17102 Begzhigitova, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1990 TD3 at Palomar Observatory in October 1990, almost 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.


17102 Begzhigitova, Physical characteristics
Begzhigitova is an assumed common S-type asteroid, in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Flora family.


17102 Begzhigitova, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Begzhigitova at an apparent magnitude of only 17 was obtained from photometric observations at Modra Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.341 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.3 magnitude (U=2). However a longer period can not be ruled out.


17102 Begzhigitova, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Begzhigitova measures 2.218 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.393.


17102 Begzhigitova, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the parent body of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 2.97 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.8.


17102 Begzhigitova, Naming
This minor planet was named after Akmaral Begzhigitova (born 1985), an Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) awardee in 2003. The Ceres Connection program names minor planets in honor of students in fifth through twelfth grades and their teachers. She was awarded 4th place for her mathematics team project. At the time, Begzhigitova attended the Institute of Mathematics, Almaty, Kazakhstan. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52172).


1710s
The 1710s decade ran from January 1, 1710, to December 31, 1719.


1710s, Events, 1715
For dates within Great Britain and the British Empire, as well as in the Russian Empire, the "old style" Julian calendar was used in 1715, and can be converted to the "new style" Gregorian calendar (adopted in the British Empire in 1752 and in Russia in 1923) by adding 11 days.


1710s BC
The 1710s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1719 BC to December 31, 1710 BC.


1710s in Scotland
The 1710s (pronounced "seventeen-tens") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1710, and ended on December 31st 1719.


1710s in Scotland, Incumbents
Duke of Rothesay, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, etc.


1710s in Scotland, Events, 1714
August 1 – George Ludwig, Elector of Hanover, succeeds his distant relative Queen Anne as King George I of Great Britain. This event becomes the catalyst to the Jacobite risings.


1710s in Scotland, Events, 1719
June 10 – Battle of Glen Shiel, in which the Jacobites rebel with Spanish support in an effort to gain the throne for James Stuart, results in defeat for the Old Pretender again.


1710s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1710s in South Africa.


1710s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1710 - 1719 to Wales and its people.


1710s in archaeology
The decade of the 1710s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1711
1711 (MDCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1711th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 711th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 11th  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1711, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1711
In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Sunday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.


1711 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1711 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place on October 12.


1711 Imperial election, Background
On December 17, 1692, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor created the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the Lutheran Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, prince of Calenberg, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince-bishop of Osnabrück its prince-elector. The Imperial Diet did not immediately ratify his choice. Ernest Augustus would die on January 23, 1698 and be succeeded by his son who later became George I of Great Britain.


1711 Imperial election, Background
In 1697, Augustus II the Strong, elector of Saxony, converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism as a prerequisite in his campaign to be elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, Lutheranism remained the state church of Saxony.


1711 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession
On October 3, 1700, weeks before his death, the childless and severely disabled Charles II of Spain named the French prince Philippe, Duke of Anjou, his sister's grandson and the grandson of King Louis XIV of France, heir to the entire Spanish Empire. The possession by the House of Bourbon of the French and Spanish thrones threatened the balance of power in Europe. England, Austria and the Dutch Republic, fearing this threat, resurrected the Grand Alliance in support of the claim of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, then a young man of fifteen.


1711 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession
Leopold had married another sister of Charles II in 1666, and in 1685 their daughter surrendered her right to the Spanish throne to Charles VI, Leopold's son from a later marriage. The first hostilities of the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in June 1701. The Grand Alliance declared war on France in May 1702.


1711 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession
That same year, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, the elector of Bavaria, and his brother Joseph Clemens of Bavaria, the elector of Cologne, joined France in support of Philip's claim to the Spanish succession. They were quickly forced into flight and were deprived of their electorates by the Imperial Diet in 1706.


1711 Imperial election, Background, War of the Spanish Succession
In 1708, to compensate for the absence of the electors of Bavaria and Cologne, the Imperial Diet ratified the admission of Brunswick-Lüneburg to the Electoral College and called for the king of Bohemia to join the proceedings, from which he and his predecessors had abstained in the elections of 1653, 1658 and 1690.


1711 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1711
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor died of smallpox on April 17, 1711. The prince-electors called to elect his successor were:


1711 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1711
Of these, the electors of Brandenburg and Brunswick-Lüneburg were the sole Protestants.


1711 Imperial election, Elected
Charles VI was elected Holy Roman Emperor. He was crowned in Frankfurt on December 22.


1711 Karamanli coup
The 1711 Karamanli coup, a popular revolt at the end of a period of civil war in Tripolitania led by the Turkish officer Ahmed Karamanli against the ruling Tripolitanian bey, in which Karamanli seized control of Tripoli and installed himself as the head of the Karamanli dynasty, which ruled over Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan for 124 years as a semi-autonomous Ottoman province, until 1835.


1711 Sandrine
1711 Sandrine, provisional designation 1935 BB, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter.


1711 Sandrine
This asteroid was discovered on 29 January 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. It was named after the grand-niece of astronomer Georges Roland.


1711 Sandrine, Classification and orbit
Sandrine  is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,910 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation. Its first observation at Heidelberg in 1909, when it was identified as A909 DJ, has been discarded.


1711 Sandrine, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Sandrine is characterized as a common S-type asteroid.


1711 Sandrine, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sandrine measures 22.93 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.133. It has an absolute magnitude of 11.01.


1711 Sandrine, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
As of 2017, Sandrine's rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1711 Sandrine, Naming
This minor planet was named after Sandrine, a grand-niece of Georges Roland, astronomer at Uccle and co-discoverer of Comet Arend–Roland. Delporte also named 1707 Chantal and 1848 Delvaux after family members of his collaborator. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).


1711 in Russia, Deaths
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1711 in Russia, Deaths
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1711 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1711 to Wales and its people.


1711 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1711.


1711 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1711 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1711 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1711 in science
The year 1711 in science and technology involved some significant events.


17119 Alexisrodrz
17119 Alexisrodrz, provisional designation 1999 JP59, is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter.


17119 Alexisrodrz
It was discovered on 10 May 1999, by the LINEAR team at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was later named for Alexis Rodriguez, a 2003-awardee of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.


17119 Alexisrodrz, Orbit and classification
Alexisrodrz orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,565 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


17119 Alexisrodrz, Orbit and classification
The asteroid's observation arc begins 7 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Steward Observatory (Kitt Peak) in November 1992.


17119 Alexisrodrz, Physical characteristics
Alexisrodrz has been characterized as a LS-subtype by Pan-STARRS' large-scale survey. This subtype is a transitional group from the common stony S-type to the rare and reddish L-type asteroids.


17119 Alexisrodrz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Alexisrodrz measures 3.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.18, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroids found in the 2.6 to 2.7 AU region of the asteroid belt – and calculates a diameter of 4.6 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.82.


17119 Alexisrodrz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2011, and September 2013, two rotational lightcurves of Alexisrodrz were obtained from photometric observations made by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 17.7838 and 17.7935 hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 and 0.60 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).


17119 Alexisrodrz, Naming
This minor planet was named for the 3rd-place winner of the 2003 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, Alexis Rodriguez (born 1986). At the time, he attended the Puerto Rican Aurea E. Quiles Claudio High School in Guanica. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52172).


1712
1712 (MDCCXII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1712th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 712th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 12th  year of the 18th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1712, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1712
In the Swedish calendar it began as a leap year starting on Monday and remained so until Thursday, February 29. By adding a second leap day (Friday, February 30) Sweden reverted to the Julian calendar and the rest of the year (from Saturday, March 1) was in sync with the Julian calendar. Sweden finally made the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1753. This year has 367 days.


1712 Angola
1712 Angola, provisional designation 1935 KC, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 66 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 May 1935, by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named after the Republic of Angola.


1712 Angola, Orbit
Angola orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,058 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. Angola was first identified as 1929 GC at Johannesburg in 1929, extending the body's observation arc by 6 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1712 Angola, Lightcurve
In July 2003, French amateur astronomer René Roy obtained a rotational lightcurve of Angola. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 11.5274 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3). Photometric observations by ESO's CCD-specialist Cyril Cavadore gave an identical period of 11.53 hours with an insufficient amplitude of 0.02 magnitude (U=1).


1712 Angola, Spectra, diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Angola measures between 59.48 and 70.07 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.060. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0458 and a diameter of 59.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid is also classified a dark P type by WISE.


1712 Angola, Naming
This minor planet is named for Angola, the state on the southwestern coast of Africa. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).


1712 Overture and Other Musical Assaults
1712 Overture and Other Musical Assaults is a classical music album released in 1989 by Telarc Records. The album contains works by P. D. Q. Bach, the alter ego of Professor Peter Schickele (as well as tracks credited to Schickele himself). It is scored for "really big orchestra and some not-quite so big ensembles, plus unique on-location introductions, spoken on the very historical spots where the actual history happened".


1712 Overture and Other Musical Assaults, Track listing
"Warning! The balloons on track 2, the special sound effects on track 6, and the foghorn on track 14 index 6, are recorded at a realistically high level. Damage could result to speakers or other components if this program is played back at excessively high levels."


1712 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1712 to Wales and its people.


1712 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1712.


1712 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1712 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1712 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1712 in science
The year 1712 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1713
1713 (MDCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1713th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 713th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 13th  year of the 18th century, and the  4th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1713, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1713 Bancilhon
1713 Bancilhon, provisional designation 1951 SC, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.7 kilometers in diameter.


1713 Bancilhon
It was discovered on 27 September 1951, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa, and named after French astronomer Odette Bancilhon.


1713 Bancilhon, Orbit and classification
Bancilhon orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1931 RW at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1713 Bancilhon, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bancilhon measures 5.716 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.259, which is rather typical for asteroids with stony composition. It has an absolute magnitude of 13.3. As of 2017, Bancilhon's spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1713 Bancilhon, Naming
This minor planet was named for French astronomer Odette Bancilhon, Boyer's colleague and wife of astronomer Alfred Schmitt. Odette Bancilhon herself discovered the minor planet 1333 Cevenola at Algiers Observatory in 1934. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4419).


1713 British general election
The 1713 British general election produced further gains for the governing Tory party. Since 1710 Robert Harley had led a government appointed after the downfall of the Whig Junto, attempting to pursue a moderate and non-controversial policy, but had increasingly struggled to deal with the extreme Tory backbenchers who were frustrated by the lack of support for anti-dissenter legislation. The government remained popular with the electorate, however, having helped to end the War of the Spanish Succession and agreeing on the Treaty of Utrecht. The Tories consequently made further gains against the Whigs, making Harley's job even more difficult. Contests were held in 94 constituencies in England and Wales, some 35 per cent of the total, reflecting a decline in partisan tension and the Whigs' belief that they were unlikely to win anyway.


1713 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1713 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 22 August 1713 and 12 November 1713. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1713 Irish general election
The Irish general election, 1713 returned members to serve in the House of Commons. The election took place during a high-point for party politics in Ireland, and saw heavy losses for the Tories and the emergence of a Whiggish majority in the commons.


1713 Irish general election, Election
Since 1703 Irish politics had taken on a far more confrontational hue, with clear party dividing lines being drawn alone Tory-Whig lines, mirroring the division in England (and later Great Britain). Simultaneously Irish politics, like British politics, had come to focus on questions of religion, with the ruling Anglican elite fearing subversion from both the majority Catholic population, and the growing, and equally hostile, Presbyterian population in Ulster.


1713 Irish general election, Election
Irish Whigs advocated protestant unity, seeing Catholics as the greatest threat, and thereby advocated further penal laws. In contrast the Tories regarded Ireland's Catholics as a spent force, and focused their efforts on dealing with Ireland's growing Presbyterian population. The Tories therefore advocated retaining the Sacramental Test clause of the 1704 Popery Act, which excluded from public office those who refused to receive the sacrament in the manners according to the established church, which in Ireland's case was the Anglican Church of Ireland.


1713 Irish general election, Election
Whilst the Tories could rely on support for their views on the Test clause, they were vulnerable on issues relating to succession. Irish public opinion, fearful of a return of the Jacobites, rallied behind the Whigs, ushering in a pro-Hanoverian and anti-ministerial majority in the commons. The Irish Whigs used the popular cry "No peace without Spain" as an electoral slogan.


1713 Irish general election, Election
The voting for the Dublin City constituency was hotly disputed, leading to the Dublin election riot.


1713 Irish general election, Dates of Election
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1713 in Canada, Deaths
There were no relevant deaths during this year in Canada.


1713 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1713 to Wales and its people.


1713 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1713.


1713 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1713 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1713 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1713 in science
The year 1713 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1714
1714 (MDCCXIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1714th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 714th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th  year of the 18th century, and the  5th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1714, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1714 Sy
1714 Sy, provisional designation 1951 OA, is a stony asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 July 1951, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa, and named after French astronomer and orbit computer Frédéric Sy.


1714 Sy, Orbit
Sy orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,503 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.


1714 Sy, Orbit
It was first identified as 1949 YM at Goethe Link Observatory in 1948, extending the body's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery observation at Algiers.


1714 Sy, Physical characteristics
PanSTARRS' large-scale survey characterized Sy as a L-type asteroid, a rare subtype which falls into the broader complex of stony S-type asteroids.


1714 Sy, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sy measures 13.998 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.157, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.39 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.


1714 Sy, Physical characteristics, Photometry
In March 2012, photometric observations at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09), Australia, included this asteroid as a target. Due to rain and cloud coverage, no lightcurve could be constructed, and therefore no rotation period could be derived. However the 86 photometric data points allowed to find a maximum brightness variation of 0.95 magnitude (U=none). A high brightness amplitude of 0.95 is a strong indicator, that the body has a non-spheroidal shape. As of 2017, Sy's rotation period still remains unknown.


1714 Sy, Naming
This minor planet was named after Frédéric Sy, who worked as a human orbit computer and as an assistant astronomer at Algiers and Paris Observatory, respectively. At Algiers Observatory, he observed asteroids and comets and was the first to discoverer a numbered minor planet, 858 El Djezaïr, in 1916. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4419).


1714 in Great Britain
Events from the year 1714 in Great Britain. This marks the beginning of the Georgian era.


1714 in Russia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 14:42, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1714 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1714 to Wales and its people.


1714 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1714 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1714 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1714 in science
The year 1714 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1715
1715 (MDCCXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1715th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 715th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 15th  year of the 18th century, and the  6th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1715, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1715, Events
For dates within Great Britain and the British Empire, as well as in the Russian Empire, the "old style" Julian calendar was used in 1715, and can be converted to the "new style" Gregorian calendar (adopted in the British Empire in 1752 and in Russia in 1923) by adding 11 days.


1715 British general election
The 1715 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain to be held, after the 1707 merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. In October 1714, soon after George I had arrived in London after ascending to the throne, he dismissed the Tory cabinet and replaced it with one almost entirely composed of Whigs, as they were responsible for securing his succession.


1715 British general election
The election of 1715 saw the Whigs win an overwhelming majority in the House of Commons, and afterwards virtually all Tories in central or local government were purged, leading to a period of Whig ascendancy lasting almost fifty years during which Tories were almost entirely excluded from office. The Whigs then moved to impeach Robert Harley, the former Tory first minister. After he was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two years, the case ultimately ended with his acquittal in 1717.


1715 British general election, Constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1715 British general election, Dates of the election
The general election was held between 22 January 1715 and 9 March 1715. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1715 England riots
In the spring and summer of 1715 a series of riots occurred in England in which High Church mobs attacked over forty Dissenting meeting-houses. The rioters also protested against the first Hanoverian king of Britain, George I and his new Whig government (the Whigs were associated with the Dissenters). The riots occurred on symbolic days: 28 May was George I's birthday, 29 May was the anniversary of Charles II's Restoration and 10 June was the birthday of the Jacobite Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart.


1715 England riots, Background
Upon the death in August 1714 of the last Stuart monarch, Queen Anne, Georg Ludwig, Elector of Hanover, ascended the throne in accordance with the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 that excluded Anne's half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart. After his arrival in Britain in September, George promptly dismissed the Tories from office and appointed a Whig-dominated government. His coronation in October led to rioting in over twenty towns in England. The 1715 general election was also accompanied by riots and resulted in a Whig majority in the House of Commons and the proscription of the Tories from office, with some former Tory ministers being impeached by the new government.


1715 England riots, Background
According to Nicholas Rogers, the High Church clergy of the Church of England played a role in fomenting discontent: they were "by reputation the progenitors of mob violence" and after George's accession the "high-flying clergy strove desperately to revive the flagging fortunes of their party, mobilising their congregations in defence of the Anglican inheritance and warning them of the dangers of Whig rule". The Whig writer Daniel Defoe complained that the pulpit had become "a Trumpet of Sedition".


1715 England riots, Riots
The anniversary of Queen Anne's accession day and William III's death, 8 March, was met in London with bell-ringing, flag-waving and closed shops. On 23 April, the anniversary of Anne's coronation, a mob met at Snow Hill and made a bonfire under a banner depicting Anne and emblazoned with the words: “Imitate her who was so Just and Good, / Both in her Actions and her Royal Word” (the latter may have hinted at her supposed promise to restore James Stuart to the throne).


1715 England riots, Riots
Near St Andrew's, Holborn, the mob burned a picture of William III and broke windows which were not illuminated in celebration. Referring to the 1710 Sacheverell riots, they also proposed "to sing the Second Part of the Sacheverell-Tune by pulling down [Dissenting] Meeting Houses" but they were persuaded not to do so.


1715 England riots, Riots
The first riots happened in London during the impeachment trials of Tory politicians. On 29 April the birthday of the Tory peer the Duke of Ormonde was riotously celebrated in Drury Lane and west London.


1715 England riots, Riots
On George I's birthday, 28 May, there occurred large demonstrations in Smithfield, Cheapside and Highgate, where the Dissenting chapel was attacked. In Smithfield, according to Abel Boyer, "a large mob burnt Cromwell (some say Hoadly) in effigy". In Cheapside the rioters shouted “No Hanoverian, No Presbiterian government”. The next day was Restoration Day and the mob shouted: “A Restoration, a Stewart, High Church and Ormonde”, “A Stewart, a second Restoration” and “No King George, King James the third”. When a coachman called for King James he "was hollowed through the Mob" and supporters of the Whigs had their windows broken.


1715 England riots, Riots
In Queen Street a battle occurred between the rioters and the trained bands. At the London Stock Exchange the crowd shouted “High Church and the Duke of Ormonde”. Stock jobbing was seen as the parasitical and immoral growth from Whig principles. When one passer-by shouted “Long live King George” he was beaten up by the mob.


1715 England riots, Riots
In Oxford on 28 May a rumour spread that Queen Anne, Lord Bolingbroke, Ormonde and Henry Sacheverell were to be burned in effigy. In response, undergraduates and townsfolk attacked those celebrating George's birthday and broke into the Presbyterian meeting-house and made a bonfire of its pulpit, pews and window, with an effigy of its minister. The mob chanted “An Ormond, an Ormond, a Bolingbroke, down with the Roundheads, no Constitutioners [members of the Whig Constitutional Club], no Hanover; a new Restoration”. The next day a Quaker and Baptist meeting place was also attacked.


1715 England riots, Riots
On 10 June Anglican churches in Clerkenwell and St Dunstan-in-the-West rang their bells to celebrate James Stuart's birthday, a Dissenting meeting place in Blackfriars was gutted by the mob, and James's declaration was nailed to the door of the former Dissenting chapel in Lincoln's Inn Fields (which had been destroyed five years previously during the Sacheverell riots). Similar disturbances on James's birthday occurred at Cambridge, Leeds and several Somersetshire villages; in Norton St Philip near Bath James was proclaimed king. At Frome the mob was reluctantly persuaded not to destroy the local Dissenting chapel. At Marlborough, Wiltshire the mob broke into the church and rang the bells, despite objections from the parson.


1715 England riots, Riots
In the Midlands in late June and early August, similar riots against Dissenters took place, starting in Wolverhampton during St. Peter's fair and ending at Kingswinford in Worcestershire on 1 August. In Wolverhampton a buckle maker was heard shouting “God damn King George, and the Duke of Marlborough” and a suspected spy was forced by the mob to get on his knees and bless King James III.


1715 England riots, Riots
Robert Holland of Bilston urged the mob: “Now boys goe on we will have no King but James the third & he will be here in a month and wee will drive the old Rogue into his Country again to sow Turnipps”. Similar expressions of loyalty to James were heard in Walsall and Leek.


1715 England riots, Riots
In Warrington on 10 June bells were rung and the mob shouted “Down with the Rump”. However they were prevented from attacking a Dissenting meeting house. In Leeds a bonfire was made and a man was later indicted for threatening a Dissenting meeting place.


1715 England riots, Riots
In Manchester in early May James Stuart had been proclaimed James III. Between 28 May and 23 June there was a spate of rioting, with the Dissenting chapel in Cross Street ransacked and destroyed between 1 June and 30 July. The historian Paul Monod said "[t]his methodical destruction must have passed on to Dissenters the chilling message that the Manchester Jacobite crowd wanted their presence totally extinguished. ... It was a violent call for a return to the [religious] uniformity of Charles II's reign".


1715 England riots, Riots
Lord Cobham's dragoons eventually restored order but the rioting had by then spread to Monton and Houghton, where Dissenting chapels were attacked on 13 June. A week later the Dissenting chapels in Blackley, Greenacres, Failsworth and Standing were attacked and by 25 June the Dissenting chapels in Pilkington and Wigan had been attacked.


1715 England riots, Riots
In the West Midlands and Lancashire over thirty Dissenting chapels were attacked. In Shrewsbury during the riots a paper was posted:


1715 England riots, Riots
We Gentlemen of the Loyal Mob of Shrewsbury, do issue out this Proclamation to all Dissenters from the Church of England, of what Kind or Denomination soever, whether Independent, Baptists or Quakers: If you, or any of you, do encourage or suffer any of that damnable Faction called Presbyterians, to assemble themselves amongst you, in any of your Conventicles, at the time of Divine Worship, you may expect to meet with the same that they have been treated with. Given under our Hands and Seals the 11th Day of July 1715. God save the King.


1715 England riots, Riots
Paul Monod has said that the hostility shown towards the Dissenters, especially Presbyterians, was astonishing and that "[p]opular Tory rage...centred on religious rather than secular objects – in particular, on the hated meeting-houses". He argues that plebeian English people were attached to the Church of England because it embodied a myth of unity and they feared Hanoverian–Whig rule would return England to the rule of Puritans between 1649–1660, when the Church of England had been abolished.


1715 England riots, Aftermath
Around 500 people were arrested for rioting in Shropshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire with around 2,000 people taking part in the riots in these counties with several hundred more in Birmingham.


1715 England riots, Aftermath
In response to these riots, the new Whig majority passed the Riot Act to put down disturbances. This law strengthened magistrates powers and allowed Justices of the Peace to disperse demonstrations without fear of prosecution.


1715 England riots, Aftermath
In September and early October the government arrested the leading Tories in fear of a Jacobite rising. The Jacobite rising of 1715 resulted in failure.


1715 Treasure Fleet
The 1715 Treasure Fleet was a Spanish treasure fleet returning from the New World to Spain. At two in the morning on Wednesday, July 31, 1715, seven days after departing from Havana, Cuba, under the command of Juan Esteban de Ubilla, eleven of the twelve ships of this fleet were lost in a hurricane near present-day Vero Beach, Florida. Because the fleet was carrying silver, it is also known as the 1715 Plate Fleet (plata being the Spanish word for silver). Some artifacts and even coins still wash up on Florida beaches from time to time. According to Cuban records around 1,500 sailors perished while a small number survived on lifeboats. Many ships, including pirates, took part in the initial salvage. Initially a privateer, Henry Jennings, was first accused of piracy for attacking such salvage ships and claiming their salvages.


1715 Treasure Fleet, Exhibits and preserves
Treasure hunter Kip Wagner's team built an exhibit held at National Geographic "Explorers Hall" in Washington, D.C. that was featured in the January 1965 issue of National Geographic. This was the beginning of a fine collection of 1715 plate fleet treasure that brought hundreds of visitors from around the world. Wagner published his book Pieces of Eight (Recovering The Riches Of A Lost Spanish Fleet) in 1966. This is a detailed account of the finding and exploration of many of these shipwrecks along the Florida "Treasure Coast." An exhibit was set up with a grand opening on May 1, 1967, at the First National Bank of Satellite Beach, Florida.


1715 Treasure Fleet, Exhibits and preserves
In 1987, another ship in the fleet, the Urca de Lima, became the first shipwreck in the Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves.


1715 Treasure Fleet, Exhibits and preserves
Mel Fisher's company, Mel Fisher's Treasures, sold the rights to the 1715 Fleet shipwreck to Queens Jewels, LLC.


1715 Treasure Fleet, Exhibits and preserves
In 2015, 1715 Fleet - Queens Jewels, LLC and their founder Brent Brisben discovered $4.5 million in gold coins off the coast of Florida; the coins come from the 1715 Fleet shipwreck.


1715 Treasure Fleet, List of identified ships
Rita, renamed Margarita, was a new ship that joined the 1715 fleet shortly before departure. This is from the original documents at the National Archive of Cuba


1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture
In the 2008 movie Fool's Gold, the protagonists are searching for the location of one of the sunken ships of the treasure fleet (along with its treasure).


1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture
The treasure fleet was used as the backdrop for a scene in the video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. The main character, Edward Kenway, is aboard one of the ships in the fleet as a prisoner, and manages to escape with the help of his future quartermaster, Adéwalé, recruiting other captive pirates as a crew. The pirates eventually manage to escape the fleet and the hurricane by stealing the twelfth ship, the brig El Dorado, which Edward keeps and renames the Jackdaw, becoming the player's ship for the rest of the game. Edward later makes reference to the event when Blackbeard inquires as to how he got the Jackdaw, and the latter then suggests visiting the site to salvage some of the lost treasure.


1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture
In the 1977 movie The Deep "David Sanders (Nick Nolte) and his British girlfriend Gail Berke (Jacqueline Bisset) recover a number of artifacts (from a diving expedition off the coast of Bermuda), including an ampule of amber-colored liquid and a medallion bearing the image of a woman and the letters 'S.C.O.P.N' (an abbreviation of the Latin 'Santa Clara Ora Pro Nobis' that translates to English as 'Santa Clara Pray For Us') and a date, 1714.


1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture
St. David's Lighthouse keeper and treasure-hunter Romer Treece (Robert Shaw), believes the medallion had come from the wreckage of the surviving twelfth ship [of the 1715 Treasure Fleet], thought to be a French tobacco ship that was being protected by the 1715 fleet and named Grifon (spelt "El Grifón" in Peter Benchley's novel The Deep). The ship was thought to be returning to Havana, Cuba for repairs but instead sank off the coast of Bermuda."


1715 Treasure Fleet, In popular culture
The plot of the Starz show Black Sails revolves heavily around the 1715 Treasure Fleet in its first season. The largest of the ships, the Urca de Lima, is wrecked during the hurricane off the coast of Florida, carrying five million Spanish dollars' worth in gold, silver and other precious materials, pursued by Captain Flint and his crew. The treasure, colloquially referred to as "the Urca gold", is an important plot device throughout the series.


1715 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1715 to Wales and its people.


1715 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1715.


1715 in piracy
See also 1714 in piracy, other events in 1715, 1716 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.


1715 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1715 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1715 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1715 in science
The year 1715 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1716
1716 (MDCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1716th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 716th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 16th  year of the 18th century, and the  7th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1716, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1716 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1716 to Wales and its people.


1716 in architecture
The year 1716 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1716 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1716.


1716 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1716 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1716 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1716 in science
The year 1716 in science and technology involved some significant events.


17163 Vasifedoseev
17163 Vasifedoseev, provisional designation 1999 LT19, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter.


17163 Vasifedoseev
The asteroid was discovered on 9 June 1999, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team at Lincoln Laboratory's ETS in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. It was named for Vasiliy Fedoseev, an awardee of the ISEF contest in 2003.


17163 Vasifedoseev, Orbit and classification
Vasifedoseev is a member of the Koronis family, a family of  stony asteroids in the outer main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,807 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was obtained at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1990, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its discovery.


17163 Vasifedoseev, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Vasifedoseev was obtained from photometric observations by the wide-field survey at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2010. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.1124 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2).


17163 Vasifedoseev, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Vasifedoseev measures 4.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.17, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 3.7 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.34.


17163 Vasifedoseev, Naming
This minor planet was named after Russian Vasiliy G. Fedoseev (born 1986) an awardee of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) in 2003. At the time, he attended the Lyceum of Information Technologies Moscow, Russia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52172).


1717
1717 (MDCCXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1717th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 717th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 17th  year of the 18th century, and the  8th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1717, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1717 Arlon
1717 Arlon, provisional designation 1954 AC, is a binary Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.5 kilometers in diameter.


1717 Arlon
It was discovered on 8 January 1954, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium, and later named for the Belgian town and provincial capital, Arlon.


1717 Arlon, Classification and orbit
Arlon is a member of the Flora family, a collisional family of S-type asteroids asteroids, and one of the largest populations of the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,188 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A915 CC at Simeiz Observatory in 1915, Arlon's first used observation was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1930, when it was identified as 1930 YU, extending the body's observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1717 Arlon, Binary system, Primary
A large number of rotational lightcurves of Arlon were obtained from photometric observations, giving a well-defined rotation period between 5.1477 and 5.1496 hours with a small brightness variation of 0.10 magnitude or less (also see infobox).


1717 Arlon, Binary system, Secondary
During one of these photometric observations in 2006, the binary nature of Arlon was revealed. The discovered asteroid moon orbits its primary once every 18.2 hours, at a distance of 16 kilometers. The moon itself measures approximately 4 kilometers in diameter.


1717 Arlon, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Arlon measures between 8.48 and 9.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.167 and 0.315. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the revised WISE-results by Pravec, adopting an albedo of 0.225 and a diameter of 9.15 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.43.


1717 Arlon, Naming
This minor planet was named for the Belgian town, municipality and provincial capital, Arlon. It is located on a hill above the source of the Semois river. In ancient times, Arlon was known as Orolaunum by the Romans and served as a station on the Antoninian way linking the cities Trier with Reims. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 September 1983 (M.P.C. 8150).


1717 Broadway
1717 Broadway is a skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. At 750 feet (230 m) high, it is the tallest hotel in North America. The building contains two hotels, the Courtyard New York Manhattan/Central Park below the 35th floor and the Residence Inn New York Manhattan/Central Park on floors 35 and higher, with a total of 639 rooms. The glass-clad building is on the northwest corner of 54th Street and Broadway.


1717 East Ninth Building
1717 East Ninth Building, also known as the East Ohio Building, is a skyscraper in Downtown Cleveland, the U.S. state of Ohio's emerging Nine-Twelve District. Completed in 1959, it was one of the first modernist high-rises in Cleveland, along with the Illuminating Building. It is currently the 24th-tallest building in Cleveland, at 275 feet (84 meters).


1717 East Ninth Building, History
It was designed by Emery Roth and Sons of New York City. Tishman Properties also of New York City was the developer. Ground was broken in March 1958 and in April 1959 it opened to the public. There is a 600-car parking garage attached to the tower. It was built on the site of the old Greyhound bus station, after Greyhound built a new bus terminal on Superior Avenue a few blocks away from the East Ohio Building in 1948.


1717 East Ninth Building, History
East Ohio Gas, Cleveland's natural gas supplier, occupied the tower until its merger with Richmond, Virginia-based Dominion Resources. On the lobby level, East Ohio had a customer pay center and exhibits of the benefits of natural gas appliances. In addition, they had a meter showing how much natural gas was supplied to Cleveland.


1717 East Ninth Building, History
On November 22, 2006, the largely vacant building was bought by New York City-based Sovereign Partners, LLC for around $12 million. The buying group planned on making certain improvements to the building, the details were announced in early 2007. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on January 23, 2013.


1717 East Ninth Building, Conversion to apartments
Plans announced March 22, 2012 indicate that the tower will be converted to 223 apartments, eliminating a huge vacancy in the central business district and meeting strong demand for new living space. It will then become the tallest fully residential building in Cleveland, Ohio.


1717 East Ninth Building, Conversion to apartments
The K & D Group of Willoughby, Ohio recently signed a contract to buy the 21-story building. Apartments will fill that void by early 2014, if K & D succeeds in securing tax credits and other financing for its $65 million project.


1717 East Ninth Building, Conversion to apartments
K & D said it would open the first of 223 apartments in the downtown building in July 2014 and should finish the $65 million conversion by August 2015.


1717 Guatemala earthquake
The 1717 Guatemala earthquake struck colonial Guatemala on September 29 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.4, and a Mercalli intensity of approximately IX (Violent). The earthquake essentially destroyed much of the architecture of Antigua Guatemala, which was the colonial capital of Central America at the time. Over 3,000 buildings were ruined including many temples and churches. Such was the effect of the disaster that the authorities considered moving the headquarters to a settlement which was less prone to natural disasters.


1717 Guatemala earthquake
Later earthquakes meant that after the 1773 earthquake the town had been moved three times. In 1776, after the Santa Marta earthquakes, the Spanish Crown finally ordered the capital to be moved to a safer location, in the Spanish: Valle de la Ermita (Valley of the Shrine), where Guatemala City, the modern capital of Guatemala, now stands.


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain was the invasion of Bahrain in 1717 by the Sultanate of Oman, bringing an end to the 115-year rule by the eroding Safavid dynasty. Following the Afghan invasion of Iran at the beginning of the 18th century which weakened the Safavids, the Omani forces were able to undermine Safavid rule in Bahrain and culminated in the victory for the Yaruba dynasty rulers of Oman.


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
Bahraini theologian, Sheikh Yusuf Al Bahrani, provides his personal account of the invasion in his biographical dictionary of Shia scholars, Lu’lu’at al-Baḥrayn (The Pearl of Bahrain):


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
The earth shook and everything came to a standstill while preparations were made to do battle with these vile men [the Khārijite Omani invasion force]. The first year they came to seize it they returned disappointed, for they were unable to do so. Nor were they able to succeed the second time a year later, despite the help they received from all of the Bedouin and outlaws. The third time, however, they were able to surround Bahrain by controlling the sea, for Bahrain is an island. In this way they eventually weakened its inhabitants and then took it by force. It was a horrific battle and a terrible catastrophe, for all the killing, plunder, pillage, and bloodshed that took place.


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
After the Khārijites had conquered it and granted the inhabitants safe passage, the people—especially the notables—fled to al-Qaṭīf and other regions. Among them was my father—God have mercy upon him—accompanied by his dependents [i.e., wives] and children, who traveled with them to al-Qaṭīf. But he left me in Bahrain in the house we owned in al-Shākhūra because some chests filled with bundles of our possessions, including books, gold coins, and clothes, were hidden there.


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
He had taken a large portion of our possessions up to the fortress in which everyone had planned to [take refuge] when we were besieged, but he had left some behind in the house, stored in hiding places. Everything in the fortress was lost after the Khārijites took it by force, and we all left the fortress with nothing but the clothes on our backs. So when my father left for al-Qaṭīf, I remained in Bahrain; he had ordered me to gather whatever books remained in the fortress and save them from the hands of the Khārijites. I did manage to save a number of books that I found there along with some that were left in the house, which I sent to him a few at a time. These years passed in an utter lack of prosperity.


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
I then traveled to al-Qaṭīf to visit my father and stayed there two or three months, but my father grew fed up with sitting in al-Qaṭīf because of the large number of dependents he had with him, the miserable conditions, and his lack of money, so he grew determined to return to Bahrain even though it was in the hands of the Khārijites. Fate, however, intervened between him and his plans, for the Persian army, along with a large number of Bedouins, arrived at that time to liberate Bahrain from the hands of the Khārijites. We followed the events closely and waited to see the outcome of these disasters; eventually the wheel of fortune turned against the Persians, they were all killed, and Bahrain was burned. Our house in the village [of al-Shākhūra] was among those burned.


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
... During this time, I was traveling back and forth to Bahrain in order to take care of the date palms we owned there and gather the harvest, then returning to al-Qaṭīf to study. [ This continued] until Bahrain was taken from the hands of the Khārijites by treaty, after a great sum had been paid to their commander, because of the Persian king's weakness and impotence, and his empire's decline through bad administration.


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
However, when the Omanis later relinquished control it did not bring peace to Bahrain; the political weakness of Persia meant that the islands were soon invaded by Huwala, who Al Bahrani says 'ruined' Bahrain. Almost constant warfare between various Sunni naval powers, the Omanis and then the Persians under Nadir Shah and Karim Khan Zand laid waste to much of Bahrain, while the high taxes imposed by the Omanis drove out the pearl merchants and the pearl divers. Danish German Arabist Carsten Niebuhr found in 1763 that Bahrain's 360 towns and villages had through warfare and economic distress been reduced to only 60.


1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
From 1783 Bahrain was ruled by a succession of sheikhs from the House of Al-Khalifa. They continue to rule Bahrain to this day.


1717 Oxford University by-election
The 1717 Oxford University by-election was a by-election in the university constituency of Oxford University in the Parliament of Great Britain following the death of William Whitelock.


1717 Oxford University by-election, Result
The by-election had only one candidate meaning George Clarke was elected unopposed.


1717 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1717 to Wales and its people.


1717 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1717.


1717 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1717 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1717 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1717 in science
The year 1717 in science and technology involved few significant events.


1718
1718 (MDCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1718th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 718th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th  year of the 18th century, and the  9th   year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1718, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake
The 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake occurred on June 19, 1718 in Tongwei County, Gansu Province, Qing dynasty, present-day China. The estimated surface wave magnitude Ms  7.5 earthquake was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), causing tremendous damage and killing 73,000 people.


1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake, Tectonic setting
The active plate tectonics of Gansu Province located on the Tibetan Plateau is dominated by the north–south continental collision of the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. As the Indian Plate collides along a convergent plate boundary known as the Main Himalayan Thrust, it being of continental crust does not subduct, rather, it plows into the Eurasian Plate. This process severely deforms the Eurasian Plate, uplifting the crust, forming the Tibetan Plateau. The force of the Indian Plate converging pushes the Tibetan Plateau east, towards the Sichuan Basin, forming another zone of collision.


1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake, Tectonic setting
This collision and resulting crustal deformation of the Eurasian Plate is accommodated by the Xianshuihe fault system, Haiyuan Fault, Kunlun Fault, Altyn Tagh fault, and Longmenshan Fault. The pesence of active faults in Sichuan makes the region vulnerable to damaging earthquakes. The very deadly 2008 Sichuan earthquake occurred due to a thrust fault rupture on the Longmenshan Fault. The 1920 Haiyuan and 1927 Gulang earthquakes occurred due to ruptures along the Haiyuan Fault.


1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake, Earthquake
The West Qinling Fault in the Tibetan plateau; an active left-lateral strike-slip fault has been proposed as the source of the earthquake although there is no seismological evidence to proof this. In the past 300 years since the event, the fault has not produced any major earthquakes. Another proposed source is the adjacent Tongwei thrust fault although little is known about its associated seismological activity. No surface ruptures from the earthquake has been documented, suggesting it may be a buried rupture earthquake.


1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake, Effects
All structures including government offices, schools, temples, and homes in Nanxiang were destroyed. It was reported that the only surviving struture was a portion of the brick city wall at the northeast of the city. Over 40,000 people were killed in the city. Another 30,000 people died in Yongning when massive landslides buried many homes in the area. Ground effects were severe; large fissures appeared, and the landscape was deformed. A large landslide completely buried the Yongning Ancient Town during the quake.


1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake, Effects
Several mountain peaks including one at Jingning County detached and fell, damming a river, killing several thousand. In Zhuanglang County, a large hill suffered a landslide, resulting in thousands of deaths. Many gate towers, pavilions, and battlements in Qin'an County were destroyed.


1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake, Effects
In Tianshui, the earthquake collapsed Confucian Temples and homes. Ground fissures and landslides killed some residents. Smaller fatality figures were reported across Gansu Province. The earthquake also affected Shaanxi and Henan provinces.


1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake, Effects, Landslides
The earthquake gained notable scientific attention due to the triggerering of over 300 large landslides. Most of the slides consisted of several meters of loess and mudstone deposits along steep mountainsides near the Wei River. Three of the largest landslides in Pan'an, Tianshui, Gangu County, had a combined volume of 6.06 × 108 m3. Locating the distribution of landslides using Google Earth found a dense concentration of occurrence along the Tongwei Fault.


1718 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1718 to Wales and its people.


1718 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1718.


1718 in piracy
See also 1717 in piracy, 1719 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.


1718 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1718 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1718 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1718 in science
This is a list of significant events that occurred in the year 1718 in science.


1719
1719 (MDCCXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1719th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 719th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th  year of the 18th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1719, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1719 Establishment
The 1719 Establishment was a set of mandatory requirements governing the construction of all Royal Navy warships capable of carrying more than 20 naval long guns. It was designed to bring economies of scale through uniform vessel design, and ensure a degree of certainty about vessel capability once at sea, and was applied to all vessels from the first-rate to the fifth-rate. Once in effect, it superseded the 1706 Establishment, which had specified major dimensions for ships of the second-rate, third-rate and fourth-rate only.


1719 Establishment
The new Establishment in 1719 was not simply limited to specifying the overall dimensions of each type of warship, but now set out in great detail other factors used in constructing the ship, down to the thickness of timbers ("scantlings") used in construction and planking.


1719 Establishment
The Establishment adopted in 1719 was subject to substantial revisions in both 1733 and 1741, although on neither occasion was the 1719 Establishment replaced. A new Establishment was finally adopted in 1745.


1719 Establishment
Before the 1745 centralised all design work in the office of the Surveyor of the Navy, the design of every vessel was the responsibility of the Master Shipwright in the dockyard in which that vessel was built; thus ships built to one Establishment has to conform to the dimensions and other measurements specified by that Establishment, but were to varying designs and therefore did not constitute a "class" in the modern use of the term.


1719 Establishment
The exception to this was when ships were built under contract by commercial shipbuilders, for which a common design was prepared by the Surveyor and copies sent to the shipbuilder for execution; this only applied to some of the two-decker ships and smaller vessels (all three-deckers were built or rebuilt in the Royal Dockyards), and was almost exclusively a wartime occurrence.


1719 Establishment, Background
When the 1706 Establishment had been introduced, British naval architecture had entered a period of highly conservative stagnation. The Establishments were intended to create standardisation throughout the fleet, in part to reduce the cost of maintaining Britain's large navy. The side effect was to almost completely eliminate any design innovation until the abolition of the Establishments in the early 1750s.


1719 Establishment, Background
When King George I ascended the throne in 1714, thus beginning the Hanoverian dynasty in Great Britain, the main institutions of the Royal Navy – the Board of Admiralty and the Navy Board – underwent the typical reorganisations associated with a change of régime. While the Admiralty became a much more political body, the Navy Board became populated by men who had learnt their trade during the formative years of the Establishment system. A very significant factor in the formation of the 1719 Establishment and its subsequent longevity is that the period of 1714–1739 was the most peaceful of the 18th Century.


1719 Establishment, Background
A further contributory factor was the introduction of a new Establishment of Guns in 1716. Previously, gun establishments had catered for each ship, as there were often differences between ships of the same nominal size that would affect the armament they could carry. The 1716 gun establishment was intended to overturn that situation, so that all ships of a particular type (for example, 70 gun ships) would carry the same armament.


1719 Establishment, Background
The Navy Board highlighted the fact that there were still several ships in service that were physically incapable of carrying the prescribed armament, either due to the number and disposition of gunports, or to sturdiness of build. Essentially, however, the Navy Board resolved to undertake the task of having all ships rebuilt to common designs to facilitate the new gun establishment.


1719 Establishment, 1719 arrangements
The new Establishment of dimensions, finalised in December 1719, was significantly more detailed than its predecessor. The 1706 Establishment had sought to constrain only the basic dimensions (gundeck length, keel length, breadth, and depth in the hold), whereas the 1719 Establishment detailed everything from the keel length to the thickness of planks on each deck. The new Establishment was also expanded in scope to include first rates, the dimensions for which were to be based upon HMS Royal Sovereign. In the other direction the new Establishment expanded down to include the sixth rates and the smaller (30-gun) fifth rates, so that all ships with 20 guns or more were covered. The dimensions for other ship types were adjusted according to experience with ships built to the 1706 Establishment.


1719 Establishment, 1733 proposals and revisions
Over time, as British shipbuilding remained stagnant, Britain's foreign maritime rivals, most notably France, continued developing their own ships so that eventually the Navy Board was forced to take note. British ships by comparison with their foreign counterparts were usually significantly smaller – a practice that had come about through a combination of various factors differentiating the role of the Royal Navy from that of the continental navies, but a major factor was the need for a sizeable fleet, and the associated requirement to keep costs as low as practicable. However, by 1729 concerns were being expressed that the ships being built to the 1719 Establishment may be too small, and so a new ship, HMS Centurion, and HMS Rippon which was due for rebuilding, were built with slightly altered dimensions.


1719 Establishment, 1733 proposals and revisions
In 1732 the Admiralty decided to ask the Master Shipwrights in each of the Royal dockyards to report to them on how best they thought the ships could be improved. The responses, when they finally arrived, were conservative, offering only minor adjustments to certain dimensions.


1719 Establishment, 1733 proposals and revisions
There was little agreement between the changes proposed, and no further progress was made until May 1733 when Sir Jacob Ackworth of the Navy Board – the Surveyor of the Navy at the time – proposed to the Admiralty some changes to the dimensions of the 50-gun and 60-gun ships, most notably an increase in breadth. The Admiralty accepted these proposals, and the ones that followed in later months for the other types, and these new dimensions became the effective new Establishment, though they never technically superseded the 1719 dimensions; there was no 1733 Establishment. Indications are that the Admiralty desired more far-reaching reforms than what was actually implemented, but due in part to the absence of anyone with practical shipbuilding knowledge on the Board, the Board of Admiralty lacked the ability to realise them.


1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions
The true state of British ship design became apparent with the start of the War of Jenkins' Ear. The capture of the Spanish 70-gun ship Princessa in April 1740 by three British 70-gun ships (HMS Kent, HMS Lennox and HMS Orford) took six hours of fighting despite one of Princessa's topmasts being missing. Her greater size (much closer to that of a British 90-gun ship than a 70) gave her stability that the British ships lacked, and her build quality allowed her to withstand the pounding from the three British ships for a long time.


1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions
By way of response to the now apparent individual inferiority of British ships over their opponents, a previously abandoned update to the gun establishment was called upon to increase the firepower of the ships. With heavier guns came the need for larger ships to carry them, and so Sir Jacob made a new set of proposals for increased dimensions—slightly less conservative this time around. Additionally, the new gun establishment made some changes to the types of ships that would be on the navy list in future. The 70-gun ships would become 64-gunners, albeit with heavier guns as compensation, and the 60-gun ships were to become 58-gun ships, again with heavier guns. No first rates were built to the dimensions of the 1741 proposals, but one ship of 74 guns and two of 66 were constructed.


1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions
An additional side effect of the war was the collapse of the system of rebuilding. Until the outbreak of the war, it had been the practice to rebuild ships periodically, to maintain the size of the fleet without alarming parliament with requests for new ships. In reality, many of these rebuilds amounted to just that, with little or no timber from the original ship surviving into her rebuilt form. In some cases, ships would be dismantled years before they actually underwent the rebuilding process, but remained on the active list for the entire time.


1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions
Rebuilding a ship was a lengthy process, more time consuming and more expensive than building a completely new one. The pressures of the war meant that for drydocks to be taken up for long periods of time whilst a ship was surveyed to determine what timber was reusable in the new ship, and what could find a use elsewhere in the dockyard, disassembled and then rebuilt was counter-productive.


1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions
Ships intended to be sent to the West Indies for service in the war required the use of drydocks to have their hulls appropriately sheathed to combat such problems as shipworm, and other uses of the drydocks for servicing the fleet meant that rebuilds were given a low priority.


1719 Establishment, 1741 proposals and revisions
It was at this time that the British practise of converting old ships to hulks for expanded storage space in harbours began, as instead of wasting effort and dockyard space on breaking up an old vessel that was still perfectly capable of floating, they were converted to serve the dockyards in this new capacity. Few rebuilds were started after 1739, and none at all were begun after 1742, although any that had been started were allowed to complete.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types
A different set of Establishment dimensions was defined for each size of ship, other than the smallest (i.e. the unrated) vessels.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns
The 1719 Establishment for first rates took as its model the highly successful Royal Sovereign as rebuilt in 1704 (the subsequent Royal William and Britannia rebuildings had been to the same design dimensions and set of scantlings when they were launched in 1719). Thus all three of these rebuildings should be taken as being "to the 1719 Establishment" even though they actually predated that standard.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns
While no other first rates were built or rebuilt during the years between 1719 and 1733, the Royal Sovereign underwent a further rebuilding between 1723 and 1729.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns
The 1733 revision made no changes to the tonnage, length or breadth of the first rate, and only increased the depth in hold by 6 inches. The 1741 revision substantively increased the dimensions to:


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, First rates of 100 guns
Only one first rate was built to the 1733 dimensions. The Victory was nominally a rebuilding of its predecessor of 1695, but this was strictly a legal fiction, as the old ship had been completely taken to pieces in 1721, and the new ship was not commenced until 1733. Following this ship, no first rate at all was built to the 1741 dimensions.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Second rates of 90 guns
The 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships from the 1706 Establishment dimensions to those shown in the adjacent table. Five Second Rates were rebuilt from existing ships to this Establishment specification – the Prince George in 1719–1723, the Union in 1718–1726, the Namur in 1723–1729, the Neptune in 1725–1730, and the Marlborough in 1725–1732. Two more were ordered to be rebuilt to this Establishment, but were actually completed to the revised 1733 dimensions.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Second rates of 90 guns
Two second rates were rebuilt to the 1733 dimensions, although initially ordered to the original 1719 Establishment. The Duke was rebuilt in 1734–1739 and the St George in 1739–1740. Again, two more were ordered to be rebuilt to these dimensions, but were actually completed to the revised 1741 dimensions.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Second rates of 90 guns
Two second rates were rebuilt to the 1741 dimensions, although initially ordered to the 1733 figures. The Ramillies was rebuilt in 1743–1749 and the Prince in 1743–1750.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns
The 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships (the smallest class of three-decker warships) as shown in the adjacent table. Seven 80-gun ships were rebuilt to this specification before 1733 – the Lancaster in 1719–1722, Norfolk in 1718–1728, Cornwall in 1723–1726, Princess Caroline in 1724–1731, Humber in 1723–1726, Somerset in 1722(? )-1731 and Russell in 1729–1735. An eighth ship – the Cumberland – was completed to the 1733 dimensions. The Humber was renamed Princess Amelia in 1727 and was cut down a deck into a 66-gun ship in 1747–1748.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns
Two 80-gun ships were rebuilt to these dimensions – the Boyne in 1736–1739 and Cumberland in 1734–1739. The Cumberland was cut down a deck into a 66-gun ship in 1747–1748.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns
One ship (Culloden) was built to the 1741 dimensions for 80-gun ships, but during construction was cut down a deck and completed in 1747 as a 74-gun two-decker ship with the following armament:


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 80 guns
Two ships (Devonshire and Lancaster) were built to the 1741 dimensions for 80-gun ships, but during construction were each cut down a deck and completed as 66-gun two-decker ships, each with the following armament:


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 (later 64) guns
The 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships as shown in the adjacent table. Eight 70-gun ships were rebuilt in 1717–1730 to these specifications – the Edinburgh, Northumberland, Captain, Stirling Castle, Lenox, Kent, Grafton and Ipswich – while four more were newbuilt, all at Deptford Dockyard – Burford, Berwick, Buckingham, Prince of Orange (the last originally to have been named Bredah).


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 (later 64) guns
Another twelve 70-gun ships were built or rebuilt to the 1733 dimensions – the Elizabeth, Suffolk, Essex, Prince Frederick, Nassau, Bedford, Royal Oak, Revenge, Stirling Castle, Captain, Monmouth and Berwick.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Third rates of 70 (later 64) guns
The 1743 Establishment of Guns altered these ships from 70-gun to 64-gun, but with more powerful ordnance as set out in the table.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 (later 58) guns
The 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships as shown in the adjacent table. Three 60-gun ships were rebuilt to this specification during the early 1720s – the Plymouth, Canterbury and Windsor – while the Dreadnought underwent a major repair amounting to a rebuild and a fifth ship – the Sunderland – was replaced by new construction. In the late 1720s, six new 60-gun ships were rebuilt to replace obsolete 50-gun ships – the Deptford, Pembroke, Tilbury, Warwick, Swallow and Centurion (the last-named to a somewhat broader specification), while the 60-gun Dunkirk was likewise rebuilt. A slightly lengthened ship – the Rippon – was built in 1730–1735.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 (later 58) guns
Eleven vessels were initially built to this specification, including six built as replacements for obsolete 50-gun ships. These were the Weymouth, Worcester, Strafford, Superb, Jersey, Augusta, Dragon, Lion, Kingston, Rupert and Princess Mary. After 1739 another four were built – the Nottingham and Exeter in the Royal Dockyards and the Medway and Dreadnought by contract.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 (later 58) guns
Six ships were ordered to this specification – the Canterbury, Sunderland, Tilbury, Princess Louisa, Defiance and Eagle. A seventh – Windsor – was built to a somewhat enlarged design.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 60 (later 58) guns
The 1743 Establishment of Guns replaced the 26 9-pounder guns on the upper deck by 24 12-pounder guns, reducing the vessel to a 58-gun ship.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns
The 1716 Establishment of Guns for the smaller fourth rates had replaced the 12-pounder guns on their lower deck by 18-pounders, and the 6-pounders on their upper decks by 9-pounders; at the same time, it removed four of the smaller (6-pounder) guns from the quarterdeck, turning them from 54 to 50 guns. The 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships as shown in the adjacent table.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns
Fourteen vessels were rebuilt to this specification between 1718 and 1732 – the Falkland, Chatham, Colchester, Leopard, Portland, Lichfield, Argyll, Assistance, Romney, Oxford, Greenwich, Falmouth, Salisbury and Newcastle.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns
Eight ships were rebuilt to this specification in the Royal Dockyards – the Gloucester, Severn, Saint Albans, Woolwich, Dartmouth, Guernsey, Antelope and Preston. Subsequently, four further vessels were newbuilt by commercial contract – the Hampshire, Leopard, Sutherland and Nonsuch.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fourth rates of 50 guns
Fourteen vessels were newbuilt by contract to a common design by the Surveyor's Office – the Harwich, Colchester, Falkland, Chester, Winchester, Portland, Maidstone, Gloucester, Norwich, Ruby, Advice, Salisbury. Lichfield and a second Colchester (after the first was lost in 1744). A fifteenth vessel – Panther – was built to a local design at Plymouth Dockyard, and two others were also dockyard-built at Woolwich and Deptford to a lengthened design – the Bristol and Rochester.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns
The 1716 Establishment of Guns for the larger fifth rates had removed the four smaller guns from the quarterdeck and instead added a tenth pair of guns on the lower deck, turning them from 42 to 40 guns. However the lower deck guns were now 12-pounders instead of the former 9-pounders. Thirteen vessels were rebuilt to this specification – the Hector, Anglesea, Diamond, Mary Galley, Ludlow Castle, Pearl, Kinsale, Lark, Adventure, Roebuck, Torrington, Princess Louisa and Southsea Castle.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns
The 1733 revision made no change to the gundeck length of the 40-gun fifth rate, and actually reduced the keel length by 17 inches. It substantially increased the beam by 26 inches and the depth in hold by 6 inches as follows:


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns
A prototype to this specification – the Eltham – was rebuilt in 1734–1736 at Deptford. Thirteen more ships were ordered from commercial contractors from 1739 onwards – the Dover, Folkestone, Faversham, Lynn, Gosport, Sapphire, Hastings, Liverpool, Kinsale, Adventure, Diamond, Launceston and Looe.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns
By the late 1730s it was evident to Admiralty that the 44-gun fifth rates were inferior vessels; too small to stand in the line of battle but too large and slow for general cruising. To address some these defects the 1741 revision further increased the standard dimensions, to:


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 40 guns
Thirteen ships were built to these specifications, again all by contract – the Anglesea, Torrington, Hector, Roebuck, Lark, Pearl, Mary Galley, Ludlow Castle, Fowey, Looe, Poole, Southsea Castle and Chesterfield. Three further ships followed a slightly amended design, with the depth in hold increased by a further 5 inches – the Prince Edward, another Anglesea and Thetis.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Fifth rates of 30 guns
The 1719 Establishment made provision for a 30-gun fifth rate with a gundeck length of 114 feet, carrying (under the provisions of the 1716 Establishment of Guns) an armament of eight 9-pounders on the lower deck, twenty 6-pounders on the upper deck, and two 4-pounders on the quarterdeck, but no 30-gun ships were built to this Establishment and this obsolete type was soon to disappear.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns
The 1719 Establishment for sixth rates took as its model the highly successful Dursley Galley built in 1719. It revised the dimensions of these ships from the 1706 Establishment dimensions to those shown in the adjacent table.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns
Three sixth rates were newbuilt – the Greyhound and Blandford as replacements in 1720 for lost vessels, and the Rye as replacement in 1727 for a discarded ship – and seventeen others were rebuilt from existing ships to this Establishment specification – the Lyme and Shoreham in 1720, Scarborough in 1722, Lowestoffe in 1723, Garland, Seaford and Rose in 1724, Deal Castle, Fox, Gibraltar, Bideford, Seahorse, Squirrel, Aldborough, Flamborough and Experiment in 1727, and Phoenix in 1728. Two further 20-gun ships were rebuilt at Deptford to a slightly enlarged specification in 1732 – the Sheerness and Dolphin – with the beam increased to 30 ft 5in.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns
The 1733 revision made no change to the gundeck length of the 20-gun sixth rate, and actually reduced the keel length by 9 inches. It substantially increased the beam by 26 inches from the 1719 dimensions and the depth in hold by 3 inches as follows:


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns
Two 20-gun ships were rebuilt at Deptford to the 1733 dimensions – the Tartar in 1734 and the Kennington in 1736. In 1739–1740 another fourteen were ordered to be newbuilt by commercial contractors to a common design – the Fox, Winchelsea, Lyme, Rye, Experiment, Lively, Port Mahon, Scarborough, Success, Rose, Bideford, Bridgewater, Seaford and Solebay. Two further vessels to a slightly enlarged design – the Greyhound and Blandford – were also built by contract in 1741.


1719 Establishment, Individual ship types, Sixth rates of 20 guns
Fifteen ships were built, all by contract, to a common design and to these specifications – the Lowestoffe, Aldborough, Alderney, Phoenix, Sheerness, Wager, Shoreham, Bridgewater, Glasgow, Triton, Mercury, Surprise, Siren, Fox and Rye. Again, two further vessels – Centaur and Deal Castle – were built to a slightly different design (without lower deck gun ports) while still meeting the same 1741 Establishment criteria, while a single vessel – the Garland – was built in 1745–1748 at Sheerness Dockyard to a somewhat longer design.


1719 Jens
1719 Jens (prov. designation: 1950 DP) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 February 1950, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was named after a grandson of the discoverer.


1719 Jens, Orbit and classification
Jens orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,581 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A922 SC at Simeiz Observatory in 1922, Jens's first used observation was taken at Turku in 1948, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1719 Jens, Orbit and classification
In 2010, Jens was passing in front of the Tadpole Nebula (see image obtained by WISE).


1719 Jens, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In September 2000, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained two rotational lightcurves, giving a rotation period of 5.867 and 5.87 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 and 0.55 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


1719 Jens, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In February 2006, photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a concurring period of 5.873 hours with an amplitude of 0.55 magnitude (U=3). This well-defined period was further confirmed by a modeled light-curve using data from the Lowell Photometric Database, giving a period of 5.87016 hours (U=n.a. ).


1719 Jens, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
It is classified as S- and C-type asteroid by the LCDB and Pan-STARRS, respectively.


1719 Jens, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Jens measures between 18.93 and 21.61 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.085 and 0.149. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1048 and calculates a diameter of 18.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.


1719 Jens, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer for his grandson. Karl Reinmuth also named the consecutively numbered asteroid, 1720 Niels, after one of his grandsons. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).


1719 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1719 to Wales and its people.


1719 in architecture
The year 1719 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1719 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1719.


1719 in music
This article lists the most significant events and works of the year 1719 in music.


1719 in piracy
See also 1718 in piracy, 1720 in piracy, 1719 and Timeline of piracy.


1719 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1719 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1719 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1719 in science
The year 1719 in science and technology involved some significant events some of which are enumerated here.


17198 Gorjup
17198 Gorjup, provisional designation 2000 AA31, is a stony Flora asteroid and asteroid pair from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 January 2000, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team at the Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was named for Slovenian Niko Gorjup, a 2003 awardee of the ISEF contest.


17198 Gorjup, Orbit and classification
Gorjup is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,257 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


17198 Gorjup, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1990 EH6 at ESO's La Silla Observatory in March 1990, extending the body's observation arc by almost 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.


17198 Gorjup, Physical characteristics, Diameter estimate
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 2.71 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.0.


17198 Gorjup, Physical characteristics, Asteroid pair
Gorjup is a paired asteroid with (229056) 2004 FC126. It is thought that asteroid pairs are formed by a single parent body, that broke up into a proto-binary system due to its rotation. Soon after, such systems disrupt under their own internal dynamics into pairs.


17198 Gorjup, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
A rotational lightcurve of Gorjup was obtained from photometric observations made by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory in August 2008. The lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.2430 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3).


17198 Gorjup, Naming
This minor planet was named after Slovenian Niko Gorjup (born 1984) an awardee in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) in 2003. At the time, he attended the Solski Center Nova Gorica, Gimnazija, Nova Gorica, Slovenia. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52173).


171P/Spahr
171P/Spahr is a periodic comet in the Solar System. 171P/Spahr  was recovered on 20–24 October 2011 at apparent magnitude 20.6 using the 2.0-metre (79 in) Faulkes Telescope South. 171P/Spahr is peaked at about magnitude 18 in 2012.


171P/Spahr
During the 1999 passage the comet brightened to about magnitude 13.5.


171P/Spahr
At perihelion on January 13, 2019 when the comet was 1AU from Earth, the 3-sigma uncertainty in the comet's Earth distance was ±500 km.


171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade
171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade was a 2nd-Line infantry formation of the British Territorial Force raised during the First World War that served on the Western Front. The brigade's number was also used for deception purposes during the Second World War.


171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, Origin
On 31 August 1914 the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd/1st Liverpool Brigade came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime Liverpool Brigade that were due to be sent overseas. The brigade was part of 2nd West Lancashire Division. In August 1915 these formations were assigned numbers, becoming 171st (2nd/1st Liverpool) Brigade and 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division respectively.


171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, Order of battle
The following units served in the brigade during the war:


171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, History
The formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915. In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training.


171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, History
On 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 171 Brigade served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations:


171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, History
On 1 November 1918 171 Brigade went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing the disbandment of 171 Brigade.


171st (2/1st Liverpool) Brigade, Second World War
171 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 31st Battalion Suffolk Regiment, a line of communication unit serving in 42nd Brigade in North Africa and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated  '171st Infantry Brigade'  and acted as if it were a full brigade from November 1943 until June 1944.


171st Air Refueling Squadron
The 171st Air Refueling Squadron (171 ARS) is a unit of the Michigan Air National Guard's 127th Wing (127 WG) located at Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan. The 171st is equipped with the KC-135T Stratotanker.


171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Established in early 1943 as a P-47 Thunderbolt fighter squadron, the 374th Fighter Squadron trained under I Fighter Command in the mid-Atlantic states. Also flew air-defense missions as part of the Philadelphia Fighter Wing. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) as part of the 361st Fighter Group, being assigned to VIII Fighter Command in England, November 1943.


171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The unit served primarily as an escort organization, covering the penetration, attack, and withdrawal of B-17/B-24 bomber formations that the USAAF sent against targets on the Continent. The squadron also engaged in counter-air patrols, fighter sweeps, and strafing and dive-bombing missions. Attacked such targets as airdromes, marshalling yards, missile sites, industrial areas, ordnance depots, oil refineries, trains, and highways. During its operations, the unit participated in the assault against the Luftwaffe and aircraft industry during the Big Week, 20–25 February 1944, and the attack on transportation facilities prior to the Normandy invasion and support of the invasion forces thereafter, including the Saint-Lô breakthrough in July.


171st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron supported the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September 1944 and deployed to Chievres Airdrome, (ALG A-84), Belgium between February and April 1945 flying tactical ground support missions during the airborne assault across the Rhine. The unit returned to Little Walden and flew its last combat mission on 20 April 1945. Demobilized during the summer of 1945 in England, inactivated in the United States as a paper unit in October.