Ottoman Empire.


1626 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily and Italian States
European chronicler surnamed Donius, possibly J. B. Donius, described the outbreak in Italy: "The year 1626 is recent in memory, for which winter began with a greatest influence not only in Rome but all of Italy affected together. This was strongly due to the Borcæ wind that followed the southern winds, which stirred up dangerous and corrupt illnesses that were ridiculously called Castrone." Donius, like many physicians before the discovery of pathogens, attributed the cause of the generalized outbreaks of respiratory illness to climate.


1626 influenza pandemic, Europe, Sicily and Italian States
Influenza diffused throughout Italy. An epidemic hit the Spanish galleys stationed at the port of Genoa.


1626 influenza pandemic, Europe, England and Ireland
Physicians in England were by then aware that "Colds" occurred in varying degrees, attributing most sudden respiratory illnesses to "humors" affecting the lungs.


1626 influenza pandemic, North and South America
By 1627 the flu had reached epidemic levels in North America. Flu then spread to the West Indies and South America.


1626 influenza pandemic, Medicine and treatment
Patients who were bled suffered far higher mortality rates than patients who weren't. In The Poore Mans Talent (c. 1623), a then-popular book by Thomas Lodge dispensing home remedies for common ailments, treatments include lozenges, broths, and oily, vaporous ointments for "Colds" that arises with a "general alteration and hott fevour..."


1627
1627 (MDCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1627th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 627th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 27th  year of the 17th century, and the  8th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1627, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1627 Gargano earthquake
The 1627 Gargano earthquake struck Gargano and part of Tavoliere, southern Italy, at about mid-day on 30 July 1627. A "very large earthquake" caused a major tsunami, the largest seismic event ever recorded in the Gargano region, which "produced severe damage in the whole promontory", killing about 5000 people. Four aftershocks were documented. The most extensive damage was noted between San Severo and Lesina.


1627 Gargano earthquake
Some sources describe a large 1626 Naples earthquake, but other have argued that these are misreports of the 1627 event.


1627 Ivar
1627 Ivar, provisional designation 1929 SH, is an elongated stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 15×6×6 km. It was discovered on 25 September 1929, by Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named after Ivar Hertzsprung, brother of the discoverer. 1627 Ivar was the first asteroid to be imaged by radar, in July 1985 by the Arecibo Observatory.


1627 Ivar, Classification and orbit
Ivar orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1–2.6 AU once every 2 years and 6 months (929 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.40 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. Ivar's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1929, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1627 Ivar, Classification and orbit
It has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.1117 AU (16,700,000 km) which corresponds to 43.5 lunar distances. The eccentric Amor asteroid is also a Mars-crosser. In August 2074, it will pass Earth at 0.141 AU, closer than it actually approached Mars in July 1975 (0.150 AU).


1627 Ivar, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS and Tholen taxonomic scheme, Ivar is characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid.


1627 Ivar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A large number of rotational lightcurves of Ivar have been obtained from photometric observations since 1985 (see infobox). They give a well-defined rotation period between 4.795 and 4.80 hours with a brightness variation between 0.27 and 1.40 magnitude, indicative of its non-spheroidal shape (also see 3D-model image). New radar and visual observations refined the period to 4.7951689 ± 0.0000026 hours. Future photometric observations will show whether the YORP effect will slowly change the body's spin rate (as seen with 1862 Apollo).


1627 Ivar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 1985, the body was observed with radar from the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico at a distance of 0.20 AU. The measured radar cross-section was 7.5 square kilometers. It was the first asteroid to be imaged by radar. Radar observations have been performed again in June & July 2013 and July 2018.


1627 Ivar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the EXPLORENEOs survey carried out by the Spitzer Space Telescope, thermal infrared observations by the Keck Observatory, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, and thermal modeling by Alan Harris, Ivar measures between 8.37 and 10.2 kilometers in diameter, and it surface has an albedo between 0.09 and 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.151 and a diameter of 9.12 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.87. According to model based on radar and photometric observations Ivar is an elongated asteroid with maximum extensions along the three body-fixed coordinates being 15.15 × 6.25 × 5.66 km ± 10%.


1627 Ivar, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his late brother Ivar Hertzsprung. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in February 1959 (M.P.C. 1860).


1627 in India
This is list of events in India in year 1627.


1627 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1627.


1627 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1627 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1627 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1627 in science
The year 1627 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1628
1628 (MDCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1628th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 628th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 28th  year of the 17th century, and the  9th   year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1628, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1628 (TV series)
1628 is a Swedish comedy television series. It was first broadcast in 1991. It is set in the year 1628 during the war of Sweden against Poland.


1628 Camarines earthquake
The 1628 Camarines earthquake struck Camarines, in the Philippines in 1628. Fourteen different shocks were recorded. The date is unknown. The United States' National Geophysical Data Center describes the damage as "severe" and the total number of homes damaged as "many".


1628 Strobel
1628 Strobel, provisional designation 1923 OG, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter.


1628 Strobel
It was discovered on 11 September 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after ARI-astronomer Willi Strobel.


1628 Strobel, Classification and orbit
Strobel orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,909 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. Strobel's observation arc begins two nights after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1923.


1628 Strobel, Physical characteristics
Strobel is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It is also classified as a P-type by WISE and as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS.


1628 Strobel, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
American astronomer Richard Binzel obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Strobel in May 1984. It gave a rotation period of 11.80 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=2). In May 2005, photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a shorter period of 9.52 hours and a brightness change of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).


1628 Strobel, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Strobel measures between 51.15 and 59.35 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.047 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0504 and a diameter of 57.06 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.08.


1628 Strobel, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Willi Strobel (1909–1988), staff member at Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) since 1938, and author of the 1963-edition of Identifizierungsnachweis der Kleinen Planeten (Minor planet identifications, published by ARI). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).


1628 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1628.


1628 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1628 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1628 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1628 in science
The year 1628 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1629
1629 (MDCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1629th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 629th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 29th  year of the 17th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1620s decade. As of the start of 1629, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1629 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1629 kHz:


1629 Banda Sea earthquake
The 1629 Banda Sea earthquake struck the Banda Sea, Indonesia on August 1. Its epicentre is believed to have been in the Seram Trough. A megathrust earthquake caused a 15 m (49 ft) tsunami, which was recorded to have affected the Banda Islands about 30 minutes after the quake. The effects of the tsunami were reported as far as 230 kilometres (140 mi) away in Ambon. Many trees in the Banda Islands were reported to have been uprooted.


1629 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1629.


1629 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1629 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1629 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1629 in science
The year 1629 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1629–1631 Italian plague
The Italian Plague of 1629–1631, also referred to as the Great Plague of Milan, was part of the Second plague pandemic that began with Black Death in 1348 and ended in the 18th century. One of two major outbreaks in Italy during the 17th century, it affected northern and central Italy and resulted in at least 280,000 deaths, with some estimating fatalities as high as one million, or about 35% of the population. The plague may have contributed to the decline of Italy's economy relative to that of other Western European countries.


1629–1631 Italian plague, Outbreaks
Thought to have originated in Northern France in 1623, the plague was carried throughout Europe by as a result of troop movements associated with the Thirty Years' War and was allegedly brought to Lombardy in 1629 by soldiers involved in the War of the Mantuan Succession. The disease first spread to Venetian troops and in October 1629 reached Milan, Lombardy's major commercial centre. Although the city instituted a quarantine and limited access to external visitors and trade goods, it failed to eliminate the disease. A major outbreak in March 1630 resulted from relaxed health measures during the carnival season, followed by a second wave in the spring and summer of 1631. Overall, Milan suffered approximately 60,000 fatalities out of a total population of 130,000.


1629–1631 Italian plague, Outbreaks
East of Lombardy, the Republic of Venice was infected in 1630–31. The city of Venice was severely hit, with recorded casualties of 46,000 out of a population of 140,000. Some historians believe that the drastic loss of life, and its impact on commerce, ultimately resulted in the downfall of Venice as a major commercial and political power.


1629–1631 Italian plague, Outbreaks
The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy.


1629–1631 Italian plague, Outbreaks
Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy occurred in the city of Florence in 1630–1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656–57.


1629–1631 Italian plague, Outbreaks
A 2019 study found that the plague of 1629–1631 led to lower growth in several cities affected by the plague and "caused long‐lasting damage to the size of Italian urban populations and to urbanization rates. These findings support the hypothesis that seventeenth‐century plagues played a fundamental role in triggering the process of relative decline of the Italian economies."


1629–1631 Italian plague, Literature
The 1630 Milan plague is the backdrop for several chapters of Alessandro Manzoni's 1840 novel The Betrothed (Italian: I promessi sposi). Although a work of fiction, Manzoni's description of the conditions and events in plague-ravaged Milan are completely historical and extensively documented from primary sources researched by the author.


1629–1631 Italian plague, Literature
An expunged section of the book, describing the historical trial and execution of three alleged "plague-spreaders", was later published in a pamphlet entitled Storia della colonna infame (History of the pillar of infamy).


162d Combat Communications Group
The 162d Combat Communications Group is an inactive unit of the California Air National Guard. It was headquartered at North Highlands Air National Guard Station near Sacramento, California.


162d Combat Communications Group, Mission
The Air National Guard's mission, state and federal, is to provide trained, well-equipped men and women who can augment the active force during national emergencies or war, and provide assistance during natural disasters and civil disturbances. When air guard units are in a non-mobilized status they are commanded by the governor of their respective state, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Territory of Guam, Territory of the Virgin Islands, and the commanding general of the District of Columbia National Guard. The governors (except in the District of Columbia) are represented in the chain of command by the adjutant general of the state or territory.


162d Combat Communications Group, Mission
The Air National Guard under order of state authorities, provides protection of life and property, and preserves peace, order and public safety. State missions, which are funded by the individual states, include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires; search and rescue; protection of vital public services; and support to civil defense. The 162nd also provides the Adjutant General with voice and data communications throughout the state of California during state emergencies or contingencies.


162d Combat Communications Group, Mission
Under its federal mission, the 162d trained, deployed, operated and maintained tactical communications-electronic facilities, and provided tactical command and control communications services for operational commands supporting Military of the United States wartime contingencies. – Under its federal mission, the group trained, deployed, operated and maintained tactical communications-electronic facilities, and provided tactical command and control communications services for operational commands supporting US military wartime contingencies.


162d Combat Communications Group, History
The 162d's history goes back to the 599th Signal Aircraft Warning Battalion activated at Drew Field, Florida on 30 March 1944. Shortly thereafter, the unit moved to Oahu, Hawaii. Some of its components saw action in the Marshall and Mariana Islands during World War II. The unit was inactivated on 29 July 1946, but was reactivated on 13 May 1948 as the 162nd Aircraft Control and Warning Group of the California Air National Guard.


162d Combat Communications Group, History
On 1 May 1951 the unit mobilized to serve state side during the Korean War until its inactivation on 6 February 1952. The following year, it returned to the State of California and was redesignated the 162d Tactical Control Group, stationed at Van Nuys Air National Guard Base. At that time three of the presently assigned units (the 147th, 148th, and 149th) were Aircraft Control and Warning Squadrons under the 162nd Group.


162d Combat Communications Group, History
On 1 March 1961, the group headquarters moved to the North Highlands Air National Guard Station near Sacramento, and was redesignated the 162d Communications Group (Mobile). By that time the 222d, 234th, and 261st units had joined the group. In 1966 the group was redesignated again, to the 162d Mobile Communications Group. This designation they kept until 10 February 1976, when they were given their present designation of 162d Combat Communications Group. The 162d fell under the command of Air Force Air Combat Command at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.


162d Combat Communications Group, History
The group was inactivated on 1 September 2015 and its assets were transferred to the 195th Wing, stationed at Beale Air Force Base, California.


162d Depot Brigade (United States)
The 162d Depot Brigade was a training and receiving formation of the United States Army during World War I.


162d Depot Brigade (United States), History
Secretary of War Newton Baker authorized Major General Samuel Sturgis to organize the 162d Depot Brigade, an element of the 87th Division (National Army). It was later detached and placed directly under Camp Pike, Arkansas, as an independent unit. The brigade filled two purposes: one was to train replacements for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF); the other was to act as a receiving unit for men sent to camps by local draft boards. During most of 1918, the brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Frederick B. Shaw.


162d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose
The role of depot brigades was to receive and organize recruits, provide them with uniforms, equipment and initial military training, and then send them to France to fight on the front lines. The depot brigades also received soldiers returning home at the end of the war and completed their out processing and discharges. Depot brigades were often organized, reorganized, and inactivated as requirements to receive and train troops rose and fell, and later ebbed and flowed during post-war demobilization.


162d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose
Depot brigades were organized into numbered battalions (1st Battalion, 2d Battalion, etc. ), which in turn were organized into numbered companies.


162d Depot Brigade (United States), Purpose
The major U.S. depot brigades organized for World War I, which remained active until after post-war demobilization included: 151st (Camp Devens); 152d (Camp Upton); 153d (Camp Dix); 154th (Camp Meade); 155th (Camp Lee); 156th (Camp Jackson); 157th (Camp Gordon); 158th (Camp Sherman); 159th (Camp Taylor); 160th (Camp Custer); 161st (Camp Grant); 162d (Camp Pike); 163d (Camp Dodge); 164th (Camp Funston); 165th (Camp Travis); 166th (Camp Lewis); and 167th (Camp McClellan).


162d Reconnaissance Squadron
The 162d Reconnaissance Squadron (162 RS) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard 178th Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing located at Springfield Air National Guard Base, Springfield, Ohio. The 162d is equipped with the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator UAV.


162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II
The 362d Fighter Squadron was established at Hamilton Field, California in December 1942.


162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II
Became part of the United States Air Forces in Europe army of occupation in Germany during 1945. Inactivated in Germany during August 1946.


162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard
The wartime 362d Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 162d Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 22 November 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 162d Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 362d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned initially to the Illinois ANG 66th Fighter Wing, operationally gained by Continental Air Command. On 7 December 1947 the Ohio ANG 55th Fighter Wing, was federally recognized and the squadron was transferred.


162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
With the formation and federal recognition of the Ohio ANG 121st Fighter Group at Lockbourne Field, near Columbus, the squadron was reassigned. The mission of the 162d Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Ohio. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying.


162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans. In 1950 the squadron exchanged its F-51Ds for F-51H Mustang very long range escort fighters that were suitable for long-range interception of unknown aircraft identified by Ground Control Interceptor radar stations.


162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. However, the 162d was not federalized and remained at Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport and continued its air defense mission.


162d Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Ohio Air National Guard, Air Defense
In September 1955 Air Defense Command wanted to re-equip the squadron from F-51Hs to jet-powered F-84E Thunderjets in accordance with the USAF directive to phase out propeller-driven fighter-interceptor aircraft from the inventory. However, because the runways at the Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport were too short at that time to support jet fighter operations, the National Guard Bureau approved the relocation request by the Ohio ANG to move the squadron to Springfield Municipal Airport, just east of Dayton.