176th Wing, History, Worldwide tactical airlift
In 1975, the 144th gaining command was changed from the Alaskan Air Command (AAC) to the Military Airlift Command (MAC) as part of the "Total Force" concept. After 16 years operating C-123's, the squadron converted to the C-130E Hercules aircraft. The first of eight four-engine Vietnam veteran turboprops was received in early 1976, and the 144th became equipped for a truly global mission. Their range, speed, and airlift capabilities were more than double those of the C-123's they replaced.


176th Wing, History, Worldwide tactical airlift
With its new C-130s, the 176th Group began participating in the Total Force almost immediately, flying to Panama, West Germany, South Korea and elsewhere to support U.S. military and humanitarian missions. It also began taking on greater responsibilities in the annual Brim Frost joint force exercises, and took part in the "Red Flag" war games program at Nellis AFB, Nevada.


176th Wing, History, Worldwide tactical airlift
All this new activity would require a stronger support infrastructure, and in 1977 Alaska Air National Guard kicked off one of its largest construction projects ever. More than $3 million was invested in a new composite maintenance building, an aerospace ground equipment (AGE) support building and a new petroleum operations facility on Kulis AGB.


176th Wing, History, Worldwide tactical airlift
In July 1983, the 144th again updated aircraft, this time converting to brand new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft directly from the factory. The new aircraft has even longer range and more speed than the "E" model, essential to the unit's growing worldwide mission commitment. In mid-1992, the squadron was re-designated as the 144th Airlift Squadron and gained by the Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). Shortly thereafter, the unit upgraded in the Enhanced Station Keeping System (E-SKE) to enable it to fly formation in the weather.


176th Wing, History, Air Refueling
In 1986 the 168th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was transferred from the Illinois ANG to the Alaska Air National Guard. It was re-designated as the 168th Air Refueling Squadron, extended federal recognition and activated on 1 October 1986.


176th Wing, History, Air Refueling
Initially formed as the 176th Tactical Airlift Group's Detachment 1, based at Eielson Air Force Base In the spring of 1986, members of the unit – what few there were – began a 17-day tour of other Air National Guard tanker units. This trip had a dual purpose, one of its participants would recount later: "One, conduct interviews and make selection for the jobs ... and two, steal people."


176th Wing, History, Air Refueling
Evidently they were very persuasive, because the new unit was staffed by 16 officers and 65 enlisted personnel by September, when its first planes, four renovated KC-135E Stratotankers, arrived.


176th Wing, History, Air Refueling
Obtained from the Arkansas Air National Guard over vociferous objections from local politicians, the KC-135Es were hand-me-downs, and the 168th's other facilities were antiquated. Despite this, the unit still managed to supply 70 percent of the theater's air refueling training needs in its first six months of operation. Only two years after being activated, its first Unit Effectiveness Inspection resulted in a rare "excellent" rating.


176th Wing, History, Air Refueling
For its first four years of existence, the 168th was assigned to the 176th, which was redesignated the 176th Composite Group in recognition of its newly diversified components. By the end of the decade the 168th had already reached operational maturity. On 1 July 1990, the 168th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 168th Air Refueling Wing was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 190th ARS becoming the group's flying squadron.


176th Wing, History, Exxon Valdez oil spill
In the days after the March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, the 144th flew many sorties delivering oil containment booms, supplies and emergency personnel to Valdez. Air Guard members remained in place in various support roles even after the actual airlift was handed over to civilian contractors. In particular, firefighters from the 176 Civil Engineer Squadron provided crash response and fire protection for the Valdez airport, where traffic had increased from 14 or so flights per day to well over 400.


176th Wing, History, Exxon Valdez oil spill
On a somewhat lighter note came the effort to save a handful of gray whales trapped in the ice near Point Barrow in 1989. Their plight captured the attention of the national media, and the 176th Group was asked to provide logistical support for the rescue attempt. The episode ended, the Airlift reported, with the whales "last seen headed south to vacation in the sun."


176th Wing, History, Combat Search and Rescue
In 1987, the Air Force announced the active duty 71st Air Rescue Squadron would be inactivated. However, the tradition of Arctic search and rescue would continue; Alaska Senator Ted Stevens introduced legislation creating a new search and rescue unit for the Alaska Air National Guard. The 210th Air Rescue Squadron received federal recognition from the National Guard Bureau on 4 April 1990 and the unit activation ceremony was held at Kulis Air National Guard Base on 11 August 1990. The 210th ARS was bestowed the lineage, history, honors and colors of the 10th Air Rescue Group, which was formed at Elmendorf Field on 1 April 1946 and was mostly operated by Alaskans.


176th Wing, History, Combat Search and Rescue
The 210th took delivery of its new Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk search and rescue helicopters between June and August 1990 and new Lockheed HC-130 search/tanker aircraft in November and December 1990. The unit achieved initial operational capability faster than the normal Air Force programming process normally allows.


176th Wing, History, Combat Search and Rescue
On 8 October 2004 by the Air Force Special Operations Command re-organized Air National Guard rescue units and created separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue elements of the 210th Rescue Squadron. The HH-60 helicopter flight became 210th Rescue Squadron; the HC-130P Hercules flight become the 211th Rescue Squadron, and the pararescue flight became the 212th Rescue Squadron.


176th Wing, History, Alaska NORAD Region
In 2004, the Alaska Air National Guard took over operations of the Alaska NORAD Region (ANR) Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) from the active-duty 611th Air Control Squadron. Air defense Radar and interceptor units had been operating from Alaska since the early days of the Cold War in 1951, with Alaska Air Command establishing a chain of Aircraft Control and Warning (AC&W) Radar stations to direct interceptor aircraft to unidentified aircraft intruding on Alaskan airspace.


176th Wing, History, Alaska NORAD Region
In the CONUS, the air defense mission was transferred to the Air National Guard in 1985, and in Alaska, the USAF 11th Air Force 611th Air Control Squadron began a four-year transition to the Alaska Air National Guard in 2000. On 1 October 2004, the 611th ACS was officially inactivated and the Alaska ANG 176th Air Control Squadron was federally recognized and activated. The 176th ACS was assigned to the 176th Operations Group.


176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift
In association with the USAF 3d Wing, 517th Airlift Squadron at Elmendorf AFB, the 176th Wing began flying a variety of airlift missions with the 517th's ppC-17 Globemaster III's in mid-summer 2007. These missions were combat missions in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. This association was formalized in September 2009 when the 249th Airlift Squadron was formed as an associate unit with the 517th AS and received federal recognition and activation.


176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift
Its crews continue to mix with crews from the active-duty 517th, flying its eight C-17 Globemaster III jets around the world.


176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift
Along with the 249th, the 144th AS performed humanitarian airlift missions for famine relief in Somalia and Rwanda, supported Operation Southern Watch in Saudi Arabia, achieved an Excellent rating in its first Operational Readiness Inspection from PACAF. Aircrews of the 144th, have flown to the far reaches of the globe, performing missions in Panama, Thailand, Japan, Australia and Germany. The unit also participated in Operation Full Accounting, an effort to bring back remains of Americans from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.


176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift
Recently, the 144th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron was formed and deployed members in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.


176th Wing, History, Worldwide strategic airlift
The C-17 mission was transferred to the 144th Airlift Squadron on August 4 2018 with the deactivation of the 249th AS as the 144th AS assumed control of the 249th's C-17 Globemaster III aircraft, shared with the active duty the 517th Airlift Squadron.


176th Wing, History, Elmendorf Air Force Base
In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that Kulis AGB be closed and the wing be relocated to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER). The move was considered a good fit, given the growing mission of the wing, and the state of Alaska supported the recommendation.


176th Wing, History, Elmendorf Air Force Base
The unit closed Kulis AGB and moved to facilities at JBER in February 2011. The 176th now operates out of a set of new and renovated buildings on JBER in an area known colloquially as Camp Kulis.


176th meridian east
The meridian 176° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


176th meridian east
The 176th meridian east forms a great circle with the 4th meridian west.


176th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 176th meridian east passes through:


176th meridian west
The meridian 176° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


176th meridian west
The 176th meridian west forms a great circle with the 4th meridian east.


176th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 176th meridian west passes through:


177
Year 177 (CLXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Commodus and Plautius (or, less frequently, year 930 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 177 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


177 (number)
177 (one hundred [and] seventy-seven) is the natural number following 176 and preceding 178.


177 BC
Year 177 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Gracchus (or, less frequently, year 577 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 177 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


177 Franklin Street
177 Franklin Street is a historic six-story commercial building located on Franklin Street between Hudson and Greenwich streets in the TriBeCa neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Originally built in 1888, 177 Franklin Street was owned by real estate investor William Grupe and designed by architect Frederick Jenth, with construction starting in 1887. The structure was originally designed as a five-story building; a sixth story was added in 1890 by architect Robert Callack.


177 Franklin Street
The building has a neo-Grec façade composed of a one-story base and a five-story upper section. Some surviving historic features include a pressed metal cornice, prominent brick-and-stone lintels, a brick corbel table, wood sash windows, and cast-iron piers from the Lindsay, Graff & Megquier foundry, as indicated on two clear foundry marks. The building was renovated by Michael Kirchmann of GDSNY and is the headquarters and flagship location for lifestyle retailer Shinola.


177 Huntington
177 Huntington (formerly the Christian Science Administration Building) is a 355-foot-tall (108 m) Brutalist skyscraper located in the Christian Science Center in the Fenway neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The building, opened in 1973, originally served as the Christian Science world headquarters. In 2012, it was leased by Beacon Capital Partners, undergoing renovations soon after. Current tenants include Northeastern University, as well as consulting and investment companies. In 2017, four peregrine falcons hatched in one of the building ledges


177 Irma
Irma (minor planet designation: 177 Irma) is a fairly large and dark main belt asteroid. It was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on November 5, 1877. Paul was credited for this discovery. The meaning of the name Irma is unknown.


177 Irma
Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico in 2011 gave a light curve with a period of 13.856 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.30 ± 0.03 in magnitude.


1770
1770 (MDCCLXX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1770th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 770th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th  year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1770, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1770 (mummy)
1770, otherwise known as Mummy 1770 or Mummy No. 1770, was an ancient Egyptian female mummy. The specimen was found in a sarcophagus by Rosalie David, and was approximately 13 or 14 years old at the time of her death. The mummy's legs were not present, and were replaced by wooden planks. Her feet also consisted of sandals filled with mud and reeds, with the tips being substituted for toes. The fingernails and reed tips had golden coverings, which suggested that she lived in a wealthy family.


1770 (mummy), Death
It was discovered that Mummy 1770 had a calcified male guinea worm in her abdominal wall. Her legs were amputated, one above, one below the knee. It is possible that an unsuccessful treatment of the dracunculiasis was the cause of death. However, it is not known whether her legs were amputated because of this. It is known that mummy 1770 died a few weeks after her surgery.


1770 (mummy), Facial reconstruction
When the sarcophagus was unwrapped in 1975 by the Manchester Mummy team, including Dr. Rosalie David, believed they may be able to attempt a forensic facial reconstruction. Her skull was incomplete and in many pieces, in order to reconstruct, the team put the skull together, made a plaster cast, and filled the gaps with wax. To create the face, wooden pegs were drilled into the cast, at the precise depth of tissue. Then wax was added to the cast over the pegs, slightly covering them. After the wax was added, glass eyes and a wig were added to the cast. Mummy 1770 was reconstructed twice, one was the 1975 version, the other was a modified version, with darker skin and make up.


1770 Naval Air Squadron
1770 Naval Air Squadron (1770 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. It formed at RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron) on 10 September 1943 as a two-seat fighter squadron and embarked on HMS Indefatigable in May 1944. It took part in several attacks on the German Battleship Tirpitz and other operations in Norwegian waters before sailing for the Far East. In 1945, as part of the British Pacific Fleet, the squadron took part in attacks on Sumatra, Sakishima Gunto and Formosa. It disembarked to Australia in June 1945 and then disbanded on 30 September 1945 at RAAF Maryborough (HMS Nabstock).


1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake
The 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake took place at 7:15 pm local time on June 3, on the Enriquillo fault near Port-au-Prince, Saint-Domingue, the French colony that is now the country of Haiti.


1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Damage
The earthquake was strong enough to destroy Port-au-Prince, and leveled all the buildings between Lake Miragoâne and Petit-Goâve, to the west of Port-au-Prince. The Plain of the Cul-de-Sac, a rift valley under Port-au-Prince that extends eastwards into the Dominican Republic, experienced extensive soil liquefaction. The ground under Port-au-Prince liquefied, throwing down all its buildings, including those that had survived the 1751 earthquake. One village, Croix des Bouquets, sank below sea level. Strong shocks were felt in Cap-Haïtien, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) away from the estimated epicenter in the Léogâne Arrondissement. Some chimneys on the distant island of Jamaica collapsed.


1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Damage
It is estimated that 200 people died in Port-au-Prince in collapsed buildings, including 79 of the 80 people in Port-au-Prince's hospital. The death toll would have been higher, but the earthquake was preceded by a rumbling noise that gave people time to flee their houses before the main tremor, which consisted of two shocks lasting a total of four minutes. Fifty people died in Léogâne.


1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Tsunami
The earthquake generated a tsunami that came ashore along the Gulf of Gonâve, and rolled as much as 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi) inland into the Cul-de-Sac depression, though this might have been confounded with the effects of the liquefaction.


1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Aftermath
The aftermath of the earthquake saw much more death as thousands of slaves escaped in the chaos, the local economy collapsed and 15,000 slaves died in the subsequent famine. An additional 15,000 people died from what is thought to have been gastrointestinal anthrax from eating tainted meat bought from Spanish traders.


1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
The 1770 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 22 January 1770.


1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
The election followed the resignation of incumbent Speaker Sir John Cust due to ill health. Cust died two days after this election.


1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Sir Fletcher Norton was proposed by Lord North and seconded by Richard Rigby.


1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Thomas Townshend was proposed by Lord John Cavendish and seconded by Lord George Sackville.


1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
Both candidates addressed the House. Townshend stated, as Cavendish had, that he had been proposed without his knowledge. A debate followed, with Edmund Burke supporting Townshend.


1770 Speaker of the British House of Commons election
On the motion "That the Right Hon. Sir Fletcher Norton do take the Chair of this House as Speaker," Norton was elected by 237 votes to 121 (the votes against given as 124 in some sources).


1770 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1770 to Wales and its people.


1770 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1770.


1770 in poetry
Long as in Freedom's Cause the wise contend,Dear to your unity shall Fame extend;While to the World, the letter's Stone shall tell,How Caldwell, Attucks, Gray and Mav'rick fell.''


1770 in poetry
"On the Affray in King Street, on the Evening of the 5th of March, 1770, about the Boston Massacre


1770 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1770 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1770 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1770 in science
The year 1770 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1770s
The 1770s (pronounced "seventeen-seventies") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1770, and ended on December 31, 1779. A period full of discoveries,  breakthroughs happened in all walks of life, as what emerged at this period brought life to most innovations we know today.


1770s
From nations such as the United States, birthed through hardships such as the American Revolutionary War and altercations akin to the Boston Tea Party, spheres of influence such as the Russian Empire's sphere from its victorious Crimean claims at the Russo-Turkish War, the Industrial Revolution, and populism, their influence remains omnipresent to this day.


1770s
New lands south of the Equator were discovered and settled by Europeans like James Cook, expanding the horizons of a New World to new reaches such as Australia and French Polynesia. Deepened philosophical studies led to the publication of works such as Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations", whose concepts influence much of modern socio-economic thought, and sowed the seeds to the global incumbent  neoliberal world order. Studies on chemistry and politics deepen to forge the Age of Reason for centuries to come.


1770s, Events, 1775, Summary
The  American Revolution begins this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress takes various steps toward organizing an American government, appointing George Washington commander-in-chief (June 14), Benjamin Franklin postmaster general (July 26) and creating a Continental Navy (October 13) and a Marine force (November 10) as landing troops for it, but as yet the 13 colonies have not declared independence, and both the British (June 12) and American (July 15) governments make laws.


1770s, Events, 1775, Summary
On July 6, Congress issues the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms and on August 23, King George III of Great Britain declares the American colonies in rebellion, announcing it to Parliament on November 10.


1770s, Events, 1775, Summary
On June 17, two months into the colonial siege of Boston, at the Battle of Bunker Hill, just north of Boston, British forces are victorious, but only after suffering severe casualties and after Colonial forces run out of ammunition, Fort Ticonderoga is taken by American forces in New York Colony's northern frontier, and American forces unsuccessfully invade Canada, with an attack on Montreal defeated by British forces on November 13 and an attack on Quebec repulsed December 31.


1770s, Events, 1775, Summary
Human knowledge and mastery over nature advances when James Watt builds a successful prototype of a steam engine, and a scientific expedition continues as Captain James Cook claims the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean for Britain. Nature's power over humanity is dramatically demonstrated when the Independence Hurricane (August 29 – September 13) devastates the east coast of North America, killing 4,173, and when, on the western side of the North American continent, Tseax Cone erupts in the future British Columbia, as well as when a smallpox epidemic begins in New England. Smallpox was then cured by Edward Jenner.


1770s BC
The 1770s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1779 BC to December 31, 1770 BC.


1770s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1770s in South Africa.


1770s in Wales
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 16:11, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1770s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1770 - 1779 to Wales and its people.


1770s in archaeology
The decade of the 1770s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1770s in rail transport
This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1770s.


1770–1772 Russian plague
The Russian plague epidemic of 1770–1772, also known as the Plague of 1771, was the last massive outbreak of plague in central Russia, claiming between 52,000 and 100,000 lives in Moscow alone (1/6 to 1/3 of its population). The bubonic plague epidemic that originated in the Moldovan theatre of the 1768–1774 Russian-Turkish war in January 1770 swept northward through Ukraine and central Russia, peaking in Moscow in September 1771 and causing the Plague Riot. The epidemic reshaped the map of Moscow, as new cemeteries were established beyond the 18th-century city limits.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Outbreak
Russian troops in Focşani, Moldova discovered first signs of plague in January 1770; the disease, indigenous to the area, was contracted through prisoners of war and booty. The news was hailed and exaggerated by adversaries of Russia, and Catherine wrote a reassuring letter to Voltaire, arguing that "in spring those killed by plague will resurrect for the fighting".


1770–1772 Russian plague, Outbreak
Commanding general Christopher von Stoffeln coerced army doctors to conceal the outbreak, which was not made public until Gustav Orreus, a Russian-Finnish surgeon reporting directly to Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev, examined the situation, identified it as plague and enforced quarantine in the troops. Stoffeln, however, refused to evacuate the infested towns and himself fell victim to the plague in May 1770. Of 1,500 patients recorded in his troops in May–August 1770, only 300 survived.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Outbreak
Medical quarantine checkpoints instituted by Peter I and expanded by Catherine II were sufficient to prevent plague from reaching inside the country in peacetime, but they proved to be inadequate in time of war. The system regarded all epidemics as external threats, focusing on border control, and paid less attention to domestic measures. The epidemic blocked the logistics of Rumyantsev's army, and as the state tried to push more reserves and supplies to the theatre, peacetime quarantine controls had to be lifted. Plague swept into Poland and Ukraine; by August 1770 it reached Bryansk. Catherine refused to admit the plague in public, although she was clearly aware of the nature and proportions of the threat, as evidenced by her letters to Governor of Moscow Pyotr Saltykov.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Moscow plague
When Peter the Great died in 1725, he left behind him the blooming, new capital of St. Petersburg, and the city of Moscow, now unstable because he had transferred the seat of power from that city to St. Petersburg. The now-abandoned Moscow and its suburbs attracted vast numbers of serfs and army deserters, who prompted the government to instigate change by “tightening serfdom and strengthening—or even just creating—administrative and estate institutions, and knitting all three into a seamless web of social control.”


1770–1772 Russian plague, Moscow plague
The increasing population created more waste that needed to be dealt with, and no real solution for getting rid of it. There was human waste, horse waste, and waste from tanneries, slaughterhouses and other slatternly industries, all of which was piling up on each other. Catherine II inherited the throne in 1762 and recognized the social concerns her empire was facing, such as the drastic increase in pollution and decrease in living standards.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Moscow plague
In 1767, her government decreed that the polluting factories, slaughterhouses, fish markets, and cemeteries be removed from the city, that it was illegal to pollute the waterways, and that dumps be established. Her goal in this was to westernize Moscow as well as St. Petersburg. She contended that by eliminating the foul smells associated with the city, the health of the inhabitants would improve; during the 18th century, the theory of miasma (that disease came from bad smells) was prevalent.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Moscow plague
By moving the factories out of the city proper, Catherine also ensured a dispersal of the peasants and serfs, whom the city considered to be the source of the putrefaction, and therefore bring the source of the disease outside the city as well. As her memoires indicate, Catherine herself saw the stench and filth of the city as evidence of its being rooted in the past, before Russia became westernized. She hated Moscow, and before the plague outbreak, Moscow had no formal boundaries, there was no population count, and no real city planning.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Moscow plague
This lack of planning was also evidenced by the fact that the city was mostly still built from wood, despite the government urging change to stone structures in this department. While there were some stone buildings, they tended to be located in the center of the city, and the use of stone showed no real sign of spreading. There were fires, there was a high crime rate, the filth was unimaginable; the state of the city was a set up for disaster. Catherine attempted to fix these problems through pardons, case reviews, creating jobs for the unemployed and homeless, and strengthening the local government.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Moscow plague
Despite her efforts to change the city, Catherine found herself facing an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the Russian Empire in 1770. The plague was somewhat of a constant threat in early modern Europe; no one could be sure where or when it would strike. In 1765, rumors circulated that the plague had traveled north from the Ottoman Empire into Poland. The same rumors echoed over the course of the next year, with the plague also supposedly appearing in Constantinople and the Crimea. There was a false alarm of the plague entering Russian territory, and another false alarm of supposed plague around Moscow that turned out to be smallpox. There were efforts made to keep plague out of Russia by creating quarantine stations on the southern border, but these proved to be ineffective.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Moscow plague
In December 1770, a Doctor A. F. Shafonskiy, the chief physician at the Moscow General Hospital, identified a case of the bubonic plague and promptly reported it to German doctor A. Rinder, who was in charge of the public health of the city. Unfortunately, Rinder did not trust the former's judgment, and ignored the report. The next day, the Medical Council met and established the fact that the plague had entered the city, and informed the Senate in St. Petersburg. The response of the national government was to send military guards to the hospital in order to quarantine the cases. However, Shafonskiy and Rinder continued to stand on opposing sides, until Rinder denied Shafonskiy's claim in January 1771. Shafonskiy submitted a report in February


1770–1772 Russian plague, Riot
The plague peaked in September 1771, killing an estimated thousand Muscovites a day (20,401 confirmed dead in September), despite the fact that an estimated three quarters of the population fled the city. Many deaths escaped the statistics: residents, fearing that the infested properties would be destroyed by authorities, routinely concealed the casualties, burying the dead at night or simply throwing them on the streets. Authorities set up chain gangs of prisoners to collect and bury the bodies, but their forces were insufficient even for this single task.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Riot
Governor Saltykov, failing to control the situation, preferred to desert his station and fled to his country estate; the police chief followed suit. Jacon Lerche, the newly appointed sanitary inspector of Moscow, declared state of emergency, shutting down shops, inns, taverns, factories and even churches; the city was placed under quarantine. Masses of people, literally thrown into the streets, were denied their regular trade and recreation habits. On September 15, 1771, Moscow residents revolted against the authorities. The mob perceived any emergency measures of the state as a conspiracy to spread the disease.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Riot
In particular, archbishop Amvrosy, who removed a revered icon from the public to curtail transmission of the disease by worshippers, was accused of conspiracy, hunted down and killed as an "enemy of the people". Active rioting continued for three days. The remaining unrest was finally subdued by Grigory Orlov in the end of September.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Emergency measures post infection out-break
When the riot was still unwinding, empress Catherine dispatched Grigory Orlov to take control of Moscow; it is not clear whether her choice was an assignment in good faith or an attempt to get rid of a former lover and a leader of an influential political clan. Orlov, accompanied by Gustav Orreus and four regiments of troops, arrived in Moscow on September 26, immediately calling an emergency council with local doctors. They confirmed presence of both bubonic and septicemic forms of plague. Orlov established and supervised an executive medical commission charged with developing the ways to check the epidemic. More important, he succeeded in changing public opinion in favor of the state's emergency measures, at the same improving the efficiency and quality of medical quarantine (in particular, varying quarantine duration for different groups of exposed but yet healthy people, and paying them for the quarantine stay).


1770–1772 Russian plague, Emergency measures post infection out-break
The epidemic in Moscow, although still rampant in October, gradually reduced through the year. November 15 Catherine declared that it was officially over, but deaths continued into 1772. Estimates of total death toll in Moscow range from 52 to 100 thousand out of total 300 thousand.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Consequences
The plague stimulated local research in disease prevention, which was boosted by discovering indigenous plague in newly conquered territories of the Caucasus. The epidemic was professionally exposed to Western European academia through An account of plague which raged in Moscow 1771, published in 1798 in Latin by Belgian physician Charles de Mertens; an English translation was released in 1799.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Consequences, Immediate political effect
Devastation caused by the plague forced the government to reduce taxes and military conscription quotas in the affected provinces; both measures decreased the military capabilities of the state and pushed Catherine to seek truce. The statesmen divided between supporters of further pressing into Moldova and Walachia and those who sided with Frederick II's proposal to quit the war and take Polish territories as compensation: nearby Polish lands were seen as cash source while Moldova had to be ceded to the Turks anyway. Catherine preferred to suit both parties and engaged in the Partitions of Poland while the war in the South protracted until 1774. Orlov, dismissed from the court, retired for a long tour of Europe.


1770–1772 Russian plague, Consequences, City planning
In a move to control disease, authorities banned any burials on the traditional parish cemeteries inside the city of Moscow. Instead, they set up a chain of new cemeteries outside the city limits. This ring of cemeteries, established in 1771 (Vagankovo and others) is mostly extant today; some were razed to make way for the new construction (Dorogomilovo cemetery), some, also destroyed, are now public parks (Lazarevskoe cemetery). Rogozhskoye cemetery, east of Moscow, became and remains a leading Old Believers shrine.


1771
1771 (MDCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1771st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 771st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 71st  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1771, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami
The 1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami (also called 明和の大津波, the Great Tsunami of Meiwa) was caused by the Yaeyama Great Earthquake at about 8 A.M. on April 24, 1771, south-southeast of Ishigaki Island, part of the former Ryūkyū Kingdom and now forming part of present-day Okinawa, Japan. According to records, 8,439 persons were killed on Ishigaki Island and 2,548 on Miyako Island.


1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Earthquake analysis
According to the Japanese government publication Rika-Nenpyō (理科年表) or Chronological Scientific Tables, the epicenter was 40 km south-southeast of Ishigaki Island with a magnitude of 7.4. According to the Mamoru Nakamura Laboratory, University of the Ryukyus, the earthquake was due to the activity of the fault east of Ishigaki and it is estimated that the magnitude was 7.5. Further simulation led to the activity of faults in the Ryukyu oceanic trench and the magnitude was 8.0. Also, there is a hypothesis that claims the magnitude was 8.5. The depth was 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). This trench lies between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The disparity in the amount of recorded shaking (maximum 4 JMA) and the size of the tsunami has led to the interpretation of this event as a tsunami earthquake.


1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Damage, Earthquake
It is considered that the earthquake registered an intensity of 4 (on the Japanese scale) in the Yaeyama Islands, and the damage by the earthquake was not as serious as the tsunami.


1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Damage, Tsunami
The dead and missing amounted to 12,000 people, and more than 2,000 houses were destroyed on Ishigaki and Miyakojima. It has been estimated Agriculture was severely damaged because of sea water invasion and the population decreased to about one third of what it was before the earthquake. On Ishigaki island, the run-up was first estimated around 40 to 80 meters high from historical documents. However, taking into account the rough precision of the measuring instruments at this time and considering geomorphological parameters, the maximal run-up has been re-estimated to ~30m.


1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Damage, Tsunami
Following the tsunami, the damage it caused was such that it led to a famine that lasted for 80 years.


1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami, Boulders
There are many huge boulders on the coasts of the Yaeyema and Miyako islands that are believed to have been deposited by tsunamis. There was a legend that an islet disappeared, but this has never been verified. This set of rocks are called the Ishigaki East Coast Tsunami Rocks. Among them, Yasura-ufukane, Amatariya–Suuari and Taka-koru sishi have been dragged by the 1771 Meiwa tsunami.


1771 Makover
1771 Makover, provisional designation 1968 BD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers in diameter.


1771 Makover
It was discovered on 24 January 1968, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after Russian astronomer Samuel Makover.


1771 Makover, Orbit and classification
The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,015 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. At Johannesburg Observatory, Makover was first identified as 1937 LM in 1937. Its first used observation was made at the same observatory one year later, when it was identified as 1938 QJ, extending the body's observation arc by 30 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1771 Makover, Physical characteristics
In December 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Makover was obtained by astronomer Andrea Ferrero from photometric observation. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 11.26 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3).


1771 Makover, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Makover measures between 46.89 and 63.59 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.025 and 0.072. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0382 and a diameter of 56.59 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.4.


1771 Makover, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Russian astronomer Samuel Gdalevich Makover (1908–1970), who studied extensively the orbit of Encke's Comet (referred to as Comet Encke-Backlund in Russia), and pioneered in the use of electronic calculators for computing planetary perturbations and orbit improvements. He was head of the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics's (ITA) department of minor planets and comets, and editor of the annual volume of Minor Planet Ephemerides. He was also a vice-president of IAU's commission 20, Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites, in the 1960s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).


1771 Naval Air Squadron
1771 Naval Air Squadron (1771 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. The squadron was the first British & Commonwealth unit to fly over Japan in World War 2.


1771 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography
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1771 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1771 to Wales and its people.


1771 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1771.


1771 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1771 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1771 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1771 in science
The year 1771 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1771 to 1775 in sports
Events in world sport through the years 1771 to 1775.


1772
1772 (MDCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1772nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 772nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 72nd  year of the 18th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1772, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1772 Gagarin
1772 Gagarin (prov. designation: 1968 CB) is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1968, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.


1772 Gagarin, Orbit and classification
Gagarin orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4.02 years (1,467 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. Gagarin first observation is a precovery that was taken at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 28 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1772 Gagarin, Physical characteristics
Gagarin has been characterized as a rare L-type asteroid by PanSTARRS' photometric survey.


1772 Gagarin, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Gagarin obtained by American astronomer Richard P. Binzel gave a rotation period of 10.96 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=2). Photometric observations at the Californian Palomar Transient Factory in December 2011, gave a 10.9430 hours with an amplitude of 0.41 (U=2). in 2001 and 2016, additional lightcurve were obtained from modeled photometric data, giving a period of 10.94130 and 10.93791 hours (U=n.a. ).


1772 Gagarin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gagarin measures between 8.83 and 9.63 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.138 and 0.164, The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 8.00 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.85.


1772 Gagarin, Naming
This minor planet was named for Russian–Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), Hero of the Soviet Union and first human to journey into outer space by circumnavigating Earth in 1961. Gagarin died in a jet fighter crash in 1968, the year the asteroid was discovered. The lunar crater Gagarin is also named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).


1772 Naval Air Squadron
1772 Naval Air Squadron (1772 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.


1772 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1772 to Wales and its people.