171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard
The wartime 374th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 171st Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Michigan Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Wayne County Airport, Michigan, and was extended federal recognition on 25 April 1948. The 171st Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 374th. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the Michigan ANG 127th Fighter Group.


171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard
The unit was ordered into active service on 1 February 1951, as a result of the Korean War and assigned to Air Training Command. In March 1951 being assigned F-51 Mustangs, F-80 Shooting Stars and F-84 Thunderjets while serving as a training organization.


171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard
The unit was relieved from active duty in November 1952, was redesignated as a Fighter-Bomber squadron. Mission aircraft were F-51H, F-86E and F-89C. Redesignated at Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in 1958. The squadron flew RF-84F's. Moving to Selfridge Air National Guard Base in 1971 and upgrading to the newer RF-101 Voodoo.


171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard
Became an Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) Fighter-Interceptor squadron in 1973, equipped with F-106 Delta Dart interceptors. Performed air defense duties of the Great Lakes and Detroit area until 1978 when ADCOM was merged into Tactical Air Command. Continued air defense mission for ADTAC component of TAC with F-4 Phantom IIs, transferring to First Air Force when ADTAC was replaced in 1985. Upgraded to F-16A Fighting Falcons in 1990.


171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard
Realigned into an airlift squadron in 1993, equipped with C-130 Hercules Tactical Airlifters. Flew the C-130 until September 2007 when it was realigned as an Air Refueling Squadron, being equipped with the KC-135T Stratotanker.


171st Air Refueling Wing
The 171st Air Refueling Wing (171 ARW) is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, located at Pittsburgh International Airport in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


171st Air Refueling Wing, Overview
The 171st Air Refueling Wing is an aerial refueling organization which provides in-flight refueling of fighters, bombers and other aircraft using the KC-135T Stratotanker. The 171 ARW presently has 16 aircraft assigned.


171st Air Refueling Wing, Units
The 171st Air Refueling Wing consists of the following units:


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Aeromedical Airlift
On 1 February 1961, the Pennsylvania Air National Guard 147th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 171st Air Transport Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 147th being transferred from the 112th Fighter-Interceptor Group and re-designated as the 147th Aeromedical Transport Squadron. The 147th ATS became the 171st ATG's flying squadron. The 147th ATS was converted to twin engine C-119J Flying Boxcar aircraft and began training for its new mission. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 171st Headquarters, 171st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 171st Combat Support Squadron, and the 171st USAF Dispensary.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Aeromedical Airlift
After two years with the C-119J, the 147th converted to the C-121G Super Constellation. With the Super Constellation the primary mission of the 147th was to perform military airlift, with a secondary mission of aeromedical evacuation.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Aeromedical Airlift
In 1968, the unit was re-designated as the 171st Aeromedical Airlift Group, the first of its kind in the Air National Guard (ANG). Later that year, the 171st was called to active duty to augment the airlift capability of the 375th Aeromedical Airlift Wing, Scott AFB, Illinois. Equipped with C-131 Samaritan aircraft its mission was to move patients from rough combat airfield casualty staging bases and military installations in South Vietnam to destination treatment hospitals. The Group flew 35% of these missions, flying 510 sorties and airlifting 11,947 patients. The unit was finally released from active duty in December 1968 and returned to Pennsylvania Commonwealth control.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
Conforming to the new policy of the Department of Defense, the Air National Guard began to play an even greater role in fulfilling total U.S. force requirements. An extensive reorganization of the National Guard system was accomplished. As a result of these actions, the 171st Aeromedical Airlift Group was re-designated as the 171st Air Refueling Wing (ARW) in October 1972, transitioning from the C-121G to the KC-97L Stratotanker.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
On 1 July 1976, the Wing received notice of reassignment to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). A year later, the Wing transitioned to the KC-135A Stratotanker, a four-engine jet aircraft. This was a significant upgrade, increasing the Wings air refueling capacity and expanding its global mission capability.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
In 1982, the ANG increased its mission capability through an interim program by retrofitting commercial Boeing 707 engines to their tankers re-designating the aircraft to the KC-135E.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
Members of the 171 ARW volunteered for duty in Saudi Arabia in order to participate in air refueling missions for Operation Desert Shield. These operations were upgraded to a full federal activation in December 1990 through May 1991. During this period over 300 members of the unit were deployed throughout the world in numerous functions supporting both Desert Shield and combat operations during Operation Desert Storm. During this period the 171st ARW refueled nearly 3,000 allied aircraft while stationed near the Iraqi border in support of air combat missions against Iraqi forces. Maintaining a remarkable 100% mission effectiveness rate, the 171st flew 556 combat missions and offloaded 4.6 million gallons of fuel during the 1991 Gulf War.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Post Cold War era
Strategic Air Command was inactivated in June 1992 and the 112th ARG became a part of the Air Combat Command (ACC). On 1 October 1993, with both the 112th Air Refueling Group and the 171st Air Refueling Wing at Pittsburgh, the two tanker units were consolidated with the 146th Air Refueling Squadron being reassigned to the 171st Operations Group and once again reuniting with the 147th under the same group. The 112th Air Refueling Group was inactivated. With the consolidation, The 171st ARW consisted of 16 aircraft assigned to two squadrons, making it one of only three Super Tanker Wings within the Air National Guard.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Post Cold War era
In May 1999, the 171st activated over 500 members and fourteen aircraft to Budapest, Hungary and Frankfurt, Germany, in support of Operation Allied Force deterring ethnic aggression in Yugoslavia. The 147th became part of the 171st Expeditionary Operations Group that flew 411 sorties and refueled 2,157 receivers. All members returned home by the beginning of July 1999.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Post Cold War era
In November 2000, the 171st deployed 228 personnel to Istres AB, France in support of Operation Joint Forge, a NATO-led stabilization mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. During this deployment, the crews flew 51 sorties in seven of our KC-135s, and offloaded 1.4 million pounds of fuel.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
The 171st found itself among the first units called to duty almost immediately after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York City, Washington D.C. and in its own backyard in southwestern Pennsylvania on 11 September 2001 with the hijacking and crash of United Airlines Flight 93. At the time, almost all of the Wing's aircraft were in a stand-down mode, while nearly all of its assigned aircraft were being converted to with the new Pacer-Crag cockpit and navigation upgrade.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
Within minutes of the first aircraft crashes, the 171st Air Refueling Wing was airborne with its only flyable KC-135E. Its mission was to provide aerial refueling to the fuel-thirsty jet fighter aircraft that were providing Combat Air Patrols (CAPs) over the skies of the eastern United States as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). On the ground back in Pittsburgh, the maintainers and aircrews made more aircraft airworthy and then keeping them flying. Almost seamlessly, the 171st went into a wartime footing. Within 24 hours after the first attacks, the 171st was flying round-the-clock CAPs support sorties with eight Fully Mission Capable KC-135s. Before the continuous CAP missions were ended in early 2002, more than 13,000 combat missions were flown over U.S. soil.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
During the first decade of the 2000s, the 171st was engaged in combat operations in supporting Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, deployed to Guam, participated in the Hurricane Katrina Relief Effort, supported numerous Raven assignments, supported our AEF cycles and other missions.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
In an effort to support the international response to the unrest in Libya and enforcement of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 of a no-fly zone over Libya, the 313th Air Expeditionary Wing, with the 171st as the lead unit, was stood up in March 2011 by a blend of active duty, guard and reserve airmen. A total of 1500 sorties, 11000 flying hours, and 70 million pounds of fuel transferred aircraft from more than ten countries was accomplished by this citizen-airmen volunteer militia force. Initially, the operation for the no-fly zone was called Operation Odyssey Dawn. As it transitioned to a full-fledged, NATO-led effort, it became Operation Unified Protector. OUP officially ended 31 Oct. 2011.


171st Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
The wing had a consistent, non-stop presence of aircraft maintenance personnel deployed to the middle east in order to support the on going operations there. In 2018, personnel from the 171st Maintenance group deployed to Kandahar Air base, Afghanistan. This was a significant shift in the operational stance of the wing, as this was the first time tankers had been stationed inside the combat zone since the Vietnam War.


171st Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 171st Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.


171st Aviation Regiment (United States)
The regiment was constituted 8 June 1995 as the 171st Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System and allotted to the Army National Guard of Georgia and Florida. It was organized on 1 September 1996, to consist of the 1st Battalion with headquarters at Winder, Georgia.


171st Aviation Regiment (United States)
On 3 March 2001, a Short C-23B+ Sherpa (Shorts 360), 93-1336, of Det. 1, H Company, 171st Aviation Regiment, Florida Army National Guard, based at Lakeland Linder International Airport, crashed during heavy rainstorms around 1100 hrs. in Unadilla, Georgia. All 21 people on board were killed. The aircraft was en route from Hurlburt Field, Florida to NAS Oceana, Virginia with a Virginia Beach-based USAF RED HORSE engineer detachment on board who had been training at Hurlburt.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia)
The 171st Aviation Squadron (171 Avn Sqn) is an Australian Army helicopter squadron equipped with S70A Black Hawk helicopters and provides support to the Special Operations Command. The squadron is based at Luscombe Airfield, Holsworthy Barracks, Sydney and forms part of the 6th Aviation Regiment.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Overview
The squadron primarily supports the Tactical Assault Group, troop lift support is also provided to other Special Forces based at Holsworthy and Perth, and to other east coast and southern Australian based units.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Overview
In March 1997, the Board of Inquiry into the Black Hawk Training Accident in June 1996 recommended that dedicated Army aviation assets be allocated in support of the counter terrorist and special operations capability and that the units be collocated during training, planning and the conduct of operations.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History
The 171st Aviation Squadron traces its lineage back to the 161st Reconnaissance Flight which was formed in June 1965 based at RAAF Base Amberley. The Flight was part of the 16th Army Light Aircraft Squadron which in 1967 became the 1st Aviation Regiment. The Flight served in Vietnam from 1965 to 1971 and during this period was renamed the 161st (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight. On return from Vietnam, the Flight was based at Oakey. On 31 January 1974, the Flight was re-designated as the "171st Operational Support Squadron" following a restructure of the 1st Aviation Regiment using the number from the disbanded 171st Air Cavalry Flight.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History
On 19 December 2002, the Prime Minister announced the creation of the Special Operations Command and that the government would accelerate the purchase of the MRH-90 Taipan helicopters to enable a squadron of helicopters to be based in Sydney as a potent addition to the Tactical Assault Group East.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History
On 28 November 2004, 'A' Squadron of the 5th Aviation Regiment based at RAAF Base Townsville swapped designations with the 171st Operational Support Squadron. The squadron was equipped with the Sikorsky S-70A Black Hawk with the role of providing support to the Special Operations Command.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History
The squadron separated from the 1st Aviation Regiment and was placed under the command of the 16th Aviation Brigade as an independent squadron and was re-designated as the "171st Aviation Squadron". The squadron was commanded by a lieutenant colonel in addition to the conventional squadron commander of Major rank.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History
In July 2005, Holsworthy Barracks was selected as the location in Sydney to relocate the squadron. In December 2006, the squadron relocated to temporary facilities at Luscombe Airfield with the redevelopment of the airfield expected to be completed by late 2008.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History
The squadron was involved in operations in East Timor as part of Operation Astute. On 29 November 2006, a Squadron Black Hawk helicopter crashed during Operation Quickstep while attached to HMAS Kanimbla off the coast of Fiji. The helicopter's pilot, Captain Mark Bingley, and Trooper Joshua Porter from the Special Air Service Regiment were killed in the crash.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), History
In March 2008, the squadron became part of the newly raised 6th Aviation Regiment following implementation of a recommendation from the Board of Inquiry into the Crash of Black Hawk 221 to raise a regiment.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Current aircraft
The squadron is equipped with S-70A-9 Black Hawks and was planned to transition to the MRH 90 Taipan, an Australian variant of the NHI NH90, with the withdrawal of the Black Hawk from service by December 2013. However, the MRH 90 Program encountered significant problems, and in particular, the NH90 had not been operated in a dedicated special operations role, delaying the withdrawal in order to develop a special operations capable MRH90. The Chief of Army extended the service of 20 Black Hawks to 2022 with 18 based at Holsworthy and two retained at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre in Queensland.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Current aircraft
In February 2019, under Plan Palisade the first two of 12 MRH90 helicopters were delivered to the 6th Aviation Regiment. This required developing a Fast Roping and Rappelling Extraction System (FRRES) and a gun mount for the cabin door. The Taipan Gun Mount can fit either a M134D minigun or MAG 58 machine gun and when not in use can be moved into a outward stowed position to provide clearance to enable fast roping and rappelling.


171st Aviation Squadron (Australia), Current aircraft
The Army is acquiring up to 18 light helicopters under Project Land 2097 Phase 4 for the 6th Aviation Regiment to operate in dense urban environments with deliveries expected to commence in 2022-2023.


171st Battalion (Quebec Rifles), CEF
The 171st (Quebec Rifles) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Quebec City, Quebec, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed by the 148th Battalion, CEF,  5th Pioneers, and the 20th Reserve Battalion in December 1916. The 171st (Quebec Rifles) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. Sir Wm. Price.


171st Division (People's Republic of China)
The 171st Division((Chinese: 第171师) was created on April 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 6th Training and Consolidation Division of Northeastern Military Region. The division was put under control of Liaodong Military District.


171st Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was basically a second-line unit and never went into battle.


171st Division (People's Republic of China)
In July 1950 511th Regiment was absorbed into 39th Corps.


171st Division (People's Republic of China)
In August 1950 the rest of the division was disbanded and absorbed into the Air Force.


171st Field Artillery Regiment
The 171st Field Artillery Regiment is a military unit created from part of the "B" Battery of the 1st Battalion of the 45th infantry division of the United States Army. It was raised in 1963 and is now based at Weatherford, Oklahoma forming part of the 45th Fires Brigade  of the Oklahoma Army National Guard. Remaining representatives have been engaged in US anti-terrorism campaigns.


171st Field Artillery Regiment, History
The unit was raised on 1 April 1963, at the Oklahoma Army National Guard. Under the combat arms regimental system, it first formed a parent regiment from existing units to create its 1st Battalion as a unit of the 45th Infantry Division. On 1 February 1968, the unit was re-organised and on 1 May 1972 re-designated as the 171st. On 1 June 1989, the 171st was withdrawn from the combat arms regimental system and reorganized under the United States Army regimental system. On 1 December 1991, C Battery was allotted from the 1st Battalion to the Texas Army National Guard.


171st Field Artillery Regiment, History
On 3 September 2002, the 171st was ordered into federal service at home stations. One year later, it reverted to state control. On 1 October 2005 the unit was re-designated the "171st Field Artillery Regiment". On 1 September 2008 the unit was re-organised as B Battery and on 25 February 2012 it was recognised at Altus. On 1 July 2010 the unit re-located to Weatherford.


171st Field Artillery Regiment, Unit insignia
The unit's insignia was approved on 10 May 1972. It is a gold coloured metal and enamel device, 1 3/8 inches (3.49 cm) in height. It consists of a coat of arms with a shield, crest and motto. Three arrows symbolize the unit's three assault landings at Sicily, Naples-Foggia and Southern France. The arrows with the buckskin shield also symbolize Oklahoma's Indian heritage, (a depiction of a buckskin shield is found on the state flag of Oklahoma).


171st Field Artillery Regiment, Unit insignia
The sunburst design, a favorite Indian symbol, alludes to the unit's mission to provide general target acquisition, survey and meteorological support to the artillery with a corps. The sixteen stylized rays symbolize the sixteen battle honors of some elements of the organization. The fleur-de-lis represents the unit's service in Europe, World War II. The taeguk alludes to the organization's participation in the Korean War.


171st Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 171st Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. With a long history of serving, the brigade saw action during both World War I and World War II before it was inactivated in 1946. During the Cold War (in 1963) the brigade was once again activated for a period of ten years until again inactivated in 1972. In 2007 the brigade was reactivated as a training support unit and inactivated on 10 June 2016.


171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I
Constituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as Headquarters, 171st Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 86th Division. Organized 3 September 1917 at Camp Grant in Rockford, Illinois. Demobilized in January 1919 at Camp Grant, Illinois. Reconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 86th Division. organized in July 1922 at Chicago, Illinois. Redesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Brigade. Redesignated 24 August 1936 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade. Composition 1917-1936


171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
Converted and redesignated 31 March 1942 as the 86th Reconnaissance Troop (less 3d Platoon), 86th Division (Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172d Infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3d Platoon, 86th Reconnaissance Troop, 86th Division). Troop ordered into active military service 15 December 1942 and reorganized at Camp Howze, Texas, as the 86th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 86th Infantry Division. Reorganized and redesignated 5 August 1943 as the 86th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. Reorganized and redesignated 10 October 1945 as the 86th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop. Inactivated 30 December 1946 in the Philippine Islands. (Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve.)


171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War
Converted and redesignated (less 3d Platoon) 20 May 1963 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade, and relieved from assignment to the 86th Infantry Division; concurrently withdrawn from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army (3d Platoon, 86th Reconnaissance Troop – hereafter separate lineage). Brigade activated 1 July 1963 at Fort Wainwright in Fairbanks, Alaska. Inactivated 13 November 1972 in Alaska.


171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War
While in Alaska included elements of the 40th Armor Regiment.


171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War
In 1964-1966 the 171st Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) included A Co, 40th Armor, 4th battalion, 9th inf: 1st battalion, 47th Infantry 15th field artillery, 171st transportation, (helicopters) and 171st support battalion. In 1966 the 4th battalion, 9th infantry deployed to Vietnam. The 559th Engineer Company (Combat) was also a part of the 171st Infantry Brigade (M). In 1968 the 559th was commanded by Major William D. Anderson, who, after being assigned to South Vietnam was succeeded by the most capable Captain Peter V. B. Marshalk.


171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War
Although the 171st Infantry is now located in Fort Jackson, SC, the patch depicts the a sword with mountains of the Alaskan range and the Northern Lights. A similar patch of the 172nd Inf Brigade depicts the sword, mountains, and the constellation "Big Dipper."


171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Cold War
The 171st Infantry Brigade was assigned to Fort Wainwright AK, near Fairbanks. Its primary mission was to defend Eielson AFB. The 172nd Inf Brigade was near Anchorage, AK and its primary mission was to defend Elmendorf AFB. Both brigades trained to fight under arctic conditions.


171st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Post Cold War
On 16 March 2007, the 171st Infantry Brigade was reactivated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina with the mission to support training resulting in the transformation of civilians into American soldiers. On 10 June 2016, as part of the overall drawdown of the Army, the brigade was inactivated in a ceremony at Fort Jackson, with subordinate units being inactivated or reassigned to other commands.


171st New York State Legislature
The 171st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9, 1957, to March 26, 1958, during the third and fourth years of W. Averell Harriman's governorship, in Albany.


171st New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.


171st New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party also nominated tickets.


171st New York State Legislature, Elections
The 1956 New York state election, was held on November 6. The only statewide elective office up for election was a U.S. Senator from New York. The Republican Attorney General Jacob K. Javits defeated the Democratic/Liberal Mayor of New York Robert F. Wagner Jr.. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Republicans 3,724,000; Democrats 2,965,000; and Liberals 301,000.


171st New York State Legislature, Elections
Five of the six women members of the previous legislature—Assemblywomen Bessie A. Buchanan (Dem. ), a retired musical actress and dancer of Harlem; Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Frances K. Marlatt (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Vernon; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; and Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons—were re-elected.


171st New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1957, was held on November 5. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Three vacancies in the State Senate and three vacancies in the Assembly were filled.


171st New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 180th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1957; and adjourned on March 30.


171st New York State Legislature, Sessions
Walter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


171st New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on June 10, 1957; and adjourned on June 13. This session was called, among other things, to consider legislation concerning worker benefits and telephone rates.


171st New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 181st) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1958; and adjourned on March 26.


171st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Elisha T. Barrett and Thomas A. Duffy changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblymen John H. Farrell and A. Gould Hatch were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate.


171st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


171st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


171st Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 171st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 171st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 171st Ohio Infantry was organized in Sandusky, Ohio, and mustered in May 7, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Joel F. Asper.


171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment served guard and fatigue duty at Johnson's Island until June 8. Moved to Covington, Kentucky, then to Cynthiana, Kentucky. Attached to General Hobson's Command, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio. Action at Kellar's Bridge, near Cynthiana, June 11. At Cynthiana, June 12. After putting up strong resistance at John Hunt Morgan, the regiment was captured, robbed, and paroled June 13 and ordered to Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio. Served duty there and at Johnson's Island, until August.


171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 171st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 20, 1864.


171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 32 enlisted men during service; 17 men killed or mortally wounded, 15 men due to disease.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
171st Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed during World War I. It served on both the Western Front, including the Battles of Arras and Passchendaele, and the Italian Front, where it participated in the repulse of the Austrian Summer Offensive of 1918 and the crushing victory at Vittorio Veneto.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training
171st Siege Battery was formed at Pembroke Dock in West Wales on 13 June 1916 under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June, which laid down that it was to follow the establishment for 'New Army' (Kitchener's Army) units, with a cadre drawn from the Pembroke Royal Garrison Artillery, a Territorial Force (TF) unit forming part of the Pembroke Dock garrison. The cadre was to consist of three officers and 78 men (the wartime establishment of an RGA Company of the TF), the rest of the men would be Regulars and New Army recruits


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front
The battery went out to the Western Front on 16 September 1916 equipped with four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers and joined 49th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) in Second Army on 22 September, switching on 4 October to 43rd HAG, which joined Fifth Army shortly afterwards.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front
Fifth Army was engaged in the final weeks of the Battle of the Somme, then in a number of small actions in early 1917 as the German Army retired to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich). During the Arras Offensive of April–May 1917 Fifth Army fought in attack and defence around Bullecourt and Lagnicourt.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front
The last of this series of actions (the Second Battle of Bullecourt) was preceded by effective counter-battery (CB) fire from the heavy guns, but after the first day (3 May) the German guns driven out of their positions began to take a toll on the infantry from new positions that could not be located and neutralised quickly enough. A hurriedly arranged attack on 13 May had no real fireplan and failed, but Bullecourt was finally taken on 17 May.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front
171st Siege Bty was joined by a section from 368th Siege Bty on 29 June 1917, and brought up to the strength to man six 6-inch howitzers, but it seems that the additional guns never joined. The battery joined 40th HAG on 7 July 1917. The heavy guns of Fifth Army were engaged in a long artillery duel with the Germans throughout July in preparation for the Third Ypres Offensive, but 40th HAG was transferred to Third Army on 1 August after the first day of the attack.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front
The battery was assigned to XVII Corps' Heavy Artillery on 4 August, then to 21st HAG on 11 August, to 27th HAG on 21 August and back to 21st HAG on 21 September, but Third Army was not engaged in any major actions during this period.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front
On 7 October the battery transferred to 70th HAG, then with Fifth Army, shortly afterwards changing to Second Army, both of which were then engaged in the Third Ypres Offensive. Second Army had taken over direction of the faltering offensive and fought a series of successful battles employing massive weight of artillery.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front
But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to counter-battery (CB) fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to move and fire. To be able to supply them with ammunition the heavy guns had to stay strung out one behind the other along the few available roads, making them an easy target.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front
Following the disastrous Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front, Second Army HQ and several of its sub-formations were sent to reinforce the Italian Army;  171st Siege Bty was selected as part of these reinforcements. It left by rail with 15th HAG on 15 December and detrained in Italy three days later.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front
By 6 January 1918, 15th HAG had moved up to support the First Italian Army in the north, but was not involved in any important operations during the winter. 171st Siege Bty was transferred to the command of 94th HAG (under Italian command) on 12 January 1918, and back to 15th HAG on 30 March 1918. In February 1918 the HAGs became permanent RGA brigades:  in addition to 171st, 15th Bde RGA now consisted of one heavy battery (155th) and one other 6-inch howitzer siege battery (197th).


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front
A planned Allied offensive meant the repositioning of most of the British troops in Italy, and left 15th HAG spread out between the Brenta river and the Asiago Plateau where it had been since 6 January. However, it was then brought under the command of XIV British Corps in April and the rest of the British heavy artillery concentrated with it. Finding level sites for the howitzers was difficult in the wooded mountainous terrain, as was ammunition supply and command control.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front
However, the planned Allied offensive was postponed when it became clear that the Austrians were planning their own offensive astride the Brenta. The howitzers were quietly moved into position on the nights of 11/12 and 14/15 June, and were ready when the Austrian bombardment began at dawn on 15 June (the Second Battle of the Piave River). Despite some initial Austrian gains, 48th (South Midland) Division held its main positions. 15th Heavy Artillery Group was assigned to CB fire and the heavy howitzers systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on (Royal Air Force observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later). The Austrian offensive failed all along the front.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front
Preparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The British troops in the Asiago sector were relieved and moved to join the British-commanded Tenth Italian Army near Treviso. The heavy guns were moved silently into position and did not open fire during the preliminary attacks on 23 October. The main British assault crossed the River Piave on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank.


171st Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front
A bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November, ending the war in Italy. 171st Siege Battery was disbanded in 1919.


171st Tunnelling Company
The 171st Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.


171st Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


171st Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


171st Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


171st Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.


171st Tunnelling Company, Background
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation
171st Tunnelling Company was formed between February and March 1915 of a small number of specially enlisted miners, with troops selected from the Monmouthshire Siege Company of Royal Engineers. 171st Tunnelling Company thus included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 184th, 170th, 172nd, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation
From its formation until the end of the war the company served under Second Army in the Ypres Salient.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
171st Tunnelling Company was first employed in March 1915 in the Hill 60/Bluff areas at Ypres. The Germans held the top of Hill 60 from 16 December 1914 to 17 April 1915, when it was captured briefly by the British 5th Division after the explosion of five mines under the German lines by the Royal Engineers. The early underground war in the area had involved both the 171st and 172nd Tunnelling Company.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
In July 1915, 171st Tunnelling Company moved to Ploegsteert and commenced mining operations near St Yves at the southern end of the Messines ridge. The four deep mines at St Yves, charged with a combined load of 146,000 pounds (66,000 kg) of ammonal, formed part of the mine galleries that were dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917), while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built underground shelters in the Second Army area.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
In December 1915, 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Trench 127 at St Yves. The mine consisted of two chambers (Trench 127 Left, Right) with a shared gallery. The name indicates the British lines where the initial shaft was dug, not where the mine was placed under the German positions. The shaft was completed to a depth of 25 metres (82 ft) within four weeks, however after driving a 310 metres (1,020 ft) gallery the Royal Engineers faced a sudden inrush of quicksand and a concrete dam had to be constructed. A new attempt was made, and by April 1916 the Trench 127 mine was ready, with the ammonal charges over 400 metres (1,300 ft) away from the initial shaft.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
At the end of January 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company began mining operations at La Petite Douve Farm. The farm, located next to the road from Messines to Ploegsteert Wood, was enclosed by a German trench system known as ULNA. Also at this point was a junction on the narrow gauge railway system which ran from the forward areas of Messines to the rear areas around Nieuwkerke. This operation was characterized by setbacks.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
Difficult geology lead to two mines being abandoned before completion, and after a charge of 23,000 kilograms (50,000 lb) of ammonal had been put in place beneath the farm, the gallery was discovered by a German counter-mining operation on 24 August 1916. Three days later the German miners blew a heavy charge, which shattered about 120 metres (400 ft) of the main gallery and killed four men engaged in repairs. This camouflet wrecked the British gallery completely and forced the Royal Engineers to abandon the tunnel, which then quickly flooded.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
At the end of February 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Trench 122 at St Yves. The mine consisted of two chambers (Trench 122 Left, Right) with a shared gallery. The name indicates the British lines where the initial shaft was dug, due west of where the crater is today. The area was dominated by a complex of German trenches and by mid-May first charge of 9,100 kilograms (20,000 lb) of ammonal was in place at Trench 122 Left. Another shaft (Trench 122 Right) was started part way along the original tunnel and after another 200 metres (660 ft), a charge of 40,000 lbs of ammonal was placed by the Royal Engineers beneath the ruins of Factory Farm which sat on the German front line.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
In April 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company moved to the Spanbroekmolen/Douve sector facing the Messines ridge. At Spanbroekmolen, 171st Tunnelling Company took over from 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company and extended the work to the German lines, driving the tunnel forward by 523 metres (1,717 ft) in seven months until it was beneath the powerful German position. At the end of June 1916 the charge of 41,000 kilograms (91,000 lb) of ammonal in 1,820 waterproof tins was complete, the largest yet laid by the British.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
With the mine complete, the British selected two additional objectives to be attacked near Spanbroekmolen, Rag Point and Hop Point, which were 820 metres (2,700 ft) and 1,100 metres (3,500 ft) from the main tunnel. A branch was started and inclined down to 37 metres (120 ft) depth. By mid-February 1917 the branch had been driven 350 metres (1,140 ft) and passed the German lines. At that point, the German counter mining activities damaged 150 metres (500 ft) of the branch gallery and some of the main tunnel.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
The British decided to abandon the branch gallery because aggressive counter-mining would alert the Germans to the presence of a deep-mining scheme. On 3 March the Germans blew the main tunnel with a heavy charge laid from their Ewald shaft, leaving it beyond repair and resulting in it being cut off for three months. The British started a new gallery alongside the old main tunnel which after 357 metres (1,172 ft) cut into the original workings.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
Mining was greatly hampered by the influx of gas, several miners being overcome by the fumes, but eventually – and only a few hours before the appointed time of detonation at 3:10 a.m. on 7 June 1917 – the ammonal charge was ready again and secured by 120 metres (400 ft) of tamping with sandbags and a primer charge of 450 kilograms (1,000 lb) of dynamite. The Spanbroekmolen mine exploded 15 seconds late, killing a number of British soldiers from the 36th (Ulster) Division, some of whom are buried at Lone Tree Cemetery nearby.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
While employed at Spanbroekmolen, 171st Tunnelling Company also took over work on the nearby deep mines at Kruisstraat. Work there was begun by 250th Tunnelling Company in December 1915, passed to 182nd Tunnelling Company, then to 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company and 175th Tunnelling Company, which took charge in April 1916. When the gallery reached 320 metres (1,051 ft) it was handed over to 171st Tunnelling Company.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
At 489 metres (1,605 ft) a charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000 lb) of ammonal was laid and at the end of a small branch of 166 feet (51 m) to the right a second charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000 lb) was placed under the German front line. This completed the original plan, but it was decided to extend the mining to a position under the German third line.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
Despite meeting clay and being inundated with water underground which necessitated the digging of a sump, they managed to complete a gallery stretching almost half a mile from the shaft in just two months, and a further charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000 lb) of ammonal was placed. This tunnel was the longest of any of the Messines mines. In February 1917, German countermeasures necessitated some repair to one of the chambers and the opportunity was taken to place a further charge of 8,800 kilograms (19,500 lb) marking a total of four mines, all of which were ready by 9 May 1917.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
At the end of January 1917, the 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Ontario Farm. The ground at the site selected for this mine proved very difficult as much of it was sandy clay. The miners began to dig at Boyle's Farm which is just on the southern side of the main road (Mesenstraat/Nieuwkerkestraat) passing by. The shaft went down 30 metres (98 ft) and pumps were installed to bring air down and water out of the mine. After tunnelling forward, the miners broke into blue clay, extending the depth to some 40 metres (130 ft).


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
After driving the gallery almost 200 metres (660 ft) forward, the flooding was so bad that a dam had to be constructed and a new gallery started. Despite these obstacles, the tunnellers arrived under Ontario Farm at the end of May 1917 and installed the 27,000 kilograms (60,000 lb) ammonal charge with a day to spare. When it was detonated on 7 June 1915, the mine did not produce a crater but left a shallow indentation in the soft clay; the shock wave did great damage to the German position. The explosion caught two battalions of the 17th Bavarian Infantry Regiment during a relief, half of which were "as good as annihilated".


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines
The mines at Messines were detonated on 7 June 1917, creating 19 large craters.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vampire dugout
The 171st Tunnelling Company stayed in the Ypres Salient and moved near the village of Zonnebeke, where it constructed the Vampire dugout (known locally as the Vampyr dugout). Vampire was built to house a brigade headquarters of up to 50 men and one senior commanding officer. Located close to Polygon Wood, it was named after the supply soldiers whose mission was to come out at night to re-supply troops in the front line.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vampire dugout
At the end of the Third Battle of Ypres/Battle of Passchendaele (31 July–10 November 1917), having retaken Passchendaele ridge, the British were left with little natural shelter from the former woods and farms. The artillery of both sides had literally flattened the landscape. Needing shelter for their troops, the Allied High Command in January 1918 moved 25,000 specialist tunnellers and 50,000 attached infantry who had been preparing and taking part in the Battle of Messines north in the Ypres Salient.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vampire dugout
There they dug almost 200 independent and connected structures at depths of 30 metres (98 ft) into the blue clay, which could accommodate from 50 men, to the largest at Wieltje and Hill 63 which could house 2,000. The level of the activity can be gauged by the fact that by March 1918, more people lived underground in the Ypres area than reside above ground in the town today. Connected by corridors measuring 6.5 feet (2.0 m) high by 4 feet (1.2 m) wide, they were fitted with water pumps to deal with the high groundwater table.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vampire dugout
Created 14 metres (46 ft) below Flanders by the 171st Tunnelling Company, and dug over a period of four months, the engineers used I beams and reclaimed railway line in a D-type sett structure. This was then further reinforced, using stepped wooden horizontal beams. The Vampire dugout became operational from early April 1918, first housing the 100th Brigade of the British 33rd Division, then the 16th King's Royal Rifle Corps and then the 9th Battalion Highland Light Infantry Regiment. After only a few weeks, the dugout was lost when the Germans undertook the Battle of the Lys in April 1918. It was recaptured in September 1918, when its last occupants became the 2nd Battalion of the Worcestershire Regiment.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Zonnebeke church dugout
In March 1918, the 171st Tunnelling Company constructed a deep dugout in the centre of Zonnebeke, located directly beneath the ruins of the parish church. This dugout was only discovered after the Second World War during archaeological excavations of the Augustinian abbey. Today the outline of this dugout is marked in an archaeological garden within the church grounds, and a model of the church dugout can be seen at the "Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917" in Zonnebeke.


171st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive
Shortly after the completion of the Vampire dugout, 171st and several other tunnelling companies (173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th and 3rd Australian) were forced to move from their camps at Boeschepe in April 1918, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions during the German spring offensive. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from Reningelst to near Saint-Omer. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st, 173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th, 3rd Canadian and 3rd Australian Tunnelling Companies.


171st meridian east
The meridian 171° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


171st meridian east
The 171st meridian east forms a great circle with the 9th meridian west.


171st meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 171st meridian east passes through:


171st meridian west
The meridian 171° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


171st meridian west
The 171st meridian west forms a great circle with the 9th meridian east.


171st meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 171st meridian west passes through:


172
Year 172 (CLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Maximus (or, less frequently, year 925 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 172 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


172 (number)
172 (one hundred [and] seventy-two) is the natural number following 171 and preceding 173.


172 (number), In mathematics
172 is an even number, a composite number and a deficient number. It is also a 30-gonal number.


172 (number), In mathematics
172 is a noncototient integer, as well as the sum of Euler's totient function φ(x) over the first twenty-three integers. 172 is also a member of the Lazy Caterer's Sequence.


172 (number), In mathematics
172 is a repdigit in base 6 (444), as well as in bases 42, 85, and 171.


172 BC
Year 172 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Ligus (or, less frequently, year 582 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 172 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


172 Baucis
Baucis (minor planet designation: 172 Baucis) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on February 5, 1877, and named after a fictional character in the Greek legend of Baucis and Philemon. The adjectival form of the name is Baucidian. It is classified as an S-type asteroid based upon its spectrum.


172 Baucis
Photometric observations of this asteroid from the southern hemisphere during 2003 gave a light curve that indicated a slow synodic rotation period of 27.417 ± 0.013 hours and a brightness variation of 0.25 in magnitude.


172 Baucis
Polarimetric study of this asteroid reveals anomalous properties that suggests the regolith consists of a mixture of low and high albedo material. This may have been caused by fragmentation of an asteroid substrate with the spectral properties of CO3/CV3 carbonaceous chondrites.


172 High Street, Elstow
172 High Street is a thatched house dating back to the seventeenth century and a Grade II listed building in Elstow, Bedfordshire, England. It became a listed building on 13 July, 1964. The building was originally grade I listed but downgraded to grade II in 2018.


172 and 174 Baker Street
172 and 174 Baker Street is a grade II listed house in Enfield, London. Number 172 is a former shop and part of the brick built house while number 174 comprises the rest of the house. The shop was used by the National Deposit Friendly Society and had a door facing the street until recent times. The weatherboarding is modern.


1720
1720 (MDCCXX) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1720th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 720th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 20th  year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1720, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1720 Niels
1720 Niels, provisional designation 1935 CQ, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 February 1935, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after a grandson of the discoverer.


1720 Niels, Orbit and classification
Niels orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. First observed at Heidelberg in 1927, Niels' observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1935.


1720 Niels, Physical characteristics
Pan-STARRS classifies this stony asteroid as a LS-type, an intermediate to the rare L-type asteroids.


1720 Niels, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Niels was obtained by astronomer Maurice Clark in December 2005. It gave it a rotation period of 9.976 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=1). In November 2008, photometric observations by amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini gave another period of 19.2 hours with an amplitude of 0.01 (U=1-). As of 2017, a secure period for Niels has not yet been obtained.


1720 Niels, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Niels measures 6.394 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.227, superseding a preliminary result that gave a slightly larger diameter and lower albedo. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.


1720 Niels, Naming
The minor planet was named by the discoverer after his grandson, Niels. Reinmuth also named 1719 Jens after one of his grandsons. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).


1720 in Canada, Historical documents
"A Hundred Pieces of Cannon fired together" - Ship crossing Grand Banks draws St. Elmo's Fire before fierce lightning storm


1720 in Canada, Historical documents
St. John's merchants include "litle pedlers" who reduce indebted planters "to a servant, and soon after to slavery for life"


1720 in Canada, Historical documents
Extensive piracy is committed in Newfoundland's Trepassey and St. Mary's harbours because road for sending help still not built


1720 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundlander William Keen requests full judicial authority to address "evills and outrages dayly committed in this place"


1720 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia governor urges Acadians to take oath of allegiance to King, who has preserved their civil and religious rights


1720 in Canada, Historical documents
Acadians residing in Nova Scotia appeal to Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island) leader for advice and assistance


1720 in Canada, Historical documents
"Demands we cannot agree to" - Acadians tell Governor Philipps they cannot take oath because they fear "savages" will retaliate


1720 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia described in its mineral and agricultural potential, its settlements and people (Note: "savage" and other racial stereotypes)


1720 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1720 to Wales and its people.


1720 in literature
This article is a summary of the major literary events and publications of 1720.


1720 in music
This article lists the most significant events and works of the year 1720 in music.


1720 in piracy
See also 1719 in piracy, 1721 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.


1720 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1720 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1720 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1720 in science
The year 1720 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1720s
The 1720s decade ran from January 1, 1720, to December 31, 1729.


1720s BC
The 1720s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1729 BC to December 31, 1720 BC.


1720s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1720s in South Africa.


1720s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1720 - 1729 to Wales and its people.


1720s in archaeology
The decade of the 1720s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1720s in rail transport
This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1720s.


1721
1721 (MDCCXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1721st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 721st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1721, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak
In 1721, Boston experienced its worst outbreak of smallpox (also known as variola). 5,759 people out of around 10,600 in Boston were infected and 844 were recorded to have died between April 1721 and February 1722. The outbreak motivated Puritan minister Cotton Mather and physician Zabdiel Boylston to variolate hundreds of Bostonians as part of the Thirteen Colonies' earliest experiment with public inoculation. Their efforts would inspire further research for immunizing people from smallpox, placing the Massachusetts Bay Colony at the epicenter of the Colonies' first inoculation debate and changing Western society's medical treatment of the disease. The outbreak also altered social and religious public discourse about disease, as Boston's newspapers published various pamphlets opposing and supporting the inoculation efforts.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston
On 22 April 1721 the British passenger ship HMS Seahorse arrived at Boston from Barbados, after one stop at Tortuga, with a crew of sailors who'd just survived smallpox. Customs' quarantine hospital at Spectacle Island was tasked with containing individuals who had contagious diseases, with a case of smallpox contained successfully the previous fall. But one of Seahorse's sailors fell ill in Boston Harbor a day after arrival, and exposed other sailors to variola. Boston's water bailiff inspected Seahorse and discovered another two or three cases of smallpox in various stages before ordering the ship to leave the harbor.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston
Despite the sailor being hurriedly quarantined in the lodging house where he fell ill, nine other sailors at Boston Harbor exposed to him came down with smallpox in early May. The sailors were quarantined on Spectacle Island's very-rudimentary hospital but staff and customs were unable to contain the virus. On 26 May Cotton Mather wrote in his diary: "The grievous calamity of the small pox has now entered the town."


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston
Boston's last smallpox outbreak had been in 1703, and a new generation of non-immune children and young adults was vulnerable. By June the town was faced with a major public health crisis and the religious public became increasingly worried that they were the subjects of divine punishment. Around 900 people fled Boston into the countryside, likely spreading the virus. The General Court, colonial Massachusetts' legislating body, moved from Boston to Cambridge at summer's end, but smallpox cases began appearing in Cambridge in August.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston
James Franklin's The New England Courant was founded in August amid the outbreak and the issue of smallpox and preservation from it became front page news. The Courant was ordered in early October by the town council to publish a house-by-house count on those affected so far by smallpox: 2,757 cases, 1,499 recoveries and 203 deaths were counted. The outbreak peaked in October when 411 people died in that month alone. Judge Samuel Sewall recorded in his diary the deaths of his friends and neighbors like one Madam Checkly on 18 October.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston
Thanksgiving sermons were also affected by the outbreak, and on 26 October most congregations held a single sermon at 11 in the morning out of fear of smallpox spreading during gatherings. The next day Judge Sewell attended the funeral of local child Edward Rawson before attending the burial of one of Sewell's own tenants, while a local college student and "many others" were buried that Friday night. 8% of Boston's population would die during the epidemic, and hundreds of other Bostonians would recover with severe scarring or disabilities.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign
Cotton Mather sent letters to Boston's 14 other physicians regarding the outbreak imploring them to wage a medical campaign against smallpox by inoculating their own patients or volunteers. Mather had been interested in inoculation since 1715 when a slave named Onesimus informed Mather about a procedure in Africa which made him immune to smallpox for life. The scars were commonly found on enslaved people kidnapped from Africa, and valued by slave traders. Mather read physician Emmanuel Timoni's description of a similar procedure witnessed while serving Great Britain's ambassador in Turkey.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign
The procedure Timoni called inoculation involved drying pus from a smallpox patient and rubbing or scraping it into a healthy person's skin, giving them a mild case of pox that conferred lifetime immunity. Mather wanted to prove variolation was a relatively very safe and effective procedure to protect people against smallpox. Most physicians, however, feared the possibility of smallpox fatally spreading and the social implications of deliberately infecting others.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign
Zabdiel Boylston of Harvard University was the only doctor who positively responded to Mather, beginning America's first public campaign of inoculation. On 26 June 1721, Boylston first inoculated his six-year-old son Thomas, and then his 36-year-old slave and the slave's two-year-old son. To the doctor's relief, all survived relatively mild cases of smallpox without disability or disfigurement. Boylston then felt confident enough about the procedure's safety, and over a period of five months during the outbreak inoculated 247 people in and around Boston (with 6 fatalities). Among them was Cotton Mather's son Samuel, whose chambermaid contracted smallpox at Harvard.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign
On the 25 November 1721, Boylston inoculated 15 individuals at Harvard: thirteen students, professor Edward Wiglesworth, and tutor William Welsted. They all survived, leaving the university's student body and faculty fascinated by the procedure. Cotton Mather writes in a letter detailing Dr. Boylston's work in Boston: "The experiment has now been made on several hundreds of persons, upon both male and female, upon both old and young, upon both strong and weak, upon both white and black."


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Boston, Public inoculation campaign
Boylston was unable to continue his inoculation campaign beyond November due to opposition from Boston's Selectmen restricting him, as well as occasional violence from the public. But a tutor at Harvard inspired by his research, Thomas Robie, continued vaccinating patients at Spectacle Island. One of his patients was another tutor, Nicholas Sevier, who returned to Harvard sixteen days after he was inoculated to report on the success of his procedure. Harvard's academic community became more accepting of inoculation after the successful experiments of Boylston and Nicholas Sevier.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence
Cotton Mather believed inoculation was a divine gift to protect people from smallpox and Boylston felt duty-bound as a physician to protect his children and others from smallpox. Many contemporary Bostonians, however, were terrified of smallpox spreading from inoculated patients  and outraged at the idea of deliberately infecting people. Inoculation also evoked anger from dubious physicians. One such physician, William Douglass, was a vehement inoculation opponent who published anti-inoculation pamphlets in response to Mather's experiment.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence
One pamphlet published in The New England Courant read "Some have been carrying about instruments of inoculation, and bottles of poisonous humor, to infect all who were willing to submit to it. Can any man infect a family in the morning, and pray to God in the evening that the distemper will not spread?" Douglass believed only accredited medical professionals like himself should conduct such dangerous procedures, while he personally opposed inoculation. Boylston was ridiculed and satirized in the newspapers, portrayed as a quack by Douglass and other physicians.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence
Variolation still did present a risk of death for 2% of those having the procedure. This was fertile ground for criticism. Furious rumors swirled around inoculation as The New England Courant published Douglass and Dalhonde's sensationalist articles against inoculation. One article by Douglass darkly joked about using inoculations against surrounding Native American communities. Dr. Boylston became notorious and the colonial government remained deeply skeptical of his and Mather's experiment. The Boston City Council summoned him in early August to explain his procedures, and the Council condemned inoculation and ordered him to desist immediately.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence
Despite the opposition, Boylston garnered support of local learned men like Cotton's father Increase Mather and four other "inoculation ministers" by the names of Benjamin Coleman, Thomas Prince, John Webb, and William Cooper. Inoculations resumed two days later. Dr. Boylston was assaulted in the streets for this and eventually threatened to the point he secretly hid in his house for two weeks.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence
Cotton Mather was also terrorized by an angry public as rumors spread wildly about inoculations. Mobs eventually began forcing the variolated into isolation at Spectacle Island's quarantine house. Cotton Mather inoculated his nephew, Reverend Walter, and offered to let him stay at Mather's home while he recovered from smallpox, but a fearful mob became aware and attacked and threw a crude bomb directly into the room where Walter was staying.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence
The device failed to explode, but a note tied to it read "Cotton Mather, I was once of your meeting, but the cursed lye you told of - you know who, made me leave you, you dog, and damn you, I will inoculate you with this, with a pox on you!"


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Inoculation controversy and violence
A prominent member of Boston's clergy to oppose inoculation was John Williams. Williams criticized variolation as sinful and "not in the Rules of Natural Physick." Cotton Mather countered that to reject inoculation would be a violation of the Bible's 6th Commandment since many people would die.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Social and scientific impact
The outbreak was the first time in American medicine where the press was used to inform (or alarm) the general public about a health crisis. The New England Courant, under the leadership of its new editor 16 year-old Benjamin Franklin, continued to publish satirical articles about the Mathers and inoculation in the months following the epidemic. Boylston wrote an account of his experiences with inoculation in An Historical Account of the Small Pox Inoculated in New England.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Social and scientific impact
Most of Boston's clergy seemed to have supported inoculation, and some wrote an op-ed opposing Williams and Douglass's criticism: "tho [Dr. Boylston] has not had... an Academic Education, and congruently not the Letters of some Physicians in town, yet he ought by no means be called Illiterate, Ignorant, etc. Would the town bear that Dr. Cutter or Dr. Davis be so treated?" Minister Benjamin Coleman, believing in inoculation, collected inoculation stories from slaves similar to Onesimus's account and published "Some observations on the new method of receiving the small pox by ingrafting or inoculation" in opposition to Douglass.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Social and scientific impact
Boston's smallpox outbreak of 1721 is unique for motivating America's first public inoculation campaign, and the controversy that surrounded it. On the 22 February 1722 it was officially announced that no new cases of smallpox were appearing in Boston and the disease was in decline. In the outbreak's aftermath, with over 800 Bostonians dead and many more disfigured from smallpox, Boylston's 247 inoculated patients had a 2% death rate versus the 15% of people who died if they got smallpox naturally.


1721 Boston smallpox outbreak, Social and scientific impact
Boylston's successful experiments on students and faculty at Harvard led to early acceptance in Boston's powerful academic community for the procedure. After Mather and Boylston's highly-publicized experiments with inoculation, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's similar experiments during a simultaneous outbreak in London, variolation would become a widespread and well-researched technique in the West decades before Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination with cowpox. In 1723, Boylston traveled to England and received honors by King George. In London he published an account of his work, An Historical Account of the Smallpox Inoculated in New England.


1721 Tabriz earthquake
The 1721 Tabriz earthquake occurred on April 26, with an epicenter near the city of Tabriz, Iran. It leveled some three-quarters of the city, including many prominent mosques and schools in the city, and resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people. The total number of casualties caused by the earthquake is between 8,000 and 250,000; it was most likely approximately 80,000. At the time that it occurred, the earthquake was popularly interpreted as an omen of misfortune, or a demonstration of godly wrath.


1721 Tabriz earthquake
The destruction that the earthquake caused was a significant factor in the successful Ottoman takeover of Tabriz in 1725, as well as contributing to Tabriz's economic difficulties during that period. It also caused the destruction of some of the city's significant historical monuments. Accounts of the earthquake are often confused with descriptions of the 1727 Tabriz earthquake.


1721 Wells
1721 Wells, provisional designation 1953 TD3, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 44 kilometers in diameter.


1721 Wells
It was discovered on 3 October 1953, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after UI's president and chancellor Herman B Wells.


1721 Wells, Orbit and classification
Wells orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,043 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


1721 Wells, Orbit and classification
First identified as A905 CG at Heidelberg in 1905, Well's first used observation was taken at Turku in 1944, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1721 Wells, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Wells measures 43.576 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.045. It has an absolute magnitude of 10.9. As of 2017, Well's spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1721 Wells, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Herman B Wells (1902–2000), chancellor and president and of Indiana University, who has transformed Indiana University from a provincial college into a world-renowned institution of higher learning. During this time, Wells also fostered higher education nationally and internationally. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (M.P.C. 3508).


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
French governor and intendant want Indigenous allies to resist British, possibly with their direct support (Note: "savages" used)


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
Sisters of the Congregation in Montreal "are poor[... ]and poorly nourished, although indefatigable" in serving at Hôtel-Dieu


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
Council of Marine informed of Montreal fire losses, including 138 houses and "more than one million to the merchants and bourgeois"


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
Intendant of Canada encourages alliance of Indigenous people and Acadians to drive British from Nova Scotia


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
Call to move Newfoundlanders off island after William Keen and other residents have enough of murder and other "great disorders"


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
"Dayly Cry here is for Justice" - Nova Scotia Governor and Council authorize themselves to be court of justice meeting quarterly


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
Recommendation to expel French inhabitants of Nova Scotia, who refuse to give allegiance to Crown and divert trade to French ports


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
"Promising beginnings" - New York gratifies Five Nations with deal for Lake Ontario trading post plus proof of French lies to them


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
Illustration: Five Nations "Indian sachems" meeting with N.Y. Gov. Burnet give him beaver for his new wife (Note: racial stereotypes)


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
With French favouring might over treaty right, Britain must make itself "considerable" in American colonies and build frontier forts


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
Detailed description of French routes from Montreal to their settlements on Mississippi River


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
Names and numbers of Indigenous allies of French detailed and compared with far fewer British allies


1721 in Canada, Historical documents
As France has done, Britain should reinforce its bonds with Indigenous peoples through gifts, marriage, religion, trade and treaties


1721 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1721 to Wales and its people.


1721 in literature
This article is a summary of the major literary events and publications of 1721.


1721 in piracy
See also 1720 in piracy, other events in 1721, 1722 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.


1721 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1721 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1721 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1721 in science
The year 1721 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1721 papal conclave
The 1721 papal conclave, convoked after the death of Pope Clement XI, elected Cardinal Michelangelo de' Conti, who took the name of Innocent XIII.


1721 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals was divided into four factions, two political and two curial. The Imperial faction, the strongest faction in the Sacred College, was headed by Imperial minister Althan; its strength was estimated between twenty and twenty five votes. They represented the interests of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor.


1721 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals
The Bourbon faction, the group of cardinals who defended the interests of the two Catholic powers ruled by Bourbon kings – France and Spain – included eleven or twelve cardinals. They represented the interests of Louis XV of France and Philip V of Spain.


1721 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals
The Clementine party formed the third faction; Annibale Albani, Cardinal-nephew of Clement XI, was leader of the group of cardinals created by his uncle. Their number was estimated between eight and fifteen. Finally, the Zelanti formed the party of cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church. Their leader was Cardinal Fabroni. Its strength was estimated between six and twelve.


1721 papal conclave, Divisions in the College of Cardinals
It was generally expected that the two curial factions, the Clementine and the Zelanti, would join their forces in the conclave.


1721 papal conclave, Papabili
As many as thirty cardinals were considered papabili, but among them Francesco Pignatelli was regarded as the general favourite. He was supported by Austria and had also many adherents among the Zelanti. Annibale Albani officially supported the candidate of Austria, but actually wanted to elect Fabrizio Paolucci, secretary of state of his uncle. Other candidates with serious chances for the election were Corsini, Tanara, Conti, Pamphili, Barbarigo and Gozzadini.


1721 papal conclave, Excommunicated cardinals
At the time of death of Pope Clement XI two cardinals, Giulio Alberoni and Louis Antoine de Noailles, were excommunicated. It was decided, however, that they should be invited to the conclave. Cardinal Noailles excused himself because of advanced age and poor health.


1721 papal conclave, Excommunicated cardinals
Another problem concerned Cardinal Vice-Chancellor Ottoboni: he was not yet ordained. But eventually he was also allowed to participate in the conclave.


1721 papal conclave, Conclave
Only twenty-seven cardinals entered the conclave on March 31. By April 9 the number of electors reached only forty. Two last cardinals, Thomas Philip Wallrad de Hénin-Liétard d'Alsace and Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn, arrived only on May 7.


1721 papal conclave, Conclave
Cardinal Annibale Albani, taking advantage of the small number of electors (mostly curial cardinals created by his uncle), tried to achieve a quick election of his candidate, Fabrizio Paolucci. In the first scrutiny conducted on April 1 in the morning Paolucci received eight votes in the ballot and two additional in the accessus. In the second scrutiny in the evening of the same day Paolucci was only three votes short of being elected. But at that time Cardinal Althan (the only Crown-Cardinal present in the early ballots) in the name of Emperor Charles VI pronounced the official exclusion against Paolucci.


1721 papal conclave, Conclave
The Imperial veto was very successful. On April 2 in the morning not a single vote fell to the Cardinal Secretary of State. On that same day the French Cardinal Rohan entered the conclave. He thanked Althan for his action against Paolucci.


1721 papal conclave, Conclave
During April several candidates were proposed – Spada, Gozzadini, Cornaro, Caracciolo – but none of them had been able to secure significant support. On April 20 Cardinal Cienfuegos arrived with the fresh instructions of the Imperial Court. At the end of this month it became clear that the best chances for the election was Cardinal Conti, proposed by the French faction. On April 25 Conti obtained seven votes. The Imperial faction, however, still awaited the arrival of their main candidate Pignatelli, and had instructions to vote for Conti only in the last instance. But when Pignatelli eventually joined the electors on May 1, Spain officially excluded his candidature. The collapse of Pignatelli was decisive: the Imperial faction, admitting the impossibility of electing his candidate, agreed to vote for Conti. In the subsequent days the curial factions also promised their support for Conti.


1721 papal conclave, Election of Pope Innocent XIII
On May 8 in the morning, in the seventy-fifth ballot, Cardinal Michelangelo de' Conti was elected pope, receiving fifty-four votes out of fifty-five. The only vote against was his own, which he gave to Sebastiano Antonio Tanara, Dean of the College of Cardinals. He accepted his election and took the name of Innocent XIII, in honour of Pope Innocent III, also of the Conti family. A bit later Protodeacon Benedetto Pamphili announced his election to the people of Rome with the ancient formula Habemus Papam, and on May 18 he solemnly crowned him on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica.


1722
1722 (MDCCXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1722nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 722nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 22nd  year of the 18th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1722, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1722 Algarve earthquake
The 1722 Algarve earthquake occurred on 27 December 1722. It was felt throughout the Portuguese region of Algarve and destroyed a large area in southern Portugal generating a local tsunami that flooded the shallow areas of Tavira. It is unclear whether its source was located onshore or offshore and, in any case, what was the tectonic source responsible for the event.


1722 Algarve earthquake
Some scientific research work has concluded that the 27 December 1722 Algarve earthquake and tsunami was probably generated offshore, close to 37°01′N, 7°49′W. The 1722 earthquake was 33 years before the great earthquake of 1755 which remains a major event in Portuguese history, mainly due to its effects on Lisbon which was wiped out by structural collapse, fire and then the flooding from a tsunami that raced up the Tagus River. Most of the documentation of the 1722 Algarve seismic event was sent to Lisbon for archiving and became lost after the fire that followed the 1755 earthquake.


1722 Algarve earthquake
But the few existing written records of the 1722 earthquake describe a destructive series of events affecting several Algarvean localities with earth tremors so strong that they made the bells ring out in Tavira, Faro and Loulé. In Tavira a caravel moored on the river Gilão was left high and dry before the tsunami hit with the dumbfounded crew able to walk to shore.


1722 Algarve earthquake
The intensity is estimated to have registered 7.8 degrees on the Richter scale which triggers general panic: collapse, destruction with serious damage to many buildings, general damage to foundations, fractures in the ground, and the formation of springs and mudslides. The earthquake of 1722 was probably caused by a diapirism where dense rock from deeper levels under high pressure pierced shallower materials. As a result, buildings in Albufeira, Faro, Lagoa and Loulé were also destroyed. In the 2010s, studies of seismic risk estimated there would be around 12,000 deaths if an earthquake equal to that of 1722 occurred then.


1722 British general election
The 1722 British general election elected members to serve in the House of Commons of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain. This was the fifth such election since the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Thanks to the Septennial Act of 1715, which swept away the maximum three-year life of a parliament created by the Meeting of Parliament Act 1694, it followed some seven years after the previous election, that of 1715.


1722 British general election
The election was fiercely fought, with contests taking place in more than half of the constituencies, which was unusual for the time. Despite the level of public involvement, however, with the Whigs having consolidated their control over virtually every branch of government, Walpole's party commanded almost a monopoly of electoral patronage, and was therefore able to increase its majority in Parliament even as its popular support fell.


1722 British general election
In the midst of the election, word came from France of a Jacobite plot aimed at an imminent coup d'état. Led by Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester, Lord North and Grey, and other Tory opponents of Walpole, this was later known as the "Atterbury Plot".


1722 British general election
Previously election results had broadly reflected the opinion of at least the minority of adult males who had the vote, although the system had always been subject to the influence of corruption and patronage. However, now that one-party government had been established, those influences could be used systematically to ensure the governing party's victory. This election set the pattern for much of the rest of the eighteenth century; as partisan feeling began to decline during the years of the Whig oligarchy, the rigging of elections became ever easier, so that British governments could almost always guarantee victory.


1722 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1722 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 19 March 1722 and 9 May 1722. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1722 Goffin
1722 Goffin, provisional designation 1938 EG, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10.3 kilometers in diameter.


1722 Goffin
It was discovered on 23 February 1938, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was later named after Belgian amateur astronomer Edwin Goffin, following a suggestion by Jean Meeus.


1722 Goffin, Orbit and classification
Minor planet 1722 Goffin orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.4–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 12 months (1,456 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 6 days after its official discovery observation.


1722 Goffin, Physical characteristics
It is an assumed S-type asteroid, one of the most common spectral types.


1722 Goffin, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
(1722)'s first rotational lightcurve was obtained by American astronomer Richard P. Binzel at UT Austin in October 1984. It gave a rotation period of 31 hours and an brightness variation of 0.63 magnitude (U=2), while Czech astronomers Petr Pravec and Adrián Galád at Ondřejov Observatory derived a period of 28.8 hours with and amplitude of 0.6 magnitude using Binzel's photmetric observations (U=n.a. ).


1722 Goffin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Goffin measures 10.29 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.224 (using the 2014-published revised near-infrared albedo fits), superseding a preliminary published diameter of 10.446 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link takes Petr Pravec's 2012-revised WISE data, that gave an albedo of 0.2175 and a diameter of 10.442 kilometers.


1722 Goffin, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the Belgian amateur astronomer Edwin Goffin (b. 1950), who has made extensive computations involving minor-planet orbits, and whose initials are indicated by the body's provisional designation, 1938 EG. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
"[T]o gain the Indians[... ]is to sell them no rum, nor to chett them in[...]trade, and to lett them know [we] will be their master."


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
Haudenosaunee urge French not to regarrison their village near Montreal because soldiers make women unsafe and youth disruptive


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
Abenaki at Nanrantsouak defer to Jesuit missionary in religion, council and relations with New Englanders (Note: "savages" used)


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
Passenger reports capture with others on sloop from Annapolis Royal by French-allied Indigenous men at Passamaquoddy


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
Gov. Shute declares war on "our Eastern Indians" who kill settlers, as Gov. Vaudreuil admits supporting attacks on vessels


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
New York requests garrisons on Indigenous land to extend frontier to Great Lakes for trade strategy spanning Mississippi to St. Lawrence


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
New York's expanding influence on Lake Ontario approved of, though building Niagara fort needs "consent of the Indian Proprietors"


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
Though "flourishing state of" Canso fishery would draw settlers, survey delay prevents Nova Scotia governor from granting land


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
Several forts needed for security of Nova Scotia, most immediately at Canso, where French dispute British "sole right" to fishery


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia leaders report attacks on British ships and residents, with hostage-taking by both sides


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
New York Assembly strengthens law against "the selling of Indian goods to the French," which does most to increase French power


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
Commodore in Newfoundland must intervene when New Englanders "entice and carry away handycraftmen, seamen and fishermen"


1722 in Canada, Historical documents
"[O]ther men[...]run away with my works" - Mariner complains about someone preempting him with Nova Scotia map based on his data


1722 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1722 to Wales and its people.


1722 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1722.


1722 in piracy
See also 1721 in piracy, 1723 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.


1722 in piracy, Deaths
February 10 - Bartholomew Roberts, who reportedly robbed 470 vessels in his career, killed in action off Cape López.


1722 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1722 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1722 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1722 in science
The year 1722 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1723
1723 (MDCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1723rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 723rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 23rd  year of the 18th century, and the  4th   year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1723, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Indigenous peoples previously unknown in New York come from as far away as Michilimackinac and Miami lands to trade


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Five Nations (now Six with acceptance of Tuscarora) receive scores of "far Indians" from Michilimackinac to be seventh nation


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
Abenaki tell priest to "conquer" himself to learn their ways, as they did "to believe that which we do not see" (Note: "savage" used)


1723 in Canada, Historical documents
"Englishmen!" - Note left for enemy at Nanrantsouak assures them of Abenaki revenge that will not "end but with the world"