1745 Establishment
The 1745 Establishment was the third and final formal establishment of dimensions for ships to be built for the Royal Navy. It completely superseded the previous 1719 Establishment, which had subsequently been modified in 1733 and again in 1741 (but not formally replaced on either occasion). Although partially intended to correct the problems of the ships built to the earlier Establishments, the ships of the 1745 Establishment proved just as unsatisfactory, and important changes in the make-up of the Admiralty and Navy Boards finally led to the end of the establishment era by around 1751.


1745 Establishment, Origins
When the 1706 Establishment had come into effect, British naval architecture had been set on a path of conservatism that caused stagnation in the advance of shipbuilding in Great Britain. Over the course of the existence of the 1706 and 1719 Establishments, the sizes of ships had remained relatively unchanged: the gundeck length of a 70-gun third rate of 1706 was 150 ft (45.7 m), compared with 151 ft (46.0 m) in 1733.


1745 Establishment, Origins
By comparison, the 70-gun French ship Ferme captured by the Royal Navy in 1702 was 156 ft 2 in (47.6 m), and the 70-gun Magnanime of 1744, captured in 1748 was 173 ft 7 in (52.9 m). This was almost as long as the 175 ft (53.3 m) to which British first rates were to be built according to the 1741 proposals.


1745 Establishment, Origins
With the end of Robert Walpole's government in 1742, the Board of Admiralty was re–organised, and the civilian Earl of Winchilsea was appointed First Lord. Under the new administration, there were some half-hearted attempts at reform, with the ordering of the 90-gun Namur to be razeed to 74 guns in response to the increasing French and Spanish practice of building 74-gun ships, and an experiment in building larger ships for their class which resulted in the construction of Bristol and Rochester.


1745 Establishment, Origins
The Duke of Bedford, again a civilian, was appointed First Lord in December 1744. He relied upon Rear-Admiral George Anson, who had refused promotion to flag rank under the previous First Lord. The fiasco that was the Battle of Toulon highlighted many of the problems in British shipbuilding, with several ships unable to open gunports due to a combination of a lack of stability and insufficient height of the ports above the waterline. It was observed by Commodore Charles Knowles that the British 70-gun ships were 'little superior to [the French] ships of 52 guns.' Many of the fleet's problems were blamed on Sir Jacob Acworth, the Surveyor of the Navy since 1715, and an unsuccessful attempt to remove him was mounted by one of the members of the Board of Admiralty, Henry Legge.


1745 Establishment, Origins
For the previous Establishments, the dimensions had been decided upon through consultation with the Surveyor and senior shipwrights; instead in June 1745 the Admiralty took the lead when it decided to deal with the problem of ship sizes, and set up a committee to review proposals made by the Navy Board. The original purpose of the Establishments was to standardise the fleet, but because ships had been built and rebuilt at various times to varying established dimensions, there was little more standardisation than had been present before the 1706 Establishment came into being. The new Establishment of 1745 was intended to correct this situation, and at the same time solve the issues with British ships that had been the cause of complaint by sea officers for several years.


1745 Establishment, Origins
The Admiralty had intended that the 80-gun ships should no longer be built, as they lacked maneuverability and stability, and their lower gunports were so close to the waterline that they could not be opened in anything above a calm sea. The committee the Admiralty had set up disagreed with their assessment however, and a suggestion to switch to 74-gun ships in lieu of the 80s was rejected.


1745 Establishment, Origins
The size of ships was to be limited according to the depth of water available in the country's ports, and so even the 90-gun ships were to remain smaller than some French and Spanish 74s. Despite these setbacks, the Admiralty had achieved much greater increases in the sizes of ships than with the previous establishments. Furthermore, the ship types of pre-1741 were restored, with the 64-gun vessel returned to 70 guns, and the 58-gun vessels to 60.


1745 Establishment, Origins
Earlier establishments had merely laid out the principal dimensions for each type of warship from the 100-gun first rates down to the 20-gun sixth rates, although with effect from the 1719 Establishment this was augmented by defining the sizes and thicknesses of wood to be used in the construction. These establishments had left the actual design of each vessel to the Master Shipwright in each Naval Dockyard, with the Surveyor of the Navy responsible only for common designs for those ships built by contract by mercantile shipbuilders. However, under the new 1745 Establishment the responsibility for preparing designs ("draughts") for all ships was given to the Surveyor of the Navy, with the Master Shipwrights now responsible only for constructing ships to those common Surveyor's designs for each vessel type.


1745 Establishment, Origins
Additionally, control over the Establishments was passed from the Admiralty to the Privy Council, a move intended to remove the possibility of ongoing change. Despite the rejection of their proposal that 74-gun ships should replace 80s in the new Establishment, Admiralty did succeed in having Culloden, which was building as an 80, modified to be completed as a 74, though she was never considered a particularly successful ship, and was the smallest 74-gun ship of the 18th century.


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types
A different set of Establishment dimensions was defined for each size of ship, other than the smallest (i.e. the unrated) vessels. In the main (the exceptions being the 64-gun and 58-gun ships, as shown below) the armament remained that set out under the 1743 Establishment of Guns (created by Order of the King in Council, 25 April 1743); this was applied retrospectively to all ships order to be built subsequent to 1 January 1740.


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns
As provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 100-gun first rate was to carry an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Second rates of 90 guns
As provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 90-gun second rate was to carry an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns
As provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 80-gun third rate was to carry an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 guns
The 1743 Establishment of Guns had provided for the former 70-gun third rate to be reduced from 70-gun to 64-gun ships, each with an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 guns
Under the 1745 Establishment they were restored to 70 guns and were to carry an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 guns
The 1743 Establishment of Guns had provided for the former 60-gun third rate to be reduced from 60-gun to 58-gun ships, each with an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 guns
Under the 1745 Establishment they were restored to 60 guns and were to carry an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns
As provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 50-gun fourth rate was to carry an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates (44-gun)
As provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 44-gun fifth rate was to carry an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates (20-gun or 24-gun)
As provided for under the 1743 Establishment of Guns, the 24-gun sixth rate was to carry an armament of:


1745 Establishment, Amendments to the 1745 Establishment
When the first of the new ships began entering service, it became apparent that they were not so successful a design as had been hoped. Captains complained of their poor sailing qualities, and so the Admiralty sought permission from the Privy Council to make amendments to the designs in 1750. The changes agreed mainly affected the 90, 80 and 60-gun ships, although changes were made to the draughts of all sizes of ships.


1745 Establishment, Amendments to the 1745 Establishment
By 1752, it was felt necessary to petition the Council for further alterations to be made to the designs, and again in 1754. On this occasion, the Admiralty decided to omit certain details—namely a 2 ft (0.6 m) increase in the length of the 70-gun ships—from their proposals, so as to better the chances of their being accepted. However, by this time it was clear that the ships of the 1745 Establishment were a thorough disappointment.


1745 Establishment, End of an era
In 1755 Joseph Allin retired from his post as Surveyor of the Navy on ill health. He had been joint Surveyor with Jacob Ackworth until Ackworth's death in 1749, and sole Surveyor thereafter. The Admiralty reacted swiftly and appointed Thomas Slade and William Bateley as the new joint Surveyors, and shortly thereafter two new 70-gun ships were ordered to be built to Slade's draught, which represented a significant increase in size over their predecessors—165 ft 6 in (50.4 m) as opposed to the 162 ft (49.4 m) of the 1754 amendments.


1745 Establishment, End of an era
Although nominally ordered as 70s, these new third rates were in fact the first of the  Dublin-class 74s, and represented the end of the 70-gunner as a ship type on the navy lists. The era of crippling conservatism in British shipbuilding completed its slow death when Anson, by now the First Lord of the Admiralty, had the Navy Board reorganised with people who would support the Admiralty rather than fight with it, as had been the case previously.


1745 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1745 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on September 13.


1745 Imperial election, Background, War of the Austrian Succession
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor died on October 20, 1740. His daughter Maria Theresa inherited his royal titles in  Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Galicia and Lodomeria, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma according to the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.


1745 Imperial election, Background, War of the Austrian Succession
Although Prussia had accepted the Pragmatic Sanction, it now repudiated Maria Theresa's inheritance as a violation of Salic law. Its king Frederick the Great invaded Silesia on December 16. France and Bavaria, whose elector Charles Albert rejected the Pragmatic Sanction for self-interested reasons, joined Prussia in 1741. Charles Albert's own territories in Bavaria were quickly overrun by the Austrian forces of Maria Theresa, but the alliance remained on the attack. On November 26, Prague was captured. On December 9, Charles Albert crowned himself king of Bohemia. On January 24, 1742, in the imperial election of 1742, from which Maria Theresa was excluded, he was elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII.


1745 Imperial election, Background, War of the Austrian Succession
He died of gout at Nymphenburg Palace on January 20, 1745, three years before the conclusion of the war.


1745 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1745
The electors called to Frankfurt to choose his successor were:


1745 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1745
Maria Theresa came to an arrangement with Maximilian III Joseph, Charles VII's son, wherein she would allow his return to Bavaria in exchange for his support, and the support of his uncle Clemens August, of the candidacy of her husband, Francis of Lorraine.


1745 Imperial election, Elected
Francis was elected with the support of seven of the electors. Frederick the Great and Charles Theodore, opponents of Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession, abstained.


1745 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1745.


1745 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1745 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1745 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1745 in science
The year 1745 in science and technology involved some significant events.


174567 Varda
174567 Varda (provisional designation 2003 MW12) is a binary trans-Neptunian planetoid of the resonant hot classical population of the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. Its moon, Ilmarë, was discovered in 2009.


174567 Varda
Brown estimates that, with an absolute magnitude of 3.5 and a calculated diameter of approximately 700–800 kilometers (430–500 miles), it is likely a dwarf planet. However, Grundy et al. argue that objects such as Varda, in the size range of 400–1000 km, with albedos less than ≈0.2 and densities of ≈1.2 g/cm3 or less, have likely never compressed into fully solid bodies, let alone differentiated, and so are highly unlikely to be dwarf planets.


174567 Varda, Discovery and orbit
Varda was discovered in March 2006, using imagery dated from 21 June 2003 by Jeffrey A. Larsen with the Spacewatch telescope as part of a United States Naval Academy Trident Scholar project.


174567 Varda, Discovery and orbit
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 39.5–52.7 AU once every 313.1 years (over 114,000 days; semi-major axis of 46.1 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 21.5° with respect to the ecliptic. As of November 2019, Varda is 47.5 AU from the Sun. It will come to perihelion around November 2096. It has been observed 321 times over 23 oppositions, with precovery images back to 1980.


174567 Varda, Name
Names for Varda and its moon were announced on 16 January 2014. Varda (Quenya: [ˈvarda]) is the queen of the Valar, creator of the stars, one of most powerful servants of almighty Eru Iluvatar in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional mythology. Ilmarë is a chief of the Maiar and Varda's handmaiden.


174567 Varda, Satellite
Varda has at least one satellite, Ilmarë (or Varda I), which was discovered in 2009. It is estimated to be about 350 km in diameter (about 50% that of its primary), constituting 8% of the system mass, or 2×1019 kg, assuming its density and albedo the same as that of Varda.


174567 Varda, Satellite
The Varda–Ilmarë system is tightly bound, with a semimajor axis of 4809±39 km (about 12 Varda radii) and an orbital period of 5.75 days.


174567 Varda, Physical properties
Based on its apparent brightness and assumed albedo, the estimated combined size of the Varda–Ilmarë system is 792+91−84 km, with the size of the primary estimated at 722+82−76 km. The total mass of the binary system is approximately 2.66×1020 kg. The density of both the primary and the satellite is estimated at about 1.24 g/cm3 assuming that they have equal density. On the other hand, if the density or albedo of the satellite is lower than that of primary then the density of Varda will be higher up to 1.31 g/cm3.


174567 Varda, Physical properties
On 10 September 2018, Varda's projected diameter was measured to be 766±6 km via a stellar occultation, with a projected oblateness of 0.066±0.047. The equivalent diameter is 740 km, consistent with previous measurements. Given Varda's equivalent diameter derived from the occultation, its geometric albedo is measured at 0.099, making it as dark as the large plutino 2003 AZ84. The large uncertainty in Varda's rotation period yields various solutions for its density and true oblateness; given a rotation period of 5.91 or 11.82 hours, its bulk density and true oblateness could be either 1.78±0.06 g/cm3 and 0.235 or 1.23 g/cm3 and 0.080, respectively.


174567 Varda, Physical properties
The surfaces of both the primary and the satellite appear to be red in the visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum (spectral class IR), with Ilmarë being slightly redder than Varda. The spectrum of the system does not show water absorption but shows evidence of methanol ice. The rotation period of Varda is estimated at 5.61 hours.


1746
1746 (MDCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1746th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 746th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th  year of the 18th century, and the  7th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1746, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1746 Brouwer
1746 Brouwer (prov. designation: 1963 RF) is a Hilda asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 64 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1963, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after astronomer Dirk Brouwer.


1746 Brouwer, Classification and orbit
Brouwer is a member of the Hilda family, a large group that orbits in resonance with the gas giant Jupiter and are thought to originate from the Kuiper belt. Brouwer orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.1–4.8 AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,865 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.


1746 Brouwer, Classification and orbit
It was first identified as 1940 WE at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1746 Brouwer, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Brouwer is characterized as a dark and reddish D-type asteroid.


1746 Brouwer, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Brouwer gave a rotation period between 19.72 and 19.88 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 and 0.35 magnitude (U=n.a/2/n.a. ).


1746 Brouwer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Brouwer measures between 61.50 and 64.25 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.051.


1746 Brouwer, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.045 and a diameter of 64.25 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.95.


1746 Brouwer, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Dutch–American astronomer Dirk Brouwer (1902–1966). Originally at Leiden University and specialized in celestial mechanics, he became director of the Yale University Observatory and was the president of IAU's commission 20, Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites, from 1948 to 1955. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883).


1746 English cricket season
The 1746 English cricket season was the third season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.


1746 English cricket season, Matches
Details of 12 matches between significant teams are recorded. The crowd at the Surrey and Kent versus Addington and Bromley match on 7 July was reported as "nearly ten thousand".


1746 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket
A four-a-side match was played at the Artillery Ground on 21 July between Four Millers of Bray Mills in Berkshire and Four Best Players of Addington and on 6 August a three-a-side match was played on the same ground between "six players esteemed the best in England". The teams were Robert Colchin, John Bryant (both Bromley) and Joe Harris (Addington) playing against Stephen Dingate (Surrey), Val Romney (Sevenoaks) and Richard Newland (Slindon). Dingate's team won the match over which hundreds of pounds were wagered.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake
The 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake occurred at 22:30 local time on 28 October with a moment magnitude of 8.6–8.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The epicenter was located about 90 km (56 mi) north-northwest of the capital Lima, which was almost completely destroyed, and the subsequent tsunami devastated the port city of Callao. It was the deadliest earthquake in Peru’s history prior to the 1970 earthquake.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Tectonic setting
Peru lies above the convergent boundary where the Nazca Plate is subducting beneath the South American Plate at a rate of 61 mm per year. It has been the location for many large and damaging earthquakes since historical records began, most of which triggered devastating tsunamis. The southern segment of the Peruvian part of this plate boundary is affected by the presence of the Nazca aseismic ridge, on the downgoing plate. It also marks a major change in the subduction geometry between 'flat-slab' subduction to the northwest and normally dipping subduction to the southeast. The ridge appears to act as a barrier to rupture propagation, reducing the potential earthquake magnitude. The 1746 earthquake is interpreted to be a megathrust event that ruptured the whole of the northern segment of the plate interface within this zone.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.6–8.8 Mw, was the largest to strike central Peru in recorded history, and the second largest of all time, after the 1868 Arica earthquake in the south of the country. Significant damage from the earthquake affected an area of about 44,000 square kilometers and it was felt up to 750 km away. The estimated rupture length was 350 km. There were at least 200 aftershocks observed in the first 24 hours after the mainshock, out of a total of 1,700 recorded in the following 112 days, although they caused no further casualties or significant damage.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Damage, Earthquake
The earthquake completely destroyed the city of Lima in 3–4 minutes, and also destroyed Callao and everything else along the central Peruvian coast from Chancay in the north to Cañete in the south. In Lima, all offices and all 74 churches were either damaged or destroyed leaving just 25 of the original 3,000 houses standing. Only 1,141 out of the population of 60,000 died in Lima from the earthquake shaking, despite the amount of damage. This is attributed to the intensity of the shaking increasing as the earthquake went on, giving the inhabitants the chance to escape. The total number of casualties, including those from the tsunami, was almost 6,000, although some chroniclers give higher figures for Lima, partly due to the inclusion of the effects of subsequent epidemics.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Damage, Tsunami
The earthquake triggered a tsunami, which reached the coast half an hour following the shock, causing great damage at all Peruvian ports. Callao was worst affected, with a 24-meter runup, and 5 kilometer inundation that destroyed all 23 vessels that were in its harbor. Callao's walls were destroyed and the city was inundated, killing most of the 5–6,000 inhabitants, leaving less than two hundred survivors. Those that tried to escape inland were overtaken by the wave. Eyewitness accounts indicate two waves, the first of which was up to 80 feet (24 m) high.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Damage, Tsunami
Four of the boats were carried across the ruined port and thrown up to nearly a mile inland, including the warships Fermín and San Antonio. The port city of Pisco was destroyed, despite having been rebuilt further inland after the devastating tsunami that accompanied the 1687 Peru earthquake. The tsunami was also noticed at Acapulco, Mexico. Other particularly devastating tsunamis have occurred in Peru in 1586, 1604, and 1868.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Aftermath
The rebuilding of Lima was planned by Jose Antonio Manso de Velasco then the viceroy of Peru, with the help of the French mathematician Louis Godin. A key part of these proposals was to restrict buildings to a single storey and widen the roads, but the plans were diluted following opposition from groups within the city and second floors were allowed as long as they used bamboo in their construction rather than adobe bricks.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Aftermath
In 1817, 70 years after the earthquake and the tsunami, the Russian-American Company employee, head of the Sitka office, Kiril Timofeevich Khlebnikov (1784–1838) visited Callao. His account of the events of what happened on 28 October 1746 may have slight factual mistakes, but he is generally considered a good witness of things he saw with his own eyes, and his attitude in writing history is characterised as sober and realistic. It is also known that he kept a diary. Khlebnikov wrote in his memoirs:


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Aftermath
In Lima I saw… an extremely astonishing sight. There, near the village of Bellavista, are still the remains of a stone wall and a few cellars, which remained from the terrible earthquake of 1746. In connection of the quake, after a few powerful shocks, the ocean had first retreated and then flowed back with a terrible force and engulfed the town and the fortress of Callao, and 24 vessels which carried silver worth 300 million piasters, and the 4 000 inhabitants of the town. Some of the fort’s walls remained intact, and within these walls 22 persons survived these events.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Aftermath
After this terrible devastation, bodies of the drowned were thrown to the beach by the waves of the ocean, and later they were collected and stacked in the cellars. In time the bodies decomposed, the cellars collapsed, and piles of skulls and bones came to the surface from the ruins.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Aftermath
We stood for a long time in the Callao harbor in 1817, and we often took walks to the surrounding area, and with feelings of pity we looked upon the earthly remains of such a large group of people, people like us, scattered on the ground, to the shame of coming generations. When facing a sight such as this, views on the vanity of the world and all worldly things appear in our mind completely different from the views we earlier had when floating with the whirl of these vanities.


1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, Remembrance
Because the mural of the Lord of Miracles survived the earthquake intact, it became a special object of veneration in the city. There is an annual procession in which the image is carried through the streets of Lima, and it is customary for the faithful to wear purple during the month of October in commemoration.


1746 in architecture
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by CommonsDelinker (talk | contribs) at 12:48, 19 June 2020 (Replacing Asamkirche_München.JPG with File:Asamkirche_München.jpg (by CommonsDelinker because: file renamed, redirect linked from other project).). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1746 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1746.


1746 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or French poetry).


1746 in poetry, Works published, Akenside's "Balance of Poets"
In Dodsley's Museum of September 13, a literary periodical, Mark Akenside publishes two lists of personages: One, "The Temple of Modern Fame, A Vision", a list of the 24 most famous men of modern times, ranked in order of fame and including monarchs, scientists, priests, philosophers and men of letters. French poet and critic Boileau is ranked 20th, beneath Tasso and Ariosto but above Francis Bacon, John Milton Miguel de Cervantes and Molière. (William Shakespeare, Dante, Cornielle and Racine aren't on the list at all).) In some accompanying prose, Akenside wrote:


1746 in poetry, Works published, Akenside's "Balance of Poets"
The second list, "The Balance of Poets", is a table, giving 20 modern and 20 ancient poets marks of up to 20 points in each of the following categories: Critical Ordonnance, Pathetic Ordonnance, Dramatic Ordonnance, Incidental Expression, Taste, Colouring, Versification, Moral, and Final Estimate. Boileau's "Final Estimate" rating is 12, the same as Euripides and Tasso, better than Lucretius and Terence (who both get 10), Ariosto, Dante, Horace, Pindar, Alexander Pope, Racine and Sophocles each get 13. "Perhaps neither of these curiosities of criticism is to be taken very seriously", wrote Alexander Clark, an early 20th-century literary historian. (See also, Oliver Goldsmith's "poetical scale" of 1758.)


1746 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1746 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1746 in science
The year 1746 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1746 to 1750 in sports
Events in world sport through the years 1746 to 1750.


1747
1747 (MDCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1747th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 747th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 47th  year of the 18th century, and the  8th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1747, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1747 British general election
The 1747 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election saw Henry Pelham's Whig government increase its majority and the Tories continue their decline.


1747 British general election
By 1747, thirty years of Whig oligarchy and systematic corruption had weakened party ties substantially; despite the fact that Walpole, the main reason for the split that led to the creation of the Patriot Whig faction, had resigned, there were still almost as many Whigs in opposition to the ministry as there were Tories, and the real struggle for power was between various feuding factions of Whig aristocrats rather than between the old parties. The Tories had effectively become an irrelevant group of country gentlemen who had resigned themselves to permanent opposition.


1747 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1747 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 26 June 1747 and 4 August 1747.


1747 British general election, Dates of election
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1747 English cricket season
The 1747 English cricket season was the fourth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.


1747 English cricket season, Matches
The two games between Kent and England were due to be played at Bromley Common on 29 June and at the Artillery Ground on 1 July, but the source reports that both matches "are deferred on account of the gentlemen subscribers being engaged at several Elections", referring to the Parliamentary Election of 1747.


1747 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches
A single wicket cricket match between five players of Slindon against five of Dartford at the Artillery Ground on 6 July was the result of a challenge by Slindon, published in the Daily Advertiser on 29 June, to play "five of any parish in England, for their own Sum". The announcement advised interested parties: "If it is accepted of by any, they are desir'd to go to Mr Smith, who has Orders to make Stakes for them". Matches followed against Bromley on 8 July and Hadlow on 10 and 15 July at the same ground. Another game resulting from Slindon's five-a-side challenge. Details unknown.


1747 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches
In early August, two single wicket matches at the Artillery Ground which were organised by the 2nd Duke of Richmond and on 5 September a three-a-side game took place, again at the Artillery Ground, between teams led by Robert Colchin and Stephen Dingate.


1747 English cricket season, Other events
According to Rowland Bowen, cricket was first played in New York this year. This is, however, doubted by Ian Maun, who states that "no contemporary record of cricket in New York is known before 1751".


1747 Wright
1747 Wright, provisional designation 1947 NH, is a stony asteroid and a sizable Mars-crosser, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter.


1747 Wright
It was discovered on 14 July 1947, by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton near San Jose, California. It was named in memory of astronomer William Hammond Wright.


1747 Wright, Orbit and classification
Wright orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5–1.9 AU once every 2 years and 3 months (816 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken and no previous identifications were made, Wright's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mount Hamilton in 1947.


1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Spectral type and mineralogy
In the SMASS taxonomic system, Wright is an Sl-type, which transitions between the common stony S-type and the less common L-type asteroids. In the Tholen classification, this asteroid could not be assigned to a specific type. Its spectrum was unusual and noisy and resembled that of an A-type asteroid.


1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Spectral type and mineralogy
In 2012, Wright was observed in the near-infrared using the SpeX instrument of the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The spectral measurement indicate that Wright is not an olivine-rich A-type, but rather similar to the ordinary chondrites, with the common H chondrite as the most likely meteorite analogue for the asteroid's composition, as the spectra strongly indicate the presence of rock-forming pyroxenes minerals. The team of astronomers also characterized Wright as an Sw class asteroid using the Bus–DeMeo taxonomic system.


1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, the asteroid measures 5.17 and 6.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.20 and 0.32, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS.


1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Photometry
In July 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Wright was obtained by astronomers Reiner Stoss, Jaime Nomen, Salvador Sánchez and Raoul Behrend at the Mallorca Observatory, Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.2896 hours with a brightness variation of 0.61 magnitude (U=3).


1747 Wright, Physical characteristics, Photometry
In July 2014, another, concurring lightcurve with a period of 5.28796 hours and an amplitude of 0.53 was obtained by Robert Stephens at the Trojan Station of the Center for Solar System Studies (U81) in Landers, southern California.


1747 Wright, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of American astronomer William Hammond Wright (1871–1959), staff member and later director of the discovering Lick Observatory until 1942. A pioneer in astrophysics, his large, wide-field 20-inch Carnegie double astrograph built for the observatory's proper motion survey (first light in 1941), was using distant galaxies ("spiral nebulae") as object references. During this survey, many comets and asteroids were discovered as a by-product. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934). Wright is also honored by the Martian and lunar craters Wright.


1747 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1747.


1747 in poetry
* * * Yet, ah! why should they know their fate,Since sorrow never comes too late,


1747 in poetry
Thought would destroy their Paradise. No more;—where ignorance is bliss,


1747 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1747 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1747 in poetry, Births, Birthdate of Gottfried August Bürger
Gottfried August Bürger (died 1794), German poet and author who wrote stories about Baron von Munchhausen, preferred to think of himself as being born on January 1, 1748, and so celebrated his birthdays on that date. His tombstone is inscribed with it, and many scholars have agreed with him over the generations. Many other scholars, including many modern sources, give December 31, 1747, as the day of birth, as birth records state.


1747 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1747 in science
The year 1747 in science and technology involved some significant events.


17473 Freddiemercury
17473 Freddiemercury, provisional designation 1991 FM3, is a stony Massalian asteroid from the inner regions asteroid belt, approximately 3.4 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 21 March 1991, by Belgian astronomer Henri Debehogne at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile, and later named in memory of Freddie Mercury.


17473 Freddiemercury, Classification and orbit
Freddiemercury is a member of the Massalia family (404), a large family of stony S-type asteroids with low inclinations in the inner main belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,350 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.


17473 Freddiemercury, Classification and orbit
The body's observation arc begins 9 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification as 1982 VC9 at Crimea–Nauchnij in November 1982.


17473 Freddiemercury, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Freddiemercury measures 3.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.313.


17473 Freddiemercury, Physical characteristics
As of 2017, the asteroid's exact composition, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.


17473 Freddiemercury, Naming
On 4 September 2016, one day before what would have been Freddie Mercury's 70th birthday, the International Astronomical Union and the Minor Planet Center named the asteroid after Mercury, as it was discovered the same year as Mercury's death, (M.P.C. 101215) and its provisional designation included his initials, FM. The approved naming was announced by Mercury's Queen bandmate Brian May at Montreux Casino to mark Mercury's 70th birthday.


1748
1748 (MDCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1748th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 748th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 48th  year of the 18th century, and the  9th   year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1748, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1748 English cricket season
The 1748 English cricket season was the fifth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of six significant eleven-a-side and 18 single wicket matches. 1748 was the halcyon season of single wicket, perhaps never so popular before or since.


1748 English cricket season, Matches
Six matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.


1748 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches
A total of 18 significant single wicket matches are known to have taken place during 1748.


1748 Mauderli
1748 Mauderli, provisional designation 1966 RA, is a dark and very reddish Hildian asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 45 kilometers in diameter.


1748 Mauderli
It was discovered on 7 September 1966, by astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, and was later named after Swiss astronomer Sigmund Mauderli.


1748 Mauderli, Orbit and classification
Mauderli is a member of the Hilda family of asteroids which stay in a 3:2 resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Among the Hilda family, it is one of its members with the highest amplitude of libration relative to the stable periodic orbit.


1748 Mauderli, Orbit and classification
The asteroid orbits the Sun in the outermost main-belt at a distance of 3.1–4.8 AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,857 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. Mauderli was first identified as A922 BC at Heidelberg Observatory in 1922, extending the body's observation arc by 44 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1748 Mauderli, Physical characteristics
Mauderli a dark D-type asteroid in the Tholen classification. It is also the reddest among the known asteroids of this spectral type.


1748 Mauderli, Physical characteristics
Three rotational lightcurves gave a concurring rotation period of 6.00 hours with a brightness variation between 0.10 and 0.12 magnitude (U=n.a/3/2-).


1748 Mauderli, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Based on the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE missions, Mauderli measures 44.908 and 51.91 kilometers in diameter and has an albedo of 0.037 and 0.048, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 40.32 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.


1748 Mauderli, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of Sigmund Mauderli (1876–1962), Swiss astronomer and director of the Astronomical Institute at the University of Bern from 1921–1946. He devoted much of his time to orbit determination and perturbation computing of minor planets for the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Germany. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 October 1969 (M.P.C. 2971).


1748 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
The election for the Chancellorship of the University of Cambridge, 1748 chose a new Chancellor of the University. The election was triggered by the retirement of the previous incumbent, Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, in February 1748.


1748 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
There were two candidates for the post: the heir to the throne, Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the cabinet minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle.


1748 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
A contest ensued, and on 6 July, the Duke of Newcastle was duly declared elected. According to Elisabeth Leedham-Green, Newcastle's victory "had been the result of much strenuous political activity by his supporters." William Coxe wrote in his Memoirs of the "mortification" felt by the Prince at his failure to secure election.


1748 University of Cambridge Chancellor election
Edmund Pyle, the king's chaplain, later wrote of Newcastle's "pitiful passion for the Chancellorship of Cambridge" and of his having made promises of Church of England preferments in the course of his campaign.


1748 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1748.


1748 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1748 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1748 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1748 in science
The year 1748 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1749
1749 (MDCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1749th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 749th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 49th  year of the 18th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1749, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1749 English cricket season
The 1749 English cricket season was the sixth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.


1749 English cricket season, Matches
Seven eleven-a-side matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.


1749 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches
A series of three single wicket cricket matches took place between teams of five playing for England against Addington. The matches resulted from a challenge by the Addington players to meet any other five in England, with Addington considered the favourites to win. Addington won only one of the matches.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta
The 1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta (known as the Conspiracy of the Slaves (Maltese: il-konġura tal-ilsiera or il-konfoffa tal-ilsiera) or the Revolt of the Slaves), was a failed plot by Muslim slaves in Hospitaller-ruled Malta to rebel, assassinate Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca and take over the island. The revolt was to have taken place on 29 June 1749, but plans were leaked to the Order before it began; the plotters were arrested and most were later executed.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Background
In the mid-18th century, there were around 9000 Muslim slaves in Hospitaller-ruled Malta. They were given freedom of religion, being allowed to gather for prayers. Although there were laws preventing them from interacting with the Maltese people, these were not regularly enforced. Some slaves also worked as merchants, and at times were allowed to sell their wares in the streets and squares of Valletta.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Background
In February 1748, Hungarian, Georgian and Maltese slaves on board the Ottoman ship Lupa revolted, taking over 150 Ottomans prisoner, including Mustafa, the Pasha (i.e. Lord or Governor) of Rhodes. They sailed the captured ship to Malta, and the prisoners were enslaved. However, Mustafa was placed under house arrest on the insistence of France due to the Franco-Ottoman alliance, and was eventually freed. He converted to Christianity and married a Maltese woman, so he was allowed to remain in Malta.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Plot
Mustafa planned to organize a slave revolt on 29 June 1749. The day was the feast of Saints Peter and Paul (Maltese: L-Imnarja), and a banquet was to be celebrated at the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta. Slaves were to poison the food at the banquet as well as within the auberges and other palaces. After the banquet, a small group of slaves would assassinate Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca in his sleep, while 100 palace slaves would overpower the guards.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Plot
They would then attack the Slaves' Prison to free the remaining Muslims, while others were to attack Fort Saint Elmo and take weapons from the armouries. The Ottoman Beys of Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers were to send a fleet which was to invade Malta upon receiving a signal from the rebels.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Discovery and aftermath
The plot was discovered on 6 June, three weeks before it was to take place. Three slaves had met in a coffee shop in Strada della Fontana (now St Christopher Street), Valletta, near the Slave Prison, to win the support of a Maltese guard to the Grand Master, and began to quarrel. The shop owner, a neophyte called Giuseppe Cohen, overheard them mention the revolt and reported this information to the Grand Master. The three slaves were arrested, and they revealed details of the plan after being tortured.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Discovery and aftermath
The leaders were subsequently arrested, and 38 of them were tried and executed. Some plotters reportedly converted and asked to be baptized just before being killed. 125 others were hanged in Palace Square in Valletta, while 8 were branded with the letter R (for ribelli, 'rebels') on their forehead, and were condemned to the galleys for life. On the insistence of France, Mustafa Pasha, who was behind the revolt, was not executed but was taken back to Rhodes on a French vessel.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Consequences
Following the foiling of the plot, Grand Master Pinto reported the events to his ambassadors in Europe. Laws restricting the movement of slaves were made stricter. They could not go outside the city limits, and were not to approach any fortifications. They were not allowed to gather anywhere except from their mosque, and were to sleep only in the Slaves' Prison. Moreover, they could not carry any weapons or keys of government buildings.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, Consequences
Giuseppe Cohen, who had revealed the plan, was given an annual pension of 300 scudi from the Order's treasury and another 200 scudi from the Università of Valletta. Cohen was also given a house in Valletta, which had previously been the seat of the Università until it moved to new premises in 1721. The house remained in the Cohen family until 1773, when they were given an annuity and the building was taken over to house the Monte di Pietà.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, In literature
The poem Fuqek Nitħaddet Malta ("I am talking about you, Malta"), an early example of Maltese literature, was written by an anonymous author some years after the attempted revolt.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, In literature
In 1751, Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis published Mustafà Bassà di Rodi schiavo in Malta, o sia la di lui congiura all'occupazione di Malta descritta da Michele Acciard about the conspiracy. He published it under the pseudonym Michele Acciard, an Italian who de Soldanis had met in his travels (although some documents suggest that Acciard was actually involved in its writing as well). The book caused considerable controversy since it attacked the Order and argued for the rights of the Maltese. This resulted in it being banned in Malta, and de Soldanis had to go to Rome to defend himself in front of Pope Benedict XIV. He returned in 1752 and was forgiven by Pinto.


1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta, In literature
In 1779, Pietro Andolfati wrote a play about the revolt, entitled La congiura di Mustafa Bassa di Rodi contro i cavalieri Maltesi: ovvero le glorie di Malta (The conspiracy of Mustapha Pasha of Rhodes against the knights of Malta, or the glories of Malta).


1749 Telamon
1749 Telamon /ˈtɛləmɒn/ is a dark Jupiter Trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 23 September 1949, and named after Telamon from Greek mythology. The D-type asteroid is the principal body of the proposed Telamon family and belongs to the 60 largest Jupiter trojans. It has a rotation period of 17.0 hours and possibly a spherical shape.


1749 Telamon, Classification and orbit
Telamon is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.6–5.7 AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,268 days; semi-major axis of 5.15 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at with its first observation as 1941 BP at Turku Observatory in January 1941, more than 8 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1749 Telamon, Classification and orbit, Telamon family
Fernando Roig and Ricardo Gil-Hutton identified Telamon as the principal body of a small Jovian asteroid family, using the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which looks for groupings of neighboring asteroids based on the smallest distances between them in the proper orbital element space. According to the astronomers, the Telamon family belongs to the larger Menelaus clan, an aggregation of Jupiter trojans which is composed of several families, similar to the Flora family in the inner asteroid belt.


1749 Telamon, Classification and orbit, Telamon family
However this family is not included in David Nesvorný's HCM-analysis from 2014. Instead, Telamon is listed as a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population on the Asteroids Dynamic Site (AstDyS) which based on another analysis by Milani and Knežević.


1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics
Telamon is a dark D-type asteroid according to the SDSS-based taxonomy and the surveys conducted by SMASS (Xu) and Pan-STARRS.


1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Telamon measures between 64.90 and 81.06 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.078.


1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0469 and a diameter of 80.91 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.4.


1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Photometric observations of Telamon by Stefano Mottola from August 1995 were used to build a lightcurve rendering a rotation period of 11.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.1±0.01 in magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, another observation by Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California gave a period of 16.975 hours (U=3-).


1749 Telamon, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In August 2017, observations by the K2 mission of the Kepler spacecraft during Campaign 6 gave two periods of 11.331 and 22.613 hours with an amplitude of 0.06 and 0.07 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2-). The body is possibly of spherical shape as all lightcurves measured a very small variation in brightness.


1749 Telamon, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after Telamon, from Greek mythology, who was an argonaut searching for the Golden Fleece, and father of Ajax and Teucer, after whom the minor planets 1404 Ajax and 2797 Teucer are named.


1749 Telamon, Naming
Telamon banished his son Teucer (as he had been banished by his own father) when he returned home from the Trojan war without the remains of his brother. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 February 1970 (M.P.C. 3023).


1749 in Canada, Historical documents
Brief rundown of religious orders in Canada and "the duties of their ministries" in healthcare and education


1749 in Canada, Historical documents
Indigenous hunting season in what is now Nova Scotia ranges from elk to sea wolf to eggs of turtles and birds


1749 in Canada, Historical documents
Hudson's Bay Company undercuts its trade by making Indigenous people come to Bay posts and offering worse deals than French do


1749 in Canada, Historical documents
Explorer describes clues on Hudson Bay that indicate nearness of "western sea" and existence of Northwest Passage


1749 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1749.


1749 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1749 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1749 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1749 in science
The year 1749 in science and technology involved some significant events.


17492 Hippasos
17492 Hippasos /ˈhɪpəsəs/ is a Jupiter trojan and member of the Ennomos family from the Trojan camp, approximately 54 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 December 1991, by astronomer Freimut Börngen at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. The Jovian asteroid belongs to the 80 largest Jupiter trojans has a rotation period of 17.8 hours. It was named after the Trojan prince Hippasus (Hippasos) from Greek mythology.


17492 Hippasos, Orbit and classification
Hippasos is a Jovian asteroid in the so-called Trojan camp, located in the L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind Jupiter, orbiting in a 1:1 resonance with the Gas Giant (see Trojans in astronomy).


17492 Hippasos, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8–5.5 AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,262 days; semi-major axis of 5.14 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 29° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in September 1977, more than 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tautenburg.


17492 Hippasos, Orbit and classification, Asteroid family
Hippasos is a member of the Ennomos family (009), one of few known Jovian asteroid families, named after 4709 Ennomos (also see 4709 Ennomos § Small Ennomos family). A different HCM analysis finds this asteroid to be the parent body of its own Hippasos family, first described by Jakub Rozehnal and Miroslav Brož in 2014. According to the astronomers' model, the Hippasos family consists of 104 known members, and was formed 1 to 2 billion years ago. The extrapolated size of the original body is between 67 and 168 kilometers, which is strongly influenced by the amount of possible interlopers into the family.


17492 Hippasos, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan prince Hippasus (Hippasos). The son of King Priam supported Aeneas in the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42365).


17492 Hippasos, Physical characteristics
Hippasos is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids.


17492 Hippasos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Hippasos was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.75±0.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=3).


17492 Hippasos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hippasos measures 53.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo 0.066, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 55.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.


17492 Hippasos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


174th (2/2nd London) Brigade
The 174th (2/2nd London) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. It was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line of the 168th (1/2nd London) Brigade.


174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)
The 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade is an Air Defense Artillery brigade of the United States Army. It is one of six brigade-sized major subordinate commands of the Ohio Army National Guard, activated on 1 September 2008, in Columbus, Ohio. Before, during, and following its activation, the brigade and its subordinate battalions have been very active, deploying individuals and units to support the Iraq War's Operation Iraqi Freedom, airspace defense of the National Capital Region, and the combined Hungary-United States Operational Mentor and Liaison Team.


174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Combat service identification badge and shoulder sleeve insignia, Description
A rectangle arched at the top and bottom with a 1/8 inch (.32 cm) yellow border, 2 inches (5.08 cm) in width and 3 inches (7.62 cm) in height overall divided per pale ultramarine blue and scarlet, between two yellow lightning bolts radiating pilewise in base a stylized missile of the like; in chief a chevron of nine white stars and on either side of the missile head are four white stars in the configuration of a square diamond.


174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Combat service identification badge and shoulder sleeve insignia, Symbolism
Scarlet and yellow are the colors associated with Air Defense Artillery. The Nike Hercules missile was the weapon last employed in the ground-based air defense of the United States Homeland and represents the Brigade's resumption of this mission. The seventeen stars represent Ohio as the seventeenth state to enter the Union and is home to the unit. The diverging lightning bolts allude to radar acquisition and speed of response. Red is the color of valor and yellow/gold is emblematic of excellence. The blue is symbolic of the clear skies that the Brigade maintains.


174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia, Description
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield per fess wavy, the chief per pale Argent and Sable, the base Gules, a demi-missile in pale of the first (Silver Gray) issuing from a demi-annulet of the first in base, in fess three wavy barrulets Azure; in dexter chief a lightning bolt bendwise of the second and in sinister chief a lightning bolt bend sinisterwise of the first. Around the bottom of the shield is a Black bipartite scroll inscribed with "QUISQUAM" "USQUAM" in Gold letters.


174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia, Symbolism
Scarlet and yellow/gold are traditionally associated with Air Defense Artillery. The lightning bolts denote swiftness and power. The white on black and vice versa further emphasizes the unit's motto which translates to "Anytime, Anywhere" and the day and night, around the clock role of the soldier. The three wavy bars refer to the National, State, and Community missions of the National Guard unit. The silver missile cutting through the blue bars is symbolic of the primary mission of the organization to maintain clear skies. The white annulet with the red is adapted from the State flag of Ohio, home of the unit and further highlights the arching line used in the military map symbol for Air Defense units.


174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia, Background
The distinctive unit insignia was approved effective 1 September 2008.


174th Air Refueling Squadron
The 174th Air Refueling Squadron (174th ARS) is a unit of the Iowa Air National Guard 185th Air Refueling Wing. It is assigned to Sioux City Air National Guard Base, Iowa and is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Established  on  27 April 1943 at Richmond Army Air Base, Virginia,  as the 386th Fighter Squadron, equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), and assigned to Ninth Air Force in England. Arrived at RAF Gosfield, Essex on 23 December 1943. Their first combat air field training resumed for two months. On 22 February 1944, the squadron flew their first combat mission and over the next one to two months gradually converting from escorting Eighth Air Force heavy bombers to their fighter-bomber mode under Ninth Air Force that continued to the war's end.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was instrumental in determining the maximum bomb loads for the P-47. Two one-thousand pound bombs and an external fuel tank on the Billy Rack. They were the first group to fly a dive-bombing mission with that bomb load. Their firepower was eight fifty caliber machine guns and their total arsenal included rockets and napalm. This armament was standard for all thirteen P-47 fighter-bomber groups shortly after the D-Day Invasion on 6 June 1944.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Assigned to the IX Tactical Air Command, the squadron flew in direct support of General Hodges First Army. Their mission was two-fold. Protect the ground forces from enemy air attack and destroy any and all obstacles on the ground that prevented our forces from advancing. On two occasions to support Patton's Third Army. The first was shortly after 1 August 1944. The second was during the last months of the Battle of the Bulge. The squadron was active against specific targets on D-Day before, during and following. This was the first company breakthrough in the Battle of the Bulge in taking Germany. The squadron was part of the first group to move into Germany on 17 March 1945 at Aachen and the first to fly a combat mission off a German soil.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The 386th Fighter Squadron flew combat from 22 February 1944 through 4 May 1945, totalling 14.5 months. They flew combat from eleven air fields or air strips moving more times than any other fighter-bomber group in the Ninth Air Force.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard
Was transferred to the new Iowa Air National Guard in May 1946 and became a P-51D Mustang squadron, receiving federal recognition on 23 August 1946, one of the first Air National Guard squadrons activated. Assigned to the Sioux Gateway Regional Airport, a former training field during World War II used to train B-17 Flying Fortress aircrews. Was assigned to the Iowa ANG 132d Fighter Wing, which consisted of the 124th, along with the 123d Fighter Squadron at Des Moines, and the Nebraska ANG 173d Fighter Squadron at Lincoln, Nebraska.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard
The initial component of the unit included 9 rated officers, 7 non-rated officers, and 46 enlisted members for a total of 62 members. Today, the 185th consists of nearly 1,000 traditional and full-time military members as well as over 300 air technicians and state contract employees. Engaged in routine training exercises, and was upgraded to F-84B Thunderjet jet aircraft in early 1948.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
Activated to Federal Service during the Korean War, sent to Dow AFB, Maine Used by TAC to train replacement pilots in F-51D Mustang ground support operations, also deployed unit members to Japan and Korea to fly combat missions. The 132d was moved to Alexandria AFB, Louisiana in May 1952 again with F-51s replacing the federalized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing which was deployed to France. Performed training as a tactical fighter unit until relieved from active service and returned to Iowa ANG jurisdiction in January 1953.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War
In July 1953, the unit converted from the F-51D to the Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1955, the 174th FS was reassigned to Air Defense Command and re-designated the 174th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and was transitioned to the F-84E Thunderstreak. As a component of the 132d Fighter Interceptor Wing, the unit won the ANG Gunnery Meet. They also placed third in the USAF Fighter Weapons meet that year. For their accomplishments, the 174th was awarded the Spaatz Trophy as the most outstanding Air National Guard squadron in the US in 1956. The unit also was awarded the Wing Flying Safety trophy that year as well.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1958, the unit changed aircraft and its primary mission, being reassigned back to Tactical Air Command. It was re-designated the 174th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and flying the RF-84F Thunderflash. As a reconnaissance unit, the 174th was awarded the top "Operational Readiness Reconnaissance Unit" in the US in 1960. In 1961, the unit was re-designated the 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron and converted to flying nuclear-capable F-100C Super Sabre aircraft. The squadron flew the F-100 from 1961 until 1977, a period of 16 years.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War
On 26 January 1968, the squadron was recalled to active Federal service as a result of the Pueblo Crisis. The 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron, augmented by many of the other group personnel deployed with their F-100s to Phu Cat Air Base, South Vietnam on 11 May 1968.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War
During their year in South Vietnam, the 174th flew 6,539 combat sorties totaling 11,359 hours of combat time. One pilot was killed in action and two airmen were killed on active duty. The unit was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. Individually, its members were awarded 12 Silver Stars, 35 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 30 Bronze Stars, 115 Air Force Commendation Medals, 325 Air Medals, and 1 Purple Heart. On 28 May 1969 the personnel and aircraft were returned to Sioux City and released from active duty. In addition, the 174th Fighter Squadron won the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with a designation of valor.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War
The "Bat" depicted on the tails of the aircraft and the shoulder patch of the pilots during the Vietnam War became a legendary symbol of the 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron. "Bat" was the call sign of the 174th during its Vietnam War service, and the "Bats" became renowned for their outstanding performance.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Cold War
The squadron converted to the A-7D Corsair II in 1977. While flying the A-7s, the unit won the Spaatz trophy for the second time in 1990, recognizing them as the best Air Guard unit in the country. The Unit also was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit award five times – 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, and 1991. In 1989, the unit won the 12th Air Force A-7 gunnery meet for the second time.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era
On 19 December 1991, the squadron received its first F-16s. The F-16 "Fighting Falcon" would be the last single-seat fighter jet that the unit would fly before the conversion to KC-135 tankers in 2003.


174th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard, Modern era
As part of the Global War on Terrorism, the squadron has participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.


174th Attack Wing
The 174th Attack Wing (174 ATKW) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard, stationed at Hancock Field Air National Guard Base, Syracuse, New York. The 174th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


174th Attack Wing, Overview
The 174th Attack Wing currently operates the MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). Its mission is to provide qualified airmen and weapon systems engaging in global air, space and cyberspace operations; supporting homeland defense, joint operations and aid to civil authorities at the direction of the Governor.


174th Attack Wing, Units
The 174th Attack Wing consists of the following major units:


174th Attack Wing, History
Established by the USAF and allotted to New York ANG in 1962 as an expansion of the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron. Received federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau and activated on 1 September 1962 as the 174th Tactical Fighter Group. The group was stationed at Hancock Field, Syracuse, New York. and allocated to Tactical Air Command.


174th Attack Wing, History
Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 174th Headquarters, 174th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 174th Combat Support Squadron, and the 174th USAF Dispensary. The 138th TFS was equipped with the F-86H Sabre.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era
The squadron engaged normal peacetime training and exercises. In the summer of 1965, the squadron took part in Exercise Oneida Bear II at Fort Drum, which involved some 6 500 soldiers of the regular Army, the Army Reserve and the National Guard. 138th TFS aircraft from Syracuse provided close air support to both aggressor and Friendly Forces during the exercise, and were engaged in realistic tactical air strikes. In the exercise, conducted by the First Army, the Second Brigade of the Army's Fifth Infantry was opposed by an aggressor force of selected Army National Guard and Army Reserve Units. The 174th Group's pilots flew 77 sorties for a total of 114 hours without a single abort.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era
The squadron trained at Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico, in early 1967 in an all service amphibious and airborne exercise. A detachment of unit pilots and support personnel participated (22 officers and 69 airmen). Twelve F-86H aircraft participated with three C-130 Hercules for equipment and personnel support. All types of tactical air missions were flown. Total sorties were 213 with total hours flown, 308. Special firepowers demonstration was accomplished with 20 sorties delivering 40 (750 lbs) and 2000 rounds of 20 mm fired. Later in 1967, Operation Sentry Post I was held in August. This was a joint Air National Guard – TAC Exercise. Twelve F-86Hs were flown and squadron pilots worked with radar flying air-to-air and air-to-ground gunnery with and without FAC type missions. A total of 204 sorties and 245 hours were flown in this operation.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era
In 1968, the 174th TFG was federalized and placed on active duty. The Group was alerted for active duty on 11 April 1968, partially mobilized on 13 May and deployed to Cannon Air Force Base, Clovis, New Mexico. The mission of the 174th was to train Forward Air Controllers (FAC) for service in Vietnam. The FAC flew a light observation aircraft at low altitudes, visually observing enemy installations and movements and providing on-the-spot directions for fighters and bombers. The FAC dictated the type of ordnance to be delivered, observes the strike, and evaluates its effectiveness. The mission of the 174th was to give FACs in training actual experience in fighter aircraft so that they would be fully apprised of the requirements of the men they would be directing in combat in South Vietnam.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era
On arrival at Cannon AFB along with the Maryland ANG 175th Tactical Fighter Squadron, they comprised the 140th Tactical Fighter Wing. Originally based in Denver, Colorado, headquarters of the 140th moved to Cannon AFB with the deployment of the 140th Tactical Fighter Group to active duty in Vietnam. Not all members of the 174th Tactical Fighter Group were mobilized, however. Subsequent to the alert notice, a change directed mobilization of only the Group Headquarters, the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron, and the 174th Camron. The remaining members of the 174th remained in Syracuse on a drill status during the eight months of mobilized service. The unit was released from active duty as of 20 December 1968, and all members reverted to Air National Guard drill status.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support
1970, the 174th began retiring its F-86H Sabres after over a decade of service, the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron flying the last USAF/ANG Sabre sortie on 30 September. Replacing the Sabre was the Cessna A-37B Dragonfly and a newly conceived close air support tactical fighter mission in a ground insurgency environment which were gained by combat experience in Vietnam.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support
After a decade of routine peacetime exercises and training with the A-37, in 1979 the 174th began a transition to the A-10A Thunderbolt II Close Air Support fighter. With the arrival of the A-10, the 174th was changed in status from a Group to a Wing on 1 July 1979. The wing was one of three Air National Guard units equipped with the A-10 as part of the "Total Force" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support
In 1980, after the transition to the A-10 was completed, the 138th TFS was deployed to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia. On arrival, the unit was given sealed orders directing them to a remote, forward operational location and operate combat sorties, fully loaded with live ordnance. Not only was the 174th's combat readiness put to the optimum peacetime test, but the unit's mobility was tested to the fullest. In response, an additional six A-10s were assigned to it, making the 138th TFS the Air National Guard's only "super" squadron, with 24 aircraft.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support
With the transition complete, the unit deployed eight A-10 aircraft from Syracuse, non-stop to a forward operation location in West Germany. In exercise Cornet Sail, the 138th demonstrated for the first time the ability of an Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve unit to deploy this advanced aircraft in this manner. Combat readiness in West Germany was achieved 12 hours after departing Hancock Field.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support
With the move of the USAF 21st Air Division to Griffiss AFB in 1984, the 174th TFW became the host unit at Hancock Field. Later that year, the unit deployed to Exercise Air Warrior at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California; a three-week deployment to Lechfeld Air Base, West Germany and with the NY ANG 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group at Goose Air Base, Labrador.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support
The 174th also was among the first A-10 close support aircraft organizations to provide temporary tactical air defense support from Howard Air Force Base, Panama when the unit deployed to Howard in March 1985 when runway construction precluded the use of the A-7D Corsair IIs that normally fulfilled the tactical air defense duties of the Panama Canal. Shortly afterward, it deployed to Alaska for the first time. The 138th TFS completed the 2,700-mile flight to Eielson AFB without external navigation aids.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support
As in past years, continuing NATO deployments to West Germany in the late 1980s saw the 174th TFW personnel training and living side-by-side with their West German Air Force counterparts as they would in a combat situation. The 174th began 1988 on a high note when the Air Force announced the wing would convert from the A-10 to the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. With the Block 10 F-16, the 174th became the first Air Force organization to fly the Fighting Falcon with a Close Air Support mission.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Close air support
The first F-16 aircraft started arriving in late 1988. These aircraft were passed down from regular USAF units who were upgrading to the F-16C/D model. During 1989, the 138th TFS was chosen as a test unit for a close air support version of the F-16. The aircraft were the only F-16s ever to be equipped with the General Electric GPU-5/A Pave Claw gun pod, which contained a 30mm cannon intended for use against a variety of battlefield targets, including armor. The unit received the USAF's Outstanding Maintenance Squadron Award that year.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Operation Desert Storm
In 1991, the 138th TFS deployed to the Persian Gulf with 516 members in support of Operation Desert Storm. The 138th was one of only two Air National Guard units to fly combat missions during Operation Desert Storm. The Close Air Support project however proved to be a miserable failure.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Operation Desert Storm
Precision aiming was impossible for several reasons: the pylon mount wasn't as steady as the A-10's rigid mounting; the F-16 flies much faster than an A-10, giving the pilots too little time approaching the target; firing the gun shook the aircraft harshly and made it impossible to control; essential CCIP (continuously computed impact point) software was unavailable. The pilots ended up using the gun as an area effect weapon, spraying multiple targets with ammunition, producing an effect rather like a cluster bomb. It took only a couple of days of this before they gave up, unbolted the gun pods, and went back to dropping real cluster bombs – which did the job more effectively.


174th Attack Wing, History, Vietnam era, Operation Desert Storm
The unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, with the "V" device for valor, during Operation Desert Storm; the Air Force Association Outstanding Unit Award; and the National Guard Association's Best Family Support Center Award.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 174th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 174th Fighter Wing. With the organization change, the 138th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 174th Operations Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC).


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
In 1993 the 174th FW started trading in their old Block 10 F-16 A/B models for newer Block 30 F-16C/D aircraft configured for Tactical Air Support. In that process the squadron had the 'honor' of sending the first F-16 to AMARC storage. This happened on 20 July 1993, when an F-16A (#79-0340) was flown to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona for flyable storage. Although these aircraft were only 13 years old, they were put into storage due to more modern models becoming available and Block 10 wasn't needed any longer by the USAF. The general mission for the squadron remained unchanged with this transition.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
Also in 1993, the 138th TFS became the first US unit to have a female F-16 fighter pilot, Jackie Parker, in 1993 immediately after combat roles were opened to females.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
In June 1995, the unit deployed for 30 days rotation to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey as part of Operation Provide Comfort, assisting in the enforcement the No Fly Zone over Northern Iraq.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
The 138th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (138th EFS) was first formed and deployed in August 1996 for Operation Northern Watch (ONW). ONW was a US European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
In 1997, the 138th Fighter Squadron commemorated its 50th Anniversary in conjunction with the United States Air Force by hosting the United States Air Force Thunderbirds aerobatics team at the Syracuse Air Show.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
During 1996–97, the 174th FW deployed to Andøya Air Station, Norway as part of the "Adventure Express 97" NATO exercise. In 1998, the 174th FW deployed to Tyndall AFB, Florida, for the "Combat Archer" exercise and also to the Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, to participate in exercise "Global Patriot 98".


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
Only six years later, in 1999, the 138th FS changed block types once more, sending its Block 30s to the Illinois ANG 170th Fighter Squadron and receiving older block 25 F-16s from the Texas ANG 182d Fighter Squadron. This meant changing again from the General Electric engine to the Pratt & Whitney.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
An AEF deployment to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia resulted in the formation of the 138th EFS in early 2000. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone below the 32d parallel in Iraq. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi’ite Muslims. The squadron returned to the Block 30 Aircraft in 2004, receiving aircraft from the 50th TFW at Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany shifting from engine type once more.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
As part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 138th EFS deployed twice to Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2006 and 2008.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
In 2008 and 2010 members 174th Fighter Wing Security Forces Squadron deployed to Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan. The Security Forces members were attached to the 376th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron where they provided base security.


174th Attack Wing, History, Air Combat Command
In 2012 members of the 174th Attack Wings Security Forces Squadron deployed to Bagram Airfield Afghanistan. The Security Forces members were attached to the 455th Expeditionary Security Forces where they provided base security, fly away security, and air base ground defense.


174th Attack Wing, History, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission
In 2008 it became apparent that the 138th FS was going to lose its F-16s and that Hancock ANGB would lose its manned aviation after more than 60 years of operations. The squadron was set to fly the MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The unit's transition from flying F-16 fighter jets in theater to operating unmanned aircraft from the suburbs was more than a tactical shift: it assured the future of the base at Hancock Field. In October 2009, the 174th Fighter Wing cut the ribbon on its new MQ-9 Reaper maintenance school, where it trains technicians from across the country, from all military branches. The 174th Fighter Wing converted to the MQ-9 Reaper and began flying 24/7 operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom on 1 December 2009.


174th Attack Wing, History, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission
On 6 March 2010 the last two F-16s (#85-1561 and #85-1570) departed Hancock Field marking the end of F-16 operations at the base. They made three low passes for the assembled crowd gathered to commemorate the end of manned aviation at the Syracuse ANG base in upstate New York. The 174th Fighter Wing was renamed 174th Attack Wing on 9 September 2012, becoming the first Air National Guard MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) unit. The wing's MQ-9 Reaper have flown combat missions in Afghanistan since November 2009, supporting the global war on terror.


174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF
The 174th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during the First World War. One of a number of Highlander battalions in the CEF, it was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Manitoba, northern Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The unit left Halifax bound for England aboard HMT Olympic on 29 April 1917. Upon arrival on 7 May 1917, they proceeded to Upper Dibgate Camp and were absorbed into the 14th Reserve Battalion, which later joined the 11th Reserve Battalion.


174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF
In this capacity they reinforced the 16th and 43rd Battalions in France and absorbed casualties from these units. The 174th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF, was briefly commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel James A. Cantlie from the end of May to August 20, 1916, at which time Lieutenant-Colonel H. F. Osler assumed command.


174th Division (People's Republic of China)
The 174th Division (Chinese: 第174师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 1st Sub-district of Tongbai Military District. Its history could be traced to 6th Independent Brigade of Jinan Military District formed in February 1947.


174th Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 520th, 521st and 522nd Infantry Regiments. As a part of 58th Corps, during the Chinese Civil War the division mainly focusing on the Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Southwestern China.


174th Division (People's Republic of China)
In late July 1950, 174th Division, reinforced with 15th Independent Infantry Regiment of Henan Military District, was transferred to Guangxi and merged with Yishan Military Sub-district.


174th Division (People's Republic of China)
During its deployment in Yishan area, the division (and the military sub-district) eliminated a total of 38,768 bandits.


174th Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1952, 522nd Infantry Regiment was transferred to 2nd Forestry Engineering Division as 6th Regiment.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 174th Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army based at the Fort Dix entity of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey. A multi-component training unit, the brigade provides operational training and increased readiness for units in the continental Northeast.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The brigade was deployed for both World War I and World War II. Reorganized and redesignated numerous times, the 174th Infantry Brigade has been a reserve unit of the United States Army for most of its existence, seeing only short stints in the Active Duty forces and a combat role.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States)
Reactivated in 2006 as an active duty, combined arms training brigade, the brigade is responsible for preparing Soldiers of the Reserve and National Guard for deployment through battle training in maneuvers, equipment, and other details. As such, many personnel in the brigade are instructors who are themselves combat veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization
The brigade is a subordinate unit of the First Army's Division East.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization
The brigade is made up of ten battalions: five Regular Army Battalions, four Army Reserve Training Support Battalions and an Army Reserve Logistics Support Battalion.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I
The 174th Infantry Brigade was first constituted on 5 August 1917 in the National Army. It was organized on 25 August 1917 at Camp Dix, New Jersey, and assigned to the 87th Division. It never saw combat in World War I, like the other units of the 87th Division, the brigade was used for labor duties and a pool of reinforcements. It received a campaign streamer for World War I without an inscription. After the war, it was demobilized on 23 May 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I
Reorganized in December 1921 at Shreveport, Louisiana, the brigade was redesignated on 23 March 1925 as the 174th Brigade. It was again redesignated on 24 August 1936 as the 174th Infantry Brigade. On 13 February 1942, the unit was converted and redesignated as 3rd platoon, 87th Reconnaissance Troop, still assigned to the 87th Division. This consolidation also occurred to the 173rd Infantry Brigade. That December, the unit was ordered into active military service and reorganized along with the rest of the division at Camp McCain, Mississippi, which became an Infantry division. It was then mechanized the next year.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The 87th Infantry Division arrived in Scotland on 22 October 1944, and trained in England until the end of November. It landed in France in early December, and moved to Metz, where, on the 8th, it went into action against and took Fort Driant. The troop followed its division as it shifted to the vicinity of Gross Rederching near the Saar-German border on 10 December, and capturing Rimling, Obergailbach, and Guiderkirch.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The 87th Division was moving into Germany when Von Rundstedt launched his offensive in the Ardennes. The Division was placed in reserve from 24 December until 28 December, before engaging in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium on 29 December. In a fluctuating battle, it captured Moircy on 30 December and Remagne on 31 December. On 2 January 1945, it took Germont, on 10 January Tillet, and reached the Ourthe by 13 January. On 15 January 1945, the Division moved to Luxembourg to relieve the 4th Infantry Division along the Sauer and seized Wasserbillig on 23 January.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The 87th moved to the vicinity of St. Vith on 28 January, then attacked and captured Schlierbach, Selz, and Hogden by the end of the month. After the fall of Neuendorf on 9 February, the Division went on the defensive until the 26 February, when Ormont and Hallschlag were taken in night attacks. The 87th crossed the Kyll River on 6 March, took Dollendorf on 8 March, and after a brief rest, returned to combat on 13 March 1945, crossing the Moselle on 16 March and clearing Koblenz, on 18–19 March.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The Division crossed the Rhine on 25–26 March and despite strong opposition, consolidated its bridgehead, and secured Grossenlinden and Langgöns. On 7 April, it jumped off in an attack which carried it through Thuringia into Saxony. Plauen fell on 17 April, and the Division took up defensive positions on 20 April, about 4 miles from the Czech border. On 6 May 1945, it took Falkenstein and maintained its positions until VE-day.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The 87th Division returned to the United States in July 1945 expecting to be called upon to play a role in the defeat of the Japanese, but the sudden termination of the war in the Pacific while the division was reassembling at Fort Benning changed the future of the 87th. The Division was inactivated on 21 September 1945. The 87th Reconnaissance Troop was inactivated on the same day.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War era
The 87th Reconnaissance Troop was reorganized and redesignated in April 1947 as the 87th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop in the reserves. It was then activated the next month at Birmingham, Alabama. At the same time, the Organized Reserves were undergoing a transformation into the Army Reserve. The unit was again reorganized and redesignated in 1949 as the 87th Reconnaissance Company before being inactivated in December 1951 in Birmingham.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War era
The unit was once again designated as the 174th Infantry Brigade following a conversion and redesignation in March 1963. For the next 30 years, the brigade would continue as a Reserve unit in inactive status and would never be called on to participate in any conflicts. In 1997, the brigade was withdrawn from the Reserve and activated in the Regular Army at Fort Drum, New York, before being inactivated two years later.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Training brigade
The brigade headquarters were again reactivated on 1 December 2006 at Fort Drum, by reflagging 2nd Brigade, 78th Division (Training Support). It was one of 16 reserve brigades to be activated for the purpose of training. The brigade, which is headquartered at Fort Drum and is subordinate to the First Army Division East, is responsible for early stages of training for other reserve soldiers who have been alerted for deployment.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Training brigade
The brigade offers the opportunity for veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom to use their skills to train new soldiers who will be entering the field of operations in Iraq or Afghanistan. This training includes convoy live-fire training exercises, and techniques in dealing with improvised explosive devices, which are the primary cause of casualties in the operations.


174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Training brigade
During the summer of 2007, the brigade was mobilized to Fort Dix for training along with the 72nd Field Artillery Brigade from April until September. Soldiers of the 174th Infantry Brigade trained other units in land navigation, area security, urban operations, marksmanship, and live fire exercises. Most of the soldiers being trained were members of the Army National Guard. The brigade received distinctive unit insignia and shoulder sleeve insignia in September 2007. These items contained allusions to the brigade's honors during World War I and II, and its history with the 78th Infantry Division. However, as it is subordinate to the First Army, soldiers of the brigade wear that patch on their shoulders instead. Later that month, the brigade was again mobilized to Fort Bragg, North Carolina for another training mission.