1568 Aisleen, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer for his wife, Aisleen Johnson. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116).


1568 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1568.


1568 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1568 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1568 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1568 in science
The year 1568 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1569
Year 1569 (MDLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1569 Evita
1569 Evita, provisional designation 1948 PA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1948, by astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in Argentina. The asteroid was named after Eva Perón.


1569 Evita, Orbit and classification
Based on the hierarchical clustering method, Evita is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,039 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic.


1569 Evita, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1936 KE at the Johannesburg Observatory in May 1936. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at La Plata.


1569 Evita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Evita measures 36.346 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.047. An albedo near 0.05 is typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids which dominate the outer asteroid belt. It has an absolute magnitude of 11.2.


1569 Evita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Evita has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period and axis, as well as its shape remain unknown.


1569 Evita, Naming
This minor planet was named in after the First Lady of Argentina, Eva Perón (1919–1952), who was commonly known by the affectionate Spanish diminutive form of her name, Evita. She was the wife of President Juan Perón (1895–1974) of Argentina.


1569 Evita, Naming
The discoverer also named the asteroids 1581 Abanderada, 1582 Martir, 1588 Descamisada and 1589 Fanatica in tribute to Eva Perón. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in February 1951 (M.P.C. 519).


1569 Plot
The 1569 Plot was a conspiracy in Sweden in 1569. The purpose was to depose John III of Sweden and reinstate the imprisoned Eric XIV of Sweden on the Swedish throne. The plot was instigated by the courtiers of Eric's spouse queen Karin Månsdotter; her lady-in-waiting Elin Andersdotter and her personal secretary Thomas Jakobsson. It was the first of three major plots to free the imprisoned Eric XIV (followed by the Mornay Plot and the 1576 Plot), but has been described as the most serious one. The plot was exposed and prevented before it could be put in action and resulted in the execution of the conspirators.


1569 Plot, The Plot
In the summer of 1569, a plot was discovered with the intent to free and reinstate Erik XIV. The plan was the ship owner Per Larsson would fire at the city of Stockholm, and that the former monarch should be able to flee from his prison in the royal palace during the confusion, and the gather followers in Dalarna, by which he could be reinstated upon the throne.


1569 Plot, The Plot
The conspirators consisted of members of the staff of the former royal couple Erik XIV and Karin Månsdotter: the secretary and mistress of the robes of Karin, Thomas Jakobsson and Elin Andersdotter; the ship owners Per Larsson and Frans Klementsson; the chaplain Jon, Per Pålsson and the spouse of Elin Andersdotter; Hans Andersson. Elin Andersdotter was, alongside Thomas Jakobsson, the leader of the conspiracy, and financed the whole affair. The conspirators held their conferences at the home of Jakobsson, who also handled the correspondence with Erik XIV, who was informed about the plot. It is unknown whether Karin Månsdotter was informed of the plot or participated in it.


1569 Plot, The Plot
During the trials against the conspirators, Andersdotter and Jakobsson were interrogated about the alleged hidden treasure that John III was certain had been hidden away by Erik XIV, and were promised a pardon if they helped recover it. But they revealed nothing, if indeed there had been such a treasure at all.


1569 Plot, The Plot
Elin Andersdotter and Thomas Jakobsson was found guilty of treason and executed as the main instigators of the plot.


1569 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1569.


1569 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1569 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1569 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1569 in science
The year 1569 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF
The 156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.


156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF
Based in Brockville, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Leeds and Grenville Counties. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 2nd, 21st, and 38th Battalions, CEF. A draft was also supplied to Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, with the remaining men going to the 6th Reserve Battalion. The unit officially ceased to exist on February 15, 1918.


156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF
The 156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF had two Officers Commanding: Lieut-Col. T. C. D. Bedell (October 17, 1916-March 14, 1917) and Lieut-Col. C. M. R. Graham (March 14, 1917-February 27, 1918).


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade
The 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army. The brigade saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars with the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Origins
The Scottish Rifles Brigade was originally a Volunteer Infantry Brigade formed in 1902 when the former Glasgow Brigade of the Volunteer Force was split up. The four Volunteer Battalions of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) constituted one brigade, while the four Volunteer Battalions of the Highland Light Infantry formed the other (the Highland Light Infantry Brigade, later the 157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade of the TF).


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Origins
From 1902 to 1908 the Scottish Rifles Brigade had the following composition:


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Origins
The Brigade Headquarters (HQ) was at 149 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, and the brigade commander from 1 June 1906 was retired Colonel E.C. Browne.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Territorial Force
After the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Scottish Rifles Brigade formed part of the Lowland Division of the TF with the following composition:


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, First World War
The Lowland Division was mobilised for full-time war service in early August 1914, and most of the men, when asked, volunteered for overseas service. From November 1914 to March 1915, many units of the division were posted elsewhere, mainly to reinforce the Regular Army divisions of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, most of which had suffered heavy casualties. The 5th and 6th battalions of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) were sent to the Western Front and replaced by the 4th and 7th battalions of the Royal Scots.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, First World War
In May 1915 the division was numbered as the 52nd (Lowland) Division and the brigades were also numbered, the Scottish Rifles Brigade becoming 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade and the battalions were redesignated, becoming '1/7th Royal Scots', to distinguish them from their 2nd Line units being formed in the 195th (2/1st Scottish Rifles) Brigade, part of the 65th (2nd Lowland) Division.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, First World War
During the war the brigade served with the division in the Middle Eastern theatre, fighting in 1917 in the Battle of Romani, the First Battle of Gaza, Second Battle of Gaza and Third Battle of Gaza during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and, in 1918, served on the Western Front, fighting in the Hundred Days Offensive.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Inter-war period
After the war the brigade and division were disbanded as was the whole of the Territorial Force. The Territorial Force was reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army (TA) and the 52nd Division was reconstituted as was the brigade which was redesignated as the 156th (Scottish Rifles) Infantry Brigade with the same unit it had pre-war.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Inter-war period
In 1921, the 5th and 8th Battalions of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) were amalgamated as the 5th/8th Battalion and were replaced by the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers from the 155th (East Scottish) Infantry Brigade. Shortly after, the brigade was redesignated the 156th (West Scottish) Infantry Brigade.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Inter-war period
In the late 1930s many of the Territorial Army's infantry battalions were converted into other roles, mainly anti-aircraft and searchlight units. In late 1938, all British infantry brigades were reduced from four to three battalions and the 5th/8th Cameronians was chosen to be converted and became 5th/8th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) (56th Searchlight Regiment). In 1939 the brigade was redesignated 156th Infantry Brigade.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Second World War
During the Second World War, the brigade served with the division during Operation Ariel in 1940 in France to cover the withdrawal of troops of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) which was being evacuated from France. From May 1942 to June 1944 the division was trained in mountain warfare yet were never used in the role. They were then trained in airlanding operations but were again never utilised in this role either, due mainly to the disastrous events that occurred during the Battle of Arnhem where the British 1st Airborne Division was virtually destroyed.


156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, Second World War
In October 1944 the 52nd Division was sent to the Western Front to join the 21st Army Group and were attached to the First Canadian Army and fought in the Battle of the Scheldt where the 52nd Division gained an excellent reputation. The 156th Infantry Brigade, with the 52nd, took part in Operation Blackcock in early 1945, later taking part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, and ended the war by the River Elbe. During Blackcock, Fusilier Dennis Donnini of the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. At the age of 19, he was the youngest British or Commonwealth soldier to be awarded the VC during the Second World War.


156th Airlift Squadron
The 156th Airlift Squadron (156 AS) is a unit of the North Carolina Air National Guard 145th Airlift Wing. It is assigned to Charlotte Air National Guard Base, North Carolina and is equipped with the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Organized and trained in the Northeast United States by First Air Force. During training was part of the air defense of the northeast, being attached to the New York and Boston Fighter Wings.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Deployed to England aboard the RMS Queen Elizabeth and served in combat as part of VIII Fighter Command from October 1943 to May 1945, participating in operations that prepared for the invasion of the Continent, and supporting the landings in Normandy and the subsequent Allied drive across France and Germany. The squadron flew P-47 Thunderbolts until they were replaced by P-51 Mustangs in November 1944.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
From October 1943 until January 1944, operated as escort for B-17 Flying Fortress/B-24 Liberator bombers that attacked such objectives as industrial areas, missile sites, airfields, and communications.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Fighters from the 461st engaged primarily in bombing and strafing missions after 3 January 1944, with its targets including U-boat installations, barges, shipyards, aerodromes, hangars, marshalling yards, locomotives, trucks, oil facilities, flak towers, and radar stations. Bombed and strafed in the Arnhem, Netherlands area on 17, 18, and 23 September 1944 to neutralize enemy gun emplacements providing support to Allied ground forces during Operation Market-Garden. In early 1945, the squadron's P-51 Mustangs clashed with German Me 262 jet aircraft. The squadron flew its last combat mission, escorting B-17's dropping propaganda leaflets, on 7 May 1945.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Remained in the United Kingdom during the balance of 1945, most personnel were demobilized and returned to the United States, with aircraft being sent to storage facilities in the UK. The squadron was administratively inactivated at Camp Kilmer New Jersey on 10 November 1945 without personnel or equipment.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
The unit designation was transferred to the North Carolina Air National Guard in May 1946, being re-designated as the 156th Fighter Squadron. It was organized at Morris Field, near Charlotte, a former Third Air Force Army Airfield during World War II. Equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts, it was activated on 15 March 1948 by the NC Air National Guard, its gaining organization being Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
The 156th performed normal peacetime training operations, was re-equipped with F-51 Mustangs in 1949. As a result of the Korean War, the squadron was federalized and placed on active duty, 10 October 1950. Assigned to Strategic Air Command, it was assigned to the Kentucky ANG 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing. After a training period at Godman AFB with F-84E Thunderjets, the wing was deployed to RAF Manston, England where it replaced the 12th Fighter-Escort Wing which had been returned to the United States. In England, the unit provided fighter escorts for SAC's rotational B-50 Superfortress bombardment wings which operated from several USAF-controlled bases in the UK. In July 1952 the squadron returned to the United States and was returned to state control, leaving its aircraft and equipment in England.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
Upon return to Charlotte, the 156th returned to operating propeller-driven F-51 Mustangs, operating them until their retirement in 1955, being operationally gained by Tactical Air Command. Was transferred to Air Defense Command (ADC) in mid-1955, and re-equipped with F-86A Sabre day interceptors. The squadron was given an air defense mission over North and South Carolina as part of the ADC 35th Air Division, Dobbins AFB, Georgia. In July 1957, the squadron was expanded to a group-level, with the establishment of the 145th Fighter-Interceptor Group. The 156th was assigned as a subordinate unit to the new group. In 1959 was upgraded to the day/night/all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
In February 1961, was reassigned to the Military Air Transport Service Eastern Transport Air Force (EASTAF), at McGuire AFB, New Jersey. Was re-designated as the 156th Aeromedical Transport Squadron. Equipped with C-119 Flying Boxcars equipped for medical transport, the squadron performed evacuations of transport of critically ill military personnel (and dependents) to military medical facilities for treatment. Re -equipped with C-121 Constellations in 1964, performed passenger transport missions for MATS both domestically and to the Caribbean and Europe for EASTAF. Was transferred to the new Military Airlift Command 21st Air Force when MATS was reorganized in 1966.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
Was transferred back to Tactical Air Command control in 1971, being equipped with early-model C-130B Hercules tactical airlifters, being given a theater airlift and troop carrier mission as part of Ninth Air Force. Celebrated 25 years of service in 1973, winning 1st place in worldwide airlift competition.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
In January 1974, transferred to Military Airlift Command, Twenty-First Air Force, later that year assisted in rescue of 10 lives of the Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 crash at Charlotte on 11 September. In 1985, the units mission was expanded by the addition of the Modular Airborne FireFighting System (MAFFS) capability added to the C-130s for aerial firefighting. Other awards won were the 1986 Volant Rodeo competition as world's best airlift crew and plane and 1987 Spaatz Trophy for best flying unit in the Air National Guard.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
During the 1991 Persian Gulf Conflict, the squadron's 56th Aeromedical Evacuation Flight was activated and deployed to Saudi Arabia, participating in Operation Desert Storm. The squadron also achieved 150,000 hours of safe flying.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
Was reassigned to Air Mobility Command in 1992. and helped evacuate hospital patients in South Florida after Hurricane Andrew in late August. Upgraded to C-130H Hercules in 1993.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
Celebrated 50th anniversary in 1998, received an Excellent" on Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI), and achieved 176,879 accident free flying hours. After Hurricane Floyd in 1999, the squadron flew 33,000 cases of food rations in 3 C-130s to flood victims and erected a tent city for 80 people near Wilmington's airport. Additional hurricane relief took place in 2005 when the 196th was the first airlift squadron on site in response to Hurricane Katrina Relief support.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
In July 2012, four members of the squadron died as their C-130 firefighting plane crashed during firefighting efforts in South Dakota. They were: Lt. Col. Paul K. Mikeal, 42, and Maj. Joseph M. McCormick, 36, both pilots; Maj. Ryan S. David, 35, a navigator; and Senior Master Sgt. Robert S. Cannon, 50, a flight engineer.


156th Airlift Squadron, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
The squadron is scheduled to commence trading in its C-130H Hercules and receive the C-17A Globemaster III in the fourth quarter of 2017.


156th Airlift Squadron, Notes
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


156th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


156th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 156th Division (第156師団, Dai-hyakugojūroku Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the West Protection Division (護西兵団, Gosai Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Kurume, Fukuoka as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.


156th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 156th division was assigned to 57th army. The division spent time from 5 May 1945 until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 building a coastal defenses in Miyazaki Prefecture without engaging in actual combat. The 453rd infantry regiment was in Sumiyoshi (between Miyazaki and Shintomi), the 454th - in Miyazaki proper, 455th - in Kiyotake (on southern outskirts of Miyazaki), and 456th infantry regiment - in Kunitomi inland.


156th Georgia General Assembly
The 156th Georgia General Assembly convened its first session on January 11, 2021 at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta.


156th Georgia General Assembly
The current membership of the General Assembly was elected in the 2020 State Senate and State House elections.


156th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the State Senate
The following is a list of members of the Georgia State Senate.


156th Georgia General Assembly, Members of the House of Representatives
The following is a list of members of the Georgia House of Representatives.


156th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 156th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


156th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 156th Illinois Infantry was mustered into Federal service on February 16, 1865.


156th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment suffered 2 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 24 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 26 fatalities.


156th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 156th Indiana Infantry Battalion was an infantry battalion from Indiana that served in the Union Army between April 12 and August 4, 1865, during the American Civil War.


156th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The battalion was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 531 men and mustered in on April 12, 1865. The battalion consisted of five companies, two companies from the 4th and 5th district and another three from the 6th district. It left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia on April 27. It was then placed on guard duty at various points in the Shenandoah Valley until early August, and was mustered out on August 4, 1865. During its service the battalion incurred seventeen fatalities and another fifty-four men deserted.


156th Infantry
The 156th Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia in May 1918 during the First World War. It moved to India in June where it remained until disbanded in 1919.


156th Infantry, Background
Heavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:


156th Infantry, Background
In fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.


156th Infantry, History
The regiment was formed with a single battalion (1st Battalion) in Mesopotamia in May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:


156th Infantry, History
The battalion was transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918 and joined the Karachi Brigade where it remained in until the end of the First World War. The 156th Infantry was disbanded in 1919.


156th Infantry Division "Vicenza"
The 156th Infantry Division "Vicenza" (Italian: 151ª Divisione fanteria "Vicenza") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Vicenza was formed on 10 March 1942 as a garrison division and named for the city of Vicenza. It was sent to the Eastern front, as part of the Italian Army in Russia to act as a reserve, behind the front on the army's "line of communications", rear area security and anti-partisan duties. The Vicenza was overrun and destroyed during the Soviet Operation Little Saturn in December 1942-January 1943. Of 10,466 men in the division, 7,760 were killed or missing.


156th Infantry Division "Vicenza", Order of battle 1942
When the division was deployed to Russia it consisted of the following units:


156th Infantry Division (France)
156th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the French Army during the First World War. It was deployed overseas, seeing action during the Gallipoli campaign, and thereafter on the Salonika front, fighting alongside British troops in both theatres of war. It was sent to the Crimea in December 1918 as part of the Army of the Danube.


156th Infantry Division (France), Order of battle, May 1915
2nd Division which disembarked at Gallipoli from 6–8 May 1915


156th Infantry Division (France), Order of battle, October 1915
Left the Dardanelles and disembarked on the Salonika front in October 1915. to become part of the Armée d'Orient (1915–19).


156th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 156th Infantry Division (German: 156. Infanteriedivision) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.


156th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 156th Infantry Division was raised in April 1945, where it was sent to the eastern front, which was approaching westwards to the German border.


156th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
It was known before as Division Nr. 156 (December 1939 - October 1942), Division Baltzer  (November - December 1942) and 156. Reserve-Division (October 1942 -  February 1944).


156th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 156th Infantry Regiment ("First Louisiana") is an infantry regiment in the United States Army and the Louisiana National Guard.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 2nd Battalion, 156th Infantry Regiment was originally organized between 9 and 17 May 1861 as the 2nd and 3rd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiments and mustered into Confederate service at New Orleans. The 2nd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment surrendered on 9 April 1865 at Appomattox, VA, with the Army of Northern Virginia; the 3d Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment disbanded on 20 May 1865 at Shreveport, LA.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 2nd and 3rd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiments reconstituted on 30 March 1878 as the Special Militia Force to include separate companies and battalions outside Orleans Parish; its elements organized between 1878 and 1890 embracing fifteen companies by 1890. They were reorganized in part on 26 December 1891 as the 1st and 2nd Battalions of Infantry and transferred to the Louisiana State National Guard. The battalions consolidated on 17 March 1896 to form the 1st Regiment of Infantry with headquarters at Baton Rouge.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The unit was mustered into federal service between 8–18 May 1898 at New Orleans as the 1st Louisiana Volunteer Infantry and mustered out of federal service on 3 October 1898 at Jacksonville, FL. It was reorganized on 8 August 1899 in the Louisiana State National Guard as the 1st Battalion of Infantry with headquarters at Monroe. It was expanded, reorganized, and redesignated on 6 December 1904 as the 1st Regiment of Infantry with headquarters at Monroe. The Louisiana State National Guard was meanwhile redesignated in 1910 as the Louisiana National Guard.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 156th Infantry was ordered into federal service on 25 November 1940 at home stations. It moved to Camp Bowie, Texas, on 26 February 1942 where it was relieved on 14 July 1942 from assignment to the 31st Division. The 156th arrived in England on 6 October 1942 and the 2nd Battalion, because of the French language abilities of many of its members, was sent to Algeria for military police duties and was redesignated the 202nd Infantry Battalion on 1 September 1943, inactivating on 25 February 1944.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The regiment was assigned to the U.S. Army Assault Training Center at Woolacombe, England, and a new 2nd Battalion was activated by shipping the 3rd Battalion, 131st Infantry Regiment to England from Fort Brady, Michigan. The 156th went ashore in France in June 1944 and acted as a separate infantry regiment, performing guard duties at headquarters and supply installations and containing German troops bypassed by allied forces in France. The regiment returned to the United States and was inactivated on 13 March 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. Assigned on 28 May 1946 to the 39th Infantry Division, it was reorganized and federally recognized on 18 December 1946 with headquarters at Lafayette.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II
The 156th Infantry and 199th Infantry (less 3d Battalion) consolidated on 1 July 1959 and reorganized as the 156th Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battle Groups, elements of the 39th Infantry Division (3d Battalion, 199th Infantry, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 539th Transportation Battalion - hereafter separate lineage).


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II
The 156th Infantry reorganized on 1 May 1963 to consist of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Battalions, elements of the 39th Infantry Division/


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II
It reorganized on 1 December 1967 to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 256th Infantry Brigade; on 1 March 1977 to consist of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 256th Infantry Brigade; on 1 July 1991 to consist of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 256th Infantry Brigade, and the 4th Battalion; and on 1 February 1993 to consist of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 256th Infantry Brigade. As part of the 256th IBCT the unit deployed twice to Iraq, in 2004-5 and again in 2010.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 1st Battalion
Disbanded and removed from service following re-organization of the regiment on 1 March 1977.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion
The 2nd Battalion, 156th Infantry is headquartered in Abbeville, Louisiana in Vermilion Parish. It consists of the following:


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) located in Abbeville, LA with a detachment in Jeanerette, LA.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion
Alpha Company (Rifle) located in Breaux Bridge, LA with a detachment in Plaquemine, LA.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion
Bravo Company (Rifle) located in New Iberia, LA with a detachment in Franklin, LA.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 2nd Battalion
Echo Company (FSC attached from 199th BSB) located in Jeanerette, LA with a detachment in Abbeville, LA


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion
The 3rd Battalion, 156th Infantry is headquartered in Lake Charles, Louisiana. It consists of the following:


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) located in Lake Charles, LA with a detachment in DeQuincy, LA


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion
Alpha Company (Rifle) located in Fort Polk, LA with a detachment in DeRidder, LA


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion
Bravo Company (Rifle) located in Pineville, LA (Camp Beauregard) with a detachment in Baton Rouge, LA


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion
Charlie Company (Rifle) located in Crowley, LA with a detachment in New Orleans, LA


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 3rd Battalion
Hotel Company (FSC attached from 199th BSB) located in DeQuincy, LA


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Organization, 4th Battalion
Disbanded and removed from service following re-organization of the regiment on 1 December 1967.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess enhanced Azure and Argent in chief a saltire couped of the second and in base a leopard passant guardant of the first armed and langued Gules. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Blue scroll inscribed "DIEU ET MOI" in Silver letters.


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The shield is in the colors of the Infantry. The organization's honorable Civil War service is shown by the saltire, (St. Andrews cross), taken from the Confederate battle flag. The leopard is taken from the arms of Normandy and symbolized the campaigns fought in Northern France. The motto translates to "God and I."


156th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 12 October 1951.


156th New York Infantry Regiment
The 156th New York Infantry Regiment (aka, "Mountain Legion") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


156th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 156th New York Infantry was organized at Kingston, New York beginning August 23, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service on November 17, 1862 under the command of Colonel Erastus Cooke.


156th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, Grover's Division, District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, to May 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of Georgia, to July, 1865.


156th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 156th New York Infantry mustered out of service October 23, 1865 at Augusta, Georgia.


156th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for New Orleans, La., December 4, 1862. Camp at Carrollton, La., until February 11, 1863. Expedition to Plaquemine February 11–19. At Carrollton until March 6. Moved to Baton Rouge, La., March 6. Operations against Port Hudson March 7–27. Moved to Algiers April 1, then to Berwick City April 9. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11–20. Fort Bisland near Centreville, April 12–13. Vermillion Bayou April 17. Opelousas April 20. Expedition from Opelousas to Alexandria and Simsport May 5–18. Moved to Port Hudson May 22–25. Siege of Port Hudson May 25-July 9.


156th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Expedition to Clinton June 3–8. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge, then to Donaldsonville, July 11–15, and duty there until August 15. At Baton Rouge until March 1864. Red River Campaign March 23-May 22. At Alexandria March 25-April 12. Cane River April 23–24. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Actions at Alexandria May 2 and 9. Retreat to Morganza May 13–20. Mansura May 16. At Morganza until July. Expedition from Morganza to the Atchafalaya May 30-June 5. Atchafalaya River June 1.


156th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to Fort Monroe, Va., then to Washington, D.C., July 5–29. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 5-November 28. Third Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until January 1865. Moved to Savannah, Ga., January 5–22, and duty there until March 5. Moved to Wilmington, N.C., March 5, then to Morehead City March 10, and duty there until April 8. Moved to Goldsboro April 8, then to Savannah May 2. Duty at Savannah, Ga., and in the Department of Georgia until October.


156th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 227 men during service; 4 officers and 56 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 164 enlisted men died of disease.


156th New York State Legislature
The 156th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to October 19, 1933, during the first year of Herbert H. Lehman's governorship, in Albany.


156th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


156th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Socialist Party, the Communist Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets. The Prohibition Party adopted at this time the name Law Preservation Party: to emphasize that Prohibition should be preserved while encountering rampant opposition to it. They endorsed the "dry" Republicans and nominated own candidates in many districts where "wet" Republicans were running.


156th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1932, was held on November 8. Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected U.S. President; Lieutenant Governor Herbert H. Lehman was elected Governor; and M. William Bray was elected Lieutenant Governor; all three Democrats. Of the other six statewide elective offices, five were carried by Democrats and one by a Republican judge with Democratic endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,660,000; Republicans 1,812,000; Socialists 103,000; Law Preservation 83,000; Communists 26,000; and Socialist Labor 7,000.


156th New York State Legislature, Elections
Assemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, ran for the State Senate in the 34th district, but was defeated in the Republican primary by the incumbent Warren T. Thayer. No women were elected to the 156th Legislature.


156th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1933; and adjourned on April 10.


156th New York State Legislature, Sessions
John J. Dunnigan (Dem.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


156th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On June 27, a state convention met to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution which proposed to repeal Prohibition.


156th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 26; and adjourned on August 24.


156th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on October 18; and adjourned on the next day.


156th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joseph A. Esquirol and Samuel Mandelbaum changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


156th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


156th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


156th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 156th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 156th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 156th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 15, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Caleb Marker.


156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
Companies A, B, C, D, E, F, and H moved to Cincinnati, May 20 and were engaged in guard and patrol duty in and about that city until July 18. Companies G, I, and K served guard and patrol duty at Camp Dennison until July then moved to Falmouth, Kentucky, later moving Covington, Kentucky, to rejoin the regiment on July 18. Moved to Cumberland, Maryland, July 28 and assigned to General Kelly's Command, Department of West Virginia. Served duty at Cumberland until August 28. Action near Folck's Mills, Cumberland, August 1.


156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 156th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 1, 1864, at Camp Dennison.


156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


156th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 23 men during service; 1 officer and 22 enlisted men died due to disease.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)
The 156th Parachute Battalion was a battalion of the Parachute Regiment raised by the British Army during the Second World War.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)
The battalion was formed in 1941 from volunteers serving in India initially numbered the 151st Parachute Battalion and assigned to the 50th Indian Parachute Brigade. It was then decided they were no longer required in India, so the battalion was renumbered the 156th Parachute Battalion and moved to the Middle East to join the 4th Parachute Brigade, 1st Airborne Division.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)
The battalion fought briefly in the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943 and a year later in the Battle of Arnhem, part of Operation Market Garden, where heavy casualties resulted in the disbanding of the battalion, the few surviving men being distributed amongst the battalions of the 1st Parachute Brigade.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation
Impressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. On 22 June 1940, No. 2 Commando was turned over to parachute duties and on 21 November, re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation
The battalion was raised in October 1941 from volunteers from all of the 27 British infantry battalions in British India and originally numbered the 151st Parachute Battalion, part of the 50th Indian Parachute Brigade. However it was decided in October 1942, that the brigade would only have Indian or Gurkha battalions and the 151st was released and sent to the Middle East. The battalion was redesignated 156th Parachute Battalion for no other reason than to confuse German intelligence.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation
Arriving in the Middle East, the battalion together with the 10th and the 11th parachute battalions formed the 4th Parachute Brigade, 1st Airborne Division.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation
In 1942 a parachute battalion had an establishment of 556 men in three companies (three platoons each) supported by a 3 inch mortar and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a support company to command the battalions heavy weapons was added. It comprised three platoons: Mortar Platoon with eight 3-inch (76 mm) mortars, Machine Gun Platoon with four Vickers machine guns and an Anti-tank Platoon with ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations
The 156th Parachute Battalion's first combat experience was during Operation Slapstick in Italy. The operation was carried out by the 1st Airborne Divisions, 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades. The battalion sailed from Bizerta on 8 September 1943. The landings at Taranto were unopposed, the Italians surrendering the night before. The 156th Battalion and the 10th Parachute Battalion together captured the town and airfield of Gioia, and in November 1943 the battalion was withdrawn to England.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem
The 156th Parachute Battalion and the rest of the 4th Parachute Brigade landed to the west of Arnhem on the second day of the battle 18 September 1944. Their objective was to hold a position on the high ground north of Arnhem at Koepel. With the 156th Parachute Battalion leading on the right followed by the 10th Battalion on the left. By dawn the following day the battalion was just north of the Utrecht to Arnhem railway line. When they came under attack from German 88 mm guns.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem
Both battalions were ordered to start an assault on the position at 07:00. After repeated attacks the battalion got no further forward. The defenders from the 9th SS Panzer Division had been here for two days and were well dug in. The German position included infantry, self propelled guns and armoured cars. The battalion fought all day in the woods but its losses were very heavy, with 'A' Company losing all of its officers. Finally brigade headquarters obtained permission to withdraw south of the rail line into Oosterbeek.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem
The battalion started to pull back over the rail line but in the confusion of the withdrawal no orders had been given about where they were to go once south of the rail line. Most of 'B' and 'Support' Companies headed towards Wolfheze while the rest of the battalion headed towards Oosterbeek, the two parts of the battalion were never reunited. The units in Wolfheze and the remnants of the 10th Parachute Battalion now prepared to defend the village.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem
Casualties had continued to mount including the commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Richard des Voeux and the second in command who were both killed on 20 September. The battalion was now under command of Major Geoffrey Powell The German tactics were to bombard the British positions with tank and mortar fire. The remnants of the battalion were withdrawn into the perimeter formed by the division around Oosterbeek. By 21 September pressure from the German attacks had squeezed the perimeter to less than 1,000 yards (910 m) across.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem
On 22 September the bulk of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade were dropped south of the river. This drew off some of the Germans from around the divisional perimeter to confront the new threat. The defenders now had to cope with over 100 German artillery guns firing onto their positions. By 23 September the battalions position was subjected to constant mortar and artillery fire and incursions by tanks and infantry were becoming more and more frequent. Casualties forced a contraction of the perimeter but first the Germans had to be evicted from the houses behind them which they were to occupy.


156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem
On 24 September the decision was made by Lieutenant General Horrocks commander XXX Corps to withdraw what was left of the division south of the Rhine. The remnants of the battalion were evacuated over the night of 25/26 September. During the battle of Arnhem the battalion's casualties were, 98 dead, 68 were evacuated and 313 became prisoners of war. The casualties sustained were never replaced and the battalion was disbanded after the battle.


156th Street station
156th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally opened on July 1, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, and had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 161st Street. The next stop to the south was 149th Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973.


156th Wing
The 156th Wing (156 W) is a unit of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard, stationed at Muñiz Air National Guard Base, in Carolina, Puerto Rico. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


156th Wing, Units
The 156th Airlift Wing consists of the following major units:


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
On 15 October 1962, the Puerto Rico Air National Guard was expanded to a Group status, and the 156th Tactical Fighter Group was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 156th was transferred to Tactical Air Command, with the 198th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron being reassigned from Air Defense Command, becoming at Tactical Fighter Squadron assigned to the 156th TFG. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 156th Headquarters, 156th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 156th Combat Support Squadron, and the 156th USAF Dispensary. With the transfer to TAC, the 198th TFS received F-86H Sabre tactical fighters.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
In 1967, F-104C Starfighers (and an F-104D two-seat trainer) were assigned to the 156th, upgrading the group to Mach-2 supersonic tactical fighter-bombers, replacing the elderly F-86H Sabre fighter-bombers. The F-104C was equipped to carry bombs or rocket pods on under-wing and fuselage points. The upward-firing Lockheed C-2 rocket-boosted ejector seat was standard. The internal 20-mm rotary cannon of the F-104A was retained, as well as the ability to carry an AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile on each wingtip to fill an air defense interceptor mission.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
In 1975, the F-104s were retired, the 198th being the last USAF unit to fly the Starfighters. They were replaced by A-7D Corsair II ground support aircraft. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
On 12 January 1981, the Boricua Popular Army, also known as the Macheteros, a group of home grown Puerto Rican terrorists advocating separation from the United States and establishment of Puerto Rico as an independent nation, infiltrated Muñiz Air National Guard Base. Armed with pipe bombs, they destroyed or damaged eleven PRANG aircraft: ten A-7D Corsair IIs and a single F-104 Starfighter being retained for eventual static display as a memorial.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
The terrorist attack was the largest on any U.S. Air Force installation since the Vietnam War, although the ongoing hostage situation in Iran at the time overshadowed this incident in the news media. The eleven Air National Guard jets at Muñiz Air National Guard Base were alleged by socialist organizations to be destined for use against popular insurgents in El Salvador. These allegations were never proven and may have been self-serving propaganda.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
At the time, the base had 25 pilots and 900 military personnel assigned, a combination of both part-time Traditional Guardsmen and full-time Air Reserve Technicians (ART) and Active Guard and Reserve (AGR). The material loss was calculated at $45 million in 1981 dollars.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
As a result of the incident, security increased from 11 to 22 personnel with 100% federal funding. The active duty Air Force and the Air National Guard invested $5.5 million in Electronic Security Equipment (ESE), a Master Surveillance Control Facility (MSCF), and added fencing to secure the flight line and operations area. In addition, Muñiz Air National Guard Base was provided a security police manpower package of 18 AGR security police personnel and 46 civilian contract guards. In short, the installation's flight line and air base security was brought up to a standard comparable to active duty air force bases in the continental United States.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
On 1 August 1987, the 156th Tactical Fighter Group reorganized into a Four-Deputy structure according to the new Air National Guard policy.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
In 1992, the A-7Ds were retired and were replaced by Block 15 F-16A/B Fighting Falcons modified for the Continental Air Defense mission. The F-16ADF was a standard Block 15 model converted to air defense fighters for the Air National Guard and would take over the fighter interception mission, providing the primary defense of North America against bombers and cruise missiles.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
The unit took part, from 24–28 June 1991, in Granada South exercise, Panama. From 11–18 August 1991, it deployed to Iquique, Chile for Condor II Exercise and then from 18–24 August 1991, to Asuncion with the Paraguayan Air Force for training. From 7–20 September 1991, it deployed to Fortunata II, Volk Field, Wisconsin and then again from 2–6 December 1991, to Granada South, Panama.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 156th Tactical Fighter Group adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 156th Fighter Group. A few months later, on 1 June 1992, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War and was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC), which became the 156th's new gaining command.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
From 20 February to 6 March 1993, the unit took part in the "Caminos de Paz" exercise at Golfito, and then deployed from 12–21 August 1993, to Asunción, Paraguay, marking its First F-16 Deployment. From 5–13 November 1994, the unit took part in the Condor III Exercise held in Iquique, Chile.


156th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
In October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force "One Base - One Wing" policy, the status of the 157th was upgraded to a wing status and redesignated as the 156th Fighter Wing with the 198th Fighter Squadron being assigned to the newly established 156th Operations Group.


156th Wing, History, Airlift mission
On 22 November 1997, unit received its first  C-130s while celebrating its 50th federal recognition Anniversary. On 10 February 1998, the Air Force announced conversion of the 156th Fighter Wing from its F-16 fighter aircraft to C-130E Hercules Airlifters. On 3 March 1998 the last F-16 departed from the 156th Fighter Wing. On 11 September 1998 a ceremony was held to mark the arrival of the first C-130. On 1 October 1998, the Department of the Air Force issued the official order designating the 156th Fighter Wing as 156th Airlift Wing. The 156th was subsequently transferred to the Air Mobility Command (AMC), being re-designated as the 156th Airlift Wing (156 AW).


156th Wing, History, Airlift mission
Beginning in June 1999, the major mission for the Wing became support of Operation Coronet Oak, which was transferred from Howard AFB, Panama when the base was closed as part of the turnover of the Panama Canal. The main Coronet Oak mission is to deliver special forces to any location in theater as directed by Southern Command. Air Force Reserve Command and Air National Guard C-130 aircraft, aircrews and supporting personnel deploy from the United States to Muniz ANGB to provide theater airlift support for the U.S. Southern Command. One C-130 of the unit is on alert 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, in order to deliver special forces as required.


156th Wing, History, Airlift mission
Coronet Oak shares the Muñiz flight line with the Puerto Rico Air National Guard.


156th Wing, History, Airlift mission
The 156th retired the C-130Es in 2012, being one of the last units still operating the type. Six WC-130Hs were transferred to the unit from the Tennessee Air National Guard. The problem here was that these aircraft were configured primarily as Hurricane Hunters. They had not received upgrades added to regular C-130H airlifters, the WC-130Hs arrived stripped of their weather reconnaissance equipment and configured for the cargo carrying mission.


156th Wing, History, Loss of flying mission
On 10 April 2019, the wing was redesignated the 156th Wing to reflect its transition to a new mission, which will combine contingency response and combat communications. While the designation change was effective in April 2019, the unit's transition to the new mission is expected to take three years.


156th Wing, History, Contingency Response Mission
The 156th Contingency Response Group was established on 1 January 2020 and it will become a four squadron group.


156th meridian east
The meridian 156° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


156th meridian east
The 156th meridian east forms a great circle with the 24th meridian west.


156th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 156th meridian east passes through:


156th meridian west
The meridian 156° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


156th meridian west
The 156th meridian west forms a great circle with the 24th meridian east.


156th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 156th meridian west passes through:


157
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


157
Year 157 (CLVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Civica and Aquillus (or, less frequently, year 910 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 157 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC
157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC is an Army Reserve regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps.


157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport as 157th (Wales and Midlands) Transport Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1967. 224 Squadron was formed in 1969. The regiment was renamed 157th (Wales and Midlands) Transport Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in 1987 and 157th (Wales and Midlands) Transport Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 1993. 580 Squadron was formed and HQ Squadron was re-designated 249 Squadron later that year. The regiment was-renamed 157th (Wales and Midlands) Logistic Support Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 1999 and 157th (Wales and Midlands) Transport Regiment, RLC (Volunteers) in 2006.


157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC, Battle Honours
FISHGUARD. This was awarded to the Pembroke Yeomanry (Castlemartin) in 1853 to reflect the Regiment's involvement in the last invasion of Britain by the French in 1797. This honour is carried forward to the Welsh Transport Regiment by 224 (Pembroke Yeomanry) Squadron.


157 (number)
157 (one hundred [and] fifty-seven) is the number following 156 and preceding 158.


157 (number), In mathematics
In base 10, 1572 is 24649, and 1582 is 24964, which uses the same digits. Numbers having this property are listed in . The previous entry is 13, and the next entry after 157 is 913.


157 (number), In mathematics
The simplest right angle triangle with rational sides that has area 157 has the longest side with a denominator of 45 digits.


157 BC
Year 157 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Orestes (or, less frequently, year 597 Ab urbe condita) and the Seventh Year of Houyuan. The denomination 157 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


157 Dejanira
Dejanira (minor planet designation: 157 Dejanira) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly on 1 December 1875, and named after the warlike princess Deianira in Greek mythology (Δηιάνειρα in Greek). The Dejanira family of asteroids is named after it.


157 Dejanira
Photometric observations of this asteroid were made in early 2009 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The resulting light curve shows a synodic rotation period of 15.825 ± 0.001 hours.


157 Riverside Avenue
"157 Riverside Avenue" is a song by REO Speedwagon from their first album, REO Speedwagon, released in 1971. It was written by all five band members at the time, Terry Luttrell, Gary Richrath, Gregg Philbin, Neal Doughty, and Alan Gratzer. The title refers to the Westport, Connecticut address where the band stayed while recording that album. On March 29, 2012 the house the band stayed in was torn down to make way for a new house.


157 Riverside Avenue
The song is a standard at the band's live performances, as it has been for many years. Where the original studio version clocked in at only 3:57, live performances include a bass solo in addition to the song's piano and guitar solos, honky-tonk piano work, and an extended interlude where lead vocalist Kevin Cronin tells a story that leads up to a "conversation" between him and lead guitarist Gary Richrath (later Dave Amato) where the guitarist's side consists of guitar solos while Kevin's side is scat vocals.


157 Riverside Avenue
The version of the song on Live: You Get What You Play For is 7:38 in length. An even longer version (12:22) was included on the compilation album A Decade of Rock and Roll: 1970-1980, and a third live version (with Amato) appears on Arch Allies: Live at Riverport at a length of 7:39.


157 Riverside Avenue
The longest recorded version of the song is listed as 13:37 in length, found on the Live Chicago 1979 Live Radio Broadcast CD, performed during the band's Nine Lives tour. However, 37 seconds of the song's introduction was tacked on to the end of the preceding song. That included, the song is actually performed for a total of 14:15.


157 Shelter Records
157 Shelter Records is a New York-based house music label founded by Freddy Sanon.


157 Shelter Records, History
In the early 90s, initial tracks were manufactured and distributed by Polar Records Inc, a label created by then partners Manny Diaz and Freddy Sanon. Shortly thereafter, new tracks were released under Sanon’s own label Shelter Records. 157 Shelter Records is closely affiliated with The Shelter, a New York-based house music club founded by Timmy Regisford, Merlin Bobb, and Freddy Sanon.


157 Shelter Records, History
As explained by Sanon, both The Shelter and 157 Shelter Records name derived from a need to find a place to call home after the Paradise Garage closed. The feeling of homelessness led them to find ‘’’The Shelter’’’ where people could come to feel special and let loose no matter their background. That feeling translated to the label due to Sanon’s carefully selected singles that contained the energy of deep house and a general feeling of unity and inclusion.


157 Shelter Records, History
Notable releases: “Alright” by Urban Soul. “That’s How Much I Love You” by Ambrosia and Big Moses. “How Deep is Your Love” by Blaze featuring Alexander Hope. “When I Think of You” by Kerri Chandler. “I Get Deep” by Roland Clark (Sampled by Fatboy Slim on Star 69/Weapon of Choice and Song for Shelter/Ya Mama as well as Swish Swish by Katy Perry).


157 Shelter Records, Associated Artist
Ambrosia, Blaze, Big Moses, Boyd Jarvis, DJ Camacho, Eddie Perez, Glenn Underground, Kerri Chandler, Quentin Harris, Roland Clark, Timmy Regisford


157 Shelter Records, Associated Labels
Devotion Records, Luv Dancin Records, Polar Records Inc., Restricted Access, Restricted Tracks, Trinity Records, Un-Restricted Access, Underground Access


157 series
The 157 series (157系) was a Japanese DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on limited express services by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1959 until 1980.


157 series, Operations
The 157 series EMUs were first introduced by JNR on Nikkō semi express services between Tokyo and Nikkō on 22 September 1959 to counter competition from the private company Tobu Railway, which also operated trains to Nikkō. They were also used on Chusenji services between Shinjuku and Nikkō, and Nasuno services between Ueno and Kuroiso.


157 series, Operations
157 series EMUs were also introduced on seasonal Hibiki services on the Tokaido Main Line from 21 November 1959, and were later used on Amagi and Soyokaze services.


157 series, Operations
A 157 series set on a Hibiki limited express service in the 1970s


157 series, Operations
A 157 series set on a Shirane limited express service from Ueno, August 1974


157 series, External livery
Initially painted in the JNR livery of beige ("Cream No. 4") and crimson ("Red No. 11"), the red colour was later changed to a slightly darker shade ("Red No. 2") when the sets were modified with the addition of air-conditioning.


157 series, KuRo 157-1 imperial train car
The 157 series fleet included a dedicated imperial train car, built by Kawasaki Sharyo (present-day Kawasaki Heavy Industries) and delivered in June 1960. Numbered KuRo 157-1, the car could be inserted into 157 series formations for use on imperial train workings. One end had a gangwayed driving cab based on the 153 series EMU design, although the car was normally sandwiched in the middle of a 157 series formation, and was only very rarely used with the driving cab leading. In 1979, the car was modified for use in conjunction with 183 series EMUs, with the first official working on 2 July 1980. From March 1985, it was repainted in cream with a green stripe for use in conjunction with 185 series EMUs.


157 series, KuRo 157-1 imperial train car
The last official operation of the car was on 8 September 1993.


157 series, KuRo 157-1 imperial train car
Following retirement, the KuRo 157-1 car remained in storage at Tamachi Depot for many years, but was moved to Tokyo General Rolling Stock Centre in the early hours of 2 December 2012.


157 series, KuRo 157-1 imperial train car
The imperial train car KuRo 157-1 sandwiched in a 183 series set, August 1980


157 series, History
The first 157 series set was delivered in August 1959, and entered service on Nikkō semi express services between Tokyo and Nikkō from 22 September 1959. Air-conditioning was added to the trains from 1962.


157 series, History
With the exception of the special imperial train car KuRo 157-1, the entire fleet of 157 series trains was withdrawn by 1980.


1570
Year 1570 (MDLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1570 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1570 kHz: 1570 AM is a Mexican clear-channel frequency, with XERF Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila, as the dominant Class A station. See List of broadcast station classes.


1570 Brunonia
1570 Brunonia, provisional designation 1948 TX, is a stony asteroid of the Koronis family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 October 1948, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The S-type asteroid is likely elongated and has a longer-than-average rotation period of more than 48 hours. It was named for the Brown University in Rhode Island, United States.


1570 Brunonia, Orbit and classification
Brunonia is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,754 days; semi-major axis of 2.85 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in November 1948, one month after its official discovery observation.


1570 Brunonia, Naming
This minor planet was named for the Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. The 7th oldest university in the United States was chartered in 1764. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in February 1954 (M.P.C. 1040).


1570 Brunonia, Physical characteristics
In the SDSS-based taxonomy, Brunonia is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for members of the Koronis family.


1570 Brunonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Brunonia was obtained from photometric observations by the Kepler spacecraft and its K2 mission (Uranus Field). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 48 hours with a brightness amplitude of more than 0.6 magnitude (U=n.a. ), indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape.


1570 Brunonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Brunonia measures between 10.8 and 12.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.166 and 0.209. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and a diameter of 10.8 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.0.


1570 Concepción earthquake
The 1570 Concepción earthquake occurred at 9:00, on February 8, 1570. The strong earthquake destroyed Concepción, Chile. It was accompanied by a tsunami, and aftershocks were felt for months. According to NOAA at least 2000 lives were lost and every house was destroyed. Because of a delay between the earthquake and the tsunami, much of the population was able to escape to higher ground.


1570 Ferrara earthquake
The 1570 Ferrara earthquake struck the Italian city of Ferrara on November 16 and 17, 1570. After the initial shocks, a sequence of aftershocks continued for four years, with over 2000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.


1570 Ferrara earthquake
The same area was struck, centuries later, by another major earthquake of comparable intensity.


1570 Ferrara earthquake
The disaster destroyed half the city, permanently marked many of the buildings left standing, and directly contributed to – but was not the sole cause of – a long-term decline of the city lasting until the 19th century.


1570 Ferrara earthquake
The earthquake caused the first documented episode of soil liquefaction in the Po Valley, and one of the oldest occurrences of the event known outside of paleoseismology. It led to the establishment of an earthquake observatory which published to very high regard, and the drafting of some of the first-known building designs based on a scientific seismic-resistant approach.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Geology
The Po Plain, which is a foreland basin formed by the downflexing of the crust by the loading of the Apennine thrust sheets, overlies and mainly conceals the active front of the Northern Apennines fold and thrust belt, across which there is about 1 mm per year of active shortening at present. Information from hydrocarbon exploration demonstrates that the area is underlain by a series of active thrust faults and related folds, some of which have been detected from anomalous drainage patterns. These blind thrust faults are roughly west-northwest–east-southeast-trending, parallel to the mountain front, and dip shallowly towards the south-southwest. The 1570 earthquake has been linked to movement on the outermost and northernmost of these thrusts.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, The city
Ferrara is located on the Emilian side of the Po Valley, an alluvial plain geologically quite stable since the Messinian age (7-5 mya). Small earthquakes are common, albeit not frequent, but rarely lead to considerable damage to the urban cityscape. Ferrara was the location for minor earthquakes in the four centuries before 1570, these events being recorded in the city archives with detailed descriptions of damage to buildings and depositions by witnesses.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, The city
At the time of the 1570 event, it was a medium-sized city, with 32,000 inhabitants.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, The city
Despite continuous – and often victorious – wars against the age's superpowers, the nearby Venice and the Papal States, Ferrara in the 16th century was a thriving city, a major hub for trade, business and liberal arts. World class music and painting schools, linked with Flemish artistic communities, were established in the late 15th and early 16th century, under the patronage of the House of Este. Musical instrument workshops, and especially the making of lutes, were a pride of the city and were considered preeminent.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, The city
A new part of the city, named Addizione Erculea (Erculean Addition) had been built in the previous century: it is commonly considered one of the major examples of urban planning in the Renaissance, the biggest and most architecturally advanced town expansion project in Europe at the time.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation
In 1570 the city was held by Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, vassal of Pope Pius V, a beloved ruler and a devoted liberal art patron, but careless and a big spender as an administrator. Alfonso was the main sponsor of many artists including Torquato Tasso, Giovanni Battista Guarini, Luzzasco Luzzaschi and Cesare Cremonini, confirming the reputation of Ferrara as a haven for artists and freethinkers. The emerging of the city as a cultural powerhouse came at the cost of a sharp increase in taxes.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation
The city was a safe refuge for Jews and converts from the persistent prosecutions promoted by the Roman Catholic Church. Despite Alfonso II's formal status as a vassal of the Holy Seat, he never took any action against the two thousand Jews living in the city walls, well knowing that the Hebrew community accounted for a strong share of the city cultural and economic success. His disregard of the Holy Seat's orders made him more than one enemy.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation
Even if he was walking on a thin line, Alfonso managed to avoid the Papacy's many diplomatic and legal challenges to the city independence, thanks to cunning politics and a strong friendship with the powerful Charles IX of France. It is to be remembered that Alfonso II was the son of Renée of France, member of the House of Valois, declared heretic and guilty of housing John Calvin himself under the eyes of the Catholics.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation
Alfonso was not new to compromises: to smooth his frequent brushes with the Pope, he was usually attending masses and acting as a good Catholic in public, receiving communion, giving substantial sums to charity, arranging religious parades for saints and building convents.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Ferrara, Political, economical and religious situation
Both the high taxation, and the soft stance with the Jews ultimately gained him hostility in the most die-hard Catholic part of the population, which supported an acquisition of the city and its lands by the Holy Seat. Those rebel fringes were instrumental in the political struggle following the disaster.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock
Earthquake lights were seen above the city on November 15, 1570, the night before the first quake. Flames were reported to come out from the soil and raise into the air, probably small pockets of natural gas set free by cracks in the earth crust. The earthquake struck at dawn: three strong shocks hit the city in the first day; one – the strongest – the day after. The first strong shock struck at 9.30 (local time) November 16, 1570, its epicenter just a few kilometers under the city centre.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock
Six hundred pieces of stone masonry (mostly battlements, balconies and chimneys) are reported to have fallen, further damaging the flimsy stone and hay roofs. The following day the ground trembled again many times. At 8 pm a new powerful shock caused severe damage to walls and caused some buildings to sustain structural damage. Just four hours later, a new tremor caused new cracks and some collapse. At 3 am on November 17 the ground shook harder than ever; many buildings, damaged by the previous shocks, gave way and caved in. Many churches' facades, often built as self-standing walls rising well over the effective architecture, collapsed, including at the Duomo.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock
Forty percent of the city buildings were damaged, including almost every public building. Some of them collapsed, and many churches sustained critical damage to pillars and main walls. Observers reported that the shallow bowl-shaped valley where Ferrara lies seemed to rise into a kind of hump, before coming back to its original profile. Damage to the city were assessed in over 300,000 scudi, a huge sum at the time. The event was a surprise to many scholars, since according to the then mainstream theory of natural philosophy, earthquakes were not meant to strike in winter or on flat land.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock
Minor earthquakes had struck Ferrara in the past (events were recorded in 1222, 1504, 1511 and 1561, some of them causing little damage, and a stronger event in 1346). The exceptional length of the seismic swarm, unprecedented at the time in Ferrara, led some to believe it was a supernatural phenomenon.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Precursor events and main shock
The earthquake's intensity has been assessed as VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale: only the 1346 event was similar in intensity, though minor urbanization led to less evident damage (but more victims), the other have been all marked as class VII or VI. Other seismic events would hit the city in 1695, 1787 (three shocks in ten days) and 1796.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Initial damage evaluation, Palaces and public buildings
Castello Estense, seat of the Duke, received major damage and became unfit for use. The Palazzo della Ragione (town hall) partially collapsed, as did the enclosure walls of both Loggia dei Banchieri and Loggia dei Callegari, in front of the Dome. Palazzo Vescovile (the Bishop's Palace) was destroyed, and had to be rebuilt. Minor damage was inflicted on the Cardinal Palace, Palazzo del Paradiso, Palazzo Tassoni and Duke Alfonso's personal palace.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Initial damage evaluation, Churches
Damage to churches was widespread. San Paolo and S. Giovanni Battista churches collapsed, many paintings with them. Facades of S.Francesco, S.Andrea, Santa Maria in Vado, S.Domenico, and Santa Maria della Consolazione churches were severely damaged or destroyed, as was the Charterhouse's. The Santa Maria degli Angeli church, still under constructions, was so severely damaged that further work was abandoned. Other than the facade, the Duomo lost the Corpus Domini chapel and part of a side wing: the heavy iron chain above the main altar fell to the ground, along with the columns' fine marble capitals. San Paolo church had to be rebuilt from scratch.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Initial damage evaluation, Towers
Many towers, a common kind of architecture in the Italian city skyline in the renaissance, were damaged. The Castle's bell tower collapsed to the ground, as did the top portion of the other three major towers of the town: Palazzo della Ragione's, the Porta S. Pietro donjon and Castel Tealdo tower. The Steeples of the Duomo, of S.Silvestro, S.Agostino, S.Giorgio and S.Bartolo churches were severely damaged.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Further shocks
The seismic wave kept going for four years, but the worst was over after about six months.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Further shocks
Just one month after the earthquake, on December 15, 1570 a new powerful shock hit the city: this time the battered Palazzo Tassoni, S.Andrea church and S.Agostino church were not spared.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Further shocks
On the following January 12, 1571 a new shock damaged Palazzo Montecuccoli.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Victims
Despite the widespread damage, fatalities were quite limited. The initial shocks alerted the population, and gave them time to evacuate the damaged buildings. The majority of houses were of one or two story height, and received less severe damage than the grander palaces and churches.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake, Victims
Reliable sources, such as historian Cesare Nubilonio, estimate 40 victims, while Azariah dei Rossi and Giovanni Battista Guarini both place the estimate at 70. Other sources vary from 9 dead to over 100, with some other occurrences of estimates of the order of two hundred or five hundred, usually taken as unreliable. Florence's ambassador Canigiani is known to have written home about 130 to 150 victims.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The poor and the wealthy
People were scared by the disaster and about a third of the populace left the city for good. City jails collapsed and prisoners escaped the rubble, leading to a crime spree in the city and countryside.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The poor and the wealthy
The palaces of the notables and courtesans were damaged as well as the poorest mansions, and the whole city population had to seek shelter together in tents and refuges, despite their status or wealth. Contemporary account estimate eleven thousand people left the city.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The poor and the wealthy
The townspeople remained refugees for the following two years, due to the aftershocks. The resulting situation, in which societal rules were upset or fell in disuse, was perceived as awkward and unnatural by both peasants and well-to-do, leading to common psychological issues amongst the population. Along with the fear of aftershocks, people developed a sense of impending doom, precariousness and a general mistrust in humanity.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The country court
Duke Alfonso II d'Este and his family barely escaped the collapse of a tower of Castello Estense. The lord fled the city by coach, and set up a temporary court in the fields of the San Benedetto garden near the city along with his closest advisor. This unusual improvisation was not well regarded by the Pope and was seen as demeaning by other rulers, but ultimately it proved to be a wise choice and a necessity in view of the duration of the aftershocks.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, City evacuation, The country court
Ferrara's fate appeared sealed to the ambassadors visiting the refugee Duke: in correspondence between the embassies and the nobles, the region is sometimes called "di Val di Po dov'era Ferrara"  (Po Valley, where Ferrara once stood). Florence's ambassadors were especially skeptical about the chances of city recovery.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Pope's stance
The Duke asked Pope Pius V for help, or at least a public blessing to the city: he receiving nothing but a firm reprimand for not having prosecuted enough the city's Jews, well deserving God's wrath toward the city. Alfonso II's answer was prompt, pointing out the evident natural cause of the disaster and discharging any allegation about blaming the Jews.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Pope's stance
The Pope's rebuttal was a blunt political maneuver, meant to undermine Alfonso's authority by exploiting the discontented minorities: it stated that since the city administration tolerated the presence of the assassins of Jesus Christ, then God was justifiably angry toward the whole city. Full blame was to be put on Alfonso's part, not on the Jews, for failing to expel them from the city walls.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Pope's stance
Jewish city scholar Azariah dei Rossi wrote a short essay on the earthquake in the following days, named Kol Elohim: in the account, he credited the earthquake to a visit from God himself, suggesting it was a supernatural event but not implying any punishment toward the city or its Jews.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Scaring the population
Along with the Pope's stern letter, emissaries from the Capuchins were sent to the town from Bologna, in order to scare the populace and turn it against Alfonso. The friars took some decomposing corpses from the rubble, and brought them in procession claiming that God was going to sink the city to hell if the people refused to drive Alfonso away.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Scaring the population
The macabre show further contributed to the widespread sense of doom and distrust: people living in one of the most free and culturally lively cities of Italy suddenly was cast into a gloomy atmosphere of superstition and religious obscurantism.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Duke's reaction
Bothered by the Capuchins' show, annoyed by the Pope's political maneuvers and worried about the loss of hope of the citizens, the Duke decided to display his strength by forcibly expelling the rabble-rousing friars from the city, abandoning any expectation of papal help and unilaterally taking in his hands the control of the city rebuilding.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Duke's reaction
He walked in procession through the debris, followed by his most trustworthy men, to show off to the populace his control on the city, its laws and its people.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, The Duke's reaction
The Duke made every effort to have the Castello Estense repaired in record time, to downplay his hardnesses with the other Italian rulers and to begin to restore a sense of normality in the evacuees. Relationships with the Papacy remained strained, but Alfonso always managed to keep the Pope's demands and attacks at bay.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Return into the city and rebuilding efforts
After Castello Estense was made safe again, thanks to many iron rods and anchors, in March 1571 the Duke triumphantly relocated back to the city and the return to normality begun to look possible. Minor shocks kept coming, but the city was ready for rebuilding.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Return into the city and rebuilding efforts
Immediately Duke Alfonso ordered a census of the remaining population, and on August 14, 1571 issued a decree ordering the Ferraresi to come back to the city. Return was mandatory for people living in the city for at least 15 years (that is, people with full citizenship rights), under penalty of seizing of their estates. Despite the order, only about two out of three came back to the city: among the people who left the city were many of the wealthiest and a good portion of the court nobles – further diminishing the prestige of Alfonso II.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Return into the city and rebuilding efforts
At first rebuilding works begun on the Duomo and on S.Michele, S.Romano and Santa Maria in Vado churches, overseen by Cardinal Maremonti. According to Guarini, works on S.Rocco, S.Silvestro, S.Stefano, S.Cristoforo, S.Francesco and the rebuilding of S.Paolo begun shortly after, the latter being completed in 1575.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Political struggle about the rebuilding, Return into the city and rebuilding efforts
Damage to buildings was so widespread – chronicles reports that all the public building and most of the houses needed work – that the forging of the much needed iron bars caused a shortage of metal in the whole province, depleting stockpiles and requiring massive imports from nearby cities.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Founding of the observatory
Alfonso called on his court scholars in physics, philosophers and many "experts in various accidents" to inquire into the causes of the disaster, appointing as their leader the renowned Neapolitan architect Pirro Ligorio (a successor of Michelangelo as head of the San Pietro in Vaticano workshop), effectively founding the first seismological observatory and think tank on earthquakes in the world.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Founding of the observatory
The study group wrote six treatises in the following year: four of them were published and quickly became regarded as masterpieces among that part of natural philosophy dedicated to the study of earthquakes, their reputation lasting through the following two centuries. The essays were essential in disproving emerging theories that blamed the earthquake on the drainage of the many Duchy's swamps and their reclamation as fertile agricultural lands. One of the leading theories at the time was that earthquakes were caused by subterranean winds, excited by change in temperature. The winds should have escaped through the marshes, but drainage compromised the process so the winds grew in pressure and caused shocks.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Ligorio's work on building safety
Pirro Ligorio was a scientist and a devout catholic: he needed to carefully weigh his words to avoid a clash with the Curia while at the same time proving that the Pope's claims were unfounded. He collected a long list of earthquakes of the past, compiling a time-line and showing how they were a common and natural occurrence in many parts of the known world. He kept a diary of the aftershock, writing in abundance of detail about their intensity and the damage they kept doing to the city, dramatically improving knowledge of shocks dynamics and consequences of an earthquake.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Ligorio's work on building safety
Ultimately, Ligorio put the blame for the extensive damage on inappropriate techniques and bad materials used in building the city's edifices. The random mixing of stones, brick and sand in the main walls was strongly criticized, along with the rooftops built to push horizontally on the side walls (instead of providing a vertical load). Approximation in leveling of walls and ceilings led to uneven discharge of forces.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, The earthquake observatory, Ligorio's work on building safety
In the last part of his treatise, Rimedi contra terremoti per la sicurezza degli edifici (Remedies against earthquakes for building security), Ligorio presented design plans for a shock-proof building, the first known design with a scientific anti-seismic approach. Many of the empirical findings of Ligorio are consistent with contemporary anti-seismic practices: among them the correct dimensioning of main walls, use of better and stronger bricks as well as elastic structural joints and iron rods.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Loss of independence
Late in 1571, Alfonso II was called to fight against the Ottoman Empire fleet in the Battle of Lepanto. While the Duke was away, the Pope executed a thorough purge of the Jews from the Papal States, including Ferrara. The only allowed ghettoes were established in Rome and Ancona. Pope Pius V died the following year.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Loss of independence
After the earthquake, many nobles and well-off merchants left the city, managing their business in their country villas or moving their houses to nearby towns. Ferrara lost its capital city status and was demoted to a simple border city squeezed between Venice and the Papal States, never fully achieving economic recovery from the disaster. Without the Jews' businesses, crushed by costly reconstruction debts and losing its thriving cultural circle, the city became a minor trade and agricultural hub up until the 19th century.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Loss of independence
In 1598, Alfonso died without legitimate heirs, and the city was formally annexed to the Papal States by means of questionable claims of vacancy. The annexation of Ferrara and Comacchio was disputed by many contemporaries, including the weak Duke of Modena Cesare d'Este who was the direct candidate to the succession, but was ultimately completed.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Permanent damage
The city's architecture still bears many marks from the earthquake. Iron braces and rods placed in the aftermath of the shocks to strengthen the damaged walls are still present, windows closed with stones and concrete to improve the stability of damaged facades are a common occurrence and there are traces of the stubs once sustaining collapsed balconies and porches. Chimneys, decorated battlements and terraces were damaged or destroyed, and were rebuilt in the following decade in a changed style and materials.


1570 Ferrara earthquake, Following years, Permanent damage
Walls from historical buildings are often uneven and out of angle. This is sometimes said by locals to provoke the special Ferrara feeling to visitors, a veiled sense of dizziness and disorientation.


1570 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1570.


1570 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1570 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1570 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1570 in science
The year 1570 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


1570s
The 1570s decade ran from January 1, 1570, to December 31, 1579.


1570s, Events, 1578, July–December
, passes through the Strait of Magellan in his ship, the newly renamed Golden Hind.


1571
Year 1571 (MDLXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1571 Haverfordwest election
An election for the English parliament constituency of Haverfordwest was held on 20 March 1571. The most prominent local politician was Sir John Perrot, but he declined to stand due to his appointment to the office of Lord President of Munster. The supporters of Perrot nominated John Garnons, who had previously been MP for Pembroke. The election was contested by Alban Stepneth, a member of the local gentry. Although Stepneth received more votes than Garnons, Garnons was originally declared to have won due to the intervention of Perrot's powerful supporters. Stepneth appealed to the Star Chamber, and he was by its judgment declared to have won the election. The election is notable as one of the few Elizabethan contested elections of which the full records are extant.


1571 Haverfordwest election, Context
During the late 16th century, Haverfordwest had a population of around two to three thousand, of which one hundred were burgesses, who bore the right to vote. It was politically dominated by a few individuals, most notably Perrot, who was supported by the local gentry, and opposing him, the antiquarian George Owen of Henllys, and John Barlow of Slebech, who had come into conflict with Perrot due to a land dispute.


1571 Haverfordwest election, Context
Perrot himself had grown up in the area, his boyhood home being at Haroldstone, and he had been Mayor of Haverfordwest in 1570, an office which he also held in 1575 and 1576. Prior to the events of the 1571, Perrot held a virtual monopoly of power - all the borough offices were held by his supporters, including the Mayor, John Voyle, and the Sheriff, Edmund Harries. The Sheriff acted as returning officer, and thus was capable of illicitly influencing the result.


1571 Haverfordwest election, Preparations for the election
Due to Perrot's position, his opponents were not prepared to stand a candidate against him nor a candidate endorsed by him. However, Perrot was appointed Lord President of Munster in November 1570, and was due to set sail to Ireland a month before the election was to take place. This essentially created a power vacuum. Alban Stepneth, a gentleman tied to the Prendergast family, stood in opposition to the candidate endorsed by the borough officials, John Garnons. Garnons was descended from a gentle family whose estates were originally in Hertfordshire, but had married a woman from Pembrokeshire.