1707 Hōei earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
The length of the rupture has been estimated from the modelling of the observed tsunami and the location of tsunami deposits. Initial estimates of 605 km, based on four segments rupturing failed to explain tsunami deposits discovered at the western end of the trough. Including an additional area at the southwestern end, part of the so-called Hayuga-nada segment, gave a better match, with a total rupture length in the range 675–700 km.


1707 Hōei earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami
Along the southwestern coast of Kōchi, run-up heights averaged 7.7 m with up to 10 m in places; 25.7 m high at Kure, Nakatosa, Kōchi, and 23 m at Tanezaki.


1707 Hōei earthquake, Characteristics, Eruption of Mount Fuji
Evidence suggests that changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be sufficient to trigger volcanic eruptions, assuming that the magma system involved is close to a critical state. The 1707 earthquake may have triggered a shift in static stress that led to pressure changes in the magma chamber beneath Mount Fuji: the volcano erupted on 16 December 1707, 49 days after the quake.


1707 in England
Events from the year 1707 in the Kingdom of England, then England.


1707 in Great Britain
Events from the year 1707 in Great Britain, created on 1 May this year as a consequence of the 1706 Treaty of Union and its ratification by the 1707 Acts of Union.


1707 in Scotland
Events from the year 1707 in the Kingdom of Scotland, then Scotland.


1707 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1707 to Wales and its people.


1707 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1707.


1707 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1707 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1707 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1707 in science
The year 1707 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1707-08 Iceland smallpox epidemic
Iceland experienced one of its deadliest outbreaks of smallpox beginning in 1707. The epidemic ultimately killed around 12,000 Icelanders, close to one-quarter of the island's population at the time.


1707-08 Iceland smallpox epidemic, Iceland in 1707
Iceland in 1707 was a territory of the Kingdom of Denmark with 53,681 people according to one tally of the 1703 census. Epidemic diseases like smallpox did not naturally sustain themselves on the island due to the relatively sparse population, but frequent trade and travel with Denmark presented a vulnerability to cross-Atlantic spread of contagious diseases. Smallpox had crossed the ocean before in 1670, causing a two year epidemic, and since then a new generation of people had developed with no immunity to the disease.


1707-08 Iceland smallpox epidemic, Epidemic
Smallpox arrived in Iceland aboard a ship from Denmark when a passenger fell sick and died with the disease. Despite being buried at sea, the index case's contaminated clothing remained and infected at least one other person on board. Ultimately, the outbreak may have killed a quarter of the population of Iceland at the time.


1707th Air Transport Wing
The 1707th Air Transport Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS) at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma. It was discontinued on 8 January 1966, when MATS replaced its Major Command controlled (MAJCON) wings with Air Force controlled (AFCON) wings when MATS was redesignated as Military Airlift Command. The mission, personnel and equipment of the wing were transferred to the 443d Military Airlift Wing, which was simultaneously activated.


1707th Air Transport Wing, History
The wing was organized as the 1707th Air Base Wing in 1951 at Palm Beach Air Force Base, Florida when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) reopened the base. Palm Beach was a joint civil-military facility with Palm Beach International Airport. The wing's 1707th Air Transport Group was its operational unit until the wing was redesignated the 1707th Air Transport Wing. The wing's first main activity was the rehabilitation of buildings to resume military operations.


1707th Air Transport Wing, History
In addition to operating the active Air Force portion of Palm Beach, the mission of 1707th was training USAF personnel on operation and maintenance of MATS heavy-lift transports. Known as the "University of MATS", training included Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, Douglas C-118 Liftmaster, Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter, and Douglas C-54 Skymaster maintenance training along with aircrew and transition pilot training. The wing later added Boeing C-135 training to its curriculum. Nearly 23,000 airmen were trained at Palm Beach Air Force Base. Until 1959 the wing also trained Grumman SA-16 Albatross crews for MATS' Air Rescue Service, and until 1962, Boeing WB-50D Superfortress crews for MATS' Air Weather Service. The United States Navy also maintained a Transport Training Unit that was attached to the wing until 1963.


1707th Air Transport Wing, History
The wing moved to Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma in June 1959 due to urban encroachment and local opposition to military presence at the airport. It received the first Lockheed C-141 Starlifter aircraft in 1964 and expanded its training mission to include Starlifter operation and maintenance. In addition to the training mission, the 1707th maintained a state of readiness to airlift armed forces personnel and equipment, including medical evacuation in the event of national emergencies.


1707th Air Transport Wing, History
In 1961 the wing earned trophies from MATS for having the best ground and flying safety programs in MATS. Its safety record also earned it an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award that year. The wing was discontinued on 8 January 1966, and its equipment and personnel were reassigned to the 443d Military Airlift Wing, which was activated the same date.


1707th Air Transport Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


1708
1708 (MDCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1708th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 708th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 8th  year of the 18th century, and the  9th   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1708, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1708
In the Swedish calendar it was a leap year starting on Wednesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.


1708 British general election
The 1708 British general election was the first general election to be held after the Acts of Union had united the Parliaments of England and Scotland.


1708 British general election
The election saw the Whigs finally gain a majority in the House of Commons, and by November the Whig-dominated parliament had succeeded in pressuring the Queen into accepting the Junto into the government for the first time since the late 1690s. The Whigs were unable to take full control of the government, however, owing to the continued presence of the moderate Tory Godolphin in the cabinet and the opposition of the Queen. Contests were held in 95 of the 269 English and Welsh constituencies and 28 of the 45 Scottish constituencies.


1708 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1708 British general election, Dates of election
The first general election held since the Union took place between 30 April 1708 and 7 July 1708. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1708 Pólit
1708 Pólit, provisional designation 1929 XA, is a very dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 November 1929, by Spanish astronomer of Catalan origin Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, and was later named after Catalan astronomer Isidre Pòlit i Boixareu.


1708 Pólit, Orbit and classification
Pólit orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.8 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,814 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, extending the body's observation arc by 3 days prior to its official discovery observation.


1708 Pólit, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pólit measures between 27.46 and 33.44 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.035 and 0.042.


1708 Pólit, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0392 and a diameter of 29.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.


1708 Pólit, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Between 2005 and 2014, a large number of rotational lightcurves of Pólit were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Maurice Clark at the Preston Gott and McDonald Observatories. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.5080 to 7.5085 hours with a brightness variation between 0.40 and 0.50 magnitude (U=3/3-). Clark also derived a spin axis of (2.1°, 47.5°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (Q=2).


1708 Pólit, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In addition, astronomer Raymond Poncy measured a period of 7.520 hours with an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3).


1708 Pólit, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of the Fabra Observatory's second director of the astronomical section, Isidre Pòlit i Boixareu (1880–1958), who was an assiduous observer of minor planets and comets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).


1708 in Canada, Historical documents
"Canada Survey'd, or the French Dominions upon the Continent of America briefly considered in their situation, strength, trade and number"


1708 in Canada, Historical documents
Two descriptions of the capture of St. John's, Newfoundland by the French


1708 in Canada, Historical documents
"This nott more than 3 minutes after ye first musquetts firing" - Fall of Fort William at St. John's to French, Canadian and Indigenous force


1708 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1708 to Wales and its people.


1708 in architecture
The year 1708 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1708 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1708.


1708 in music
The year 1708 in music involved some significant musical events and new works.


1708 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1708 in poetry
And for his Favour humbly made their Court. The little Wits attended at his GateAnd Men of Title did his Levee wait;For he, as Sovereign by Prerogative,Old Members did exclude, and new receive. He judg'd who most were for the Order fit,


1708 in poetry
-- From Richard Blackmore's The Kit-Kats. A Poem, Chapter 6, published this year and referring to the Kit-Kat Club in which the influential publisher Jacob Tonson was a prominent member. Tonson was influential in getting recognition for many poets in his series of anthologies.


1708 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1708 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1708 in science
The year 1708 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1709
1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th  year of the 18th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1709
In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.


1709 Ukraina
1709 Ukraina, provisional designation 1925 QA, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 August 1925, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Shajn at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named in honor of Ukraine.


1709 Ukraina, Orbit and classification
Ukraina orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,340 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.


1709 Ukraina, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, five days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1709 Ukraina, Physical characteristics
The S-type asteroid has an albedo of about 0.2 and a rotation period of 7.3 hours.


1709 Ukraina, Naming
This minor planet was named after the country Ukraine, then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991). The name was proposed by the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy in Leningrad, what is now St. Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).


1709 in Canada, Historical documents
Intendant's ordinance proclaims Panis and Blacks who have been purchased are property to be known as slaves (Note: "savages" used)


1709 in Canada, Historical documents
"Inhabitants remaining[...]are in a very bad condition" - Report to Queen Anne of aftermath of French attack on St. John's, Newfoundland


1709 in Canada, Historical documents
"Rotten and decay'd" - Indigenous spies sent by New York government report Canadian fortifications (except at Quebec City) are poor


1709 in Canada, Historical documents
"So great a plague to all Plantations in America" - New Englanders eager to attack Port Royal and its "nest of spoilers and robbers"


1709 in Canada, Historical documents
Inhabitants of Buoys Island (off Ferryland, Newfoundland) get evacuation offer but stay to meet possible third French attack


1709 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1709 to Wales and its people.


1709 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1709.


1709 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies
On May 2, Alexander Pope's career as a poet was launched with the publication of the anthology Poetical Miscellanies, The Sixth Part, edited by John Dryden. The publisher, Jacob Tonson, had solicited poems from Pope for the volume three years before; but publication was delayed and finally occurred three weeks before Pope's 21st birthday. Pope did not visit London at the time of publication, instead travelling there in June. Tonson was a hard bargainer, and paid Pope 13 guineas, for the young man's verses (about two pence per line). Pope would eventually become a hard bargainer himself in dealing with publishers, and although he became good friends with Tonson, he hardly ever wrote for him again.


1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies
Pope's January and May; Or, The Merchant's Tale, a story about a young wife and the old husband she cuckolds (on pages 172–224) retold part of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (lines 817-720 of Pope's version):


1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies
The poet also contributed a translation, The Episode of Sarpedon, Translated from the Twelfth and Sixteenth Books of Homer's Iliads (pages 301–323). John Denham, a poet of Dryden's generation, had written the best-known translation of Sarpedon's speech. According to the 20th-century critic and Pope biographer Maynard Mack, Pope's version shined in comparison, and when both versions were weighed together, "the coffee-house critics must have sensed [...] that a new star of some magnitude was rising in their sky".


1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies
But the four Pastorals (pages 721–751) which concluded the volume, would have been the works on which Pope pinned most of his hopes for recognition, according to Mack, because the genre was what Virgil and various Renaissance critics deemed a proper first test for an aspiring poet.


1709 in poetry, Works published, Alexander Pope's career launched in Poetical Miscellanies
On May 17, Pope's friend, Wycherley, wrote to him that "all the best Judges [...] like your part of the Book so well, that the rest is lik'd the worse". Pope wrote back three days later, referring to Tonson's low payments but valuable publicizing (by including him in what the title page of the anthology called "Eminent hands"):


1709 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1709 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1709 in science
The year 1709 in science and technology involved some significant events.


170P/Christensen
170P/Christensen is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It came to perihelion in September 2014 at about apparent magnitude 18.


170s
The 170s decade ran from January 1, 170, to December 31, 179.


170s BC
This article concerns the period 179 BC – 170 BC.


170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade
170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade was a 2nd-Line infantry formation of the British Territorial Force raised during the First World War that served on the Western Front. The brigade's number was also used for deception purposes during the Second World War.


170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, Origin
On 31 August 1914, the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd/1st North Lancashire Brigade came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime North Lancashire Brigade that were due to be sent overseas. The brigade was part of 2nd West Lancashire Division. In August 1915 these formations were assigned numbers, becoming 170th (2nd/1st North Lancashire) Brigade and 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division respectively.


170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, Order of battle
The following units served in the brigade during the war:


170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, History
The formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915. In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training. 170 Brigade moved to Blackdown Camp in October.


170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, History
On 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 170 Brigade served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations:


170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, History
On 1 November 1918 170 Bde went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice with Germany was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing the disbandment of 170 Bde.


170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War
170 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 30th Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, a line of communication unit serving in 42nd Brigade in North Africa and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated  '170th Infantry Brigade'  and acted as if it were a full brigade from November 1943 until April 1944.


170th Battalion (Mississauga Horse), CEF
The 170th (Mississauga Horse) Battalion, CEF, was an infantry unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city. Many of the recruits came from the 9th Mississauga Horse militia regiment. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 169th Battalion, CEF, on December 8, 1916.


170th Battalion (Mississauga Horse), CEF
Lieutenant-Colonel Le Grand Reed was the only officer commanding of the 170th (Mississauga Horse) Battalion.


170th Battalion (Mississauga Horse), CEF
The battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Regiment of Canada.


170th Division (People's Republic of China)
The 170th Division((Chinese: 第170师) was created on April 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 4th Training and Consolidation Division of Northeastern Military Region. The division was put under control of Liaoxi Military District.


170th Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was basically a second-line unit and never went into battle.


170th Division (People's Republic of China)
In July 1950 the division was disbanded and absorbed into the Air Force and border troops.


170th Fighter Squadron
The 170th Fighter Squadron (170 FS) is an inactive unit of the Air National Guard. It was last assigned to the 183rd Fighter Wing located of the Illinois Air National Guard at Capital Airport Air National Guard Station, Springfield, Illinois. The 170th last flew the Block 30 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. It was inactivated on 30 September 2008.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was activated at Dale Mabry Field, Florida as one of the original squadrons of the 338th Fighter Group. The squadron was initially equipped with Bell P-39 Airacobras. It operated as a replacement training unit. Replacement training units were oversized units which trained aircrews prior to their deployment to combat theaters. In 1943, the 338th Group and its squadrons standardized training with the Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, although the squadron also operated a few Curtiss P-40 Warhawks.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
However, the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were proving poorly adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit, while the groups and squadrons acting as RTUs were disbanded or inactivated. This resulted in the 305th, along with other units at Dale Mabry, being disbanded in the spring of 1944 and its personnel and aircraft were transferred to the 335th Army Air Force Base Unit (Replacement Training Unit Fighter).


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard
The 305th Fighter Squadron was reconstituted and redesignated as the 170th Fighter Squadron on 24 May 1946 and allotted to the National Guard. In September 1948 the squadron was organized at Capital Airport, Springfield, Illinois and extended federal recognition. The squadron was equipped with the North American F-51D Mustang and was assigned to the 128th Fighter Group of the Wisconsin Air National Guard. In November 1950, the 126th Composite Wing was organized in the Illinois Air National Guard when the National Guard adopted the wing base organization system and the squadron was assigned to its 126th Composite Group.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
On 1 March 1951 the 170th was called to active duty due to the Korean War. It moved to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas where it was redesignated the 170th Fighter-bomber Squadron and was assigned to the federalized 131st Fighter-Bomber Group. In addition to the 170th, the 131st Group was assigned the 110th Fighter-Bomber Squadron of the Missouri Air National Guard and the 192d Fighter-Bomber Squadron of the Nevada Air National Guard. At Bergstrom, its mission was to replace the 27th Fighter-Escort Group which deployed to Japan as part of Strategic Air Command's commitment to the Korean War.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
In November the 131st and its squadrons were transferred to Tactical Air Command and moved to George Air Force Base, California. At George, the unit was scheduled to be re-equipped with Republic F-84D Thunderjets for deployment to Japan, however the F-84s were instead sent to France and the squadron remained in California with Mustangs for the remainder of its federal service. The 170th was released from active duty and returned to Illinois state control on 1 December 1952 and its personnel, equipment and mission at George were transferred to the active duty 435th Fighter-Bomber Squadron.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
After returning to Springfield, the 170th was equipped with the North American F-86E Sabre. However, only about a half-dozen Sabres were received before the squadron began receiving Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks. The first F-84F arrived in February 1955. The squadron's mission was changed to what was termed a "Special Delivery" squadron, and the 170th began training on the tactical delivery of nuclear weapons, being renamed the 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron in 1958.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
On 1 October 1961, as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 170th was again federalized and assigned to the 131st Tactical Fighter Group. The 170th remained at Springfield, while elements of the 131st deployed to Toul-Rosières Air Base, France to form the 7131st Tactical Fighter Wing. The 131st Tactical Fighter Wing, was composed of three federalized National Guard squadrons and their supporting squadrons. However, only its 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed as a unit to France. The 170th rotated personnel to Toul during their period of activation, however aircraft and personnel deployed to Toul were maintained at a level equivalent to a single squadron at any one time.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
While in France, the Guardsmen trained with elements of the United States Seventh Army and maintained a 24-hour alert status. The 7131st exchanged air and ground crews with the Royal Danish Air Force's 730th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Skydstrup Air Station, Denmark during May 1962. As the Berlin situation subsided, all activated ANG units were ordered to be returned to the United States and released from active duty, while the 7131st Wing was discontinued in France.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
The 170th reformed in Illinois in the fall of 1962, retaining its F-84F Thunderstreaks. On 15 October 1962, the 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand, and the 183rd Tactical Fighter Group was established. The 170th became the new group's flying squadron. Other units assigned into the group were the 183rd Material Squadron, 183rd Combat Support Squadron and the 183rd USAF Dispensary.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
The squadron continued to fly the F-84F aircraft throughout the 1960s. The squadron did not see service during the Vietnam War, although, between 1968 and 1971, many of its personnel were activated as individuals and some saw service in Southeast Asia. All F-84Fs were grounded in November 1971, after a 170th pilot was killed when his plane lost a wing during exercises at the Hardwood Gunnery range in Findley, Wisconsin. The accident was caused by the "milkbone" bolt in the wing, weakened by years of flying, failing in-flight. Inspections of other F-84Fs found the same issue affected many other aircraft.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
The problem was deemed too widespread to justify the costly repair of the aircraft, and the Air Force decided to retire the Guard's fleet of F-84Fs and replace them with more modern aircraft. All F-84s were retired to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The 170th flew the Thunderstreak for more than a decade and a half, longer than any other squadron in the active force or the Air National Guard.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1972, the squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the McDonnell F-4C Phantom II. Most of its aircraft were planes returning combat from Southeast Asia. Along with the F-4C, a flight of RF-4C Phantom II Reconnaissance aircraft were received. In 1981, the F-4Cs were exchanged for the F-4D.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
The 170th saw its first General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon on 7 June 1989 when two landed at Capital Airport to replace the squadron's aging F-4D Phantom IIs. By 5 May 1990 the 170th was operational with the F-16A/B. Its mission was fighter attack and the squadron flew the "Block 15" for this mission. On 15 March 1992 the squadron changed designation from the 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron to the 170th Fighter Squadron. Three years later, it would be reassigned to the 183rd Operations Group when its parent became the 183rd Fighter Wing under the Air Force Objective Wing reorganization plan.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
During early 1994 the 170th started to exchange its block 15 F-16A/B for block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons with larger air inlets. Most of the block 15s were retired to AMARC. During the 1990s, the unit conducted numerous overseas deployments, including six to Southwest Asia, two to Denmark, one to Panama, one to Curaçao, and one to Thailand.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
After the 9/11 attacks, the 170th increased its capability by obtaining AN/AAQ-28(V) LITENING targeting pods in October 2001. Training with the new pod started immediately to get ready for a scheduled deployment in March 2002 for Operation Enduring Freedom.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Starting in January 2002 the 170th deployed for two weeks to Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona for final training with the LITENING pod. The March 2002 deployment was to be with two other units but this changed due to their Operation Noble Eagle air defense commitments. As a result, the 170th deployed by itself as the 170th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron. The 170th Expeditionary Squadron replaced the 18th Squadron. Besides its duties over Afghanistan, the 170th Expeditionary Squadron performed air interdiction missions over Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In the very early morning on 17 April 2002 while on deployment in Afghanistan a pilot in a two-ship formation from the 170th mistakenly bombed a Canadian force which was practicing live firing of its weapons near Kandahar, Afghanistan. Four soldiers were killed and eight were injured. This tragedy resulted in non-judicial punishment for one of the pilots involved after their return to Springfield.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
After more than two of overseas deployments the 170th participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom in October 2004.


170th Fighter Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, BRAC 2005 and Inactivation
The BRAC 2005 committee report recommended the retirement of the Block 30 F-16s and the inactivation of the 170th Fighter Squadron. The BRAC commission recommended the facilities and skills of personnel assigned be realigned into a Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility. Despite a court challenge by the Governor of Illinois, the US District Judge ruled that there was not enough evidence to support the claim that the state would suffer major harm by the closure of the unit. The last F-16 departed on 23 September 2008, marking the end of the flying mission for the 183rd Fighter Wing.


170th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


170th Group
The 170th Group is a unit of the Nebraska Air National Guard, stationed at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. If activated to federal service, the group would be gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


170th Group
The group was originally activated in the New Jersey Air National Guard as the 170th Air Transport Group, a strategic airlift unit in 1964. It served in various airlift roles until 1977 when it was redesignated the 170th Air Refueling Group and performed the air refueling mission until it was inactivated in 1993 when the Air National Guard adopted the Air Force's Objective wing organization.


170th Group, Mission
The 170th Group (170 GP) grew out of Detachment 1 of Headquarters Nebraska Air National Guard, which was established in June 2002. It gathers members of the Nebraska Air National Guard stationed at Offutt Air Force Base into a single administrative unit as part of the "Future Total Force Initiative." Through this initiative, Guard instructor aircrew integrate with the 338th Combat Training Squadron (338 CTS) to provide initial qualification, requalification and upgrade training to active duty USAF and Air National Guard aircrew members in the RC-135 RIVET JOINT, COMBAT SENT and COBRA BALL aircraft and the E-4B NIGHTWATCH aircraft. These instructors are assigned to the 238th Combat Training Squadron.


170th Group, Mission
Likewise, Guardsmen integrate into the 55th Operations Support Squadron (55 OSS) to support the global operations of the 55th Wing (55 WG), providing training and operational support to the active duty wing's global command and control and intelligence missions. Areas supported include requirements, weapons and tactics, intelligence, base operations, weather, and aviation resource management. These Guardsment form the 170th Operations Support Squadron (170 OSS). Overall, the 170th Group is authorized 80 personnel, including 35 full-time and 45 traditional Guardsmen.


170th Group, Mission
The 170th was reactivated in a ceremony on 6 July 2007 at Offutt Air Force Base.


170th Group, History
The group was first activated at Newark Municipal Airport on 18 January 1964 as the 170th Air Transport Group to provide a headquarters for the 150th Air Transport Squadron and its supporting units. The group initially operated Lockheed C-121 Constellation long-distance transports, primarily for passenger movements to Europe. Eighteen months after its formation, the group moved to McGuire Air Force Base.


170th Group, History
The 170th also flew to the Caribbean and, during the Vietnam War, to Japan, Thailand, South Vietnam, Australia and the Philippines. In 1966, when Military Airlift Command replaced Military Air Transport Service, the group became the 170th Military Airlift Group. From 1969 the group focused on airlifting patients, and became the 170th Aeromedical Airlift Group.


170th Group, History
The Constellations were retired in 1973, and were replaced with De Haviland Canada C-7 Caribou light transports, which were returning from service in the Vietnam War. The C-7s were used for carrying small payloads in forward areas with unimproved airstrips.


170th Group, History
In 1977 the 170th received Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers and became the 150th Air Refueling Squadron. On 1 October 1993, the 170th Air Refueling Group was combined with the 108th Air Refueling Wing at McGuire when the New Jersey Air National Guard implemented the Air Force's Objective Wing organization, which called for all units on a base to be assigned to a single wing. The group was inactivated while its 150th Air Refueling Squadron was assigned to the 108th Operations Group as its second KC-135 squadron.


170th Group, History
In 2007, the group was activated as the 170th Group at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska to unify Air National Guard support for the 55th Wing.


170th Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


170th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 170th Infantry Brigade was an infantry formation of the United States Army. From 2009 to 2012, as part of its third period of existence, it was based at Baumholder in the Federal Republic of Germany.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), World War I
The 170th Infantry Brigade was first activated 25 August 1917 at Camp Custer, Michigan. Commanded initially by Julius Penn, it was one of two brigades of the 85th Infantry Division, National Army.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), World War I
After a year of training the division left the U.S. for England. When the American Expeditionary Force North Russia was formed to be sent to Arkhangelsk, Russia, the 339th Infantry Regiment provided the infantry component, with support units also taken from the 85th Division sent along as well. While there, the 339th saw combat against the Bolsheviks. The 340th Infantry Regiment and the remainder of the Brigade was stationed in Lorraine, on the Western Front in France where the 85th served as a depot division and did not participate in any combat operations.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), World War Two
The brigade, along with its parent unit the 85th Infantry Division, was reestablished as part of the Organized Reserves in 1921. However, the 85th Infantry Division was reactivated on 15 May 1942, it was as a triangular division with direct control of the 337th, 338th, and 339th Infantry Regiments. Thus the brigade was converted to serve as the 85th Reconnaissance Troop and served as the eyes and ears of the 85th Infantry Division throughout World War Two.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), Interwar to 1970
With the reestablishment of brigades in the TOE of divisions in the 1960s following the short-lived experiment with pentomic organization, the 2nd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division was in 1963 assigned the heritage of the 170th Infantry Brigade. The 24th Division was inactivated in 1970, then reactivated from 1975 to 1996. When the 24th was reactivated again in 1999 it was as a headquarters unit only with separate National Guard brigades attached and no organic brigades of its own. It was inactivated again on 1 August 2006.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012
The  of the United States Army was reestablished 15 July 2009 at U.S. Army Garrison Baumholder in Germany as part of the Grow the Army Plan. The 170th Infantry Brigade was formed by reflagging the 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division. The soldiers and equipment will remain in place but the 2d Brigade flag will transfer to Ft. Bliss, Texas, joining other elements of the 1st Armored Division. The 170th Infantry Brigade is organized as an enlarged hybrid of the Army XXI Heavy Division Infantry Brigade and modular brigade designs, as it incorporates both organic artillery and engineer battalions together with three infantry and armor units.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan
In late 2010 part of the unit deployed to Northern Afghanistan (RC-N)to take part in a NATO training mission in conjunction with the ANA and ANP.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan
In early 2011, the 170th IBCT deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom 11–12 to Regional Command North. During the brigade's deployment, it partnered with the 303rd Afghan Uniformed Police and the Afghan Border Police's 5th Zone. Key highlights of the deployment include the handover of security responsibilities for Mazar E Sharif from the International Security Assistance Force to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan by the Germans. The brigade also deployed two of its battalions for separate missions in support of other regional commands.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan
The 3d Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment deployed in November 2010 to Regional Command Capital where it initially assumed part of the NTMA training mission in and around Kabul. It later transitioned to a security force mission across Afghanistan, ensuring various NTMA elements and VIPs were able to accomplish their tasks in a secure environment. The brigade's 4th Battalion, 70th Armor Regiment deployed to Regional Command South where it operated under Combined Team Uruzgan, partnered with the Australian Army. The brigade is redeployed back to Baumholder, Germany in early 2012. A total of eight brigade soldiers died during the deployment.


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan
The 170th Infantry Brigade included the following subordinate units in 2011:


170th Infantry Brigade (United States), From 2009-2012, Afghanistan
In February 2012, Military.com announced that the brigade would be inactivated by the summer of 2012. Over the course of the year, 4,000 of the brigade's 4,500 soldiers were reassigned. On 9 October 2012, the 170th Infantry Brigade was inactivated in Germany, with the remaining 500 soldiers present for the event.


170th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 170th Infantry Division (German: 170. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It fought on the Eastern Front for much of the war.


170th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history
The German plan and force:The occupation of Denmark had been put into the hands of the XXI corps (General of the Infantry Nikolaus von Falkenhorst), which consisted of the 170th. Infantry Division and 198th. Infantry Division. For the occupation of Jutland the following forces were ready: The 170th. Infantry Division under Major general Witte (391th, 399th, 401th Infantry Regiments and the 240th. Artillery Regiment), along with other units.


170th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 170th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was attached to the 21st Army until 1940. The regiment participated during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. In 1941, it formed the basis of the 21st Independent Mixed Brigade.


170th New York Infantry Regiment
The 170th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


170th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 170th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York, and mustered in October 7, 1862, at Staten Island under the command of Colonel Peter McDermott.


170th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to District of Newport News, Virginia, Department of Virginia, to December, 1862 Corcoran's Brigade, Division at Suffolk, Virginia, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Corcoran's Brigade, King's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, Corcoran's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, Tyler's Division, XXII Corps, to May 1864. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to July 1865.


170th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 170th New York Infantry mustered out of service July 19, 1865, at Raleigh, North Carolina.


170th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for Washington, D.C., October 16, 1862; then moved to Newport News, Va. Duty at Newport News, Va., until December 1862, and at Suffolk, Va., until May 1863. Action at Deserted House January 30, 1863. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Edenton Road April 15. Attack on Suffolk April 24. Providence Church Road, Nansemond River, May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Operations on Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad May 12–26. Blackwater May 12. Holland House, Carrsville, May 15–16. Carrsville May 18. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 12.


170th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Duty in and about that city and guard duty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad until May 1864. Ordered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field. Rapidan Campaign May 17-June 15. Spotsylvania Court House May 17–21. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 16–18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22–23, 1864. Demonstration on north side of the James July 27–29. Deep Bottom July 27–28. Demonstration north of the James August 13–20.


170th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14–18. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27–28. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5–7, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton and White Oak Roads March 30–31. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3–9. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington, D. C., May 2–12. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Duty at Washington, D.C., until July.


170th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 227 men during service; 10 officers and 119 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 96 enlisted men died of disease.


170th New York State Legislature
The 170th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5, 1955, to March 23, 1956, during the first and second years of W. Averell Harriman's governorship, in Albany.


170th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.


170th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party, the American Labor Party, the Socialist Workers Party, and the Socialist Labor Party (running under the name of "Industrial Government Party") also nominated tickets.


170th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1954, was held on November 2. Ambassador W. Averell Harriman was elected Governor, and D.A. of Bronx County George B. DeLuca was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats with Liberal endorsement. The elections of the other six statewide elective offices resulted in a Democratic State Comptroller with Liberal endorsement, a Republican Attorney General, a Democratic Chief Judge with Liberal and Republican endorsement, a Democratic Court of Appeals judge with Liberal and Republican endorsement, a Democratic Court of Appeals judge with Liberal endorsement, and a Republican Court of Appeals judge with Democratic endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor/Lieutenant Governor, was: Republicans 2,550,000; Democrats 2,297,000; Liberals 264,000; American Labor 47,000; Socialist Workers 2,600; and Industrial Government 1,700.


170th New York State Legislature, Elections
Five of the seven women members of the previous legislature—Assemblywomen Mary A. Gillen (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Janet Hill Gordon (Rep.), a lawyer of Norwich; Frances K. Marlatt (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Vernon; Genesta M. Strong (Rep.), of Plandome Heights; and Mildred F. Taylor (Rep.), a coal dealer of Lyons—were re-elected. Bessie A. Buchanan (Dem. ), a retired musical actress and dancer of Harlem, was also elected to the Assembly.


170th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1955, was held on November 8. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Three vacancies in the State Senate and three vacancies in the Assembly were filled.


170th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 178th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1955; and adjourned on April 2.


170th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Walter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


170th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 179th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1956; and adjourned on March 23.


170th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Searles G. Shultz changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Frank J. Pino was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.


170th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


170th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


170th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 170th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 170th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 170th Ohio Infantry was organized in Bellaire, Ohio, and mustered in May 13, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Miles J. Saunders.


170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 17 and was attached to 2nd Brigade, Haskins' Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864, and assigned to garrison duty at Fort Simmons, Fort Bayard, Fort Mansfield, Fort Gaines, and Battery Vermont in the defenses of Washington, until July 4. Moved to Sandy Hook, Maryland, July 4, and served duty in the defenses of Maryland Heights until July 15. Attached to Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley July 15-August 24. Expedition to Snicker's Ford July 17–18. Rocky Ford July 18. Second Battle of Kernstown, July 24. Martinsburg July 25. Moved to Frederick, Maryland, July 30; then guarded supply trains to Harpers Ferry, serving there until August 24.


170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 170th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 10, 1864.


170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


170th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 24 men during service; 4 killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 19 enlisted men due to disease.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
The 170th Rifle Division was raised in 1939 as a standard Red Army rifle (infantry) division, as part of the prewar buildup of the Army. During July and August 1941, it gave very effective service in the battles around Velikiye Luki until it was so severely depleted that it had to be disbanded. A new 170th was formed between December 1941 and January 1942. From this point the division had a distinguished but relatively uncomplicated combat path, fighting in the central part of the Soviet-German front. It was given credit for the liberation of Rechytsa in late 1943, and ended the war in the conquest of East Prussia.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation
The division was first organized at Sterlitamak in the Ural Military District in September 1939, based on a cadre from the 98th Rifle Division, as part of the major pre-World War II mobilization of the Red Army. The division was mostly composed of Bashkir soldiers and was commanded by Kombrig Tikhon Silkin. Division headquarters and most units were based at Sterlitamak. The 422nd Rifle and 512th Howitzer Regiments were at Belebey, and the 717th Rifle Regiment was at Davlekanovo. The 294th Light Artillery Regiment was based at Miass.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation
On June 22, 1941, its main order of battle was as follows:


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
As Operation Barbarossa began, the 170th was moving west from the Urals as part of 22nd Army's 62nd Rifle Corps, to take up positions in the vicinity of Polotsk and Vitebsk. The division defended Sebezh on the Latvian border. At the beginning of July, retreating Soviet troops came to Sebezh. On 3 July, German bombers destroyed the town. The 391st and 717th Rifle Regiment moved to the Kuznetsovka railway station, while the 422nd Rifle Regiment stayed in place. For two days, the division attempted to hold back advancing German troops.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
On 11 July, the division retreated to positions around Zamość station. On 13 July, the division was ordered to attack. The division was initially successful, pushing back German troops to Kuznetsovka station. However, the division was then forced to retreat back to Idritsa due to German superiority in both numbers and firepower. Around this time, Major General Silkin went missing and was presumed killed. Colonel Nikolai Laksin took command of the division.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
After taking Nevel on July 15, the German LVII Motorized Corps was ordered to capture Velikiye Luki. This isolated thrust by one panzer and one motorized division took the city on July 19, but Soviet counterattacks against the supply corridor, in part by the 170th from the west, forced the German forces to give up the city and retreat. On 20 July, the division became part of the 51st Rifle Corps and moved to positions northwest of Nevel. The division was ordered to counterattack, but met strong resistance and was stopped in the area of Hamchino.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
The division was surrounded on part of the Leningrad Highway, known as the Nevel Pocket. The division attempted to break out at Begunovo and Zabolote. The division was forced to destroy equipment and suffered heavy losses in the encirclement. On 23 July, the remnants of the division reached the area of Lake Urai and took up defensive positions. The division was again forced to retreat and on 26 July moved to the Dokuhino area, where it absorbed the remnants of the 98th and 112th Rifle Divisions.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
On 28 August the division was reported as having just 300 men with "...no equipment, headquarters or staff". It was transferred to 24th Army in Reserve Front for rebuilding in September, but was far from complete when the Germans launched Operation Typhoon. It was surrounded with its army north of Spas-Demensk by 1 October, and was disbanded on 4 October, due to a shortage of equipment.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation
A new 170th Rifle Division was formed at Molotov, once again in the Ural Military District, based on the 439th Rifle Division which was already forming up when re-designated. The order of battle remained mostly the same, with the following additions:


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation
The howitzer regiment had been removed, and the standard artillery regiment retained the number of the original light regiment.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation
In February 1942, the division was deployed to the west, into the 58th Army of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, and in April it deployed to the front lines in the 34th Army of Northwestern Front. The 170th took part in the fighting around the Demyansk Pocket during the rest of 1942, either under command of the 34th or the 11th Army. In January 1943, it was reassigned to the 27th Army, and in March was once again in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding and a redeployment to the south.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation
By the beginning of June, the 170th was assigned to the Central Front in the Kursk salient. The division joined the 48th Army, and remained there for the duration, with the exception of a few months in early 1944.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
In January, 1944, the division became part of the 42nd Rifle Corps, where it would remain for the duration. Belorussian Front was renamed 1st Belorussian in February. During the Soviet summer offensive, Operation Bagration, the 42nd Corps was concentrated north of Rogachev to assist its partner 29th Rifle Corps and units of the 3rd Army to break through the positions of the German 134th and 296th Infantry Divisions. By late on June 24 this had been achieved, with the Germans overwhelmed and the 9th Tank Corps exploiting to the rear. With the defenses of Army Group Center shattered, the division trekked westward towards Poland.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
48th Army was transferred to 2nd Belorussian Front in the late autumn of 1944. During the Vistula-Oder Offensive the 170th pushed on through northern Poland before the army was once again transferred to 3rd Belorussian Front. The division fought in the East Prussian Offensive, and ended the war near Elbing.


170th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
Five men of the division were named as Heroes of the Soviet Union, two of them posthumously. At the end of the war the men and women of the division carried the full title 170th Rifle, Rechytsa, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 170-я стрелковая Речицкая Краснознамённая ордена Суворова дивизия.) The division was part of the 42nd Rifle Corps, 48th Army of the 3rd Belorussian Front in May 1945. The division was disbanded near Mühlhausen in July 1945.


170th Street station (IND Concourse Line)
170th Street is a local station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway, located at the Grand Concourse between East 170th and 171st Streets in the Highbridge neighborhood of the Bronx. It is served by the D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction and the B train during rush hours. The station opened in 1933, along with the rest of the Concourse Line.


170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), History
This station was built as part of the IND Concourse Line, which was one of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND). The route of the Concourse Line was approved to Bedford Park Boulevard on June 12, 1925 by the New York City Board of Transportation. Construction of the line began in July 1928. The station opened on July 1, 1933, along with the rest of the Concourse subway.


170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout
This underground station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center express track is used by the D train during rush hours in the peak direction.


170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout
Both platforms have an orange trim line on a black border and name tablets reading "170TH ST." in white sans-serif lettering on a black background. Small "170" and directional tile captions in white lettering on a black background run below the trim line and name tablets. Orange-yellow I-beam columns run along both platforms and the full-time mezzanine at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.


170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout
South of this station, a fourth track to the west of the line begins at a bumper block. It merges with the southbound local track just before approaching 167th Street and is used for train storage.


170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits
The full-time mezzanine is at the north end of the station. Two staircases from each platform go up to a waiting area/crossover, where a turnstile bank provides access to and from the station. Outside fare control, there is a token booth and two staircases going up to either northern corners of East 171st Street and Grand Concourse.


170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits
Each platform has a same-level un-staffed fare control area at their south ends. On the Manhattan-bound side, a set of regular and High Entry/Exit Turnstiles lead to a mezzanine area, where two staircases go up to either western corners of East 170th Street and Grand Concourse. The fare control area on the Norwood-bound side is exit only, containing two high turnstiles and one staircase going up to the southwest corner of East 170th Street and Grand Concourse.


170th Street station (IND Concourse Line), Station layout, Exits
Below this station is a tunnel carrying East 170th Street underneath the Grand Concourse. On both sides of the platforms at the southern end, there were staircases that led down to the East 170th Street underpass; they were closed off to the public for security reasons in 1992.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)
170th Street is a local station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 170th Street and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx, it is served by the 4 train at all times. This station was constructed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company as part of the Dual Contracts and opened in 1917.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
170th Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street. Through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at 167th Street. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Station renovations
On July 5, 2004, this station, 176th Street, and Fordham Road closed for four months so they could be renovated. As part of the project, new canopy roofs, walls, lighting, staircases, floors, and a public address system would be installed at each station.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Station renovations
As part of the 2015–2019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Capital Program, elevators are being installed at the original entrance between the street and the mezzanine, as well as between the mezzanine and the platforms. The installations would make the station fully compliant with accessibility guidelines under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Construction began in July 2020 and is expected to be completed by January 2022.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout
This elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The 4 stops here at all times.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout
Both platforms have beige windscreens, mesh fences, and red canopies with green frames and support columns in the center, and white steel waist-level fences at either ends with white lampposts at regular intervals.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout
The 2005 artwork here is called Views from Above by Dina Bursztyn. It features stained glass windows on the platform windscreens and station house based on Bursztyn's experience on riding elevated trains.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
The station's main entrance/exit is an elevated station house beneath the tracks. Inside the fare control area, it has two staircases to each platform at the center and a waiting area that allows a free transfer between directions. Outside fare control, it has a turnstile bank, a token booth, and three street stairs going down to either side of Jerome Avenue between 170th Street and Elliot Place, two to the east side and one to the west.


170th Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
Each platform has a secondary fare control area leading to either northern corner of 170th Street and Jerome Avenue, with one staircase from the southbound platform going to the northwestern corner, and the other from the northbound platform going to the northeastern corner. The staircase from the southbound platform opened in January 2021, while the staircase from the northbound platform opened in April 2021.


170th Tunnelling Company
The 170th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.


170th Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


170th Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


170th Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


170th Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.


170th Tunnelling Company, Background
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation
170th Tunnelling Company was formed in February 1915, and initially attached to the 11th Field Company of Royal Engineers. The nucleus of 170th Tunnelling Company consisted of civilian sewer-workers from Manchester who had been employed in John Norton-Griffiths' business and were specialists in clay-kicking, as well as former miners who had been withdrawn from a number of regular infantry units, particularly the 8th Battalion of the South Wales Borderers, the 11th Battalion of the Welsh Regiment and the 8th Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment. 170th Tunnelling Company thus included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 184th, 171st, 172nd, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Givenchy 1915
Immediately after its formation, 170th Tunnelling Company was rushed to Givenchy for operations to counter enemy mining activity in that sector. The unit was relieved by 176th Tunnelling Company in June 1915.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Cuinchy 1915
170th Tunnelling Company was next deployed under the command of 2nd Division on operations near Cuinchy and against the German position known as Brick stacks near La Bassée Canal in the vicinity of Cuinchy in summer 1915. 176th Tunnelling Company was also deployed under the command of 2nd Division near Cuinchy at that time, as was the 173rd Tunnelling Company.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
In the opening of the Battle of Loos (25 September – 14 October 1915), the unit blew two mines at the Hohenzollern Redoubt. 170th Tunnelling Company remained in this very active area for a considerable time, until 251st Tunnelling Company took over in October 1915. The Hohenzollern Redoubt near Loos-en-Gohelle in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France was the site of intense and sustained fighting between German and Allied forces.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
After an earlier British attack in October 1915, extensive tunnelling had been conducted by the Germans during the winter of 1915–1916; due to the nature of the clay covering and chalk below ground, mine explosions threw up high lips around mine craters, which became good observation points. It had been calculated that the German mining effort was six weeks more advanced than the British effort. 170th Tunnelling Company began work for a mining attack on the Hohenzollern Redoubt on 14 December 1915. By the end of the month, it was in the process of sinking six shafts. Two sections of 180th Tunnelling Company were then attached to 170th Tunnelling Company, and the miners began another three shafts. Mining was carried out in the clay layer to distract the Germans from other mine workings in the chalk.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
The British tunneling effort over the winter gradually overtook the German mining operation and a plan was made to destroy the German galleries. By late February 1916, 170th Tunnelling Company had driven deep galleries through the chalk between 49–61 metres (161–200 ft) to within 9.1 metres (30 ft) of the German front-line trenches, where four mines were placed underneath the shallower galleries dug by the Germans. An infantry attack was prepared by the 12th Division for 2 March.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
The four mines would counter the German advantage in observation from Fosse 8 and possibly lead to the destruction of the German gallery system. Chamber A was loaded with 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) of ammonal, Chamber B with 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) of blastine and 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of ammonal and Chamber C with a charge of 10,550 pounds (4,790 kg).


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
170th Tunnelling Company produced a forecast of the effect of the mines, in which mines A and B were predicted to make craters 100 feet (30 m) wide, 35 feet (11 m) deep and that Crater C to be 130 feet (40 m) wide and 35 feet (11 m) deep. The fourth, smaller mine had been planted under the side of Crater 2. At 5:45 p.m., the mines were sprung, which made crater lips from which the German trenches could be seen.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
The explosion of the four mines (the largest yet sprung by the British) on 2 March was followed up by an attack of the British infantry. The new craters, A, B and C, older craters 1–5 and Triangle Crater were occupied and 170th Tunnelling Company destroyed German mine entrances found in the Triangle Crater. German counter-attacks retook Triangle Crater on 4 March and from 7–14 March skirmishing took place during heavy snowstorms and bitter cold. 170th Tunnelling Company eventually got into the German gallery system from a British tunnel and were able to demolish the system on 12 March, which relieved the threat of another German mine attack.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
On 18 March, five German mines detonated short of the British lines at 6:15 p.m., after which the Germans pushed back the British to the old front line. A counter-attack was organised, and the craters re-captured. The Germans retired and drove new galleries through the clay layer on top of the chalk, which could be dug more quietly and contributed to the surprise of the German mine explosions. By the time that the crater fighting died down, both sides held the near sides of the craters.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
The British exploded another mine on 19 March and the Germans two mines in the Quarries on 24 March. British mines were blown on 26 and 27 March, 5, 13, 20, 21 and 22 April; German mines were exploded on 31 March, 2, 8, 11, 12 and 23 April. Each explosion was followed by infantry attacks and consolidation of the mine lips.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt
From May 1916 until the end of the war, 170th Tunnelling Company was assigned to Reserve (later Fifth) Army.


170th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Bethune 1918
In April 1918, troops of 170th Tunnelling Company fought a large fire in Béthune.


170th meridian east
The meridian 170° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


170th meridian east
The 170th meridian east forms a great circle with the 10th meridian west.


170th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 170th meridian east passes through:


170th meridian west
The meridian 170° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


170th meridian west
The 170th meridian west forms a great circle with the 10th meridian east.


170th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 170th meridian west passes through:


170–176 John Street
170–176 John Street is a commercial building erected in 1840 facing Burling Slip (now filled in) on John Street along the East River in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. It is one of possibly two surviving granite Greek Revival buildings in all of New York City.


170–176 John Street
It was originally known as the Hickson W. Field building; later, it was used as a ship chandlery and known as the Baker, Carver & Morrell Building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.


170–176 John Street
In 1982, the architects Buttrick White & Burtis added a floor to the building, and converted it to residential use.


171
Year 171 (CLXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Herennianus (or, less frequently, year 924 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 171 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


171 (number)
171 (one hundred [and] seventy-one) is the natural number following 170 and preceding 172.


171 (number), In mathematics
171 is an odd number, a composite number, and a deficient number. It is also a triangular number, a tridecagonal number and a 58-gonal number.


171 (number), In mathematics
171 is a Harshad number, a palindromic number, and an undulating number. 171 is a repdigit in base 7 (333).


171 17th Street
171 17th Street is a skyscraper located in the Midtown district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, within the Atlantic Station mixed-use development. It has 22 stories of office space and was completed in 2004, when it was called the Southtrust Tower. 171 17th Street was the first skyscraper in Atlanta west of the Downtown Connector and north of 14th Street.


171 17th Street, Overview
Originally intended to be the Atlanta headquarters for SouthTrust, shortly after its completion it became Wachovia's property following the 2004 merger of SouthTrust and Wachovia. When Wachovia merged with Wells Fargo in 2009, the Wachovia marquee atop the building was replaced with the Wells Fargo logo.


171 17th Street, Overview
Developed by AIG Global Real Estate, 171 17th Street was awarded the silver certificate in the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Core and Shell Development program. 171 17th Street became the first-ever LEED Silver-Core and Shell certified high-rise office building, and the first high-rise office building in Georgia to receive any LEED certification.


171 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 171 kHz:


171 BC
Year 171 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Longinus (or, less frequently, year 583 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 171 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


171 Edward Street, Brisbane
The 171 Edward Street is a future residential skyscraper to be located at 171 Edward Street on the corner with Elizabeth Street in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The tower will rise to 265m (274m AHD) which is currently the maximum height allowed in Brisbane central business district.


171 Edward Street, Brisbane
The 81-storey tower will include 642 apartments; 313 one bedroom, 219 two-bedroom, 110 three-bedroom apartments. Recreation area with pool, gym and games room will be located on levels 4 and 5. Retail space is planned for the ground and mezzanine levels.


171 Edward Street, Brisbane
Development application, lodged with the Brisbane City Council in December 2015, was approved in May 2016. As of 2019, approval expires in June 2020, Aria's commercial manager Michael Zaicek told Commercial Real Estate that they “have no intentions for a residential development in the near future”


171 G. Puppis
171 Puppis (171 Pup) is a triple star system in the constellation of Puppis – the stern of Argo Navis – of apparent magnitude +5.38. Lacking a Bayer designation, it is instead known by its Gould designation. Based upon parallax measurements, the system is 49.6 light years away from the Solar System.


171 G. Puppis
The inner pair form a spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of around 10 years. In 2011, they had an angular separation of 309.8±1.6 mas along a position angle of 72.1°. There is a common proper motion companion, Van Biesbroeck 3 or WD 0743-340, at an angular separation of 869.65″ along a position angle of 2.81° from the inner pair. This is a white dwarf star with a classification of DC11.0 and a temperature of 4,600 K, making it one of the coolest white dwarfs known.


171 La Trobe Street
171 La Trobe Street is a building in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, by architect Nonda Katsalidis. 171 La Trobe Street is a 13-storey structure glazed with a green glass exterior and designs overhanging the building on each side.


171 La Trobe Street, History
The building was planned in the aftermath of the early 1990s recession in Australia, by the Cleeve Fowles Partnership which helped trigger a commercial building boom in the 90s. The building was designed by Nonda Katsalidis and his project team (Nick Orfanidis, Kerry Hayton, Ric Wood, Rob Wiggnall and Anthony Tosariero). 171 La Trobe Street was successfully completed in 1991 at A$12 million.


171 La Trobe Street, Physical aspects
171 La Trobe Street occupies four squares on the corner of Russell Street and La Trobe Street. The building rises uniformly with 10 storeys of office floors from a catenary canopy over a tavern at the ground level, with a pair of double-storey penthouses on the top. The residential usage of the building is differentiated from its office counterpart by accentuation of masses protruding from the apartments on the exterior. Other distinctive features of 171 La Trobe Street include vertical shafts composed by green-glazed glass, horizontal curtain walling, vertical fins and black cladded shear wall. Stone paneling is used to form a steep contrast with the clear green glass that clads most of the main structure of the building. In the foyer, Austral black granite formally clads most of the walls, mainly for hidden storage installed behind and the exterior of the lift.


171 La Trobe Street, Functional aspects
Rendering an office floor area of 414 square meters, the location of the building at a street corner allows configuration of offices, board rooms, workstations and ancillary facilities to access panoramic view and natural light. A portion of the office space has been partitioned to a floor area of 225sqm with a mezzanine of 70sqm. Other features include handicap-friendly conveniences, three lifts and basement carparks.


171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches
Katsalidis wrote in his book titled "Three Residential Houses" that "The instinct of the eagle to the nest high explains the skywards urge that leads to the building these houses on top of a city building". Katsalidis believes that primitive arrangements of simple and few materials are capable of eliciting a stronger and more compiling response than over-sophisticated buildings with complex features. The construction of the penthouses at the top of 171 La Trobe Street is an illustration of his urge to harmonise the privacy of residential dwellings with the hustle and bustle of a vibrant metropolitan. Katsalidis described this concept of modern living in an elevated environment as "floating swiftly above the city in a rather remote and self-confident manner."


171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches
Katsalidis incorporates nature through the creation of roof top gardens and pools. The sensitivity to respect nature in its full form is essential to comfortable and habitable living. "The physical territory may have shrunk to this patch on top of a city building", but the spirit has its boundaries extend limitless to horizon beyond. "Views that extend to a distant horizon, with Mount Macedon in one direction and the blue expanse of the bay in the other", delineate the full extent of this human domain we live in.


171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches
The main body of the building is divided into two distinct vertical components, a feature common in Katsalidis’ designs;one having rectangular windows with glazed green stone surface, and the other, a glazed green glass curtain wall.


171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches
Katsalidis’ ideas are represented through the experience of senses; i.e. based on how we interact with light, texture, density, volume and spatial qualities.


171 La Trobe Street, Key influences and design approaches
The building is substantially shaped by climatic considerations with the intention to expose the interiors towards the sky and nature. With the building situated to face the sun, translucent glass screens allow natural sunlight to perforate the whole building. High ceilings and long windows further allow natural light to easily penetrate thereby providing long hours of daylight and heat. In addition, the wind factor is regulated by filtering metal louver blades.


171 La Trobe Street, Awards
In 1992, Katsalidis-designed building won the RAIA Victorian Chapter Merit Award.


171 Ophelia
Ophelia (minor planet designation: 171 Ophelia) is a large, dark Themistian asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on 13 January 1877, and named after Ophelia in Shakespeare's Hamlet.


171 Ophelia
This asteroid is a member of the Themis family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements. It probably has a primitive composition, similar to that of the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.


171 Ophelia
A 1979 study of the Algol-like light curve produced by this asteroid concluded that it was possible to model the brightness variation by assuming a binary system with a circular orbit, a period of 13.146 hours, and an inclination of 15° to the line of sight from the Earth. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Leura Observatory in Leura, Australia during 2006 gave a rotation period of 6.6666 ± 0.0002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.50 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This is in agreement with previous studies.


171 Ophelia
Ophelia is also the name of a moon of Uranus.


1710
1710 (MDCCX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1710th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 710th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 10th  year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1710, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1710
In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Saturday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.


1710 AM
While 1710 kHz appears on many radios, it is outside the AM broadcast band and is unavailable for licensed radio operation. This is because aeronautical radio navigation may use 1708 kHz.


1710 AM
Travelers' information station  is the lone station licensed on 1710; it is licensed to the government of Hudson County, New Jersey.


1710 AM
There may be other radio stations that also use this frequency for tourist information, traffic, LPAM, unlicensed pirate radio stations, or temporarily for special events.


1710 British general election
The 1710 British general election produced a landslide victory for the Tories. The election came in the wake of the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell, which had led to the collapse of the previous government led by Godolphin and the Whig Junto.


1710 British general election
In November 1709 the clergyman Henry Sacheverell had delivered a sermon fiercely criticising the government's policy of toleration for Protestant dissenters and attacking the personal conduct of the ministers. The government had Sacheverell impeached, and he was narrowly found guilty but received only a light sentence, making the government appear weak and vindictive. The trial enraged a large section of the population, and riots in London led to attacks on dissenting places of worship and cries of "Church in Danger".


1710 British general election
The government's unpopularity was further increased by its enthusiasm for the war with France, as peace talks with the French king Louis XIV had broken down over the government's insistence that the Bourbons hand over the Spanish throne to the Habsburgs. The Tories' policy of pursuing peace appealed to a country worn out by constant war. Queen Anne, disliking the Junto and sensing that the government could not survive long, gradually replaced it with a Tory ministry throughout the summer of 1710.


1710 British general election
The election was bitterly contested in almost all the counties and "open" boroughs, even when a poll was not held. Contests occurred in 131 constituencies in England and Wales; approximately half of all English and Welsh constituencies.


1710 British general election
The overwhelming Tory victory surprised few, and following the election most remaining Whigs resigned from office. The new government was led by the moderate Tory Robert Harley who was unpopular among the more partisan Tories. Harley's ministry faced increasing pressure from the extremists whose position in Parliament had been enormously strengthened by the result.


1710 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1710 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 2 October 1710 and 16 November 1710. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1710 Gothard
1710 Gothard, provisional designation 1941 UF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 October 1941, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. It was later named after Hungarian amateur astronomer Jenő Gothard.


1710 Gothard, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,292 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. Gothard's observation arc begins 14 years after its official discovery observation, when it was identified as 1955 TT at Uccle Observatory in 1955.


1710 Gothard, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2001 and October 2008, two rotational light-curves of Gothard were obtained by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and René Roy, giving a concurring rotation period of 4.94 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 and 0.32 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3-).


1710 Gothard, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gothard measures 9.84 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.087, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.66 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.


1710 Gothard, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of Hungarian amateur astronomer Jenő Gothard (1857–1909), who discovered the central star in the Ring Nebula (M57). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).


1710 Naval Air Squadron
1710 Naval Air Squadron is a support organisation based in HM Naval Base Portsmouth that is tasked with the recovery, repair, modification and scientific support of UK military aviation. It was formed on 27 May 2010 by combining the existing  Mobile Aircraft Repair Transport and Salvage Unit (MARTSU), Mobile Aircraft Support Unit (MASU), Naval Aircraft Materials Laboratory (NAML) and other smaller units.


1710 Naval Air Squadron
The squadron is currently organised into three sections. The first has thirteen teams that repair and recover British military helicopters and unmanned air systems worldwide. The second, Service Modification, designs, manufactures and fits urgent operational and safety modifications to front line helicopters. The third, Materials and Monitoring, providestechnical and scientific support to British military and commercial aviation.


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Squadron of Royal Navy ships and transports with 2,000 troops takes Port Royal from French garrison


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Speaking to Queen Anne in London, Mohican and Kanien’kéhà:ka chiefs request conquest of Canada for their better hunting and trade


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Haudenosaunee "inconstant in their Tempers, crafty, timorous, but quick of Apprehension, and very ingenious in their Way" (Note: stereotypes)


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Governor Dudley says taking Canada and Nova Scotia will capture naval stores trade entirely and safeguard inland settlement


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Argument for autumn offensive against Canada includes benefits of fairer winds and higher (but still ice-free) water


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Detailed list of armaments and personnel in Canada from Riviere du Loup to Cataraqui on Lake Ontario


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
"A malignant fever[...]was very general both in Quebec and in the surrounding country [and] carried off a vast number of persons"


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
France has encroached on Newfoundland trade to point that "their riches and naval power[... ]make all Europe stand in fear of them"


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundlanders' work in fishery and demand for goods is strong, but conditions "very deplorable" from lack of protection from French


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Geography of Ferryland, Newfoundland makes it excellent prospect for fortification to protect "every ship, stage, house and storehouse"


1710 in Canada, Historical documents
Mayors of English towns report how many ships will go to Newfoundland this year, and how much Royal Navy protection will be needed


1710 in Ireland
The following is a list of events which took place in Ireland in 1710.


1710 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1710 to Wales and its people.


1710 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1710.


1710 in music
The year 1710 in music involved some significant musical events and new works.


1710 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1710 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1710 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1710 in science
The year 1710 in science and technology involved some significant events.


17102 Begzhigitova
17102 Begzhigitova, provisional designation 1999 JB41, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 May 1999, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was named after Akmaral Begzhigitova, an ISEF awardee of 2003.


17102 Begzhigitova, Orbit and classification
Begzhigitova is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,211 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.