1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Massachusetts fights "wrangling warr" with Indigenous people while supplying them "powder and shot[...], to murther ourselves"


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Governors of Massachusetts and Canada exchange series of letters arguing which is right in New England's war with Abenaki


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
"Insolent letter" of governor of Canada warns Massachusetts that French will enter war unless "Bounds of the Indians Land" are settled


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
New York Council approves treaty whereby Five Nations will assist Massachusetts in war with "Eastern Indians"


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Governor Dummer welcomes leaders of Haudenosaunee and other nations to Boston pursuant to their treaty with Massachusetts


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
New York governor says French risk losing influence with Five Nations who are helping Massachusetts fight French-allied "Algonkins"


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
"Those cruel Monsters" - Newspaper reports of Indigenous men attacking settlers at Northfield and Rutland


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
"Cagnowago" men "are very sorry and ashamed" for taking part in raid on Northfield, Massachusetts


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
"We shall generally observe that the politest Indians were farther remov'd from both the Poles" (Note: "brutal" and other racial stereotypes)


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Naval timber of future New Brunswick cheaper than New England's, and Canso can become "most considerable[... ]port in America"


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Pirates have taken upwards of 20 French vessels near Île Royale, including 22-gun warship, and similar number on Grand Banks


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
With loss of Placentia, French government encourages Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island) with duty exemption on fish and fish oil


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Quoting John Locke's essay on civil government, St. John's residents "embody ourselves into a community for[...]mutual preservation"


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
"Very great help to the trade" - Salmon fishery set up "on Great and Little Salmonier, Corret and Bisca Bay Rivers," Newfoundland


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
"Highly injur'd" - Merchants complain about overbearing Newfoundland garrison officers fishing and trading to foreign parts


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundland survey answers include: more liquor sold on Sunday, and servants and New England merchants are paid in fish


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Illustration: Highly imaginative depiction of Indigenous people carrying coffin in grand procession


1723 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1723 to Wales and its people.


1723 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1723.


1723 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1723 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1723 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1723 in science
The year 1723 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1724
1724 (MDCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1724th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 724th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 24th  year of the 18th century, and the  5th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1724, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1724 Chester Courthouse
The Chester Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Chester, Pennsylvania that served as the Chester County courthouse from 1724 to 1789, the Delaware County courthouse from 1789 to 1850 and the City Hall for the city of Chester. It was built in 1724 and is the oldest public building still standing in the United States.


1724 Chester Courthouse, Description
The German Colonial-style courthouse is 2½ stories high with no basement and 2-foot-thick walls. The south and east facades of the building are hewn stone, with the other two built of rubble stone. The Quaker influence on the building can be seen in the two front doors, one for men and the other for women.


1724 Chester Courthouse, Description
The interior measures 31 by 36 feet (9.4 by 11.0 m). The first level has a stone-floored court room divided by a low wooden railing designed to separate the judges and lawyers from court observers. There are no fireplaces on the first floor, but both the jury room and petit jury room on the second floor have fireplaces. The second floor is accessed by a stairwell in the northwest corner of the building.


1724 Chester Courthouse, Description
The cupola on the courthouse contained a bell that was cast in London and added in 1729. The bell was removed for many years but returned during a 1920 restoration. A three-sided bay with large multi-paneled windows was added in 1744.


1724 Chester Courthouse, History
The Chester courthouse was built in 1724 and was the fourth courthouse built in Chester.


1724 Chester Courthouse, History
In 1789, the Chester County seat was moved to West Chester, Pennsylvania, and the Chester Courthouse served as the Delaware County courthouse. In 1850 the Delaware County seat was moved to Media, Pennsylvania, and the Chester Courthouse served as City Hall for the city of Chester.


1724 Chester Courthouse, History
The courthouse was used by the Delaware County Historical Society until 1966 when structural deficiencies forced them to relocate. Owned by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, in July 2021 the Delaware County Council entered into a 99-year lease for the Courthouse at a cost of $1 per year. Unable to afford the maintenance of the building, the Commission sought to find a way to "offload" it. The Council in conjunction with the Delaware County Historical Commission will manage the building.


1724 Chester Courthouse, History
The court room was the oldest active court in use in the United States until 1967. Every year, one trial was held in the court room to maintain that status.


1724 Chester Courthouse, History
Each year in May, during the celebration of Law Day, a special ceremony is held at the Chester Courthouse. Students from the Chester-Upland School District present a mock trial before Judges of the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas and the Magisterial District Courts to commemorate the significance of the courthouse and its importance to American jurisprudence.


1724 Taunton by-election
The Taunton by-election of 1724 to the Parliament of Great Britain was held on 18 January 1724 in Taunton, Somerset, following the death of the incumbent, John Trenchard. The by-election was contested by Abraham Elton, George Deane, William Molyneux and Griffith Pugh. Elton, a Whig who had been a late entrant to the election won, and despite a petition from Deane, was returned as the Member of Parliament for Taunton.


1724 Taunton by-election, Background
During the 1722 British general election, two Whigs were elected for the Parliamentary constituency of Taunton, John Trenchard and James Smith. Their Tory opponent petitioned Parliament against their return, but the petition was rejected. Trenchard died on 16 December 1723, leaving a vacancy. George Deane, who had been one of the losing Tories in 1722, stood once again, and was joined by William Molyneux, a secretary to the Prince of Wales and Griffith Pugh, of Covent Garden. Then, two days before the election, Abraham Elton revealed himself as a candidate for the Whiggish interest.


1724 Taunton by-election, Result
The election was held on 18 January 1724. Two separate returns were made; the mayor declared Elton to have been elected, but the "constables and bailiffs, and several of the inhabitants" suggested that Deane had won. The High Sheriff of Somerset, Walter Robinson, accepted the decision of the mayor, who acted as the returning officer for elections, and Elton was duly elected as the second member for Taunton.


1724 Taunton by-election, Aftermath
Deane lodged a petition against the result, which was heard by a committee, and dismissed by a vote of 151 to 104, therefore upholding the election of Elton to parliament. Elton only served Taunton until the general election, in 1727, when he contested the seat vacated by his father in Bristol.


1724 Vladimir
1724 Vladimir, provisional designation 1932 DC, is a rare-type asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 February 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. The asteroid was later named by astronomer Milorad Protić after his grandson, Vladimir.


1724 Vladimir, Orbit and classification
Vladimir orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,632 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1928.


1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics
The asteroid has a rare B- and FBCU spectral type in the SMASS and Tholen taxonomy, respectively.


1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Two rotational lightcurve of Vladimir were obtained by Serbian astronomer Vladimir Benishek at the Belgrade Observatory in April 2008, and August 2015. Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a rotation period of 12.57 and 12.582	hours with a relatively low brightness variation of 0.14 and 0.24 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2+).


1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In December 2010, and January 2012, photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave a period of 12.574 and 12.557 hours with an amplitude of 0.23 and 0.22, respectively (U=2/2).


1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vladimir measures between 28.40 and 42.505 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.0295 and 0.037.


1724 Vladimir, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0441 and a diameter of 34.79 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.30.


1724 Vladimir, Naming
This minor planet was named by Serbian astronomer Milorad Protić, who rediscovered the body in 1952, and made its permanent numbering possible (also see Lost minor planet). Protić named it after his grandson, Vladimir. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
New York benefits politically and in trade from its law prohibiting sale to French of any goods wanted by Indigenous people


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
New York should not send forces to "farther country of Indians" as it might provoke French, and trade has increased by "gentle means"


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
British merchants say New York law against trading with French has reduced supply of furs imported and manufactures exported


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
Six Nations ask "Eastern Indians" to end war against New England, but they answer "evasively" and Six Nations decline fighting them


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
"Greatest slaughter we have made upon them" - New Hampshire leader reports killing of 100 men, women and children at Nanrantsouak


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
"Victim of his own love and[...]zeal to maintain the Faith" - Death of Fr. Sébastien Rasles at Nanrantsouak (Note: "savage" used)


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Dummer of Massachusetts gets Nova Scotia Council to list terms it wants in treaty to end war with Indigenous people


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
Gov. Philipps says Nova Scotia "upon so precarious a footing" that it can't be settled "till such time as fortresses shall be built"


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
"Indian Prisoners here were treated with all Humanity," but Nova Scotia Council would kill one Indigenous hostage to repay recent attacks


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
Witnesses testify that scores of Indigenous men, some from Saint John River, decided to come from Minas to attack Annapolis Royal


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
Acadian deputies "prevaricate" when questioned about Annapolis attack, but Council too weak to risk uprising if they are punished


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
To encourage compliance, Nova Scotia Council allows Catholic priest to move into province because he asked permission


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
Canso fishers suspect "a neighbouring Coloney" wants to end their exemption from duty on fish to preempt or ruin them


1724 in Canada, Historical documents
When Indigenous people gather "oker," Newfoundland settler kills one and wants "to keep the country allways clear of the Indians"


1724 in Norway, Deaths
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1724 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1724 to Wales and its people.


1724 in architecture
The year 1724 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1724 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1724.


1724 in music
The year 1724 in music involved some significant musical events.


1724 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1724 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1724 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1724 in science
The year 1724 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1724 papal conclave
The 1724 papal conclave was called upon the death of Pope Innocent XIII. It began on 20 March 1724 and ended on 28 May that year with the election of Vincenzo Maria Orsini, a Dominican friar, as Pope Benedict XIII. The conclave was made of largely the same electors that had elected Innocent in 1721 and the same factions dominated it. Multiple attempts were made to elect candidates that would be acceptable to the various Catholic monarchies at the time, but none were successful until May. Benedict resisted his own election for two days before being convinced to accept it.


1724 papal conclave, Background
The papal conclave that had elected Innocent XIII in 1721 was dominated by cardinals appointed by Clement XI, who had been Pope for 21 years and appointed over 70 cardinals during that time. The conclave that elected Innocent was marked by a new alliance between the French and Spanish cardinals due to a change in the Spanish dynasty following the War of the Spanish Succession that resulted in Philip V, a Bourbon and the grandson of Louis XIV of France, ascending to what had previously been a Habsburg throne.


1724 papal conclave, Background
Innocent was elected unanimously with the prospect that he might cooperate with both Bourbon France and the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor. Innocent had been in poor health for the year before his death on 7 March 1724 and preparations for the conclave to elect his successor had begun before his death.


1724 papal conclave, Conclave
During his pontificate Innocent XIII had only created three new cardinals. When he died the composition of the College of Cardinals and its factions were similar to the one that had elected him. The conclave began on 20 March 1724 with only 33 cardinal electors present, but eventually 53 total cardinals took part in the election.


1724 papal conclave, Conclave
At the start of the conclave, electors from the zelanti faction attempted to elect Giuseppe Renato Imperiali, but this was not possible because of his unpopularity with both France and Spain. Following this attempt cardinals representing the Bourbons insisted that no serious attempt to elect a new pope take place until all cardinals who were traveling had arrived, and until the electors had received instructions from the various Catholic monarchs.


1724 papal conclave, Conclave
Annibale Albani, the brother of Clement XI, tried to elect Fabrizio Paolucci as Pope, having supported him previously in 1721. The Hapsburg emperor,  Charles VI, was opposed to Paolucci because he was sympathetic to the Bourbons, and a papal veto from Charles arrived from Vienna before Paolucci could be elected. Several of the electors continued to vote for Paolucci after he was excluded in protest of the veto. Representatives of England attempted to influence the conclave in order to reduce the honours that had been given in Rome to members of the House of Stuart, but their influence was limited because Giulio Alberoni, who had agreed to help them, did not have significant influence at the conclave.


1724 papal conclave, Conclave
Charles VI had instructed his representative to the papal court Maximilian Ulrich von Kaunitz to work closely with Álvaro Cienfuegos to elect a candidate that he favoured. Cuenfuego's instructions were that cardinals Pamfili, Vallemani, Spada, Piazza, Corradini, Caracciolo, Tanara, Orsini, Ruffo, Colonna, Davia, Boncompagni, Pico, and Pignatelli would be acceptable to the emperor, and that cardinals Paolucci, Olivieri, Bussi, Sagripanti, and Origo were to be excluded.


1724 papal conclave, Conclave
Cienfuegos led electors that were part of the imperial party in an attempt to elect Giulio Piazza. Piazza was almost elected on May 13, but was short by four votes. The electors were confident that they would be able to elect him, because more cardinals were arriving to participate in the conclave, and it became public in Rome that Piazza was likely to be the new pope. Albani did not support this because he had not been a part of the negotiations despite being the original elector to suggest Piazza, and undermined his election by proposing Vincenzo Orsini as an alternate candidate.


1724 papal conclave, Election of Benedict XIII
On 28 May the conclave unanimously elected Orsini as Pope. He had not been seen as a serious candidate in past conclaves because he did not have political experience. Orsini was 75 at the time, and it took the cardinals two days to convince him to accept his election. He was recorded to have spent the night before his election sleepless and in tears. Even when the cardinals had taken him into the Sistine Chapel for the formal vote to elect him pope after they had been convinced he would accept, he was still unwilling to accept his own election.


1724 papal conclave, Election of Benedict XIII
Ultimately, he only accepted it after being convinced of it by Agustín Pipia the Master of the Dominican Order, of which he was a member. Upon accepting his election, he attempted to take the name Benedict XIV, which would have recognized Antipope Benedict XIII, the last Avignon Pope during the Western Schism. Lawyers from the Roman Curia eventually persuaded Orisini to take the name Benedict XIII.


1724 papal conclave, Election of Benedict XIII
Orisini's election was notable at the time because it was unusual for the cardinals to elect friars, since they were seen by some as too rigid. Members of religious orders at the time were often respected by the cardinals, but rarely elected, with Benedict XIII being only the fourth since the Council of Trent. Unlike the other mendicants elected to the papacy in this period, he was of noble birth, being the eldest son of the Duke of Gravina, but had forfeited his rights to his father's title in order to enter the Dominicans.


17246 Christophedumas
17246 Christophedumas, provisional designation 2000 GL74, is a stony Koronian asteroid and binary system from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.6 kilometers in diameter.


17246 Christophedumas
It was discovered on 5 April 2000, by the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, United States. It was named after planetary scientist Christophe Dumas. The asteroid's minor-planet moon was discovered in 2004.


17246 Christophedumas, Orbit and classification
Christophedumas is a member of the Koronis family, which is named after 158 Koronis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,748 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins 29 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in April 1971.


17246 Christophedumas, Orbit and classification, Close approach with Juno
On 9 January 2129, Christophedumas will come within 3,639,998 kilometers of 3 Juno, one of the largest asteroids in the main-belt, and will pass it with a relative velocity of 6.597 km/s.


17246 Christophedumas, Physical characteristics
Christophedumas is a presumed stony S-type asteroid. With an albedo of 0.21, it is more reflective than most asteroids in the outer main-belt. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.21 and calculates a diameter of 4.81 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.9.


17246 Christophedumas, Physical characteristics
In December 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Christophedumas was obtained from photometric observations by Israeli astronomer David Polishook and colleagues. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=n.a.). The team of astronomers also ruled out that Christophedumas might be an Escaping Ejecta Binary (EEB), that are thought to be created by fragments ejected from a disruptive impact event.


17246 Christophedumas, Moon
In 2004, a minor-planet moon, designated S/2004 (17246) 1, was discovered orbiting its primary, making Christophedumas a binary asteroid. With a secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of 0.22, the moon measures approximately 1 kilometer in diameter, based on a diameter of 4.5 kilometers for its primary. While its rotation period and orbital eccentricity is not yet known, it is known that the moon completes one orbit every 90 days (2034 hours) with a semi-major axis of 228 kilometers.


17246 Christophedumas, Moon
From the surface of Christophedumas, the moon would have an apparent diameter of about 0.668°, slightly larger than the Moon appears from Earth.


17246 Christophedumas, Naming
This minor planet was named after planetary scientist Christophe Dumas (born 1968), an observer of Solar System objects and expert in using adaptive optics. Dumas is a co-discoverer of the first asteroid moon imaged from Earth. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 June 2016 (M.P.C. 100606).


1725
1725 (MDCCXXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1725th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 725th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 25th  year of the 18th century, and the  6th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1725, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
"No method can be so effectual" - Another call for Six Nations to come into war on side of Massachusetts against Indigenous people


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Massachusetts leader's update on war alleges Father Rasles refused "to give or take quarter" before his death


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Long letter of Fr. Rasles mentions champions, fires, scalps, wounded, plunder, ransom, and "a very great inclination for peace at Boston"


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Long letter of Gov. Vaudreuil mentions injustice, unreasonableness, pretension, confusion and trouble, sacrifice, threatenings, and cruelty


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Murderous kidnappers take New England women and children to Canada


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Île-Royale governor tells Nova Scotia councillors that Penobscot and Saint John River Indigenous people are "inured to war"


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Indigenous people in Nova Scotia "have shewed some inclinations of peace," but lieutenant governor wants to avoid separate peace


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia commissioner to Boston peace talks with Indigenous people is directed to encourage their intermarriage with British


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Promising peace, four Indigenous delegates sign treaty stating British "jurisdiction and dominion" over Nova Scotia


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
New France laments loss of naval ship with all hands, death of Gov. Vaudreuil, and "much regretted" departure of Intendant Bégon


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia is "most commodious Colony for the fishing trade," with "greatest salmon fishery in the world"


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Summary of Nova Scotia events includes inhabitants in 1725 taking oath "to the Government" (by extortion, they say later)


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Île-Royale governor assures Nova Scotia lieutenant governor that no one supplies arms to Indigenous people (Note: "savage" used)


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Armstrong reports evidence of clandestine trade and secret introduction of "Missionary Priest" from Île-Royale


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong to assemble force (including Indigenous from New England) "to humble the vilanous french inhabitants as well as Indians"


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Book on war with "Eastern Indians" offers "a Narrative of Tragical Incursions perpetrated by Bloody Pagans[...]" (Note: racial stereotypes)


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Scores of Newfoundland taverns serve fishers on credit to point latter "have nothing left to carry them home" at season's end


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundlander's complaint of Placentia commander's assault on himself, wife and daughter, plus extortion (with supporting depositions)


1725 in Canada, Historical documents
Scheme to put 100 blockhouses at back of colonies from Nova Scotia to South Carolina to prevent Indigenous attack


1725 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1725 to Wales and its people.


1725 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1725.


1725 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1725 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1725 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1725 in science
The year 1725 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1726
1726 (MDCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1726th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 726th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 26th  year of the 18th century, and the  7th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1726, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1726 Hoffmeister
1726 Hoffmeister, provisional designation 1933 OE, is a carbonaceous asteroid and namesake of the Hoffmeister family from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter.


1726 Hoffmeister
It was discovered on 24 July 1933, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and named after astronomer Cuno Hoffmeister.


1726 Hoffmeister, Orbit and classification
Hoffmeister is the namesake and lowest-numbered member of the very compact Hoffmeister family (519), which, based upon its low albedo, was most likely formed from the breakup of a 50–100 kilometer-sized, carbon-rich parent body within the past several hundred million years.


1726 Hoffmeister, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.7–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,700 days; semi-major axis of 2.79 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1924 UA at the Yerkes Observatory in 1924, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1726 Hoffmeister, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Hoffmeister is characterized as a Cb-type, a subtype of the carbonaceous C-complex.


1726 Hoffmeister, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hoffmeister measures between 22.03 and 25.67 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.03 and 0.05. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 17.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.53.


1726 Hoffmeister, Physical characteristics, Rotational lightcurve
In December 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Hoffmeister was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It gave a rotation period of 11.7058±0.0056 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (U=2).


1726 Hoffmeister, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of German astronomer Cuno Hoffmeister (1892–1968), who founded the Sonneberg Observatory in 1925, and became one of its directors (see 1039 Sonneberga). Hoffmeister discovered thousands of variable stars, co-discovered comet C/1959 O1, thoroughly investigated a large number of meteors, and discovered 5 minor planets: 2183 Neufang, 3203 Huth, 3674 Erbisbühl, 4183 Cuno (which was later named after him) and 4724 Brocken. The lunar crater Hoffmeister was also named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Governor, intendant and bishop of Quebec are to cooperate (each within his bounds) to implant religion and aid trade (Note: "savage" used)


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Dummer reports 1725 "Treaty of Pacification with[... ]all the Tribes of Indians[...]engaged in the late warr with this Government"


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Penobscot spokesman Loron tells Dummer that "Canada Indians" (Nanrantsouak and others) want to treat with New England at Montreal


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Loron mentions proposal to have English withdraw from some sites, but Dummer rejects it along with Montreal meeting


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Penobscot tell Dummer they have no memory of selling land he claims by deed and right, which he says can be settled in court


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
After signing treaty ratification, Penobscot agree to protect frontier settlers and to ratify treaty at Annapolis Royal


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Dummer hopes Indigenous people "may in a short time be intirely drawne from their dependance on the French" for presents


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Chiefs and representatives of "St. Johns, Cape Sable" and other nations ratify treaty of 1725 at Annapolis Royal


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Treaty is signed by Indigenous people on flag bastion at Annapolis Royal after hearing it read in English and French


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. (of Annapolis) Doucett says Indigenous people signing "seem to be quite tired of the warr and are extreamly well pleas'd"


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. (of Nova Scotia) Armstrong reports Acadians will avoid swearing allegiance by leaving, perhaps for St. John's Island


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Acadian Deputies sign oath only after clause added in margin of document "Whereby they might not be Obliged to Carry Arms"


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
"Dread of the pirates is always a great interruption to the Fishery" - Admiralty asked for warship to cruise Nova Scotia's Atlantic coast


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia reports extensive trade by New Englanders and province's French with Île-Royale, "as if they were still Proprietors"


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Crown urged to select 200,000 acres of Nova Scotia forest (for naval use), so British settlers can then come in and outnumber Acadians


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Armstrong reports accomplishments and challenges, ranging from peace to defence to food provisions (Note: "savages" used)


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong enlarges on defence issues following report that "Canada Indians" are coming to "commence a new warr"


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council orders man to maintain child he fathered after midwife says mother "in her most Violent Pains" swore it was him


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
In Newfoundland, "there are no persons to administer justice during the winter season, except at Placentia and Canso"


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
English town with fishing interest in north and northwest Newfoundland wants survey of its "dangerous and utterly unknown" waters


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Trade council wants Newfoundland survey "as it will greatly increase the cod fishery [and encourage and establish] the salmon fishery"


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
"I hope more effectual tho' less severe" - New York governor reports replacing prohibition on trade with Canada with increased duty


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
New York's issues with French fort at Niagara reveal complex relations with Canada and sometimes divided Six Nations


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
French fort at Niagara violates treaty, says New York governor to Commander in Chief in Canada, who denies it is British land


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
"Two French-men and three Indians[... ]from the Eastward" sentenced to death for piracy in Boston special admiralty court


1726 in Canada, Historical documents
Maine soldier is only man able to interpret for "Cape-Sable Indians" accused of piracy (and found guilty)


1726 in Norway, Deaths
This year in Norway article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1726 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1726 to Wales and its people.


1726 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1726.


1726 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1726 in poetry, Works published, United Kingdom, "Namby–Pamby" first appears
Henry Carey's poem, Namby Pamby: or, a panegyrick on the new versification address'd to A----- P----, published this year (some sources give the publication year as 1725), satirizes the poetry of Ambrose Philips, with the name a play on the first three letters of "Ambrose". Carey and others, including John Gay, Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, used the term as a disparaging nickname for Philips, but this year Carey was the first to put it into print. Carey's poem, a reaction against the style of Philips' To the Honourable Miss Carteret of 1725, mimicked the cloying, overly sentimental reduplication in some verse Phillips had written for children or as elegies of dead children, such as these opening lines from Miss Charlotte Pulteney, in Her Mother’s Arms:


1726 in poetry, Works published, United Kingdom, "Namby–Pamby" first appears
In The Dunciad (1733), Pope would also make fun of Philips: "Beneath his reign, shall [...] Namby Pamby be prefer'd for Wit!" Pope despised Philips for both political and professional reasons, in part because Whig critics such as Joseph Addison had compared Philips' rustic verse favorably to that of Pope, a Tory. Within a generation, "Namby Pamby" began to broaden its meaning, so that in William Ayres' Memoirs of the life and writings of Alexander Pope of 1745, Jonathan Swift was said to be referring to the "Namby Pamby Stile" of writing. By 1774, the meaning had broadened further, covering anything ineffectual or weak, so that The Westmoreland Magazine could refer to "A namby-pamby Duke". The hyphenated phrase now covers anything ineffectual or affectedly sentimental.


1726 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1726 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1726 in science
The year 1726 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1726 to 1730 in sports
Events in world sport through the years 1726 to 1730.


1727
1727 (MDCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1727th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 727th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 27th  year of the 18th century, and the  8th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1727, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1727 British general election
The 1727 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election was triggered by the death of King George I; at the time, it was the convention to hold new elections following the succession of a new monarch.


1727 British general election
The Tories, led in the House of Commons by William Wyndham, and under the direction of Bolingbroke, who had returned to the country in 1723 after being pardoned for his role in the Jacobite rising of 1715, lost further ground to the Whigs, rendering them ineffectual and largely irrelevant to practical politics. A group known as the Patriot Whigs, led by William Pulteney, who were disenchanted with Walpole's government and believed he was betraying Whig principles, had been formed prior to the election. Bolingbroke and Pulteney had not expected the next election to occur until 1729, and were consequently caught unprepared and failed to make any gains against the government party.


1727 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1727 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 14 August 1727 and 17 October 1727.


1727 British general election, Dates of election
At this period, elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1727 Mette
1727 Mette, provisional designation 1965 BA, is a binary Hungaria asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter.


1727 Mette
It was discovered on 25 January 1965, by English astronomer David Andrews at Boyden Observatory near Bloemfontein in Free State, South Africa . It was named after the discoverer's wife Mette Andrews.


1727 Mette, Classification and orbit
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It is also a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations.


1727 Mette, Classification and orbit
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–2.0 AU once every 2 years and 6 months (922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. Being a Mars-crosser, Mette will make a relatively close approach to Mars on April 15, 2023, when it will pass near the Red Planet at a distance of less than 0.08 AU (12,000,000 km). It was first identified as 1955 DC at Goethe Link Observatory in 1955, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1727 Mette, Physical parameters
A large number of rotational lightcurves of Mette were obtained from photometric observations. They gave a rotation period of approximately 2.981 hours (best rated results) with a brightness variation between 0.22 and 0.38 magnitude, indicating a moderately elongated body (U=3/3/3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.97 kilometers, while observations with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer gave a diameter of 5.44 kilometers and an albedo of 0.544.


1727 Mette, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after his wife, Mette Andrews for her comprehension of his nocturnal working hours and absence from home. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).


1727 Mette, Moon
In 2013, a satellite orbiting the asteroid was discovered. The moon measures about 2 kilometers in diameter and orbits Mette once every 20 hours and 59 minutes.


1727 Mette, Moon
There are several hundreds of asteroids known to have satellites (also see Category:Binary asteroids).


1727 Tabriz earthquake
The 1727 Tabriz earthquake occurred on 18 November with an epicenter near Tabriz in northwest Iran. The maximum felt intensity was VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and there were an estimated 77,000 deaths. The only record for this earthquake comes from an account written in 1821 and it is very likely that the information for this earthquake refers instead to the 1721 Tabriz earthquake.


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia councillor is present as Nanrantsouak and other nations ratify peace treaty and discuss issues with New England leaders


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Ratification article obliges all parties, settler and Indigenous, to send fighters for united response to attack on any party


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council reviews letter from Councillor Mascarene on ratification, including "mutual assistance" article


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Dummer will invoke mutual assistance to get Penobscot to pursue Cape Sable Indigenous people who attacked boats


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Dummer and Nanrantsouak chief sachem discuss return of British settlers taken by Indigenous people


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Indigenous people note price increase for goods they want and decrease for beaver, and Dummer explains "the Nature of Markets"


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Report that "Cape Sable Indians" killed all aboard vessel, danced on shore around their scalps and took some to Louisbourg


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
"Antimonarchical" Bostonians with Acadians undermine Nova Scotia government and incite Indigenous attack (Note: "savages" used)


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council decides French "up the Bay" of Fundy refusing to swear allegiance will not be dealing with "our English Traders"


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Acadian Deputies insist that oath have clauses allowing free exercise of religion, exemption from military, and property rights


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
For refusing unconditional oath to King George II, Acadian Deputies are imprisoned and inhabitants prohibited from fishing


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Questioning Indigenous men from local regions about reported murder, Council invokes their treaty obligation to make amends


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia governor calls for troops at Minas and Chignecto, for Canso fort, and setting up military recruits as settlers after four-year tour


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Detailed proposal to grant poor people 50 acres, craftsmen 100 acres and "substantial inhabitants" 1,000 in Nova Scotia (Note: "savage" used)


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Much Nova Scotia fish (and most from Canso) sold in Île-Royale, which is also "constantly supply'd from Boston with all sorts of commodities"


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Merchants complain about high-handed Placentia commander taking best fishing places, overcharging for goods and abusing people


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundlanders spend winter cutting boards, making oars, building and repairing boats, and repairing structures, while others hunt


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundland shore fish preferable to Grand Banks fish because latter are "in bulk before[... ]wash'd out, and is broke [before] spread"


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
British have right to oppose French at Niagara because Six Nations in "entire subjection to H.M. did surrender all their lands to him"


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
New York is building "stone house of strength" at Oswego, "lying most conveniently to receive all the far Indians who come to trade with us"


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
N.Y. General Assembly praises governor's "zeal for[... ]securing the Six Nations in the British interest" by building Oswego trading house


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Very few "Adirondacks" remain after Six Nations victories, and are not "of any consequence, either in Peace or War" (Note: racial stereotypes


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Montreal priest admonishes apostasy of woman gone to New England, citing Catholic doctrine and censuring Protestantism


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Devonshire man seeks New England posting as "reward for[...]taking seven sail of sloops etc. manned by Indians who attacked" Canso fishery


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
"Melancholy, distressful, horrid" - Few survive 12 days at sea in boat without drinking water before reaching Newfoundland


1727 in Canada, Historical documents
Unusually, this news (that French army will put Louis XV's father-in-law on Polish throne) comes to New York by way of Île-Royale and Canso


1727 in Great Britain
Events from the year 1727 in Great Britain. This year sees a change of monarch.


1727 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1727 to Wales and its people.


1727 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1727.


1727 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1727 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1727 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1727 in science
The year 1727 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1728
1728 (MDCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1728th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 728th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 28th  year of the 18th century, and the  9th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1728, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1728 (number)
1728 is the natural number following 1727 and preceding 1729. 1728 is a dozen gross, one great gross (or grand gross, or, in Germanic, Mass).


1728 (number), In mathematics
1728 is the cube of 12 and, as such, is important in the duodecimal number system, in which it is represented as "1000". It is the number of cubic inches in a cubic foot. 1728 occurs in the algebraic formula for the j-invariant of an elliptic curve. As a consequence, it is sometimes called a Zagier as a pun on the Gross–Zagier theorem. The number 1728 is one less than the Hardy–Ramanujan number 1729.


1728 (number), In mathematics
1728 is also the number of directed open knight's tours on a 5 × 5 chessboard. (sequence  in the OEIS).


1728 (number), In mathematics
1728 is also the number of daily chants of the Hare Krishna (mantra)  by a Hare Krishna devotee. The number comes from 16 rounds on a 108 japamala bead.


1728 Goethe Link
1728 Goethe Link, provisional designation 1964 TO, is a stony asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter.


1728 Goethe Link
It was discovered on 12 October 1964, by Indiana University during its Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after American philanthropist and founder of the discovering observatory Goethe Link.


1728 Goethe Link, Orbit and classification
Goethe Link orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,499 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. Goethe Link was first identified as 1943 OA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1943, extending the body's observation arc by 21 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1728 Goethe Link, Physical characteristics
Goethe Link has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid.


1728 Goethe Link, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Goethe Link was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. It gave a long rotation period of 81 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 magnitude (U=2).


1728 Goethe Link, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Goethe Link measures 14.58 and 18.18 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.194 and 0.251, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 15.60 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4.


1728 Goethe Link, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Indianapolis surgeon and philanthropist Dr Goethe Link. He was an enthusiastic amateur astronomer and generous supporter of astronomy, who built the Goethe Link Observatory in the late 1930s and donated it to Indiana University in 1948. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2882).


1728 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia governor petitions King for measures to address long-standing problems of defence, communication and control


1728 in Canada, Historical documents
Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods instructed to mark out at least 200,000 acres of forest in Nova Scotia for Royal Navy use


1728 in Canada, Historical documents
"Uninhabited (except by a few Indians)" - Petition to settle colonial grey zone (now in Maine) between British and French claims


1728 in Canada, Historical documents
"Deep Bays, large Coves and Rivers, and most excellent Harbours" - Guide to sailing charted Newfoundland coasts


1728 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1728 to Wales and its people.


1728 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1728.


1728 in paleontology
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1728.


1728 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1728 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1728 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1728 in science
The year 1728 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1728 map of Copenhagen
This 1728 map of Copenhagen shows the overall layout of Copenhagen, Denmark, as well as the location of important buildings and other features, as it appeared Anno 1728, immediately before the Copenhagen Fire of 1728. The map shown here  was published by Oluf Nielsen in 1884 but relies on a map published J. F. Arnoldt in January 1728. The original map can be seen here.


1728 map of Copenhagen, The map
North: North is to the left while east is at the top.


1729
1729 (MDCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1729th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 729th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 29th  year of the 18th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1729, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1729 (number)
1729 is the natural number following 1728 and preceding 1730. It is a taxicab number, and is variously known as Ramanujan's number and the Ramanujan-Hardy number, after an anecdote of the British mathematician G. H. Hardy when he visited Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan in hospital. He related their conversation:


1729 (number)
I remember once going to see him when he was ill at Putney. I had ridden in taxi cab number 1729 and remarked that the number seemed to me rather a dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavourable omen. "No," he replied, "it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways."


1729 (number)
The quotation is sometimes expressed using the term "positive cubes", since allowing negative perfect cubes (the cube of a negative integer) gives the smallest solution as 91 (which is a divisor of 1729):


1729 (number)
Numbers that are the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in n distinct ways have been dubbed "taxicab numbers". The number was also found in one of Ramanujan's notebooks dated years before the incident, and was noted by Frénicle de Bessy in 1657. A commemorative plaque now appears at the site of the Ramanujan-Hardy incident, at 2 Colinette Road in Putney.


1729 (number)
The same expression defines 1729 as the first in the sequence of "Fermat near misses" (sequence  in the OEIS) defined, in reference to Fermat's Last Theorem, as numbers of the form 1 + z3 which are also expressible as the sum of two other cubes.


1729 (number), Other properties
1729 is also the third Carmichael number, the first Chernick–Carmichael number (sequence  in the OEIS), and the first absolute Euler pseudoprime. It is also a sphenic number.


1729 (number), Other properties
1729 is also the third Zeisel number. It is a centered cube number, as well as a dodecagonal number, a 24-gonal and 84-gonal number.


1729 (number), Other properties
Investigating pairs of distinct integer-valued quadratic forms that represent every integer the same number of times, Schiemann found that such quadratic forms must be in four or more variables, and the least possible discriminant of a four-variable pair is 1729.


1729 (number), Other properties
1729 is the lowest number which can be represented by a Loeschian quadratic form a² + ab + b² in four different ways with a and b positive integers. The integer pairs (a,b) are (25,23), (32,15), (37,8) and (40,3).


1729 (number), Other properties
1729 is the dimension of the Fourier transform on which the fastest known algorithm for multiplying two numbers is based. This is an example of a galactic algorithm.


1729 Bahamian general election
General elections were held in the Bahamas in September 1729, the first elections in the territory.


1729 Bahamian general election, Background
In August 1729, new Governor Woodes Rogers was instructed by King George II to create a 24-member General Assembly for the Bahamas. Rogers issued a proclamation on 8 September, ordering eligible voters to meet at polling places during the next two weeks. The reforms had been planned by the previous Governor George Phenney and authorised in July 1728.


1729 Bahamian general election, Electoral system
The General Assembly had 24 members elected from five constituencies; eight representatives were elected in Nassau, whilst Eastern District, Western District, Eleuthera and Harbour Island all had four representatives. Voting was restricted to around 250 white men aged over 21, and the elections took place between 12 and 20 September. In Nassau the elections were held at the house of Samuel Lawford, in the Eastern District they took place at Samuel Frith's house, and in Western District they took place at the house of John Watkins.


1729 Bahamian general election, Aftermath
The General Assembly met for the first time on 29 September at the house of Samuel Lawford. John Colebrooke was elected as its first speaker. It was dissolved on 7 December 1730 by the Governor after it voted against continuing to pay his £200 salary and also voted out the Speaker, who was sympathetic to the Governor.


1729 Beryl
1729 Beryl, provisional designation 1963 SL, is a stony background asteroid from the Florian region in the inner asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1963, by astronomers at Indiana University during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.9 hours. It was named for Beryl H. Potter, a long-time research assistant of the discovering program.


1729 Beryl, Orbit and classification
Beryl is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,216 days; semi-major axis of 2.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1729 Beryl, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as 1933 ST at Simeiz Observatory in September 1933. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1942 EW at Turku Observatory in March 1942, or more than 21 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.


1729 Beryl, Naming
This minor planet was named after Beryl H. Potter (1900–1985), research assistant at the Indiana University, who participated in the program of minor planet observations from 1949 to 1966. During this period, she analysed nearly 6,300 photographic plates, measuring the positions of minor planets and reporting lost asteroids to the International Astronomical Union, which were then published in the Minor Planet Circulars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883).


1729 Beryl, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Beryl is a common, stony S-type asteroid.


1729 Beryl, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Beryl was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Leura (E17) and Kingsgrove (E19) observatories in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.8888±0.0003 hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). In addition, a nearly identical period of 4.889±0.0014 hours with an amplitude of 0.14 was determined in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2010 (U=2).


1729 Beryl, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Beryl measures 9.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.246. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the namesake of the Flora Family – and calculates a diameter of 8.58 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5.


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
New York governor says Six Nations want garrison at Oswego trading house and will assist against "any Power that dares to Attack it"


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
N.Y. governor says Oswego trading house will protect Indigenous fur suppliers from "the wonted abuses of the Handlers or Traders"


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Ten New York acts about trade with Indigenous people (1720-1729) repealed because "the execution of them are grievous and oppressive"


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Irish and New England families want to settle east of Kennebec River boundary of Nova Scotia, but not in French-dominated N.S.


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
How valid are French claims from Kennebeck to Canso (though "reconquered" by British) in current settlement plans? (Note: "savages" used)


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Keep Massachusetts government out of new Maine settlement because "incensed Indians" were cheated of land by "fraudelent practices"


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
French say "live well with the English" to Penobscot, who okay Pemaquid settlement, but label any move past Saint George River unfriendly


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Penobscot and Nanrantsouak welcome Pemaquid settlement, even if none of them "had a right to sell any, for it all belonged to the King"


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia proper, and not part east of Kennebeck, should be promoted to settlers, with incentives for men to marry Indigenous women


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
German Palatines and others should settle in new province (to be called Georgia) east of Kennebeck, and also in Nova Scotia proper


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
"For security against the Frenchified Indians," Nova Scotia Palatines should be in villages 3 miles apart with 60 families each


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Surveyor of His Majesty's Woods says "Indians" will be dangerous and Bay of Fundy Acadians obstructive when he works in Nova Scotia


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Mindful of "safety and welfare" of Nova Scotia, governor glad to find Annapolis River Acadians are all willing to sign oath to King


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Insubordination and arrogance of two government officials add to "great disorder" in Nova Scotia, says Lt. Governor Lawrence Armstrong


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Canso fishery survey finds all fishers are in schooners based in New England and catch fish as far as 120 miles out on banks


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
On Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island), Louisbourg has 1,500 people, 7 companies of soldiers "strongly fortify'd," and "Irish Papists"


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Privy Council orders that governors be instructed not to confiscate whale products of Nova Scotia and other fisheries


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
New Seal of Nova Scotia depicts land, fishing and fur trading, with motto "Terrae Marisque Opes" (Wealth of Land and Sea)


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundland fur trade lost because "by their constant cruel usage to the Indians wherever they meet them, all traffick [is] cutt off"


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
New England merchants in Newfoundland sometimes are paid in fish, taking worst sort to ship for "negroes" in West Indies


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Extending too much credit to Newfoundland fishers "is certainly the occasion of all the faults, disputes and disorders that happen"


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
"Long committed and often repeated" - Infractions in Newfoundland come of Admirals' irresponsible, self-serving and selective enforcement


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundland's "proper remedies" include trial of tyrannical Placentia governor and increasing Commodore's military and judicial powers


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
New Newfoundland governor instructed to stop (with few exceptions) direct imports from other colonies and European countries


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
"The inhabitants seem pleas'd" - Governor Osborn appoints three justices of the peace and several constables in St. John's and region


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
Poole merchants complain of ships from outside England fishing in Newfoundland in contravention of statute


1729 in Canada, Historical documents
"With confounded Rum they ever stink" - Navy chaplain calls "most" Newfoundlanders "sottish," "frightful" and "in a willing Banishment"


1729 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1729 to Wales and its people.


1729 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1729.


1729 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1729 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1729 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1729 in science
The year 1729 in science and technology involved some significant events.


172d Air Support Squadron
The 172d Attack Squadron is a unit of the Michigan Air National Guard 110th Airlift Wing located at Kellogg Air National Guard Base, Battle Creek, Michigan. The 172d is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper drone.


172d Air Support Squadron
The squadron was first organized during World War II as the 375th Fighter Squadron. It saw combat in the European Theater of Operations as an element of VII Fighter Command before returning to the United States, where it was inactivated.


172d Air Support Squadron
In May 1946, the squadron was allotted to the National Guard as the 172d Fighter Squadron. During the Korean War, the squadron was called into federal service and acted in an air defense role until being returned to the Michigan Air National Guard in 1952. It had various flying missions, including fighter, reconnaissance and airlift until 2013, when it was converted to a support unit.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was first activated at Richmond Army Air Base as the 375th Fighter Squadron and equipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. The squadron trained under I Fighter Command in the mid-Atlantic states. It also flew air defense missions as part of the Philadelphia Fighter Wing. The squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it became part of VIII Fighter Command in England during November 1943.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, World War II
The unit served primarily as an escort organization, covering the penetration, attack, and withdrawal of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber formations that Eighth Air Force sent against targets on the European continent. The squadron also engaged in counter-air patrols, fighter sweeps, and strafing and dive bombing missions. It attacked such targets as airfields, marshalling yards, V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch sites, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains, and highways.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, World War II
During its operations, the unit participated in the assault against the Luftwaffe and the German aircraft industry during Big Week, from 20 to 25 February 1944, and the attack on transportation facilities prior to Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion. Following the invasion it supported ground forces thereafter, including providing cover during Operation Cobra, the Saint-Lô breakout in July.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron supported the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September 1944, and deployed to Chievres Airdrome, Belgium between February and April 1945, flying tactical ground support missions during the airborne assault across the Rhine. The unit returned to RAF Little Walden and flew its last combat mission on 20 April 1945. The squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer, part of the New York Port of Embarkation, in October.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard
In May 1946, the squadron was allotted to the National Guard as the 172d Fighter Squadron. It was organized and equipped with North American P-51D Mustangs at Kellogg Field, Battle Creek, Michigan in 1947. This was the same year the United States Air Force became an independent branch of the armed forces and the 172d received its federal recognition as an Air National Guard squadron.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard, Activation during the Korean War
In February 1951 the squadron was called to active duty for the Korean War and assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC). Upon activation it was redesignated the 172d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and moved to Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan, where it was assigned to the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, then to the 56th Fighter-Interceptor Group. However, ADC experienced difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. As a result, in February 1952 the squadron was reassigned to the 4708th Defense Wing, a regional organization. The squadron was released from active service and returned to the Michigan Air National Guard on 1 November 1952 and its mission, personnel and F-51 Mustangs were transferred to the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which activated the same day at Selfridge.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard, Return to National Guard service
The 172d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron flew the F-51 Mustang until 1954. The 172d transitioned into the North American F-86 Sabre and became the 172d Fighter-Bomber Squadron. The Unit flew this aircraft only until 1955 before transitioned into the more sophisticated two seat Northrop F-89 Scorpion and returned to the interceptor. In 1956, the squadron became part of the newly created 110th Fighter Group. The Unit flew the F-89 Scorpion until 1958. That year the 172d Squadron traded its F-89s for a new mission and a new aircraft, the Martin RB-57A Canberra. With the assumption of the reconnaissance mission the squadron became the 172d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard, Return to National Guard service
The 172d flew RB-57A's until 1971. In 1971, the unit's mission changed again to forward air control, with the transition to the Cessna O-2 Skymaster, which it flew until 1980 when it transitioned to the Cessna OA-37 Dragonfly. The 172d was the last Air Force or Air National Guard unit to fly the Dragonfly. The dedicated forward air control mission lasted until the 172d transitioned to the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, or Warthog, in 1991 and was returned to its first name as a National Guard unit, the 172d Fighter Squadron.


172d Air Support Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard, Return to National Guard service
The squadron served in several United Nations operations and contingencies throughout the world. From Bosnia, to Kosovo, to Alaska and most recently Iraq and Afghanistan, in support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. In 2009, the squadron was realigned from a fighter squadron to become the 172d Airlift Squadron flying the Learjet C-21. On 12 July 2013, the last C-21 departed, and the unit became a support unit as the 172d Air Support Squadron as Battle Creek was named as the location of a control center for drone aircraft.


172d Air Support Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade
172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade was a 2nd-Line infantry formation of the British Territorial Force raised during the First World War that served on the Western Front. The brigade's number was also used for deception purposes during the Second World War.


172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, Origin
On 31 August 1914 the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd/1st South Lancashirel Brigade came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime South Lancashire Brigade that were due to be sent overseas. The brigade was part of 2nd West Lancashire Division. In August 1915 these formations were assigned numbers, becoming 172nd (2nd/1st South Lancashire) Brigade and 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division respectively.


172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, Order of battle
The following units served in the brigade during the war:


172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, History
The formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915. In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training. 172 Brigade was initially at Mytchett and later at Blackdown.


172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, History
On 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 172 Brigade served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations:


172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, History
On 1 November 1918 172 Bde went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice with Germany was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing the disbandment of 172 Bde.


172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War
172 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. During November and December 1943, 30th Battalion Green Howards, a line of communication unit serving in 42nd Brigade in North Africa and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '172nd Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade. It was succeeded in this role by 30th Battalion Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment from December 1943 until June 1944.


172nd Airlift Wing
The 172nd Airlift Wing is a unit of the Mississippi Air National Guard, stationed at Allen C. Thompson Field Air National Guard Base, Mississippi. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


172nd Airlift Wing, Mission
Media related to 172d Airlift Wing (Mississippi Air National Guard) at Wikimedia Commons


172nd Airlift Wing, Mission
The 172nd Airlift Wing operates the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, and has participated in an all-volunteer partial activation since 2005, flying weekly missions to return wounded patients of the military safely back to the United States. Also, the 172nd Airlift Wing provides the State of Mississippi support in the event of national emergency, maintains peace and order, and supports civil defense and pre-attack planning.


172nd Airlift Wing, History
In December 1963, the Mississippi 183rd Air Transport Squadron was authorized to expand into a group which would include the 183rd and supporting organizations, and the 172nd Air Transport Group was established. The 183rd became the new group's flying squadron. The support units assigned into the group were the 183rd Material Squadron, 183rd Air Base Squadron, and the 183rd USAF Dispensary. Flying Lockheed C-121 Constellations at the time of its activation, the group soon converted to Douglas C-124C Globemaster II heavy intercontinental airlift aircraft in 1966 which meant supplies and equipment could be carried around the world along with the personnel the Constellations could carry.


172nd Airlift Wing, History
The C-124 was being retired in the early 1970s and the 172nd airlift mission was changed to theater support, as it equipped with Lockheed C-130E Hercules aircraft in May 1972. It upgraded to new C-130H aircraft in 1980 and continued to fly tactical airlift missions until the mid-1980s. On 12 July 1986 the group returned to the strategic airlift role when the first Lockheed C-141B Starlifter to be released from active-duty Air Force control was assigned. With a total of eight aircraft, the unit began its new mission.


172nd Airlift Wing, History
In March 1988 the 172nd took part in the airlift of approximately 3200 troops and almost 1000 tons of cargo on an exercise to Palmerola Air Base, Honduras. The 172nd was the only Air National Guard unit that participated in this airlift to Honduras. On 6 December 1988 the Soviet Republic of Armenia suffered a powerful earthquake. The first Air Guard aircraft to fly to Armenia was a C-141B from the 172nd.


172nd Airlift Wing, History
Before relief missions ended, the 172nd flew six missions with its own planes and crew and furnished a crew to fly a United States Air Force C-141 whose crew could not continue because they had reached the maximum number flying hours to continue safe operations. In September 1989 a devastating hurricane struck the tiny island of St. Croix, leaving the island crippled. The 172nd flew eleven emergency relief missions, hauling 465 tons of cargo and 472 passengers.


172nd Airlift Wing, History
From 20 December 1989 to 12 January 1990 the 172nd flew 21 sorties in support of Operation Just Cause, the incursion into Panama to replace Manuel Noriega as ruler. Cargo transported during the operation amounted to 403.6 tons and 1,274 passengers were airlifted. On 7 August 1990 the 172nd's support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm began when aircrew members started flying voluntary missions. Approximately 98 aircrew members flew these missions before 24 August 1990, when the 183rd Military Airlift Squadron was activated. The 183rd was one of the first two reserve and guard units to be activated. By May 1991 the 148 members of the 183rd had flown 2,880 sorties which transported 15,837 passengers and 25,949.2 tons of cargo.


172nd Airlift Wing, History
In 2000, the C-141C with electronic "glass cockpit" was phased into service with the group. In October 2000 after the USS Cole bombing in Aden, seventeen members of the 172nd deployed to Ramstein Air Base Germany. Members of the 183rd Aeromedical Evacuation and 183rd Airlift Squadrons picked up four sailors from Ramstein and flew them home to Norfolk Naval Station. In February 2003 the 172nd retired its last C-141C Starlifter in preparation for the arrival of the wing's first Boeing C-17 Globemaster III.


172nd Airlift Wing, History
On 17 December 2003, Lt. Gen. Daniel James III, Director, Air National Guard, handed off the "keys" to the first Globemaster III to Maj. Gen. James H. Lipscomb III, adjutant general of the Mississippi National Guard. The plane was the first Globemaster III assigned to the Air National Guard and was named the "Spirit of the Minutemen".


172nd Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


172nd Battalion (Rocky Mountain Rangers), CEF
The 172nd (Rocky Mountain Rangers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Kamloops, British Columbia, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Kamloops and district. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 24th Reserve Battalion on January 1, 1917. The 172nd (Rocky Mountain Rangers) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. R. Vicars.


172nd Battalion (Rocky Mountain Rangers), CEF, Motto
The motto of the Rocky Mountain Ranges was in the Chinook Jargon, a trade language that was popular with settler populations in early British Columbia. Meaning "stand guard", or "watch well", it was Kloshe Nanitch.


172nd Division (People's Republic of China)
The 172nd Division (Chinese: 第172师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 28th Brigade of Tongbai Military District. Its history could be traced to Independent Brigade of Jinan Military District formed in December 1945.


172nd Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 514th, 515th and 516th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 58th Corps, during the Chinese Civil War the division took part in the creation of Tongbai base area and Xiangfan Campaign.


172nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1949 the division was renamed as 4th Independent Division of Hubei Military District(Chinese: 湖北军区独立第4师).


172nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In February 1950 the division was inactivated. Its headquarters merged with Engineer Command, Fourth Field Army.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 172nd Infantry Brigade was a light infantry brigade of the United States Army stationed at Fort Wainwright, Alaska and later moved its headquarters to at Grafenwöhr, Germany. An active duty separate brigade, it was part of V Corps and was one of five active-duty, separate, brigade combat teams in the U.S. Army before its most recent inactivation on 31 May 2013.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)
First activated in 1917, the brigade was deployed to France during World War I and used to reinforce front-line units. The brigade's actions in France during that time are not completely clear. It would later be converted to a reconnaissance unit that was deployed during World War II and saw several months of combat in the European Theater. The brigade has multiple tours of duty in Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2005 until 2006 and from 2008 until 2010 and in Operation Enduring Freedom from 2011 until 2012. Its infamous 16-month deployment was one of the longest deployments for a unit serving in the OIF campaign. Most recently the brigade served a 12-month tour in Afghanistan from 2011 until 2012.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)
The unit has been activated and inactivated numerous times, and has also seen several redesignations. The 172nd was one of the first brigade combat teams before it was deactivated in 2006. Reactivated in 2008 from another reflagged unit, it immediately prepared for another tour of duty in Iraq. Following a series of budget cuts and force structure reductions, the unit formally inactivated on 31 May 2013 in Grafenwöhr, Germany.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization
The brigade was a separate unit and did not report to a higher division-level headquarters, but instead reported directly to the V Corps of United States Army Europe. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the unit was located at Grafenwöhr, Germany. The Unit also contained the 1st Battalion, 2d Infantry, the 2nd Battalion, 28th Infantry, the 1st Battalion, 77th Field Artillery, the 9th Engineer Battalion, the 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor, and the 172nd Forward Support Battalion. In addition, the brigade contained three independent companies; 504th Military Intelligence Company, and Echo Troop, 5th Cavalry Regiment, the 57th Signal Company. All of these subordinate units were last located in Grafenwöhr.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I
The 172nd Infantry Brigade (Separate), officially titled the "172d Infantry Brigade", was first constituted on 5 August 1917 in the National Army as the 172nd Infantry Brigade. It was organized on the 25th of that month at Camp Grant, in Rockford, Illinois and assigned to the 86th Infantry Division.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I
The brigade was assigned to the 86th Division and deployed to Europe for duty during World War I. It arrived in Bordeaux, France, in September 1918 The combat record of the unit during its World War I service is not clear, but it is known that the 86th Division was depleted when much of its force was used to reinforce other units already on the front lines. Thus, the brigade received a World War I campaign streamer without an inscription, as it was not known to have fought in any engagements. After a cease-fire was signed in 1918, the Brigade returned to the United States. It was demobilized in January 1919 at Camp Grant, and the camp itself was abandoned in 1921.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I
On 24 June 1921 the unit was reconstituted in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade, and again assigned to the 86th Division. It was organized in January 1922 at Springfield, Illinois and went through several redesignations, including Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Brigade, on 23 March 1925 and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade on 24 August 1936.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade, was converted and redesignated the 3rd Platoon, 86th Reconnaissance Troop, and assigned to the 86th Infantry Division on 31 March 1942, while the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade, became the remainder of the 86th Reconnaissance Troop. On 15 December 1942 the troop was mobilized and reorganized at Camp Howze, in Gainesville, Texas, as the 86th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, only to be reorganized and redesignated again on 5 August 1943 as the 86th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. For the majority of the US involvement in World War II it remained stateside, participating in the Third Army #5 Louisiana Maneuvers in 1943, among other exercises, until finally staging at Camp Myles Standish, at Boston, Massachusetts on 5 February 1945 and shipping out from Boston on 19 February 1945.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The 86th Reconnaissance Troop arrived in France on 1 March 1945, acclimated and trained, and then moved to Köln, Germany, and participated in the relief of the 8th Infantry Division in defensive positions near Weiden which is now part of Lindenthal on 28–29 March 1945. During its few months of combat duty in Europe, the troop participated in amphibious assaults across was Danube, Bigge, Altmuhl, Isar, Inn, Mittel-Isar and Salzach rivers in Germany and Austria. It was assigned to First, Third, Seventh, and Fifteenth US Armies. The unit was at Salzburg on 7 May 1945 (V-E Day).


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
It was then sent back stateside to prepare for operation in the Pacific. Arriving back in New York City on 17 June 1945, the unit proceeded to Camp Gruber in Braggs, Oklahoma before staging at Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California on 14 August 1945. The unit shipped out from San Francisco on 21 August 1945 and arrived in the Philippines on 7 September 1945, five days after the Japanese surrender.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War
On 10 October 1945 the 86th Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized) was again redesignated the 86th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop before finally being inactivated on 30 December 1946 while still stationed in the Philippines. However, the 86th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop was reactivated again on 9 July 1952 as part of the Army Reserve. It continued serving within the Army Reserve for some years. Activation of the brigade with its new structure took place on 1 July 1963 at Fort Richardson, Alaska.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War
The Army set up an experimental Airborne unit with the designation of Company F (Airborne), 4th Battle Group, 23d Infantry in 1962 at Fort Richardson. The company commander was Captain Lawrence. When Army combat forces were reorganized from the Pentomic division battle groups to brigades with subordinate battalions, the group became the 4th Battalion, 23d Infantry and its Airborne component was Company C. The unit was used to determine how best to use Airborne soldiers in Arctic conditions throughout the vast area of Alaska.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War
The new structure included one Light Infantry Battalion; one Mechanized Infantry Battalion; and one Tank Company. Its shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized for use on 28 August 1963 and its distinctive unit insignia was authorized on 8 June 1966. The Brigade was reorganized from Mechanized Infantry to Light Infantry on 30 June 1969, with a reduction to two mechanized infantry battalions. In 1974 the 172nd Infantry Brigade was reorganized again to include three light infantry battalions.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War
US Army Alaska was known as USARAL through the 60s and 70s, whereas after the activation of the 6th Infantry Division it was known as USARAK. The two Arctic brigades, the 171st (4-9th Infantry, 1-47th Infantry [which was subsequently deactivated], and other components at Fort Wainwright) and the 172d (4-23d Infantry, 1-60th Infantry, 1-37th Artillery, 561st Combat Engineer Company, and other components at Fort Richardson) were consolidated in 1973 with the drawdown after Viet Nam. There was an administrative split between the "LIB" (Light Infantry Brigade) and the "Brigade Alaska", with the 1-43d Air Defense, 222d Aviation, 56th MP Company, 23d Construction Engineer Company, Northern Warfare Training Center- then at Fort Greely,' being assigned.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, The Cold War
The brigade was again inactivated on 15 April 1986 at Fort Richardson, Alaska, being reflagged as part of the newly reformed 6th Infantry Division.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation
In the late 1990s, Army leaders including General Eric Shinseki began shifting the Army force toward brigade centered operations. All separate brigades had been deactivated in the 1990s as part of the US Army's drawdown following the end of the Cold War. These inactivations, along with the subsequent reorganization of US Army divisions, saw several divisional brigades stationed in bases that were far from the division's headquarters and support units. These brigades had difficulty operating without support from higher headquarters.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation
Light infantry is a designation applied to certain types of foot soldiers (infantry) throughout history, typically having air assault and airborne qualified members with lighter equipment or armament or a more mobile or fluid function than other types of infantry, such as heavy infantry or line infantry. Historically, light infantry often fought as skirmishers, reconnaissance, hidden shock and awe attacks, basically guerilla warfare—soldiers who fight in a loose formation ahead of the main army to harass, delay and generally "soften up" an enemy before the main battle. Today, the term "light infantry" generally refers to units (including commandos and airborne units) that specifically emphasize speed and mobility over armor and firepower, to units that historically held a skirmishing role.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation
It was Shinseki's idea to reactivate a few separate light infantry brigades and assign them their own support and sustainment units, which would allow them to function independently of division-level headquarters. These formations were termed "Brigade Combat Teams". Such units could be stationed in bases far from major commands, not requiring division-level unit support, an advantage in places like Alaska and Europe, where stationing entire divisions was unnecessary or impractical. The first of the separate brigades was to be the 172d Infantry Brigade.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation
On 17 April 1998, the U.S. Army reactivated the 172d Infantry Brigade (Separate) by reflagging the 1st Brigade, 6th Infantry Division headquartered at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Two years later, the 173d Airborne Brigade was reactivated on 12 June 2000 at Caserma Ederle in Vicenza, Italy. The 172d light infantry was assigned the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 501st Infantry, an airborne infantry battalion, one of only three existing outside of the 82nd Airborne Division. (The other two battalions were part of the 173d Airborne Brigade based in Italy.) The 172d Infantry Brigade was designed as a "Pacific theater contingency brigade." Located in Alaska, the 172d would be able to deploy to any contingencies in Alaska, Europe (over the north pole) or the Pacific.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation
In July 2001 the US Army announced that the 172d Infantry Brigade was to become one of the Army's new Interim Brigade Combat Teams, later to be known as Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs). Changes to the brigade included the addition of some 300 Stryker vehicles, and several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The transformation was intended to increase the brigade's mobility in operations as well as reduce its logistical footprint. The project entailed around $1.2 billion in construction costs for training facilities, motor pools, and other buildings. This transformation was completed when the unit was formally redesignated on 16 October 2003.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Transformation
After the transformation was complete, the 172d became the third Stryker brigade in the US Army, with a force of 3,500 soldiers. In 2005, the new Brigade Commander, Colonel Mike Shields, changed the motto of the infantry brigade from "Snow Hawks" to "Arctic Wolves". In early 2005, the brigade was alerted that it would be deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom for the first time. To prepare, it participated in several large exercises at the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The 220th Military Police Brigade, a reserve unit, provided additional soldiers to assist the brigade in the exercises during their final preparations for deployment.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
In August 2005, the 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit deployed to Mosul, Iraq. 4-14 CAV and a Stryker infantry company (A/4-23 IN and later, B/2-1 IN) were attached to 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force, and stationed at COP Rawah; away from the rest of the BDE. Duties of the unit during deployment included numerous patrol operations, searches for weapons caches, and counterinsurgency operations. Its tour was to have ended on 27 July 2006, but the U.S. Army unexpectedly extended the deployment until the end of November 2006.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
During the extension, the unit was sent to Baghdad to quell growing sectarian violence concerns. The infamous extension of the deployment had happened after some of the units of the Brigade were already touched down at their home base of Fort Wainwright, AK, forcing them to fly back to staging areas in Iraq. The extension occurred after the unit's regular 12-month tour was complete, making the deployment last for a total of 16 months. As a result of the unit's action in Iraq, the brigade was awarded the Valorous Unit Award.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
During this action, 26 soldiers of the brigade were killed in action, and another 350 were wounded. Ten additional soldiers in units attached to the brigade were killed.


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Inactivation 2006
Having returned from its extended tour in Baghdad, Iraq, the 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team was officially deactivated and the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division was activated in its place on 14 December 2006. The brigade's six battalions and four separate companies were likewise reflagged as part of the change. The reflagged units were:


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany
As part of the Grow the Army Plan announced 19 December 2007, the Army will activate and retain two Infantry Brigades in Germany until 2012 and 2013. On 6 March 2008, it was announced that the 172nd Infantry Brigade would be activated as the first of these brigades, with the other being the 170th Infantry Brigade. On 17 March, the 172nd Infantry Brigade was formally activated in Schweinfurt, Germany by reflagging the 1st Infantry Division's 2nd (Dagger) Brigade, which relocated to Ft. Riley, KS. Colonel Jeffrey Sinclair was commanding the brigade at the time. The 172nd Infantry Brigade relocated to Grafenwöhr, Germany. The 172nd Infantry Brigade was activated with the following unit redesignations:


172nd Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation in Germany
When the brigade converts to a modular design, the Brigade Special Troops Battalion will be given organic, unnumbered signal, engineer and military intelligence companies along with a chemical and military police platoons.