16-inch softball
16-inch softball (sometimes called clincher, mushball, cabbageball, puffball, blooperball, smushball and Chicago ball) is a variant of softball, but using a larger, softer ball with no gloves or mitts on the fielders. It more closely resembles the original game as developed in Chicago in the 19th century by George Hancock, and today it remains most popular in Chicago, New Orleans, Portland, Oregon, where leagues have existed since the 1960s, and Atlanta, Georgia. It also saw some popularity in Nashville, Tennessee, in the early 1980s.


16-inch softball
The first set of rules were published in 1937 by the Amateur Softball Association, in the same manual as the rules for fastpitch softball.


16-inch softball, Game play
Game play for 16-inch softball is mostly consistent with standard softball game play. In contrast to standard, or 12-inch (30.48 cm) softball, it is played with a ball 16 inches (40.64 cm) in circumference. Leagues may form co-ed, all-male, or all-female teams. Additionally, teams may choose competitive or recreational leagues. There may be rule variations associated with the specific field or league of play. When playing in a co-ed league, there may be other rules that relate to the male-to-female ratio of team members and batting order. The National Softball Association (NSA) also has a published set of rules governing 16-inch softball play.


16-inch softball, History
The earliest known softball game of any kind was played at the Farragut Boat Club in Chicago on Thanksgiving Day 1887. The first softball was a wrapped up boxing glove and the bat was a broom. Play was encouraged by a reporter, George Hancock, who had been looking on. Harvard and Yale students played the game while waiting to hear the results of the annual Harvard-Yale football game.


16-inch softball, History
Until the turn of the 20th century, ball sizes ranged from 12 to 17 inches in circumference. The 16-inch softball was eventually adopted in Chicago, perhaps because it did not travel as far as the popular 12- or 14-inch balls. This also may have allowed for play on smaller playgrounds or even indoors, accommodating the Chicago landscape and climate. Another possible advantage of the 16-inch ball was that it allowed everyone to play barehanded, and gloves were a rare luxury as the Great Depression hit Chicago particularly hard.


16-inch softball, History
After the first national championship held in 1933 at the Century of Progress World's Fair, the sport grew in popularity. A professional league was formed that lasted through the 1950s. Teams drew crowds of over 10,000 each night. Leagues continue today but not at the same level of popularity. There are co-ed recreational leagues, competitive leagues and even a league for Chicago Public School students.


16-inch softball, League and tournament play
Many local organizations host regular season play, typically weekly games, as well as their own playoff systems. National organizations, such as the NSA, host a variety of tournaments. By placing well in NSA tournaments, teams can qualify and compete for the 16-inch softball world series. Because local leagues may have slight variations in rules, the NSA world series is played by its own set of world series rules. One notable change is that Chicago area players, who typically are not allowed to wear gloves, may choose to wear gloves in world series games.


16-inch softball, Blooperball
In the Bay City, Michigan, area the game is known as "blooperball." Blooperball has been played in the area continuously since the 1930s and there is a ten-team league for players forty years old and over, as well as a charity blooperball event called "The Rehab," which has been held the weekend after Labor Day for almost forty years.


16-inch softball, Blooperball
Games are played with a deBeer Clincher 16" ball and gloves are used.


16-inch softball, Hall of Fame
In 1996 Al Maag and Tony Reibel established the 16" Softball Hall of Fame. Since inception, the organization has held annual inductee dinners attended by over 600 guests. There is a museum in Forest Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. The Chicago 16" Softball Hall of Fame is a registered 501(c) not-for-profit organization.


16-inch softball, Pop Culture
The game can be seen being played in multiple scenes in the film About Last Night whose storyline was set in Chicago.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun
The 16"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun is a naval gun designed in 1936 by the United States Navy for their Treaty battleships. It was first introduced in 1941 aboard their  North Carolina-class battleships, replacing the originally intended 14"/50 caliber Mark B guns and was also used for the follow-up South Dakota class. These battleships carried nine guns in three three-gun turrets. The gun was an improvement to the 16"/45 caliber guns used aboard the  Colorado class, and the predecessor to the 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun used aboard the  Iowa class.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description
The 16 in/45 were improved versions of the Mark 5 guns mounted on the  Colorado-class battleships, with their limit of a 2,240-pound (1,020 kg) shell with a maximum 35,000-yard (32,000 m) range at their turret limit of 30-degree elevation. A major alteration from the older guns was the Mark 6's ability to  fire a new 2,700-pound (1,200 kg) armor-piercing (AP) shell developed by the Bureau of Ordnance. At full charge with a brand-new gun, the heavy shell would be expelled at a muzzle velocity of 2,300 feet per second (700 m/s); at a reduced charge, the same shell would be fired at 1,800 f/s (550 m/s).


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description
Barrel life—the approximate number of rounds a gun could fire before needing to be relined or replaced—was 395 shells when using AP, increasing to 2,860 for practice rounds. By comparison, the 12"/50 caliber Mark 8 gun of the  Alaska-class large cruisers had a barrel life of 344 shots, while the 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun fitted in the  Iowa-class battleships had a barrel life of 290 rounds.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description
Turning at 4 degrees a second, each turret could train to 150 degrees on either side of the ship. The guns could be elevated to a maximum elevation of 45 degrees; turrets one and three could depress to −2 degrees, but due to its superfiring position, the guns on turret two could only depress to 0 degrees.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description
Each gun barrel was 61 feet 4 inches (18.69 m) long overall, which is 45 bore diameters, hence the 16"/45 caliber; its bore length was 60 feet (18 m) and rifling length was 51.5 feet (15.7 m). Maximum range was obtained at an elevation of 45 degrees. With the heavy AP shell the maximum range was 36,900 yards (21.0 mi; 33.7 km), and with the lighter 1,900-pound (860 kg) high capacity (HC) shell, 40,180 yards (22.8 mi; 36.7 km). The guns weighed 192,310 lb (87,230 kg; 86 long tons) not including the breech; the turrets weighed slightly over 3,100,000 lb (1,410,000 kg; 1400 long tons).


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Description
When firing the same shell, the 16 in/45 Mark 6 had a slight advantage over the 16 in/50 Mark 7 when hitting deck armor—a shell from a 45 cal gun would be slower, meaning that it would have a steeper trajectory as it descended. At 35,000 yards (20 mi; 32 km), a shell from a 45 cal would strike a ship at an angle of 45.2 degrees, as opposed to 36 degrees with the 50 cal.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Shell
The Mark 6 and 7 guns were originally intended to fire the relatively light 2,240-pound (1,020 kg) (1.00 long ton) Mark 5 armor-piercing shell. However, the shell-handling system for these guns was redesigned to use the "super-heavy" 2,700-pound (1,200 kg) APCBC (armor-piercing, capped, ballistic capped) Mark 8 shell before any of the  Iowa-class battleships were laid down. The large-caliber guns were designed to fire two different 16-inch (406 mm) shells: an armor-piercing round for anti-ship and anti-structure work, and a high-explosive round designed for use against unarmored targets and shore bombardment.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Shell
The Mark 8 shells gave the North Carolina, South Dakota, and Iowa classes the second heaviest broadside of all battleship classes, despite the fact that the North Carolina and South Dakota ships were treaty battleships. Only the  Yamato-class could throw more weight. The Mark 6's disadvantage relative to other contemporary battleship classes was its comparatively shorter range.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Shell
The propellant consists of small cylindrical grains of smokeless powder with an extremely high burning rate. A maximum charge consists of six silk bags, each filled with 110 pounds (50 kg) of propellant.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history
The Mark 6 16-inch gun holds several distinctions relating to the United States' World War II combat history.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history
In the first instance, the battleship USS Massachusetts (BB-59) employed these 16"/45 caliber guns as her primary armament, and she is believed to have fired the United States' first and last 16-inch shells of World War II; the first use occurring on 8 November 1942 during the Naval Battle of Casablanca (shortly before the Naval battle of Guadalcanal), the last on 9 August 1945 off the coast of Hamamatsu, Japan.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history
Furthermore, their use at Casablanca was the only time that a fast battleship of the US Navy fired its guns in anger in the European theater, which was also one of the two engagements in World War II where the US Navy's fast battleship dueled an enemy battleship. Massachusetts' heavy 16-inch AP shells caused significant damage to the incomplete battleship Jean Bart although few of the shells actually exploded because they had been fitted with fuzes manufactured in 1918.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history
One of Massachusetts' hits penetrated both of Jean Bart's armor decks and exploded in the empty magazines for the missing 152 mm guns, had this magazine been full of propellant charges the resulting explosion could have destroyed the vessel, while Massachusetts' fifth salvo jammed the rotating mechanism of Jean Bart's sole operational main battery turret.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history
In the second instance, as the primary armament of USS Washington (BB-56) these guns were employed against the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kirishima (a much older and less powerful ship, armed with 8 × 14-inch guns and originally built as a battlecruiser during World War I) during the Naval battle of Guadalcanal; this has been cited by historians as the only instance in World War II in which one American battleship actually sank an enemy battleship. (While there was a battleship-versus-battleship engagement at Leyte Gulf, torpedoes rather than gunfire were largely regarded as being responsible for sinking the enemy battleships.)


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history
The Washington had the aid of a naval fire control computer—in this case the Ford Instrument Company Mark 8 Range Keeper analog computer used to direct the fire from the battleship's guns, taking into account several factors such as the speed of the targeted ship, the time it takes for a projectile to travel, and air resistance to the shells fired at a target.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history
This gave the US Navy a major advantage in the Pacific War, as the Japanese did not develop radar or automated fire control to a comparable level (although they did have complex mechanical ballistics computers, which had been in use since World War I). Washington was able to track and fire at targets at a greater range and with increased accuracy, as was demonstrated in November 1942, when she engaged Kirishima at a range of 8,400 yards (7,700 m) at night.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Service history
Using her nine 16"/45 caliber Mark 6 guns, Washington fired 75 rounds of 16-inch AP shells and scored an incredible twenty heavy-caliber hits that critically damaged the Kirishima, which eventually sank. During the same battle, South Dakota also fired off several salvos from her 16"/45 guns before she had to withdraw for repairs due to a faulty circuit breaker.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor
The next US Navy battleship class, the  Iowa class, did not fall under Treaty weight restrictions and allowed for additional displacement. However, in their original design, the General Board was incredulous that a tonnage increase of 10,000 long tons (10,000 t) would only allow the addition of 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph)s over the South Dakotas. Rather than retaining the 16"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun used in the South Dakotas, they ordered that future studies would have to include the more powerful (but heavier) 16"/50 caliber Mark 2 guns left over from the canceled  Lexington-class battlecruisers and  South Dakota-class battleships of the early 1920s. It also allowed the draft of the ships to be increased, meaning that the ships could be shortened (lowering weight) and the power reduced (since a narrower beam reduces drag).


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor
The Mark 2 50-caliber gun turret weighed some 400 long tons (410 t) more than the Mark 6 45 caliber did; the barbette size also had to be increased so the total weight gain was about 2,000 long tons (2,000 t), putting the ship at a total of 46,551 long tons (47,298 t)—well over the 45,000 long ton limit. An apparent savior appeared in a Bureau of Ordnance preliminary design for a turret that could carry the 50 caliber guns in a smaller barbette. This breakthrough was shown to the General Board as part of a series of designs on 2 June 1938. Nonetheless, the Mark 7 gun still weighed about 239,000 pounds (108 000 kg) without the breech, or 267,900 pounds with the breech, considerably heavier than the Mark 6.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor
The Mark 7 had a greater maximum range over the Mark 6: 23.64 miles (38.04 km) vs 22.829 miles (36.740 km). When firing the same conventional shell, the 16"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun used by the treaty battleships of the  North Carolina and  South Dakota classes had a slight advantage over the 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun on the  Iowa class, when hitting deck armor—a shell from a 45 cal gun would be slower, meaning that it would have a steeper trajectory as it descended. At 35,000 yards (20 mi; 32 km), a shell from a 45 cal would strike a ship at an angle of 45.2 degrees, as opposed to 36 degrees with the 50 cal.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor
Barrel life—the approximate number of rounds a gun could fire before needing to be relined or replaced—was 395 shells when using AP, increasing to 2,860 for practice rounds. By comparison, the 12"/50 caliber Mark 8 gun of the  Alaska-class large cruisers had a barrel life of 344 shots, while the 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun fitted in the  Iowa-class battleships had a barrel life of 290 rounds.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor
Most World War II large scale naval battles involving the US Navy were fought by carrier-based aircraft in the Pacific, and so the chief use of the US Navy's battleship guns was shore bombardment. Nonetheless the Mark 6 guns saw ship-to-ship combat in the Pacific and European theaters.


16-inch/45-caliber Mark 6 gun, Successor
This was attributed to the fact that ships mounting the Mark 7 batteries, the  Iowa class, were commissioned later than the Mark 6-equipped  North Carolina and  South Dakota classes, so they missed the Naval Battles of Casablanca and the Guadalcanal, one of the few instances where the US Navy's battleships were deployed to fight other battleships. Operation Hailstone was the only instance that the Mark 7 guns were only fired at surface ships, against two light cruisers and three destroyers, in a somewhat controversial surface action since the US Navy carrier aircraft could have achieved similar results.


16-inch/45-caliber gun
The 16"/45 caliber gun (spoken "sixteen-inch-forty-five-caliber") was used for the main batteries of the last class of Standard-type battleships for the United States Navy, the  Colorado-class. These guns promised twice the muzzle energy over the Mark 7 12-inch/50 caliber guns of the  Wyoming-class battleship and a 50% increase over the 14-inch/45 caliber guns of the  New York-class,  Nevada-class, and  Pennsylvania-class battleships.


16-inch/45-caliber gun, Design
The 16-inch gun was a built-up gun constructed in a length of 45 calibers. The Mark 1 had an A tube, jacket, liner, and seven hoops, four locking rings and a screw-box liner. When the gun was designed in August 1913 it was referred to as the "Type Gun (45 Cal.)" as an effort to conceal the gun's true size of 16 inches. Gun No. 1, the prototype, was proof fired in July 1914, less than a year after it was designed.


16-inch/45-caliber gun, Design
After some minor changes the gun was re-proved in May 1916 with production approved in January 1917, for Gun Nos. 2–41. Bethlehem Steel was given a contract for 20 guns and an additional 20 castings were ordered from Watervliet Arsenal for assembly at the US Naval Gun Factory at the Washington Navy Yard.


16-inch/45-caliber gun, Design
The Mark 1 guns were upgraded to Marks 5 and 8 in the late 1930s. The Mark 5s have a larger chamber to permit larger charges and a new liner with a heavier taper carbon steel along with a liner locking ring and locking collar. The Mark 8, similar to the Mark 5, had a uniform rifling with a chromium plated bore for increased life.


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun
The 16 inch gun M1919 (406 mm) was a large coastal artillery piece installed to defend the United States' major seaports between 1920 and 1946. It was operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Only a small number were produced and only seven were mounted; in 1922 and 1940 the US Navy surplussed a number of their own 16-inch/50 guns, which were mated to modified M1919 carriages and filled the need for additional weapons.


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History
The first US 16-inch (406 mm) gun, a coastal artillery weapon, started construction in 1895 at Watervliet Arsenal. It was known as the M1895 and completed in 1902; only one was built. It was mounted on a disappearing carriage in Fort Grant on the Pacific side of the Panama Canal Zone in 1914, where it served until scrapped in 1943. The weapon's muzzle section was displayed at the Watervliet Arsenal museum, which closed in 2013.


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History
The second 16-inch (406 mm) gun was the United States Army 50 caliber Model 1919 (M1919). The first of these was deployed to Fort Michie, Great Gull Island, New York on a unique all-around-fire M1917 disappearing carriage, with elevation increased from 15° to 30°. An additional six of the Army-designed M1919 guns were built and deployed by 1927 in two-gun batteries on barbette carriages in the harbor defenses of Boston (Fort Duvall), New York City (Fort Tilden), and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (Fort Weaver).


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History
The 16-inch gun M1919 was built using the wire-wound method, common in Europe but rare in the United States. Based on the Coast Artillery's experience operating heavy weapons in World War I, especially the French-made 400 mm (15.75 inch) Modèle 1916 railway howitzer, the M1919 barbette carriage was designed with an elevation of 65° to allow plunging fire as enemy ships approached.


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History
In 1922, the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty caused the US Navy to cancel the  South Dakota-class battleships and the  Lexington-class battlecruisers, surplusing 16-inch/50 caliber Mark II and Mark III barrels. Initially, 20 guns were transferred to the Army, which built a new version of the M1919 mount for the naval guns. With funding lacking until 1940, five batteries of two guns each were built 1924-40 in the harbor defenses of Pearl Harbor, Panama (Pacific side), and San Francisco.


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History
In 1940 a near-fiasco was experienced in designing the Iowa-class battleships, and a new gun, the 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun, had to be designed for them, as they could not accommodate the Mark 2 and Mark 3 guns. With war on the horizon, the Navy released the approximately 50 remaining guns, and on 27 July 1940 the Army's Harbor Defense Board recommended the construction of 27 16-inch two-gun batteries to protect strategic points along the US coastline, all to be casemated against air attack, as were almost all of the older 16-inch batteries by this time.


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History
Typical of this plan were the guns placed to protect Narragansett Bay; two 16-inch guns in Battery Gray, Fort Church, Little Compton, Rhode Island, with two more in Battery Hamilton, Fort Greene, Point Judith, Narragansett, Rhode Island. A second battery of 16-inch guns at Fort Greene, Battery 109, had construction suspended in 1943 and never received guns. These batteries were placed such that they not only protected Narraganset Bay, but interdicted the main channels into Buzzards Bay and the east end of Long Island Sound.


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, History
By late 1943, the threat of a naval attack on the United States had diminished, and with two or four 16-inch guns in most harbor defenses, construction and arming of further batteries was suspended. As 16-inch guns and a companion improved 6-inch gun were emplaced, older weapons were scrapped. About 21 16-inch gun batteries were completed 1941-44, but not all of these were armed. With the war over in 1945, most of the remaining coast defense guns, including the recently emplaced 16-inch weapons, were scrapped by 1948.


16-inch/50-caliber M1919 gun, Specifications
The gun fired a 2,340 lb (1,060 kg). projectile to a range of 26 miles (42 km). The estimated cost of the gun and barbette was $520,000 in 1938. The new M1 Gun Data Computer was used in directing these guns.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun
The 16"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun and the near-identical Mark 3 were guns originally designed and built for the United States Navy as the main armament for the South Dakota-class battleships and  Lexington-class battlecruisers. The successors to the 16"/45 caliber gun Mark I gun, they were at the time among the heaviest guns built for use as naval artillery.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun
As part of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, both of these ship classes were cancelled part way through construction, rendering surplus about 70 examples of the 16-inch/50 which had already been built. Twenty were released to the US Army, between 1922–1924, for use by the Coast Artillery Corps, the rest were kept in storage for future naval use. Only ten of the twenty available guns were deployed (in five two-gun batteries) prior to 1940.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun
When the design of the  Iowa-class battleship began in 1938, it was initially assumed these ships would use the surplus guns. However, due to a miscommunication between the two Navy departments involved in the design, the ships required a lighter gun than the Mark 2/Mark 3, resulting, ultimately, in the design of the 267,900 lb (121,500 kg) 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun. In January 1941 all but three of the remaining fifty Mark 2 and Mark 3 guns were released to the Army. They were the primary armament of 21 two-gun batteries built in the United States and its territories during World War II. However, none of these were fired in anger.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development
The first example of a US 16-inch gun was an Army weapon, the M1895, approved for construction in 1895 and completed in 1902; only one was built. The first US Navy 16-inch gun was the 16-inch/45 caliber Mark 1 gun, which armed the Colorado-class battleships launched 1920–21. The second Navy design, the Mark 2, was intended as armament for the planned South Dakota-class battleships, and also selected for the modified design of the  Lexington-class battlecruisers, replacing the 14-inch/50 caliber gun that was originally used for the design. The Mark 3 was a slightly modified version of the Mark 2.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development
With the United States entering into the Washington Naval Treaty, the terms limited the United States to a maximum displacement of 35,000 long tons (36,000 t). As both the South Dakota-class battleships and Lexington-class battlecruisers exceeded this limit, the Navy was required to cancel their construction, doing so in 1922. While two of the Lexington class were re-ordered as  Lexington-class aircraft carriers, none of them were completed with the barbettes necessary to mount these guns. Construction of the 16-inch Mark 2 and Mark 3 guns was also cancelled with 70 completed, plus the prototype, Gun No. 42.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development
Twenty of the existing guns were transferred to the Army in 1922 to supplement the Army's more massive and much more expensive 16-inch gun M1919, of which only seven were ever deployed. The remaining Mk2/Mk3 guns were retained for use on future warships. With funding lacking until 1940, five batteries of two Mk2/Mk3 guns each were built 1924–40 in the harbor defenses of Pearl Harbor, the Panama Canal Zone (Pacific side), and San Francisco. They were designated 16-inch Navy guns MkIIMI and MkIIIMI in Army service.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development
A version of the M1919 barbette mount used for the M1919 guns was used for these batteries, except at Fort Funston in San Francisco, where Battery Davis was the prototype for the M2 mount and casemating. Based on the Coast Artillery's experience operating heavy weapons in World War I, especially the French-made 400 mm (15.75 inch) Modèle 1916 railway howitzer, all barbette carriages for 16-inch guns were designed with an elevation of 65 degrees to allow plunging fire as enemy ships approached.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development
In 1938, with the signing of the Second London Naval Treaty, the tonnage limit for battleships was relaxed to 45,000 tons. After this, the U.S. Navy began design of a ship that would fit this higher tonnage limit, eventually resulting in the  Iowa-class battleship. The larger size would allow for guns with a 16-inch caliber and a 50-caliber length, larger than the 16-inch/45 caliber Mark 6 guns used on the North Carolina- and South Dakota-class battleships.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Development
While the Iowa-class battleships were under construction, the Bureau of Ordnance assumed that the guns to be used would be the existing Mark 2 and 3 weapons, and through miscommunication, the Bureau of Construction and Repair assumed the ships would use a lighter design. As a result, the Mark 2 and 3 guns were not used for these, and the 16-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 gun was designed instead. The Mark 2 and 3 guns were never placed on any ship.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Design
The 16-inch Mark 2 was 50 calibers long, with a liner, an A tube, jacket and seven hoops with four hoop locking rings and a screw box liner. The Mod 0 used an increasing twist in the rifling while the Mod 1 used a uniform twist and a different groove pattern. The Mark 3 was the same as the Mark 2 but used a one-step conical liner. The Mark 3 Mod 0 had an increasing rifling twist (like the Mark 2 Mod 0) while the Mark 3 Mod 1 utilized a uniform twist. At the time the program was cancelled, in 1922, 71 guns had been built, including the prototype, while another 44 were in progress.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Design
A Mark 3 Mod 1 was modified and used as the prototype for the 16-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 gun, which would go on to arm the Iowa-class battleships; it was redesignated as Mark D Mod 0.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Description
These built-up guns were 66 feet 8 inches (20.32 m) long—50 times their 16-inch (406 mm) bore, or 50 calibers from breechface to muzzle. With a full powder charge of 700 pounds (320 kg), the guns were capable of firing a 2,110-pound (960 kg) Mark 3 armor-piercing shell with a muzzle velocity of 2,800 feet per second (850 m/s) firing out to an effective range of 44,680 yards (40,860 m). The Army used a reduced charge (672 pounds (305 kg) with Mark 3 shell or 648 pounds (294 kg) with Mark 12 shell) and either a 2,110-pound (960 kg)


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Description
Mark 3 shell or a 2,240-pound (1,020 kg) Mark 12 shell, for a muzzle velocity of 2,750 feet per second (840 m/s) with the Mark 3 or 2,650 feet per second (810 m/s) with the Mark 12. The range for the Army version is listed as 45,150 yd (41,290 m) but it is not clear which shell and charge this is for.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Service
With war on the horizon, the Navy released the approximately 50 remaining guns, and on 27 July 1940, in the wake of the Fall of France, the Army's Harbor Defense Board recommended the construction of twenty-seven 16-inch two-gun batteries to protect strategic points along the US coastline, to be casemated against air attack, as was begun with almost all of the older batteries. The M2 through M5 barbette mounts were used for the later batteries. As with the previous M1919 barbette carriage, these were designed with an elevation of 65 degrees to allow plunging fire as enemy ships approached. About twenty-one 16-inch gun batteries were completed at eleven harbor defense commands in 1941–44, but not all of these were armed.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Service
Typical of this plan were the guns placed to protect Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island; two 16-inch guns in Battery Gray, Fort Church, Little Compton, Rhode Island, with two more in Battery Hamilton, Fort Greene, Point Judith, Narragansett, Rhode Island. A second battery of 16-inch guns at Fort Greene, Battery 109, had construction suspended in 1943 and never received guns. These batteries were placed such that they not only protected Narraganset Bay, but interdicted the main channels into Buzzards Bay and the east end of Long Island Sound.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Service
By late 1943, the threat of a naval attack on the United States had diminished, and with two or four 16-inch guns in most harbor defenses, construction and arming of further batteries was suspended. As 16-inch guns and a companion improved 6-inch gun were emplaced, older weapons were scrapped. With the war over in 1945, most of the remaining coast defense guns, including the recently emplaced 16-inch weapons, were scrapped by 1948.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Surviving examples
All but four of these guns were scrapped by 1950. One remaining piece is a Mark 3 (Bethlehem Steel No. 138) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland,  . Another is a Mark 2 (Naval Gun Factory No. 111) at the former Naval Gun Factory at the Washington Navy Yard, part of the Naval Historical Center museum collection. Two Mark 2 guns (Nos. 96 and 100) remain at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia. Project HARP used some 16-inch, Mark II, Mod 1 barrels for high altitude projectile research.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Surviving examples
At least two of these barrels can be found at the abandoned Project HARP research site in Barbados, near the eastern end of Grantley Adams International Airport. Another complete HARP gun, made of two 16-inch barrels, is at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona. Another survivor is the Fort Miles 16 inch mark 2 guns.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery
16-inch Navy MkIIMI gun on M1919 barbette mount, Fort Kobbe, Panama Canal Zone


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery
Aerial view of 16-inch Navy MkIIMI gun on M1919 barbette mount, Fort Kobbe, Panama Canal Zone


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery
A 16-inch gun on the road to Fort Funston, San Francisco


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery
16-inch gun pit, Battery 129, Fort Barry, Marin Headlands, California


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery
Casemated 16-inch gun emplacement, Battery 129, Fort Barry, Marin Headlands, California


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery
16-inch/50 caliber Mark 3 gun on proof mounting, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 2 gun, Gallery
16-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 gun and shell in front of a World War II emplacement for Mark 2 guns at Fort John Custis (aka Cape Charles Air Force Station), Virginia


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun
The 16"/50 caliber Mark 7 – United States Naval Gun is the main armament of the Iowa-class battleships and was the planned main armament of the cancelled  Montana-class battleship.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description
Due to a lack of communication during design, the Bureau of Ordnance assumed the Iowa class would use the 16-inch (406 mm)/50 Mark 2 guns constructed for the 1920 South Dakota-class battleships. However, the Bureau of Construction and Repair assumed that the ships would carry a new, lighter, more compact 16-in/50 and designed the ships with barbettes too small to accommodate a 16-in/50 Mark 2 three-gun turret. The new 16-in/50 Mark 7 was designed to resolve this conflict.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description
These guns were 50 calibers long—or 50 times their 16-inch (406 mm) bore diameter, which makes the barrels 66.7 ft (20.3 m) long, from chamber to muzzle. Each gun weighed about 239,000 lb (108,000 kg) without the breech, and 267,900 lb (121,500 kg) with the breech. They fired projectiles weighing from 1,900 to 2,700 lb (860 to 1,220 kg) at a maximum speed of 2,690 feet per second (820 m/s) with a range of up to 24 mi (39 km). At maximum range the projectile spent almost 1½ minutes in flight. Each turret required a crew of 79 men to operate. The turrets themselves cost US$1.4 million each, to which the cost of the guns had to be added.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description
The turrets were "three-gun", not "triple", because each barrel could be elevated and fired independently. The ships could fire any combination of their guns, including a broadside of all nine. The turret interiors were subdivided and designed to permit the independent loading, elevation and firing of each gun. Each turret was also installed with an optical range finder, ballistic analog computer, and a switchboard. The rangefinder and ballistic computer permitted the turret's gun captain and crew to locally engage targets, should battle damage disrupt communication with the ship's primary or auxiliary fire control centers. The firing switchboard allowed any remaining fire control computer to send data to or control the firing computers of other turrets in the event of battle damage to the primary and secondary artillery plotting rooms.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description
Contrary to popular belief, the ships did not move sideways noticeably when a broadside was fired; this is simply an illusion. With the enormous mass of the vessel and the damping effect of the water around the hull, the pressure wave generated by the gunfire was felt much more than the slight change in lateral velocity.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description
The guns could be elevated from −5 degrees to +45 degrees, moving at up to 12 degrees per second. The turrets could rotate about 300 degrees at about 4 degrees per second and could even be fired back beyond the beam, which is sometimes called "over the shoulder". A red stripe on the wall of each turret, just inches from the railing, marked the limit of the gun's recoil as a safety warning to the turret's crew.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description
Complementing the 16-in/50 caliber Mark 7 gun was a fire control computer, in this case the Ford Instrument Company Mark 8 Range Keeper. This analog computer was used to direct the fire from the battleship's big guns, taking into account several factors such as the speed of the targeted ship, the projectile's travel time, and air resistance. At the time the  Montana class was set to begin construction, the rangekeepers had gained the ability to use radar data to help target enemy ships and land-based targets.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description
The results of this advance were telling: the rangekeeper was able to track and fire at targets at greater range and with increased accuracy, day or night. This gave the US Navy a major advantage in the later half of WWII, as the Japanese did not develop radar or automated fire control to the level of the US Navy.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Description
During their reactivation in the 1980s, the modern Mark 160 Fire Control System was used to guide the fire of the Iowa-class Battleship Mark 7 guns.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 "Super-heavy" shell
The Mark 7 gun was originally intended to fire the relatively light 2,240-pound (1,020 kg) Mark 5 armor-piercing shell. However, the shell-handling system for these guns was redesigned to use the "super-heavy" 2,700-pound (1,200 kg) APCBC (Armor Piercing, Capped, Ballistic Capped) Mark 8 shell before any of the  Iowa-class battleship's keels were laid down. The large-caliber guns were designed to fire two different 16 inch (406 mm) shells: an armor-piercing round for anti-ship and anti-structure work, and a high-explosive round designed for use against unarmored targets and shore bombardment.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 "Super-heavy" shell
The Mark 7 guns and the 2,700-pound projectiles were 19.2 percent lighter than the 46 cm/45 Type 94 naval guns of the Japanese  Yamato-class battleships, but had better armor penetration ability at long range. (Sectional density = 6.9 grams per square millimeter for the IJN shell and 7.43 grams per square millimetrer in the USN gun.)


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 "Super-heavy" shell
The  North Carolina and  South Dakota classes could also fire the 2,700-pound Mark 8 shell, although with a shorter range, using the 16"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun. The Mark 6 gun was lighter than the Mark 7, which helped both battleship classes to conform to the limits of the Washington Naval Treaty.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 "Super-heavy" shell
The Mark 8 shells gave the North Carolina, South Dakota, and Iowa classes the second heaviest broadside of all battleship classes, even though the North Carolina and South Dakota ships were treaty battleships. Only the Yamato-class super-battleships could throw more weight.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Mark 8 "Super-heavy" shell
The D839 propellant (smokeless powder) grain used for full charges issued for this gun was 2 in (51 mm) long, 1 in (25 mm) in diameter and had seven perforations, each 0.060 in (1.5 mm) in diameter with a web thickness range of 0.193 to 0.197 in (4.9 to 5.0 mm) between the perforations and the grain diameter. A maximum charge consisted of six silk bags–hence the term bag gun–each filled with 110 lb (50 kg) of propellant.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Construction
The Mark 7 gun was a built-up gun and was constructed of liner, tube, jacket, three hoops, two locking rings, tube and liner locking ring, yoke ring and screw box liner. Some components were autofretted. Typical of United States naval weapons built in the 1940s, the bore was chromium-plated for longer barrel life. It had a Welin breech block that opened downwards and was hydraulically operated. The screw box liner and breech plug was segmented with stepped screw threads arranged in fifteen sectors of 24 degrees each.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Service history
Off of Truk Atoll on 16 February 1944, Iowa and New Jersey engaged the Japanese destroyer Nowaki at a range of 35,700 yards (32.6 km) and straddled her, setting the record for the longest-ranged straddle in history. Some reports indicated the near misses caused splinter damage and casualties to the crew. Nowaki was able to escape due to the range and her speed. The action against Nowaki was part of Operation Hailstone. This is the only surface engagement that Iowa-class battleships are known to have engaged in. In the action they participated in the sinking of the IJN light cruiser Katori, the destroyer Maikaze, and the auxiliary cruiser Akagi Maru.


16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun, Service history
The gun was also used as the basis for Project HARP, an experimental gun-based space-launch research program.


16-line message format
16-line message format, or Basic Message Format, is the standard military radiogram format (in NATO allied nations) for the manner in which a paper message form is transcribed through voice, Morse code, or TTY transmission formats. The overall structure of the message has three parts: HEADING (which can use as many as 10 of the format's 16 lines), TEXT (line 12), and ENDING. This heading is further divided into procedure, preamble, address, and prefix. Each format line contains pre-defined content. An actual message may have fewer than 16 actual lines, or far more than 16, because some lines are skipped in some delivery methods, and a long message may have a TEXT portion that is longer than 16 lines by itself.


16-line message format
This radiotelegraph message format (also "radio teletype message format", "teletypewriter message format", and "radiotelephone message format") and transmission procedures have been documented in numerous military standards, going back to at least World War II-era U.S. Army manuals.


16-line message format, Current Definition and Usage
The 16-line format and procedures for transmitting it vary slightly depending on the communications medium, but all variations are designed to be harmonious and the procedures describe how to convert (refile) between the formats.


16-line message format, Example Messages
When sent as an ACP-126 message over teletype, a 16-line format radiogram would appear similar to this:


16-line message format, Example Messages
Some of the format lines in the above example have been omitted for efficiency. The translation of this abbreviate format follows:


16-line message format, Example Messages, Historical Development
The concept of the standard message format originated in the wired telegraph services. Each telegraph company likely had its own format, but soon after radio telegraph services began, some elements of the message exchange format were codified in international conventions (such as Articles 9, 22, 26, 29, 30, and Appendix 1 of the International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1927), and these were then often duplicated in domestic radio communications regulations (such as the FCC in the U.S.) and in military procedure documentation.


16-line message format, Example Messages, Historical Development
Military organizations independently developed their own procedures, and in addition to differing from the international procedures, they sometimes differed between different branches of the military within the same country.


16-line message format, Example Messages, Historical Development
For example, the publication "Communication Instructions, 1929", from the U.S. Navy Department, includes:


16-line message format, Sources for Procedures
Training for message handling may (or may not) be found listed in the following documents:


16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead)
16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead) is the eighth studio album by the German heavy metal band Primal Fear. It is the first album by the band not featuring long-time guitarist Stefan Leibing and the first album featuring new guitarist Magnus Karlsson, and the final album with guitarist Henny Wolter. The band says of the album that it "includes a lot of the vibe of our very first albums" and also "a lot of fresh and new elements".


16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead)
A music video was made for "Six Times Dead (16.6)".


16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead), Track listing
All songs written by Mat Sinner, Henry Wolter, Magnus Karlsson and Ralf Scheepers


16/330 Khajoor Road
16/330 Khajoor Road is the sixth album by the Indian band Indian Ocean, the first one after the tragic demise of Asheem Chakravarty. The band has added two new members for this album, Himanshu Joshi for vocals and Tuheen Chakravarty for Tabla and other percussion. Lyrics are penned by Sanjeev Sharma.


16/330 Khajoor Road
The album is named after this picturesque 100-year-old bungalow where Indian Ocean has been rehearsing and creating their music at since May 1997. This bungalow is located in the Karol Bagh area of Delhi. The band was offered this house by friends, Gurpreet Sidhu and Orijit Sen, who were living there at that time.


16/330 Khajoor Road, Track listing, Free Downloads
Note: Released separately from July 25, 2010 (2010-07-25)-February 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)


16/9 (album)
16/9 is the 2004 studio album by the French R&B singer Nâdiya. The album and singles off it were a huge success and very popular in France and Switzerland. The album remained for over 90 weeks on the French album chart, which is a remarkable achievement for an album. The album peaked at number six in its thirty-third week. After a year and seven months, the album was certified platinum by SNEP, the French certifier, which means it has sold over 300,000 copies in France, as the official sites notes that over 500,000 copies were sold of the album. The possibility of this being true is very large, as SNEP does not certify 500,000 copies to a name, only certifying 600,000 copies to 2x platinum. Worldwide, the album has sold over 750,000 copies. It won the Victoires de la musique award for best rap/hip-hop/R&B album of the year.


160
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


160
Year 160 (CLX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Atilius and Vibius (or, less frequently, year 913 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 160 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


160 (number)
160 (one hundred [and] sixty) is the natural number following 159 and preceding 161.


160 (number), In mathematics
160 is the sum of the first 11 primes, as well as the sum of the cubes of the first three primes.


160 (number), In mathematics
Given 160, the Mertens function returns 0. 160 is the smallest number n with exactly 12 solutions to the equation φ(x) = n.


160 Ann Street, Brisbane
160 Ann Street, Brisbane is an office tower located in the heart of  central business district (CBD) of Brisbane, Queensland in Australia and adjacent to  the Brisbane River. After its completion in 1972,  the tower was owned successively by Australian companies Zurich Australia Insurance, Precision Group,  Investa Property Group, and CorVal Partners.


160 Ann Street, Brisbane, History
Since its construction in 1972, 160 Ann Street, Brisbane has had various owners.


160 Ann Street, Brisbane, History
In November 1995, Zurich Australia, part of the Zurich Insurance Group, bought it for $41.75 million. In 2005 it sold the building to Precision Group who, in 2006, transferred it to the Investa Property Group as part of a property swap. Its present owners, CorVal Partners, acquired the building in 2012.


160 Ann Street, Brisbane, History
In 2009 a study of the building was carried out as part of a Solar Hearting & Cooling Programme of the International Energy Agency. It was funded by the Australian Research Council and  "considered as a 'Critical Case' representing common physical and operational characteristics of typical high rise office buildings in Australia".


160 Ann Street, Brisbane, History
In 2011 Central Queensland University commenced its Brisbane campus in the building.


160 BC
Year 160 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Cethegus (or, less frequently, year 594 Ab urbe condita)  and the Fourth Year of Houyuan. The denomination 160 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


160 Squadron (Israel)
160 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force (also known as The First Cobra or Northern Cobra Squadron) was formed in April 1980.


160 Squadron (Israel)
The squadron initially operated fifteen MD500s and three AH-1S Cobras. In the following year, nine AH-1F Cobras were delivered, followed by eight more in 1985, and four more in 1987. The squadron conducted operations during Operation Peace for Galilee, Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, but did not initially engage in anti-tank combat, rather serving as close air support. In 2001, Israel acquired 15 AH-1E helicopters from the US Army. As of 2005, the squadron uses exclusively AH-1E/F helicopters.


160 Squadron (Israel)
On 2 August 2013, as part of the IDF's budget cut plans, along with the fact that the Cobra helicopters were considered relatively unsafe with many accidents credited to its operation history, it was closed (along with 140 Squadron,)


160 Tooley Street
160 Tooley Street is a municipal facility in Tooley Street, Southwark, London. It is the headquarters of Southwark London Borough Council.


160 Tooley Street, History
The proposed development combined the refurbishment of some Victorian warehouses with the construction of a modern six-storey office block behind the warehouses. The site was assembled by the developer, Great Portland Estates, at a cost of £19 million in 2004 and the building was forward sold to UBS Global Asset Management for £94 million, before works started, in June 2006.


160 Tooley Street, History
The new facility was designed by Allford Hall Monaghan Morris, built by Laing O'Rourke at a cost of £42 million and completed in June 2008. The developer had specified that at least 10% of the building's power requirement should be capable of being met from renewable energy.


160 Tooley Street, History
Southwark London Borough Council, which had previously been based at the ageing Camberwell Town Hall, moved into the completed building, which measured 18,500 square metres (199,000 sq ft), as rental tenants in March 2009. The council acquired the freehold ownership of the building from UBS for £170 million in December 2012. It continues to be the administrative headquarters and meeting place of Southwark London Borough Council and some 2,000 council staff are based in the complex. Memorials to council staff who had died in the First and Second World Wars, which had been recovered from Camberwell Town Hall, were rededicated by the Bishop of Southwark, Christopher Chessun, at Tooley Street in March 2013.


160 Transport Regiment RLC
160 Transport Regiment Royal Logistic Corps (Volunteers), was a regiment of the Territorial Army in the United Kingdom.


160 Transport Regiment RLC, Lineage
160 Transport Regiment can trace its lineage back to 1951, when the Army Emergency Reserve was formed. This comprised a reserve of individuals rather than units, with civilian skills that could be transferred to military use. Reservists were required to undertake two weeks of military training per year and could be called up under the same conditions as the Regular Reserve regiments. As part of the Army Emergency Reserve the Royal Army Service Corps established ten transport columns and additional sub-units with other logistic roles. By 1962 this had been reduced to two; 101 Tank Transport Column and 104 Transport Column, plus sub-units. In 1965, when the Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) was formed, these columns where redesignated regiments.


160 Transport Regiment RLC, First formation
In the 1967 Defence Review the Territorial Army and the Army Emergency Reserve were merged and renamed the Territorial & Army Volunteer Reserve (T&AVR). As a result, on 1 April 1967, 160 Transport Regiment, Royal Corps of Transport (Volunteers), was formed at Grange Camp, Bedford, the location of the RCT's Central Volunteer Headquarters (CVH), from personnel from 101 and 104 Transport Regiments RASC (AER). This new unit comprised 260 (Ambulance) Squadron, 261 (Bridging) Squadron, 262 (Petroleum Transport) Squadron and 263 (Tipper) Squadron. It initially provided engineering support as part of the Logistic Support Group (LSG) for the United Kingdom Mobile Force (UKMF) in NATO's Northern European Command.


160 Transport Regiment RLC, First formation
In 1972 260 (Ambulance) Squadron was transferred to 161 Ambulance Regiment, RCT(V). In 1976 the regiment moved to new headquarters at Prince William of Gloucester Barracks, Grantham. On 1 April 1982, 160 Transport Regiment became part of 2 Transport Group, Royal Corps of Transport, an RCZ (Rear Combat Zone) formation of the British Army of the Rhine, exchanging roles with 155 (Wessex) Transport Regiment (Volunteers) which took over the engineer support role, and became a transport unit. It now comprised a Regimental HQ & Headquarters Squadron, 261 (General Transport) Squadron, 262 (Petroleum Transport) Squadron and 263 (General Transport) Squadron.


160 Transport Regiment RLC, First formation
At this time 261 Squadron was operating the AEC Militant GS 10-ton truck which remained in service until around 1990. In 1990 a number of members of the regiment volunteered to serve with 15 Transport Squadron RCT, on a 6-month operational tour supporting the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus.


160 Transport Regiment RLC, First formation
The Options for Change Defence Review of 1990, drastically reduced the size of both the Regular and Territorial Army, with the Royal Corps of Transport being merged into the Royal Logistic Corps in April 1993, and at the same time 160 Transport Regiment was disbanded, with many of its personnel being absorbed by 161 Ambulance Regiment, RLC (V).


160 Transport Regiment RLC, Second formation
However, on 1 April 1995 160 Transport Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps was re-established to provide logistic support, particularly fuel resupply, to the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC). The regiment now comprised the Regimental HQ & 260 (Headquarters) Squadron, 261 (General Transport DROPS) Squadron, 262 (Fuel) Squadron and 263 (General Transport DROPS) Squadron.


160 Transport Regiment RLC, Second formation
Following the 1998 Strategic Defence Review, 160 Transport Regiment was merged with 164 Transport Regiment, with squadrons from each being disbanded. The regiment now comprised the Regimental HQ, 261 (General Transport) Squadron and 263 (General Transport) Squadron (from 160), and 270 (General Transport) Squadron (from 164). In 2001 the regiment provided support to civil authorities during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.


160 Transport Regiment RLC, Second formation
In January 2003 the Government decided to mobilise elements of the Territorial Army to support of military operations in Iraq (Operation Telic), and around 120 members of the regiment served there attached to other units. In April 2006 160 Transport Regiment was augmented by the addition of 126 (Petroleum) Squadron, transferred from 166 Supply Regiment RLC, which specialized in the construction and operation of bulk fuel installations. The regiment was twinned with 8 Transport Regiment RLC, during operations in Afghanistan (Operation Herrick), with personnel from the regiment providing replacements and backup, and also on detachment to other units.


160 Transport Regiment RLC, Second formation
As a result of the Army 2020 review, 160 Transport Regiment was disbanded at Grantham on 17 May 2014. However, personnel from the regiment then formed 160 (Lincoln) Transport Squadron, as part of 158 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, based at Sobraon Barracks, Lincoln.


160 Una
Una (minor planet designation: 160 Una) is a fairly large and dark, primitive Main belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on February 20, 1876, in Clinton, New York. It is named after a character in Edmund Spenser's epic poem The Faerie Queene (1590).


160 Una
In the Tholen classification system it is categorized as a CX-type, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an Xk asteroid. Photometric observations of this asteroid made at the Torino Observatory in Italy during 1990–1991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 5.61 ± 0.01 hours.


160-meter band
160-meter band refers to the band of radio frequencies between 1.8 and 2 MHz, just above the medium wave broadcast band. For many decades the lowest radio frequency band allocated for use by amateur radio, before the adoption, at the beginning of the 21st century in most countries, of the 630- and 2200-meter bands. Amateur operators often refer to 160 meters as the Top Band It is also sometimes nicknamed the "Gentleman's Band" in contrast to the often-freewheeling activity in the 80-, 40- and 20-meter bands.


160-meter band, Frequency allocations
The International Telecommunication Union currently allocates all frequencies from 1.81–2 MHz to amateur radio operations in ITU Region 1 (Europe, Greenland, Africa, the Middle East west of the Persian Gulf and including Iraq, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia) and 1.8–2 MHz in the rest of the world.


160-meter band, History
The 160-meter band is the oldest amateur band and was the staple of reliable communication in the earliest days of amateur radio, when almost all communications were over relatively short distances, and typical operating frequencies were below 20 MHz.


160-meter band, History
In the UK 160 meters was the primary band used for mobile operation for many years. Despite many obstacles and threats from commercial and military radio, the efforts of a small number of determined 160-meter operators enabled the band allocation to survive.


160-meter band, History, Origin
The band was allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C., on 4 October 1927. The allocation at that time was 1.715–2 MHz.


160-meter band, History, Cut-backs
The International Radio Conference of Atlantic City reduced the allocation to 1.8–2 MHz under the provision that amateurs must not interfere with LORAN operation.


160-meter band, History, Cut-backs
As the high frequency (HF) bands were developed in mid-1920s – along with their smaller, more feasible antennas – 160 meters fell into a period of relative disuse. Although there has always been activity on the band, fewer and fewer hams are willing (or able, due to lack of sufficient real estate) to put up the antennas necessary to take advantage of the band's unique properties. For most amateurs, the HF bands are much easier to use, and HF antennas need a lot less real estate.


160-meter band, History, Cut-backs
During World War II all amateur radio licenses were suspended, prohibiting amateur transmission on any radio band.


160-meter band, History, Gradual restoration
After World War II, it first seemed that the 160-meter band was not coming back, since a large part of the U.S. 160-meter band was allocated on a primary basis to the LORAN radio-navigation system that began operating in and around the 160-meter band in 1942. Amateurs were relegated to secondary, non-interfering status, with severe regional power limitations and restricted day/night operations on just a few narrow segments of the band.


160-meter band, History, Gradual restoration
Many older hams recall, with no great fondness, the ear-shattering buzz-saw racket of high power LORAN stations that began in 1942 until LORAN-A was phased out in North America on 31 December 1980, and most of the world by 1985. LORAN-A was still operating in China and Japan in 1995. Great ingenuity was used to eliminate the pulse noise of the powerful LORAN-A transmitters through such famous circuitry as the "Select-O-Ject" of the late 1950s. The technology was adapted to modern noise blanking circuits used in current amateur receivers and transceivers.


160-meter band, History, Current
The band experienced a resurgence with the demise of LORAN-A in the United States in December 1980, and the removal of power restrictions below 1.9 MHz soon thereafter. Power restrictions above 1.9 MHz were removed in March 1984, and 160 meters was then no longer regarded as the "abandoned" band, as it had been for more than half a century. Also, with the 21st century allocation of two more bands at lower frequencies, 160 meters is no longer the only mediumwave band, and no longer the lowest-frequency amateur band.


160-meter band, Technical characteristics
160 meters is populated by many dedicated experimenters, as it is a proving ground for ingenuity in antenna design and operating technique. It also serves as a "training-ground" for the 630m and 2200m bands, where logistical and technical demands are even more extreme.


160-meter band, Technical characteristics, Size, power, and safety
Effective operation on 160 meters can be more challenging than most other amateur bands, because of the overwhelmingly large sizes required for efficient antennas. Full -sized antennas (on the order of a quarter-wavelength or more) are over 130 feet for monopoles, which is also the recommended height for mounting a horizontal dipole antenna, and half-square loops reach nearly 70 feet high. That much real estate may not be feasible for many amateurs, and even with space available, erecting and securing such a large structure is a challenge.


160-meter band, Technical characteristics, Size, power, and safety
The size of the safety zone around an antenna depends on several factors, including the power fed to the antenna, but is roughly 30–40 m (100–130 ft) from the center of the lowest radiating part of the antenna. If high power is used to compensate for an under-sized antenna, even a small antenna will require a full-sized safety zone around it, free of people and animals. Nevertheless, many radio amateurs successfully communicate over very long distances with relatively small antennas.


160-meter band, Technical characteristics, Propagation
During the day propagation is limited to local contacts, but long distance contacts are possible at night, especially around sunrise and sunset and during periods of sunspot minima.


160-meter band, Technical characteristics, Propagation
Much about ionospheric and propagation on 160 meters is still not completely understood. Phenomena such as "chordal hop" propagation are frequently observed, as well as other unexplained long-distance propagation mechanisms. Inexplicable radio blackouts occur on 160 meters – sometimes also on the AM broadcast band. Many of these phenomena have been investigated in the scientific community also.


160-minute solar cycle
The 160-minute solar cycle was an apparent periodic oscillation in the solar surface which was observed in a number of early sets of data collected for helioseismology.


160-minute solar cycle
The presence of a 160 minute cycle in the Sun is not substantiated by contemporary solar observations, and the historical signal is considered by mainstream scientists to occur as the redistribution of power from the diurnal cycle as a result of the observation window and atmospheric extinction.


160-minute solar cycle, History
The birth of helioseismology occurred in 1976 with the publications of papers from Brookes, Isaak and van der Raay  and Severny, Kotov and Tsap, both of which reported upon the observation of a 160-minute solar oscillation with an amplitude of approximately two metres per second.


160-minute solar cycle, History
It was rapidly realised that this frequency corresponded to one-ninth of a day, and therefore the authenticity of this signal was in some doubt. If a non-sinusoidal oscillation is present in a time-series then power will be seen in a periodogram at not only the frequency of the oscillation, but also harmonics at integer multiples of this frequency. A re-analysis of data obtained over the period of 1974–1976 by Brookes et al. showed that the evidence for a stable, phase-coherent 160 minute oscillation at a constant amplitude was far from conclusive. Although the signal could be detected the amplitude appeared variable and was lower than first reported.


160-minute solar cycle, History
A re-affirmation of the 160 minute signal was obtained by analysis of data from groups in Crimea and Stanford over a long period of time. It was found that the phase showed a steady drift, indicative that the frequency being used in analysis differed slightly from that in the data. This implied that a period of 160.01 minutes  produced a better fit to the data. Evidence also emerged that multiple sets of observations were phase-coherent. These facts contributed to impressions that the origin of the observed signal was stellar and not terrestrial in origin.


160-minute solar cycle, History
In 1989 as higher-quality multiple-year datasets from a single site became available it was shown by Elsworth et al. that the period of the 160 minute signal was indeed 160.00 minutes, and the amplitude was dependent upon both the length and quality of data obtained in a season, with the signal more prominent at time where atmospheric condition were worse. The group were able to demonstrate that the signal may be simulated by a slightly distorted diurnal sine-wave such as may be obtained by differential atmospheric extinction.


160-minute solar cycle, History
Although claims of the presence of a 160-minute period in the Sun were still presented by Kotov et al. in 1990, and 1991, the mainstream scientific establishment had moved on.


160-minute solar cycle, Contemporary observations
There are currently two solar-observation networks, the BiSON and GONG networks which consist of a global network of stations, as well as space based instruments such as the GOLF instrument aboard the SOHO spacecraft. These are able to keep the Sun under near-continuous observation, and so largely eliminate the influence of diurnal signals. Data from these instruments shows no oscillation at 160 minutes.


1600
1600 (MDC) was a century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. It was the last century leap year until the year 2000.


1600 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1600 kHz: 1600 AM is classified as a regional frequency by the Federal Communications Commission.


1600 Broadway
1600 Broadway (also known as the Colorado State Bank Building) is a high-rise office building in the city of Denver, Colorado. The tower stands at a height of 352 feet (107 m), and comprises 26 floors. The building was designed by architecture firm RNL Design, and its construction was completed in 1972. Upon its completion, 1600 Broadway stood as the seventh-tallest building in Denver. It is currently ranked as the 30th-tallest building in Denver. BOK Financial Corporation, formerly the Colorado State Bank, is located at the building. In January 2019, Nuveen Real Estate purchased the building for $111 million.


1600 Daily
1600 Daily is an online newsletter started in March 2017. The newsletter was a part of the whitehouse.gov website and posted stories daily as well as sending emails with news to anyone who signs up. The news focused on what is happening in the White House. Other tidbits like the president's schedule and upcoming dates were included.


1600 Daily, History
1600 Daily was launched by the Trump administration in March 2017. The idea was for an email newsletter that anyone could sign up for via the White House website. Also called the West Wing Report, the newsletter would come in an email and include: a photo of the day, an article about the President (or sometimes Vice President), and the schedule for the President's day. Although the intention was for it to be an "email newsletter, meant to be read in the inbox," anyone could view the newsletter by visiting the website.


1600 Glenarm Place
1600 Glenarm Place is a 384 ft (117m) tall skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. Originally constructed in 1967 as the Security Life Building - it has since been converted into a multi-tenant luxury apartment complex. On the top floor of this building many years ago; there was a restaurant called "TOP OF THE ROCKIES". The exterior of the building used to  hold a separate elevator shaft for a glass elevator (SEE CURRENT PHOTO WHERE THIS BUMP STICKS OUT FROM THE STRUCTURE WITH THE NUMBER 1600 ON IT). The glass elevator was an express elevator that served the restaurant.


1600 Glenarm Place
The restaurant has been gone for many years. After operating for many years as an office building; times were about to change. In 2006, The Security Life Building underwent a major conversion from office to residential use. 1600 Glenarm Place is in the heart of Downtown Denver. The high-rise sits on the corner of 16th Street Mall and Glenarm Place, next to the Denver Pavilions.


1600 Glenarm Place
The building houses 333 units, with a large scale amenity overhaul having been completed in 2011, to include a fitness center, movie theater, large outdoor terrace, demonstration kitchen, conference room and game room. It shares the title as 21st tallest building in Denver with two other buildings. It is currently owned by the Northland Investment Corporation, under a subsidiary - Northland Glenarm, LLC after previous owner Plant Holdings NA, Inc. sold the building in 2018.


1600 Pacific Tower
1600 Pacific Tower, also known as the LTV Tower (and also originally National Bank of Commerce Building), is a skyscraper in the City Center District of Dallas, Texas, USA. The building rises 434 feet (132 meters). The structure contains 33 floors, made up originally of office space (but now consists of a hotel and apartments), standing as the 29th-tallest building in the city. The building is adjacent to Thanks-Giving Square and was, for a time, connected to the Dallas Pedestrian Network.


1600 Pacific Tower, History
The building was designed in 1961 by architects Harwood K. Smith and Dales Young Foster and opened in 1964 as the fifth tallest building in Dallas.


1600 Pacific Tower, History
Banking facilities for the National Bank of Commerce were located on the second and third floors, while the 28-story tower portion of the building contained the executive headquarters for LTV (Ling-Temco-Vought), Electro-Science Investors, and American Life Insurance Company plus other leasable space. 2 levels of parking are located below the structure.


1600 Pacific Tower, History
The ground floor contained a marble and granite pedestrian mall connecting Elm Street and Pacific Avenue, open 24 hours a day for pedestrian passage. An innovative motor bank, called "Teller-Vision", allowed drive-up bank customers to conduct business over a closed circuit television system. Terraces and gardens were located on the roof of the 3-story base, and the top floor of the building contained the private Lancers Club.


1600 Pacific Tower, History
The building's facade was covered with 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) of dark glass with strips of aluminum molding and contained the world's largest electronic signboard. Thirty windows on each of the twenty-five floors were individually controlled and could spell out different messages. It often spelled out "LTV", and even had a figure of Big Tex in lights during the State Fair.


1600 Pacific Tower, History
The quality of the building's construction has been debated over the years. During construction, a section of masonry broke loose and tons of bricks crashed through the roof of a neighboring building. Shortly after opening some of the windows cracked due to heat.


1600 Pacific Tower, History
In 1970 a bomb threat caused evacuation of the building.


1600 Pacific Tower, History
The building was sold in 1968, and in 1975 the building was sold again to Dresser, Inc. The building went through a series of successive owners intending to convert it into residences, but because of economic conditions no plans immediately came to fruition. In 2010, work by a San Antonio-based developer began to renovate the building—which was to be renamed The Grand Ricchi—for residential and office condo use.


1600 Pacific Tower, History
In 2014 a new plan was announced, to convert the building to a combination Hilton Garden Inn and apartments. The hotel lobby would be on the first floor, parking on floors 2–4, the hotel on floors 5-14, and the apartments on 15–32. The apartments began occupancy in July 2015 and the hotel opened in September 2015.


1600 Penn
1600 Penn is an American television sitcom about a dysfunctional family living in the White House. The series stars Jenna Elfman, Bill Pullman, and Josh Gad. Gad, along with Jason Winer and Jon Lovett jointly created the central characters (the Gilchrist family) and the sitcom core format. NBC placed a series order in May 2012. The series aired as a mid-season replacement from December 17, 2012, to March 28, 2013. On May 9, 2013, NBC canceled the series after one season.


1600 Penn, Characters
Recurring character D.B. (Robbie Amell) was the presumed father to Becca's baby.


1600 Penn, Production, Casting
Brittany Snow had originally been cast as the eldest daughter Becca, but was replaced by MacIsaac. This is the second time Bill Pullman has played an American president, the first having been in the film Independence Day.


1600 Penn, Reception
1600 Penn received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the series a rating of 43%, based on 35 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "Broad but likeable, 1600 Penn unfortunately doles out its jokes unevenly and lacks the cutting wit necessary to meet its satirical aims." On Metacritic the series has a score of 55 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


1600 Penn, Reception
David Hinkley of the New York Daily News gave the series 1 out of 5 stars and said "[it] was clearly designed to be good silly fun. It nails one out of three. It's silly." He called the First Family "annoying... sitcom stereotypes" and said that it "mines none of the more subtle and satisfying possibilities of poking fun at a staid institution. It's more like a drug-fueled Saturday Night Live sketch that won't end. Fortunately, 1600 Penn probably will."


1600 Penn, Reception
Tim Surette of TV.com said that the show is "what happens when network executives think a screeching buffoon equals laughs" and that the jokes elicit responses of "mostly tumbleweeds and cricket chirps". Paste's Ross Bonaime also criticized the characters and said, "please, oh please, make the show actually funny... maybe it should just be put out of its misery."


1600 Penn, Reception
Vicki Hyman of The Star-Ledger graded the show a "D" and said, "you'd be forgiven for thinking [it] was a relic of the 1980s or 1990s", adding that the show was looking for "viewers who have lax requirements about actual humor in their comedies." Paul Meekin of Star Pulse noted that the show was unable to escape the footprint of The West Wing and wondered if it was "a years-late West Wing parody, a humorous and fresh take on presidential politics, or somewhere in between?" answering, "it's neither. It's actually quite godawful."


1600 Penn, Reception
One less critical review came from Hank Stuever of The Washington Post, who called it "formulaic" but said, "give a few points to 1600 Penn for trying." He also noted that "there's no danger of a partisan storyline or any resemblance to the current administration." Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post called Josh Gad "by far the best thing about this show" and hoped that if the show were cancelled, he find a better vehicle for his talents.


1600 Penn, Home media
On April 7, 2015, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released 1600 Penn - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program)
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue is an MSNBC television program hosted by David Shuster that ended in 2009. The show is a panel discussion of news and trends in American politics among the panelists and anchor. It is a continuation of the show Race for the White House, which was originally hosted by David Gregory and aired in the same time slot from March to November 2008. Shuster became the host of the show when Gregory became moderator of NBC's Meet the Press.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program)
The show had a rotating array of panelists, but Eugene Robinson, Michael Smerconish, Richard Wolffe, and Pat Buchanan had appeared on a frequent basis.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program)
Race for the White House and 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue aired nightly at 6 PM Eastern on MSNBC.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), Race for the White House (2008)
The show began airing on March 17, 2008, as Race for the White House with a focus on the 2008 Presidential election campaign. Race for the White House was simulcast on Air America Radio (whose regular 6 PM host, Rachel Maddow, is a panelist on the show).


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), Race for the White House (2008)
During Democrats and Republican Convention weeks, Gregory hosted convention coverage broadcasting from Denver (DNC, week of August 27) and Saint Paul (RNC, week of September 1). Gregory, notable person and regular panelists discussed at MSNBC's outdoor studio at both convention sites.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), Race for the White House (2008)
After the convention coverage, the program format shifted to incorporate Gregory's one-on-one (or -two) interview style.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (2008–2009)
On November 5, 2008, the day after the election, the show was renamed 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (2008–2009)
On December 7, 2008, Gregory was named as the new permanent moderator of NBC's Meet the Press, effective the following Sunday, December 14. 1600 was being hosted by David Shuster on a temporary basis until the naming of a new permanent host. On December 12, 2008, David Shuster was named the official anchor of 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, effective immediately.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV program), 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (2008–2009)
On April 2, 2009, in the show's final segment, David Shuster announced that he had been given a new assignment and that he was going on to co-anchor a new show with Tamron Hall, airing 3–5 PM Eastern time beginning on June 1. As of Monday, April 6, 2009, a new show titled The Ed Show hosted by radio host Ed Schultz took over the 6 PM Eastern time slot. The final edition of 1600 (on April 3) was hosted by Mike Barnicle, a regular MSNBC substitute anchor.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical)
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue is a 1976 musical with music by Leonard Bernstein and book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner. It is considered to be a legendary Broadway flop, running only seven performances. It was Bernstein's last original score for Broadway.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production
The musical opened on May 4, 1976, at the Mark Hellinger Theatre and closed on May 8, 1976, after 7 performances and 13 previews. It was co-directed and co-choreographed by Gilbert Moses and George Faison.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production
The musical examined the establishment of the White House and its occupants from 1800 to 1900. Primarily focusing on race relations, the story depicted (among other incidents) Thomas Jefferson's then-alleged affair with a black slave, James Monroe's refusal to halt slavery in Washington, the aftermath of the American Civil War and Andrew Johnson's impeachment. Throughout the show, the leading actors performed multiple roles: Ken Howard played all the presidents, Patricia Routledge all the First Ladies, and Gilbert Price and Emily Yancy played the White House servants, Lud and Seena. Future Broadway stars Reid Shelton, Walter Charles, Beth Fowler and Richard Muenz appeared in ensemble roles, as did the young African American baritone Bruce Hubbard.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production
The show was originally intended to be performed as a play-within-a-play, with the show's actors stepping out of character to comment on the plot and debate race relations from a modern standpoint. But this concept was almost entirely removed during the show's out-of-town tryouts in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. The musical's original director, Frank Corsaro, choreographer, Donald McKayle, and set and costume designer, Tony Walton, left the production during these try-outs.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production
By the time the show opened on Broadway, little of the metatheatrical concept remained, aside from certain scenic and costume elements and a few musical references (most notably, the opening number "Rehearse! ").


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Original Broadway production
Discouraged by the critical and public response to the work and angry that during the tryouts much of his music had been condensed and edited without his consent, Bernstein refused to allow a cast recording of the musical.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Critical reaction
The initial critical response to the show was resoundingly negative. Critics savaged Lerner's book while largely praising Bernstein's score. Only Patricia Routledge was spared, thanks mostly to her second act showstopper "Duet for One (The First Lady of the Land)" for which she received a mid-show standing ovation on opening night in New York and a mid-show standing ovation from the orchestra on closing night. After Bernstein's death a concert version of the score, retitled A White House Cantata was recorded and released.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Critical reaction
That version tended to be reviewed as a classical work rather than a Broadway musical, a tendency encouraged by the casting of the leading roles with opera singers. Differences in the score and performance style make it impossible to judge the original musical fairly from the later recording. The score is considered by many musical theater historians and aficionados to be a forgotten, or at least neglected, masterpiece.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Critical reaction
Some of the songs have enjoyed some fame outside the show including "Take Care of This House," "The President Jefferson Sunday Luncheon Party March" and "Duet for One", a tour-de-force for a single actress portraying both Julia Grant and Lucy Hayes on the day of Rutherford B. Hayes's inauguration detailing the exhausting vote counts that had many questioning his legitimacy.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Critical reaction
Author Ethan Mordden noted that "Bernstein and Lerner created an astonishingly good score, even a synoptic all-American one, with fanfare, march, waltz, blues. It's Bernstein's most classical work for Broadway."


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Reuse of material in other works
As with his previously abandoned projects, Bernstein used portions of the score in subsequent works. In Songfest, for example, the setting of Walt Whitman's poem "To What You Said" as a baritone solo was a reworking of the original prelude of the show, in which the chorus hummed a melody played by the violoncello in the Songfest version. (In the show, this music was moved to the emotional low point of the second act, used as background to a Presidential funeral.) The occasional piece Slava!


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Reuse of material in other works
A Political Overture, written in honor of Bernstein's friend Mstislav Rostropovich, blended two numbers from the show, the up-tempo "Rehearse!" and "The Grand Old Party." Early in the opera A Quiet Place, the music for the aria "You're late, you shouldn't have come" derives from that of "Me," a song that in the original show established the meta-theatrical concept that was eventually abandoned. (Some of the music for "Me" can be heard in the Broadway score, most memorably in the song "American Dreaming.") An instrumental section of "The President Jefferson March" was reused in the final movement, "In Memoriam and March: The BSO Forever," of the Divertimento. Bernstein reused part of the song "To Make Us Proud" for his Olympic Hymn of 1981.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Subsequent revivals
The show's only significant revival was a 1992 Indiana University Opera Theatre production, which used a pre-Philadelphia draft of the script and included portions of Bernstein's music that had been excised on the road to Broadway. This production also played briefly at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. in August 1992.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), A White House Cantata
After his death in 1990, Bernstein's children and associates sifted through the many variations and revisions of the score and authorized a choral version entitled A White House Cantata, which deleted nearly all the remaining play-within-a-play references. (Some can still be heard in the duet "Monroviad.") BBC Radio broadcast the London debut of this work in 1997, and three years later Deutsche Grammophon released an abridged performance in a CD recording. Both the London concert and the DG recording were conducted by Kent Nagano with the London Symphony Orchestra. The Leonard Bernstein estate controls the licensing of performances of the cantata version, but refuses to allow the performance, recording, or publication of the original musical.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Recordings of individual numbers
Although no cast album was made, Patricia Routledge's performance of "Duet for One" survives as a private recording in mono from the premiere, complete with standing ovation.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Recordings of individual numbers
Individual numbers from the work have been commercially recorded and performed by a variety of notable singers. "Take Care of This House" was sung by Frederica von Stade under Bernstein's direction at the inauguration of Jimmy Carter. It has been recorded by Judy Kaye as well as everyone from Barbra Streisand (her 2018 album “Walls”), opera singers Marilyn Horne and Roberta Alexander to theater artists Joanna Gleason and Julie Andrews. In 2012, Kelli O'Hara recorded "Take Care of This House" for the album   2013-08-09 at the Wayback Machine conducted by Judith Clurman.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Recordings of individual numbers
"The President Jefferson March" and "Duet for One" both appear in their original (pre-Broadway) versions on an EMI disc called "Broadway Showstoppers," conducted by John McGlinn and sung by Davis Gaines and Judy Kaye. The late African American baritone Bruce Hubbard, a member of the original Broadway ensemble, also recorded Lud's ballad "Seena." It can be heard on his CD For You, For Me, which was reissued in 2005. Sarah Brightman performed "Lud's Wedding" on her 1989 collection of lost Broadway songs,  The Songs That Got Away.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Plot
Philadelphia:A theater group is rehearsing a play. The time of the rehearsal is the present, and the time of the play being rehearsed is 1792 to 1902. The play being rehearsed is a history of the White House and the servants who serve the President. One actor plays all the Presidents, and one actress plays all the First Ladies. The main serving staff are the African-American characters of Lud Simmons and Seena. Three generations of adult and young Lud's are played by the same two actors. Lud is an escaped slave who later marries Seena.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Plot
The events covered in the play include the selection of a new capital city, the Burning of Washington in 1814, the prelude to the U.S. Civil War, the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, the 1876 presidential election, and the administration of Chester Alan Arthur. In between rehearsing the various scenes, the actors offer commentary and reflect on the past injustices suffered by black people throughout the time period covered by the play. This culminates in the Actor Playing the President and the Actor Playing Lud refusing to continue rehearsing the show. After reflection, the Actor Playing the President realizes all he wanted was to feel proud of his country and that he loves this land.


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), Plot
New York:The four main cast members address the audience and inform them that the play covers the first one hundred years of the White House. They say America is a play that is always in rehearsal, undergoing revisions and improvements. The plot then covers the same historical material as the Philadelphia version; however, the actors' commentary is entirely removed.


1600 Seventh Avenue
1600 Seventh, is a 32-story, 498 ft (152 m) skyscraper in Seattle, Washington, completed in 1976 and designed by John Graham & Company. As of 2019, it is the 19th tallest building in the city. Originally built as the headquarters of Pacific Northwest Bell, it was first known as the Pacific Northwest Bell Building during construction and subsequently 1600 Bell Plaza upon opening; following corporate reorganizations and acquisitions, it was later known as US West Communications and then Qwest Plaza.


1600 Seventh Avenue, History
Pacific Northwest Bell had used as many as 12 buildings in Seattle to serve the city and its surrounding area since the 1920s. Owing to the rapid growth in the region, the company elected to consolidate its headquarters in one location. In the wake of the 1973–1975 recession, the main architects, John Graham & Company, elected to design the building with an emphasis on utilitarianism; it stood in stark contrast to the nearby Seafirst Building, which was built during the previous decade.


1600 Seventh Avenue, History
The Hoffman Construction Company of Portland, Oregon, was selected on December 5, 1973, as the general contractor for the building. Other bidders for the project included Baugh Construction, H. A. Anderson Construction, Howard S. Wright Construction, and Peter Kiewit Sons'.


1600 Seventh Avenue, History
The building was topped off in July 1975; however, the company elected to forgo a ceremony due to perception concerns in light of a then-recent rate increase proposal that was to add $64 million in revenue.


1600 Seventh Avenue, History
The building was dedicated on November 22, 1976, in a ceremony featuring then-Governor Dan Evans and various politicians and business leaders as well as Don Ameche, the actor who portrayed Alexander Graham Bell in the 1939 biographical film about him; the total cost of construction was estimated at $40 million. A naming contest for the building resulted in the selection of "1600 Bell Plaza", proposed by company employee Bev Ardueser, from 2,000 entries.


1600 Seventh Avenue, History
In April 2012, a year after acquiring Qwest Communications, CenturyLink sold the Bell Plaza/Qwest Plaza property to New York real estate investment firm Clarion Partners for $137 million. Clarion is now leasing lower-level floors to CenturyLink and WeWork. Floors 4-6 and 16–32 are occupied by Nordstrom, and the ground floor holds retail establishments. CenturyLink's NW Regional President, Brian Stading issued a statement saying that the tower was not a fundamental component of their business strategy. Seattle real estate company, The Urban Renaissance Group, represented Clarion in the sale and will operate the building for the new owner.


1600 Smith Street
1600 Smith Street (previously named Continental Center I and also known as Cullen Center Plaza) is a 51-story, 732-foot (223 m) office tower in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. It served as the headquarters of Continental Airlines prior to its merger with United Airlines, and at one point also served as the headquarters of ExpressJet Airlines. It is a part of the Cullen Center complex.


1600 Smith Street
The 51 story building has about 1,098,399 square feet (102,044.6 m2) of rentable Class "A" office space. The design architect was Morris Architects, the general contractor was Linbeck Construction Company, the mechanical engineer was I.A. Naman, and the structural engineer was CBM Engineers. The building was completed in 1984.


1600 Smith Street
The tower stands as a postmodern-style building. It is currently the 9th-tallest building in Houston.


1600 Smith Street, History
Bruce Nichols of The Dallas Morning News said that in early 1984 1600 Smith Street "was so vacant it became a symbol for overexpansion in Houston". By 1987 the Canadian company Trizec Group bought debentures carrying an option to buy portions of the Cullen Center, including 1600 Smith Street. In 1997 subcommittees of the University of Houston System Board of Regents held meetings at 1600 Smith Street.


1600 Smith Street, History
In September 1997, Continental Airlines announced that it would consolidate its Houston headquarters in what would become Continental Center I. The airline scheduled to move around 3,200 employees in stages beginning in July 1998 and ending in January 1999. The airline consolidated the headquarters operation at the America Tower in Neartown and three other local operations into Continental Center I and Continental Center II in the Cullen Center.


1600 Smith Street, History
Continental anticipated taking 15 floors at Continental Center I. In addition it planned to add a company store, a credit union, and an employee service center in the street-level lobby of Continental Center I. The airline agreed to lease 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of space in the Cullen Center for 11 years initially and 20 years if it takes renewal options.


1600 Smith Street, History
To make room for the airline and to increase the complex's overall tenancy, Trizec negotiated with the Shell Oil Company to renew a lease of 320,000 square feet (30,000 m2) that was scheduled to expire in 1998. The unit of Shell Oil Company agreed to reduce its 320,000 square feet (30,000 m2) square feet of space in Continental Center I to 170,000 square feet (16,000 m2) to make room for Continental. Shell had planned to downsize, so it renewed its lease for a smaller amount of space. In addition Houston Industries, Inc. paid TrizecHahn so it could break its lease on 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of space. This made additional room for Continental Airlines.


1600 Smith Street, History
Tim Reylea, the vice president of Cushman Realty Corp., said that the Continental move "is probably the largest corporate relocation in the central business district of Houston ever". Bob Lanier, Mayor of Houston, said that he was "tickled to death" by the airline's move to relocate to Downtown Houston. In September 2000 an electrical component burned out at Continental Center I, and the Houston Fire Department shut off the backup power supply as a precaution. As a result of the temporary power outage, delays of between 300 and 400 Continental Airlines flights occurred worldwide.


1600 Smith Street, History
The Texas bureau of Jesse Jackson's Wall Street Project opened in office space in Continental Center I in May 2001. After the September 11 attacks and by September 2004 Continental laid off 24% of its clerical and management workers. Despite the reduction of the workforce, Continental did not announce any plans to sublease any of its space in Continental Center I and Continental Center II.


1600 Smith Street, History
In 2004 three new lease agreements to occupy space in Continental Center I were signed. Nancy Sarnoff of the Houston Business Journal said that the three to five year terms were "considerably short" for leasing agreements; she added that the short leases were due to an abundance of capacity in the Downtown office market, which allowed tenants to have more say in their agreements. Southwest Bank of Texas (now Amegy Bank) agreed to occupy 23,271 square feet (2,161.9 m2). Tana Exploration Co. LLC agreed to occupy 11,347 square feet (1,054.2 m2). Stinnett Thiebaud & Remington LLP agreed to occupy 8,974 square feet (833.7 m2).


1600 Smith Street, History
In February 2006 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. signed a lease for 465,000 square feet (43,200 m2) of space. The lease deal filled the building to full occupancy and removed a large portion of available space from the Downtown Houston submarket. Tim Relyea, the vice chairperson of Cushman & Wakefield of Texas Inc., said that Chevron considered other properties before deciding on Continental Center I. He did not state which other towers the company had considered. Chevron planned to place 1,300 employees in 20 floors in the building. The company planned to begin moving employees into the tower by the third quarter of 2006. Prior to the signing of the lease agreement, rumors stated that the company was looking for more office space in Downtown Houston.


1600 Smith Street, History
In 2008 Continental renewed its lease for around 450,000 square feet (42,000 m2) in Continental Center I. Before the lease renewal, rumors spread stating that the airline would relocate its headquarters to office space around George Bush Intercontinental Airport due to high fuel costs affecting the airline industry; the rumors stated that the airline was studying possibilities of less expensive alternatives to Continental Center I. If the airline had left Continental Center I, 40% of the space in the building would have been unoccupied.


1600 Smith Street, History
Steven Biegel, the senior vice president of Studley Inc. and a representative of office building tenants, said that the square footage renewed by Continental is a significant amount of space. Biegel added that if the space went vacant, the vacancy would not have had a significant impact in the Downtown Houston submarket as there is not an abundance of available space, and that another potential tenant would likely occupy it. Jennifer Dawson of the Houston Business Journal said that if Continental Airlines left Continental Center I, the development of Brookfield Properties's new office tower would have been delayed. The parties did not reveal the terms of the lease agreement. As of 2008, Continental Center I was 98% leased.


1600 Smith Street, History
In 2010, Continental Airlines and United Airlines announced that they would merge and that the headquarters of the combined company would be in the Chicago Loop in Chicago. As of 2010 Continental had around 3,000 clerical and management workers in its Downtown Houston offices and leased 450,000 square feet (42,000 m2) in Continental Center I, about 40% of the tower's office space. United continued to occupy space in the building following the merger, but stated in 2011 that it would not renew the lease for 142,000 square feet (13,200 m2) of space on six floors. By 2016, United had reduced their leasehold at 1600 Smith to just 140,000 SF, and announced they would be leaving at the end of 2017 for new space at 609 E Main.


1600 Smith Street, History
In 2011 Chevron renewed a lease for 311,000 square feet (28,900 m2) of space for seven years.


1600 Smith Street, History
As of July 2018, the building was 69% leased with over 500,000 square feet available.