158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment
This activation completed the army's doctrinal template of the Mission Ready Battalion. As of early 2000 the unit consisted of eight companies flying and maintaining UH-60 Black Hawks and CH-47 Chinooks. The battalion had a total of 70 aircraft, which was larger than the normal 24 in a then-standard aviation battalion. A standard battalion generally flew 3,000-4,000 hours per year, while the 5th Battalion had nearly 12,000 accident-free flying hours during 1999. The unit was also the primary organization used for transporting the US Vice President and entourage for the president when they were in the theater.


158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment
In 1999, the 5th Battalion deployed to Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Africa, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland and other areas within Europe. The total flying hours for FY99 was over 11,000, with over 5,000 of those hours logged in support of Task Force Hawk in Albania. Vehicle miles covered by members of the battalion were over 135,000. The unit also dispensed over 750,000 gallons of aircraft fuel without a major incident. Soldiers of the 5th Battalion were the first to fly US troops into Kosovo. 5th Battalion cased its colors at Katterbach Kaserne in June, 2015 in accordance with the Aviation Restructuring Initiative.


158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 6th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment
In October 1987, under an army-wide restructuring, Company B of the 6th Battalion was activated by reflagging the existing 295th Aviation Company within the 12th Aviation Group (concurrently redesignated as the 12th Aviation Brigade) at Wiesbaden AB, Germany.


158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment
The 7th General Support Aviation Battalion was constituted on 16 September 1987 with headquarters in the Army Reserve as the 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation and activated on 16 September 1988 at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. There it was ordered into active military service 27 December 1990 and later released on 17 June 1991, reverting to reserve status. Except for C Company, 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment, which remained on active duty attached to 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment 12th Aviation Brigade stationed in Giebelstadt AAF Germany, supporting Operation Beirut Air Bridge.


158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment
On 1 September 1995 the unit was inactivated at Scott AFB. The lineage was resurrected on 16 October 1999 when it was reactivated at Fort Hood, Texas, and on 1 October 2005 the unit was redesignated as the 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment. Elements ordered into active military service from 15 January 2005 to 11 October 2006 at home stations, then released from active military service from 12 February 2006 to 7 April 2008, reverting to reserve status.


158th Aviation Regiment (United States), 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment
Company A ordered into active military service on 10 November 2008 at Victorville, California, then released and reverting to reserve status on 14 December 2009. Company C and other elements were ordered into active federal service on 29 January 2009 at Salem, Oregon, then released and reverting to state control on 4 March 2010. Elements ordered into active military service on 24 January 2010 at home stations and then released and reverting to reserve status on 11 March 2010. On 17 March 2011 elements were again ordered into active military service, this time at New Century, Kansas.


158th Battalion (The Duke of Connaught's Own), CEF
The 158th (Duke of Connaught's Own) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Vancouver, British Columbia, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 1st Reserve Battalion on January 6, 1917. The 158th (Duke of Connaughts Own) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. C. Milne.


158th Battalion (The Duke of Connaught's Own), CEF
The 158th Battalion is perpetuated by The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own).


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
The 158th Cavalry Regiment was a United States Army cavalry regiment, represented in the Maryland Army National Guard by 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry, part of the 58th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade at Annapolis.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
Constituted in 1975, the regiment's 1st Squadron carried on the lineage of Company M, 115th Infantry, which saw service in both World War I and World War II. The 1st Squadron was the 58th Infantry Brigade's reconnaissance unit and was deployed to Bosnia as part of Stabilization Force and to Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2009, it became a Long Range Surveillance unit when the brigade became the 58th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. The squadron was inactivated in 2015 after the brigade reorganized as a military intelligence unit.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry
The 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry traced its lineage back to the organization of the Governor's Guard, an independent infantry company, at Annapolis on 17 August 1877. On 7 May 1886, it became Company G of the 1st Regiment, Maryland Infantry. The company was mustered into Federal service at Pimlico on 17 May 1898 for the Spanish–American War as a unit of the 1st Maryland Volunteer Infantry. It trained with the regiment at Fort Monroe but did not complete training before the armistice went into effect on 12 August. The regiment was transferred to Camp Meade and then to Augusta, Georgia, where it mustered out on 28 February 1899.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry
On 29 March 1901, Company G was renamed Company M at Annapolis. It was mustered into Federal service on 28 June 1916 at Camp Laurel to serve on the Mexico–United States border, replacing Regular Army units participating in the Pancho Villa Expedition. With the regiment, Company M arrived by train at Eagle Pass, Texas in the first week of July 1916, where they spent time drilling and guarding the Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras International Bridge. The regiment left Eagle Pass, bound for Maryland, on 4 November, when it was mustered out.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry
The company was again mustered into Federal service on 25 July 1917 at Annapolis for service in the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. On 1 October, it was redesignated as Company M, 115th Infantry Regiment, part of the 29th Infantry Division. The company was sent to the front in mid-1918 and fought in combat in Alsace and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive before being demobilized after the end of the war at Camp Meade on 2 June 1919. On 29 December 1920, the company reverted to its prewar designation of Company M, 1st Maryland Infantry, after being reorganized and Federally recognized.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry
On 1 January 1941, the company became Company M, 115th Infantry. It was inducted into Federal service on 3 February at Annapolis, serving with the 115th and the 29th Division in World War II. After being sent to England, the company participated in the Normandy landings at Omaha Beach in June and advanced east through France and Germany until the end of the war in May 1945. With the regiment, Company M returned to the United States and was inactivated on 17 January 1946 at Camp Kilmer.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, Lineage of the 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry
It was redesignated as the 29th Quartermaster Company on 20 June and reorganized and Federally recognized on 29 January 1947 at Annapolis. On 1 March 1963, the quartermaster company became Company A of the 229th Supply and Transport Battalion. On 21 January 1968, it was redesignated Troop B, 1st Squadron, 223rd Cavalry in the 28th Division when the 29th was inactivated.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry
The 158th Cavalry was constituted on 31 March 1975 in the Maryland Army National Guard, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS), and organized on 1 April from existing units. Troop A (Air) was redesignated from Troop D, 1st Squadron, 223rd Cavalry. Troop D was redesignated from Troop D, 1st Squadron, 183rd Cavalry after being relocated to Bel Air on 21 January 1968. It was constituted on 1 March 1959 as the 29th Aviation Company (part) and organized and Federally recognized on 7 July 1959 at Baltimore before being relocated to Edgewood on 1 May 1960.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry
The company became Company B, 29th Aviation Battalion on 1 March 1963, and Troop D, 1st Squadron, 183rd Cavalry on 1 November 1965. Troop B was redesignated from Troop B, 1st Squadron, 223rd Cavalry Regiment. Both troops were part of the 58th Infantry Brigade. On 1 October 1975, Troop A became the 224th Aviation Company. On 1 July 1986, the regiment was reorganized to include 1st Squadron, part of the 29th Division, after the 29th was reactivated. The squadron became the division reconnaissance squadron and Troop B became the Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT). Troop A, a ground reconnaissance unit, and Troop B and C, helicopter reconnaissance units, were newly organized. On 1 June 1989, the regiment was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System (USARS) with headquarters at Annapolis.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry
Troop A mobilized in support of Stabilization Force 10 in Bosnia in 2001, deploying there in September. In September 2005, the UH-1-equipped squadron provided support and security to New Orleans residents in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. In August and September 2006, the 158th was deployed to Arizona to assist U.S. Customs and Border Protection in patrolling the United States–Mexico border. On 3 September 2006, B and C troops converted to ground reconnaissance. Around the same time, the squadron became part of the 58th Brigade Combat Team.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry
In April 2007, the squadron was mobilized to deploy to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Just before the deployment to Iraq, Troop C was merged into Troops A and B. HHT and B Troop were stationed at Camp Cropper, while Troop A was stationed at Camp Bucca. Troops A and B supported detainee operations at their respective facilities, and HHT built and operated the Iraqi Corrections Officer Training Academy, training Iraqi corrections officers. After the end of the nine-month deployment, Troop C was reformed from personnel of Troops A and B.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry
On 5 May 2009, the 1st Squadron's Glen Burnie-based Troop C was merged with the Cascade-based 129th Infantry Detachment (Long Range Surveillance), retaining the Troop C designation. Troop C thus absorbed the Long Range Surveillance mission from the 129th, and the brigade concurrently became the 58th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. The squadron was involved in the response to several blizzards from 2007 and Hurricane Sandy in November 2012. In mid-2013, the squadron participated in the Exportable Combat Training Capability (XCTC) combat training rotation in support of the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.


158th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History, 158th Cavalry
In April 2015, the squadron was sent into Baltimore to restore order after the 2015 Baltimore protests. In July, C Troop conducted its final training parachute jump. On 7 November, the squadron was inactivated as part of the brigade's reorganization as an Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade. Its last commander was Lieutenant Colonel Michael Duplechain, and most of its 329 personnel were reassigned to other units in the Maryland Army National Guard. It was replaced by the 629th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Battalion. When the unit was inactivated, HHT was at Annapolis, A Troop at Cheltenham, B Troop at Easton, and C Troop at Hagerstown.


158th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (→top: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


158th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 158th Division (第158師団, Dai-hyakugojūhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Immortal Division (不滅兵団, Fumetsu Heidan). It was formed 10 August 1945 in Changchun as a triangular division.


158th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 158th division was organised from the cadets of the training units during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The war ended with the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 before the 158th division can complete the organization.


158th Field Artillery Regiment
The 158th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery regiment of the Army National Guard.


158th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1⁄4 inches (3.2 cm) in height consisting of the shield, crest and motto of the coat of arms.


158th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The dominant colors, red and yellow, are for Artillery. The broad arrow-a large missile thrown by machine-was an early version of artillery. The three broad arrowheads represent the recognition awarded the organization for service in Sicily, Naples and Southern France. The green wedge symbolizes mountainous Italy, and the fleur-de-lis is for French and Central European service.


158th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 158th Field Artillery Battalion on 14 January 1952. It was redesignated for the 158th Artillery Regiment on 2 November 1960. The insignia was redesignated for the 158th Field Artillery Regiment on 19 July 1972.


158th Fighter Wing
The 158th Fighter Wing (158 FW) is a unit of the Vermont Air National Guard, stationed at Burlington Air National Guard Base, Burlington, Vermont. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command. The mission of the 158th Fighter Wing was to utilize the F-16 Fighting Falcon to provide a relatively low-cost, high-performance weapon system for the United States and allied nations. They have since ceased the use of the F-16, and started receiving the F-35 in September 2019.


158th Fighter Wing, Units
The 158th Fighter Wing consists of the following major units:


158th Fighter Wing, History
In 1956 the Maine Air National Guard 101st Fighter-Interceptor Wing was expanded to an Air Defense Wing and reorganized by Air Defense Command. As a result, the Vermont Air National Guard 134th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 158th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau; the 134th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 158th Headquarters, 158th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 158th Combat Support Squadron, and the 158th USAF Dispensary.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission
The mission of the 158th Fighter Group (AD) was the air defense of Vermont. Its 134th FIS was initially equipped with the F-94 Starfire interceptor.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission
On 25 June 1960, Air Defense Command inactivated the active-duty 14th Fighter Group at Ethan Allen AFB, and the base reverted to full Air National Guard jurisdiction. The 158th Fighter Group (AD) now manned alert hangars 24 hours a day. In the summer of 1960, summer field training was conducted at Otis Air Force Base at Cape Cod, MA, from 18 June to 2 July. When the unit returned to Burlington, the Maintenance and Operations Squadrons immediately moved into the facilities that had been vacated by the Regular Air Force with the closure of Ethan Allen AFB. The aging F-94s were replaced by twin-engine F-89D Scorpion fighters in 1958. Two years later F-89Js replaced the D models. The J model was designed to carry two AIR-2 Genie nuclear-tipped air-to-air missiles under the wings to defend against enemy bomber attack.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission
The 134th was reorganized as the 158th Fighter Interceptor Group and was placed under the United States Air Defense Command. Lt Col Robert P. Goyette assumed command of the group and Maj Rolfe L. Chickering took command of the 134th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. The Air Guard now manned alert hangars 24 hours a day, a mission which had previously belonged to the active Air Force.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission
During the 1950s and early 1960s, better training and equipment, and closer relations with the Air Force greatly improved the readiness of Group. The Vermont Air National Guard received the ADC Operational Readiness award in October 1962, for having the greatest degree of readiness of any F-89 unit in the country. In 1965, the 134th received supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger interceptors, the Air Guard was always one generation of aircraft behind the Air Force during this time.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission
In 1971 the 158th embarked on an intensive recruiting program that made Vermont one of the top units in the country in total strength. During this period the Vermont ANG began to actively recruit women into all open career fields. Maryanne T. Lorenz was the first woman officer and SSgt Karen Wingard left active duty with the Air Force to become the first enlisted woman to join the Green Mountain Boy unit. She later became First Sergeant of the 158th Mission Support Squadron, received her commission, and was later appointed commander of that squadron.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission
The 158th Fighter Interceptor Group became the 158th Defense Systems Evaluation Group (158 DSEG) in June 1974, with the unit receiving twenty EB-57 Canberras. These two-seat, twin-engine aircraft were former medium bombers that were re-equipped with electronic counter-measures and chaff emitting equipment. The new mission was to act as the "friendly enemy" to evaluate both air and ground radar systems. This mission took pilots, electronic warfare officers, and maintenance personnel all over the United States, Canada, and as far as Iceland, South Korea, and Japan. The unit provided direct operational training of now-Aerospace Defense Command, U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) aircrews in the accomplishment of their mission when their systems were severely degraded as might be expected during an attack by enemy offensive aircraft.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command
With the disestablishment of Aerospace Defense Command in 1979, the 158th was subsequently transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a gaining command under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), which assumed the mission of the former ADC.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command
In 1980, the 158th began a transition to the F-4D Phantom II, a powerful, two seat, twin-engine fighter, with the Vermont Air National Guard, leaving the Air Defense community to become part of main line Tactical Air Command with a primary mission of ground attack and close air support.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command
The 158th Tactical Fighter Group deployed to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, in January 1983 to prepare for the upcoming Operational Readiness Inspection. This was the unit's first large-scale deployment in 23 years. The last deployment had been for summer camp at Otis AFB, Massachusetts, in 1960.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command
The 158th Civil Engineering Squadron dedicated its new building on 14 December. Fifty-two members of the CE Squadron deployed to Panama on a humanitarian mission in January 1994. They constructed a six-room masonry block school building and a single story wood frame building to be used as a hospice by the local hospital.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command
In the mid eighties the USAF decided to re-equip the Air National Guard units with more modern equipment as part of the "Total Force" concept. In the earlier decades the ANG always had to be thankful to receive older USAF jets. With the introduction of the F-16 this changed. The F-4D Phantoms were retired in 1986 and the first F-16 Fighting Falcon models of the 134th FS were of the block 15 version – although also some earlier 1970s block 1 and 10 models were flown for a brief time. These aircraft came from regular USAF squadrons who transitioned to newer F-16C/D models, but still these aircraft, largely 1982 models, were no older than a mere 5 years.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command
From 1989–1997, the 134th Fighter Squadron's mission was air defense, having aircraft on 5-minute alert, seven days a week, 24 hours a day. Locations of these alert aircraft included Burlington, Maine, Virginia and South Carolina. The location of the Vermont ANG was much more specific in their relation to NORAD that they were tasked with this defense as a primary role. Therefore, the block 15 lacked the Beyond Visual Range capability. However, this changed in the course of 1990 with the upgrade of their aircraft to the block 15 ADF (Air Defense Fighter) version. This meant a serious leap in performance and capability of this squadron in their defensive role. As a result, the Vermont ANG has one of the highest rates of interceptions of Russian bombers that were coming in over the North Pole, except for some Alaskan USAF units.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Tactical Air Command
Many times Vermont F-16's were called upon to fly to a point just short of Iceland and escort Soviet bombers as they flew off the coastline of the United States. The 158th FW has also assisted with aircraft experiencing in-flight malfunctions and hijackings.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 158th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 158th Fighter Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC).


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
In 1994 the scope of the squadron was again enlarged with the introduction of the block 25 version of the F-16. The 134th FS was one of the first ANG units to receive the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon. At first the mission of the squadron remained relatively the same. But with the introduction of these aircraft a more multi-role mission profile became possible with the squadron being tasked to undertake deployments to the Middle East.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
Along with the Air Defense mission, the men and women of "The Green Mountain Boys" have also been tasked seven times to deploy to different locations in Central America to help patrol the skies and intercept aircraft suspected of illegally smuggling drugs. These missions were usually flown far offshore in the middle of the night and required a high degree of proficiency.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
In 1995, in accordance with the Air Force "One Base-One Wing" directive, the 158th was changed in status to a Wing, and the 134th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 158th Operations Group. In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
In the fall of 1997, the 158th Fighter Wing was evaluated by the Air Combat Command and was tasked to fight a simulated war from 2 locations, a very challenging undertaking. The 158th Wing deployed 225 personnel and 10 F-16s to Canada while the rest of the Wing remained in Burlington for the comprehensive 5-day evaluation. The men and women of "The Green Mountain Boys" received the first rating of "Outstanding" (the highest possible score) ever earned by an Air Defense Unit.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
In 1998 the squadron was one of five ANG squadrons to be equipped with the Theater Airborne Reconnaissance System (TARS). This way the squadrons mission became somewhat specific in the USAF, since only these five ANG units possess a tactical reconnaissance capacity. They are therefore regularly asked to perform this mission for the entire organization.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
In October 2000, the 134th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was formed and deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia as part of a "Rainbow" package composed of the 111th and 177th Fighter Squadron. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the no-fly zone below the 32nd parallel north in Iraq as part of Air Expeditionary Force 9. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi’ite Muslims.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
After the terrorist attacks on 9 November 2001, the 134th began flying Operation Noble Eagle air defense missions over major cities in the northeast.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
Beginning in May 2005, the 134th began a series of deployments to Balad Air Base, Iraq, being attached to the 332d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron. This was a rotation in the Air Expeditionary Force 9/10 cycle as part of another Rainbow deployment to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) along with the 119th and 163d Expeditionary Fighter Squadrons. Another OIF Expeditionary deployment was made in February 2006 and a third to Balad AB was made in September 2007.


158th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Mission, Air Combat Command
As a result of BRAC 2005, on 5 March 2008 – still in 186th FS markings – the 134th FS received its first F-16 block 30 (#87-0332) as the Montana ANG 186th Fighter Squadron converted to the F-15 Eagle. This conversion is not only an engine change from the Pratt & Whitney to the General Electric but also to the big inlet viper. Before the end of 2008 the 134th FS had completed its conversion to the block 30. The block 25s were sent to the Minnesota ANG 179th Fighter Squadron; the 412th Test Wing at Edwards AFB, and some went to AMARC for retirement in the 'boneyard.' The 134th achieved initial operational capability (IOC) on the block 30 in 2009 with the squadron being ready for combat.


158th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 158th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 158th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that served in both the First and Second World Wars, before being disbanded in 1968. Throughout its existence the brigade was assigned to the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division and was composed almost entirely of Territorial battalions from the Royal Welch Fusiliers.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation
The North Wales Brigade (as it was originally known) was created in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms when the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry were merged to create the Territorial Force and was composed of the 4th (Denbighshire), 5th (Flintshire), 6th (Carnarvonfonshire and Anglesey) and 7th (Merioneth and Montgomery) Volunteer battalions of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers. The brigade was assigned to the Welsh Division, one of fourteen divisions of the peacetime Territorial Force. As the name suggests, the brigade recruited primarily from North Wales.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The Welsh Division was mobilised on 5 August 1914, the day after Britain declared war on Germany, which officially began the First World War. According to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 soldiers of the Territorial Force were only able to serve overseas with their permission and so, when asked, a large majority of the men volunteered for overseas service.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
Throughout 1915 all divisions of the Territorial Force were given numbers and so, on 13 May 1915, the division was numbered as the 53rd (Welsh) Division and all the brigades of the division were also numbered, the North Wales Brigade becoming the 158th (1/1st North Wales) Brigade.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The battalions were also redesignated, becoming, for example, '1/5th RWF', to distinguish them from their 2nd Line duplicates which were currently being formed in 203rd (2/1st North Wales) Brigade, of the 68th (2nd Welsh) Division, which consisted mainly of the men who, when asked at the outbreak of the war, did not wish to serve overseas, together with the many recruits and thousands of men volunteering.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The brigade fought with the 53rd (Welsh) Division throughout the First World War in the Middle Eastern theatre from mid-1915 until the end of the war in 1918. In its first action the brigade was involved in the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign where it landed in August 1915. After temporarily serving under command of the 2nd Mounted Division, between 31 October and 28 November, the brigade, together with the rest of 53rd Division, was evacuated form Gallipoli to Egypt in December 1915 and continued serving in the Middle Eastern theatre in Sinai and Palestine. The brigade took part in the Battle of Romani in August 1916, the Battle of El Buggar Ridge in October 1917 and the action of Tell 'Asur in March 1918, where it fought off several counter-attacks by the Ottoman forces.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
Throughout mid-1918, most of the British battalions of the brigade were posted to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) serving in the trenches of the Western Front, after the German Army launched its huge Spring Offensive, which saw huge territorial gains for the Germans. As a result, the British battalions were replaced by Indian Army battalions. This occurred in most British divisions serving in the Middle East.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Order of Battle
The brigade commanded the following units in the First World War:


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Inter-war period
The division and brigade, along with the rest of the Territorial Force, was disbanded after the war but started to reform in 1920, and was later renamed the Territorial Army. The division was reformed as the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division and the brigade was itself reformed and renamed as the 158th (Royal Welch) Infantry Brigade, with its headquarters at Wrexham. The brigade again consisted of four battalions of the Royal Welch Fusiliers and this remained the order of battle of the brigade for most of the inter-war period.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Inter-war period
In 1938 a reorganisation of the Territorial Army's infantry divisions saw them reduced from twelve to nine infantry battalions. As a direct consequence of this, the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers was chosen to be converted into another role, being transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted and redesignated to become the 60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery and acted as the anti-tank regiment for the 53rd Division until December 1939 when it transferred to the 1st Armoured Division.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
The Territorial Army, and 53rd Division, was mobilised in late August/early September 1939, due to the situation in Europe becoming increasingly worse. The German Army invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later, officially beginning the Second World War. Over a month later, in October the brigade, as in the First World War consisted of three battalions of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, the 4th, 6th and 7th. The 158th Brigade the first element of the 53rd Division to be sent to Northern Ireland, followed in December by the 160th Brigade and later 159th Brigade in April 1940. The brigade would remain there until November 1941, training hard with the rest of the division.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
After the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated from Dunkirk in late May/early June, the brigade, with the division, moved to Ulster to counter a possible German invasion there and the garrison was strengthened by the arrival of the 61st Infantry Division and, in March 1941, the 5th Infantry Division, a Regular Army formation that had seen service in France with the BEF in 1940.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
In November 1941 the division was sent back to the mainland again, briefly serving in Wales before transferring to Kent, coming under command of XII Corps and serving alongside 43rd (Wessex) and 46th Infantry Divisions. The corps was commanded by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
The brigade again fought from June 1944 to May 1945 on the Western Front in Normandy, Falaise, the Ardennes and the Reichswald before finally invading Germany itself.


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle
The 158th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:


158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Victoria Cross
During operations undertaken by the 158th Brigade to close the Falaise Pocket, heavy fighting took place on 16 August around the town of Balfour. During this action, Captain Tasker Watkins, commanding B Company of the 1/5th Battalion, Welch Regiment, personally led a charge across a heavily defended stretch of open ground, reaching and personally eliminating an enemy position in spite of his companies' very heavy losses. For this action, he received the Victoria Cross.


158th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 158th Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army. It has subordinate battalions throughout Florida and Puerto Rico.


158th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 158th Infantry Brigade is an AC/RC unit based at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units in Florida and Puerto Rico. The brigade was activated using the assets of the 2nd Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of U.S. First Army.


158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
The brigade was constituted as Headquarters, 158th Infantry Brigade on 5 August 1917 in the National Army and assigned to the 79th Infantry Division. The unit organized at Camp Meade, Maryland on 25 August 1917. The brigade deployed to Europe and fought in World War I where it received battle streamers for participation in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and Lorraine 1918 campaigns. After the war the brigade demobilized at Camp Dix, New Jersey, reconstituted in the Organized Reserves and assigned to the 79th Division.


158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
The brigade converted and redesignated on 12 February 1942 as 3rd Platoon, 79th Reconnaissance Troop, 79th Division and was ordered to active military service on 15 June 1942. The unit reorganized at Camp Pickett, Virginia and again deployed to Europe where it participated in Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace and Central Europe Campaigns. For actions during the war the unit received the French Croix de Guerre with Palm, with streamers embroidered PARROY FOREST and NORMANDY TO PARIS, as well as the French Croix de Guerre, Fourragere. The unit inactivated 11 December 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.


158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
The unit was converted and redesignated on 5 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Infantry Brigade while in inactive status. It was reactivated on 2 October 1997 and posted to Patrick Air Force Base, Florida.


158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
In 1999, the brigade was redesignated as 2nd Brigade, 87th Division (Training Support).


158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
In 2006, as part of the Army's Transformation Plan, the 2nd Brigade, 87th Division was reflagged as the 158th Infantry Brigade.


158th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
An Army Times article dated 17 August 2010 announced the brigade's move from Patrick AFB to Camp Shelby, Mississippi.


158th Infantry Brigade (United States), Further reading
For further information see The Brigade, A History by John J. McGrath from the Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.


158th Infantry Division "Zara"
The 158th Infantry Division "Zara" (Italian: 158ª Divisione fanteria "Zara") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Zara was formed in March 1942 as a garrison division and named for the city of Zara. The division remained stationed on the Dalmatian coast until it surrendered to the Germans after the Italian-Allied Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943.


158th Infantry Division "Zara", CROWCASS
The names of five men attached to the Zara Division can be found in the CROWCASS List established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia for war crimes:


158th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 158th Infantry Division (German: 158. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.


158th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 158th Infantry Division was raised in April 1945, where it was sent to the eastern front, which was approaching westwards to the German border.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 158th Infantry Regiment ("Bushmasters") is an infantry unit of the Arizona National Guard. The regiment has served abroad in World War I, World War II and Afghanistan.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States)
In 1967 then Governor of Arizona Jack Williams signed into law that 3 December would be "Bushmaster Day" in the State of Arizona in honor of the regiment's service.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 158th Infantry takes its lineage directly from the 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry which was formed in late 1865 and disbanded in late 1866. The unit participated in a number of campaigns against the Apache during the Apache Wars and comprised companies of Maricopa and Pima American Indians.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
During the Spanish–American War the unit morphed to another unit and formed the additional element known as the Arizona 1st Volunteer Cavalry. They soon adopted as the motto "Cuidado" a Spanish word meaning "take care" in reference to when they would patrol for them to be on guard. However, later the term would be applied far more liberally when the 158th was conducting jungle warfare training in Panama and the deadly pit viper from which they drew their nickname infested the jungle, from here Bushmasters would tell each other to beware of the snake. In 1916, during the Pancho Villa Expedition, an expeditionary force led by General John Pershing into Mexico, the 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry guarded and patrolled the border between Douglas and Naco, Arizona until World War I was declared on 6 April 1917.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The 1st Arizona Infantry was drafted into federal service 5 August 1917, and re-designated as the 158th Infantry Regiment as part of the 79th Brigade, of the 40th Division. The division was sent overseas to France in August 1918. The regiment saw no active service at the front, however its men furnished replacement personnel to other units. The regiment also acted as the guard of honor to President Woodrow Wilson during his visit in France in 1918. And the regimental band marched and performed in the Allied Victory Parade which he attended. The regiment arrived at the port of New York on the USS Ohioan, was relieved from assignment to th 40th Division on 20 April 1919, and was demobilized on 3 May 1919 at Camp Kearny, California.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period
The 158th Infantry was reconstituted in the National Guard in 1921, assigned to the 45th Division, and allotted to the state of Arizona. The regiment was reorganized from 1922 to 1924, with the headquarters organized and federally recognized at Phoenix, Arizona, on 12 September 1924. The headquarters was relocated on 11 October 1932 to Tucson, Arizona. In 1924, F Company was formed as an all-native American unit made up of alumni of the Phoenix Indian School.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, the unit was ordered into Federal service on 16 September 1940 and started training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. The regiment then moved to Camp Barkeley, Texas in February 1941 and conducted maneuvers in Louisiana. After the United States declared war on 8 December 1941, the unit was detached from the 45th Division and was sent to Panama to reinforce the defenses of the Panama Canal Zone arriving 2 January 1942. The regiment was relieved of assignment to the 45th on 11 February 1942 and became a separate infantry regiment. This was done as the "square" divisions of the US Army were reorganized as triangular divisions. The US Army operated a number of separate infantry regiments during the war. Of these, approximately 29 separate regiments, including the 158th participated in overseas campaigns.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 158th was assigned to the Panama Mobile Force where it joined a veteran jungle unit the 14th Infantry "Jungleers" and the 5th Infantry in conducting security operations in the Panama Canal Zone. During this time the men of the 158th built training facilities and conducted numerous patrols in the dense Panamanian jungle. Their main tool for hacking out jungle trails was the machete, a sharp, long bladed tool widely used for that purpose. The thick jungle concealed many hazardous plants, insects, and animals, including the highly venomous snake known as the Bushmaster. The 158th subsequently adopted the nickname "Bushmasters" and created a "shoulder sleeve insignia" which showed a Bushmaster wrapped around the blade of a machete. Encounters with deadly snakes were common lending new significance to the regiment's Spanish motto "Cuidado" (Take Care) which originated with the 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
In 1942 158th was one of four infantry regiments of the Panama Mobile Force chosen to create and train a jungle platoon which was used to test specialized jungle equipment, weapons, tactics and rations. The success of these platoons led the Caribbean Defense Command to order "training in jungle warfare tactics for all echelons of this command will be placed in high priority." Undoubtedly, the bulk of the 158th also gained considerable jungle experience during the course of the regiment's routine operations. In November 1942 the Bushmasters were ordered to prepare for transfer to Australia as part of the buildup of General Walter Krueger's 6th Army. As a result, the regiment did not have sufficient time to conduct comprehensive jungle warfare training for all echelons before its embarkation in early January 1943.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The Bushmasters arrived at Brisbane, Australia in late January 1943. In mid-March the regiment received orders to move in echelons to Port Moresby, New Guinea. The entire regiment was assembled there by the end of the month. From there it moved to Milne Bay in late May. In the early morning hours of 24 June the first elements of the 158th Regiment, less 2nd Battalion, began landing on the unoccupied island of Kiriwina, New Guinea as part of Operation Chronicle. This unit was to act as a shore party in unloading equipment and supplied.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The purpose of the operation was to occupy the island and construct an airfield for planned operations on New Britain. The bulk of the regiment's two battalions arrived at dawn on 30 June. In mid-July, the 2nd Battalion, which since 20 June had been providing security for 6th Army Headquarters at Milne Bay, was ordered to Goodenough Island, New Guinea as a security force. On 21 October General Kruger moved his 6th Army Headquarters to Goodenough Island, where the 2nd Battalion resumed its security duties for that headquarters. The regiment was spread out between Kiriwina, Woodlark and Goodenough Islands in New Guinea.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Company G, 158th Regiment embarked for Arawe, New Britain on 15 December, as part of Operation Director and was soon joined by the remainder of the 2nd Battalion and began combat duties in the Arawe area. After being relieved at Arawe, the 2nd Battalion sailed to Finschhafen, where they rejoined the 1st and 3rd Battalions who had been on garrison duty on Woodlark and Kiriwina islands. At Finschhafen, the 158th Regiment was redesignated the 158th Regimental Combat Team.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
By order of Alamo Force Headquarters the 158th RCT was sent to Toem, Netherlands New Guinea to join Task Force Tornado which included the 163rd Regimental Combat Team, 41st Division. The combat team arrived at Toem on 21 May 1944 and began relieving elements of the 163rd RCT at the Tor River two days later. The regimental combat team was ordered to capture a Japanese airfield to the North West at Sarmi. The area was defended by strong elements of the Imperial Japanese 36th Division.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
For several days the two units fought a series of vicious engagements on and around an important intermediate objective known by the Americans as Lone Tree Hill. These engagements represented the opening blows of the Battle of Lone Tree Hill. The 158th RCT was relieved on 14 June by the 20th Regiment, 6th Infantry Division so it could prepare for a pending operation. The 6th Infantry Division relieved the rest of Task Force Tornado and resumed the effort to take Lone Tree Hill and capture the Japanese airfield at Sarmi. "During its operations in the Wakde-Sarmi area the 158th RCT lost 70 men killed, 257 wounded, and 4 missing. The unit took 11 Japanese prisoners and estimated that it killed 920 of the enemy.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
On 2 July, the regimental combat team went ashore as part of the Battle of Noemfoor on Noemfoor Island, Netherlands New Guinea, to capture the airfields and to provide security for the engineers upgrading the airfields to operational use. As part of General Douglas MacArthur's return to the Philippines, the regimental combat team under the command of the much respected and admired General Hanford MacNider landed at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon as part of the invasion of Lingayen Gulf on 11 January 1945 and suffered heavy casualties from well dug in Japanese forces along the Damortis-Rosario road.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
In heavy fighting on 1–2 February Company G, captured two 30 cm Japanese Howitzers which were directing heavy fire on American ground forces and killed 164 enemy soldiers. For this action Company G was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. The entire regiment would be awarded the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for its fighting in the Philippines.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The next objective tasked to the regimental combat team was Batangas, Luzon where they cleared the area around Balayan Bay and Batangas Bay, which took three weeks to subdue. Then on 1 April, the regimental combat team invaded the Bicol Peninsula, landing at Legaspi. F Company was made up most of Native Americans from the main tribes of the Salt River Valley, but was led by white officers. Many of these officers, who survived combat, later recounted participating in Native American rituals; such as becoming blood brothers and purifying their warrior's spirit before battle.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Although these rituals are not today performed by the majority of the unit's soldiers, they still use Japanese saki to toast with in reference to the supply captured by the regiment during its time in the Philippines. After being relieved in Philippines campaign, the regiment was selected as part of the planned Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan, the Bushmasters were chosen to attack the island of Tanegashima to capture the island's air warning stations two days prior to the Allied assault on Kyūshū.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Japan surrendered after the Soviets took north China in two weeks, and also the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 13 October 1945, the regimental combat team landed in Yokohama, Japan to be part of the Occupation of Japan. The 158th Regimental Combat Team was inactivated at Utsunomiya, Japan, on 17 January 1946.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
General MacArthur gave the Bushmasters the accolade, "No greater fighting combat team has ever deployed for battle".


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today
The regiment was reactivated on 21 January 1948 at Glendale, Arizona. Later reorganized and redesignated as the Heavy Mortar Company, 158th Infantry, and then Combat Support Company, 1st Battle Group, 158th Infantry. The unit was then reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 158th Infantry, 258th Infantry Brigade on 1 March 1963 and again on 10 December 1967 to Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1583rd Military Police Battalion, 258th Military Police Brigade. It was again redesignated on 1 September 1969 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Military Police Battalion. In 1967 however despite protest from veterans and soldiers, the last remnants of the 158th Infantry were disbanded and their colors retired.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today
In 2005, the 1st Battalion, 180th Artillery Regiment, 153rd Field Artillery Brigade, was deactivated and redesignated the 1st Battalion, 158th Infantry Regiment, 29th Infantry Brigade with five companies: Headquarters and Headquarters Company in Mesa (since moved to Phoenix); Company A in Tucson, Company B in Gilbert (since moved to Florence); Company C in Prescott; and Company D in Yuma (since moved to Buckeye). In January 2007, 1st Battalion, 158th Infantry Regiment was mobilized and deployed to Afghanistan in April of that year.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today
During that time the battalion was posted to the southeastern area of the country near the border of Pakistan in the Hindu Kush. During this deployment two Bushmasters were killed (SSG Charles R Browning and PFC Mykel F Miller, B Co, 1/158th Infantry) and others wounded during combat operations. 1/158th returned to the United States in March 2008.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today
In July 2018, 1st Battalion, 158th Infantry Regiment was mobilized and deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) with all companies as well as Easy DET. and Fox DET. The Battalion returned home to Arizona in May of 2019, with many soldiers volunteering to return on orders less than a month later in support of the South West Border Mission.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1948 to today
Operationally the 158th Infantry Regiment falls under the authority of the 29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Although the 29th's headquarters is located in Hawaii, the 29th is one of 15 enhanced readiness brigades, with a training requirement to remain capable of being called up and deployed in less than 90 days.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A gold color metal and enamel device 1 5/32 inches (2.94 cm) in height overall consisting of a blue shield charged with a Gila monster bendwise, head to base. Attached below the shield is a blue scroll inscribed "CUIDADO" in gold.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The service of the former and current organization, the 158th Infantry Regiment is indicated by the Gila monster, indigenous to the State of Arizona, which is emblematic of tenacity and security. The color blue represents Infantry. It is also symbolic of loyalty and faith. The motto "CUIDADO" a Spanish word meaning "Take Care" is a caution first used by those serving in the regiment's progenitor, the 1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 158th Infantry Regiment, Arizona National Guard on 22 July 1924. It was amended to authorize its wear in pairs on 11 April 1926. It was redesignated for the 158th Regiment, Arizona Army National Guard with description and symbolism revised on 7 May 1998. The insignia was redesignated for the 158th Infantry Regiment, Arizona Army National Guard with symbolism revised on 22 November 2005.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum, /ˈhiːlə/ HEE-lə) is a species of venomous lizard native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexican state of Sonora. The Gila monster is the only venomous lizard native to the United States, and like the 1st Volunteers they are a native to the land and unique in its commitment and deadly beyond any of its kind. The fight brought to the Apache menace was that of native peoples banded together by leaders like CPT John D. Walker.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
By comparison, the Heloderma suspectum, the volunteers were slow in sprinting ability (due to improper funding, living quarters and rations), but they proved to have high endurance and maximal kill capability once they found their prey (the Apache). It is widely known that once the a Gila Monster grips its prey it will never release it until it is fully incapacitated. The Apache Wars continue to be the longest war in Americas history of conflicts and war.


158th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
Later a chief of the Pima Indians, Captain John D. Walker of the Arizona 1st Volunteer Infantry, was a company commander (1st Inf., A. V.). During his duty in Apacheria, CPT Walker wrote a dissertation to the Smithsonian Institution on its claim that the Arizona Gila Monster was not poisonous. He contended that it was, and sent it and a specimens to them for analysis. They reversed their decision and admitted that it was poisonous. This is the Genesis of the symbolism. CUIDADO!


158th Liaison Squadron
The 158th Liaison Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It served in the European Theater of Operations in the final months of World War II before returning to the United States in 1946, when it was inactivated. Later that year, it was again activated and served om the occupation forces in Japan until inactivating in 1949 in response to the Truman administration budget cuts of that year.


158th Liaison Squadron, History, World War II
The 158th Liaison Squadron was activated in March 1944 at Raleigh-Durham Army Air Field, North Carolina and primarily equipped with Stinson L-5 Sentinels, although it flew a number of other aircraft. Its initial mission was to conduct tactical training and indoctrination for field operations of liaison units and to act as a Replacement Training Unit. However, by the time the squadron was organized, the Army Air Forces (AAF) had already determined that standard military units like the 158th, which were based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were not well adapted to the training mission. Therefore, in July the squadron began training for deployment overseas. It departed North Carolina in November 1944 for the Port of Embarkation at Camp Myles Standish, sailing on 2 December and arrived at Nantwich, England in the European Theater of Operations on 13 December.


158th Liaison Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron once again equipped with the Sentinel, plus a few other types of liaison aircraft, and moved to the continent of Europe in February 1945. It began combat operations from Belgium and Germany the following month, continuing them until V-E Day. Its missions included reconnaissance and light photographic observation, troop and light cargo transport, aeromedical evacuation and command liaison and courier flights. After the German surrender, it moved to France, where it provided support services until February 1946, when it moved to Bolling Field without personnel or equipment. It remained unmanned until it was inactivated at the end of March, shortly after the AAF reorganized into Strategic, Tactical Air Command, and Air Defense Commands.


158th Liaison Squadron, History, Occupation of Japan
The squadron was activated again on 25 October 1946 at Nagoya Airfield, Japan, where it formed part of the occupation forces. Once again it equipped with the Stinson L-5. Due to personnel shortages, around 1 April 1947, the squadron was reduced to zero manning, although still kept on the rolls. By September, the squadron again received personnel and aircraft. The squadron conducted passenger and light freight transport missions, and carried classified documents between Fifth Air Force bases. It also conducted occasional search and rescue missions. During June and July 1948, the squadron assisted in recovery operations following the Fukui earthquake. It also dropped leaflets to encourage citizens to pay taxes, and engaged in radio reconnaissance missions.


158th Liaison Squadron, History, Occupation of Japan
However, President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force, and the 158th was inactivated on 1 April 1949.


158th Liaison Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


158th New York Infantry Regiment
The 158th New York Infantry Regiment was organized in Brooklyn as one of the regiments of the Empire-Spinola Brigade, and on August 13, 1862 James Jourdan was appointed its Colonel. It was mustered in the service of the United States for three years at Norfolk, Virginia. The companies were recruited principally: A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I and K at Brooklyn, and C at Manhattan, Jamaica, and New York City.


158th New York Infantry Regiment
The 158th New York left the state on September 18, 1862; it served in Viele's Brigade at Norfolk, Virginia (September 1862), at Suffolk, Virginia (November 1862), at New Berne, North Carolina, 18th Corps (January 1863), in the 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, 18th Corps (February 1863), in Jourdan's Independent Brigade, Palmer's 1st Division, 18th Corps (May 1863), in the defenses of New Berne, N. C., Jourdan's Brigade, 1st Division, 18th Corps (July 1863), at Beaufort and Morehead, North Carolina (December 1863), in the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 18th Corps (August 1864), in the 4th Brigade, 1st Division, 24th Corps (December 1864), and in the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 24th Corps (March 1865); they were commanded by Col. William H. McNary.


158th New York Infantry Regiment
The 158th New York was honorably discharged and mustered out June 30, 1865, at Richmond, Virginia. The men not to be mustered out with the regiment were transferred to the 100th Infantry.


158th New York State Legislature
The 158th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 17, 1935, during the third year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.


158th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


158th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party, the Communist Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets. The Prohibition Party ran for the last time under the name of Law Preservation Party. In New York City, the "Recovery Party", the "City Fusion Party" and several other minor parties also nominated tickets.


158th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1934, was held on November 6. Governor Herbert H. Lehman and Lieutenant Governor M. William Bray were re-elected, both Democrats. Of the other eight statewide elective offices, six were carried by Democrats, one by the Republican chief judge with Democratic endorsement, and one by a Republican judge who ran on the Democratic ticket only. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,202,000; Republicans 1,394,000; Socialists 127,000; Communists 46,000; Law Preservation 20,500; and Socialist Labor 7,000.


158th New York State Legislature, Elections
For the first time there were three women in the Legislature: Ex-Assemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was the first woman elected to the State Senate; Assemblywoman Doris I. Byrne (Dem. ), a lawyer from the Bronx, was re-elected; and Jane H. Todd (Rep.), of Tarrytown, was also elected to the Assembly.


158th New York State Legislature, Elections
For the first time since 1913, Democratic majorities were elected to both Houses of the Legislature. It remained the only time until 1965.


158th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1935; and adjourned on April 17.


158th New York State Legislature, Sessions
John J. Dunnigan (Dem.) as re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


158th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On April 16, the Legislature passed a bill making nudism a misdemeanor.


158th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Edward J. Coughlin, Martin W. Deyo and George B. Kelly changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


158th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


158th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (South Wales Borderers) (158 RAC) was a short-lived armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps serving in India during World War II.


158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin
158 RAC was formed on 15 July 1942 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 6th Battalion, South Wales Borderers, a hostilities-only battalion raised in July 1940, assigned to the 212th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), serving with the 10th Gloucestershire Regiment, 18th Welch Regiment (which left in May 1941) and the 9th Royal Sussex Regiment. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 158 RAC would have continued to wear their South Wales Borderers cap badge on the black beret of the RAC. Personnel unsuited to fighting in tanks were weeded out by psychiatrists.


158th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
158 RAC embarked for passage from the United Kingdom to India on 26 October 1942, arriving on 20 December and moving to Poona. There it came under command of the 255th Indian Tank Brigade. However, there was a change of policy, and on 1 April 1943 the regiment was re-converted to infantry, reverting to its previous title of 6 SWB and coming under command of 72nd Indian Infantry Brigade, still serving alongside the 10th Glosters and 9th Royal Sussex (both of which had also been converted, into 159 RAC and 160 RAC respectively).


158th meridian east
The meridian 158° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


158th meridian east
The 158th meridian east forms a great circle with the 22nd meridian west.


158th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 158th meridian east passes through:


158th meridian west
The meridian 158° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


158th meridian west
The 158th meridian west forms a great circle with the 22nd meridian east.


158th meridian west
It is the western boundary of continuous Class E airspace between 14, 500 feet and 18, 000 feet MSL (Mean Sea Level) over Alaska.


158th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 158th meridian west passes through:


159
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


159
Year 159 (CLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time in Roman territories, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Quintillus and Priscus (or, less frequently, year 912 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 159 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


159 (number)
159 (one hundred [and] fifty-nine) is a natural number following 158 and preceding 160.


159 Aemilia
Aemilia (minor planet designation: 159 Aemilia) is a large main-belt asteroid. Aemilia was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on January 26, 1876. The credit for this discovery was given to Paul. It is probably named after the Via Aemilia, a Roman road in Italy that runs from Piacenza to Rimini.


159 Aemilia
This slowly rotating, dark asteroid has a primitive carbonaceous composition, based upon its classification as a C-type asteroid. Photometric observations made in 2006 gave a rotation period of about 25  hours. Subsequent observations made at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute, Indiana found a light curve period of 16.37 ± 0.02 hours, with variation in brightness of 0.24 ± 0.04 in magnitude.


159 Aemilia
It orbits within the Hygiea family, although it may be an unrelated interloping asteroid, as it is too big to have arisen from the cratering process that most probably  produced that family. Three stellar occultations by Aemilia have been recorded so far, the first in 2001, the second in 2003 and the third in 2016


159 BC
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 202.92.105.72 (talk) at 13:24, 1 February 2020 (→Deaths). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


159 BC
Year 159 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Dolabella and Nobilior (or, less frequently, year 595 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Houyuan. The denomination 159 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


159 Regiment RLC
159 Regiment RLC is a reserve regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. It forms part of 102 Logistic Brigade.


159 Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed on 1 April 2007 as a product of Future Army Structures (FAS) with the aim of providing the contingent component to 6 Supply Regiment.


159 Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was made-up of one sub-unit from the Scottish Transport Regiment (125 Squadron), one squadron from 150 Regiment RLC (216 Squadron) and two squadrons from the Welsh Transport Regiment (123 Squadron and 237 Squadron).


159 Regiment RLC, History
In the summer of 2014, under the Army 2020 re-organisation, the regiment was restructured. 216 Squadron in Tynemouth re-subordinated back to 150 Regiment RLC and 381 Squadron in Lancaster re-subordinated into 156 Regiment RLC. 125 Squadron closed its base in Glasgow but re-formed in Stoke-on-Trent in late 2014. The regiment also received 294 Squadron, based in Grantham.


159 series
The 159 series (159系) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1961 until 1980. They were originally designed for and used on school excursion trains running between Tokyo and the Nagoya area via the Tokaido Main Line.


159 series, Exterior
Broadly based on the earlier 155 series trains, the 159 series trains were also initially painted in the JNR excursion train livery of "lemon yellow" and "light scarlet".


159 series, Formations
The fleet consisted of one 8-car and two 4-car sets, formed as shown below, and based at Ogaki Depot in Gifu Prefecture.


159 series, History
The 159 series sets entered service from 2 April 1961 on Komadori (こまどり) school excursion services running on the Tokaido Main Line between Shinagawa Station in Tokyo and Ogaki Station in Aichi Prefecture. Trains carried headboards on the front with the name of the train. An additional four-car set was delivered in 1962 to allow 16-car formations to be run.


159 series, History
The Komadori school excursion services were discontinued in 1973, and the 159 series were reassigned to use on "rapid" limited-stop services and charter train services, repainted into the Shonan livery of orange and green.


159 series, History
The entire fleet was withdrawn from service by fiscal 1980. No 159 series vehicles have been preserved.


1590
1590 (MDXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1590, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.


1590 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1590 kHz: 1590 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.


1590 Neulengbach earthquake
The Neulengbach earthquake of 1590 occurred on 15 September shortly before midnight amidst a long series of much weaker seismic activity starting on 29 June and with aftershocks reported until 12 November. It was the strongest historically documented earthquake in what today is Northeastern Austria.


1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Epicenter and seismology
The epicenter is believed to have been located southeast of Neulengbach, about 30–40 km west of Vienna, in a flat dipping and North-South striking thrust fault that is part of the Vienna Transform fault zone. This moderately-active fault system extends over a distance of some 300 km from the Northern Limestone Alps through the Vienna Basin into the West Carpathian Mountains. The earthquake's magnitude is estimated at 6.06±0.47 Mw and it had class VII intensity on the modified Mercalli intensity scale in most of Lower Austria.


1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Damage
Significant destruction occurred in Vienna, which at this time had about 50,000 inhabitants living within a fortified and densely urban area that covered what today is the innermost city center. The upper half of St. Michael's church tower collapsed in spite of its steel reinforcements, the Scottish Abbey was severely damaged, and the Southern tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral suffered as well.


1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Damage
At this time it was not customary to document damage to property that did not serve sacral purposes or was directly used by the aristocracy, and very little information has survived concerning the destruction and harm inflicted on ordinary citizens. Therefore, the fact that the death of nine people in a collapsing traveller's hostel was specifically mentioned in the chronicles suggests that the number of urban casualties cannot have been significant.


1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Damage
At Zwentendorf, 40 km to the North of the presumed epicenter, the local parish church was so heavily damaged that it became unusable. (Exposure of this particular area to seismic risk played a significant role in the public debate that erupted in the 1970s concerning plans for the Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant.) Vaults and roofs collapsed at the Mauerbach Charterhouse West of Vienna, and many fortifications in Lower Austria (e.g., at Sieghartskirchen and Altlengbach) needed substantial repair.


1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Damage
Apparently, the seismic event propagated far along the Vienna Transform fault but did not extend southward of the Alps. Strong shocks were reported from up to 300 km to the North of the epicenter, at places such as Abertham in the westernmost part of Bohemia and Frankenstein in Silesia where the slightly disfigured city tower can still be seen.


1590 Neulengbach earthquake, Implications for current seismic risk
Today, the area that was most heavily affected by the 1590 Neulengbach earthquake has a population of over 2.5 million and accounts for almost half of Austria's economic output. A 2007 study by the reinsurance company Munich Re estimated a damage potential of €10–15 billion in private property alone should a comparable event occur again.


1590 Tsiolkovskaja
1590 Tsiolkovskaja, provisional designation 1933 NA, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 July 1933, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory, on the Crimean peninsula. It was named for rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.


1590 Tsiolkovskaja, Classification and orbit
Tsiolkovskaja is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,217 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. Tsiolkovskaja was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory in 1907, extending the body's observation arc by 26 years prior to its discovery observation.


1590 Tsiolkovskaja, Physical characteristics
Several rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations. They gave a concurring, well-defined rotation period between 6.700 and 6.737 hours with a brightness variation of 0.10–0.40 in magnitude. Tsiolkovskaja has a relatively high albedo in the range of 0.21 to 0.42, according to the surveys carried out by IRAS, Akari, and WISE/NEOWISE, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a moderate albedo of 0.23.


1590 Tsiolkovskaja, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Soviet–Russian rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), considered to be one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics and instrumental to the success of the Soviet space program. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116). The lunar crater Tsiolkovskiy is also named after him.


1590 in Scotland
Events from the year 1590 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1590 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1590.


1590 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1590 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1590 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1590 in science
The year 1590 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1590s
The 1590s decade ran from January 1, 1590, to December 31, 1599.


1590s BC
The 1590s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1599 BC to December 31, 1590 BC.


1590s in Scotland, Incumbents
Duke of Rothesay, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, etc.


1590s in the Southern Netherlands
Events from the 1590s in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège.


1591
1591 (MDXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1591, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.


1591 in Scotland
Events from the year 1591 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1591 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1591.


1591 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1591 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1591 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1591 in science
The year 1591 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.


1591 papal conclave
The 1591 papal conclave (27–29 October) was held after the death of Pope Gregory XIV on 16 October that year, after less than a year as pope. This left the Holy See vacant for the third time in 14 months. The conclave lasted only three days and elected Pope Innocent IX.


1591 papal conclave
Even before Pope Gregory XIV died, Spanish and anti-Spanish factions were electioneering for the next pope. Philip II of Spain's (r. 1556–1598) high-handed interference at the previous conclave was not forgotten: he had barred all but seven cardinals. This time the Spanish party in the College of Cardinals did not go so far, but they still controlled a majority, and after a quick conclave they raised Facchinetti to the papal chair as Pope Innocent IX. It took three ballots to elect him as pope. Facchinetti received 24 votes on 28 October but was not successful in that ballot to be elected as pope. He received 28 votes on 29 October in the second ballot while the third saw him prevail.


1592
1592 (MDXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1592, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.


1592 in Scotland
Events from the year 1592 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1592 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1592.


1592 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1592 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1592 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1592 in science
The year 1592 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1592 papal conclave
The 1592 papal conclave (January 10–30) elected Pope Clement VIII in succession to Pope Innocent IX.


1592 papal conclave, Death of Innocent IX
Pope Innocent IX died on December 30, 1591, only two months into his pontificate. This created the fourth sede vacante in the one and half years since the death of Pope Sixtus V, who had died on August 27, 1590. He was then succeeded by Urban VII (September 15 – September 27, 1590), Gregory XIV (December 5, 1590 – October 16, 1591) and Innocent IX (October 29 – December 30, 1591), so the papal conclave of January 1592 was the fourth in only seventeen months. No similar situation had  occurred since 1276–1277.


1592 papal conclave, List of participants
Fifty four of the sixty four cardinals participated in this conclave:


1592 papal conclave, List of participants
Twenty three electors were created by Sixtus V, thirteen by Gregory XIII, seven by Pius IV, five by Gregory XIV, four by Pius V, one by Innocent IX and one by Pope Julius III.


1592 papal conclave, Absentees
Five of these were created by Gregory XIII, four by Sixtus V and one by Innocent IX.


1592 papal conclave, Divisions in the Sacred College and the main candidates
The Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into several factions. The strongest of them was the Spanish faction with Madruzzo as unofficial leader. They supported the interests of king Philip II of Spain. Their candidate was Giulio Antonio Santori, head of the Roman Inquisition, called Cardinal  S. Severina. His candidature was supported also by the "Sixtine" party, which included the old favourites and circle of Pope Sixtus V; their leader was  Sixtus's cardinal-nephew, Alessandro Peretti de Montalto, Vice-Chancellor of the Church. Montalto supported Santori as a tactical manoeuvre and his real candidate was Aldobrandini. There was also a numerous group of cardinals that openly opposed Santori. Most of them were the old circles of Gregory XIII and Pius IV and their leaders were Sforza, Hohenems and Marcantonio Colonna.


1592 papal conclave, Divisions in the Sacred College and the main candidates
Since in the previous two conclaves the candidates supported by Spain had won, it was generally thought that also this time only pro-Spanish papabile had any prospects of winning the election. Besides Santori, only Madruzzo, Tolomeo Gallio, Paleotti, Marco Antonio Colonna and Aldobrandini were acceptable to Spain and it seemed clear that the new Pope would be one of these. Aldobrandini's candidacy was secretly engineered by the French ally Ferdinand I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Philip II of Spain remained unaware of it.


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
The conclave began on January 10, 1592. The next morning Madruzzo and Montalto together with their adherents tried to elect Santori by acclamation, but their plan failed due to strong opposition from Hohenems and his party. Afterwards the normal voting procedures were followed. Every day a vote took place, with the following results:


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 11 – Santori – 28, Aldobrandini - 11


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 12 – Santori – 23, Aldobrandini - 18


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 13 – Santori – 23, Aldobrandini - 18


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 14 – Santori – 24, Aldobrandini - 9


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 15 – Santori – 21, Aldobrandini - 13


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 16 – Santori – 22, Aldobrandini - 13


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 17 – Santori – 23, Aldobrandini - 13


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 19 – Santori – 23, Aldobrandini - 12


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 20 – Santori – 22, Aldobrandini - 15


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 21 – Santori – 23, Aldobrandini - 17


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 22 – Santori – 23, Aldobrandini - 12


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 23 – Madruzzo – 21, Santori – 18


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 24 – Santori – 18, Aldobrandini and Madruzzo – 16 each


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 25 – Santori and Aldobrandini – 19 each


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 26 – Santori – 18, Madruzzo - 16


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 27 – Santori – 21, Madruzzo – 16


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 28 – Aldobrandini – 17, Santori and Madruzzo – 15 each


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
•	January 29 – Santori – 17, Aldobrandini – 16


1592 papal conclave, The conclave
Santori received the greatest number of votes in almost every ballot, but was not able to secure the required majority of two-thirds and support for him gradually diminished. Eventually on January 29, Cardinal Montalto decided to switch to support the candidature of Ippolito Aldobrandini and was able to secure significant votes for him. Madruzzo then accepted that the opposition against him was too strong and he also switched to Aldobrandini as being more acceptable than Santori. This was the decisive moment of this conclave.


1592 papal conclave, Election of Clement VIII
On January 30, 1592, Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini was unanimously elected to the papacy and took the name of Clement VIII. On February 2 he was consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Alfonso Gesualdo, bishop of Ostia and Velletri and Dean of the College of Cardinals. Seven days later he was solemnly crowned by Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.


1592–1593 London plague
From 1592 to 1593, London experienced its last major plague outbreak of the 16th century. During this period, at least 15,000 people died of plague within the City of London and another 4,900 died of plague in the surrounding parishes.


1592–1593 London plague, London in 1592
London in 1592 was a partially-walled city of 150,000 people made of the City of London and its surrounding parishes, called liberties, just outside the walls. Queen Elizabeth I had ruled for 34 years and her government struggled with London's quickly growing population. Due to increasing economic and food shortages, disorder had grown among the underclasses in the city and beyond whom moralist authorities increasingly struggled to govern. A large and impoverished population made up the surrounding liberties, which became the first communities to be hit severely by the plague.


1592–1593 London plague, Plague activity in England
Plague had been present in England since the Black Death, infecting various fauna in the countryside, and known as plague since the 15th century. Occasionally Yersinia pestis was transmitted to human society by infectious contact with the fleas of wild animals, with disastrous results for trade, farming, and social life. Increasing plague activity along England's southern and eastern coasts appeared during the late 1580s to early 90s. An outbreak at Newcastle in 1589 killed 1727 residents by January 1590, while from 1590 to 1592 Plymouth and Devon were affected with 997 plague deaths at Totnes and Tiverton. Plague spread south and north in England's countryside in the early 1590s, contaminating reservoirs of rodents around farms and towns until eventually reaching London in the summer of 1592.


1592–1593 London plague, The plague in London, 1592
London's first cases of plague were noticed in August. On 7 September, soldiers marching from England's north to embark on foreign campaigns were rerouted around the city due to concerns about infection, and by the 21st at least 35 parishes were "infeckted" with plague. A group transporting the spoils of a Spanish carrack from Dartmouth couldn't get further than Greenwich due to the outbreak in London and news of the plague had spread regionally. London's theaters, which had been temporarily closed by city authorities since a riot in June, had their shutdown orders extended to 29 December by the government.


1592–1593 London plague, The plague in London, 1592
Members of the aristocratic class sensed danger as the disease continued to spread and fled the city: "The plague is so sore that none of worth stay about these places" remarked one contemporary. In November, London's College of Physicians convened a meeting to discuss the "insolent and illicit practice" of London's unlicensed medical physicians with the intention to "summon them all" before the college for quackery. Queen Elizabeth's royal court also decided not to host the annual Accession Day tilt celebrations for the month due to the possibility of contagion at the royal court.


1592–1593 London plague, The plague in London, 1592
Some records of the plague were copied by John Stow during his own research in the 17th century and have survived time despite the original documents being lost. Around 2,000 Londoners died of plague between August 1592 and January 1593. The Company of Parish Clerks began regularly keeping and publishing records of plague mortality on 21 December 1592. Government orders forbidding performances at theaters were again extended, into 1593.


1592–1593 London plague, The plague in London, 1593
Death and infection rates rose steadily during the winter months, even though low temperatures often slow down flea activity during plague epidemics. This was seen as ominous by Londoners observing the epidemic. More resourceful, upper-class individuals continued fleeing during 1593 as the government's countermeasures proved ineffective due to the disease-harboring conditions in some areas of London. Poorer, unsanitary parishes and neighborhoods were located near the city wall and River Thames while the Fleet Ditch area of London, around Fleet Prison, became the most heavily infected part of the city.


1592–1593 London plague, The plague in London, 1593
A prisoner named William Cecil (not to be confused with Lord Burghley), kept in Fleet Prison by Queen Elizabeth's command, wrote that by 6 April 1593 "The place where [William] lies is a congregation of the unwholesome smells of the town, and the season contagious, so many have died of the plague." Government letters indicated that the plague was "very hot" in London by 12 June and that the queen's royal court "was out in places, and a great part of the household is cut off." By August Queen Elizabeth's royal court had evacuated to Windsor Castle in order to escape the increasingly dangerous outbreak in London. The city's sugar refineries continued their business unabated even though public houses and theaters remained closed on government orders to halt the spread of infection.


1592–1593 London plague, The plague in London, 1593
Alarm was raised at Windsor by the death of Queen Elizabeth's chambermaid Lady Scrope from plague on the 21 August within the castle, which almost sent the royal court fleeing a second time. But the government remained at Windsor Castle through November where Queen Elizabeth hosted her tilt celebrations.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic
The 1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic was a major outbreak of plague (Maltese: pesta) on the island of Malta, then ruled by the Order of St John. It occurred in three waves between June 1592 and September 1593, during the second plague pandemic, and it resulted in approximately 3000 deaths, which amounted to about 11% of the population. The disease was imported to Malta by Tuscan galleys that had captured vessels from Alexandria. In 1593, the Order requested assistance from Sicily to deal with the epidemic, and the measures taken were effective in containing plague.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Background
At the time of the outbreak, Malta was ruled by the Order of St John. Some sources state that plague was introduced in Malta in about 1575, but there are records of outbreaks of the disease in Malta before the arrival of the Order. Epidemics had occurred in 1427–1428 and 1523, with the latter being confined to the town of Birgu.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic
The plague epidemic which began in 1592 arrived in Malta indirectly from Alexandria in Ottoman-ruled Egypt. Four galleys of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany or the Order of Saint Stephen had captured two vessels from Alexandria, and took their cargo and about 150 Turkish captives with them to Malta. While en route to Malta, an outbreak of the plague began on board the ships, killing 20 crew members. The galleys arrived in Malta on 7 May 1592.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic
The plague spread in Malta in various waves, the first of which began in June 1592. When the outbreak occurred, it was initially mistaken to be a venereal disease. The epidemic subsided by September, but a second wave began in November. This had subsided by January 1593, and it was believed that the epidemic was over. A third and final wave began in March 1593, and this was the most severe and spread quickly throughout the island. The outbreak finally ended by September 1593.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures
In 1592, the Infermeria delle Schiavi of Birgu, a hospital for galley slaves which had previously housed the Sacra Infermeria before its transfer to Valletta in 1575, was converted into an isolation hospital. When the epidemic was on the decline by early 1593, its patients were transferred into a private house and the temporary hospital was closed in February.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures
After the outbreak became more severe in March, Grand Master Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle requested assistance from the Viceroy of Sicily, who sent the Pietro Parisi from Trapani, a doctor who had experience with contagious diseases. Upon the latter's arrival on 15 May, he took control of dealing with the outbreak along with the Health Commissioners and the Maltese doctor Gregorio Mamo. A temporary isolation hospital was set up on the island in Marsamxett Harbour known as the Isolotto (which later became known as Manoel Island).


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures
900 suspected and confirmed cases were sent there, and they were kept separate from each other. The rest of the population was told to self-isolate in their own houses, with only one person per family being allowed to go out daily for errands. These measures was enforced with harsh penalties including flogging and death.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures
Washing places near the sea were set up in Valletta, Birgu and Senglea allowing suspected cases to wash in an attempt to purify themselves and their clothes. Walls of houses with confirmed or suspected cases of the disease were washed with seawater and whitewashed with lime, and similar measures were undertaken in burial grounds. In the capital, dogs were killed but cats were not, since they were seen as useful in controlling the rat population, even though at the time it was not known that rats were the cause of the disease.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Epidemic, Containment measures
The epidemic began to subside by June 1593, and attempts were made to purify the island to remove any traces of the disease which might have been left. The temporary hospital was demolished in October 1593, and pratique was granted in January 1594.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact
The death toll from the epidemic is believed to be about 3000 people, which amounted to 11% of the islands' population.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact
A number of small villages or hamlets lost most of their populations during the epidemic, and were later abandoned or absorbed into nearby settlements.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries
During the plague of 1592–1593, the deceased were not buried in churches but in extramural plague cemeteries which were specially set up to deal with the epidemic. This was the first recorded instance that such cemeteries were established in Malta, and similar ones would also be set up in later major outbreaks of the disease, such as in 1675–1676 and 1813–1814.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy
Plague broke out again in Malta in 1623, although this outbreak was much smaller than the 1592–1593 epidemic. The outbreak began in the household of the Port Chief Sanitary Officer, and it is possible that it was caused by handling refuse from the earlier epidemic. Strict measures were taken and the 1623 outbreak was contained with only 40 deaths. Two further outbreaks would occur in Hospitaller-ruled Malta, a limited outbreak in 1655 which killed 20 people and a massive epidemic in 1675–1676 which killed some 11,300 people, a considerable part of the island's population.


1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy
In the 17th century, a permanent Lazzaretto was built on the Isolotto, on the site of the temporary plague hospital of 1592–1593.


1593
1593 (MDXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1593, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.


1593 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1593 kHz:


1593 in Scotland
Events from the year 1593 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1593 in art, Deaths
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1593 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1593.


1593 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1593 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1593 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1593 in science
The year 1593 in science and technology involved some significant events.