153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
The 153rd Infantry Regiment was ordered to active duty 23 December 1940, as a part of a one-year mobilization of the National Guard in preparation for World War II and spent the next 10 days at what is now the University of Central Arkansas. The 153rd then moved to Camp Robinson and completed basic training. Moving to Camp Forrest, Tenn., the regiment spent six-week in maneuvers and returned to Camp Robinson for a few days of leave before shipping out to Camp Murray, Wash., on 20 August 1941.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
The 153rd, along with the 206th Coast Artillery Regiment arrived in Alaska in August 1941. The 1st and 3rd Battalions were posted to Annette Island and Seward, Nome and Yakutat, Alaska. The 2nd Battalion was stationed on Umnak Island, west of Dutch Harbor and took part in the occupation of Adak Island and the assault on Kiska. 15 August 1943, part of the Aleutian Islands Campaign. The Japanese had secretly abandoned Kiska only days before the invasion by U.S. forces. The recapture of Kiska brought the Aleutian Islands campaign to a close.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
The 153rd returned to Camp Shelby, Miss., on 21 March 1944 and was deactivated on 30 June 1944; its soldiers assigned to other units as replacements. Many returned to Camp Robinson as cadre.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War
The 153rd Infantry was reconstituted on 30 September 1946 as an element of the 39th Infantry Division. It was composed of units from Arkansas and Louisiana, with its headquarters stationed at New Orleans, Louisiana and the Arkansas portion headquartered in Little Rock Arkansas.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
The United States Supreme Court ruled 17 May 1954 that racial segregation in a public school is unconstitutional. That ruling would place the Arkansas National Guard in a unique position that offered a chance to demonstrate the professionalism of citizen-soldiers.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
After a series of legal proceedings the Federal District Court ordered the Little Rock School District to proceed with its integration plans when school opened 3 September 1957. Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to Little Rock Central High School 2 September 1957 because he had evidence "that there is imminent danger of tumult, riot and breach of peace and the doing of violence to persons and property."


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
The Governor initially ordered to state duty the State Headquarters Detachment, the Base Detachment at Adams Field and any other units the Adjutant General felt necessary to "accomplish the mission of maintaining or restoring law and order and to preserve the peace, health, safety and security of the citizens of Pulaski County, Arkansas."


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
Major General Sherman T. Clinger, the Adjutant General of Arkansas, assembled a force of 289 soldiers under command of LTC Marion Johnson. On 4 September 1957 LTC Johnson told nine black students who were attempting to enter Central High School to return home. The National Guard presence gradually decreased to a 15-man day and night shift. The National Guard was replaced by the Little Rock City Police Friday, 20 September 1957.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
On Monday, 23 September 1957 eight black students entered Central High. When word spread that the students were inside a crowd of approximately 1,000 gathered outside the school. There was a concern that the police would not be able to handle the crowd, but tensions eased when the black students were removed from Central. A force of 150 Guardsmen had been assembled and placed on five-minute notice to assist the police at Central, but they were not called on.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard on 24 September, and unit members began assembling at home stations throughout the night. On the 24th elements of the 101st Airborne Division began arriving at Little Rock and took up positions around Central High. That same day the Adjutant General met with the commander of the Arkansas Military District and was ordered to assemble a force at Camp Robinson for duty at Central High. Those units were:


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
This force, consisting of 107 officers, 15 warrant officers and 1184 enlisted men, closed on Camp Robinson just after noon on the 25th. The National Guard soldiers were told, "Our mission is to enforce the orders of the Federal Courts with respect to the attendance at the public schools of Little Rock of all those who are properly enrolled, and to maintain law and order while doing so... Our individual feelings towards those court orders should have no influence on our execution of the mission." Said one Arkansas Guard major, "We have been ordered to maintain the peace and that is what we intend to do." The remainder of Arkansas National Guard units remained at home station and conducted training.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
Beginning with night patrols on the 25th the Arkansas units worked with the 101st, gradually taking over more of the responsibility. By the 30th the Arkansas National Guard had full responsibility for escorting the black students to and from Central High and for providing them protection while inside the school. The majority of the Arkansas National Guard was released from active duty 1 October 1957. The initial force of 1200 assembled at Camp Robinson for duty at Central High School was gradually reduced to 435 officers and men. 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (referred to as Task Force 153rd Infantry in the situational reports to President Eisenhower) performed this duty.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
From December 1957 through May 1958, Task Force 153rd Infantry maintained one Platoon at Central High School, one Platoon on thirty-minute recall at Camp Robinson, one Company on one hour recall, and the remainder of the battalion remained on duty at Camp Robinson. Members of the unit were involved in breaking up assaults on members of the Little Rock Nine by white students and responding to bomb threats against the school as late as February 1958. On 8 May 1958, the last three Arkansas National Guard soldiers withdrew from Central High School.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Task Force 153rd and Little Rock Central High School integration
The 153rd Infantry's actions in the face of intense national scrutiny were applauded by people on both sides of the Central High School Integration Crisis. Harry Ashmore, editor of the Arkansas Gazette newspaper, who won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing, "For the forcefulness, dispassionate analysis and clarity of his editorials on the school integration conflict in Little Rock," said that no one, whatever his beliefs on school integration, could feel anything but admiration for the way the Arkansas Guardsmen went calmly about their duties, steering clear of partisan pressure. Little Rock School Superintendent Virgil Blossom said, "I have nothing but praise for the Guardsmen and the manner in which they performed a trying job under difficult circumstances."


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1959, the Pentomic Division
In 1959, the 39th Division was reorganized, along with all other National Guard divisions, in accordance with the new Pentomic Division Concept. This concept attempted to provide a new divisional structure to fight on the atomic battlefield.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1959, the Pentomic Division, Regiments no longer tactical units
The reorganization resulted in the end of the regiment as a tactical unit in the United States Army. Traditionally, regiments were the basic branch element, especially for the infantry, and their long histories had produced deep traditions considered essential to unit esprit de corps. The new divisional structure, replacing infantry regiments with anonymous battle groups, threatened to destroy all of these traditions. Secretary of the Army Wilber M. Brucker settled the question on 24 January 1957 when he approved the Combat Arms Regimental System.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1959, the Pentomic Division, Regiments no longer tactical units
Although regiments (armored cavalry notwithstanding) would no longer exist as tactical units, certain distinguished regiments were to become "parent" organizations for the combat arms. Under the new concept, the Department of the Army assumed control of regimental headquarters – the repository for a unit's lineage, honors, and traditions – and used elements of the regiments to organize battle groups, battalions, squadrons, companies, batteries, and troops, which shared in the history and honors of their parent units. In place of the regiment or brigade, the new Pentomic Infantry Division fielded five "Battle Groups", each containing 1,356 soldiers. The 153rd Infantry was reorganized 1 June 1959 as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, and 2nd, Battle Groups, elements of the 39th Infantry Division.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1963
By 1963 the Army again changed the basic design for an Infantry Division. The Battle Groups of the Pentomic Division had proved to be unwieldy, and it was felt that their span of control was not sufficient to handle all of the various units and troops assigned to their command. The army reverted to the infantry battalion as the basic building block and provided for additional command and control by providing a brigade headquarters. The 1st and 2nd Brigades, 39th Division were allocated to the Louisiana National Guard, while the 3rd Brigade was allocated to the Arkansas National Guard.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, Reorganization of 1963
The 153rd Infantry was reorganized to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions. For information on the 153rd Infantry Regiment after 1963, please see 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States) or the individual battalion histories. 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment; 2nd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment; and 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), The Cold War, 39th Division reorganized as 39th Infantry Brigade (Separate)
On 1 December 1967, the 39th Division was reorganized and redesignated as the 39th Infantry Brigade. The 153rd Infantry Regiment was represented in the new 39th Infantry Brigade (Separate) by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 153rd Infantry. The 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry was inactivated in 2005. The current active units of the 153rd Infantry Regiment are the 1st and 2nd Battalions.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Past commanders
COL Ebenezer L. Compere, 1920–1921, commanded the 5th Arkansas following WWI


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry
Background: The distinctive unit insignia and coat of arms were originally approved for the 153rd Regiment Infantry on 6 January 1930. The Great Bear's Face was added on 4 June 1951 to represent the unit's service in Alaska during World War II. The DUI had also been amended on 30 June 1930.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia
A silver-color metal and enamel device 1 ⅛ inches (2.86 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a bend wavy between a fleur-de-lis and a giant cactus Argent; on a chief of the last a Great Bear's face of the like fimbriated of the first, lips and tongue Gules. Attached below the shield is a blue motto scroll inscribed "LET'S GO" in silver letters.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia
Symbolism: The shield is blue for Infantry. The wavy bend, representing the Arkansas River, refers to the geographic location of the regiment. The cactus symbolizes service on the Mexican border and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. The Great Bear's face from the shoulder sleeve insignia of the Alaskan Department symbolizes service in that area in World War II.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms
Blazon:Shield: Azure, a bend wavy between a fleur-de-lis and a giant cactus Argent; on a chief of the last a Great Bear's face of the like fimbriated of the first, lips and tongue Gules.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms
Crest: That for the regiments of the Arkansas National Guard: On a wreath of the colors (Argent and Azure) above two sprays of apple blossoms Proper a diamond Argent charged with four mullets Azure, one in upper point and three in lower, within a bordure of the last bearing twenty-five mullets of the second.


153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Heraldry, Coat of arms
Symbolism: The shield is blue for Infantry. The wavy bend, representing the Arkansas River, refers to the geographic location of the regiment. The cactus symbolizes service on the Mexican border and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. The Great Bear's face from the shoulder sleeve insignia of the Alaskan Department symbolizes service in that area in World War II.


153rd Military Police Company (United States)
The 153rd Military Police Company (Combat Support) is a unit in the Delaware Army National Guard. The 153rd MP Company, founded in 1996, is home stationed at Fort DuPont in Delaware City, Delaware. Since 1996 the 153rd has conducted missions in Panama, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Germany, Iraq, Kuwait, Afghanistan, and other locations across the United States.


153rd Military Police Company (United States), History
Since 1996 the 153rd Military Police Company has conducted operations in support of Operation Roving Sands, Operation Blue Crab, Operation Enduring Freedom, Hurricane Katrina Relief, Operation Jump Start, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and the 2009 Presidential Inauguration.


153rd Military Police Company (United States), Saudi Arabia
In September 2002 the 153rd Military Police Company was deployed to Eskan Village, Saudi Arabia, conducting force protection operations. The Delaware military police unit was augmented with one platoon from the 28th Military Police Company from the Pennsylvania National Guard's 28th Infantry Division. The two MP units were under the command and control of the Third United States Army during the nine-month deployment.


153rd Military Police Company (United States), Hurricane Katrina Relief
On 31 August 2005 "Task Force Delaware" composed of 153rd MPs and the Delaware Air National Guard's 166th Security Forces deployed to Gulfport, Mississippi in response to Hurricane Katrina. The joint task force operated 24-hour traffic control points, roving patrols, presence patrols, as well as conducting humanitarian operations in the Gulfport, Long Beach, Biloxi, and Pass Christian areas.


153rd Military Police Company (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom
From 6 June 2007– 28 May 2008, the 153rd MP Company was deployed to Iraq. During the deployment the 153rd was attached to the HHC of the 18th Military Police Brigade, as well as administratively attached to the 720th Military Police Battalion. The company's main body was based out of Camp Liberty, and its 3rd Platoon element based out of FOB Kalsu, south of Baghdad. 3rd Platoon "Punishers" were under the tactical control of the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division.


153rd Military Police Company (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom
The 1st Platoon "Smokin' Aces" provided police training and health and welfare inspections at the Criminal Investigative Division Academy, and training the Protective Services Detail (PSD) of the CID Iraqi Commanding General. They conducted training classes on weapons safety, combat life saving techniques, vehicle searches, handcuffing, armed/unarmed self-defense, as well as personal search techniques. First Platoon also conducted the national level PTT mission at the CID Headquarters, and conducted combat patrols and PSD for the 89th and 18th Military Police Brigades. Second Platoon "War Pigs" conducted force protection at the Iraqi Police academies at Fiji and Furat, and conducted one of the largest daylight logistics mission delivering donated Japanese motorcycles to the Iraqi Traffic Police. Second Platoon elements also conducted several humanitarian operations to local schools and medical centers.


153rd Military Police Company (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom
The Operations Platoon "Blacksheep" operated a 24-hour tactical operations center (TOC), conducted combat patrols, and PTT missions to the prison at CID Headquarters. Operations Platoon elements were also detached to provide protective services for General Raymond T. Odierno, Commanding General, III Corps.


153rd Military Police Company (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom
The 3rd Platoon element was fundamental in opening an IP station in Arab Jabour area, south of Baghdad. Third Platoon also conducted Sons of Iraq (SOI) training, recruitment, and provided medical assistance to local civilians.


153rd Military Police Company (United States), Afghanistan
In February 2013, the 153rd Military Police company deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan as a part of Combined Task Force Chesapeake headed by the 115th Military Police Battalion. The combined task force operated in Afghanistan's Kandahar Province. The unit headquartered at a small post called BP3, with a squad element as a protective security detail (PSD) at Camp Nathan Smith. Due to downgrade of Camp Nathan Smith the PSD element relocated to Forward Operating Base (FOB) Walton. The unit returned to the United States on Sept. 18, 2013.


153rd Mixed Brigade
The 153rd Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Civil War that took part in the Spanish Civil War. Formed around the old Land and Freedom Column, the unit took part in the battles of Belchite, Aragon and Segre.


153rd Mixed Brigade, History
The unit was created in June 1937, in the Aragon front, from the militarization of the Land and Freedom Column. It was also joined by elements of various origins, such as the "Battalion of Death" or former POUMists of the 29th Division. Antonio Seba Amorós was appointed to the head of the unit, while the anarchist Francisco Sener Martín was appointed political commissioner. During the first months it went through a training period. Later, the 153rd Mixed Brigade was integrated into the 24th Division of the 12th Army Corps.


153rd Mixed Brigade, History
The unit took part in the Battle of Belchite. Stationed in the rear, in Caspe, the 153rd MB was called to intervene in the new Zaragoza Offensive. After having some difficulties, on 28 August it managed to penetrate Belchite by the Mediana road. As of 5 September, the unit, together with the 32nd Mixed Brigade, was in charge of the siege of Belchite. The last resistance photos continued until the next day, when they gave up. For the next several months it remained inactive.


153rd Mixed Brigade, History
At the beginning of March 1938, the unit was deployed in the sector of Fuendetodos-Azuara-Herrera, with a force of 2,970 people. The 153rd Mixed Brigade was located in the axis of the enemy attack, having to resist the bulk of the enemy offensive. As a result, the brigade was destroyed and had to withdraw; the command of the unit, Seba, was filed and dismissed. The remains of the brigade were totally dispersed to the North of the Ebro, being briefly integrated into the Autonomous Group of the Ebro. On 19 April, the 153rd MB was deployed in Valdomá, becoming part of the 30th Division of the 11th Army Corps. Command of the unit passed to Antonio Núñez Balsera, with Emilio Callizo Val as Chief of Staff.


153rd Mixed Brigade, History
On 13 August, it participated in the offensive on the Vilanova de la Barca bridgehead, relieving the 3rd Mixed Brigade; four days later the 153rd MB crossed the Segre River, after suffering heavy losses. One of the battalions of the unit took part in the Battle of the Ebro.


153rd Mixed Brigade, History
During the Catalonia Offensive, the unit intervened in some actions, although it played a minor role.


153rd New York Infantry Regiment
The 153rd New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 153rd New York Infantry was organized at Fonda, New York beginning August 23, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service on October 17, 1862, under the command of Colonel Duncan McMartin.


153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Provisional Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, to October 1862. District of Alexandria, Defenses of Washington and XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to August 1863. Martindale's Command, Garrison of Washington, D.C., XXII Corps, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. 2nd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to July 1865. Department of Georgia to October 1865.


153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 153rd New York Infantry mustered out of service October 2, 1865 in Savannah, Georgia.


153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for Washington, D.C., October 18, 1862. Guard and police duty at Alexandria, Va., and at Washington, D.C., until February 1864. Ordered to the Department of the Gulf February 1864. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Advance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14–26. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads April 8. Pleasant Hill April 9. Monett's Ferry, Cane River Crossing, April 23. At Alexandria April 26-May 13. Retreat to Morganza May 13–20. Mansura May 16. Avoyelle's Prairie May 16. Duty at Morganza until July 1. Moved to Fort Monroe, Va., then to Washington, D.C., July 1–12.


153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 12–13. Snicker's Gap Expedition July 14–23. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Middletown, Newtown, and Stephenson's Depot until April 5, 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., April 5, and duty there until July. Grand Review of the Armies May 23–24. Ordered to Savannah, Ga., July, and duty in the Department of Georgia until October.


153rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 200 men during service; 1 officer and 38 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 160 enlisted men died of disease.


153rd New York State Legislature
The 153rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to April 12, 1930, during the second year of Franklin D. Roosevelt's governorship, in Albany.


153rd New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


153rd New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.


153rd New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1929, was held on November 5. No statewide elective offices were up for election.


153rd New York State Legislature, Elections
Assemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.


153rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1930; and adjourned at 1 a.m. on April 12.


153rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Bert Lord and Nelson W. Cheney changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


153rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


153rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 153rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 153rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 153rd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 10, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Israel Stough.


153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, May 10 and was attached to Railroad Guard, Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia. Served guard duty at Harpers Ferry and along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad until June 29. Action at Hammack's Mills, Oldtown, July 3. North Mountain July 3. South Branch Bridge and Patterson's Creek Bridge July 4. Sir John's Run July 6. Green Springs Run August 2. Moved to Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio, August 30.


153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 153rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 9, 1864, at Camp Chase.


153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
The 153rd OVI was formed from the 41st regiment of the Ohio National Guard along with two companies from the 35th regiment of the Ohio National Guard.


153rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 29 men during service; 1 officer and 2 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 26 enlisted men died due to disease.


153rd Punjabis
The 153rd Punjabis – also designated 153rd Rifles, see nomenclature (below) – was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May 1918, saw service in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War, and was disbanded in June 1922.


153rd Punjabis, Background
Heavy losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front following the German spring offensive in March 1918 resulted in a major reorganization of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:


153rd Punjabis, Background
In fact, the 75th Division already had four Indian battalions assigned, so of the 36 battalions needed to reform the divisions, 22 were improvised by taking whole companies from existing units already on active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine to form the 150th Infantry (3 battalions), 151st Sikh Infantry (3), 152nd Punjabis (3), 153rd Punjabis (3), 154th Infantry (3), 155th Pioneers (2), 156th Infantry (1) and the 11th Gurkha Rifles (4). The donor units were then brought back up to strength by drafts. In the event, just 13 of the battalions were assigned to the divisions and the remaining nine were transferred from Mesopotamia to India in June 1918.


153rd Punjabis, History
The 153rd Punjabis was formed of three battalions in May 1918. The 1st Battalion was formed in Mesopotamia with companies posted from battalions serving in the 14th, 15th, and 18th Indian Divisions. It was transferred to Egypt during June and July 1918. In contrast, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were formed in Palestine with companies posted from battalions already serving in the theatre, particularly from the 3rd (Lahore) and 7th (Meerut) Divisions.


153rd Punjabis, History
All three battalions were assigned to the 53rd (Welsh) Division in June and August and remained with the division for the rest of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Nablus (18–21 September 1918). At the end of the battle, the division was employed on salvage work and working on the Nablus road.


153rd Punjabis, History
On 27 October, the division started moving to Alexandria even before the Armistice of Mudros came into effect on 31 October, thereby ending the war against the Ottoman Empire. It completed its concentration at Alexandria on 15 November. The division received demobilization instructions on 20 December 1918. The Indian infantry battalions returned to India as transports became available and 159th Brigade was reduced to cadre by 7 March 1919. The battalions were disbanded in India in 1921 and 1922.


153rd Punjabis, History, Nomenclature
Oddly, the designation of the regiment varied between the battalions. The 1st and 2nd Battalions were 153rd Punjabis whereas the 3rd Battalion was 153rd Rifles, hence 1st Battalion, 153rd Punjabis, 2nd Battalion, 153rd Punjabis and 3rd Battalion, 153rd Rifles. Other sources designate all three battalions as 153rd Infantry.


153rd Punjabis, History, 1st Battalion
The 1st Battalion was formed at Diyala on 18 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:


153rd Punjabis, History, 1st Battalion
The battalion moved to Amara on 23 May and left for Egypt on 20 June. It disembarked at Suez on 5 July and reached Lydda on 17 July. The battalion joined the 159th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 2 August 1918 near Jerusalem. 1st Battalion, 153rd Punjabis was disbanded on 15 June 1921.


153rd Punjabis, History, 2nd Battalion
The 2nd Battalion was formed at Sarafand (now Tzrifin) on 27 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:


153rd Punjabis, History, 2nd Battalion
The battalion joined the 159th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 5 June 1918 near Ram Allah. 2nd Battalion, 153rd Punjabis was disbanded on 15 June 1921.


153rd Punjabis, History, 3rd Battalion
The 3rd Battalion was also formed at Sarafand on 24 May 1918 by the transfer of complete companies from:


153rd Punjabis, History, 3rd Battalion
The battalion joined the 158th Brigade, 53rd (Welsh) Division on 10 June 1918 at Et Taiyibe. 3rd Battalion, 153rd Rifles was disbanded on 24 June 1922.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
The 153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (153 RAC, sometimes known as 153 (Essex) Regt RAC) was an armoured regiment of the Royal Armoured Corps, part of the British Army, and was raised during the Second World War. The regiment saw brief but intense action in the invasion of Normandy before being broken up to provide replacements to other units.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin
153rd RAC was formed by conversion to the armoured role of the 8th Battalion, Essex Regiment, a hostilities-only infantry battalion that had been raised during 1940. The battalion had been serving in 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a Home Defence formation, when the whole brigade was converted into 34th Army Tank Brigade on 1 December 1941. The regiment served in the brigade alongside the North Irish Horse and 147 RAC and later 151 RAC (later redesignated 107 RAC) when the North Irish Horse was transferred elsewhere. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, the personnel of 153 RAC would have continued to wear their Essex Regiment cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin
During the conversion, surplus personnel were formed into 'R' Company, Essex Regiment, which soon afterwards was designated V Corps HQ Defence Company.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training
153 RAC began to receive its first Churchill tanks in March 1942; it had its full scale of equipment by the end of August. Having been billeted in Swindon, Wiltshire, the regiment moved with 34th Tank Brigade to Eastern England and then the South Coast for training. At the end of 1942 it moved to Broome Park, Kent, which remained the regiment's base for the next year, utilising firing ranges across Southern England.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training
In early 1944, as training intensified for the coming Normandy invasion, 153 RAC moved to Folkestone in Kent, and then Headley, Surrey, before finally moving to its Marshalling Area near Portsmouth at the end of June.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
153 RAC was transported to Normandy from 2–4 July. As an independent brigade under 21st Army Group, 34th Tank Brigade could be assigned to support any infantry division that required the assistance of tanks, its regiments usually split up to form brigade groups with the infantry.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
On 9 July, 153 RAC was ordered to move to I Corps' front to prepare for an attack on Caen, but the fall of the city (Operation Charnwood) led to the cancellation of the move. 153 RAC finally went into action on 16 July, when 34 Tank Brigade supported 227th Brigade of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in an attack in the Esquay–Évrecy area west of Caen. The object of the operation was to 'hold the attention of the enemy to that front while preparations for a breakthrough were being made east of Caen'  (referring to the forthcoming Operation Goodwood).


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
The last phase of 227 Brigade and 34 Tank Brigade's joint operation was an attack on the wooded area of Gavrus and Bougy by 8th Battalion, Royal Scots and 153 RAC. Some Churchill Crocodile flamethrowing tanks and Churchill AVREs were assigned to support the operation but were not used. The attack began at 05.30 on 16 July, and the final objective was reached by 10.25, but there were still enemy troops in the woods to be mopped up. An early casualty was the regimental commanding officer, hit in the back while climbing into his tank.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
At 14.50 the Germans counter-attacked with a mixed force, and the British claimed to have destroyed a Tiger tank. In a second counter-attack later in the afternoon the Germans lost another Tiger and three Panther tanks. The regimental war diary refers to 'a slogging match' throughout the rest of the day. Casualties included the commander of 'A' Squadron and four of his crews who crossed a ridge to deal with machine-guns on the flank. Their burnt-out tanks were discovered weeks later near Évrecy. The counter-attacks dwindled after 18.00, and 153 withdrew into its forward rally position. It was in this posn. [ sic] that the majority of the casualties occurred. A considerable number of tks were damaged and crews injured through intense mortar fire'.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
The following day, 153 RAC formed two composite squadrons, absorbing the remnants of 'A' Squadron. 'C' Squadron spent 17 July north of Bougy as an immediate counter-attack force, and was heavily mortared. 'B' Sqn supported an attack by 147 RAC and 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division. 'B' Squadron was soon engaged by enemy armour and the battle continued until nightfall, with casualties including the squadron commander. 153 RAC's total casualties for this two-day operation comprised 10 tanks knocked out or destroyed, 16 officers and 70 other ranks killed, wounded, or missing. The crews had been in their tanks for 30 hours without relief, either in action or instant readiness.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
Over succeeding days, the regiment was rested and reorganised. From 23 July, it returned to supporting other formations in a defensive role around Bougy and Maltot. In early August, its tanks fired in support of raids by 158th Brigade of 53rd (Welsh) Division trying to establish whether 10th SS Panzer Division was still in front. It transpired that the Germans were withdrawing. On 5 August, 153 RAC made a rapid cross-country move to Mondrainville to support 177th Brigade of 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, which was attacking towards Mont Pincon.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
The operation was mounted so hurriedly that there was no time to organise a proper tie-up between tanks and infantry. Next, 153 RAC was transferred to support 197th Brigade of the 59th (Staffordshire) Division, which crossed the River Orne on 9 August. The following day, it followed the retreating enemy, carrying infantry aboard its tanks. The regiment continued in the line until 15 August, supporting infantry and helping to clear up pockets of resistance.


153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment
On 17 August, 153 RAC learned that it was to be disbanded, due to a severe manpower shortage, to provide replacements for other regiments. 'C' Squadron was transferred complete to 107 RAC; the rest of the personnel went to the other regiments of 34th Tank Brigade or to holding units. The regiment ceased to exist on 28 August 1944. 153 RAC was replaced in 34 Tank Brigade by 9th Royal Tank Regiment.


153rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
The 153rd Rifle Division was a Soviet infantry division of the Red Army during World War II. It was formed in the Ural Military District. On 22 June 1941 when the German Operation Barbarossa began, it was serving under command of Nikolai Gagen with the 51st Rifle Corps of the 22nd Army. By 29 June 1941, after the effective destruction of the 37th Rifle Division, a composite regiment (20th Rifle Regiment) formed mostly from 37th Rifle Division rear units (Tyl) was attached to the division.


153rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
The 153rd Rifle Division was one of the first divisions to be designated a Guards formation, becoming 3rd Guards Rifle Division on September 18, 1941, due to 'its combat record in Belarus and Smolensk'. It was reformed for the second time in February 1942, and later became the 57th Guards Rifle Division in December 1942, after fighting with the 63rd Army.


153rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
Reformed for the third time, during the East Prussian Offensive, on 6 April 1945 the Division, which was with the 69th Rifle Corps, 50th Army, was one of the divisions in the encirclement around Königsberg, located at the northwest sector. The division to the right was the 216th Rifle Division, and to the left was the 110th Rifle Division. They attacked German positions and broke through the second defense line.


153rd meridian east
The meridian 153° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


153rd meridian east
The 153rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 27th meridian west.


153rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 153rd meridian east passes through:


153rd meridian west
The meridian 153° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


153rd meridian west
The 153rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 27th meridian east.


153rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 153rd meridian west passes through:


153–159 Fairview Road
153–159 Fairview Road is a terrace of four houses in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on the south side of Fairview Road beside the roundabout at its junction with Hewlett Road. The terrace became a Grade II listed building in 1972. The street artist Banksy produced an artwork, Spy Booth, on either side of a public telephone booth adjacent to the gable end of number 159 in April 2014. The work was destroyed in August 2016.


153–159 Fairview Road, Buildings
The terrace comprises four houses (odd numbers, from right to left: 153, 155, 157 and 159), constructed between c. 1806 and 1835, with later 19th- and 20th-century additions and rear extensions. Fairview Road was developed from 1806, when the field in which the road was built was inclosed by an Act of Parliament.


153–159 Fairview Road, Buildings
The two-storey houses were built from ashlar blocks, and are now covered in stucco, with pilasters between the houses and at each end of the row, and string course between the floors. A parapet with frieze atop the façade conceals the pitched roof. No. 153 also has an architrave and cornice. Nos. 153 and 155 have three bays each, originally with 2-over-2 sash windows, and nos. 157 and 159 have two bays each, originally with 1-over-1 sash windows. All have their entrance door in the right bay, recessed in nos. 153 and 155, and all have glazed overlights above panelled doors.


153–159 Fairview Road, Buildings
A house adjacent to 159 Fairview Road, at 64 Hewlett Road, was acquired by Gloucestershire County Council in around 1962 and demolished to allow for road improvement works.


153–159 Fairview Road, Artwork
The street artist Banksy created an artwork, Spy Booth, on either side of a public telephone adjacent to the gable end of no. 159 in April 2014, showing three stereotypical secret agents wearing dark sunglasses and brown raincoats, holding microphones to eavesdrop. The building is approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) from The Doughnut, the headquarters of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ).


153–159 Fairview Road, Artwork
The artwork drew hundreds of visitors and suffered from several acts of vandalism before it was boarded up to protect it. Some reports indicate that it was sold to Sky Grimes, and was damaged in an attempt to remove the plaster on which it was created. Gloucestershire County Council delivered a "stop notice" requiring works to remove the plaster to cease, and then granted retrospective listed buildings consent for the artwork in February 2015, giving it protection under the building's listing. However, the artwork was destroyed in August 2016.


154
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:21, 10 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


154
Year 154 (CLIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Lateranus (or, less frequently, year 907 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 154 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC
154 (Scottish) Regiment is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. It forms part of the Army Reserve. Its role is to provide general transport support at 'third line' for the British Army.


154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, History
The regiment was formed as the 154th (Lowland) Regiment, RCT (Volunteers) in Glasgow in 1967. The initially comprised just 221 Squadron and 222 Squadron. 225 Squadron was formed in 1969, 251 Squadron in 1971 and 225 Squadron in 1992. 527 Squadron, 230 Squadron and 231 Squadron and 251 Squadron were added on amalgamation with 153 (Highland) Transport Regiment to form the Scottish Transport Regiment in 1993. 231 Squadron was subsequently disbanded. It became 154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC under the Army 2020 reforms and an extra squadron, 239 Squadron, was formed in 2016.


154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, Structure
The regiment, which is under Operational Command of 101 Logistic Brigade within the Army's Support Command, comprises the following units:


154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, Structure
Each of the task squadrons is equipped with the Leyland-DAF Demountable Rack Off Load and Pick up System (DROPS), which is a Medium Mobility Load Carrier (MMLC) capable of carrying 15 tonnes of stocks or equipment cross country.


154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, Uniform
The regiment wears the Tactical Recognition Flash of the Royal Logistic Corps. The tartan of the regiment is the MacDuff.


154 (album)
154 is the third album by the English post-punk band Wire, released in 1979 on EMI imprint Harvest Records in the UK and Europe and Warner Bros. Records in America.


154 (album), Music
Branching out even further from the minimalist punk rock style of their earlier work, 154 is considered a progression of the sounds displayed on Wire's previous album Chairs Missing, with the group experimenting with slower tempos, fuller song structures and a more prominent use of guitar effects, synthesizers and electronics.


154 (album), Music
The unusual title of the track "Map Ref 41°N 93°W" was based on a guess of the centre of the American Midwest by bassist and singer Graham Lewis; the location of these coordinates is coincidentally close to Centerville, Iowa. One of My Bloody Valentine's last releases prior to reconvening in 2007 was a cover of this track for a Wire tribute entitled Whore. The song was selected as a favourite cover of the 1990s by Flak Magazine.


154 (album), Release
154 peaked at number 39 in the UK Albums Chart, the highest position the band has achieved. It was first issued on CD in 1987 by EMI Japan and later reissued by Restless Records in 1989. First editions of the vinyl album were accompanied by an EP, the tracks from which are included on the Harvest CD, issued in 1994, along with an additional bonus track. The new remastered release, released by Pinkflag as digipacks in 2006, does not contain any extra tracks, because, according to the band, such additions dishonour the "conceptual clarity of the original statements." The album is so named because the band had played 154 gigs in their career at the time of the album's release. In 2004, Pitchfork listed 154 as 85th best album of the 1970s.


154 (album), Track listing
Tracks 19–24 are demo versions that have also appeared on compilations such as Behind the Curtain and After Midnight.


154 (album), Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the 2018 Special Edition.


154 (number)
154 (one hundred [and] fifty-four) is the natural number following 153 and preceding 155.


154 (number), In mathematics
154 is a nonagonal number. Its factorization makes 154 a sphenic number


154 (number), In mathematics
There is no integer with exactly 154 coprimes below it, making 154 a noncototient, nor is there, in base 10, any integer that added up to its own digits yields 154, making 154 a self number


154 (number), In mathematics
154 is the sum of the first six factorials, if one starts with 0! {\displaystyle 0!} and assumes that 0! = 1{\displaystyle 0!=1}.


154 (number), In mathematics
With just 17 cuts, a pancake can be cut up into 154 pieces (Lazy caterer's sequence).


154 (number), In mathematics
The distinct prime factors of 154 add up to 20, and so do the ones of 153, hence the two form a Ruth-Aaron pair. 154! + 1 is a factorial prime.


154 BC
Year 154 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Opimius and Albinus/Glabrio (or, less frequently, year 600 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 154 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


154 Bertha
Bertha (minor planet designation: 154 Bertha) is a main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on 4 November 1875, but the credit for the discovery was given to Prosper. It is probably named after Berthe Martin-Flammarion, sister of the astronomer Camille Flammarion.


154 Bertha
Observations performed at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado in during 2007 produced a light curve with a period of 22.30 ± 0.03 hours and a brightness range of 0.10 ± 0.02 in magnitude. A 1998 measurement gave a value of 27.6 hours, which doesn't fit the PDO data. In 2011, observations from the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico were used to determine a rotation period of 25.224 ± 0.002 hours with a brightness variability of 0.10 ± 0.01 magnitude, ruling out previous studies.


154 Bertha
This is classified as a C-type asteroid and it has an estimated diameter of about 187 km.


1540
Year 1540 (MDXL) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1540 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1540 kHz: 1540 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. KXEL Waterloo, Iowa, and ZNS-1 Nassau, Bahamas, share Class A status on 1540 AM.


1540 Broadway
1540 Broadway (known as the Bertelsmann Building until late 2013) is a 44-story, 733 foot (223 m) office tower at West 45th Street in Times Square in Manhattan, New York City. Started in 1989 and finished in 1990, the tower is one of the few in Times Square to contain class A office space.


1540 Broadway, Tenants
The building was the North American headquarters of media conglomerate Bertelsmann from 1992 until the company vacated and sold the property, of which they occupied all office-use floors, in 2004. The building housed US satellites of central functions such as Corporate Development, Corporate Communications and the Office of the Chairman and CEO, as well as serving as worldwide headquarters for the Bertelsmann Music Group and Bertelsmann Book Group (what has later taken on the umbrella brand name Random House). Current office tenants include ViacomCBS, China Central Television, KEMP Technologies, Adobe and Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman. Retail tenants are Planet Hollywood, MAC Cosmetics, Disney Store, and Forever 21.


1540 Broadway, Tenants
In the 1990s, Random House looked to build a skyscraper across 45th Street from its parent and be connected to it via a neon-lighted bridge across 45th Street. When the deal fell through, it built the Random House Tower 10 blocks uptown.


1540 Broadway, Tenants
The building's location was formerly the site of Loew's State Theatre (1921) and Bartholdi Inn (1899), then New York's best-known theatrical boarding house.


1540 European drought
The 1540 drought in Europe was a climatic event in Europe. In various palaeoclimatic analyses the temperature and precipitation regimes were reconstructed and compared to present-day conditions.


1540 European drought
On the basis of historical records Wetter et al. (2014) derived that during an eleven-month period there was little rain in Europe, possibly qualifying as a megadrought. These conclusions however were questioned by Büntgen et al. (2015) on the basis of additional data (tree rings).


1540 European drought
Orth et al. (2016) concluded that in summer 1540 the mean temperature was above the 1966-2015 mean and with a probability of 20% exceeded that of the 2003 summer.


1540 European drought, Description
The Swiss historian Christian Pfister described the events of 1540 in a newspaper interview:


1540 European drought, Description
From the city Münden there is a description of how year 1540 of the ducal wine vineyard at Questenberg was “so excellent“ that it was preferred to foreign wine.


1540 European drought, Description
In the Swiss village „Goldiwil desperate people went over 500 m up and down in elevation every day, only to fill a few barrels of water in Lake Thun.“


1540 Kevola
1540 Kevola, provisional designation 1938 WK, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 42 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 November 1938, by astronomer Liisi Oterma at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after the Finnish Kevola Observatory.


1540 Kevola, Orbit and classification
Kevola is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,758 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic.


1540 Kevola, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1926 GT at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1926, more than 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.


1540 Kevola, Naming
This minor planet was named for the Finnish Kevola Observatory (064). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).


1540 Kevola, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Kevola was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 20.082 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=3-). Another lightcurve obtained by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2010, gave a concurring period of 20.071 hours with an amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=2).


1540 Kevola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kevola measures between 37.12 and 44.18 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.0433 and 0.06.


1540 Kevola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0474 and a diameter of 44.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.


1540 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1540.


1540 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1540 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1540 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1540 in science
The year 1540 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


1540s
The 1540s decade ran from 1 January 1540, to 31 December 1549.


1540s BC
The 1540s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1549 BC to December 31, 1540 BC.


1540s in music
The decade of the 1540s in music (years 1540–1549) involved some significant events.


1541
Year 1541 (MDXLI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1541 Estonia
1541 Estonia, provisional designation 1939 CK, is an asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 February 1939, by astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory near Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after the Baltic country of Estonia.


1541 Estonia, Orbit and classification
Estonia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.6–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,683 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1541 Estonia, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as A916 GE at the Simeiz Observatory in April 1916. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as A923 VE at Yerkes Observatory in November 1923, more than 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.


1541 Estonia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Estonia is a Xc-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.


1541 Estonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Estonia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.1 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.13 magnitude (U=2-).


1541 Estonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Estonia measures between 19.53 and 24.542 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0976 and 0.140.


1541 Estonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1314 and a diameter of 20.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.


1541 Estonia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Baltic country of Estonia, just south of the Gulf of Finland and Finland itself. The two countries are inhabited by related Balto-Finnic peoples. Estonia gained independence from Soviet rule in 1991. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).


1541 Ultimate
1541 Ultimate (often abbreviated 1541U) is a peripheral, primarily an emulated floppy disk and cartridge emulator based on the FPGA Xilinx XC3S250E, for the Commodore 64 home computer. It became available in 2008.


1541 Ultimate
The unit is developed by Gideon Zweijtzer and is a cartridge that can emulate other cartridges such as the Commodore REU, Action Replay, The Final Cartridge III, Super Snapshot V5, Retro Replay or TurboAss with Codenet-support, and an almost fully compatible (including JiffyDOS support FPGA-cloned Commodore 1541 (including 1541, 1541C, and 1541 II models) floppy disk unit that can use Commodore 64-compatible files like .D64/.G64 disc images or .PRG files via a SD card reader. Additionally, the 1541 Ultimate is suitable for making archives of floppy disks. All units after the initial production have 32 megabytes of RAM, while the original production run only had 16 megabytes.


1541 Ultimate
The 1541 Ultimate is capable of running both CP/M and GEOS.


1541 Ultimate
In 2010, the 1541 Ultimate II was developed. The Ultimate II is about 30% smaller than the 1541 Ultimate, comes in a plastic case, and adds support for dual SIDs (plus a SID/MOD player), a USB host controller, tape emulation via a tape adapter (though use with a Commodore 128D requires modification), a real-time clock (for accurate file date and time), and the SD card slot is replaced by a microSD card slot. In addition, all firmware and VHDL code for the Ultimate II is available under an open source GPLv3 license, allowing hobbyists and others to freely modify all aspects of its functionality, including the FPGA-emulated hardware.


1541 Ultimate
The 1541 Ultimate has an option for on-board Ethernet, while the 1541 Ultimate II supports Ethernet via a compatible USB to Ethernet adapter.


1541 Ultimate
Besides being useful to retrocomputing hobbyists, it has also found use in educational laboratory settings.


1541 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1541.


1541 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1541 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1541 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1541 in science
The year 1541 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


15415 Rika
15415 Rika, provisional designation 1998 CA1, is a bright background asteroid from the Florian region of the inner asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers (2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 February 1998, by Japanese astronomer Akimasa Nakamura at the Kuma Kogen Astronomical Observatory in southern Japan. The presumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.36 hours and possibly an elongated shape. It was named after Rika Akana, a character in the Japanese film and later television adapted drama Tokyo Love Story.


15415 Rika, Orbit and classification
Rika is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.


15415 Rika, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,193 days; semi-major axis of 2.2 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.


15415 Rika, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Palomar Observatory in November 1954, more than 43 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kuma Kogen.


15415 Rika, Physical characteristics
Rika is an assumed, common S-type asteroid, despite the exceptionally high albedo (see below) measured by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).


15415 Rika, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Rika was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Skalnaté pleso Observatory in Slovakia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.3636 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 1.06 magnitude, indicating that the body has an elongated shape (U=3).


15415 Rika, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Rika measures 2.830 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.6053. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the parent body of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 3.74 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.3.


15415 Rika, Naming
This minor planet was named after Rika Akana, the heroine played by Honami Suzuki in the manga-based Japanese television drama Tokyo Love Story. Some episodes of the dorama were filmed on locations near the town of Kumakōgen, where the discovering observatory of this asteroid is located.


15415 Rika, Naming
The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41388).


1542
Year 1542 (MDXLII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1542 Schalén
1542 Schalén, provisional designation 1941 QE, is a background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 45 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 August 1941, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The dark D-type asteroid was later named after Swedish astronomer Karl Schalén.


1542 Schalén, Orbit and classification
Schalén is a background asteroid, located near the region of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,987 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A898 VD at Heidelberg Observatory in 1898, extending the body's observation arc by 43 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.


1542 Schalén, Physical characteristics
Schalén has a dark D-type spectrum, mostly found among Hildian asteroids and Jupiter trojans. Bodies with a D-type spectra are thought to have originated in the Kuiper belt.


1542 Schalén, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the 2014-result of the survey carried by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Schalén measures 42.374 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.068, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0509 and a diameter of 45.05 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.6.


1542 Schalén, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Schalén was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Purple Mountain Observatory in collaboration with observatories in the United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.516 hours with a brightness variation of 0.49 magnitude (U=3).


1542 Schalén, Naming
This minor planet was named in honour of Swedish astronomer Karl Adam Wilhelm Schalén (1902–1993), who was a director of the Swedish Lund Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).


1542 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1542.


1542 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1542 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1542 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1542 in science
The year 1542 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


1543
Year 1543 (MDXLIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of the years sometimes referred to as an "Annus mirabilis" because of its significant publications in science, considered the start of the scientific revolution.


1543 Bourgeois
1543 Bourgeois, provisional designation 1941 SJ, is a stony asteroid from the central asteroid belt's background population, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 September 1941, by astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after Belgian astronomer Paul Bourgeois.


1543 Bourgeois, Orbit and classification
Bourgeois is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,561 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.32 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.


1543 Bourgeois, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as A911 MF at Johannesburg Observatory in June 1911. The body's observation arc begins at Istanbul Observatory (080), eight days prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1543 Bourgeois, Physical characteristics
No spectral type has been determined. The Lightcurve Data Base considers Bourgeois equally likely to be of a stony or carbonaceous, while albedo measurements by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer suggest that it is a stony S-type asteroid (see below).


1543 Bourgeois, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Bourgeois was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 2.48 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.03 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.


1543 Bourgeois, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Bourgeois measures 11.985 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.214. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.1 – a compromise albedo between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) types, used as a default for asteroids with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7 AU – and calculates a diameter of 16.73 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.0.


1543 Bourgeois, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of Paul Bourgeois (1898–1974), director of the discovering observatory at Uccle, professor at the Free University of Brussels, credited discoverer of asteroid 1547 Nele, author of various publications in astrometry, astrophysics, meridian astronomy and stellar statistics. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).


1543 in Denmark
The following lists events that happened during 1543 in Denmark.


1543 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1543.


1543 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1543 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1543 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1543 in science
The year 1543 in science and technology marks the beginning of the European Scientific revolution and included many events, some of which are listed here.


15436 Dexius
15436 Dexius, provisional designation: 1998 VU30, is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 86 kilometers (53 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 November 1998, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. The presumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.97 hours. It is one of the 50 largest Jupiter trojans and was named after Dexius, father of Iphinous from Greek mythology.


15436 Dexius, Orbit and classification
Dexius is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0–5.4 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,344 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


15436 Dexius, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1962 WO at the Goethe Link Observatory in November 1962, or 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.


15436 Dexius, Numbering and naming
This minor planet was numbered on 21 June 2000 (M.P.C. 40826). On 14 May 2021, the object was named by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN), after Dexius, father of Iphinous from Greek mythology.


15436 Dexius, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 2013 and 2014, two rotational lightcurves of Dexius were obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Trojan Station of Center for Solar System Studies (U81) in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave an identical rotation period of 8.97 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 and 0.29 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


15436 Dexius, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), this Jovian trojan measures between 78.63 and 87.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.038 and 0.053. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0547 and a diameter of 86.00 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.1.


15436 Dexius, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
It belongs to the 50 largest Jupiter trojan and is currently the largest such body without a name, slightly larger than (4489) 1988 AK based on WISE-data.


15436 Dexius, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1544
1544 (MDXLIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1544th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 544th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 44th  year of the 16th century, and the  5th   year of the 1540s decade. As of the start of 1544, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.


1544 Vinterhansenia
1544 Vinterhansenia, provisional designation 1941 UK, is a dark asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1941, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named for Danish astronomer Julie Vinter Hansen.


1544 Vinterhansenia, Orbit and classification
Vinterhansenia is classified as both C-type and X-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,335 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. Vinterhansenia was first identified as A906 DB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1906. Its first used observation, 1928 DO, was also taken at Heidelberg in 1928, and extends the body's observation arc by 13 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku in 1941.


1544 Vinterhansenia, Lightcurves
Two rotational lightcurves of Vinterhansenia were obtained from photometric observations taken by Kevin Ivarsen in October 2003, and Laurent Bernasconi in March 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 13.7 and 13.77 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 and 0.18 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).


1544 Vinterhansenia, Diameter and albedo
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vinterhansenia measures between 20.76 and 26.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.040 and 0.078. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.0599 and a diameter of 21.63 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.


1544 Vinterhansenia, Naming
This minor planet was named for Danish astronomer Julie Vinter Hansen (1890–1960), who worked at the Copenhagen Observatory and was director of the International Astronomical Union's telegram bureau and Editor of its Circulars (also see Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams) The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).


1544 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1544.


1544 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1544 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1544 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1544 in science
The year 1544 in science and technology involved some significant events.


15440 Eioneus
15440 Eioneus, provisional designation: 1998 WX4, is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 66 kilometers (41 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 November 1998, by astronomers with the Catalina Sky Survey at the Catalina Station near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States. The assumed C-type asteroid belongs to the 60 largest Jupiter trojans. It has a rotation period of 21.43 hours and possibly a spherical shape. It was named from Greek mythology after Eioneus who was killed by Hector.


15440 Eioneus, Orbit and classification
Eioneus  is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.


15440 Eioneus, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.2–5.4 AU once every 12 years and 2 months (4,455 days; semi-major axis of 5.3 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 29° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Palomar Observatory in November 1951, or 47 years prior to its official discovery observation at Catalina.


15440 Eioneus, Naming
This minor planet was numbered on 21 June 2000 (M.P.C. 40826). On 14 May 2021, the object was named from Greek mythology by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN), after the Greek warrior Eioneus who was killed by a spear from Hector during the Trojan War.


15440 Eioneus, Physical characteristics
Eioneus is an assumed C-type asteroid, while the majority of large Jupiter trojans are D-types. It has a typical V–I color index of 0.97.


15440 Eioneus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Since January 2013, a large number of a rotational lightcurve of Eioneus have been obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve from June 2017 gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 21.43±0.02 h hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.09±0.02 magnitude (U=2+), indicative of a rather spherical shape.


15440 Eioneus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Eioneus measures between 62.52 and 71.88 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.072 and 0.092. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0585 and a diameter of 66.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.6.


15440 Eioneus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1545
Year 1545 (MDXLV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1545 Thernöe
1545 Thernöe (prov. designation: 1941 UW) is an elongated background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 15 October 1941, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The uncommon K-type asteroid has a rotation period of 16.1 hours and measures approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter. It was later named after Danish astronomer Karl August Thernöe.


1545 Thernöe, Orbit
Thernöe orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,684 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A906 FE at Heidelberg Observatory in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 35 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.


1545 Thernöe, Naming
This minor planet was named after Karl August Thernöe (1911–1987), Danish astronomer and celestial mechanic at Østervold Observatory in Copenhagen. He was also a popularizer of astronomy and director of IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams during 1950–1964. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3930).


1545 Thernöe, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
In the SMASS taxonomy, Thernöe is classified as a rare K-type asteroid, a newly introduced subtype that belongs to the broader S-complex of stony bodies. Conversely, CALL groups Thernöe into the carbonaceous C-complex.


1545 Thernöe, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In December 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Thernöe was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.20 hours with a brightness variation of 0.76 magnitude (U=3). The high lightcurve-amplitude of 0.76 indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape.


1545 Thernöe, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 17.20321 hours, as well as a spin axis of (164.0°, −5.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1545 Thernöe, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Thernöe measures between 16.12 and 19.37 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.092 and 0.13. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0962 and diameter of 18.71 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.8.


1545 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1545.


1545 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1545 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1545 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1545 in science
The year 1545 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1546
Year 1546 (MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1546 Izsák
1546 Izsák, provisional designation 1941 SG1, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1941, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory near Budapest, Hungary. The asteroid was named after Hungarian astronomer Imre Izsák.


1546 Izsák, Orbit and classification
Izsák is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,070 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


1546 Izsák, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1935 QC at Simeiz Observatory in August 1935, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at Konkoly.


1546 Izsák, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of Imre Izsák (1929–1965), a Hungarian-born astronomer and celestial mechanician, who studied the motion of artificial satellites. He also worked at the Cincinnati Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in the United States. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182). He is also honored by a lunar crater Izsak.


1546 Izsák, Physical characteristics
Izsák has been characterized as a generic X-, a metallic M- and a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, by PanSTARRS photometric survey, by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and by the Lightcurve Data Base, respectively.


1546 Izsák, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Izsák was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado (716). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.350 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=3).


1546 Izsák, Physical characteristics, Poles
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve gave a concurring period of 7.33200 hours and determined two spin axis of (124.0°, 32.0°) and (322.0°, 60.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1546 Izsák, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Izsák measures between 19.31 and 28.487 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1153 and 0.249.


1546 Izsák, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 42.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.


1546 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1546.


1546 in music, Births
date unknown - Joachim a Burck, German hymn writer, composer, organist and Kantor (died 1610)


1546 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1546 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1546 in poetry, Deaths
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1546 in science
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 12:05, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1546 in science
The year 1546 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


15460 Manca
15460 Manca, provisional designation 1998 YD10, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.


15460 Manca
The asteroid was discovered on 25 December 1998, by Italian astronomers Andrea Boattini and Luciano Tesi at Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory in San Marcello Pistoiese, central Italy. It was named for Italian amateur astronomer Francesco Manca.


15460 Manca, Orbit and classification
Manca belongs to the Koronis family, a family of stony asteroids in the outer main-belt with nearly ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,810 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


15460 Manca, Orbit and classification
The asteroid's observation arc begins 48 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in March 1950.


15460 Manca, Physical characteristics
Manca has also been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey.


15460 Manca, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2012, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for Manca from photometric observations made at the Palomar Transient Factory, California. It gave it a rotation period of 7.2723 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=2).


15460 Manca, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Manca measures 5.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.295. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a stony standard albedo for members of the Koronis family of 0.24, and calculates a diameter of 5.17 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.


15460 Manca, Naming
This minor planet was named for Italian amateur astronomer Francesco Manca (born 1966), member of the "Gruppo Astrofili Brianza" and an active observer of near-Earth objects, and potentially hazardous asteroids in particular, at Sormano Astronomical Observatory in northern Italy. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41388).


1547
Year 1547 (MDXLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1547 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1547.


1547 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1547 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1547 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1547 in science
The year 1547 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


1548
Year 1548 (MDXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1548 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1548.


1548 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1548 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1548 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1548 in science
The year 1548 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.


1549
Year 1549 (MDXLIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Kingdom of England, it was known as "The Year of the Many-Headed Monster", because of the unusually high number of rebellions which occurred in the country.


1549 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1549.


1549 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1549 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1549 in poetry, Deaths
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1549 in science
The year 1549 in science and technology included some events, a few of which are listed here.


1549–1550 papal conclave
The 1549–1550 papal conclave (November 29 – February 7), convened after the death of Pope Paul III and eventually elected Giovanni Del Monte to the papacy as Pope Julius III. It was the second-longest papal conclave of the 16th century, and (at the time) the largest papal conclave in history in terms of the number of cardinal electors. The cardinal electors (who at one point totalled fifty-one) were roughly divided between the factions of Henry II of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Alessandro Farnese, the cardinal-nephew of Paul III.


1549–1550 papal conclave
Noted for the extensive interference of European powers, the conclave was to determine whether and on what terms the Council of Trent would reconvene (supported by Charles V and opposed by Henry II) and the fate of the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (claimed by both Charles V and the House of Farnese). Although the conclave nearly elected Reginald Pole, the late arrival of additional French cardinals pushed the conclave back into deadlock, and eventually Giovanni del Monte was elected Pope Julius III as a compromise candidate.


1549–1550 papal conclave
The French hoped that Julius III would be hostile to the interests of the Holy Roman Empire. Nevertheless, tensions between him and the French boiled over when he reconvened the Council of Trent in November 1550, culminating in the threat of schism in August 1551 and the brief War of Parma fought between French troops allied with Ottavio Farnese and a papal-imperial army.


1549–1550 papal conclave
French prelates did not attend the 1551–1552 sessions of the Council of Trent and were slow to accept its reforms; because Henry II would not allow any French cardinals to reside in Rome, many missed the election of Pope Marcellus II, arriving in Rome just in time to elect Marcellus II's successor Pope Paul IV after Marcellus II's brief reign.


1549–1550 papal conclave, Cardinal-electors
Pope Paul III had enlarged the College of Cardinals to an unprecedented fifty-four, and the length of the conclave allowed many of the foreign cardinals to arrive, bringing the number of cardinal electors at one point to fifty-one, although two died and several fell ill during the conclave, reducing their number to forty-four by the final scrutiny (ballot).


1549–1550 papal conclave, Cardinal-electors
According to the tally of Cardinal Charles de Lorraine-Guise in his letter to Henry II, once the twelve participating French cardinals reached Rome, twenty-three cardinals were aligned in the French faction, twenty-two in the Imperial faction, and four neutral; thus Guise judged it impossible for either faction to garner the necessary two-thirds simply by persuading neutral cardinals. In addition, eleven Italian cardinals whom Guise counted among the French faction were only likely to vote for a fellow Italian, making the three favorites of Henry II—Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme, Jean de Lorraine, and Georges d'Amboise—unfeasible. The non-French cardinal protector of France, Ippolito II d'Este, would then have been the choice of Henry II; Catherine de' Medici preferred her cousin Giovanni Salviati, who was extremely unacceptable to the Imperial faction and the Farnese.


1549–1550 papal conclave, Cardinal-electors
In contrast, Charles V favored Juan Álvarez de Toledo followed by Reginald Pole, and found unacceptable all of the French cardinals as well as Salviati, Nicolò Ridolfi, and the two prelates responsible for the transfer of the Council of Trent to Bologna (Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte and Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi).


1549–1550 papal conclave, Cardinal-electors
Absent were three cardinals, the Frenchmen Claude de Longwy de Givry, Bishop of Poitiers, and Jacques d'Annebaut, Bishop of Lisieux, and Henrique de Portugal, Archbishop of Evora.


1549–1550 papal conclave, Procedure
The rules of the conclave, as laid out in Ubi periculum and codified into canon law were nominally observed, but also blatantly disregarded, especially with respect to the rules prohibiting communication with the outside world. Some unauthorized persons are known to have been present in the conclave, leaving through the small door left open (per portulam ostio conclavis relictam). Portuguese Cardinal Miguel de Silva, irked by the presence of ambassadors from both Charles V and Henry II, complained to Dean de Cupis that the conclave was "more open than closed" (non conclusum sed patens conclave). By January 14, with the arrival of Louis de Bourbon, there were approximately 400 people in the conclave, only 48 of whom were cardinals—including the brothers of some cardinals, the representatives of secular rulers, and those whose only purpose was to inform the outside world on the proceedings.


1549–1550 papal conclave, Procedure
On November 27, the twelve cardinals who had arrived in Rome by then, joined the twenty-nine who had been in Rome at the death of Paul III in drawing lots of the assignment of cells during the conclave; however, those who were already ill were given preferential cell placement without having to draw lots. The conclavists decided to proceed with "closed" ballots (ut vota secreto darentur) on December 3, having read and sworn to adhere to the bull of Pope Julius II against simonical election, Contra simoniacos, and Pope Gregory X's bull establishing the conclave, Ubi periculum on December 1.


1549–1550 papal conclave, Procedure
On January 31, a reform committee—composed of Carafa, Bourbon, Pacheco, Waldburg, de Silva, and Pole—decided on thirteen new rules: limiting each cardinal to three conclavists, preventing cardinals from enlarging or switching assigned cells, prohibiting private meetings of more than three cardinals, banning eating together or sharing food, and confining the cardinals to their cells between 10:30 p.m. and dawn; physicians and barbers were each limited to three Italians, and one each of France, Germany, and Spain.


1549–1550 papal conclave, Balloting
The first scrutiny was held on December 3, the fifth day of the conclave, in the Cappella Paolina (not the Sistine Chapel, which had been divided into nineteen cells for infirm cardinals).


1549–1550 papal conclave, Balloting
Because it took ten days for the news of Pope Paul III's death to reach the French court, at the start of the conclave almost all the cardinals aligned with the Holy Roman Empire were in Rome, while only two of the fourteen French cardinals were in Italy (one was Antoine du Meudon, who had been vacationing in Farnese territory); because one clause of the Concordat of Bologna allowed the pope to fill French benefices if the French prelate died in Rome, Henry II exhorted his cardinals to remain in France, and relied on his non-French allies (in particular, Ippolito II d'Este) to act as his go-between with the Roman Curia. d'Este had done his best to delay the start of the conclave to allow the French cardinals to arrive, using his influence to schedule the papal funerary rite (which was, by law, nine days long) to begin an unusual nine days after Paul III's death.


1549–1550 papal conclave, Balloting
At the start of the conclave, Alessandro Farnese, the cardinal-nephew of Paul III, and his faction of four or five cardinals (including Ranuccio Farnese and Guido Ascanio Sforza), whom Guise had counted among the French faction, began supporting the second choice of the Holy Roman Emperor, Reginald Pole, apparently having received assurances that Ottavio Farnese's claim to the Duchy of Parma would be supported by Charles V. On December 5, Pole received twenty-six votes, only two short of the requisite two-thirds majority, prompting French ambassador Claude d'Urfé to rush to the door of the conclave, demanding that the conclave wait for the French cardinals, whom he claimed were in Corsica, and threatening that the election of a pope in their absence would be likely to cause a schism.