1600 Smith Street, Design
Continental Center I includes a blue lighting pattern on the roof that displays the Continental Airlines logo. The light had been kept off for a period before 2010. After Continental had occupied the building, the airline wanted to display its logo on the roof of Continental Center I. The City of Houston had a 1993 ordinance restricting the height of any new signs in Downtown Houston to 42.5 feet (13.0 m).


1600 Smith Street, Design
On Wednesday August 2, 2000, the Houston City Council voted 10–4 to stop enforcing the informal agreement and enact a new law that exempts a company from the height restriction if the national headquarters of a company occupies 45 percent or more of a Downtown Houston building of over 750,000 square feet (70,000 m2) of usable space.


1600 Smith Street, Design
The Mayor of Houston, Lee P. Brown, said that he supported the ordinance change since it was a promise made by Bob Lanier to the airline in exchange for enticing the company to move its headquarters to Continental Center I. Opponents of the change feared that company logos would become more prevalent in the Downtown Houston skyline.


1600 Vyssotsky
1600 Vyssotsky, provisional designation 1947 UC, is a rare-type Hungaria asteroid and suspected interloper from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 October 1947, by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory in California, United States. It was named after astronomer Alexander Vyssotsky.


1600 Vyssotsky, Classification and orbit
Vyssotsky is a rare A-type asteroid. Based on its orbital characteristics, it is member of the Hungaria family, that form the last, innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. However, due to its rare type, it is a suspected interloper, as Hungarias typically show a different E-type spectra. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–1.9 AU once every 2 years and 6 months (918 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic. Vyssotsky's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1600 Vyssotsky, Lightcurves
Between 1999 and 2014, several rotational lightcurves of Vyssotsky were obtained by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado (see video in § External links). Light-curve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 3.201 hours with an averaged brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=2/3/3/3/3/3).


1600 Vyssotsky, Lightcurves
Additional well-defined lightcurves were obtained by astronomers Domenico Licchelli in November 2005 (U=3-), Raymond Poncy, Raoul Behrend, René Roy, Reiner Stoss, Jaime Nomen, Salvador Sanchez also in November 2005 (U=3), David Higgins in May 2007 (U=3), Michael Lucas in November 2010 (U=2+), as well as by Hiromi Hamanowa and Hiroko Hamanowa also in November 2010 (U=3). The most recent photometric observation was made by Robert D. Stephens in September 2015, giving a period of 3.204 hours with an amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (U=3). In spite of its many observations, Vyssotsky's spin axis and spin direction can not be determined with certainty.


1600 Vyssotsky, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vyssotsky measures between 6.29 and 7.50 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.321 and 0.547. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.3 and calculates a diameter of 7.00 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.7.


1600 Vyssotsky, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Russian–American astronomer Alexander Vyssotsky (1888–1973), who joined the faculty of the University of Virginia in 1923 and stayed at the McCormick Observatory on Mount Jefferson, Virginia, for 35 years. He was active in the fields of photometry, astrometry and spectral classification. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).


1600 in Belgium
Events in the year 1600 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège (predecessor states of modern Belgium).


1600 in Scotland
Events from the year 1600 in the Kingdom of Scotland


1600 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1600.


1600 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1600 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1600 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1600 in science
The year 1600 CE in science and technology included some significant events.


1600 meters
1600 meters is a middle distance track and field running event. It is a standardized event in track meets conducted by the NFHS in American high school competition. When the organization went through metrication, finalized with their 1980 rule book, the 4 lap around a 440 yard, Imperial measured mile run, was replaced by the closest metric distance, 4 laps around a 400 meter track. That decision is not without controversy. The race is 9.344 meters shorter. Other organizations have followed the lead of the IAAF and use the 1500 meters as the closest equivalent.


1600 meters
The current male high school record holder in the 1600 is Alan Webb from South Lakes High School in Reston, Virginia. He ran 3:59.51 at the Arcadia Invitational against high school athletes on April 14, 2001. Six weeks later, while running a mile against seasoned international runners at the Prefontaine Classic, he was timed in 3:51.83. Many, including Track and Field News recognize the faster time, since he was technically still in high school at the time, but NFHS only recognizes the race against other high school competitors. The female record is less disputed as Alexa Efraimson from Camas High School in Camas, Washington ran her 4:33.29 at the Washington State 4A Championships exclusively against other high school girls.


1600 meters
1600 meters is also the distance of the final leg of a distance medley relay, because it is an even 4 laps where at 3.75 laps, the 1500 would require the start line or finish line to be moved.


1600 meters
The term when used in the phrase 1600 meter relay, usually is referring to the 4x400 meter relay, however the 2-2-4-8 version of the sprint medley relay is also 1600 meters.


1600s (decade)
The 1600s ran from January 1, 1600, to December 31, 1609.


1600s (decade), Births
Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède, French novelist and dramatist (d. 1663)


1600s BC (decade)
The 1600s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1609 BC to December 31, 1600 BC.


1600s in England
Events from the 1600s in England. This decade marks the end of the Elizabethan era with the beginning of the Jacobean era and the Stuart period.


1600s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1600s in South Africa.


1600s in archaeology
The decade of the 1600s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1600th Air Transport Group
The 1600th Air Transport Group is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts. It provided strategic airlift between the United States and Europe until it was discontinued on 19 June 1955.


1600th Air Transport Group, History
The group was formed from the personnel and equipment of the 1st Air Transport Group (Provisional), a C-54 Skymaster unit of Air Transport Command (ATC) at Westover when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced ATC in 1948. The 1st had been organized as the operational element of the 2d Air Transport Wing (Provisional) Under the experimental wing base (Hobson Plan) organization system. When the 1600th was organized it became the operational element of the 520th Air Transport Wing (later the 1600th Air Transport Wing).


1600th Air Transport Group, History
The group became Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service's primary strategic transport airlift provider between the United States and Europe in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1953, the group was transferred to the direct control of the Atlantic Division took as the wing was reduced to control of support elements in 1953 in anticipation of transfer of Westover from MATS to Strategic Air Command (SAC). The unit operated large numbers of Douglas C-124 Globemaster II heavy transports, as well as Boeing C-97 Stratofreighters.


1600th Air Transport Group, History
It provided passenger service on Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmasters and supported VIP transportation for Atlantic Division Headquarters at Westover. In the summer of 1948, the group's 16th Air Transport Squadron was reassigned directly to the Atlantic Division and in the fall it became part of Continental Division, MATS and moved to Gravelly Point, Virginia where it became a forerunner of the 89th Airlift Wing.


1600th Air Transport Group, History
In July 1952, MATS replaced its table of distribution (four digit) air transport squadrons, which were controlled by the command with table of organization units whose organization was controlled by Headquarters, United States Air Force (USAF). The USAF controlled units were ferrying and transport squadrons that had been assigned to ATC during World War II. Unlike the MATS controlled squadrons that had been formed in peacetime, these units had histories that included wartime actions and could be continued even after inactivation. Each of the new squadrons assumed the mission, personnel, and equipment of the squadron it replaced.


1600th Air Transport Group, History
The group was inactivated in 1955 when MATS moved its Atlantic Division headquarters and airlift operations to McGuire AFB, New Jersey and SAC assumed control of Westover AFB.


1600th Air Transport Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice
On 25 March 2021, Venice will be celebrating the 1,600th anniversary of its founding.


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The foundation of Venice
The foundation of Venice is generally considered borne witness to by a manuscript by Chronicon Altinate and, in a more recent era, by Marin Sanudo, who described the massive fire of the Rialto bridge in 1514, stating that: "Solum restò in piedi la chiexia di San Giacomo di Rialto, la qual fu la prima chiexia edificata in Venetia dil 421 a dì 25 Marzo, come in le nostre croniche si leze".


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The foundation of Venice
In an Italy hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic with a total absence of tourists, with travel blocks both in European nations and Italian regions, the city of Venice celebrates the 1600th anniversary of its foundation  with a program of events organized and promoted by local bodies and institutions, which will include exhibitions, museum and city tours, conferences and seminars.


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, La Fenice
On April 26, 2021, the La Fenice theater in Venice reopened to the public, after being stopped due COVID-19 pandemic, albeit with a few and distant audience, with a concert by Giuseppe Verdi. All 250 seats available in the Gallery were sold out in a very short time.


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, Venetian Arsenal
G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting and side events. From 8 to 11 July 2021.


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, Venetian Arsenal
G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (FMCBG) will meet for the 3rdtime under the Italian G20 Presidency on Friday 9 and Saturday 10 July 2021 in Venice. From Thursday 8 to Sunday 11 July, within  the  context  of  the  G20  FMCBG  Venice  Meeting, a number of side events will also be held at the Venetian  Arsenal. These  include  the G20-OECD Global Forum on Productivity, the G20 International Tax Symposium and the International Conference on Climate.


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The feast of the Redeemer
The Feast of the Redeemer is scheduled for July 17, 2021, the religious festival established in memory of the end of the plague pandemic that hit Venice between 1575 and 1577 is accompanied by a fireworks display of particular beauty.


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The decree law to protect Venice
On 1 August 2021, large ships will no longer be able to transit in front of San Marco and on the Giudecca canal. This was established by the decree law approved on the afternoon of 13 July 2021 by the Council of Ministers. Compensation is foreseen for companies that will be harmed by this decision. Cruise ships will be able to temporarily dock in Marghera. The decree law, approved by the Council of Ministers, provides for the prohibition of navigation in Venice and in the maritime routes defined as being of cultural interest.


1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice, The decree law to protect Venice
The navigation ban is envisaged for ships with at least one of these characteristics: - more than 25,000 gross tonnage; - more than 180 meters in length; - more than 35 meters high - production of more than 0.1% of sulfur. A guarantee fund is foreseen to a contribution to related companies and workers. Ships that do not have the aforementioned four characteristics, and which are therefore considered sustainable, will be able to continue to dock (these are cruise ships with around 200 passengers). The decree will enter into force the day after its publication in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion
Fashion in the period 1600–1650 in Western European clothing is characterized by the disappearance of the ruff in favour of broad lace or linen collars. Waistlines rose through the period for both men and women. Other notable fashions included full, slashed sleeves and tall or broad hats with brims. For men, hose disappeared in favour of breeches.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion
The silhouette, which was essentially close to the body with tight sleeves and a low, pointed waist to around 1615, gradually softened and broadened. Sleeves became very full, and in the 1620s and 1630s were often paned or slashed to show the voluminous sleeves of the shirt or chemise beneath.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion
Spanish fashions remained very conservative. The ruff lingered longest in Spain and the Netherlands, but disappeared first for men and later for women in France and England.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion
The social tensions leading to the English Civil War were reflected in English fashion, with the elaborate French styles popular at the courts of James I and his son Charles I contrasting with the sober styles in sadd colours favoured by Puritans and exported to the early settlements of New England (see below).


1600–1650 in Western European fashion
In the early decades of the century, a trend among poets and artists to adopt a fashionable pose of melancholia is reflected in fashion, where the characteristic touches are dark colours, open collars, unbuttoned robes or doublets, and a generally disheveled appearance, accompanied in portraits by world-weary poses and sad expressions.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Fabric and patterns
Figured silks with elaborate pomegranate or artichoke patterns are still seen in this period, especially in Spain, but a lighter style of scrolling floral motifs, woven or embroidered, was popular, especially in England.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Fabric and patterns
The great flowering of needlelace occurred in this period. Geometric reticella deriving from cutwork was elaborated into true needlelace or punto in aria (called in England "point lace"), which also reflected the popular scrolling floral designs.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Fabric and patterns
In England, embroidered linen silk jackets fastened with ribbon ties were fashionable for both men and women from c. 1600–1620, as was reticella tinted with yellow starch. Overgowns with split sleeves (often trimmed with horizontal rows of braid) were worn by both men and women.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Fabric and patterns
From the 1620s, surface ornament fell out of fashion in favour of solid-colour satins, and functional ribbon bows or points became elaborate masses of rosettes and looped trim.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Fashions influenced by royal courts, Portraiture and fantasy
In England from the 1630s, under the influence of literature and especially court masques, Anthony van Dyck and his followers created a fashion for having one's portrait painted in exotic, historical or pastoral dress, or in simplified contemporary fashion with various scarves, cloaks, mantles, and jewels added to evoke a classic or romantic mood, and also to prevent the portrait appearing dated within a few years. These paintings are the progenitors of the fashion of the later 17th century for having one's portrait painted in undress, and do not necessarily reflect clothing as it was actually worn.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
In the early years of the new century, fashionable bodices had high necklines or extremely low, rounded necklines, and short wings at the shoulders. Separate closed cartwheel ruffs were sometimes worn, with the standing collar, supported by a small wire frame or supportasse used for more casual wear and becoming more common later. Long sleeves were worn with deep cuffs to match the ruff. The cartwheel ruff disappeared in fashionable England by 1613.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
By the mid-1620s, styles were relaxing. Ruffs were discarded in favor of wired collars which were called rebatos in continental Europe and, later, wide, flat collars. By the 1630s and 1640s, collars were accompanied by kerchiefs similar to the linen kerchiefs worn by middle-class women in the previous century; often the collar and kerchief were trimmed with matching lace.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
Bodices were long-waisted at the beginning of the century, but waistlines rose steadily to the mid-1630s before beginning to drop again. In the second decade of the 17th century, short tabs developed attached to the bottom of the bodice covering the bum-roll which supported the skirts. These tabs grew longer during the 1620s and were worn with a stomacher which filled the gap between the two front edges of the bodice. By 1640, the long tabs had almost disappeared and a longer, smoother figure became fashionable: The waist returned to normal height at the back and sides with a low point at the front.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
The long, tight sleeves of the early 17th century grew shorter, fuller, and looser. A common style of the 1620s and 1630s was the virago sleeve, a full, slashed sleeve gathered into two puffs by a ribbon or other trim above the elbow.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
In France and England, lightweight bright or pastel-coloured satins replaced dark, heavy fabrics. As in other periods, painters tended to avoid the difficulty of painting striped fabrics; it is clear from inventories that these were common. Short strings of pearls were fashionable.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
Unfitted gowns (called nightgowns in England) with long hanging sleeves, short open sleeves, or no sleeves at all were worn over the bodice and skirt and tied with a ribbon sash at the waist. In England of the 1610s and 1620s, a loose nightgown was often worn over an embroidered jacket called a waistcoat and a contrasting embroidered petticoat, without a farthingale. Black gowns were worn for the most formal occasions; they fell out of fashion in England in the 1630s in favour of gowns to match the bodice and petticoat, but remained an important item of clothing on the Continent.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
At least in the Netherlands the open-fronted overgown or vlieger was strictly reserved for married women. Before marriage the bouwen, "a dress with a fitted bodice and a skirt that was closed all round" was worn instead; it was known in England as a "Dutch" or "round gown".


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
Skirts might be open in front to reveal an underskirt or petticoat until about 1630, or closed all around; closed skirts were sometimes carried or worn looped up to reveal a petticoat.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns, bodices, and petticoats
Corsets were shorter to suit the new bodices, and might have a very stiff busk in the center front extending to the depth of the stomacher. Skirts were held in the proper shape by a padded roll or French farthingale holding the skirts out in a rounded shape at the waist, falling in soft folds to the floor. The drum or wheel farthingale was worn at the English court until the death of Anne of Denmark in 1619.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headdresses
To about 1613, hair was worn feathered high over the forehead. Married women wore their hair in a linen coif or cap, often with lace trim. Tall hats like those worn by men were adopted for outdoor wear.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headdresses
In a characteristic style of 1625–1650, hair was worn in loose waves to the shoulders on the sides, with the rest of the hair gathered or braided into a high bun at the back of the head. A short fringe or bangs might be worn with this style. Very fashionable married women abandoned the linen cap and wore their hair uncovered or with a hat.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Shirts, doublets, and jerkins
Linen shirts had deep cuffs. Shirt sleeves became fuller throughout the period. To the 1620s, a collar wired to stick out horizontally, called a whisk, was popular. Other styles included an unstarched ruff-like collar and, later, a rectangular falling band lying on the shoulders. Pointed Van Dyke beards, named after the painter Anthony van Dyck, were fashionable, and men often grew a large, wide moustache, as well. Doublets were pointed and fitted close to the body, with tight sleeves, to about 1615. Gradually waistlines rose and sleeves became fuller, and both body and upper sleeves might be slashed to show the shirt beneath. By 1640, doublets were full and unfitted, and might be open at the front below the high waist to show the shirt.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Shirts, doublets, and jerkins
Sleeveless leather jerkins were worn by soldiers and are seen in portraits, but otherwise the jerkin rapidly fell out of fashion for indoor wear.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hose and breeches
GPaned or pansied trunk hose or round hose, padded hose with strips of fabric (panes) over a full inner layer or lining, were worn early in the period, over cannions, fitted hose that ended above the knee. Trunk hose were longer than in the previous period, and were pear-shaped, with less fullness at the waist and more at mid-thigh.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hose and breeches
Slops or galligaskins, loose hose reaching just below the knee, replaced all other styles of hose by the 1620s, and were now generally called breeches. Breeches might be fastened up the outer leg with buttons or buckles over a full lining.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hose and breeches
From 1600 to c. 1630, hose or breeches were fastened to doublets by means of ties or points, short laces or ribbons pulled through matching sets of worked eyelets. Points were tied in bows at the waist and became more elaborate until they disappeared with the very short waisted doublets of the late 1630s. Decorated metal tips on points were called aiguillettes or aiglets, and those of the wealthy were made of precious metals set with pearls and other gemstones.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hose and breeches
Spanish breeches, rather stiff ungathered breeches, were also popular throughout the era.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Outerwear
Gowns were worn early in the period, but fell out of fashion in the 1620s.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Outerwear
Short cloaks or capes, usually hip-length, often with sleeves, were worn by fashionable men, usually slung artistically over the left shoulder, even indoors; a fashion of the 1630s matched the cape fabric to the breeches and its lining to the doublet. Long cloaks were worn for inclement weather.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear
Early in the period, hair was worn collar-length and brushed back from the forehead; very fashionable men wore a single long strand of hair called a lovelock over one shoulder. Hairstyles grew longer through the period, and long curls were fashionable by the late 1630s and 1640s, pointing toward the ascendance of the wig in the 1660s.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear
To about 1620, the fashionable hat was the capotain, with a tall conical crown rounded at the top and a narrow brim. By the 1630s, the crown was shorter and the brim was wider, often worn cocked or pinned up on one side and decorated with a mass of ostrich plumes.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Men's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear
Close-fitting caps called coifs or biggins were worn only by young children and old men under their hats or alone indoors.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Footwear
Flat shoes were worn to around 1610, when a low heel became popular. The ribbon tie over the instep that had appeared on late sixteenth century shoes grew into elaborate lace or ribbon rosettes called shoe roses that were worn by the most fashionable men and women.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Footwear
By the 1620s, heeled boots became popular for indoor as well as outdoor wear. The boots themselves were usually turned down below the knee; boot tops became wider until the "bucket-top" boot associated with The Three Musketeers appeared in the 1630s. Spurs straps featured decorative butterfly-shaped spur leathers over the instep.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Footwear
Wooden clogs or pattens were worn outdoors over shoes and boots to keep the high heels from sinking into soft dirt.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Footwear
Stockings had elaborate clocks or embroidery at the ankles early in the period. Boothose of stout linen were worn under boots to protect fine knitted stockings; these could be trimmed with lace.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion
Toddler boys wore gowns or skirts and doublets until they were breeched.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion
7 – English, The children of King Charles I of England, 1637


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion
8 – Dutch, 15-year-old William II, Prince of Orange with his bride, 1641


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Children's fashion
10 – French, King Louis XIV and his brother, mid-1640s


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress
In Protestant and Catholic countries, attempts were made to simplify and reform the extravagances of dress. Louis XIII of France issued sumptuary laws in 1629 and 1633 that prohibited lace, gold trim and lavish embroidery for all but the highest nobility and restricting puffs, slashes and bunches of ribbon. The effects of this reform effort are depicted in a series of popular engravings by Abraham Bosse.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress, Puritan dress
Puritans advocated a conservative form of fashionable attire, characterized by sadd colors and modest cuts. Gowns with low necklines were filled in with high-necked smocks and wide collars. Married women covered their hair with a linen cap, over which they might wear a tall black hat. Men and women avoided bright colours, shiny fabrics and over-ornamentation.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress, Puritan dress
Contrary to popular belief, most Puritans and Calvinists did not wear black for everyday, especially in England, Scotland and colonial America. Black dye was expensive, faded quickly and black clothing was reserved for the most formal occasions (including having one's portrait painted), for elders in a community and for those of higher rank. Richer puritans, like their Dutch Calvinist contemporaries, probably did wear it often but in silk, often patterned. Typical colours for most were brown, murrey (mulberry, a brownish-maroon), dull greens and tawny colours.


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress, Puritan dress
Wool and linen were preferred over silks and satins, though Puritan women of rank wore modest amounts of lace and embroidery as appropriate to their station, believing that the various ranks of society were divinely ordained and should be reflected even in the most modest dress. William Perkins wrote "...that apparel is necessary for Scholar, the Tradesman, the Countryman, the Gentleman; which serveth not only to defend their bodies from cold, but which belongs also to the place, degree, calling, and condition of them all" (Cases of Conscience, 1616).


1600–1650 in Western European fashion, Simplicity of dress, Puritan dress
Some Puritans rejected the long, curled hair as effeminate and favoured a shorter fashion which led to the nickname Roundheads for adherents of the English Parliamentary party but the taste for lavish or simple dress cut across both parties in the English Civil War.


1601
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 208.110.112.135 (talk) at 04:43, 27 July 2021. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1601
1601 (MDCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1601, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar. This epoch is the beginning of the 400-year Gregorian leap-year cycle within which digital files first existed; the last year of any such cycle is the only leap year whose year number is divisible by 400 as "Century leap years" (2000, 2400, 2800...).


1601
While years are evenly divisible by 100 but not by 400 are treated as "Exceptional common years" (1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500...).


1601
January 1 of this year (1601-01-01) is used as the base of file dates and of Active Directory Logon dates by Microsoft Windows. It is also the date from which ANSI dates are counted and were adopted by the American National Standards Institute for use with COBOL and other computer languages. All versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onward count units of one hundred nanoseconds from this epoch.


1601 (Mark Twain)
[ Date: 1601.] Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. or simply 1601 is the title of a short risqué squib by Mark Twain, first published anonymously in 1880, and finally acknowledged by the author in 1906.


1601 (Mark Twain)
Written as an extract from the diary of one of Queen Elizabeth I's ladies-in-waiting, the pamphlet purports to record a conversation between Elizabeth and several famous writers of the day. The topics discussed are entirely scatological, notably flatulence, flatulence humor, and sex.


1601 (Mark Twain)
1601 was, according to Edward Wagenknecht, "the most famous piece of pornography in American literature." However, it was more ribaldry than pornography; its content was more in the nature of irreverent and vulgar comedic shock than obscenity for sexual arousal.


1601 (Mark Twain)
Prior to the court decisions in the United States in 1959-1966 that legalized the publication of Lady Chatterley's Lover, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill, the piece continued to be considered unprintable, and was circulated clandestinely in privately printed limited editions.


1601 (Mark Twain), Content
The diarist describes a conversation in the presence of the queen between various famous Elizabethans during which one of the company passes gas:


1601 (Mark Twain), Content
The Queen inquires as to the source, and receives various replies. "Lady Alice" and "Lady Margery" both deny passing gas, the first saying:


1601 (Mark Twain), Content
Ben Jonson, Francis Bacon and William Shakespeare (referred to as 'Shaxpur') also deny having passed gas, though they have different opinions about the merits of flatulence. Bacon considers it a "great performance" beyond his abilities, and Shakespeare is astounded by its "firmament-clogging rottenness". Walter Raleigh admits to it, but confesses that it was not up to his usual standards, demonstrating his abilities by letting out an even louder one.


1601 (Mark Twain), Content
From there, the talk proceeds to manners and customs. Shakespeare tells a story about a prince with an enormous sexual appetite, taking ten "maidenheddes" a night followed by copious masturbation. Raleigh describes an American tribe, members of which have sex only once every seven years. The queen speaks to a young lady-in-waiting who comments on the growth of her pubic hair, on which Francis Beaumont compliments her. The queen says that Francois Rabelais had once told her about a man who had a "double pair" of bollocks, which leads to a discussion on the correct spelling of the word.


1601 (Mark Twain), Content
Shakespeare then reads from his works Henry IV and Venus and Adonis, which the diarist says she finds tedious. She then comments on the sexual misadventures of the people present, remarking that "when pricks were stiff and cunts not loathe to take ye stiffness out of them, who of this company was sinless". Alice and Margery were "whores from ye cradle", but now they are old they spout religion. The characters then discuss the work of Cervantes and an up-and-coming young painter called Rubens.


1601 (Mark Twain), Content
The "diary" ends with a story told by Raleigh about a woman who avoided being raped by an "olde archbishoppe" by asking him to urinate in front of her, which rendered him impotent.


1601 (Mark Twain), Publication history
The squib was originally written in 1876 for "a highly respectable, all-male writing group" as an exercise in the style of Rabelais. It was first published in the "incredibly rare" Cleveland edition of 1880, which is believed to number only four copies. The original edition was anonymous. While visiting West Point in 1881, Twain discovered that a man he met there, Charles Erskine Scott Wood, had access to a private printing press. Twain asked Wood to print off a new edition of fifty copies (now known as the "West Point edition") which came out in 1882. Twain acknowledged authorship in 1906.


1601 (Mark Twain), Publication history
The skit remained unprintable by mainstream publishers until the 1960s. It continued to be published by small private presses. Its characterization as "pornography" was satirized by Franklin J. Meine in the introduction to the 1939 edition. Another little-known edition was printed from hand-set type by John Hecht in Chicago in 1951.


1601 (Mark Twain), Publication history
In 1978 the "Lazarus Edition" of 200 copies was published. It consisted of newly discovered pages of a private printing from the 20's with a new, wood engraved portrait of Mark Twain, made by Barry Moser.


1601 in Belgium
Events in the year 1601 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège (predecessor states of modern Belgium).


1601 in Germany, Deaths
This year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1601 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1601.


1601 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1601 in science
The year 1601 CE in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below.


1601 to 1700 in sports
Sports became increasingly popular in England and Ireland through the 17th century and there are several references to cricket and horse racing, while bare-knuckle boxing was revived. The interest of gamblers in these sports gave rise to professionalism. The first known attempts to organise football took place in Ireland.


1602
1602 (MDCII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1602nd year of the Common Era (CE), and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 602nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 2nd year of the 17th century, and the 3rd year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1602, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1602 AM
Copies of the World Radio TV Handbook (including the 1991 edition) have identified 1602 kHz as a local frequency, akin to the Class C (former Class IV) radio stations in North America which are limited to 1kW.


1602 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1602 kHz:


1602 Indiana
1602 Indiana, provisional designation 1950 GF, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.


1602 Indiana
It was discovered on 14 March 1950, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, in the United States. It was later named after the U.S. state of Indiana and for Indiana University.


1602 Indiana, Classification and orbit
Indiana is a member of the Flora family, a large collisional group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,229 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. Indiana was first identified as 1943 DJ at Turku Observatory in Finland, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1602 Indiana, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Three rotational lightcurves of Indiana were obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomer Michael Pietschnig, Gary Vander Haagen and Michael Fleenor in Spring 2007. The lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 2.57 and 2.61 hours with a change in brightness of 0.12 to 0.19 magnitude, respectively (U=2/3/3-).


1602 Indiana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Indiana measures between 7.97 and 8.52 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.250 and 0.297. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this family – and calculates a diameter of 8.62 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.49.


1602 Indiana, Naming
This minor planet was named for the U.S. state of Indiana and for Indiana University with its astronomy department, which is the parent institution of the discovering Goethe Link Observatory.


1602 Indiana, Naming
Originally the discovery was credited to Beryl H. Potter (1900–1985), after whom the asteroid 1729 Beryl is named. She was research assistant at the Indiana University, who participated in the program of minor planet observations from 1949 to 1966. During this period, she analysed nearly 6,300 photographic plates, measuring the positions of minor planets and reporting lost asteroids to IAU's Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs) for publication.


1602 Indiana, Naming
However, according to Frank K. Edmondson (1912–2008), chairman of the Astronomy Department of Indiana University (also see 1761 Edmondson), there were several assistants involved in blinking the photographic plates during the first years of the program. The discovery was therefore credited to Indiana University, instead. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1955 (M.P.C. 1171).


1602 in Germany, Deaths
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1602 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1602.


1602 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1602 in science
The year 1602 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1602: New World
1602: New World is a five-issue Marvel Comics limited series and is the sequel to the 1602 limited series, and as such is set in the year 1602 in the same continuity as the original series and picks up where 1602 left off. This time the story is written by Greg Pak and illustrated by Greg Tocchini.


1602: New World, Plot
The story takes place largely on Roanoke Island, which is governed by Ananias Dare. His daughter Virginia and Peter Parquagh (this world's Spider-Man) are fighting an invasion of dinosaurs, and tensions between the colonists and Native Americans are increasing, with Englishman Norman Osborne attempting to cheat the natives out of the island. Unrest about metahumans is also increasing, led by newspaperman J. Jonah Jameson. Osbourne is quick to blame this on the natives and Rojhaz (this world's Captain America).


1602: New World, Plot
This world's Hulk (David Banner) has apparently killed King James, and is wondering where his allegiances lie. He is identified on Roanoke Island by Peter. Banner is an enemy of the colony after attempting to kill Sir Nicholas Fury, and is almost executed, but is reprieved and taken by the dinosaurs.


1602: New World, Plot
In London, King James, who is still alive, tells Lord Iron (this world's Iron Man) to retrieve Banner, whom the King is worried about. Iron's arrival in the New World with Rhodes and Captain Ross is violent. Dare is ultimately arrested for treason for his declaration of independence.


1602: New World, Plot
Osborne and Ross plot to capture the Source, which gives the metahumans their power, but Peter interferes and tells their plans to policeman Dougan. Virginia forces Iron and Rhodes to forswear their loyalty to the English.


1602: New World, Plot
Dougan, the Spider (Peter), and Dougan's men free Ananias. while fighting begins between the natives and the English. with the Spider. The natives and the Hulk arrive and begin to fight the English and Lord Iron. Osborne orders native chieftain Marioac to give him the Source, but is told that it died when Rojhaz left. Virginia orders everybody to stop fighting.


1602: New World, Plot
Lord Iron makes amends to Banner. Iron and Rhodes decide to stay at the colony, and rebuild Jameson's printing press. Banner leaves with the English soldiers to be executed. The colonists and natives make peace, and Osborne is tried and imprisoned for his crimes.


1602: New World, Characters, Historical
James VI of Scotland and I of England, His firm belief in the Divine Right of Kings and strong views on witchcraft (including the witchbreed) mean he is cast as something of a villain.


1602: New World, Characters, Historical
Virginia Dare, the daughter of Ananias Dare, and the first English child born in the Americas. In this world, the Roanoke Colony did not disappear in the 1580s. Inspired by a legend that Virginia was killed in the shape of a white deer, Gaiman gives his version shapeshifting powers. Gaiman has revealed he has told fans that he created Virginia Dare without a Marvel character basis to provide a unique and fully American character to tie in the 1602 universe with our real world.


1602: New World, Characters, Heroes
Peter Parquagh, Peter works at the newspaper run by Jonah Jameson. Near the end of the 1602 series he was bitten by spider giving him strange powers. When he dons a webbed mask and a leather doublet, Parquagh becomes 'The Spider'. Peter also appears to have some feelings for Virginia, even though he is too shy to express them. He is the Spider-Man of 1602.


1602: New World, Characters, Heroes
David Banner, was an advisor to James VI and I. Towards the end of 1602 he is caught in the energies of the Anomaly and becomes a brutish monster. He is this world's Incredible Hulk. Uncommonly, The Hulk himself is the hero, being a noble man, seeking to defend the native Indians from the colonists. David Banner is an evil man, a torturer and assassin, who lives in fear of the more noble Hulk, even considering himself damned and lost as a witchbreed.


1602: New World, Characters, Enemies
Norman Osborne wants to trick the Native Americans into selling the island of Roanoke. However, they have been educated in the English language by 'Rojhaz' (Captain America from the future) and see the flaw in his contract. He seeks to turn the colony against the natives, because he believes that the natives are hiding something of great value. He may become this world's Green Goblin.


1602: New World, Characters, Enemies
Lord Iron is a Spaniard weaponeer, famous for his inventions, who was captured during the war against England and forced by long weeks of torture to manufacture new and deadly weapons. He since had a grudge against the man who tortured him—David Banner. We can assume that the painful tortures he was forced to endure had damaged his heart, as the piece of shrapnel damaged the heart of his modern counterpart. He wears a suit of armour powered by electricity, and he is this world's Iron Man. Despite his allegiance, he has no special loyalty towards King James, and merely seeks revenge on David Banner, and by association, the Hulk.


1602: New World, Characters, Supporting
Jonah Jameson, an Irish-accented newspaper owner in the New World. Exactly like his Marvel Universe counterpart, J. Jonah Jameson, including his dislike of people with "powers". His newspaper is called the Daily Trumpet, rather than the Bugle.


1602: New World, Characters, Supporting
Rhodes is Lord Iron's Moorish engineer. His Marvel Universe counterpart is James Rupert Rhodes, or War Machine.


1602: New World, Characters, Supporting
Captain Ross is the English captain of the vessel that transports Lord Iron to the New World. He is the 1602 manifestation of Marvel's General Thunderbolt Ross, since both men were charged with subduing the Incredible Hulk and his human counterpart.


1602: New World, Characters, Supporting
Dougan was once part of Fury's army, and was the only member of it to go with the main cast of 1602 to Doom's castle and the new world. Dougan stayed in New World and became the head of the police force, becoming a friend to Dare. He is the counterpart of this worlds Dum Dum Dugan, who is a member of the organization run by Fury.


1602: New World, Characters, Supporting
Marioac  is the leader of the local Native Americans who are feuding with the colonists. She becomes a sort of friend to both Peter and Banner, and is portrayed as a little magical or supernatural. She is not based on a character in the traditional Marvel Universe


1602: New World, Characters, Supporting
Governor Dare is the governor of the colony and a wise and heroic man, although not based on a Marvel character.


1602: New World, Collected editions
1602: New World was collected as a trade paperback, published in January 2006 (ISBN 0-7851-1494-7)


1603
1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1603rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 603rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 3rd  year of the 17th century, and the  4th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1603, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1603 in Germany, Deaths
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1603 in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1603.


1603 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1603 in science
The year 1603 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1604
1604 (MDCIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1604th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 604th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 4th  year of the 17th century, and the  5th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1604, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1604 Arica earthquake
Coordinates: The 1604 Arica earthquake is an earthquake that occurred at 1:30 pm on November 24, 1604, offshore Arica, Chile (formerly part of the Spanish Empire). The estimated magnitude range is 8.0–8.5 Ms and possibly as much as 9.0 Mw. It had a destructive tsunami that destroyed Arica and caused major damage at Arequipa. 1,200 km of coastline were affected by the tsunami. The recorded effects of this earthquake are very similar to those for the 1868 Arica event, suggesting a similar magnitude and rupture area of the megathrust between the subducting Nazca Plate and the overriding South American Plate. Tsunami deposits have been identified on the Chatham Islands that are likely to have been caused by a trans-Pacific tsunami caused by the 1604 earthquake.


1604 Tombaugh
1604 Tombaugh, provisional designation 1931 FH, is a rare-type Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1931, by American astronomer Carl Otto Lampland at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. It was named after the discoverer of Pluto, Clyde Tombaugh.


1604 Tombaugh, Classification and orbit
Tombaugh is a member of the Eos family that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,920 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins at Flagstaff, one year prior to its official discovery observation at Lowell Observatory. It had been previously identified at Heidelberg as A920 EC in 1920, and as 1930 DX in 1930.


1604 Tombaugh, Physical characteristics
Tombaugh is classified as an X-type asteroid. It is also classified as a rare XSCU type in the Tholen, and as a transitional Xc type in the SMASS taxonomy.


1604 Tombaugh, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2010 and November 2012, rotational lightcurves of Tombaugh were obtained from photometric observations at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, and at Bassano Bresciano Observatory, Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.047 and 7.056 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 and 0.35 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2+).


1604 Tombaugh, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
These periods supersede previous results obtained by astronomers Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist (1975), Richard P. Binzel (1984) and Krisztián Sárneczky (U=1/2/2).


1604 Tombaugh, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Tombaugh measures 28.78 and 32.33 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.138 and 0.104, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0933 and a diameter of 32.25 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.65.


1604 Tombaugh, Naming
This minor planet was named for American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh (1906–1997), famous for his discovery of Pluto in 1930. The discovering Lowell Observatory named this asteroid on the occasion of a symposium on Pluto, held in 1980. When Tombaugh examined the photographic plates during the trans-Saturnian search program at the Lowell Observatory, he also marked over 4,000 minor planets on these plates. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5280).


1604 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1604.


1604 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1604 in science
The year 1604 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1605
1605 (MDCV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1605th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 605th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 5th  year of the 17th century, and the  6th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1605, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1605 (record label)
1605 (pronounced as sixteen-o-five) is a techno and tech-house record label, founded in 2007 by Slovenian DJ and producer UMEK. With 140 releases by more than 250 artists 1605 is the biggest label UMEK has founded since Recycled Loops and Consumer Recreation. UMEK started the label to promote tracks from talented artists, regardless of their fame and the strength of previous releases.


1605 (record label), Creative concept
The label's creative concept is based on its sound as well as on its visual appearance.


1605 (record label), Creative concept
The 1605 sound relies on UMEK's creative feeling as he acts as A&R manager and decides personally which tracks are signed by the label. Tracks are usually released digitally and sold online in various outlets such as Beatport, iTunes, Trackitdown, Juno and others. The only project, which was released also on a CD, was UMEK's 2010 album Responding to Dynamic.


1605 (record label), Creative concept
1605's music can also be heard on the label's podcast and on websites such as Soundcloud and Mixcloud.


1605 (record label), Creative concept
The label is also building its recognition by using a distinctive graphic design for artwork (release covers, promo material). Using only artwork in grayscale with occasional yellow tones, all release covers feature parts of vintage pictures from the 1930s Great Depression in the USA and personal drawings by the label's graphic designer Visual Brain Gravity.


1605 Guangdong earthquake
Qiongshan earthquake(Chinese:瓊山地震) was an earthquake in 1605 on the 13th of July(the 33rd year of reign of emperor wanli,May 28th in the chinese lunar calendar) that struck Hainan and the adjacent Guangdong province in China with an estimated magnitude of 7.5 Ms with a maximum felt intensity of X (extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. It caused widespread damage, including the subsidence of large areas of farmland, swamping many villages and several thousand people were killed.


1605 Guangdong earthquake
According to the chinese records about the event, in the reign of the Wanli Emperor,"there was a thunderous sound, the public office collapsed and the houses collapsed, and thousands of the dead were crushed in the county." and "the corpse is covered in pillows, bloody, touches the heart, and spit in the sky.


1605 Keichō earthquake
The 1605 Keichō earthquake (Japanese: 慶長地震) occurred at about 20:00 local time on 3 February. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.9 on the surface wave magnitude scale and triggered a devastating tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths in the Nankai and Tōkai regions of Japan. It is uncertain whether there were two separate earthquakes separated by a short time interval or a single event. It is referred to as a tsunami earthquake, in that the size of the tsunami greatly exceeds that expected from the magnitude of the earthquake.


1605 Keichō earthquake, Background
The southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1,300 years. Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them although in the 1707 Hōei earthquake all segments are thought to have ruptured at once.


1605 Keichō earthquake, Background
In 1854 there were two earthquakes a day apart and there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case, the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. In the 1605 event, there is evidence for two distinct earthquakes, but they are not distinguished by all historical sources and some seismologists suggest that only the Nankai segment of the megathrust ruptured.


1605 Keichō earthquake, Earthquake
There are very few reports of shaking associated with this earthquake, with most historical records only mentioning the tsunami. This has led seismologists to interpret this as a 'tsunami earthquake', probably involving a slow rupture velocity causing little observed shaking while generating a large tsunami.


1605 Keichō earthquake, Tsunami
The records of this tsunami are quite sparse but the maximum wave heights are larger than those for either the 1707 Hōei or 1854 Ansei Nankai tsunamis in areas on the south coast of Shikoku where they can be compared. The regional extent of this tsunami is supported by the discovery of tsunami deposits on the northeastern part of the Kii Peninsula and at Lake Hamana correlated to this event. Victims of the tsunami were also reported from Kyushu.


1605 Keichō earthquake, Damage
There is no reported damage associated with the earthquake itself. At least 700 houses were washed away at Hiro in present-day Wakayama prefecture and 80 at Arai in what is now Shizuoka prefecture. Castles were reported destroyed or damaged at Tahara on the Atsumi Peninsula; the main keep of Kakegawa Castle was also destroyed. The total number of casualties is uncertain as records are incomplete and contradictory, but estimates are in the order of thousands.


1605 Milankovitch
1605 Milankovitch, provisional designation 1936 GA, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 31 kilometers in diameter. It was named after Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković.


1605 Milankovitch, Discovery
Milankovitch was discovered on 13 April 1936, by Serbian astronomer Petar Đurković at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. Two nights later, the body was independently discovered by Polish astronomers Jan Piegza and Tadeusz Banachiewicz at Cracow and Warsaw, respectively.


1605 Milankovitch, Discovery
It was first identified as A907 UB at the U.S. Taunton Observatory (803) in 1907. However, it remained unused – as did the subsequent observations at both Simeiz and Lowell Observatory in 1925 and 1931, respectively. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1936.


1605 Milankovitch, Orbit and classification
Milankovitch is a member of the Eos family, an orbital group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being of stony composition.


1605 Milankovitch, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,911 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.


1605 Milankovitch, Physical characteristics
Milankovitch is classified as a metallic M-type by the NEOWISE mission, as a stony S-type by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL), and as a LS-type – a transitional form between the common S-type and rare L-type asteroids – by Pan-STARRS1' large-scale survey.


1605 Milankovitch, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Milankovitch was obtained from photometric observations by American amateur astronomer Walter R. Cooney Jr.. It gave a rotation period of 11.60±0.05 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2). In October 2006, French astronomer Pierre Antonini obtained another lightcurve, which gave a similar period of 11.63±0.03 and an amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=2).


1605 Milankovitch, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Milankovitch measures between 27.8 and 33.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.142 and 0.235. CALL derives an albedo of 0.140 and a diameter of 32.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.2.


1605 Milankovitch, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of Serbian-Yugoslav scientist Milutin Milanković (1879–1958), best known for his Milankovitch cycles, a theory of celestial mechanics that describes the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate. He is also honored by the lunar crater Milankovič, and by the Martian crater Milankovič. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).


1605 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1605.


1605 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1605 in science
The year 1605 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1606
1606 (MDCVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1606th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 606th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 6th  year of the 17th century, and the  7th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1606, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1606 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1606.


1606 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1606 in science
The year 1606 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1607
1607 (MDCVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1607th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 607th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 7th  year of the 17th century, and the  8th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1607, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1607 Bristol Channel floods
The Bristol Channel floods, 30 January 1607, drowned many people and destroyed a large amount of farmland and livestock. The known tide heights, probable weather, extent and depth of flooding, and coastal flooding elsewhere in the UK on the same day all point to the cause being a storm surge rather than a tsunami.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description
On 30 January 1607, around noon, the coasts of the Bristol Channel suffered from unexpectedly high floodings that broke the coastal defences in several places. Low-lying places in Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, and South Wales were flooded. The devastation was particularly severe on the Welsh side, extending from Laugharne in Carmarthenshire to above Chepstow in Monmouthshire. Cardiff was the most badly affected town, with the foundations of St Mary's Church destroyed.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description
It is estimated that 2,000 or more people were drowned, houses and villages were swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (51,800 ha) of farmland inundated, and livestock destroyed, wrecking the local economy along the coasts of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description
The coast of Devon and the Somerset Levels as far inland as Glastonbury Tor, 14 miles (23 km) from the coast, were also affected. The sea wall at Burnham-on-Sea gave way, and the water flowed over the low-lying levels and moors.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description
Thirty villages in Somerset were affected, including Brean which was "swallowed up" and where seven out of the nine houses were destroyed with 26 of the inhabitants dying. For ten days the Church of All Saints at Kingston Seymour, near Weston-super-Mare, was filled with water to a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m). A chiselled mark remains showing that the maximum height of the water was 7.74 metres (25 feet 5 inches) above sea level.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description
Contemporary accounts of the flood were written by people such as the Puritan pamphleteer, William Jones:


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description
as soone as the people of those Countries, perceived that it was the violence of the Waters of the raging Seas, and that they began to exceede the compasse of their accustomed boundes, and making so furiously towardes them.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description
happy were they that could make the best, and most speed away, many of them, leaving all their goods and substance, to the merciles Waters, being glad to escape away with life themselues: But so violent and swift were the outragiouse waves, that pursued one an other, with such vehemencie, and the Waters multiplying so much in so short a time, that in lesse then five houres space most part of those cuntreys (and especially the places which lay lowe) were all over flowen, and many hundreds of people both men women, and children were then quite devoured, by these outragious waters, such was the furie of the waves, of the Seas, the one of them dryving the other forwardes with such force and swiftnes, that it is almost incredible for any to beleeve the same....


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Description
Many there were which fled into the tops of high trees, and there were inforced to abide some three daies, some more, and some lesse, without any victuals at all, there suffring much colde besides many other calamities, and...through ever much hunger and cold, some of them fell down againe out of the Trees, and so were like to perish for want of succour. Othersame, sate in the tops of high Trees as aforesaid, beholding their wives, children, and servants, swimming (remediles of all succour) in the Waters. Other some sitting in the tops of Trees might behold their houses overflowne with the waters. some their houses caryed quite away: and no signe or token left there of them.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause
There are similarities to descriptions of the 1953 floods in East Anglia which were caused by a storm surge. A 2006 paper by Horsburgh and Horritt demonstrated that the tide and probable weather at the time were capable of generating a surge consistent with the observed inundation. They point to an exceptionally high spring tide in the Bristol Channel on 30 January 1607 of 7.86m, a severe south-westerly gale with peak winds measured at Barnstaple from 3am to noon, and coastal flooding in East Anglia at night on the 30th consistent with a storm tracking eastwards.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause, Tsunami hypothesis
An earlier 2002 research paper, following investigations by Professor Simon Haslett of Bath Spa University and Australian geologist Ted Bryant of the University of Wollongong, suggested that the flooding may have been caused by a tsunami, after the authors had read some eyewitness accounts in the historical reports which described the flood.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause, Tsunami hypothesis
The British Geological Survey has suggested that, as there is no evidence of a landslide off the continental shelf, a tsunami would most likely have been caused by an earthquake on a known unstable fault off the coast of southwest Ireland, causing the vertical displacement of the sea floor. One contemporary report describes an earth tremor on the morning of the flood; however, other sources date this earthquake to a few months after the event.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause, Tsunami hypothesis
Haslett and Bryant's evidence for the tsunami hypothesis included massive boulders that had been displaced up the beach by enormous force; a layer up to 8 inches (20 cm) thick composed of sand, shells and stones within an otherwise constant deposit of mud that was found in boreholes from Devon to Gloucestershire and the Gower Peninsula; and rock erosion characteristic of high water velocities throughout the Severn Estuary. The hypothesis is set out in detail in the 2005 BBC Timewatch programme "The Killer Wave of 1607".


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Cause, Tsunami hypothesis
However, in attributing the flood to a storm surge in their 2006 paper, Horsburgh and Horritt show that those proposing a tsunami hypothesis underestimate the volume of water and coastal damage involved in storm surges, and fail to account for flooding on the opposite side of the country on the same day. There is also a lack of evidence for the event impacting West Wales, Cornwall or southern Ireland. Their tsunami modelling showed that it would not be possible for a tsunami not to affect these areas and cause flooding elsewhere in the country. Contemporary sources also indicate the flooding proceeded for a period of five hours, which is consistent with a storm surge rather than a tsunami.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Future recurrence
While the risk of similar events in the foreseeable future is considered to be low, it is estimated that the potential cost caused by comparable flooding to residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural property could range from £7 billion to £13 billion at 2007 insured values. There has also been concern that the nuclear power stations at Hinkley Point and Oldbury could be endangered.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Commemorations
A number of commemorative plaques still remain, up to 8 feet (2.4 m) above sea level, showing how high the waters rose on the sides of surviving churches. For example, at Goldcliff near Newport the church has a small brass plaque, inside on the north wall near the altar, today about 3 feet (0.9 m) above ground level, marking the height of the flood waters. The plaque records the year as 1606 because, under the Julian calendar in use at that time, the new year did not start until Lady Day, 25 March. The resultant financial loss in the parish was estimated as £5,000.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Commemorations
The flood was commemorated in a contemporary pamphlet entitled God's warning to the people of England by the great overflowing of the waters or floods.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Commemorations
On the 400th anniversary, 30 January 2007, BBC Somerset looked at the possible causes and asked whether it could happen again in the county.


1607 Bristol Channel floods, Commemorations
In 2006 "Flood 400", a church and community partnership, was set up to commemorate the Great Flood. A commemorative service was held, on the anniversary day in 2007, with the Bishop of Bath and Wells. A series of events took place, throughout the year, centred on the public buildings in the villages of Goldcliff, Nash and Redwick and included exhibitions, lectures, religious services, school visits, guided tours and walks. A festival weekend took place between 24 and 28 May 2007.


1607 Mavis
1607 Mavis, provisional designation 1950 RA, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 September 1950, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was later named after the wife of astronomer Jacobus Bruwer.


1607 Mavis, Orbit and classification
This asteroid orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,487 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observations, as the two previous identifications, A903 BH and 1934 VQ, made at Heidelberg and Simeiz in 1903 and 1934, respectively, remained unused.


1607 Mavis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2007, Australian astronomers Collin Bembrick and Julian Oey independently obtained two rotational lightcurves of Mavis. These well-defined lightcurves gave a rotation period of 6.1339 and 6.1508 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 and 0.53 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


1607 Mavis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mavis measures between 11.57 and 14.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.189 and 0.31. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.3320 and a diameter of 12.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.


1607 Mavis, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the Mavis Bruwer, wife of astronomer Jacobus Albertus Bruwer, who was an astronomer at Johannesburg Observatory, and after whom 1811 Bruwer was named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).


1607 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1607.


1607 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1607 in science
The year 1607 in science and technology involved some significant events.


16070 Charops
16070 Charops, provisional designation: 1999 RB101, is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 September 1999, by astronomers with Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The dark D-type asteroid belongs to the 60 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 20.24 hours. It was named after the Lycian soldier Charops from Greek mythology.


16070 Charops, Orbit and classification
Charops is located in the L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind Jupiter in the so-called Trojan camp. It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.5–5.8 AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,247 days; semi-major axis of 5.13 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


16070 Charops, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Palomar Observatory in September 1954, or 45 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.


16070 Charops, Numbering and naming
This minor planet was numbered on 26 July 2000 (M.P.C. 40995). As of 2018, it has not been named. On 14 May 2021, the object was named by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN), after the Lycian soldier Charops, son of Hippasus and brother to Socus, from Greek mythology. Charops was wounded by the Greek hero Odysseus in the Trojan War.


16070 Charops, Physical characteristics
In the SDSS-based taxonomy, Charops is a dark D-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a D-type by Pan-STARRS' survey, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a C-type asteroid.


16070 Charops, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Charops have been obtained from photometric observations by Daniel Coley and Robert Stephens at GMARS (G79) and the Center for Solar System Studies, California. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve from October 2011 gave a rotation period of 20.24±0.01 hours with a brightness variation of 0.10±0.01 magnitude (U=2). A longer period with a high amplitude reported by Duffard Melita has received a lower rating (U=2-).


16070 Charops, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Charops measures between 63.19 and 68.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.058. CALL derives an albedo of 0.0565 and a diameter of 64.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.7.


16070 Charops, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1607th Air Transport Wing
The 1607th Air Transport Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the Eastern Transport Air Force, Military Air Transport Service, stationed at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. It was inactivated on 8 January 1966.


1607th Air Transport Wing
With the disestablishment of MATS, the assets of the Wing were reassigned to the 436th Military Airlift Wing, Military Airlift Command.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
Following World War II, Dover Air Force Base was reactivated on 1 February 1951 and assigned under the jurisdiction of the Air Defense Command (ADC). At this time the 148th Fighter Interceptor Squadron (FIS) of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard (ANG) was recalled to active duty from Reading Air Force Base and assigned to Dover. On 1 February 1952, the 80th Air Base Squadron was activated at Dover to provide housekeeping duties for the four tenant units that had arrived on the base by that date. They were the 148th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, the 1737th Ferrying Squadron, Detachment 1909-6 Airways and Communications Services and Detachment 4, 9th Weather Group.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
On 1 April 1952, the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) assumed command jurisdiction of the base. Concurrent with this action, the 80th Air Base Squadron was relieved of assignment to ADC and assigned to MATS, with further assignment to the Atlantic Division (MATS), headquartered at Westover AFB, Massachusetts; which in 1958, was re-designated as the Eastern Transport Air Force (EASTAF) and moved to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. In addition, Congress appropriated $25 million to expand and transform Dover Air Force Base into a supplemental east coast port of embarkation for MATS and as a Foreign Clearing Base for ferrying flights headed to Europe, the Caribbean, and to the countries of the north.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
On 1 August 1953, the 80th Air Base Squadron was inactivated and reverted to the control of the Department of the Air Force. Concurrent with this action, four units of the Atlantic Division were organized at Dover, the 1607th Air Base Group (ABG), the 1607th Air Base Squadron, the 1607th Maintenance and Supply Squadron and the 1607th Medical Squadron.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
On 18 November 1953, the first two transport squadrons, the 1st Air Transport Squadron (ATS) and the 21st Air Transport Squadron (ATS), "Medium", which flew the Douglas C-54G, were reconstituted, re-designated and assigned to the 1607th Air Base Group. This would be the nucleus of the 1607th Air Transport Wing (ATW). On 22 December 1953, the Secretary of the Air Force designated Dover Air Force Base as a permanent military installation.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
On 1 January 1954, the 1607th Air Transport Wing was designated, assigned to Atlantic Division MATS, and organized at Dover Air Force Base. By the same orders the 1607th Air Transport Group (ATG) was designated and organized in preparation for the start of transport mission operations from the base.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
On 15 February 1954, the 39th, and the 45th Air Transport Squadrons, were reconstituted and assigned to the 1607th Air Transport Group. The 39th Air Transport Squadron was subsequently designated "Medium" and the 45th Air Transport Squadron was designated as a "Heavy" squadron, indicating the type of aircraft that was and would be assigned to these units. The initial transport mission of the newly activated Air Transport Group was accomplished when a C-54 operated by the 1st Air Transport Squadron (Medium) delivered a 9,000 pound radio mast to Harmon Field, Newfoundland.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
On 8 March 1954, the 40th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy) was reconstituted and assigned to the Wing. On 1 May 1954, the first Douglas C-124 Globemaster II arrived at Dover and on 12 June, the 45th Air Transport Squadron flew the first C-124 "heavy" transport mission, airlifting five engines to Harmon Field, Newfoundland and a 12,000 pound spool of cable to Torbay Air Base, Newfoundland.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
On 8 September 1954, the 1st and 21st Air Transport Squadrons were re-designated from "Medium" to "Heavy" transport units, respectively as the C-54s assigned to these units were replaced with the C-124. On 20 September 1954, the 1607th Air Transport Wing and its headquarters were re-designated the 1607th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). The same order added "Heavy" to the designation of the 1607th Air Transport Group.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
Throughout the years there were many changes to the organizations under the 1607th Air Transport Wing. In 1955, C-124 units such as the 15th, the 20th and the 31st Air Transport Squadrons were relocated from Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts when MATS closed its facilities there. Along with the relocation of these units both the 21st and 45th Air Transport Squadrons were inactivated. The 40th was inactivated in December 1960 and its personnel were absorbed into the other units. With the arrival of the Douglas C-133 Cargomaster in 1957, the 39th Air Transport Squadron was re-designated a C-133 unit with the 1st Air Transport Squadron to follow in 1960.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
The most significant reorganization occurred on 18 January 1963, when the wing was reorganized under the MATS dual deputy concept of operations. This reorganization resulted in the discontinuance of the 1607th Air Transport Group (Heavy) and the 1607th Maintenance Group, transferring their responsibilities to a Deputy Commander for Operations (DCO), a Deputy Commander for Material (DCM) and the 1607th Air Base Group (ABG). In November 1964, the Secretary of Defense announced that eighty Department of Defense activities within the United States would be reduced or discontinued and that a troop carrier squadron would be transferred to Dover Air Force Base.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
Thus, in January 1965, the 15th Air Transport Squadron would inactivate along with the activation of the 9th Troop Carrier Squadron. Both the 20th and the 31st Air Transport Squadrons followed suit and were re-designated as troop carrier squadrons. This designation would be temporary for the 20th, as it would revert to its previous designation as a transport squadron. On 1 February 1965, MATS announced that Dover was selected as one of four bases where the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter would be tested under a program called "Lead the Force". The first C-141 arrived at Dover Air Force Base on 18 August 1965 and was assigned to the 20th Air Transport Squadron.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
The initial mission of the 1607th Air Transport Wing (Heavy) was "to command, operate, administer and maintain Dover Air Force Base and such organizations, installations and facilities as may be assigned by proper authority for the purpose of transporting by air, personnel, material, mail, strategic materials and other cargoes for all agencies of the Department of Defense (DOD) and as authorized for other government agencies of the United States, subject to priorities and policies established by higher headquarters".


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
The mission responsibilities of the Wing were later expanded considerably. In the following years, the 1607th Air Transport Wing assumed the additional responsibility for logistical airlift operations including unit deployment, airdrop supply, air landed supply, scheduled and nonscheduled airlift, as well as joint airborne operations and training to include the capability for airdrop of personnel and cargo.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
As a unit of the Military Air Transport Service, the 1607th Air Transport Wing had its share of responsibilities in major joint mobility exercises and global operations conducted during the "Cold War".


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
Examples include: Big Slam/Puerto Pine, March 1960, was an exercise that deployed 22,000 combat Army troops and 12,000 tons of gear from stateside bases to Ramey AFB and Roosevelt Roads Naval Air Station, Puerto Rico; Check Mate II, September 1961, involved the deployment of the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell, Kentucky to bases in Europe; Southern Express, October 1962, a NATO exercise which involved airlifting troops from central Europe to northern Greece; Big Lift, October 1963, the deployment of a full Army division from Texas to West Germany; The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
In support of President John F. Kennedy's decision to blockade Cuba, Dover Air Force Base was called upon to support the build-up of forces in the southeastern United States. The Wing and its aircrews worked at peak capacity airlifting troops and supplies from bases throughout the country to Florida and Guantanamo Bay.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
History shows that we were within 36 hours of a nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union; the Congo Airlift, also known as Operation "New Tape", was, at the time, history's longest lasting operational airlift, lasting 3 1⁄2 years, from 1960 to 1964; Operation Good Hope, September 1957, the airlift of arms support to Jordan.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
Forty vehicles equipped with 109 mm weapons were carried in five C-124s that flew in formation from Dhahran, Saudi Arabia to Amman, Jordan; Project ICE CUBE, May 1955, supported the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line in northern Canada; Polar Strike, January 1965, was conducted to evaluate U.S. STRICOM's ability to reinforce the Alaskan Command.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
During the years what seemed impossible to many was considered routine day-to-day operations to the aircrews of the 1607th Air Transport Wing.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
In December 1958, a Dover AFB C-133 airlifted the heaviest load in the history of aviation when it carried 118,000 pounds of cargo to an altitude of 10,000 feet, breaking the former world record held by a Soviet Tupolev Tu-104 "Camel"; on 7 February 1960, a Dover C-124 with a 15th Air Transport Squadron aircrew flew a record breaking non-stop flight from Hickam AFB, Hawaii to Dover AFB in eighteen hours and forty minutes; a C-124 of the 1st Air Transport Squadron was assigned temporary duty to the 54th Air Rescue Squadron at Goose Bay, Labrador to aid in the rescue of 26 passengers and 8 crew members of a Norwegian vessel ice bound off the coast of Greenland; in March 1956, 22,000 pounds of emergency polio equipment and supplies were airlifted to Buenos Aires to help combat a polio outbreak; the AMIGO Airlift, mercy missions to Santiago, Chile in May 1960, when an earthquake literally re-made parts of that country; in 1962, the four-month round the world tour of John Glenn's space capsule Friendship 7 ; many re-supply missions from Thule Air Base, Greenland to the northernmost weather outposts at Nord, Greenland and Alert, both within just some 500 miles of the North Pole; the delivery of a telespectrograph to Ascension Island in support of the space project FIRE.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
It was the first time such an instrument was airlifted as a complete unit; the airlift of supplies and emergency equipment to Alaska after an earthquake struck that state in March 1964; the presidential support mission of John F. Kennedy, in July 1963, when he spoke the famous words "Ich Bin Ein Berliner", at the Berlin Wall. These are but a few of the approximate 75 significant events added to the normal day to day global airlift operations, of which the 1607th Air Transport Wing was involved. During its twelve-year history at Dover, the 1607th ATW accumulated 1,076,483 transport flying hours or an approximate equivalent distance of 235 million nautical miles.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
The 1607th Air Transport Wing (Heavy) was assigned to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) throughout its history and, on 8 January 1966, the 1607th was discontinued and the 436th Military Airlift Wing was activated when the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) was replaced by the Military Airlift Command (MAC). The 1st, 20th, and 39th Air Transport Squadrons "Heavy" and the 9th and 31st Troop Carrier Squadrons "Heavy" were all re-designated as Military Airlift Squadrons.


1607th Air Transport Wing, History
There were 70 heavy transport aircraft assigned, on 8 January 1966, with over 8,000 military and civilian personnel. Its C-124 Globemasters, C-133 Cargomasters and the newly acquired C-141 Starlifters maintained a D-Day state of readiness to airlift men and material for the United States and allied military forces whenever and wherever needed. In addition, the Wing's mercy airlifts to nations suffering natural disasters, and its United Nations airlift effort in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and other areas of the world, bolstered US national policy in the Cold War.


1607th Air Transport Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


1608
1608 (MDCVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1608th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 608th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 8th  year of the 17th century, and the  9th   year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1608, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1608 Muñoz
1608 Muñoz, provisional designation 1951 RZ, is a Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1951, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, in La Plata, Argentina. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named after F. A. Muñoz, one of the assistant astronomers at the discovering observatory.


1608 Muñoz, Orbit and classification
Muñoz is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,203 days; semi-major axis of 2.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first imaged on a precovery taken at the Lowell Observatory in November 1948, extending the body's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1608 Muñoz, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of F. A. Muñoz, who was an assistant at the La Plata Observatory in the department of extra-meridian astronomy. Muñoz was involved in computational and observational work on minor planets for many years and also took an active part in site testing for the Argentine telescope, also known as the 85-inch or 2.15-meter Jorge Sahade Telescope (also see Leoncito Astronomical Complex § Telescopes). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).


1608 Muñoz, Physical characteristics
Being a Florian asteroid, Muñoz is likely a stony, relatively bright S-type asteroid.


1608 Muñoz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Muñoz is a target of the Photometric Survey for Asynchronous Binary Asteroids (BinAstPhot Survey) lead by astronomer Petr Pravec at theOndřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. In September 2017, two rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations by Pravec in collaboration with Serbian astronomer Vladimir Benishek at Belgrade Observatory, who observed the asteroid over three subsequent nights at Sopot Astronomical Observatory (K90). Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined, nearly identical rotation period of 5.3451±0.0008 and 5.3456±0.0007 hours, respectively, with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3).


1608 Muñoz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Muñoz measures between 6.15 and 7.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.265 and 0.40. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the principal body of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 7.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.


1608 in Quebec, Births
John Milton was born in London on December 9, 1608, to John and Sara Milton.


1608 in art, Paintings
Caravaggio, John the Baptist (St John the Baptist at the Fountain)


1608 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1608.


1608 in music
The year 1608 in music involved some significant events and new musical works.


1608 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1608 in science
The year 1608 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1608th Air Transport Wing
The 1608th Air Transport Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Eastern Transport Air Force of Military Air Transport Service (MATS) at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. It performed strategic airlift missions until it was discontinued on 8 January 1966 and replaced by the 437th Military Airlift Wing of Military Airlift Command, which inherited its honors, but not its lineage or history.


1608th Air Transport Wing, History
The wing was established in 1955 at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina When Military Air Transport Service (MATS) expanded its operations there after assuming jurisdiction of the base from Tactical Air Command three months earlier.


1608th Air Transport Wing, History
The 1608th was initially established as a Douglas C-54 Skymaster medium transport unit, transporting cargo within the United States to other USAF stations. It was upgraded to heavy transport wing and re-equipped with long-range intercontinental Douglas C-124 Globemaster IIs for cargo transportation and Lockheed C-121 Constellations for passenger overseas transportation. The wing established an aerial port in 1956 for embarkation to and from the United States as well as large air terminal for transshipment of cargo. The 1608th received Lockheed C-130E Hercules transports in 1962 to replace its C-121s. It added jet Lockheed C-141 Starlifters in 1965 to replace the C-124s.


1608th Air Transport Wing, History
In 1963, the wing supported Operation Deep Freeze, earning an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for all wing elements deployed to support the operation.


1608th Air Transport Wing, History
As the host for Charleston the wing supported Air Weather Service and Air Rescue Service squadrons and aircraft as well as Air Defense Command interceptor aircraft and other air defense units.


1608th Air Transport Wing, History
The wing was discontinued on 8 January 1966. Its equipment and personnel were reassigned to the 437th Military Airlift Wing the same date. Its history and honors (although not its lineage) were bestowed on the 437th to indicate that its replacement was only a conversion from a major command controlled (MAJCON) wing to an Air Force controlled (AFCON) wing. Its component units with the number 1608 were replaced by units with the new wing's number with the exception of the 1608th USAF Dispensary, which was reassigned to the 437th.


1608th Air Transport Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


1609
1609 (MDCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1609th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 609th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th  year of the 17th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1609, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1609, Births, Probable
Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède, French novelist and dramatist (d. 1663)


1609 Brenda
1609 Brenda, provisional designation 1951 NL, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 July 1951, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa, and named after his granddaughter, Brenda.


1609 Brenda, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.9–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,518 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. Brenda was first identified as 1925 EA at Simeiz Observatory in 1925. Its observation arc begins 17 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification 1934 JB, also made at Simeiz.