16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Sicily and Italy
For the Allied invasion of Italy the 1st airborne Division were informed on 6 September, they would be carrying out an amphibious landing at the Italian port of Taranto three days later. The landings were carried out by the 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades, with the understrength 1st Parachute Brigade in reserve. When they did land 16 PFA took over a 350-bed hospital at Altamura, until 20 November when the division left Italy for England.


16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem
The next mission for 16 PFA was the airborne assault in the Netherlands. The 1st Airborne Division would land outside of Arnhem over three days. The 1st Parachute Brigade was in the first days landings and had to capture the crossings over the River Rhine. Now under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel E. Townsend, the airborne element of 16 PFA was ten officers and 125 other ranks. To supplement the airborne group, another travelled by land, which included the bulk of their transport and seven ambulances. Loaded with seven days supplies of medical equipment and stores. After landing 16 PFA were to clear the casualties on the brigade DZ, and then move into Arnhem to take over the St Elizabeth Hospital.


16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem
At 11:00 on 17 September 1944 16 PFA boarded their aircraft in Lincolnshire and took off for the Netherlands. The daylight flight was uneventful and the brigade landed between 13:15 and 14:00, about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) outside of the town. One hour after the bulk of 1st Airlanding Brigade had arrived by glider. After treating the casualties on the DZ, 16 PFA moved through Oosterbeek into the western outskirts of Arnhem and took over the St Elizabeth Hospital. When they arrived, there was already some British wounded waiting for them and by 22:00 the surgical teams had started operating.


16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem
Fighting in the area continued overnight and by 08:00 the next morning German troops recaptured the hospital. After discussing the situation with the Germans, it was agreed that the two surgical teams, nineteen men could remain, all the others including the commanding officer were taken away as prisoners of war. Units of the Waffen SS occupied the hospital with guards on the doors of the operating theatres. On 19 September an attack by 1st Parachute Brigade liberated the hospital again.


16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem
The area around the hospital was fiercely contested and it was hit a number of times by mortar and artillery rounds. By the end of the day the parachute brigade had been forced back and the hospital was once again captured by the Germans. For the next two days the hospital continued to operate accepting casualties from both sides. On 21 September a German officer arrived and warned the 16 PFA staff that several hundred more wounded would be arriving soon.


16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Arnhem
Casualties continued to arrive at the hospital until 27 September when everyone fit to travel was moved to a prisoner of war hospital at Apeldoorn. Captain Lipmann-Kessel successfully operated on Brigadier Hackett, who had serious wounds to his thigh and lower intestine. Within a few days, Hackett was smuggled out by the Dutch underground. Thanks to Lipmann-Kessel's work, Hackett eventually recovered and in February 1945 successfully evaded the Germans to reach friendly lines. During the battle between 700–800 British wounded had been treated and 150 operations had been carried out. Only twenty men who reached the hospital had died, the majority arriving so badly injured that their wounds were inoperable.


16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, History, Norway
After Arnhem 1st Airborne Division and 16 PFA were reformed, now commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel N.J.P Hewlings. The war ended before they could go into action again, however they were sent to Norway to help disarm the 400,000-strong German garrison. The 16 PFA landed at Oslo on 10 May 1945, their role was the medical screening of the large numbers of Russian prisoners of war and assist in the evacuation of the German Army. By the end of June 1945 the 1st Airborne Division was withdrawn back to England and in October, 16 PFA was disbanded.


16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars "Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary"
The 16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars “Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary” were a cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed in 1866. It fought in the Franco-Prussian war and World War I. In 1872 it was named after Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria, who became its colonel-in-chief. The regiment was stationed in Gottorf Castle until its disbanding in 1918.


16th (Staffords) Parachute Battalion
The 16th (Staffords) Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, raised by the British Army in World War II.


16th (Staffords) Parachute Battalion, World War II
The battalion was formed in India from the 1st Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment in January 1945. The South Staffords had previously been part of the Chindits special force and took part in the second Chindit expedition in 1944, Operation Thursday. The battalion was then assigned to the 77th Indian Parachute Brigade, attached to the 44th Indian Airborne Division. The war ended before the battalion was committed to action but a number of men parachuted into Japanese Prisoner of War camps to aid the prisoners.


16th (Staffords) Parachute Battalion, Territorial Army
The battalion was disbanded in 1946, but a new battalion was formed in the United Kingdom as part of the Territorial Army. Renamed the 16th (Welsh) Parachute Battalion (TA),  it was assigned to the TA 5th Parachute Brigade of the 16th Airborne Division. It was re-designated 16 (Welsh) PARA (TA) in 1948 and resulting from defence cuts disbanded in October 1956.


16th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The 16th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2016 and were announced on February 6, 2017. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony was hosted by actress Margo Martindale at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel. This was the last year that the awards were not broadcast on television.


16th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


16th AVN Awards
The 16th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN) honored the best of 1998 in pornographic movies and took place on January 9, 1999, at Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in 68 categories. The ceremony, televised by Playboy TV, was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Comedian Robert Schimmel returned as host and actresses Alisha Klass, Midori and Serenity co-hosted the award show. Five weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Westin Bonaventure in Los Angeles, California, on December 4, 1998, the awards for gay pornographic movies were presented in a new separate ceremony known as the  GayVN Awards.


16th AVN Awards
Looker won six awards including Best Film. Other winners included Café Flesh 2 with four awards, Tushy Heaven with three and Euro Angels 10, Forever Night, Masseuse 3, Models, Pornogothic, The Pornographer, Strange Life: The Breech, Tatiana each with two.


16th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees
When the nominees for the 16th AVN Awards were announced, Café Flesh 2 earned the most nominations with 14; Models came in second place with 13. A new committee of 51 industry professionals voted to select the best in each category. There were 30 AVN voters.


16th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 9, 1999. Besides winning Best Film, Looker's awards haul also included wins for Best Actress to Shanna McCullough, who won her first acting award 12 years earlier, and Best Director—Film to Nic Cramer, his second in consecutive years. Co -host Klass won Best New Starlet with Tom Byron and Chloe winning Male and Female Performer of the Year awards respectively. Erotic X-FIlm Guide suggested that with gonzo porn making a mark for itself in hardcore, the Best Gonzo Video and Best Gonzo Series awards, won by Whack Attack 2 and Seymore Butts respectively, were "perhaps the most important this past year."


16th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Awards, By Genre
(France's Hot Video magazine presents its award for Best American Production Released in France)


16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
For 1999, "a decision was made to reinstate the mainstream portion of the technical awards et al. in one evening's presentation" because for the first time, awards for gay movie categories were split off into a new event, the GayVN Awards, which were held a month earlier. Previously, technical and some other categories were presented separately from the awards show; with them included, the 1999 show ran four hours.


16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Gary Miller was producer of the show and comedian Robert Schimmel was selected for a second consecutive stint as host. Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony and its related events. Mark Stone served as musical director for the festivities. John Leslie, who won his fourth Best Director statuette at the event, and who led a blues band in his spare time, performed a self-composed song as one of the musical performers.


16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The award show kicked off with presentation of the Best Couples Sex Scene—Film award, with the winners announced as Stephanie Swift and Jon Dough. Erotic X-Film Guide magazine reported this was a faux pas: "Stephanie went to the podium to get her award and swore that she did not have sex with Jon Dough in the video. In fact, it was true and was a misprint in the program."


16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Box office performance of nominees
The Pam & Tommy Lee • Hardcore & Uncensored celebrity sex tape won the awards for Best Selling Tape and Best Renting Tape, presented to Steven Hirsch on behalf of S&D Video and IEG.


16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews
The show received a mixed reception from sex publications. Hustler magazine reported, "Accused of rigging its voting process to favor its advertisers in the past, Adult Video News's judges restored luster to the proceedings this year by bestowing awards to deserving nominees." However, the magazine noted co-host Klass managed "to shock the ceremony's seen-it-all, heard-it-all organizers by repeatedly expressing her fondness for" anal sex.


16th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews
Erotic X-FIlm Guide was critical of the show's length: "We realized this was indeed the longest and most drawn out show AVN had ever produced. As much as the industry likes to pat itself on the back and as much as we love AVN for giving us the porn equivalent of the Oscars, the show must go on. But only if it's edited with a merciless sword. Something must be done to make one of the most anticipated nights in porn not be one of the most dreaded."


16th Academy Awards
The 16th Academy Awards, in 1944, was the first Oscar ceremony held at a large public venue, Grauman's Chinese Theatre. Free passes were given out to men and women in uniform. Originating on KFWB, the complete ceremony was internationally broadcast by CBS Radio via shortwave. Jack Benny served as master of ceremonies for the event, which lasted fewer than 30 minutes.


16th Academy Awards
The Tom and Jerry cartoon series won its first Oscar this year for The Yankee Doodle Mouse after two failed nominations in a row. It would go on to win another six Oscars, including three in a row for the next three years, and gained a total of 13 nominations.


16th Academy Awards
For the first time, supporting actors and actresses took home full-size statuettes, instead of smaller-sized awards mounted on a plaque.


16th Academy Awards
For Whom the Bell Tolls was the third film to receive nominations in all four acting categories. This marked the first time that each acting category had at least one nominee from a color film.


16th Academy Awards
This was the last year until 2009 to have 10 nominations for Best Picture; The Ox-Bow Incident is, as of 2021, the last film to be nominated solely in that category.


16th African Movie Academy Awards
The 2020 African Movie Academy Award ceremony was held on Sunday 20 December 2020 online at the AMAA website due to the Covid 19 pandemic. The award night was hosted by Lorenzo Menakaya. After the film entries were submitted, the date for the announcement of nominee was shifted from 20 November to 30 November. Knuckle City led with 10 nominations followed by Deserance with 10 nominations. The Milkmaid won the most awards including Best film in an African language, Best film and Best Nigerian film.


16th Air Army
The 16th Red Banner Air Army (Russian: 16-я воздушная Краснознамённая армия) was the most important formation of the Special Purpose Command. Initially formed during the Second World War as a part of the Soviet Air Force, it was from its 2002 reformation to its 2009 disbandment the tactical air force component of the Moscow Military District. The 16th Air Army took part in the Battle of Berlin with 28 Aviation divisions and 7 Separate aviation regiments, and was located with the GSFG in East Germany until 1994. Withdrawn to Kubinka in that year, the army was disbanded and reformed as a corps in 1998. From 1949 to 1968, it was designated as the 24th Air Army.


16th Air Army, World War II
The army began forming on 8 August 1942 during the Battle of Stalingrad and originally included the 220th Fighter Aviation Division (IAD) and 228th Assault Aviation Division (ShAD) of the 8th Air Army, as well as two separate aviation regiments. Around the end of August and the beginning of September, the 283rd IAD and 291st Mixed Aviation Division (SAD) arrived from the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. On 4 September, the army had 152 serviceable aircraft, composed of Yakovlev Yak-1 and Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighters, Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik ground attack aircraft, and Petlyakov Pe-2 dive bombers.


16th Air Army, World War II
It took part in Operation Uranus, the counteroffensive that successfully cut off German troops in Stalingrad, as part of the Don Front during November and December 1942, under the command of Major General Sergei Rudenko. On 19 November, when the offensive began, the army had a total of 249 serviceable aircraft.


16th Air Army, World War II
It was involved in the Battle of Kursk, and was part of the First Belorussian Front for the liberation of Belarus, the Lublin-Brest Offensive, and the assault on Berlin.


16th Air Army, In Germany
On 29 May 1945, Stavka directive No. 11095 was issued (effective from 10.6.45), by which order the 1st Belorussian Front became the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany. The order also promulgated the new structure of 16th Air Army:


16th Air Army, In Germany
For a long period after the war, the army was stationed with the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, headquartered at Zossen-Wünsdorf. In 1949, it was renamed the 24th Air Army, but was reformed as the 16th in 1968.


16th Air Army, Withdrawal from Germany
The 16th Air Army ceremonially said farewell to Germany at the Sperenburg Open Day on 27 May 1994. On that day the Air Army Headquarters was moved to Kubinka in the Moscow Military District. However the last aircraft from the 226th Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment did not leave Sperenberg Airfield until 6 September 1994. A visiting Il-76MD was the last aircraft movement three days later.


16th Air Army, Withdrawal from Germany
In 1989 it consisted of subordinate units and formations as follows:


16th Air Army, Withdrawal from Germany, Airfields on German territory
The list below contains the main airfields of the 16th Air Army. The appropriate airfield call sign with the correlating nickname of the communications center is put in "quotation marks":


16th Air Army, In the Russian Federation
On 1 June 1998, the 16th Air Army was disbanded and its units incorporated into the Moscow District of VVS and PVO, in accordance with the amalgamation of the Air Forces and the Russian Air Defence Forces (former Soviet Air Defence Forces). This was quickly reversed and on 25 November 1998, the 16th Mixed Aviation Corps was formed from the former units of the army. The corps was reformed as the 16th Air Army on 1 February 2002.


16th Air Army, In the Russian Federation
Savasleyka is another airbase within the Moscow Military District's boundaries, but its exact operational status is currently unclear, as the formerly resident unit, the 54th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, was not listed as operational in the most widely available recent survey of Russian air power, which was done by Air Forces Monthly in August and September 2007. The 54th Regiment had previously been withdrawn from Vainode Air Base in Latvia. Russian internet sources now say it has been reorganised as the 3958th Air Base.


16th Air Army, In the Russian Federation
The 16th Air Army was planned in 2007 to receive two regiments of the advanced Su-34 Fullback fighter-bombers.


16th Air Army, In the Russian Federation
As part of the extensive reorganization of the Russian Air Force in 2009, the army was withdrawn from the Special Purpose Command on 1 July, and its disbandment was completed by 1 December.


16th Air Army, Commanding generals
Commanding generals of the 16th Air Army were as follows:


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team
16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, from 1999-2021 16 Air Assault Brigade  (16 Air Asslt Bde) is a formation of the British Army based in Colchester in the county of Essex. It is the Army's rapid response airborne formation and is the only brigade in the British Army focused on delivering air assault operations.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Formation
The brigade was formed as part of the defence reforms implemented by the Strategic Defence Review on 1 September 1999, by the merging of 24 Airmobile Brigade and elements of 5th Airborne Brigade. This grouping created a highly mobile brigade of parachute units and airmobile units, which employ helicopters.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, North Macedonia
After a ceasefire was declared in North Macedonia between government forces and rebels known as the National Liberation Army, NATO launched a British-led effort, Operation Essential Harvest, to collect weapons voluntarily given up by the rebels. The brigade HQ and some of its elements deployed in August 2001, acting as the spearhead for the NATO operation. It returned home after the NATO mission was successfully completed in September.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Afghanistan
After the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, NATO established a peacekeeping force in December known as the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), based in the capital Kabul. The brigade HQ and some of its units deployed to Afghanistan in 2001, 2006, 2008 and again in 2010–11. 16th Air Assault Brigade has deployed to Afghanistan more times than any other formation. Following Taliban gains across the country, the brigade returned to Kabul in August 2021 to ensure the safe evacuation of British nationals as part of Operation Pitting.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Iraq
During the build-up to the invasion of Iraq, the brigade, commanded by Brigadier Jacko Page, was deployed to Kuwait in February 2003. The brigade was part of 1 (UK) Armoured Division and after extensive training in Kuwait it took part in the beginning of the invasion on 20 March. The brigade's objective was to secure the southern oil fields before they were destroyed by Saddam Hussein's forces.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Iraq
The brigade's 7th Parachute Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery entered Iraq on 20 March to support U.S. Marine Corps forces in their efforts to capture the Rumaila oil fields, nearly all of the oil wells being taken intact. The rest of the brigade, supported by its AAC helicopters, entered Iraq soon afterwards, still tasked with securing Rumaila. The brigade often met sporadic resistance and had to deal with disarming the many explosives attached to the infrastructure.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Iraq
The brigade was subsequently used to guard the oil fields and protect Allied supply lines with elements moving further north of Basra – Iraq's second largest city – to provide a screen protecting it from Iraqi attack. On 31 March, the brigade, assisted by artillery and air support, attacked an Iraqi armoured column advancing on Basra, destroying 17 T-55 tanks, 5 artillery pieces and 7 armoured personnel carriers. After British forces entered Basra on 6 April 3 PARA was employed to clear the 'old quarter' of the city on 7 April due to the narrow streets making it inaccessible to vehicles.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, History, Iraq
After Basra's capture, the brigade was based in Maysan Province, centred around the province's capital Al-Amarah. The brigade carried out patrols into towns, helped bring normality back to the south, tried to maintain order and destroyed any conventional weapons caches that were found. The war was officially declared over on 1 May and the brigade began to return home that same month. During one patrol into Majar al-Kabir on 24 June, the brigade suffered its largest casualties in Iraq when six Royal Military Policemen of 156 Provost Company were killed by a large Iraqi mob.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Future
Under the Defence in a Competitive Age programme and subsequent Future Soldier, the brigade will be redesignated as the 16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team. At the same time, the 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment will re-join the brigade after a 8 year hiatus.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Structure
As the British Army's rapid response formation, 16 Air Assault Brigade has served in the vanguard of all of the Army's recent operational deployments to Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Iraq and Afghanistan, and is the largest brigade in the Army, with 6,200 personnel. It comprises:


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Structure
The brigade HQ is based in Colchester Garrison and reports directly to Commander Field Army whilst the Army Air Corps units previously assigned to the brigade will remain under Joint Helicopter Command.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Structure
The Brigade Headquarters has personnel from both the British Army and the Royal Air Force assigned, enabling it to carry out air and land operations.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Structure
Due to the brigade's mobile role, it is lightly armed and equipped. The brigade's land equipment includes Scimitars, WMIK Land Rovers, Supacats, towed L118 105 mm light guns, Javelin anti-tank and lightweight Starstreak air-defence missile launchers. The aviation element of the brigade consists of three attack regiments equipped with WAH-64 Apache and Lynx helicopters from the Army Air Corps, Chinook and Puma support helicopters from the RAF, and Merlin support helicopters from the Fleet Air Arm (all of which are controlled by Joint Helicopter Command). Furthermore, two four-man Tactical Air Control Parties (TACPs) manned by the RAF Regiment provide airspace deconfliction, integration of air platforms within the battlespace, and terminal control of air assets.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Pathfinder Platoon
In 1984, 5th Airborne Brigade was in the process of developing its Limited Parachute Assault Capability (LPAC). This required a formation of 15 Hercules aircraft to drop a parachute battalion group over two drop zones (DZs) in under five minutes, by day or night. To do this, there was a requirement for the DZs to be clearly marked, to ensure that the crews had an easily identified reference point to allow them to drop accurately and consistently.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Pathfinder Platoon
With the demise of the 16th Parachute Brigade in 1977, the disbandment of No 1 (Guards) Independent Company meant that the expertise had been lost. Regimental Headquarters was asked to look at the options for providing this capability. Major Phil Neame produced a paper in October 1984 recommending the formation of an independent platoon, with manpower drawn from all three battalions and coming directly under the command of the Brigade Headquarters. It would number a total of 28 in 7 patrols of 4 men and include 2 Royal Signals operators.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Pathfinder Platoon
Today, the Pathfinder Platoon is made up of selected personnel from the armed forces, who have undergone a rigorous selection and training programme. The Group is formed around a platoon to company strength cadre of reconnaissance and communications specialists. Its roles include locating and marking parachute drop zones and tactical and helicopter landing zones for air landing operations. Once the main force has landed, the group provides tactical intelligence to assist operational decision-making within the brigade headquarters. The pathfinders can utilise various airborne insertion techniques, which range from the current in-service Low Level Parachute (LLP), to High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) and High Altitude High Opening (HAHO) systems.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Traditions
The numeral 16 is derived from the 1st Airborne Division and 6th Airborne Division of the Second World War, first used by the 16th Parachute Brigade formed in 1948.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Traditions
The brigade's original emblem was a light-blue and maroon shield with a light blue Striking Eagle outlined in maroon emblazoned upon it, and was adopted from the Special Training Centre in Lochailort, Scotland, where Special Forces and Airborne troops were trained between 1943 and 1945. The sign was worn on the left arm. The colours chosen were traditional and showed the make-up of the brigade, maroon for Airborne and light-blue for Army Air Corps.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Traditions
The symbol of 5 Airborne Brigade had been Bellerophon on top of Pegasus (a winged horse of Greek mythology) and became synonymous with British airborne forces during World War II. When 16 Air Assault Brigade was formed there was some controversy when the Parachute units of 5 Airborne had to give up the Pegasus symbol and replace it with the Striking Eagle symbol.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Traditions
However, following Army 2020 restructuring, command of 16 Air Assault Brigade was transferred from Joint Helicopter Command to Commander Field Army, and the Pegasus emblem returned as the symbol of British airborne forces on 25 November 2015.


16th Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, Current composition
The current composition of the brigade after the Army 2020 Refine:


16th Air Expeditionary Wing
The United States Air Force's 16th Air Expeditionary Wing (16 AEW) was a provisional Air Expeditionary unit of the United States Air Forces in Europe from 1997 for the purpose of supporting US no-fly zone and other operations in the Balkans. It remained active until June 2003, when it was replaced by the 401st Air Expeditionary Wing at Aviano.


16th Air Expeditionary Wing, Units
The wing headquarters was located at Aviano Air Base, Italy. It operated expeditionary sites at Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo; Camp Able Sentry, Macedonia; Sarajevo and Tuzla Air Base, Bosnia; Taszar Air Base, Hungary; Zagreb, Croatia and Naval Air Station Sigonella and San Vito Air Station, Italy; in addition to a contingency processing center at Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany.


16th Air Expeditionary Wing, History
On 1 July 1995, United States Air Forces Europe activated the 7490th Wing (Provisional) at Aviano Air Base, Italy to control units deployed temporarily on the base in connection with Operation Deny Flight. The wing was replaced on 11 March 1996 by the 4190th Wing (Provisional) when the United States Air Force (USAF) began numbering provisional units based on the theater exercising operational control, rather than the Major Command to which they were assigned. The 4190th wing participated in Operation Deny Flight and Operation Joint Endeavour.


16th Air Expeditionary Wing, History
On 1 June 1997 the 16th Air Expeditionary Wing replaced the 4190th as USAF replaced its provisional units with expeditionary units. Its initial mission was as a component of Operation Allied Force, which was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization response to Serbian aggression against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.


16th Air Expeditionary Wing, History
In June 2003 the 401st Air Expeditionary Wing was activated at Aviano Air Base, Italy, replacing the 16th Air Expeditionary Wing, which inactivated to eliminate an overlap in designation with the 16th Special Operations Wing at Hurlburt Field, Florida.


16th Air Expeditionary Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


16th Air Support Operations Squadron
The 16th Air Support Operations Squadron (16 ASOS) was a combat support unit of the United States Air Force, located at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson in Anchorage, Alaska. Inactivated 2010 and replaced by the 3d Air Support Operations Squadron at the same location.


16th Air Support Operations Squadron, Lineage
Constituted as 16 Air Support Communications Squadron on 24 Mar 1943. Activated on 15 Apr 1943. Redesignated 16 Tactical Air Communications Squadron on 29 Feb 1944. Disbanded on 20 Apr 1944. Reconstituted and redesignated 16 Air Support Operations Squadron on 24 Jun 1994. Activated on 1 Jul 1994. Inactivated on 1 Jun 1995. Activated on 15 May 2008. Inactivated 13 Sep 2010.


16th Air Support Operations Squadron, Assignments
Third Air Force, 15 Apr 1943; II Tactical Air Division, 18 Apr 1944-20 Apr 1944. 18 Air Support Operations Group, 1 Jul 1994-1 Jun 1995. 354 Operations Group, 15 May 2008; 13th Air Force, -13 Sep 2010.


16th Air Support Operations Squadron, Stations
Esler Field, LA, 15 Apr 1943; Alamo Field, TX, 6 Jul 1943; Esler Field, LA, 28 Nov 1943; DeRidder AAB, LA, 18 Feb-20 Apr 1944. Fort Knox, KY, 1 Jul 1994-1 Jun 1995. Fort Richardson, AK, 15 May 2008-13 Sep 2010.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron
The 16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron is a United States Air Force flying unit assigned to Air Combat Command's 461st Air Control Wing, 461st Operations Group, stationed at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. The squadron flies the Northrop Grumman E-8C JSTARS, providing airborne battle management, command and control, surveillance, and target acquisition.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, Mission
The 16th Squadron operates the Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS (Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System), an advanced ground surveillance and battle management system. J-STARS detects, locates, classifies, tracks and targets ground movements on the battlefield, communicating real-time information through secure data links with combat command posts.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was first activated as the 380th Fighter Squadron, part of IV Fighter Command in early 1943. It engaged in the air defense of the San Francisco area as well as acting as a Replacement Training Unit until the end of 1943. It trained as a North American P-51 Mustang operational squadron before deploying to the European Theater of Operations. In Europe it became part of IX Fighter Command in England. Operated both as a tactical fighter squadron, providing air support to Allied ground forces in France as well as an air defense squadron, attacking enemy aircraft in air-to-air combat over Europe.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was converted to a tactical reconnaissance squadron in August 1944, when it was redesignated the 160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. It engaged in hazardous reconnaissance flights over enemy-controlled territory unarmed, gathering intelligence for Allied commanders until the end of combat in Europe, May 1945. The unit advanced eastward across France using advanced landing grounds, then into the Low Countries and Occupied Germany.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron remained in Germany as part of the occupation forces, returning to Langley Field, Virginia in June 1947. The unit remained assigned to Tactical Air Command as a reconnaissance squadron. The squadron was inactivated in 1949.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Cold War
In 1950 the squadron was activated once again at Langley, now designated the 16th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. It moved to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina in 1958 where it re-equipped with McDonnell RF-101C Voodoo reconnaissance aircraft. The squadron deployed to south Florida in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis, flying hazardous overflights over Cuba gathering intelligence photos. The unit upgraded to the McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II in 1965. It also operated a flight of Martin EB-57E Canberra electronic warfare aircraft. It added Douglas EB-66 Destroyer jamming aircraft beginning in 1971 as part of the phaseout of the Destroyer at Shaw. It was the last USAF active duty B-57 squadron, retiring the aircraft in 1976 when F-4G Phantom IIs took over its mission.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Cold War
The 16th remained the single RF-4C squadron at Shaw after the 1982 realignment of its parent 363d from a tactical reconnaissance to tactical fighter wing. It continued reconnaissance training in the United States until 1989 when the RF-4Cs were transferred to 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, and the squadron was inactivated.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System
The squadron was reactivated as the 16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron in 1996 at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia as an E-8 J-STARS squadron. In 2002, the J-Stars mission was transferred to the Georgia Air National Guard and the 116th Air Control Wing and the squadron became a Guard unit. Ten years later the mission returned to the regular Air Force, with Georgia Air National Guard associate units joining the mission.


16th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


16th Airborne Division
The 16th Airborne Division was an airborne infantry division of the British Territorial Army. It was first commanded by Major-General Roy Urquhart, and had its divisional headquarters in London.


16th Airborne Division
It was raised in 1947, to compensate for the loss of the 1st Airborne Division, which had been disbanded in 1945 and the 6th Airborne Division which was to be disbanded in 1948. The number "16" was used in recognition of the two wartime airborne divisions.


16th Airborne Division
The division had three parachute brigades, the 4th, 5th and the 6th, each with three Territorial battalions of the Parachute Regiment. The brigades were renumbered the 44th, 45th and 46th in 1950. Then in December 1955, the British Secretary of State for War in an announcement on the future of the Territorial Army, proposed cutting the Territorial parachute battalions by five. The reduction in strength led to the disbandment of the division in 1956, leaving the 44th Independent Parachute Group (TA) as the only British reserve parachute formation.


16th Airlift Squadron
The 16th Airlift Squadron is an active unit of the United States Air Force, assigned to the 437th Airlift Wing, Air Mobility Command. It is based at Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina. The squadron operates Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft supporting the United States Air Force global reach mission worldwide.


16th Airlift Squadron, Mission
The 16th Airlift Squadron provide combat-ready Boeing C-17A Globemaster III aircrews for worldwide airlift missions supporting Department of Defense and National Command Authority directives. They conduct airdrop and air-land operations supporting global contingencies for combatant commanders by projecting and sustaining combat forces directly into theater drop zones and austere airfields.


16th Airlift Squadron, Mission
The unit perform emergency nuclear airlift, aeromedical evacuation & humanitarian relief missions in the technologically advanced, C-17A airlift aircraft in all phases of ground and flight activity.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
20 Nov 1940, the unit was constituted as 16 Transport Squadron and activated two weeks later on 11 Dec 1940. The squadron converted to Douglas DC-2 transport aircraft as a GHQ Air Force transport squadron. Converted to Douglas C-47 Skytrains in early 1942, trained under I Troop Carrier Command for combat operations. Redesignated 16 Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 Jul 1942. Assigned to VIII Air Support Command, Eighth Air Force and deployed to England in August 1942, providing transport to the newly established American Air Force.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Was transferred to Algiers, Algeria in November 1942, and attached, being later assigned to Twelfth Air Force as part of the North African Campaign. The squadron's aircraft flew supplies to front-line units in Algeria and Tunisia as soon as suitable landing strips were available and evacuated casualties back to rear area field hospitals. A flight of the squadron deployed to Tenth Air Force in India during the fall of 1942, to assist in the re-supply of Brigadier General Merrill and his men, affectionately known as "Merrill's Marauders". It was during this Ceylon, Burma, India campaign that the squadron received its first Distinguished Unit Citation, returning to Tunisia by the end of the year.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron moved to Sicily, dropping airborne forces onto the island during Operation Husky, then moved to forward airfields in Italy during 1943 as part of the Italian Campaign. Just prior to D Day, part of the 16th left India for Italy to tow gliders into France on "D" Day.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
In July 1944, the detached unit was joined by the remainder of the 16th at Ciampino Airport, Italy and as the European Theater closed in on Germany, part of the 16th again went on detached service to Rosignano Airfield, Italy, operating resupply missions to Greek partisans during September to October 1944.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
In the fall of 1944, moved to France in support of Operation Anvil, the Allied invasion of Southern France, and supported ground forces moving north through the Rhone Valley to link up with Allied forces moving east from Normandy. Returned to Northern Italy in early 1945, supporting the drive into the Po River Valley and the end of combat in Italy during May 1945. The squadron also hauled food, clothing, medicine, gasoline, ordnance equipment, and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
In late May 1945, after V-E Day, the squadron moved to Waller Field, Trinidad and attached to Air Transport Command. From Trinidad, the squadron ferried returning military personnel to Morrison Field, Florida, where they were sent on to other bases or prepared for separation after the war. Inactivated at the end of July 1945.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical airlift in the Cold War
Reactivated briefly in 1947–1948 at Langley Field, Virginia as a Tactical Air Command troop carrier squadron, but never fully manned or equipped.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical airlift in the Cold War
Reactivated during the Korean War at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee and equipped with Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars and other assault transports to be used for airborne combat assault operations. Performed training for combat units, but remained in the United States. Moved to Ardmore Air Force Base, Oklahoma in 1954 and was inactivated in 1955.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical airlift in the Cold War
Redesignated the 16th Tactical Airlift Training Squadron on 14 August 1969 and was reactivated six weeks later flying Lockheed C-130 Hercules at Sewart Air Force Base, TN. On 1 October 1993 the 76th Airlift Squadron at Joint Base Charleston, SC, was renamed the 16th Airlift Squadron and assigned to the 4442nd Combat Crew Training Wing. With the closure of Sewart, the squadron moved to Little Rock AFB, Arkansas in March 1970 with the 4442 CCTW, flying and conducting initial upgrade training on the C-130 A and E models.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical airlift in the Cold War
On February 16, 1972 Lockheed C-130E Hercules #62-1813, c/n 3775, of the 16th Tactical Airlift Training Squadron, mid-air collision with Cessna T-37 Tweet, 6 kilometers northeast of Little Rock, Arkansas.


16th Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift
On 1 October 1993, the 76th Airlift Squadron at Charleston Air Force Base, SC, was renamed the 16th Airlift Squadron, and transitioned to the C-141 as the squadron's primary aircraft. 15 July 2000 saw the unit's C-141 Starlifter leave and the squadron was inactivated. 1 Jul 2002, the squadron reactivated with Boeing C-17A Globemaster III heavy-lift strategic transport aircraft.


16th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


16th Alberta Legislature
The 16th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from February 15, 1968, to April 27, 1971, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1967 Alberta general election held on May 23, 1967. The Legislature officially resumed on February 15, 1968, and continued until the fourth session was prorogued on April 27, 1971, and dissolved on July 22, 1971, prior to the 1971 Alberta general election.


16th Alberta Legislature
Alberta's sixteenth government was controlled by the majority Social Credit Party for the ninth time, led by Premier Ernest Manning, Alberta's longest serving Premier who would retire part way through the session, and be replaced by Harry Strom. The Official Opposition was led by Peter Lougheed of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, who would go on to win the 1971 election and become the 9th Premier of Alberta. The Speaker was Arthur J. Dixon.


16th Ale Kino! Festival
The 16th annual Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival was held from 27 April to 1 May 1998. A number of 47 movies took part.


16th Ale Kino! Festival
The movies were presented in four cinemas in Poznań: Apollo, Rialto, Muza and Gwiazda.


16th Ale Kino! Festival
The movies were judged by professional and children jury, as well as by International Centre of Films for Children and Young People (CIFEJ).


16th Alpini Regiment
The 16th Alpini Regiment (Italian: 16° Reggimento Alpini) is an inactive regiment of the Italian Army's mountain infantry speciality, the Alpini, which distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II.


16th Alpini Regiment, History
The regiment was formed on 19 September 1991 by elevating the existing Alpini Battalion "Belluno" to regiment. Between 1 October 1910 and 11 November 1975 the battalion was one of the battalions of the 7th Alpini Regiment. After the 7th Alpini Regiment was disbanded during the 1975 Italian Army reform the Alpini Battalion "Belluno", based in Belluno, became one the battalions of the Alpine Brigade "Cadore".


16th Alpini Regiment, History
As the traditions and war flag of the 7th Alpini Regiment were assigned to the "Feltre" battalion, the Belluno battalion was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone. The Silver Medal of Military Valour awarded to the 7th Alpini Regiment for the regiment's service in the Greco-Italian war, and the Gold Medal of Civil Valour awarded to the 7th Alpini Regiment for its service after the Vajont disaster, were duplicated for the new flag of the Belluno battalion.


16th Alpini Regiment, History
The main task of the regiment was to train recruits destined for the Alpini regiments based in the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia regions of northern Italy. In January 1997 the "Cadore" brigade was disbanded and the regiment passed to the Alpine Brigade "Julia". Soon afterwards the Julia ceded the regiment to the Alpine Troops Command. With the suspension of compulsory military service the regiment was dissolved on 30 November 2004. During its short existence the regiment trained approximately 85,000 soldiers.


16th Alpini Regiment, Structure
When the regiment was disbanded it had the following structure:


16th Annual Grammy Awards
The 16th Annual Grammy Awards were held March 2, 1974, and were broadcast live on American television. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1973.


16th Annual Honda Civic Tour
The 16th Annual Honda Civic Tour was a concert tour headlined by American rock band OneRepublic. Sponsored by Honda and produced by Marketing Factory, the tour also featured Fitz and the Tantrums and James Arthur. The tour began on July 7, 2017 in Kansas City and concluded on September 27, 2017 in Shanghai.


16th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Background
The band announced that they would headline the 16th Annual Honda Civic Tour. In an Instagram video, frontman Ryan Tedder stated:


16th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Background
"Our best memories come from summer tours in the U.S. and the Honda Civic tour has been the benchmark of summer tours. It's going to be a set list that we've never attempted before, it's going to be production we've never attempted before... and it's going to be the most interactive tour we've ever done before."


16th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Set list
This set list is representative of the show on July 7, 2017, in Kansas City. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards
The 16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held on November 19, 2015 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise. This  is the second time that Latin Grammys will be held at this location, will be broadcast live on the Univision Network from 8–11 p.m. ET/PT (7 p.m. Central).


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards
The nominations were announced on September 23, 2015. Leonel García leads with six nominations, followed by Natalia Lafourcade with five. Additionally, Juan Luis Guerra and Alejandro Sanz; engineers Edgar Barrera, Demián Nava, and Alan Saucedo; and producer Cachorro López each receive four nominations. Pablo Alborán, Miguel Bosé, Café Quijano, Pedro Capó, Nicky Jam, Ricky Martin, and Vicentico are among those who each receive three nominations. Brazilian singer Roberto Carlos will be honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 18, the day prior to the Latin Grammy Awards.


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General
Leonel García and Natalia Lafourcade — "Hasta la Raíz" (Lafourcade)


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Urban
J Balvin, Rene Cano, Alejandro "Mosty" Patiño and Alejandro "Sky" Ramírez — "Ay Vamos" (J Balvin)


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Rock
Cachorro López and Vicentico — "Esclavo de Tu Amor" (Vicentico)


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Alternative
Leonel García and Natalia Lafourcade — "Hasta la Raíz" (Lafourcade)


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical
Rubén Blades with Roberto Delgado and Orquesta — Son de Panamá


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical
José Alberto "El Canario" and Septeto Santiaguero — Tributo A Los Compadres No Quiero Llanto


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican
Banda El Recodo de Don Cruz Lizarraga — Mi Vicio Mas Grande


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican
Mauricio Arriaga, Edgar Barrera and Eduardo Murguía — "Todo Tuyo" (Banda El Recodo de Cruz Lizárraga)


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Instrumental
Ed Calle and Mamblue — Dr. Ed Calle Presents Mamblue


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Traditional
Orquesta del Tango de Buenos Aires — Homenaje A Astor Piazzolla


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Traditional
Various Artists — Entre 20 Aguas: A La Música de Paco de Lucía


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian
Hamilton de Holanda, Diogo Nogueira and Marcos Portinari — "Bossa Negra" (Diogo Nogueira and Hamilton de Holanda)


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Classical
Débora Halász, Franz Halász and Radamés Gnattali — Alma BrasileiraJosé Serebrier — Dvorak-Serebrier Legends: Symphony No. 8no Concerto No. 2, Op. 18 - Montero: Ex Patria, Op. 1 & Improvisations


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Recording Package
Natalia Ayala, Carlos Dussan Gómez and Juliana Jaramillo — Este Instante (Marta Gómez)


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production
Andrés Borda, Eduardo del Águila, Demián Nava, Alan Ortiz Grande, Alan Saucedo, Sebastián Schunt, Cesar Sogbe and José Blanco — Hasta la Raíz (Natalia Lafourcade)


16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Changes to award categories
Due to the low number of entries, the Best Brazilian Roots Album category was not awarded this year.


16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival
The 16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (Turkish: 16. Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali) was a film festival scheduled to be held in Antalya, Turkey, in 1979 which, was cancelled as a protest against  state-imposed censorship.


16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival
The competition was cancelled after all the members of the jury and competitors withdrew when the Censorship Committee banned and cut scenes from Ömer Kavur's Yusuf and Kenan (Turkish: Yusuf ile Kenan), Yavuz Özkan's Railroad (Turkish: Demiryol) and Yavuz Pağda's Travelers (Turkish: Yolcular) and the organizing committee canceled the festival in solidarity. A rule change made the films eligible to compete in the following year's festival but this was also subsequently cancelled.


16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival
The awards for this and the following festival, which was also cancelled, re-christened Belated Golden Oranges (Turkish: Geç Gelen Altın Portallar), were presented at an award ceremony as part of the 48th International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, with the recipients chosen from the films originally selected as candidates by the original jury members selected to represent the competition.


16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival
The original 1979 Jury was to have consisted of Prof. Özdemir Nutku, Prof. Alim Şerif Onaran, Süreyya Duru, Onat Kutlar, Emre Kongar, Hale Soygazi,  a representative from TRT and a representative from Antalya.


16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, National Feature Film Competition, Belated Golden Orange Awards
The reconstituted National Feature Film Competition Jury, headed by Prof. Dr. Özdemir Nutku, awarded Belated Golden Oranges in nine categories.


16th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, National Feature Film Competition, Official Selection
Twelve Turkish films made in the preceding year were selected to compete in the festival's National Feature Film Competition.


16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
The 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (16th AAA Bn) was a United States Marine Corps antiaircraft unit that served during World War II. Formed in 1942 as the 16th Defense Battalion, its original mission was the air and coastal defense of advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion defended Johnston Island, Hawaii and Tinian and took part in combat operations at Okinawa. The battalion returned to the United States after the war and was decommissioned on 30 November 1945 at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.


16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization
The 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was commissioned on November 10, 1942 at Johnston Island. Personnel and equipment for the new battalion came from the re-designation of the Marine Defense Force, Naval Air Station Johnston Island. The battalion remained at Johnston Island providing air defense until March 22, 1944 when it was transferred to Kauai, Territory of Hawaii. Not all of the battalion departed Johnston Island as approximately 450 personnel remained for defensive purposes.


16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization
As the war progressed, the Marine Corps removed coastal artillery from the defense battalions in order to form additional heavy artillery units for the Fleet Marine Force. Because of the divestiture of the coastal defense mission, the battalion was re-designated as the 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on April 19, 1944. For the next few months, the battalion had to grow back to regular strength and continue training. On November 11, 1944, the battalion was transferred to the 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group prior to deploying for combat operations in the Western Pacific.


16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization
The battalion continued training on Kauai until December 12, 1944 when it received a dispatch ordering it to quickly prepare for deployment to Tinian. On December 22, 1944, 57 officers and 1283 men from the battalion sailed from Nawiliwili onboard the SS Afoundria. The battalion's equipment left the next day onboard the SS Samuel G. Howe.


16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Okinawa
On March 12, 1945, the assault echelon of the battalion departed Tinian and sailed towards Okinawa, Japan for the upcoming amphibious landing. The assault echelon disembarked naval shipping on April 8, 1945 and was initially responsible for providing air defense for the 1st Marine Division. On April 20 the battalion was retasked to provide light anti-aircraft protection for the III Marine Amphibious Corps landing at Hagushi and supplement the defenses of Yontan Airfield with their heavy antiaircraft guns. The remainder of the battalion arrived in a number of different waves during May 1945. During the Battle of Okinawa the 16th AAA Battalion was one of four AAA battalions that comprised the 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group.


16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Okinawa
On May, 11, 1945 an SCR-270 crew from the battalion was attacked by 12-14 Japanese soldiers. 11 Japanese were killed in the incident and 1 Marine was killed in action (KIA) and six more wounded in action (WIA). Two Marines from the battalion were KIA during the battle and another thirty two were WIA. The battalion remained on Okinawa providing air defense until September 20, 1945.


16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Decommissioning
On October 22, personnel of the 16th AAA Battalion embarked on the USS Meriwether (APA-203) and sailed for the United States. The battalion arrived at San Diego, California on 8 November 1945. On 27 November 1945 the 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was decommissioned.


16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:


16th Arabian Gulf Cup
The 16th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: كأس الخليج العربي) was held in Kuwait, between 26 December 2003 to 11 January 2004. All matches were played Al-Sadaqua Walsalam Stadium. Yemen made their debut in the Arabian Gulf Cup.


16th Arabian Gulf Cup
Iraq continued to be banned from the tournament because of its invasion of Kuwait in 1990.


16th Ariel Awards
The 16th Ariel Awards ceremony, organized by the Mexican Academy of Film Arts and Sciences (AMACC) took place on March 22, 1974, in Mexico City. During the ceremony, AMACC presented the Ariel Award in 14 categories honoring films released in 1973. El Principio was the most nominated film, and also the most awarded with eight wins including a Special Award for child actor Rogelio Flores. El Principio won for Best Picture and Best Director. Two-time Ariel winner film, Calzonzin Inspector, directed by Alfonso Arau, was selected to represent Mexico at the 47th Academy Awards, but was not nominated.


16th Arizona State Legislature
The 16th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1943 to December 31, 1944, during the second of  Sidney Preston Osborn's four consecutive terms as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators remained constant at 19, while the house increased from 52 to 58 members. The Democrats controlled all the senate and house seats.


16th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 11, 1943; and adjourned on March 14. There were two special sessions, the first of which was held from February 15 through February 24, 1944, and the second of which was held from February 25 – March 16, 1944.


16th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


16th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. The size of the House increased to 58 members; 4 seats were added in Maricopa County and 2 in Pima County.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature
The 16th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened in Phoenix, Arizona. The session began on January 19, 1891.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background
John N. Irwin had been appointed to replace Lewis Wolfley as Territorial Governor on October 4, 1890. His arrival in the territory had been delayed. First by Irwin taking a brief leave to settle some personal affairs. Then, as soon as his affairs were in order, a member of his family contracted scarlet fever and he was forced to spend a month in medical quarantine. It was not until January 21, 1891, that the new Governor arrived in the territory and was sworn into office.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background
A statehood movement had developed to correct what was perceived as the "second-class" status experienced by territorial citizens. Politically, the 1890 elections had resulted in the Democrats winning control of both houses of the legislature.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address
The address was given by Acting Governor Oakes Murphy on January 20, 1891. He expressed concern for the territory's financial condition, calling for the legislature to "either reduce expenses of government or increase revenue, to prevent serious financial complications." Murphy then expressed outrage over how common tax avoidance practices were used by territorial residents and estimated total territorial debt at US$3,427,000. The Acting Governor suggested reducing operational costs of the territorial prison "by properly reducing the cost of maintenance, utilizing prison labor, and reduction in the salaries of officers and guards" while he felt the cost of the territorial insane asylum could be offset by better utilization of the facility's farm.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address
Murphy announced that he had found eleven "lost laws" that had been passed by the 15th Arizona Territorial Legislature before being stored in a desk drawer by Governor C. Meyer Zulick with neither the governor's signature or veto. The Arizona Territorial Supreme court had determined the laws were valid and Murphy planned to publish them unless they were repealed by this session. In other matters, he asked for a bridge to be built near Phoenix over the Salt River, creation of usury laws and restrictions on gambling, and adoption of the secret ballot.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address
To against the Apache outlaws, Murphy asked for a mounted police force be organized. Finally the Acting Governor requested the elimination of fiestas, noting  "The Mexicans have little to do with the fiesta of the present day, as they are almost entirely conducted by Americans, and to our shame be it said that the annual exhibitions at the fiestas in the cities of Tucson and Phoenix are outrageous and a disgrace to the Territory. I recommend such legislation as will put an effective stop to these abuses."


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation
Acting upon Acting Governor Murphy's recommendation, the session decided to publish the "lost laws" from the previous session. They then eliminated the territorial offices of Commissioner of Immigration and Territorial Geologist. A new tax of US$30/month was imposed upon gambling tables. Additionally gambling tables were banned from any fair ground, fiesta, park, or race track. The ban had the added benefit of effectively fulfilling Murphy's request to halt the territory's fiestas. The legislature also established the secret ballot during territorial elections.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation
The session granted an exemption from jury duty to volunteer firefighters and a means of promoting better fire protection. Cattle rustling was discouraged by requiring any cattle sold to be branded and livestock inspections to be performed before the cattle could be shipped. In transportation issues, the maximum railroad fare for railroads was set at $0.06/mile  Meanwhile, new railroads were granted a twenty-year tax exemption. To aid in law enforcement, a ranger force was authorized.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation
Additionally a military code was passed that required all male inhabitants of the territory between the ages of 18 and 45 to be available for militia duty in times of need. A new county, Coconino, was created from northern Yavapai County while a section of the Tonto Basin was transferred to Gila County.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation
Sensing the territory would soon achieve statehood, the session was authorization of a constitutional convention. This was done without the U.S. Congress passing an Enabling act and it was anticipated that having a ratified constitution when the next request for statehood was made would speed the statehood process.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath
The authorized ranger force would not be organized until 1901. Progress on creation of a constitution came much faster. Governor Irwin issued a proclamation calling for an election of delegates on March 24, 1891, with the convention convening on September 7 the same year. Unusual aspects of the document included provisions for public funding of railroads and water projects and women's suffrage in school elections. It was the document's support for bimetalism however that raised concerns. The proposed constitution was ratified by Arizona voters on December 28, 1891, by a vote of 5,440 to 2,282.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath
Territorial Delegate Marcus A. Smith submitted an Arizona statehood bills that utilized the proposed constitution in the United States House of Representatives on January 15 and March 14, 1892. The first bill quickly died in committee while the second was passed by the House before being killed in a Senate committee. Senate Republicans at the time not wishing to admit another predominately Democratic state. The proposed constitution met its final fate in 1893.


16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath
The Democratic party won control of the Senate during the 1892 elections and Smith submitted an updated statehood bill which was passed by the House on December 15, 1893. The newly elected Grover Cleveland administration was composed primary of gold standard advocates and the document's support for bimetallism led to Smith's bill dying in a Senate committee.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment
The 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (also known as the "Sixteenth Arkansas") was an infantry formation in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Organized from volunteer companies from northwest Arkansas, the regiment participated in the Pea Ridge Campaign before crossing the Mississippi River and becoming involved in the Iuka-Corinth Campaign and the Siege of Port Hudson. After being surrendered with the garrison of Port Hudson the unit was reorganized in Arkansas and consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas Regiments to become the 1st Consolidated Arkansas Infantry.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Formation
The Sixteenth Arkansas was mustered-on December 4, 1861 (near present-day Rogers) in Benton County, Arkansas. The field and staff at the time were:


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Formation
The regiment went into camp at Elm Springs, Benton county, where it remained in winter quarters until February, 1862, when General Price and his army of Missouri fell back before a large force of Federals under General Curtis, and made a stand at Elkhorn tavern in Benton county.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions
The 16th Arkansas was initially assigned to the Brigade of Colonel Louis Herbert in Brigadier General Ben MCulloch's Division in northwest Arkansas. On March 4, the brigade marched along with Major General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West to reinforce Major General Sterling Price and took part in the Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7, 1862. At Pea Ridge, the regiment lost 6 killed or mortally wounded, 5 wounded and 12 missing or captured. BG McCulloch was killed on the Leetown battlefield at Pea Ridge on March 7 while advancing with the 16th Arkansas. After the battle the 16th Arkansas could muster only 24 officers and 282 men present for duty.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions
The Army of the West retreated through Van Buren, Arkansas, along the Arkansas River, to Duvall's Bluff, it being Gernal Van Dorn's intention to launch an invasion of Missouri from Northeast Arkansas. Van Dorn's plans were interrupted by orders to move his forces east of the Mississippi River and to unite with Confederate forces which were concentrating for the upcoming Battle of Shiloh. The Army of the West arrived too late for the Battle of Shiloh and settled into camps near Corinth, Mississippi. The 16th Arkansas was assigned, with four Missouri regiments, to a brigade commanded by Brigadier General Henry Little.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions
In May 1862 the Confederate Army underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for three years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The 16th Arkansas was re-organized at Corinth, Mississippi, on May 6, 1862, and the following officers chosen:


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions
The regiment participated in the movements around Corinth on the approach of the Union army under General Halleck and suffered 3 wounded and 3 missing or captured. During the Battle of Farmington, Mississippi, 26 May 1862, the 16th Arkansas lost 6 killed or mortally wounded, 4 wounded and 3 missing or captured. In September 1862, it took part in the Battle of Iuka, where 2 men of the 16th Arkansas were wounded and 1 captured. The 16th Arkansas participated in the desperate assault on the Federal lines at the Second Battle of Corinth on October 3–4.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions
1862 where it lost heavily in the assault on Battery Powell. It reported 13 killed and 29 wounded, including Lieutenant J. H. Berry, who lost a leg in this battle. Shortly after, the regiment was detached from the Missouri brigade and assigned to the Arkansas brigade, commanded by Colonel Jordan E. Cravens, Arkansas troops, at Holly Springs, Miss. It was there again detached and sent with other Arkansas regiments to Port Hudson, Louisiana. On January 7, 1863 Major General Frank Gardner issued General Order No. 5 which consolidated several under strength Arkansas units:


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions
The troops of this post will be organized into brigades, arranged at the breastworks as follows....III. Brigadier-General Beall’s brigade will consist of the consolidated regiment consisting of the Fourteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-third Arkansas Regiments, and First Arkansas Battalion, commanded by Col. R. H. Crockett; the consolidated regiment consisting of the Eleventh and Fifteenth Arkansas Regiments, commanded by Col. John L. Logan


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions
The order was apparently later modified. Logan's consolidated regiment consisted of the 11th and the Griffith's 17th Arkansas. The Johnson's 15th Arkansas was assigned to Crockett's consolidated regiment instead of the 17th.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle actions
The regiment went through the siege of forty-eight days, and was surrendered to General Banks July 9, 1863. Lieutenant Colonel Pixlee was killed during the siege, and Major J. M. Pitman succeeded him; Captain Swaggerty, of Company A, becoming major, and Lieutenant Jesse Adams, captain of Company A. 32 officers and 215 surrendered at Port Hudson for a total of 247 survivors. The officers were sent as prisoners to Johnson's island, except Captain Daniel Boone, Lieutenant J. G. Crump and William Henry McConnell, who swam ashore from the transport conveying them and made their escape. Captain Jim Cravens and Lieutenants Paynor, W. W. Bailey and Wilson escaped through the lines and returned to their homes in Arkansas, where they re-entered the service in other commands.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color
Many of the original companies raised for the war received hand made flags which were presented to them in elaborate ceremonies in their hometown before marching off to war. In the first year of the war, many of these homemade banners were "1st National Flag" pattern, meaning that they were patterned after the first national flag authorized for the new Confederate Government.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color
The new Confederate Banner, often referred to as the "Stars and Bars", consisted of "a red field, with a white space extending horizontally through the center, equal in width to one third the width of the flag, and red spaces above and below to the same width as the white, the union blue extending down through the white space and stopping in the lower red space, in the center of the union, a circle of white stars corresponding in number with the States of the Confederacy." The white stripe was a convenient place for the flag makers to embellish the flag with some motto or inscription.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color
One of these "1st National" pattern flags was given to the Joe Wright Guards, which became Company H, 4th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops. The flag was made by Ms. Josephine Wright and Ms. Jane Bailey. The flag is 36" by 72" and has the words GO AND THE LORD BE WITH THEE" painted on the white stripe. The flag was allegedly chosen for the colors of the 4th Regiment.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color
After the 4th Regiment was disbanded, many of the former members of the Joe Wright Guards joined Company D, of the new 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, and according to the Memoirs of Captain J. B. Bailey, the flag was chosen as the regimental colors of the 16th. The flag was carried by the 16th Arkansas during the Battle of Iuka and the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge during the Iuka-Corinth Campaign. The flag was retired when the 16th Arkansas was issued a new Van Dorn Pattern Battle Flag.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, National Color
The 16th Arkansas was captured during the Siege of Port Hudson, but the old set of colors was smuggled out and returned to the family of Ms. Wright. The flag remained in the family until 1981, when it was donated to the Atlanta Civil War Museum, but the current location of the flag is unknown.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Consolidation and Surrender
In September 1864, 16th Arkansas Infantry was consolidated with the remnants of 14th Arkansas, 15th Northwest Arkansas, and the 21st Arkansas in the Army of the Trans-Mississippi, and designated as the 1st Consolidated Arkansas Infantry under the command of Colonel Jordan E. Cravens. The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry (Trans-Mississippi) Regiment was surrendered by General Kirby Smith with the remainder of the Department of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865.


16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Notes
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: ", National Park Service".


16th Armored Division (United States)
The 16th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. In its one and only combat operation, the 16th Armored Division liberated the city of Pilsen in western Czechoslovakia (modern Bohemia in the Czech Republic), an operation that influenced the landscape of post-war Europe.


16th Armored Division (United States), History
The division was activated on 15 July 1943 at Camp Chaffee in Arkansas. They performed all of their training at Camp Chaffee until they received their staging orders. They staged at Camp Shanks at Orangeburg, New York on 28 January 1945, until got their port call. They sailed from the New York Port of Embarkation on 5 February 1945.


16th Armored Division (United States), History
The 16th Armored Division arrived in France in stages between 11 and 17 February 1945, and processed into the European Theater of Operations. They had been assigned to the Fifteenth United States Army on 29 January 1945, but were waiting for an assignment to a unit actually involved in fighting.


16th Armored Division (United States), History
The division was assigned to Third United States Army on 17 April 1945, and entered Germany on 19 April 1945. It crossed the Rhine at Mainz, and relieved the 71st Infantry Division at Nürnberg on 28 April 1945. The 23rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron participated in combat from the Isar River to Wasserburg with the 86th Infantry Division. While under the control of that organization, it crossed the Isar River at Granek on 30 April 1945, advanced to Indorf, seized several small villages, and was driving toward Wasserburg against slight resistance when ordered to return to Nürnberg. The division was given a security and training mission at Nürnberg, Germany, until 5 May. When the 23rd Cavalry Squadron arrived at Nürnberg on 4 May, it reverted to the control of the 16th Armored. The division assembled and proceeded to Waidhaus, Germany on 5 May.


16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle
During the final days of battle in Europe, the final stronghold of German armed forces was a pocket in Czechoslovakia. As Soviet Red Army and American forces moved to the area, there was debate between US and British leaders regarding attempts to deny the Soviets a post-war foothold in Czechoslovakia. It was decided that the American forces would help the Soviets subdue the estimated 141,000 German troops before exiting the area. The task was aided by the desire of German forces to avoid imprisonment by the Soviets, with numerous German divisions arranging surrender to US forces, if the Americans arrived first. This did not stop fanatical German SS Troops from continuing to fight both Czechoslovakian and, as they arrived, American forces.


16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle
The 16th Armored Division was assigned to V Corps on 6 May, and attacked through the lines of the 97th Infantry Division, with Combat Command B (CCB) making the main effort. They advanced along the Bor–Pilsen Road that same day, launching an attack on Pilsen, Czechoslovakia, designed to capture the Skoda Munitions Plant. Combat Command Reserve (CCR) advanced through Pilsen to assigned high ground east of the city. The division spent 7 and 8 May in mopping up activities and patrolling.


16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle
General Patton ordered elements of the 16th AD to move towards Prague, where the German commander was waiting to surrender to US forces, but the troops were recalled to Pilsen per the agreement with the Soviet Union. Aside from the few hours on the road to Prague, the capture of Pilsen marked the deepest point of American penetration into Czechoslovakia, .


16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle
The Division suffered the lightest casualty count of all US Armored Divisions in Europe, with only 12 wounded, and spent 3 days in combat.


16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle
Three months later, the 16th AD was still located in Czechoslovakia, in Stříbro (west of Pilsen), on VJ Day.


16th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle
The division returned to the New York Port of Embarkation on 13 October 1945 and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer in New Jersey on 15 October 1945.


16th Armored Division (United States), Composition, Attachments to the 16th AD
I 1st Platoon, 994th Engineer Treadway Bridge Company 6 May 1945 – 10 May 1945


16th Armored Division of Qazvin
The 16th Armored Division of Qazvin is an armored division of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, first formed during the reign of the Shah.


16th Army (RSFSR)
The 16th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War era. It was originally formed as the Western Army (Russian: Западная Армия) on November 15, 1918, by the Russian SFSR for the purpose of recovering territories lost by the Russian Empire during the First World War and establishing Soviet republics in those territories. The Western Army engaged various local forces from the Baltic States, Belarus, Poland and Ukraine, and its actions contributed to starting the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. The army fought in the Polish–Soviet War under the command of Nikolai Sollogub and advanced westwards into Poland in July 1920 before being thrown back during the Battle of Warsaw in August. The army retreated east into Belarus and was disbanded in May 1921.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Formation
After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the newly established Russo-German border was controlled on the Russian side, by the so-called Western Section of Curtain Troops (Западный участок отрядов завесы), or simply the Western Curtain. The curtain was a sparse and heterogeneous set of detachments. Its commander was Vladimir Egoryev. (His official rank was "military leader" (военный руководитель), since he was a former Tsarist general) The Western Curtain covered over 800 kilometres along the line Nevel–Polotsk–Senno–Orsha–Mogilev–Zhlobin–Gomel–Novy Oskol. Eventually the Western Curtain was arranged into seven detachments with over 20,000 troops. This number was actually very small in relation to the area it covered, and insufficient in case of any larger battle. Moreover, part of its manpower was moved to other bottlenecks of the Russian Civil War.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Formation
Eventually, further recruiting by the Red Army allowed a reorganization of the detachments of the Curtain into regular divisions, and the Western Curtain was further reorganized into the Western Defense Region (Западный район обороны). It was created by the Revolutionary Military Council order #3/2 on September 11, 1918, headquartered at Kaluga. The Region extended from Petrograd to the Western edge of the Southern Front, and was commanded by Andrei Snesarev.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Formation
After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was annulled by the Soviets on November 13, 1918 the Western Defense Region was transformed into the Western Army (November 15, 1918), garrisoned in Smolensk. It was composed of: the Pskov Infantry Division (later the Lithuanian Rifle Division), the 17th Vitebsk Rifle Division, the Western Rifle Division and units of the 2nd Area of Front Defense. By the end of 1918, the strength of the Western (16th) Army was around 19,000 men, but had little artillery or cavalry (8 guns and 261 horses total). Over the next few months the strength of the Army grew to 46,000 men due to conscription and the mobilization of Communist Party members. It was considered by the Soviet High Command to be one of the least important armies in that period.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Westward advance
Immediately after its formation, on November 17, 1918, the Western Army started a bloodless advance, following the retreat of the German forces, in the direction of Belarus and Ukraine. The purpose of the Russian westward offensive of 1918–1919 was to take control over the territory abandoned by the German Army retreating from the Ober-Ost theater of operations. Later the Soviet Western Army engaged various self-defence and militia groups from Belarus, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. Among scores of battles, the Battle of Bereza Kartuska on February 14, 1919 sparked the Polish–Soviet War.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Westward advance
The army became part of the Western Front on February 19, and was renamed the Lithuanian-Belorussian Army on March 13. With this redesignation, the army officially became the army of the Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, a Soviet puppet state covering the territory of Lithuania and Belorussia. On June 9, it became the 16th Army after it was pushed out of Lithuania after retreating from Panevėžys in the Lithuanian War of Independence. Around the same time, the army headquarters was moved forward to Mogilev.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Westward advance
The army continued to retreat until August, ceding Molodechno and Minsk to Polish troops, and in August took up defensive positions on the line of the Berezina River. From August 14, it was commanded by Nikolai Sollogub. In September, the army headquarters was relocated back to Smolensk, but moved to Novozybkov from March and May 1920. Between March and April 1920, the army fought to capture Mozyr. In May, the headquarters moved back to Mogilev.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, May Offensive
From May 14 to June 8, 1920, the army fought in the Western Front counterattack against the Polish Kiev Offensive, the May Offensive. In the counterattack, planned by front commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the 16th Army was to frontally attack the Polish 4th Army at Borisov and Igumen and keep it from moving to reinforce threatened Polish units, while the 15th Army, the main force, would advance southwest towards Molodechno, then wheel around and push the 1st Polish Army into the rear of the 4th, driving them into the Pripet marshes and destroying them there.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, May Offensive
The attack began on May 14, but failed when the Soviet advance was unable to build momentum and the 15th Army was counterattacked and forced into a disorderly retreat at the beginning of June. The 16th Army crossed the Berezina and created a bridgehead, but was itself counterattacked and forced to retreat back across the Berezina.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw
Between July 4 and 23, the army fought in the July Offensive, the renewed Soviet offensive in the war. During the offensive, the army rapidly advanced through Belarus, capturing Igumen, Bobruisk, Minsk, Baranovichi, Slonim, and Vawkavysk. On July 25, the Soviet attack on Warsaw began, culminating in the Battle of Warsaw. The 16th Army continued to advance westward, and on the night of August 1, the army attacked Polish general Wladyslaw Sikorski's Polesie Group at Brest-Litovsk after crossing the Western Bug, and captured the town, breaching the fourth and final Polish defensive line in front of Warsaw. The army was unable to exploit its success by quickly advancing on Warsaw, however, because a counterattack by Sikorski in the first week of August threw it back across the Western Bug.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw
On August 8, Tukhachevsky issued his order for the capture of Warsaw, in which the 16th Army was to attack the city from the east, covered on its flank by the Mozyr Group of Forces. During the Battle of Radzymin between August 13 and 16, the army's 27th Omsk Rifle Division, commanded by Vitovt Putna, fought to capture Radzymin, which changed hands more than five times during the fighting. At the same time, Polish leader Józef Piłsudski's Assault Group began the counteroffensive.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw
They quickly broke through the understrength Mozyr Group on 16th Army's flank, and on 18 August the army came under attack from both the three divisions of the Assault Group's 4th Army on its flank and the 10th and 15th Divisions advancing from Warsaw on its front. Under pressure, the three southernmost divisions of the 16th Army began a precipitate retreat to the east, but then were attacked in turn by troops from the Assault Group. As a result of these actions, the 8th and 10th Rifle Divisions were destroyed, while the 2nd Rifle Division suffered heavy losses. The 17th Rifle Division lost communication with the rest of the army in the chaos, leaving the Putna's 27th as the only intact unit in the army.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw
Out of touch with the situation at the front due to Polish radio jamming, Tukhachevsky ordered Sollogub to create a defensive line between Radzymin and Brest-Litovsk with his southern divisions to prevent Polish troops from attacking the Soviet rear. For this purpose, the army's commander was given permission to draw on the 60,000 replacements near Grodno. Sollogub issued the orders on August 19, when army headquarters had lost contact with all of its units, so they were not received. Early on the next day, he was almost captured by Feliks Jaworski's Polish cavalry brigade at his headquarters in Ostrożany. By this time, most of the army had fled across the Bug towards Białystok, with only the 27th Division holding a couple of crossings to allow stragglers to pass through.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw
By August 21, the army's remnants were hurriedly retreating eastwards in small groups, mostly avoiding roads and towns, with the 27th Division, down to 25% strength, guarding the rear and covering the retreat of both the 16th Army and the Mozyr Group. On August 22, Białystok was captured by the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division, cutting off stragglers from the army and the Mozyr Group. The 27th Division launched a counterattack and briefly opened the road, but Putna left the area after a Polish counterattack retook the gains, leaving the stragglers to capture.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, July Offensive and Battle of Warsaw
Three days later, the division crossed the Niemen, moving towards Vawkavysk, away from the Polish forces. After withdrawing east of the Niemen back into Belarus, Tukhachevsky began preparations for renewing the offensive. As part of the resulting reorganization of the Red Army units of the front, the two best units of the 16th Army, the 2nd and 27th Divisions, were transferred to the 15th Army. In exchange, the army received the 48th and 56th Rifle Divisions, bringing it back up to its strength before the Battle of Warsaw, and its headquarters was located at Slonim.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, Battle of the Niemen River and operations in Belarus
However, Pilsudski launched his attack, known as the Battle of the Niemen River, on September 21. Although the Soviet line initially held, Polish forces moved through Lithuania, then swept south into the rear of the Soviet northern flank, which began a disorganized retreat. In the center, the 15th and 16th Armies retreated in an orderly fashion thanks to the actions of the 27th Division, the southernmost of the 15th Army units.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, Battle of the Niemen River and operations in Belarus
By October 1, the units of the two armies were holding positions in a line of old Russian World War I trenches, opposite the former Polish positions from before the July Offensive. The defense line was quickly broken through by the Polish advance, and by the time the Polish troops captured Minsk and reached the Berezina on October 15, the 16th Army had been reduced to a skeleton of its original size. The war ended on the next day when the cease-fire between Poland and the RSFSR took effect.


16th Army (RSFSR), History, Polish-Soviet War, Battle of the Niemen River and operations in Belarus
On October 17, the army was reinforced with troops from the disbanded 4th Army. From October, it was headquartered at Mogilev. Between November and December, the 16th Army fought against Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz's troops. On December 7, the army received the troops of the disbanded 3rd Army. In March, the Gomel Fortified Region became part of the 16th Army. The army was disbanded on May 7, 1921, and its troops distributed to other Western Front units.


16th Army (Soviet Union)
The  16th Army was a Soviet field army active from 1940 to 1945.


16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army
The 16th Army Headquarters was formed in July 1940 in the Transbaikal Military District to command Soviet forces deployed in the Dauriya area. On 25 May 1941, four weeks before the commencement of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, the army received orders to deploy (with six Trans-Baikalian divisions) to the Ukraine to be subordinated to the Kiev Special Military District. The first 16th Army units to arrive (109th Motorized Division of the 5th Mechanized Corps) in Berdichev on 18 June 1941. The Army was commanded by Lieutenant-General Mikhail Feodorovich Lukin, and on 22 June the Army Headquarters was located in Orel.


16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army
Soon after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa a crisis situation developed on the Western Front sector of the frontline, and on 26 June 1941 16th Army was ordered to redeploy to the area of Orsha - Smolensk. However, the breakthrough of the German 11 Panzer Division in the direction of Orestov during the afternoon of 26 June required an emergency response. Lukin took part of the 109th Motorised Division directly from disembarkation from the trains and directed them towards the enemy. The units involved were designated "Group Lukin."


16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army
On 1 July 1941 16th Army consisted of the 32nd Rifle Corps (with the 46th and 152nd Rifle Divisions), two artillery regiments, and the 5th Mechanised Corps (13th and 17th Tank Divisions and the 109th Motorized Division). 126th Corps Artillery Regiment and the 112th Separate Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion.


16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army
Most of the 16th Army began concentrating in the region of Smolensk, but the 5th Mechanised Corps was transferred to the 20th Army and participated in the counterattack at Lepel 6–9 July. On 9 July a status report from the army chief of staff said that the command group, 32nd Rifle Corps, and some units of 5th Mechanised Corps were still at peacetime establishment strength. About this time the separate 57th Tank Division from the Far East joined the army, and on 20 July elements of the 129th Rifle Division arrived as well.


16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army
After the breakthrough of German mechanized troops to Smolensk, on 14 July Marshal S. К. Timoshenko ordered Lukin to take command of all units in the garrison city of Smolensk, as well as units arriving in the city by rail and units in the defensive sector directly adjacent to the city. Communication with the rear could be maintained only through Solovyovsk across a wooded and swampy area south of Yartsevo. Street fighting began.


16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army
On 20 July 129th Rifle Division's four committed battalions lost 40% of their strength defending the suburbs of Smolensk. Three days later, a Western Front situation report said that '..during the course of 22.7, 16th Army units, continued to conduct severe street battle to secure Smolensk. .. In 34th RC, the trained and armed (almost without machine guns) 127th Rifle Division (up to 600 men) and 158th Rifle Division (about 100 men) went over to the offensive at 1200 22.7'.


16th Army (Soviet Union), First Formation, 16th Army
The Army HQ was disbanded on 8 August 1941 after encirclement (the Battle of Smolensk (1941)) just west of Smolensk as part of the Western Front.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army
As part of a restructuring of the forces of Western Front, on 10 August 1941 the second formation of 16 Army was created from forces in the Yartsevo area and placed under the command of Major-General Konstantin Rokossovsky. In September 1941 the newly promoted Lieutenant-General Rokossovsky was tasked with defending the Volokolamsk Highway, and preventing any advance by German forces towards Moscow. By late November, 16th Army had gradually been forced back to the line Krasnaya Polyana-Kryukovo-Istra, but here it held firm until the Red Army went over to the offensive in December. In January 1942 the Army conducted an offensive on the Gzhatsk axis.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army
In the second half of January 1942, the forces of 16 Army were transferred to the command of 5th Army, and 16 Army Headquarters was deployed to the area of Sukhinichi, where the Army HQ took command of some of the troops and defensive positions of 10th Army. By February the frontline positions in the Sukhinichi area had stabilized.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army
On 15 July 1942, Rokossovsky was transferred to take command of the Bryansk Front as part of new command arrangements made by Soviet High Command in response to the disastrous Battle of Voronezh (1942). General Zhukov, the commander of Western Front, requested that STAVKA appoint Lieutenant-General Hovhannes Bagramyan, the deputy commander of the right flank 61st Army as the commander of the 16th Army in Rokossovsky's place.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army
On 11 August 1942 German forces mounted a surprise offensive on the southern flank of Western Front, splitting 61st Army from 16th Army, which was not taking part in the Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive Operation. The German forces threatened Bagramyan's left flank and he reacted quickly, moving his forces to counter the German threat and halting their advance on 9 September.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation, 16th Army
Until May 1943 the troops of the Army conducted defensive and offensive battles on the Zhizdrinsky District axis.. On 1 May 1943, on the basis of Stavka directives of 16 April 1943, the army was reorganized into the 11th Guards Army in the Western Front.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation, 16th Army
16th Army was formed for the third time on 10 July 1943 in the Far Eastern Front and was based on the Special Rifle Corps. From the spring of 1945 the Army was responsible for the defense of the Soviet state border with Japan on the island of Sakhalin, and also along the mainland  coast of the Tatar Strait from Sovetskaya Gavan to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation, 16th Army
On 5 August 1945, the 16th Army, incorporating the 56th Rifle Corps, 3rd, 103rd and 104th fortified areas, 5th and 113th separate infantry brigades, 214th Tank Brigade, and a number of separate infantry, tank, artillery and other units, was subordinated to the newly formed 2nd Far East Front. 56th Rifle Corps, under General Lieutenant J.V. Novoselsky, consisted of 79th Rifle Division, 2nd Rifle Brigade, the Sakhalin Rifle Regiment, the 6th Battalion (infantry) and other formations and units.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation, 16th Army
During the Soviet–Japanese War in cooperation with the Russian Pacific Fleet 16 Army advanced into Japanese-held South Sakhalin in the Invasion of South Sakhalin, and its forces were involved in the Invasion of the Kuril Islands.


16th Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation, 16th Army
On 1 October 1945 the Army was subordinated to the Far Eastern Military District and within a month was disbanded.


16th Army (Wehrmacht)
The 16th Army (German: 16. Armee) was a World War II field army of the Wehrmacht.


16th Army (Wehrmacht), History
It took part in the Battle of France. It was then deployed with Army Group North during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It fought its way into northern Russia where in January 1942 part of it was encircled by the Soviets near Demyansk. Hitler forbade a withdrawal and the Army was re-supplied by air until a land corridor was opened in April 1942. It was subsequently involved in the siege of Leningrad. The Soviets relieved Leningrad in January 1944.


16th Army (Wehrmacht), History
On February 19, 1944, the Soviet 2nd Baltic Front launched a fresh set of attacks against the German 16th Army around Kholm. The Soviet 22nd Army made good progress in the initial assault. These attacks greatly diminished the 16th Army. It, along with the 18th Army was cut off in the Courland Peninsula when the Soviets launched their summer and autumn offensives of 1944. It stayed trapped there in the Courland Pocket  as part of Army Group Courland until the end of the war. In May 1945 the remnants of the army, now reduced to corps strength, capitulated to the Red Army and were marched into captivity. The survivors were eventually repatriated in 1955.


16th Army Corps (France)
The French 16th Army Corps was a French military unit created on November 1870 by the vice admiral Fourichon, which fought in the Franco-Prussian War, the First and Second World War.


16th Army Corps (Russian Empire)
The 16th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.


16th Artillery Division
The 16th Artillery Division(Chinese: 炮兵第16师) was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.