1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible
At this time, Saxony was one of many separate states making up the land of Germany. Variant dialects of two basic languages were spoken in Germany: High German in the highlands to the south and Low German in the lowlands to the north. Luther translated the Bible into a dialect of High German that was spoken in Saxony. As each part of his High German translation was published, a Low German translation was soon prepared and published by his associates, among whom was Johannes Bugenhagen. Martin Luther's last translation of the Bible was made in 1545. The 1614 Low German Bible is a rare, illustrated Luther Bible.


1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible
Johannes Bugenhagen (1485–1558) was a scholar and was pastor to Martin Luther at St. Mary's church in Wittenberg. Johannes Bugenhagen has also been called second Apostle of the North. Among his major accomplishments was organization of Lutheran churches in north Germany and Scandinavia. Johannes Bugenhagen was one of Martin Luther's associates assisting in Bible translation. Additionally he made a Low German translation of each part of Luther's Bible. Johannes Bugenhagen was always a pastor at heart, and because of his love for music, his seal carries a harp.


1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible
The name and coat of arms of Duke Augustus of Saxony (1526–1586) are engraved on the front parchment cover of the 1614 Bible. Augustus came to the throne in Saxony eight years after Luther's last 1545 Bible translation. Soon afterwards this last 1545 Bible translation became authorized as a standard in Saxony. Augustus married Anna, daughter of Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway. This marriage allied Saxony not only to a royal house of Scandinavia, but also to the north state of Schleswig-Holstein which was ruled by Anna's uncle, Adolf (reign 1544–86). The coat of arms of Adolf, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein also appears in the 1614 Bible on the back cover.


1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible
In the last years of Augustus' life, Hans Stern was a bookbinder in Lüneburg, a city in Lower Saxony where Low German was spoken. Hans Stern became a bookseller, and later, a book publisher. His first book as a publisher was the Low German Bible, with Johann Vogt in Goslar as printer.


1614 Low German Bible, History, Bible
In his letter of dedication after the title page, Hans Stern wrote that he wanted to print the Low German language in a Bible with "a beautiful clear type, good paper, elegant illustrations, very useful tables, concordances and summaries, and other features put in the finest and most careful order." Hans Stern began printing Low German bibles, but after 1621 he only printed High German bibles, for by that time Low German was disappearing as a written language. Hans Stern's family in Lüneburg today carries the oldest family-owned printing house in the world, and the original woodcut blocks for illustrations in his 1614 Bible have been on display in the Lüneburg Library.


1614 Low German Bible, History, Language
Low German, also called Low Saxon, is a language that has been spoken mainly in the lowlands (plains and coastal areas) of northern Germany (including Pomerania, West Prussia and East Prussia),  northeastern Netherlands and some parts of Denmark. High German has traditionally been a language of the more mountainous areas of Germany south of the Uerdingen line, Switzerland and Austria. Variant dialects are still characteristic to the Low German language. Low German has a history as a language. Many words in Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic are also of Low Saxon origin.


1614 Low German Bible, History, Language
Low Saxon first appears in writing in the 8th century. It flourished mostly in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. After Martin Luther's translation of the Bible in 1534, Low German began disappearing as a written language as High German became more standard in schools. The 1614 Low German Bible has a place in the history of Low German literature.


1614 Low German Bible, Access
There are seven known copies of the Bible today. They are displayed in: British Library, Royal Danish Library, Stuttgart Library, Lüneburg Archives, Newberry Library, Boerne Library.


1614 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1614.


1614 in music
The year 1614 in music involved some significant musical events.


1614 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1614 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1614 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1614 in science
The year 1614 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1615
1615 (MDCXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1615th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 615th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 15th  year of the 17th century, and the  6th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1615, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1615 Arica earthquake
The 1615 Arica earthquake was a major earthquake centered near Arica in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of Peru, within the present day Arica y Parinacota Region of northwestern Chile.


1615 Arica earthquake
The earthquake caused considerable damage to the infrastructure of the city with the Iglesia Mayor. The city's fort collapsed, and cracks opened in the floor of the royal quicksilver storage facility. No human was reported dead but three people suffered injuries.


1615 Bardwell
1615 Bardwell, provisional designation 1950 BW, is a rare-type Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1950, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It is named for American astronomer Conrad Bardwell.


1615 Bardwell, Orbit and classification
Bardwell is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,020 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1615 Bardwell, Orbit and classification
Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1926 TO at Simeiz Observatory in 1926, extending the body's observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1615 Bardwell, Naming
This minor planet was named for Conrad M. Bardwell (1926–2010), who was a research associate at the Cincinnati Observatory and later associate director of the Minor Planet Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Bardwell successfully established numerous identifications from observations in widely separated oppositions and provided observers with reliable data of orbital elements. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1974 (M.P.C. 3643).


1615 Bardwell, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomy, Bardwell is a blueish B-type asteroid, a rare subtype of the abundant carbonaceous C-types found in the outer belt. The spectra of B-type bodies show a broad absorption feature at one micron wavelength that is associated with the presence of magnetite and is what gives the asteroid its blue tint. There are only a few dozens asteroids of this type known to exist.


1615 Bardwell, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In the late 1970s, a rotational lightcurve of Bardwell was obtained by American astronomer Edward Tedesco. It gave a provisional rotation period of 18 hours with a change in brightness of 0.2 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no other photometric analysis of Bardwell has been made.


1615 Bardwell, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bardwell measures between 21.92 and 31.58 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.049 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0642 and a diameter of 27.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.38.


1615 Poydras
1615 Poydras, also known as DXC Technology Center, and formerly known as the Freeport McMoRan building, is a 23-story, 276-foot (84 m)-tall skyscraper office building. It is located at 1615 Poydras Street, in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana.


1615 in India, Events
Thomas Roe came to Mughal India as ambassador from James I of United Kingdom.


1615 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1615.


1615 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1615 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1615 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1615 in science
The year 1615 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1616
1616 (MDCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1616th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 616th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 16th  year of the 17th century, and the  7th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1616, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1616 Walnut Street Building
The 1616 Walnut Street Building or 1616 Building is a historic high-rise building in the Center City area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


1616 Walnut Street Building
In 1930, the architects received an award for the building's design at the 12th International Buildings Congress in Budapest.


1616 Walnut Street Building
Its five-story parking garage on the Chancellor Street side, part of the original construction, was considered a novelty in 1929.


1616 Walnut Street Building
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places on January 7, 1982.


1616 Walnut Street Building
In 2013, 1616 Walnut Street was renamed "Icon" as it underwent an extensive renovation, transforming it from commercial space to a luxury Class-A multifamily community expected to open in 2014.


1616 in Italy
An incomplete series of events which happened in Italy in 1616:


1616 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1616.


1616 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1616 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1616 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1616 in science
The year 1616 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1617
1617 (MDCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1617th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 617th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 17th  year of the 17th century, and the  8th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1617, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1617 Alschmitt
1617 Alschmitt, provisional designation 1952 FB, is an assumed carbonaceous asteroid from in the outer parts of the main belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 March 1952, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, Northern Africa, and named after French astronomer Alfred Schmitt.


1617 Alschmitt, Orbit and classification
This asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,091 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. Alschmitt was first identified as A906 DC at Heidelberg in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 46 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1617 Alschmitt, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Two rotational lightcurve of Alschmitt obtained in 2003 and 2004, by René Roy and Laurent Bernasconi, gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.0613 and 7.062 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 and 0.52 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). In October 2010, the Palomar Transient Factory derived a period of 7.0602 hours with an amplitude 0.49 magnitude (U=2).


1617 Alschmitt, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Alschmitt measures 21.12 and 21.28 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.190 and 0.270, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 36.78 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1617 Alschmitt, Naming
Boyer named this minor planet for his colleague Alfred Schmitt (1907–1973), astronomer at Algiers, Strasbourg and Quito observatories, who, 20 years earlier, had named the asteroid 1215 Boyer in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4418).


1617 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1617.


1617 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1617 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1617 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1617 in science
The year 1617 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1618
1618 (MDCXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1618th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 618th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th  year of the 17th century, and the  9th   year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1618, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1618 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1618.


1618 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1618 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1618 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1618 in science
The year 1618 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1619
1619 (MDCXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1619th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 619th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th  year of the 17th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1619, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1619 Broadway – The Brill Building Project
1619 Broadway: The Brill Building Project is a 2012 album by Kurt Elling, recorded as a tribute to the songwriters of the Brill Building in New York City.


1619 Broadway – The Brill Building Project
At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Elling was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album for his performance on this album, losing to Radio Music Society by Esperanza Spalding.


1619 Broadway – The Brill Building Project, Track listing
Kurt Elling and Laurence Hobgood arranged tracks 1 and 8-11, track 2 together with John Mc Lean, track 5 with Clark Sommers. Laurence Hobgood provided arrangements for tracks 2, 4 and 6, and wrote all horn section arrangements.


1619 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1619 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on August 28.


1619 Imperial election, Background
This was the sixth imperial election to take place during the Reformation. On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This list of propositions criticized the practice of selling indulgences, remissions of the punishment meted out for sin in Purgatory. Luther's criticism snowballed into a massive schism in the church, and from there into a split among the states of the empire. By 1600, the elector of the Electoral Palatinate was Calvinist and the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg were Lutheran.


1619 Imperial election, Background, Bohemian Revolt
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia, was Catholic. In 1600 he was engaged in the Long Turkish War, which had drained the resources of his kingdoms and of the empire since 1593. On December 28, 1604, following military reverses and an economic crisis in Hungary, the Hungarian nobleman Stephen Bocskai launched a revolt. The Bocskai uprising lasted until 1606 and put additional pressure on Rudolf's resources. It was in this situation that Rudolf was forced to grant the Letter of Majesty in 1609, allowing the free practice of Protestant religions in Bohemia and creating a Bohemian Protestant state church run by the Protestant estates.


1619 Imperial election, Background, Bohemian Revolt
In 1617, Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, by now Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia, arranged for the election of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor as his successor in Bohemia under the terms of the Oñate treaty. The fiercely Catholic Ferdinand II had suppressed Protestantism on his lands in Styria and had repudiated the Letter of Majesty. When, in 1618, Ferdinand II sent his representatives, Vilém Slavata of Chlum and Jaroslav Bořita of Martinice, to Prague to administer the government, they were thrown from the third floor of Prague Castle by members of the dissolved Protestant estates.


1619 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1619
On August 26, 1619, the estates of Bohemia deposed Ferdinand II and elected Frederick V of the Palatinate, elector of the Electoral Palatinate, as king. Frederick accepted. Nonetheless, the other electors refused to hear an embassy of the Bohemian estates and confirmed Ferdinand II as Bohemian king and elector, with only the Palatine delegation objecting. The remaining five electors were:


1619 Imperial election, Elected
Frederick, after casting a vote for Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, retracted his vote and joined the other six electors in voting for Ferdinand II, who was crowned in Frankfurt on September 9.


1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike
The Jamestown Polish craftsmen's strike of 1619 took place in the settlement of Jamestown in the Virginia colony. It was the first documented strike in North America. Skilled craftsmen were sent by the Virginia Company to Jamestown to produce pitch, tar, and turpentine used for shipbuilding. When the colony held its first election in 1619, many settlers were not allowed to vote on the grounds that they were not of English descent, and they went on strike. Due to the importance of the skilled workers in producing valuable naval stores for the colony, company leaders bowed to labor pressure and gave full voting rights to continental workers.


1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike, History
John Smith first encountered and was impressed with the talents of Polish craftsmen when he traveled through Poland in 1602, fleeing the Turks who had enslaved him. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was then the largest kingdom of Europe, covering the present territory of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Russia.


1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike, History
Early in Jamestown's history, Smith and the Virginia Company began recruiting workers from mainland Europe to come to their new colony. The first of these foreign workers came with the second group of settlers who arrived in the colony in 1608; two of these workers would later save Smith's life in an attack by Native Americans  as noted in Smith's writings. Contemporary historical accounts refer to this first group of foreign craftsmen as Dutchmen and Poles.


1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike, History
The foreign craftsmen began producing glassware, pitch, and potash soon after their arrival in 1608. These goods were used in the colony, but were also important as they were the first goods exported from the colony to Europe. Later more skilled workers arrived and continued to produce tar, resin, and turpentine, and clapboard and frankincense as well.


1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike, History
When the first elections in the colony were held in 1619, the colony did not allow any continental settlers to vote, including approximately 50 Polish craftsmen and their families. They were denied the right to vote on the grounds that they were not of English descent. The craftsmen in response, refused to work unless they were given the right to vote. Under this labor pressure, the Virginia Company's Council reversed the decision to disenfranchise the craftsmen, and simultaneously struck an agreement with the craftsmen to apprentice young men from the colony. The company leaders feared not only the loss of income and labor, but that the colony might gain a reputation for not being welcoming to further settlers not of English descent, especially skilled craftsmen.


1619 Ueta
1619 Ueta, provisional designation 1953 TA, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1953, by Japanese astronomer Tetsuyasu Mitani at Kyoto University's Kwasan Observatory (377), near Kyoto, Japan. It was named after the former director of the discovering observatory.


1619 Ueta, Classification and orbit
Ueta is a S-type asteroid, that orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,225 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


1619 Ueta, Classification and orbit
It was first identified as 1926 RR at Johannesburg in 1926. Ueta's observation arc begins 22 years prior to its official discovery observation with a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in 1931.


1619 Ueta, Rotation period and pole
Several rotational lightcurves of Ueta were obtained from photometric observations. Best rated lightcurves were obtained by astronomers Robert Stephens and David Higgins in September 2009, securing an identical rotation period of 2.720 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 and 0.39 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). Modeled lightcurves from various photometric data sources also gave a similar period of 2.717943 and 2.718238 hours (U=n.a. ).


1619 Ueta, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ueta measures between 7.13 and 9.93 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.251 and 0.479. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.04 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.15.


1619 Ueta, Naming
Ueta was named by the discoverer for the former Director of Kwasan Observatory (also see § External links) who encouraged him to keep on with his observations of minor planets and comets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1965 (M.P.C. 2347).


1619 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1619.


1619 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1619 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1619 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1619 in science
The year 1619 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1619 in science, Astronomy
he Jesuit Giuseppe Biancani's Sphaera mundi, seu cosmographia demonstrativa, ac facili methodo tradita in Bologna.


161989 Cacus
161989 Cacus (prov. designation: 1978 CA) is a stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 8 February 1978, by German astronomer Hans-Emil Schuster at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile.


161989 Cacus
This minor planet was named from Roman mythology, after Cacus, a fire-breathing monster, which was killed by Hercules. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 November 2007 (M.P.C. 61270).


161P/Hartley–IRAS
161P/Hartley–IRAS is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 21 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years).


161P/Hartley–IRAS
This was one of six comets discovered by the infrared space telescope IRAS, in 1983.


161st (Huron) Battalion, CEF
The 161st (Huron) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in London, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Huron County. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th Reserve Battalion on February 15, 1918.


161st (Huron) Battalion, CEF
The 161st (Huron) Battalion, CEF had two Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. H. B. Combe (October 30, 1916—May 16, 1917) and Lieut-Col. R. Murdie, DSO (June 28, 1917—February 23, 1918).


161st Air Refueling Wing
The 161st Air Refueling Wing (161 ARW) is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard, stationed at Goldwater Air National Guard Base, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Arizona. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


161st Air Refueling Wing, Mission
The 161st Air Refueling Wing principal mission is air refueling. The wing enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft as well as aircraft of allied nations. The wing is also capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.


161st Air Refueling Wing, Units
The 161st Air Refueling Wing consists of the following units:


161st Air Refueling Wing, History
On 2 October 1957, the Arizona Air National Guard 197th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 161st Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 197th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 161st Headquarters, 161st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 161st Combat Support Squadron, and the 161st USAF Dispensary. The new Group was assigned to the 34th Air Division, Air Defense Command,


161st Air Refueling Wing, History
In 1958 the Group received from ADC the all-weather/day-night F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft, and in 1960, the 197th was one of three selected ANG units to receive F-104A Starfighter interceptors from the ADC active-duty interceptor forces. The Copperheads, as a result of the national recognition as one of the best air defense units in the US, were chosen to fly the new high performance jet fighter.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History
The 161st FIG was called into active service in November 1961 as the construction of the infamous "Berlin Wall" pushed the world to the brink of war. Within a month after mobilization, 750 personnel and 22 187th FIS F-104 aircraft were in place at Ramstein Air Base, West Germany as the unit took up flying daily air defense patrols at the edge of the Iron Curtain. With world tension easing, the squadron returned home in August 1962.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Transport mission
With the return to Arizona, the unit was reassigned from ADC to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) in October 1962. The Mach-2 Starfighters were exchanged for large, 4-engined C-97G Stratofreighters with a mission of worldwide transport of personnel, supplies and equipment. The 197th Air Transport Squadron (later Military Airlift Squadron) flew missions to the Caribbean, Europe, Japan, South Vietnam, Thailand and Australia.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Transport mission
During the height of the Vietnam War, the squadron routinely flew trans-Pacific medical evacuation missions from hospitals in South Vietnam, Japan, and the Philippines of wounded servicemen and women to the United States, being designated as an Aeromedical Transport Squadron. In 1969 the Military Airlift Squadron designation was returned and the unit again flew scheduled transport missions for Military Airlift Command (MAC).


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling
In 1972, military requirements resulted in a change in mission when the group was reassigned from MAC transport duties to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). Under SAC the group became an Air Refueling unit, beginning with the air refueling version of the C-97 transport, the KC-97 Stratotanker. Familiarity with the aircraft led to a smooth transition from MAC to the new refueling mission. In 1977, SAC announced that Air National Guard refueling units would begin to upgrade to the KC-135 Stratotanker. The 197th Air Refueling Squadron has been flying the KC-135 for the past 35 years.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling
During the 1991 Gulf War, Air National Guard tanker units were quickly called into action. An around-the-clock airlift began to support the buildup to the conflict, Operation Desert Shield. Tankers and crews from the 161st were some of the first to arrive in Saudi Arabia. Elements of the 197th ARS were assigned to the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional), flying from King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling
From the start and for the duration, tankers servicing the conflict left Phoenix weekly, loaded with maintenance and support technicians who worked in the Saudi Arabian desert up to 45 days, and in some cases more. As the allies prepared to move against Iraq, aircraft crews, maintenance personnel, medics, fire fighters, security forces and food service technicians were dispatched to bases in Europe and the United States. Before the war in the Persian Gulf was concluded more than two-thirds of the force assigned to the 161st Air Refueling Group had served on active duty in some capacity to support the Middle East effort.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling
In 1994, 1995 and 1997 the unit deployed to Pisa, Italy where our tankers supported NATO operations in Bosnia. 1997 also saw the 161st facing challenges in the United Arab Emirates. The unit was vital to the success of Operation Deny Flight and Operation Southern Watch. 1 October 1995, marked another key change in the unit's long history. The 161st Air Refueling Group was redesignated as the 161st Air Refueling Wing under the USAF Air Mobility Command (AMC). 1996 saw the Copperheads turn 50 years old. The unit celebrated with year-round contests and a 50th Anniversary Celebration in December.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling
The 161st sent about 130 personnel to Operation Northern Watch early in 1999. Based at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, the unit supported flight operations within the northern no-fly zone over Iraq. Early in the second quarter of 1999, 161st Copperheads were quickly pressed into service over Kosovo for Operation Allied Force. Nearly 200 unit airmen served on active duty for about two months, flying 125 missions to offload almost 2.5 million gallons of fuel. The airmen returned to Phoenix in late June 1999.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling
Although not directly called as a unit the "Copperheads" played a vital role in support units during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2003. Many Security Forces saw duty overseas directly supporting bases while maintenance and operations personnel were called to support the ongoing operations.


161st Air Refueling Wing, History, Air Refueling
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD (the Department of Defense) recommended the distribution of the 117th Air Refueling Wing's KC-135R aircraft from Birmingham International Airport Air Guard Station (AGS), Alabama and the 161st Air Refueling Wing, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport AGS (two aircraft) and two other bases. Phoenix Sky Harbor (37) scored higher than Birmingham (63) in military value for the tanker mission. This recommendation would take advantage of available capacity at Phoenix by increasing the air refueling squadron size from eight to ten aircraft, increasing the wing's overall capability. It would also capitalize on the favorable recruiting environment of the greater Phoenix region that could sustain this increased squadron size.


161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
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161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 161st Division (第161師団, Dai-hyakurokujūichi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Skyquake Division (震天兵団, Shinten Heidan). It was formed 12 April 1945 in Shanghai as a class C(hei) security division.


161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 161st division was performing a coastal defense duties at Shanghai up to the start Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945. Ordered to assist the Kwantung Army together with the 118th division, it left Shanghai by rail 13 August 1945 and reached Nanjing by the time of surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.


161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The divisional artillery consisted of 12 pieces, namely 75 mm field guns and Type 91 10 cm howitzers.


161st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The division was returned to Shanghai 15 February 1946, and started demobilization 25 February 1946. The troops were sent to Japan through Kagoshima, Fukuoka, Nagato and Sasebo, Nagasaki ports, finishing dissolution 6 September 1946.


161st Division (People's Republic of China – 1st Formation)
The 161st Division(Chinese: 第161师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 6th Independent Division of Jichareliao Military Region, formed in February.


161st Division (People's Republic of China – 1st Formation)
The division was a part of 48th Corps. Under the flag of 161st division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In August 1949 the division was disbanded.


161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight (Australia)
The 161 (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight was an Australian Army aviation unit of fixed-wing and rotary aircraft. In June 1965, the 161 Reconnaissance Flight was raised part of the No. 16 Army Light Aircraft Squadron based at RAAF Base Amberley for deployment to the Vietnam War. In September that year the flight deployed to South Vietnam with two Cessna 180 planes and two Sioux light observation helicopters in order to support the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment based at Bien Hoa airbase  The unit deployed to Vung Tau on 13 May 1966. The Flight was re-designated the 161 (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight.


161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight (Australia)
when unit strength was increased, so making it an Independent unit (and able to draw its own rations and rations). Following the expansion of the Australian commitment, the Flight continued to serve in this role as part of the 1st Australian Task Force, with an enlarged, established and expanded responsibilities, operating out of Vung Tau and Nui Dat until the end of 1971 when it was withdrawn to Australia. In March 1967, the 16th Army Light Aircraft Squadron was renamed the  1st Aviation Regiment.


161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight (Australia)
On return from Vietnam, the Flight was located at Oakey, Queensland, from January 1971 until January 1974. On 31 January 1974, 1st Aviation Regiment was reorganised with 171 Air Cavalry Flight based at Holsworthy re-designated as 161 Reconnaissance Squadron. 161 Reconnaissance Flight based at Oakey was re-designated as 171 Operational Support Squadron.


161st Indian Infantry Brigade
The 161st Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. As part of the arrangements for the independence and partition of British India the brigade was allocated to India and became the 161st Infantry Brigade in the army of the newly independent India.


161st Indian Infantry Brigade, History
The brigade was formed in late November 1941 from the reformed British 161st Infantry Brigade which had been assigned to the 5th Indian Infantry Division earlier in the month. The brigade was then sent to garrison Cyprus in case of a German invasion. In April 1942, it moved to Egypt to take part in the Western Desert Campaign having been re organised as a motor brigade. Attached to the British 10th Armoured Division for the First Battle of El Alamein between June and July 1942, the brigade returned to the 5th Division for action in Burma.


161st Indian Infantry Brigade, History
In Burma it was attached successively to a number of divisions: British 2nd Infantry Division between April and May 1944, then 7th Indian Infantry Division between May and June 1944, during the Battle of Kohima, following which it returned to the 5th Division. In March 1945 there was a further brief attachment to 7th Division returning once more at the end of that month to the 5th Division until the end of the war. The brigade ended the war at sea as part of the force assembled to invade Malaya. At the end of the war the brigade formed part of the force sent to the Dutch East Indies to restore order for the colonial government facing hostile opposition from the local independence movement. The brigade returned to India in 1946.


161st Indian Infantry Brigade, Post independence succession
After India's independence the brigade, under the arrangements of the partition of British India, was allocated to India and became part of the Indian Army, dropping the epithet "Indian" to be 161st Infantry brigade and moving to Ranchi with the 5th Infantry Division. Elements of 5th Infantry Division, including 161st Infantry Brigade, were called to Punjab to help curb the violence being inflicted on refugees during partition. The brigade was urgently airlifted in an ad hoc manner to Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir to halt the tribal invasion during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The brigade successfully prevented the fall of Srinagar, fought the battles of Badgam and Shalateng, reinforced Poonch garrison, distinguished itself in recapture of Uri and the successful ejection of tribals from the Jhelum valley.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 161 Infantry Division was a major unit of the German Wehrmacht. It fought in the Battle of France, and then later on in the Eastern Front.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Formation
The division was formed in December 1939 as part of the 7th wave of German mobilisation, and used the replacement battalions in Werkrise 1, East Prussia, to form its combat units. The 161st was organised as a standard triangular infantry division with 3 Infantry Regiments, with 9 battalions and 1 Artillery Regiment plus supporting units.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Formation
It was a sign of the Wehrmacht's rapid expansion that the division was short of artillery with only 6 medium batteries instead of 9 and no heavy artillery. It was also short of motor transport, and had a small mixed battalion of an anti-tank company and a bicycle company instead of an anti-tank battalion and a reconnaissance battalion.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Summer 1941
By the start of the Russian campaign the equipment shortages had been resolved and the division had a full complement of 36 105mm howitzers and 12 heavy 150mm howitzers. It also now had a 3 company anti tank battalion, greater capacity in its supply units and a field replacement battalion. However it was still missing a reconnaissance battalion, instead it only had a bicycle squadron.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Summer 1941
By 1 December the division had reorganised its infantry regiments into 2 battalions each, instead of three, due to manpower shortages


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Summer 1941
In November 1942 the division was posted to France to recover and refit.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, November 1943
Parts of the division were incoperated into the Korps Abteilung A, with each regiment contributing a battalion sized unit as a 'regiment gruppe'. The expedient of forming these Korps Abteilung was to rebalance the ratio of staff and service troops to combat troops. The excess staff and support specialists could then be used to build new formations in Germany.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation, Reformation
Many of the Korps Abteilung were later reformed into infantry divisions, and this is true of Korps Abteilung A, which was converted into a second incarnation of the 161st infantry in July 1944. The new division did not last long and was destroyed in the following month. Its surviving personnel were used to refresh the 76th Infantry Division and in the reformation of the 15th Infantry Division.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history
In 1940 the 161st took part in a short-lived attack on the Maginot Line on 21 June. After a single day's assault that achieved little, the attack was called off by Colonel General von Leeb as unnecessary.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, Attack on the Soviet Union
On 22 June 1941 the 161st attacked the Soviet Union as part of Army Group Centre's 9th Army, commanded by Colonel General Adolf Strauß.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, Attack on the Soviet Union
After participating in the first great encirclement at Mink, the 161st had to march hard to catch up with the fighting to the east, eventually helping to relieve the mobile units of 3rd Panzer group for other tasks. By mid August the division was part of the 9th Army's eastern front north of Smolensk. On 17 August the division was hit by a massive attack, a main component of Timoshenkos counter offensive, which was aimed at disrupting German offensive action and recapturing lost ground in the Smolensk region.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, Attack on the Soviet Union
Virtually the whole of the Soviet 19th Army attack sector fell upon the 161st Division and its forward defences were overrun by 4 Russian infantry divisions and a tank division. In one week's fighting the division lost 75% of its combat strength and much equipment and had to be pulled out of line and replaced by the 14th Infantry Division (mot)


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, Attack on the Soviet Union
By the year's end the division had suffered a staggering 7,192 casualties since the start of Operation Barbarossa, including 252 Officer casualties, and of these 1,722 were killed.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front
Nevertheless, in spite of its loses, the division remained in line and in January 1942 the division was moved to the Rzhew front.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front
In August 1942 the 161st sector was again the focus of a major Soviet offensive, this time Zhukovs attempted to eliminate the Rhzev salient. "In the morning of 4 August, Thirty-first {Russian} Army surged into and over the 161st Infantry division on an eight-mile stretch east of Zubtov. The break through was complete almost at once. By Dark, the only trace of the former front was the occasional white flares that were sent up, here and there, by a bypassed strong point." The remnants of the division were forced back onto Zubstov. The situation for 9th Army was precarious and its grip on Rhzev tenuous, so in spite of its battered state the 161st had to stay in line, as reinforcements were rushed to the area.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front
The fighting continued into the second half of September, and after finally subsiding, the depleted division was posted to France to rebuild in November 1942. By December the 161st was located in the Pas-de-Calais area, on the channel coast absorbing replacements.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front
The German 161st Infantry division participated in the Battle of Kursk, under the 42nd Army Corps whose other divisions were the 39th and the 282nd Infantry divisions. During the battle, the 161st was responsible for protecting the flank of the 3rd Panzer Corps.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, 1942 On the defensive on the central front
In November 1943 the remaining combat elements of the division were incorporated into Corps Abteilung A, and the formation was effectively dissolved.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, The end in Romania
The division was reformed in July 1944, as an infantry division again by redesignating Korps Abtielung A. It was on the defensive in southern Ukraine on the Romanian border under LII corps of the 6th Army.


161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Combat history, The end in Romania
Its second life however only lasted a few weeks as on 20 August the Russian 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts unleashed the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive, a major offensive into Romania. These forces blasted huge holes in the Axis front and within 3 days encircled most of the ill-fated 6th Army, including the 161st Division, near Jassy. The encirclements were reduced within a few days and the trapped German units completely destroyed. The division was officially disbanded in October 1944 and not rebuilt.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 161st Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army and the Washington Army National Guard. It is the oldest unit in the Washington Army National Guard tracing its lineage to the separate Infantry Companies of the Territorial Militia. Its 1st Battalion is a combined arms element of the 81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team consisting of two infantry and two armored companies, with its headquarters in Spokane, Washington.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Origin
The 161st Infantry was first organized on 9 March 1886 as the 1st Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Infantry Regiment (on 7 April 1887) from existing independent militia companies which traced their origins back to 1855 when the Federal Government granted permission to the Washington Territory to raise a voluntary militia to defend settlers against attacks by the Yakima Indians.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902
During the War with Spain the United States seized the Philippine Islands in 1898. Elements of the Filipino army, who wanted independence and resented the seizure of their islands by the United States, began hostilities against U.S. Army units stationed in the Philippines. To reinforce these units, the War Department mustered National Guard units into federal service. Among them were ten companies of the 1st and 2nd Infantry Battalions of the Washington National Guard mustered into federal service 6–13 May 1898 at Tacoma. The Washington National Guardsmen were then reorganized and redesignated as the 1st Regiment, Washington Volunteer Infantry.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902
The regiment was dispatched to the Philippines where it was assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, VIII Corps. In what is known officially as the Philippine Insurrection and also known as the Philippine–American War, the 1st Washington participated in the Manila campaign as well as seeing additional action against the Filipino insurgents on the island of Luzon in 1899. The regiment was cited for valorous conduct at the Battle of Santa Ana. The First Washington spent a week in Japan en route back to America. It was mustered out of federal service on 1 November 1899 at San Francisco, CA.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Mexican Punitive Expedition
Also known as Pancho Villa ExpeditionIn 1916, the War Department once again mustered National Guard units into federal service to reinforce Regular Army units protecting the southern border of the United States from raids by the Mexican rebel Pancho Villa. The First Washington—now designated the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Washington National Guard—was mustered into federal service on 28 June 1916 at Camp Elmer M. Brown, WA and was dispatched to Calexico, CA for duty. Three months later the regiment returned to American Lake, WA where it was mustered out on 8 October 1916.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I
As war clouds gathered, the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Washington National Guard was called back into federal service on 25 March 1917. In July 1917 the War Department set up a new numbering system for infantry regiments with National Guard regiments to be numbered 101–300. One hundred and sixty seven National Guard regiments were renumbered. From 19 September to 20 October 1917, the 2nd Infantry Regiment was consolidated with elements of the 3rd Infantry Regiment, District of Columbia National Guard to form the 161st Infantry Regiment. The 161st was assigned to the 41st Division on 19 September 1917.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I
Sent overseas to France, the 161st was not committed to combat. Rather, the personnel of the 161st were used as replacements for other units. For its service the regiment was awarded the World War I campaign streamer without inscription. The 161st was demobilized 1–8 March 1919 at Camp Dix, NJ and Camp Dodge, IA.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
When the 41st Infantry Division was ordered into federal service on 16 September 1940, it was still configured as a square division with two brigades each of two infantry regiments, of which one was the 161st Infantry. Initially ordered to Camp Murray, Washington on 20 September 1940, the division was transferred to Fort Lewis, Washington on 20 March 1941. Between 5 June and 2 July 1941 the 41st participated in the IX Corps maneuvers at Hunter Liggett Military Reservation, California. Returning to Washington, the division next participated in the Fourth Army maneuvers at Fort Lewis from 15 through 30 August 1940.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
With the 41st Division being reconfigured to the new triangular division configuration with three infantry regiments, the 161st was considered excess. The War Department ordered the 161st Infantry to the Philippines to reinforce American forces there in anticipation of a possible Japanese invasion; the Japanese attacked Hawaii and the Philippines before the 161st was to depart San Francisco. In reaction, the War Department directed the 161st to Hawaii to reinforce the defenses there. The regiment sailed from San Francisco on 16 December 1941, arriving in Hawaii on 21 December.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
On 17 February 1942, the 161st Infantry was reassigned from the 41st Division to the Hawaiian Department. On 23 July 1942, with the inactivation of the 24th Infantry Division's 299th Infantry Regiment, whose ranks had been depleted through the transfer of many Nisei (second-generation Japanese-Americans) in order to form the 100th Infantry Battalion, the War Department reassigned the 25th Infantry Division's 298th Infantry Regiment to the 24th Infantry Division, and replaced it on 3 August 1942 with the 161st Infantry.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
The 161st, along with the rest of the 25th Infantry Division, was alerted for shipment to Guadalcanal to reinforce the American forces already there and to provide sufficient combat strength to allow the US XIV Corps to launch offensive operations to destroy the Japanese forces on the island. The 25th was reconfigured into three regimental combat teams (RCT). The 161st RCT was composed of the 161st Infantry, the 89th Field Artillery Battalion and other combat support units under the command of Colonel Clarence A. Orndorff. The 25th departed Hawaii at the end of November 1942.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal
The 35th RCT arrived at Guadalcanal on 17 December 1942, followed by the 27th RCT on 1 January 1943, with the 161st RCT arriving on 4 January 1943. The 25th Division was assigned to the XIV Corps composed of the 25th, the Americal Division and the 2nd Marine Division. Chosen to lead the first offensive actions were the 35th RCT against the Mt. Austin area and the 27th RCT against a series of hills called Galloping Horse. The 161st was placed in division reserve minus the 1st Battalion, which was attached to the 27th as a reserve.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal
(Division personnel strength reports for that period show the 161st Infantry Regiment to be seriously under-strength, being short close to 1300 personnel). While in reserve manning defensive positions around the airstrip, named Henderson Airfield, the 161st was also handed the assignment of eliminating a concentration of Japanese troops in what became known as the Matanikau River Pocket. The Pocket, estimated to hold 500 enemy troops, was a dense jungle redoubt positioned between a steep hillside and a high cliff over the Matanikau River.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal
The heavy undergrowth masked the well-camouflaged Japanese positions, both on the ground and high in the trees, and made dislodging them a slow, grim task. The combination, though, of frequent patrols, heavy artillery bombardment, and starvation served to eliminate this strongpoint in the end. On 10 January 1943 the offensive was launched and successfully completed by 21 January with the seizure of Galloping Horse by the 27th Infantry and Mount Austin and the Gifu strongpoint by the 35th Infantry.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal
The second phase of the Corps offensive was to drive to the Poha River. The 161st Infantry was designated to lead the Division attack. The 27th Infantry was to conduct a holding attack on Hill 87 to tie down the Japanese units while the 161st flanked the Japanese positions from the southwest. However the 27th found that the Japanese had withdrawn, thus negating the 161st flanking attack.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal
Because of a feared reinforcement of Japanese forces on Guadalcanal which never came, the 25th Division was ordered to guard the airfields while the 161st Infantry was placed under corps control and ordered to continue the drive north. On 6 February two battalions of the 161st reached the Umasani River and then crossed the Tambalego River. On 8 February they met light Japanese resistance prior to seizing Doma Cove. The next day the 1st Battalion of the 161st linked up with a battalion of the Americal Division at the village of Tenaro effectively ending organized Japanese resistance on Guadalcanal.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Guadalcanal
The 25th Division remained on Guadalcanal to defend against any Japanese attempts to recapture the island. The 161st along with the rest of the division spent the spring and summer of 1943 training and recuperating.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons
With Guadalcanal secured, attention turned to recapturing the remaining Solomon Islands, particularly the island of New Georgia where the Japanese had built a key airfield at Munda. Initially the 25th Division, now known as the Tropic Lightning Division for its swift combat actions on Guadalcanal, was not included in the invasion plans for New Georgia as resistance was anticipated to be light. However once US forces landed on New Georgia, Japanese resistance stiffened and Corps requested a regiment from the 25th Division. The 161st was selected, landing on New Georgia on 22 July 1943 and was attached to the 37th Division.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons
The mission of the 37th Division was to take Bibilo Hill. As the attack commenced the 3rd Battalion of the 161st ran into stiff resistance while approaching the line of departure for the attack, coming under heavy fire from a ridgeline later called Bartley's Ridge. This ridgeline contained numerous pillboxes which were well hidden and mutually supporting.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons
On 25 July the attack on Bartley's Ridge commenced. While the 3rd Battalion attacked the ridgeline frontally, the 1st Battalion flanked the position. While partially successful the attack stalled. Resuming the attack on 28 July, the 161st was successful in clearing the ridgeline. The regiment then moved on to attack Horseshoe Hill, which had the same type of defenses as Bartley's Ridge. By 1 August, using every weapon available, including flamethrowers, the 161st cleared the hill, pillbox by pillbox and closed on Bibilo Hill.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons
The XIV Corps ordered the 25th Division to New Georgia on 2 August. The 161st, back under 25th control, along with the 27th Infantry was ordered to attack north from Bibilo Hill and clear the Japanese between them and the sea. The 27th Infantry overcame stiff resistance in their drive to the north. The 161st, probing west of the Bairoko River and on to Bairoko Harbor, found the Japanese had fled before them. On 25 August, the 161st and the 27th linked up and fighting on New Georgia ended.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Northern Solomons
With the battle for the Solomon Islands over, the Tropic Lightning Division returned to Guadalcanal in early November 1943 and then moved on to New Zealand. Here the division was brought back to full strength and in February 1944 it sailed to New Caledonia for intensive training. Throughout the summer the 25th trained hard from squad level up to division, with the 35th Infantry serving as an opposing force. In the fall the division became proficient in conducting amphibious landings in preparation for its participation in the liberation of the Philippine Islands.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
On 9 January 1945 the Sixth Army landed at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon. The 25th Division was held as Army reserve and was not committed to the fighting until 17 January when the 25th Division was assigned to I Corps. Significantly the commitment of the 25th Division brought the return to Luzon after a 46-year absence, of the 1st Washington Volunteer Infantry, now the 161st Infantry, not to fight the Filipinos as their grandfathers had done but to liberate them from their Japanese conquerors.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 27th and 161st Infantry were given the mission of liberating three villages. Both regiments were entering combat for the first time in over a year. The 27th Infantry encountered only light resistance in taking their objective but the 161st ran into stiff resistance as they attacked the village of Binalonan. The 161st turned back counterattacking Japanese tanks and infantry as they secured the village on 18 January.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 161st was next given the mission of clearing the town of San Manuel of Japanese forces. The Japanese forces were well dug in and determined to hold San Manual. Seizing the high ground northwest of the town on 22 January, the regiment found itself in a fierce fight with a determined foe. The Japanese force consisted of some 1,000 troops supported by approximately forty tanks. As the 2nd Battalion, 161st Infantry supported by Cannon Company, 161st Infantry advanced to the edge of the town, the Japanese counterattacked.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
In extreme close combat the brunt of the attack fell on Company E supported by Cannon Company equipped with self-propelled direct-fire 105mm howitzers. In the two-hour battle Cannon Company destroyed nine enemy tanks as Company E, while sustaining fifty percent casualties in close combat, turned back the Japanese attack.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
On 25 January the 2nd Battalion resumed its advance into the town led by Cannon Company which destroyed some twenty dug-in enemy tanks and four artillery pieces and some 150 enemy soldiers while the 2nd Battalion inflicted additional heavy casualties on the retreating Japanese forces as the 161st completed the liberation of San Manuel by 28 January. For their extreme gallantry both Company E and Cannon Company were each awarded a Presidential Unit Citation.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 161st next occupied the recently abandoned village of San Isidro on 6 February. By this date the operation to secure the central plains of Luzon was complete. The I Corps was directed to turn north into the mountains of northern Luzon to attack the main Japanese stronghold.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 25th Division was given the mission of clearing Highway 5 from San Jose north to the village of Digdig. The 161st cleared the ridges west of the road and the 27th Infantry cleared on the east while the 35th Infantry conducted a flanking movement to the enemy rear. The Japanese put up only minimal resistance and Highway 5 to Digdig was secure by 5 March 1945.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 25th was directed by I Corps to continue the advance north on Highway 5. The division maintained the same formation with the 161st west of the road, the 27th on the east side and the 35th leading the attack with an enveloping maneuver to take the town of Putlan. The 35th reached the town on 8 March but was halted when the Japanese destroyed the bridge over the Putlan River and put up a fierce defense of the town. The advance was stalled until 10 March when the 27th and 161st relieved the 35th and cleared the Japanese from the area.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
On 13 March, I Corps ordered the Tropic Lightning to continue its successful advance up Highway 5 to seize the town of Kapintalan, then attack through Balete Pass to the town of Santa Fe. The area was a series of rugged ridges and thick forests, making progress against a determined, well fortified enemy extremely difficult. The Battle of Belete Pass was to prove to be one of the toughest fights the 25th Division faced in WW II, with all three regimental combat teams seeing heavy combat.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 1st Battalion of the 161st assaulted Norton's Knob, west of Highway 5 on 15 March 1945. The battalion met heavy opposition from well dug-in Japanese forces. For ten days the battle raged, with the 1st Battalion finally seizing the ridge on 26 March.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
At the same time the 3rd Battalion of the 161st attacked Highley Ridge north of Norton Ridge. A heavily defended Japanese position dug into caves on Crump's Hill stopped the battalion's advance. The battle for the hill was stalemated until the battalion captured the west side of Crump's Hill on 8 April. Reinforced by the 2nd Battalion, the 3rd Battalion then eliminated the last Japanese resistance.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
Meanwhile, the 35th and 27th Infantry battled to clear Mount Myoko, Kapintalin and Balete Pass. After clearing Crump's Hill the 161st Infantry assaulted the Kembu Plateau west of Balete Pass in support of the overall drive to seize the pass. By 6 May, the 161st secured the plateau. Three days later, on 9 May, the 161st linked up with the 27th Infantry at Balete Pass, opening the pass for the advance to the town of Santa Fe.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
On 19 May the 25th resumed its drive along Highway 5. The 35th attacked astride the highway with the 27th on the right flank and the 161st advancing on the west side of the highway. On 22 May the 161st turned west to clear the Japanese off of Mount Haruna and then continued north over the Haruna ridge to reach the Villa Verde Trail, west of Santa Fe. Except for mopping up actions in support of the clearing of the Old Spanish Trail by the 27th and 35th Infantry, there were no further major combat actions conducted by the 161st Infantry before the campaign for Luzon was officially declared ended on 4 July 1945.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 25th Infantry Division then went into rest and recuperation. It had served in continuous combat longer than any division in the Sixth Army. Plans called for the division to take part in the invasion of Japan and exercises for the assault landings were undertaken. But with the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki the war ended, and soldiers of the 25th could land on Japanese soil without taking casualties.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 161st Infantry entered Japan peacefully, as the regiment had done as the 1st Washington Volunteers after the Philippine Insurrection. The stay of the 161st in Japan, however, would only be slightly longer than its stay in 1899. On 1 November 1945, the 161st Infantry Regiment was inactivated and replaced on that date by the 4th Infantry Regiment.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon
The 161st Infantry Regiment had one Medal of Honor recipient during the war: Technician Fourth Grade Laverne Parrish


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom
The 1st Battalion, 161st along with the other elements of the 81st Armor Brigade was called to federal service in 2003 and arrived in Iraq in April 2004. The 1st Battalion, 161st Infantry was attached to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. The battalion was based at Logistical Support Area Highlander adjacent to the International (Green) Zone in Baghdad. The battalion provided security for the Green Zone and conducted full spectrum operations in southeast Baghdad. There the 161 faced stiff opposition from the Mahdi Army, led by Shiite Cleric Al Sadr. This area of operations was the largest battalion level area of responsibility in the 1st Cavalry Division. The 1st Battalion completed its tour of duty and returned home in April 2005.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom
The 1st Battalion, 161st deployed to Iraq again in 2008 where it was tasked with providing security for logistic convoys throughout most of northern Iraq. The battalion was stationed out of Balad among other remote bases.


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Constituted and organized 9 March 1886 and 7 April 1887 from existing companies in the Washington Territorial Militia as the 1st (west of Cascade Mountains) and 2d (east of Cascade Mountains) Regiments of Infantry


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
(Active militia Washington Territory redesignated Washington [Territory] National Guard 28 January 1888)


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
2d Infantry Regiment reorganized and redesignated 23 July 1895 as 1st Infantry Battalion


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
1st Infantry Regiment reorganized and redesignated in 1897 as 2d Infantry Battalion


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Elements of 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions consolidated in part, redesignated 1st Regiment, Washington Volunteer Infantry, and mustered into Federal service 6–13 May 1898 at Tacoma; mustered out 1 November 1899 at San Francisco, California


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Remaining companies of 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions reorganized as Independent Battalion, Washington Volunteer Infantry, and mustered into Federal service 2–15 July 1898 at Tacoma; mustered out 28 October 1898 at Vancouver Barracks


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Elements reorganized and consolidated with 1st and 2d Infantry Regiments, Washington National Guard. (organized in 1898), and redesignated 9 November 1899 as 1st Infantry Regiment


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
(Companies C, K, and M withdrawn, converted, and redesignated 5th, 3d, and 2d Companies, Coast Artillery Reserve Corps; Company A disbanded, then reorganized in 1909 as 4th Company, Coast Artillery Corps)


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Mustered into Federal service 28 June 1916 at Camp Elmer M. Brown, Washington, for Mexican Border; mustered out 8 October 1916 at American Lake


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Called into Federal service 25 March 1917; drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Consolidated with elements of 3d Infantry Regiment, District of Columbia National Guard, and redesignated 19 September 1917 as 161st Infantry, an element of the 41st Infantry Division (United States)


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Demobilized 1–8 March 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey and Camp Dodge, Iowa


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
State of Washington elements reorganized 1 January 1921 in the Washington National Guard as 161st Infantry; assigned to the 41st Division


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
(1st Battalion and Supply Company withdrawn, converted, and redesignated 10 May 1921 as 146th Field Artillery Regiment (United States))


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Relieved from assignment to the 41st Division 14 February 1942


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Assigned to the 25th Infantry Division (United States) 3 August 1942


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division and inactivated 1 November 1945 at Nagoya, Japan


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and Federally recognized 24 March 1947 with headquarters at Spokane


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 15 April 1959 as 161st Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st and 2d Battle Groups, elements of the 41st Infantry Division


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 January 1968 to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions, elements of 81st Infantry Brigade


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 May 1971 to consist of the 1st and 3d Battalions, elements of 81st Infantry Brigade, and the 2d Battalion


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 January 1974 to consist of the 1st and 3d Battalions, elements of 81st Infantry Brigade


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Withdrawn 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Spokane


161st Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 October 1998: Retaining the 1st Battalion as an element of the 81st Infantry Brigade, Headquarters remaining in Spokane; one company moved to Kent; Deactivating the 3rd Battalion, Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) in Kent; Detachment 1, HHC (Puyallup); Company A (Kent); Company B (Kent), Company C (Redmond), Company D (Kent), and Company E (Shelton).


161st Intelligence Squadron
The 161st Intelligence Squadron (161 IS) is a unit of the 184th Wing of the Kansas Air National Guard stationed at McConnell Air Force Base, Wichita, Kansas. The 161st is a non-flying squadron operating the Distributed Common Ground System.


161st Intelligence Squadron, History
This squadron was Initially constituted and allotted to the Kansas Air National Guard on 29 March 2006. and assigned to the 184th Air Refueling Wing (now 184th Wing) Wing, McConnell Air Force Base. The unit was constituted and allotted to the Kansas Air National Guard on 01 April 2008 as the 161st Intelligence Squadron, falling under Air Combat Command.


161st Intelligence Squadron, History
On 1 July 2008, the unit was assigned to the 184th Intelligence Group, under the 184th Intelligence Wing, Kansas Air National Guard, McConnell Air Force Base.


161st Intelligence Squadron, History
The 161st Intelligence Squadron received federal recognition effective 2 June 2010.


161st Intelligence Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine)
The 161st Stanislawska Red Banner Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Mechanised Brigade was a brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, which traced its history to the creation of the 161st Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1940.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 1st Formation
The division first formed from July 1 to Aug. 28, 1940, at Mogilev in the Western Special Military District based on cadres from 143rd Rifle Division and the 342nd and 356th Reserve Regiments, under the command of Colonel Alexey Mikhaylov. At the opening of Operation Barbarossa the division was in the same district and had the following order of battle:


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 1st Formation
In May the division had been brought up to a strength of about 12,000 men with the addition of workers and collective farmers, including 396 Communist Party members and candidates and 2,170 Komsomols, indicating a high proportion of younger and well-motivated men. In addition, a high proportion of senior leaders had combat experience from the Winter War.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 1st Formation
On June 22, 1941, 161st Rifle Division was in transit from Drutyskie Camp in Mogilev Oblast to join 44th Rifle Corps near Minsk. Caught up in the confused fighting east of that city, it fought in 13th Army under both 44th and 2nd Rifle Corps. In August it was reassigned to 20th Army of Western Front, and on the 15th it reported the following strength figures: 695 officers; 787 NCOs; 5,306 men plus 400 replacements just received; 5,464 rifles; 32 SMGs; 20 HMGs; 74 LMGs; 1 AAMG; 12 76mm guns; and no antitank guns, howitzers or mortars.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 1st Formation
The division distinguished itself in the Battle of Smolensk for its stubborn defensive fighting and local counterattacks, and it was withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in September. On Sept. 18, in recognition of its earlier distinctions and its success in the Yelnya Offensive, the 161st became the fourth of the original four rifle divisions raised to the status of Guards on that date.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation
A new 161st Rifle Division formed from Apr. 16 to July 2, 1942, based on a cadre from 13th Rifle Brigade in the Moscow Military District. (The 13th Rifle Brigade had been formed during Autumn, 1941 in the South Caucasus Military District). The order of battle of the new division was as follows:


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation
A division commander was finally assigned at the beginning of July, when the division was assigned to 3rd Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. On July 10 this army became the 2nd formation of the 60th Army and joined Voronezh Front. In August the 161st was moved to 38th Army in the same Front, and on Dec. 18 became part of 18th (Separate) Rifle Corps, which in Feb. 1943 formed the basis for the 69th Army, but within a month the division was moved to 40th Army. During these months the division was participating in the winter counteroffensive that partly surrounded and destroyed German 2nd Army, and as this ground to a halt in the spring it found itself well into what became known as the Kursk salient.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation
In preparation for the Battle of Kursk, 40th Army was in the first echelon of the Voronezh Front defenses, but west of 6th Guards Army, which took the brunt of the German assault, and therefore saw little action. In August the division became part of 47th Rifle Corps. During the Battle of the Dniepr, on Sept. 23, the 161st forced a crossing of the river at Zarubentsy, becoming part of the Bukrin Bridgehead, and 32 men were awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation
At the end of 1943 the division was moved to 18th Army, still in the same (now renamed 1st Ukrainian) Front, and in April, 1944, was once again moved to that front's 38th Army. Just before the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive in July the 161st became part of 1st Guards Army, and it was here that it won the honorific "Stanislavskihk" for liberating the Polish town of Stanislav during that operation.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation
In August, 1st Guards Army was reassigned to 4th Ukrainian Front, and apart from a few weeks back again in 18th Army, the division served in that army and that front for the duration as part of 107th Rifle Corps. It ended the war with the official title of 161st Rifle, Stanislav, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Division. (Russian: 161-я стрелковая Станиславская Краснознамённая ордена Богдана Хмельницкого дивизия.)


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 2nd Formation, Postwar
24th Mechanised Division by 1955, 99th Motor Rifle Division 1957, then became 161st Motor Rifle Division in January 1965.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 161st Motor Rifle Division
For most of the 1980s it was part of the 13th Army (Soviet Union) and its headquarters was located at Izyaslav.


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 161st Motor Rifle Division
In the late 1980s the 161st Motor Rifle Division comprised:


161st Mechanised Brigade (Ukraine), 161st Motor Rifle Division
The 161st Separate Mechanised Brigade was formerly the 161st Motor Rifle Division in Izyaslav. But the brigade's 1067th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment, still had a long time in the air defense forces as a separate regiment.


161st New York Infantry Regiment
The 161st New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.


161st New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized in Elmira, New York and was mustered in for a three-year enlistment on October 27, 1862; it was composed of  companies from Chemung, Steuben, Schuyler, Chenango and Broome Counties. During this time, a typhoid epidemic caused many deaths, with subsequent desertions both at Elmira and in New York City.


161st New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left the State December 4, 1862; it served in Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, from December, 1862; in 2d Brigade, Augur's Division, from December 31, 1862; in the 3d Brigade, Augur's Division, 19th Corps, from January 21, 1863; in 3d Brigade, 1st Division, 19th Corps, from March, 1863; in the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 19th Corps, from August 15, 1863; in the Engineer Brigade, Department of the Gulf, from June, 1864; with the 17th Corps from August 14, 1864; in the 3d Brigade, 2d Division, Reserve, 19th Corps, from August 17, 1864; at Columbus, Kentucky, from October 26, 1864; in the 3d Brigade, 2d Division, Reserve, 19th Corps, at Memphis, Tennessee, from November 20, 1864; in the 4th Brigade, Reserve, Military Division of West Mississippi, from December 4, 1864; in 3d Brigade, 1st Division, 13th Corps, from February, 1865; in the District of Florida in June, 1865.


161st New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The spring 1863 attack on Port Hudson and the battle at Donaldsonville caused many casualties; illness at New Iberia caused many deaths while the autumn attack on Sabine Pass resulted in many captured. New recruits arrived in the winter of 1863-4 in time for the Red River Campaign. At the Battle of Sabine Cross Roads, many were wounded and captured, while in the summer many deaths from chronic diarrhea occurred at Morganza. New recruits again arrived in the fall, while the beginning of 1865 saw a steamboat accident with drownings and injuries. In the spring, the regiment participated in the Mobile Campaign, then traveled to Florida.


161st New York Infantry Regiment, Service
They were in the Department of Florida from July, 1865, and assigned to Fort Jefferson, Florida in Aug. 1865; the regiment was honorably discharged and mustered out November 12, 1865, at Tallahassee, Florida.


161st New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
During its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 1 officer, 32 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 23 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 250 enlisted men; total, 1 officer, 305 enlisted men; aggregate, 306; of whom 13 enlisted men died in the hands of the enemy.


161st New York State Legislature
The 161st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to March 19, 1938, during the sixth year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.


161st New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


161st New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The American Labor Party and the Socialist Party also nominated tickets. In New York City, a "Trades Union", an "Anti-Communist", and a "City Fusion" ticket were also nominated.


161st New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1937, was held on November 2. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals. The Democratic incumbent, Gov. Herbert H. Lehman's brother Irving Lehman, was re-elected with Republican and American Labor endorsement.


161st New York State Legislature, Elections
At the same time, an amendment to the State Constitution to increase of the term in office of the members of the New York State Assembly to two years, and of the statewide elected state officers (Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller, Attorney General) to four years, was accepted. Also, delegates for a Constitutional Convention, to be held later that year after the legislative session, were elected.


161st New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1938; and adjourned in the evening of March 19.


161st New York State Legislature, Sessions
Oswald D. Heck (Rep.) was re-elected Speaker, with 83 votes against 55 for Irwin Steingut (Dem.) and 4 for Nathaniel M. Minkoff (Am. Labor).


161st New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Constitutional Convention met at the State Capitol in Albany on April 5; and adjourned on August 26.


161st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


161st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


161st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


161st Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 161st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 161st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 161st Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 9, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Oliver P. Taylor.


161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Cumberland, Maryland, May 9, and served duty there until May 28. Attached to Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia. Moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia, May 28, and assigned to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia. Five companies were detached June 4 and assigned to duty in charge of supply trains for Hunter's Army. Hunter's Raid on Lynchburg June 6–25. Retreat to Martinsburg June 19–25. Moved to Beverly June 28, then to Webster June 30, and to Martinsburg July 2. Operations about Harpers Ferry July 4–7. Defense of Maryland Heights July 6–7. Duty in the defenses of Maryland Heights until August 25.


161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 161st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 2, 1864.


161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


161st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 14 men during service; 1 enlisted man killed, 1 officer and 12 enlisted men due to disease.


161st Street (Bronx)
161st Street is a short, major thoroughfare in the southern portion of the Bronx. The road is 1.6 miles (2.6 km) long and is a much used access to Yankee Stadium on its north side. The 20th-century Yankee Stadium was on the south side of the street. The road begins in the west at an intersection with Jerome Avenue, a major thoroughfare in the Bronx, and Woodycrest Avenue, a one-way street in the Bronx. The road is one of the widest in the Bronx, until the Sheridan Avenue intersection, where the divided highway merges. East 161st Street ends at Elton Avenue. However, the road continues eastward in parts, ending at Hewitt Place, as a short connector.


161st Street (Bronx), History
East 161st Street was Cedar Street from the Harlem River to Grand Concourse. It was named after a property built in 1840 called "The Cedars". In the village of Melrose, East 161st was known as William Street. From Third Avenue to Prospect Avenue, East 161st Street was known as Grove Hill and was renamed later as Cliff Street.


161st Street (Bronx), Description
East 161st Street begins at an intersection with Woodycrest Avenue and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx. The road passes a parking lot to the south and crosses under the Macombs Dam Bridge soon after. After the intersection with Ruppert Place, East 161st passes the south side of Yankee Stadium. Just after Yankee Stadium, River Avenue crosses over East 161st Street. At this intersection is the only subway station on East 161st Street. East 161st is then split by a median used for parking.


161st Street (Bronx), Description
Grand Concourse, a major thoroughfare in the Bronx intersects soon after, ending the divided highway system on East 161st Street. After the Melrose Avenue intersection, the first section of East 161st Street comes to an end as the road continues as Elton Avenue. The second section of East 161st, a one-way street in the opposite direction. The section begins at an intersection with Third Avenue, intersects with Brook Avenue, and makes a curve to the south as Washington Avenue. The third section of East 161st Street begins at Third Avenue, just south of the second section. This one is a half-mile, stretching from Third Avenue to Prospect Avenue. The final, easternmost section begins at an intersection at Westchester Avenue and ends at Hewitt Place, a short connector.


161st Street (Bronx), Transportation
There is one subway station along the whole length of West/East 161st Streets. It is located at the intersection of River Avenue and West/East 161st Streets. It serves the 4, B, and D trains. The station was opened in 1917 for the Woodlawn Line of the IRT, on which runs the 4 train. The second part was opened in 1933 for the IND Concourse Line (B and D trains). These are the only subway stations for Yankee Stadium.


161st Street (Bronx), Transportation
Two bus lines run along 161st Street. The first is the Bx6 and the second is the Bx13. There was also a Bx49, which was merged with the Bx13 in 1984.


161st Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)
161st Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on August 7, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 166th Street. It was the northernmost station on the Third Avenue elevated until Christmas Day that year. The next stop to the south was 156th Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973.


161st Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)
The train was notable at this station for arriving in front of the Bronx Borough Courthouse.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station
161st Street–Yankee Stadium is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the elevated IRT Jerome Avenue Line and the underground IND Concourse Line. It is located at the intersection of 161st Street and River Avenue in the Highbridge and Concourse neighborhoods of the Bronx. It is generally served by the 4 train at all times; the D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction (unless there is an event at Yankee Stadium, and in such event, express trains will stop); and the B train during rush hours.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station
The combined passenger count for 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station in 2019 was 8,254,928, making it the busiest station in the Bronx and 49th busiest overall. This station is one of only two station complexes in the Bronx (the other being 149th Street–Grand Concourse).


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IRT Jerome Avenue Line
The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IRT Jerome Avenue Line
161st Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IRT Jerome Avenue Line
On July 1, 1918, trains on the Ninth Avenue El began stopping here, as they were extended from 155th Street, entering the Bronx via the Putnam Bridge, a now-demolished swing bridge immediately north of the Macombs Dam Bridge, to connect with the Jerome Avenue line between 161st Street and 167th Street.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IRT Jerome Avenue Line
Through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at this station. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IND Concourse Line
The IND Concourse Line, also referred to as the Bronx−Concourse Line, was one of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND). The line running from Bedford Park Boulevard to the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan was approved by the New York City Board of Transportation on March 10, 1925, with the connection between the two lines approved on March 24, 1927. The line was originally intended to be four tracks, rather than three tracks, to Bedford Park Boulevard.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IND Concourse Line
Construction of the line began in July 1928. The building of the line and proposed extensions to central and eastern Bronx (see below) led to real estate booms in the area. The entire Concourse Line, including 161st Street—River Avenue station, opened on July 1, 1933, less than ten months after the IND's first line, the IND Eighth Avenue Line, opened for service. Initial service was provided by the C train, at that time an express train, between 205th Street, then via the Eighth Avenue Line, Cranberry Street Tunnel and the IND South Brooklyn Line (now Culver Line) to Bergen Street. The CC provided local service between Bedford Park Boulevard and Hudson Terminal (now World Trade Center).


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IND Concourse Line
On December 15, 1940, with the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line, the D train began serving the IND Concourse Line along with the C and CC. It made express stops in peak during rush hours and Saturdays and local stops at all other times. C express service was discontinued in 1949-51, but the C designation was reinstated in 1985 when double letters used to indicate local service was discontinued. During this time, the D made local stops along the Concourse Line at all times except rush hours, when the C ran local to Bedford Park Boulevard. On March 1, 1998, the B train replaced the C as the rush-hour local on the Concourse Line, with the C moving to the Washington Heights portion of the Eighth Avenue Line.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Construction and opening, IND Concourse Line
When the IND portion was built in 1933, paper tickets were used to transfer between the two lines; this method was used until the 1950s, when the indoor escalators were built.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, History, Station renovations
Elevators at the station were installed in the early 2000s as part of a three-year renovation of the station complex and opened in late 2002, making the station only the fourth in the Bronx to be fully ADA-compliant.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, Station layout
The station complex is ADA-accessible, with elevators available to all platforms.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, Station layout
This station is located adjacent to Yankee Stadium, and also provides service to many Bronx County courts, government facilities, and shopping districts in Concourse Village, which are a short walk to the east. The station is three blocks away from the Yankees–East 153rd Street station, a Metro-North Railroad stop on the Hudson Line, which provides service to Yankee Stadium from Manhattan and the Lower Hudson Valley up to Poughkeepsie. Additional service is provided to this station in the form of shuttles from Grand Central, as well as select trains on the Harlem and New Haven lines on game days.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, Station layout
The 2002 artwork here is called Wall-Slide by Vito Acconci, which consists of sections of the station walls "sliding" out of place, sometimes out of the station. Wall-Slide forms seating on the IND platforms, and also reveals a mosaic work, Room of Tranquility by Helene Brandt, on the IRT mezzanine.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms
161st Street–Yankee Stadium is a local station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line that has three tracks and two side platforms. The 4 stops here at all times.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms
The station has extra exit stairs to handle stadium crowds at the southern end of each platform, which make the platforms at this station much longer than traditional IRT platforms. These stairs lead to a separate mezzanine and fare control that were built to serve the old Yankee Stadium located across 161st Street; they continue to serve the new Yankee Stadium during events.


161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms
The former IRT Ninth Avenue Line connected with the IRT Jerome Avenue Line just north of this station, near 162nd Street. A stub of the Ninth Avenue Line connecting trackway still exists and is visible today.