17 Avenue SW (Calgary), Red Mile
17th Avenue was nicknamed the "Red Mile" in 2004 during the playoff run of Calgary's NHL team, the Calgary Flames. During this time, it was not uncommon to see over 100,000 fans crowding the street and its bars and pubs on game nights.. The block has become the unofficial gathering place for Calgary Flames fans, with many celebrating in the street during their last playoff run in 2015. The street also "dead-ends" at the Stampede Grounds on its east side and is thus central to the party-like atmosphere that overtakes the city during the Calgary Stampede festival.


17 Avenue SW (Calgary), Major intersections
From east to west. The entire route is in Calgary.


17 BC
Year 17 BCE was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Furnius and Silanus (or, less frequently, year 737 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 17 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


17 Blocks
17 Blocks is an 2019 American documentary film, directed by Davy Rothbart, written by Rothbart and Jennifer Tiexiera. The film revolves around The Sanford Family, who spent 20 years filming themselves.


17 Blocks
The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 27, 2019. It was released in virtual cinema on February 19, 2021, by MTV Documentary Films.


17 Blocks, Plot
The film follows the Sanford Family, who spent 20 years filming themselves, living just 20 minutes away from the White House.


17 Blocks, Release
The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 27, 2019. The film also screened at AFI Docs on June 20, 2019. In July 2019, MTV Documentary Films acquired distribution rights to the film. The film was released in virtual cinema on February 19, 2021.


17 Blocks, Reception
17 Blocks received positive reviews from film critics. It holds a 100% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 23 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.60/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 79 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


17 Brigade (Nigeria)
The 17 Brigade is a military formation of the Nigerian Army, which was established on 20 February 2018 for internal security duties.


17 Brigade (Nigeria), History
The 17 Brigade was established in December 2017, but was officially commissioned in February 2018. According to Army chief of staff Lieutenant General Tukur Yusuf Buratai, the establishment of the 17 Brigade is part of a wider reorganisation of the Nigerian Army.


17 Brigade (Nigeria), Operations
In 2018, the 17 Brigade conducted two internal security operations: Operation Sharar Daji and Operation Mesa, against armed banditry. In January 2019, the Brigade launched Operation Egwu Eke III in order to complement the other two ongoing operations.


17 Brigade (Nigeria), Mission
According to Lieutenant General Buratai, the 17 Brigade was established in order to address issues in the North-West Zone and in the Katsina State identified by the Nigerian Army: cattle rustling, armed robbery and armed banditry. Countering such threats includes carrying out public security duties.


17 Camelopardalis
17 Camelopardalis is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Camelopardalis, located roughly 960 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.44. This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −20 km/s.


17 Camelopardalis
This is an aging red giant star, currently on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M1IIIa. It is a suspected small amplitude variable. The star has expanded to 83 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 1,603 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,818 K.


17 Canis Majoris
17 Canis Majoris is a single star in the southern constellation of Canis Major, located 610 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.80. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −13 km/s.


17 Canis Majoris
This is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A2 V, and is near the end of its main sequence lifetime. It has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 43 km/s. The star is radiating 126 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,872 K. It has a magnitude 8.66 visual companion at an angular separation of 42.90″ along a position angle of 147°, as of 2015.


17 Carat
17 Carat is the debut extended play by South Korean boy group Seventeen. It was released on May 29, 2015 by Pledis Entertainment and distributed by LOEN Entertainment. "Adore U" serves as the lead single for the extended play.


17 Carat, Background and release
The extended play includes 5 tracks written, co-written and co-produced by Seventeen's group members. "Adore U" was chosen as the lead single for the EP and was performed on multiple music shows by the group. "Shining Diamond" was used a pre-single on the group's reality debut show. The group states that the track list was chosen to reflect the group's core concept of "boys passion". The album has two physical versions: one with a "black" themed photo card set and the other with a "white" themed photo card set. All copies include a CD containing the songs and a fold up poster/lyric sheet.


17 Carat, Single
"Adore U" is the lead single of the extended play. It was written by Woozi, S.Coups, and Yeon Dong-geon. The Korea Herald states "“Adore U” is a funky pop song about a teenage boy trying to navigate through puppy love." It marks the beginning of the group's trilogy composed of the singles Adore U, Mansae and Pretty U about a boy meeting, falling in love and asking out a girl. The track was composed and arranged by Woozi, Bumzu, and Yeon Dong-geon. The music video for the single was released on May 29, 2015 and was directed by Dee Shin. The dance choreography accompaniment to the song was choreographed by Hoshi of Seventeen and focuses on "storytelling, and on highlighting each member's strengths onstage". The single has sold more than 38,000 digital copies and peaked at number 13 on the Billboard US World Chart.


17 Carat, Commercial Performance
The EP has sold 82,972+ copies in South Korea. It peaked at number 4 on the Korean Gaon Chart and number 8 on the US World Billboard Chart.


17 Carat, Track listing
Hoshi participated in the choreography of 'Adore U' and 'Shining Diamond', Dino choreographed 'Jam Jam'.


17 Crateris
17 Crateris is a wide binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Hydra, located 90.5 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.93. The system is traversing the celestial sphere with a relative proper motion of 24.9 mas/y, and is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +5.8 km/s.


17 Crateris
The dual nature of this system was discovered by W. Herschel in 1783, when they showed an angular separation of 9.8″. As of 2015, the two components of this system had a separation of 9.60″ along a position angle of 210°. This is equivalent to a projected separation of 241.3 AU; wide enough that, thus far, their orbital track appears linear. They are nearly identical F-type main-sequence stars with a stellar classification of F8V. The primary is slightly brighter at magnitude 5.64, while the secondary is magnitude 5.76.


17 Crimes
"17 Crimes" is a song by American rock band AFI. It was released as the second single from their ninth studio album Burials in 2013. It peaked at number 25 on the US Alternative Songs chart.


17 Cygni
17 Cygni is the Flamsteed designation for a binary star system in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.00, so, according to the Bortle scale, it is visible from suburban skies at night. Measurements made with the Hipparcos spacecraft show an annual parallax shift of 0.0478″, which is equivalent to a distance of around 68.2 ly (20.9 pc) from the Sun. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.451″/year.


17 Cygni
The stellar classification of the primary star is F7 V, which means it is a main sequence star like the Sun. The star has 1.24 times the mass of the Sun and 0.95–1.1 times the Sun's radius. It is some 2.8 billion years old and shines with 3.66 times the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 6,455 K, giving it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star.


17 Cygni
At an angular separation of 791.40 arcseconds is a proper motion companion with a classification of M0.4, indicating this is a red dwarf star. At the estimated distance of the pair, this is equal to a projected separation of 16,320 AU. Although the CCDM lists four other companions, these are not associated with the pair.


17 December 1930 Guatemalan presidential election
A coup d'état occurred in Guatemala on 17 December 1930, which ousted president Baudilio Palma; then, Congress appointed coup leader Orellana Contreras as the new President of Guatemala in a legislative presidential election.


17 December 1930 Guatemalan presidential election, History
After the coup d'état against president Baudilio Palma -who had just been designated president of Guatemala after a stroke forced president Lázaro Chacón to resign on 12 December 1930- the Congress appointed general Manuel María Orellana Contreras as provisional president. However, given the large investments that American companies had in Guatemala -especially the United Fruit Company, the United States Secretary of State Henry Stimson publicly denounced Orellana as an unconstitutional leader and demanded his removal. Realizing that the Americans would not recognize his government, Orellana resigned on December 29.


17 December 1930 Guatemalan presidential election, History
Eventually, general Jorge Ubico came into power in 1931, and ruled Guatemala with a tight grip until he was deposed on 1 July 1944; during his rule, the power and influence of the United Fruit Company strengthened in Guatemala.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan
The 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan is a de facto defunct proposed agreement between the Russian President Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych publicized on 17 December 2013 whereby Russia would buy $15 billion of Ukrainian Eurobonds to be issued by Ukraine and that the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine would be lowered to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres (the price was more than $400 at the time). The treaty was signed amid massive, ongoing protests in Ukraine for closer ties between Ukraine and the European Union. The interest rate on the loan would be renegotiated every three months, based on a verbal agreement between the two leaders.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan
The proposed agreement is de facto defunct since Russia has halted its purchase of the never issued Eurobonds since the ousting of President Yanukovich of 22 February 2014 and in April 2014, the Russian natural gas discount was cancelled.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan
Since December 2015, Ukraine defaulted on the $3 billion debt payment to Russia that was part of the action plan.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
In mid-August 2013, Russia changed its customs regulations on imports from Ukraine. Ukrainian Industrial Policy Minister Mykhailo Korolenko stated on 18 December 2013 that because of this Ukraine's exported had dropped by $1.4 billion (or a 10% year-on-year decrease through the first 10 months of the year).


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
The State Statistics Service of Ukraine reported in November 2013 that in comparison with the same months of 2012 industrial production in Ukraine in October 2013 had fallen by 4.9 percent, in September 2013 by 5.6 percent and in August 2013 by 5.4 percent (and that the industrial production in Ukraine in 2012 total had fallen by 1.8 percent). In June 2010 (a few months after the 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty), Ukraine paid Gazprom (the Russian government controls 50.002% of shares in Gazprom) around $234 per 1,000 cubic metres of natural gas.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
In January 2013, Ukraine paid $430 per 1,000 cubic metres. And at the time of the 17 December 2013 agreement, Ukraine still paid more than $400. Since August 2011, Ukraine seeks to reduce imports of Russian natural gas by two-thirds (compared with 2010) by 2016. Natural gas is Ukraine's biggest import at present and is the main cause of the country's structural trade deficit.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
Whatever the reason might have been; the economy of Ukraine was in a bad state late 2013. And Ukraine had a poor solvency.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
On 21 November 2013, a Ukrainian government decree preparations for signing an Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the European Union (EU). Despite that in the months before Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had urged the parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine would meet the EU's criteria.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
On 25 September 2013 Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) Volodymyr Rybak stated that he was sure that his parliament would pass all the laws needed to fit the EU criteria for the Association Agreement since, except for the Communist Party of Ukraine, "The Verkhovna Rada has united around these bills".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
The reason given for the (stop preparations for signing EU-agreement) decree was that the previous months Ukraine had experienced "a drop in industrial production and our relations with CIS countries". The government also assured "Ukraine will resume preparing the agreement when the drop in industrial production and our relations with CIS countries are compensated by the European market". During two years of negotiations, Ukraine did not raise the issue of large, unconditional grants from the EU and IMF until the eve of the Vilnius summit.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
According to Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov "the extremely harsh conditions" of an IMF loan (presented by the IMF on 20 November 2013), which included big budget cuts and a 40% increase in gas bills, had been the last argument in favor of the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend preparations for signing the Association Agreement.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
On 7 December 2013 the IMF clarified that it was not insisting on a single-stage increase in natural gas tariffs in Ukraine by 40%, but recommended that they be gradually raised to an economically justified level while compensating the poorest segments of the population for the losses from such an increase by strengthening targeted social assistance. The same day IMF Resident Representative in Ukraine Jerome Vacher stated that this particular IMF loan is worth US$4 billion and that it would be linked with "policy, which would remove disproportions and stimulated growth".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Background
The decision to put off signing the EU Association Agreement led to massive, ongoing protests in Ukraine (for closer ties between Ukraine and the EU) that began in the night of 21 November 2013 when up to 2,000 protesters gathered at Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti. And that had risen to 400,000–800,000 protesters demonstrating in Kyiv on the weekends of 1 December and 8 December 2013.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation
Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Ukrainian counterpart Viktor Yanukovych held the sixth "interstate consultation" on 17 December in Moscow. Yanukovych flew to Moscow on the private jet airliner of Ukrainian oligarch (and alleged financier and chieftain of Yanukovych's Party of Regions) Rinat Akhmetov. After the meeting, Yanukovych stated "We've prepared a joint action plan to resolve trade and economic restrictions, a so-called road map that will significantly improve performance in this area" and added this would benefit the entire sectors of the economies of the two countries.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation
"Favourable conditions for the about 1.5 million people from Ukraine that are working in Russia" were also discussed. According to President Putin and Russian presidential press secretary Dmitry Peskov this deal was "not tied to any conditions" and Ukraine's possible accession to the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia was not addressed. Peskov also added "it is our principled position not to interfere in Ukraine's affairs" and accused other countries of doing the opposite.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation
According to President Yanukovych, the trade situation between Russia and Ukraine required urgent intervention, and that it should be coordinated with other Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. He also added referring to Russia–Ukraine relations, "We'll have to learn lessons for the future and not to repeat such mistakes". And President Yanukovych also stated that Ukraine and Russia should strengthen cross-border and inter-regional cooperation "which create convenient conditions for the people".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation
The next day Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated that without the deal with Russia "bankruptcy and social collapse would have awaited Ukraine". He also added that there was no way Ukraine could have signed the EU Association Agreement as Ukraine would have had to accept unfeasibly stringent IMF conditions for economic reform. The protest on Maidan Nezalezhnosti continued on 18 December 2013. He also stated "Nothing is threatening stability of the financial-economic situation in Ukraine now. Not a single economic factor".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation
On 19 December 2013, Russian President Putin stated about the (which he described as an "act of brotherly love") 17 December deal between Russia and Ukraine "This is not at all linked to (protests at) Maidan, nor with the EU-talks that Ukraine leads... We're just seeing that Ukraine is in dire straits and we should support her".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Negotiation
On 25 September 2014, Ukraine opened a criminal probe against (in December 2013) Minister of Finance of Ukraine Yuriy Kolobov; he is accused of illegally transferring a $450,000 fee to Russia's state-run VTB Capital as a kickback for the 17 December 2013 Ukrainian–Russian action plan.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, The agreement
The "joint action plan" consisted of the Russian National Wealth Fund buying $15 billion of Ukrainian Eurobonds and the lowering of the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres (Ukraine paid $400 at the time). The discount in gas was set contingent upon a quarterly review to be approved by both parties, upon which Russia reserved the right to rescind the discount. As part of the action plan, Russia committed itself to the restoration its customs regulations on imports from Ukraine that had existed before mid-August 2013.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, The agreement
The lowering of the natural gas price was done by amending the agreement that had ended the 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute. According to President Putin, this amendment would enable Gazprom to lower the price of natural gas for Ukraine. The natural gas prices was to be reviewed every three months. According to Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov, the exact terms of the Russian purchase of Ukrainian Eurobonds would be determined later, but a portion of the Eurobonds, "significantly less, will be placed this year".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, The agreement
Siluanov added that the bonds would be placed on the Irish Stock Exchange under English law with 5% interest per bond. The bonds will mature in two years. On 23 December 2013, Siluanov stated that Russia would not be trading the bonds. Russia can demand early repayment of the loan at any time. The terms of the action plan included the condition that if Ukraine's total state debt would exceed 60% of its annual gross domestic product (GDP) Russian could demand early repayment.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Ratification and criticism, Voting
In response to the agreement, the opposition parties Batkivshchyna, UDAR and Svoboda immediately blocked parliament in order to defer its ratification since they quickly denounced the plan.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Ratification and criticism, Criticism
On 17 December, opposition leader Vitaly Klitschko told the approximately 50,000 people Euromaidan-protest on Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti "He [President Yanukovich] has given up Ukraine's national interests, given up independence and prospects for a better life for every Ukrainian".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Ratification and criticism, Criticism
On 18 December 2013, BBC News reported that the deal "will not fix Ukraine's deeper economic problems" in an article called Russian bailout masks Ukraine's economic mess. The same day The Financial Times noted that the treaty could be bad for Gazprom, which was already planning to cut its overall investment in 2014, "With an additional burden from Ukraine, the state firm may be even less able to serve as a motor for Russia's sluggish economy".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement
Russian President Putin told his Dmitry Medvedev's Cabinet on 29 January (and just after the resignation of the second Azarov Government) that "it's reasonable" to wait until a successor cabinet was installed in Ukraine before extending more aid to Ukraine. Furthermore, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev stated Ukraine wasn't paying its natural gas bills even with the lower price, which "seriously changes the situation." Meanwhile, Serhiy Arbuzov (who had replaced Mykola Azarov as acting Ukrainian Prime Minister) believed Russia would be its second $2 billion tranche "in the nearest future".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement
Naftogaz Ukrainy blamed the delay in payment of Russian natural gas on a lack of payment of local "enterprises in the heating utilities sector".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement
On 17 February, Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov stated that Russia would release the next $2 billion tranche of the 17 December 2013 $15 billion loan to Ukraine the same week. But on 18 February Ukraine decides not to issue these $2 billion Eurobond.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement
Since the ousting of President Yanukovich of 22 February 2014, Russia had halted its purchase of Eurobonds (after it had on 23 December 2013 Russia transferred $3 billion in payment for the Eurobonds to Ukraine).


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement
On 1 April 2014, Gazprom cancelled the Russian natural gas discount as agreed in the treaty because Ukraine's debt to the company had risen to $1.7 billion since 2013.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement
After trilateral months of talks between the European Union, Ukraine and Russia, a deal was reached on 30 October 2014 in which Ukraine agreed to pay (in advance) $378 per 1,000 cubic metres to the end of 2014, and $365 in the first quarter (ending on 31 March) of 2015.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, De facto collapse of the agreement
Since December 2015, Ukraine refuses to and hence de facto defaults on the $3 billion debt payment to Russia that was part of the action plan. On 17 February 2016, Russia filed a lawsuit against Ukraine at Her Majesty's High Court of Justice in England over this debt.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects
On 23 December 2013, Russia transferred $3 billion in payment for the Eurobonds to Ukraine. But so far trade between Ukraine and Russia has not been normalized.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Economic effect
According to the plan, "protective measures" of both countries should be lifted so that "normalize trade" can resume.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Economic effect
The days after the 17 December 2013 agreement (Ukraine's natural gas importer) Naftogaz did cut its imports of Russian gas to a minimum. But on 9 January 2014, Ukrainian Energy and Coal Industry Minister Eduard Stavytsky stated that Ukraine (at that time) will buy only Russian natural gas "because it's currently the most profitable". The same day Naftogaz and Russia's Gazprom signed a supplement to the Russian-Ukrainian gas contract, setting the price of natural gas for Ukraine in the first quarter of 2014 at $268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters. A representative of European Commissioner for Energy Günther Oettinger stated soon after that shipping gas from EU member states represents an opportunity for Ukraine to increase its competitiveness and the security of its natural gas supplies.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Economic effect
On 9 January 2014, Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated "at full capacity the program of industrial cooperation with Russia that will give us in the coming years hundreds of thousands of jobs and guarantees for budgets of all levels, which will be a financial base for the development of our domestic market".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Economic effect
On 29 January, in response to the resignation of the second Azarov Government, and despite pledging to honor agreements with Ukraine, Russia restarted tight border controls and other restrictions at the border for Ukrainian goods. Russia imposed inspections on 100% of Ukrainian exports to Russia. A government source suggested the customs war with Ukraine was a measure to pressure Ukrainian oligarchs into maintaining a pro-Russian policy vector.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects
The 17 December 2013 agreement did not stop the approximately 50,000 people Euromaidan-protest on Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti. The opposition leaders vowed to continue their protests, if necessary through New Year and Orthodox Christmas (celebrated on 7 January annually), they repeated their demands for the firing of the second Azarov Government, early presidential and parliamentary elections.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects
On 20 December, high-ranking EU-officials stated that the EU is still ready to sign the Association Agreement with Ukraine "as soon as Ukraine is ready for it", that this agreement was also beneficial for Russia and that the EU "is totally not concerned about the fact that Ukraine is signing agreements with Russia". The day before Polish Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski stated "I do not know any formal facts that should say that it is impossible to sign the association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects
On 19 December Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had stated "We have decided to pause [on the Association Agreement] to work out on what kind of conditions should be in place for us to sign the Free Trade Zone Agreement [a part of the Association Agreement]. And this answer should be found by the government. There isn't any contradiction about Ukraine's course on the [EU] integration issue. Generally, this is not about the integration, this is about economical relations".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects
Although he added "If we talk about the work on the free trade agreement [a part of the EU Association Agreement], this will take us some time, and we still have a lot of uncertainties. Surely, we should see how this will benefit us in the short term, midterm, and long term". He also added that Ukraine may combine the EU Association Agreement with observer status in the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. According to the Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, Ukraine expects to be granted observer status in the Eurasian Economic Union. "As concerns the Eurasian Union, we filed a written bid in Astana in August this year to consider Ukraine's participation in the Eurasian Union as an observer".


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, Political effects
On 29 January and just after the resignation of the second Azarov Government First deputy head of A Just Russia, Mikhail Emelyanov, stated the need to cancel the Ukrainian-Russian Action Plan and its discount in natural gas, and refuse the redemption of Eurobonds 'if the government will resume Eurointegration'.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, April 2014 end of discount price for Ukraine
Mid -June 2014 the price Ukraine paid to Russia for natural gas was $485.50 per 1,000 cubic metres, the highest in Europe.


17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan, Effects, April 2014 end of discount price for Ukraine
After trilateral months of talks between the European Union, Ukraine and Russia, a deal was reached on 30 October 2014 in which Ukraine agreed to pay (in advance) $378 per 1,000 cubic metres to the end of 2014, and $365 in the first quarter (ending on 31 March) of 2015.


17 Eridani
17 Eridani is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Eridanus. It has the Bayer designation v Eridani, while 17 Eridani is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of around +15 km/s.


17 Eridani
Houk and Swift (1999) found a stellar classification of B9 III for this star, while Cowley et al. (1969) show B9 Vs. Stellar models suggest this is a main sequence star, which indicates it is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. It is about 178 million years old with 3.55 times the mass of the Sun and around 3.2 times the size of the Sun. The star is radiating 268 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,143 K. These coordinates are a source for X-ray emission, which may be coming from an unresolved companion.


17 Field Artillery
17 Field Artillery Regiment was a reserve South African Artillery unit.


17 Field Artillery, History
17 Field Artillery Regiment was formed in 1975 as a Citizen Force unit in Pretoria.


17 Field Artillery, History
17 Field was originally an offshoot of the Regiment University of Pretoria.


17 Field Artillery, History, Divisional Support
It was a new artillery counter-insurgency unit whose purpose was to provide support for 73 Motorised Brigade from 1975 to 1991. 17 Field Artillery also assisted 81 Armoured Brigade.


17 Field Artillery, History, Artillery Type
The term Field Regiment was not quite descriptive of this unit which comprised a number of artillery elements such as field guns, medium mortars and a locating artillery element being essentially radar. It could also be referred to as a composite regiment.


17 Field Artillery, History, Operations
17 Field Regiment  received indirect operational experience when it received experienced national servicemen returning from SWA and Angola. Members also did service as infantry in the operational area. The first actual operation duty for the regiment occurred in 1982 when a battery  under command of Capt H.J. Bootha was sent to Sector 70. Another battery was sent as well to Sector 10 as Infantry to fill a strength requirement for the Brigade. A battery under Commandant Botha was also sent to the border in Sector 10 in 1988. The expected operation did however not occur.


17 Field Artillery, History, Renamed
17 Field Artillery was also known as the Pretoria Artillery.


17 Field Artillery, History, Amalgamation
17 Field Regiment was eventually amalgamated into the Transvaalse Staatsartillerie in October 1991.


17 Girls
17 Girls (French: 17 filles) is a 2011 French comedy-drama film about 17 teenage girls who make a pregnancy pact. The film was screened at the 2011 Montreal World Film Festival and the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. 17 Girls is based on the alleged pregnancy pact that took place at Gloucester High School in Massachusetts in 2008.


17 Girls
The 2010 American film The Pregnancy Pact is based on the same story.


17 Girls, Plot
In Lorient, 17 teenage girls from the same high school make an unexpected decision, incomprehensible to the boys and adults. They decide to get pregnant at the same time. Camille (Louise Grinberg) lives alone with her mother who is overwhelmed by her work. She becomes pregnant after a condom problem with a sexual partner who is not her boyfriend. She is the first to discover a positive pregnancy test.


17 Girls, Plot
She wants to keep her child, which will convince the others to become pregnant and they can all raise their children together. These girls do not want to comply with the traditional code of conduct and just want to "give the love they have to a baby." Emancipation, is the keyword of these girls who build a plan to no longer be reflections of their parents. "We will be only 16 years apart from our kids, this is ideal. We will be closer in age, no clash of generations!" They decide to educate their future children together in the form of a "hippie community."


17 Girls, Plot
In the end, Camille loses her baby after a minor traffic accident. She and her mother leave town without telling anyone where they've gone. The other girls have their babies, but they do not form a "community."


17 Girls, Plot
One girl is miserable as a young unwed mother and seems to regret her decision to have a child so young, another girl had to dropout of school and work long hours in a dead-end minimum wage job to support her child, another girl decides to give her child up for adoption to a more affluent couple from Paris, and another has her baby with the help and support of her parents who will help raise the kid while she finishes high school and later studies at college.


17 Girls, Reception
Premiere magazine likened 17 Girls to The Virgin Suicides by Sofia Coppola saying "same languid pop, same delicately grainy picture, same kind of heterogeneous female cast, same absence of boys, reduced to the roles of stooges".


17 Greatest Hits
17 Greatest Hits is a compilation album by artist David Allan Coe featuring highlights from early in his career.


17 Hertz Studio
17 Hertz Studio is a 10,000 sq ft production and recording facility in Los Angeles, California. It is located at , in the center of the NoHo Arts District.Coordinates:


17 Hertz Studio, History
17 Hertz Studio was formerly known as One On One Recording, which was owned by Jim David (son of Hal David). The studio was popular for having the "best drum sound in Los Angeles" and was highly recognized for recording Metallica's 16x platinum self-titled album Metallica, also known as the Black Album.


17 Hertz Studio, History
The studio was featured in Metallica's 1992 documentary, A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica.


17 Hertz Studio, History
The well-known albums that were recorded here, include Metallica's aforementioned Black Album, Metallica's ... And Justice for All, The Ritual by Testament, Awake by Dream Theater, When The Pawn... by Fiona Apple, Crazy Nights and Psycho Circus  by Kiss, and Dirt by Alice in Chains. Rust in Peace by Megadeth, was also mixed here.


17 Hertz Studio, History
News about the studio piqued the interest of Japanese rock musician Yoshiki Hayashi, drummer of heavy metal band X Japan. He tried to book recording time but was told he would have to wait over a year due to a long waiting list of clients. Preferring not to wait, Yoshiki bought the studio in 1993, converting it into his private recording facility and eventually renaming it to Extasy Recording Studio.


17 Hertz Studio, History
In 2012, 17 Hertz LLC took over the space, restoring it and renaming it to 17 Hertz Studio.


17 Hertz Studio, Clients
Acts that used the facility included Metallica, Megadeth, Testament, Dream Theater, KISS, Alice in Chains, Michael Jackson, Jimi Hendrix, The Temptations, Hal David, Burt Bacharach, Dionne Warwick, Michael McDonald, Heart, Sammy Hagar, Bad English, Etta James, Aretha Franklin, Mötley Crüe, Tom Petty, Lita Ford, A Perfect Circle, Poison, Earth, Wind & Fire, Dirtyphonics, and Sullivan King.


17 Hertz Studio, Clients
Current independent and Major Label clients of labels 17 Hertz Studio include Universal Music Group, Def Jam, Mo Town, Interscope, Atlantic Records, BMG Chrysalis, Warner Music Group, Sony Music, Akon, Alex Da Kid, Birdman, Bone Thugz N Harmony, Boyz II Men, CeeLo Green, Goodie Mob, Chance The Rapper, Crooks & Castles, Deezle, French Montana, Gareth Emery, Jabbawockeez, Lewis Hamilton, Mann, Mark Ronson, Prince Royce, Ray Dalton, Rita Ora, Skylar Grey, Stalley, Orgy, T.I., Tyler, The Creator, Wyclef Jean, Halsey, Lido, Papa Roach, Jeremih, Lil Yachty, Taking Back Sunday, BJ The Chicago Kid,  Zendaya, and YG.


17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Studio A
17 Hertz Studio A is popular for its 2,148 sq ft Live Room, one of the largest in Los Angeles. Comes equipped with a complimentary Yamaha C7 Grand Piano. It also includes a 414 sq ft Control Room, a private lounge and two Isolation Booths. Our Studio A Control Room features an SSL J9080 80 Channel console which was purchased from rockstar Bryan Adams's The Warehouse Studio. Our monitoring system is a Custom Augspurger DSP System with Dual 15″ Drivers, 4″ Horn Drivers and Dual 18″ subs on each side.


17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Studio A
Amplified by 1,000 watts at 4ohms to each Subwoofer, 500 watts at 4ohms to each 15" Driver. Equipped with Pro Tools 10 & 11 and 64 analogue inputs and outputs with four the new 16x16 Avid I/O's. Equipped with the new apple mac pro "trashcan" 12 Core with 64 Gigs of Memory.


17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Studio B
17 Hertz Studio B was designed by Richard Landis as an exact replica of his popular home studio, The Grey Room. It includes a spacious control room, live room, machine room and vocal booth. Now equipped with A SSL AWS 900+SE 24 Channel Mixing Console. Dual TAD 15" Drivers, Northwest Horns and dual PAD 18" Subwoofers on each side, Amplified by JSX Audio's 6 Channel Amplifier and QSC Q-Sys DSP Technology.


17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Studio C
17 Hertz Studio C is a 483 sq ft space that includes a mixing/production area, lounge and vocal booth.


17 Hertz Studio, Studio Rooms, Other Rooms
17 Hertz Studio also includes additional writing rooms and production spaces.


17 Hippies
17 Hippies is a band from Berlin, Germany, playing largely on acoustic instruments, a radically democratic collective of professionals and amateurs. Their music is a confection of various folk influences. They are most popular in their native Germany and France.


17 Hippies, History
The band was founded 1995 in Berlin by Christopher Blenkinsop (bouzouki, ukulele & vocals), Carsten Wegener (bass), Lutz "Lüül" Ulbrich (banjo & guitar), Kristin "Kiki" Sauer (accordion & vocals) and Reinhard "Koma" Lüderitz (bagpipes). They first used the name 17 Hippies in the fall of that year.


17 Hippies, History
In 1996 they began to organize their own series of free concerts called Hippie Haus Tanz (Hippie House Dance). At this time Antje Henkel (clarinet), Elmar Gutmann (trumpet), and Ulrike "Rike" Lau (cello) joined the band. In 1997 Henry Notroff (clarinet) and Dirk Trageser (guitar & vocals) also were added, and live recordings of different concerts and rehearsal room sessions were compiled into their first CD Rock'n'Roll 13. In 1998 they played at the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas and then toured in Texas and Louisiana. Later that year Uwe Langer (trombone) joined the band and they played in Paris for the first time.


17 Hippies, History
They established their own record label and in 1999 released their second CD Wer ist das? (Who is that?). The French label Buda Musique released a compilation of both CDs called Berlin Style, which was then also released in Italy. Volker "Kruisko" Rettmann (accordion) joined the band.


17 Hippies, History
In 2001 the band wrote the score for the German movie Grill Point (Halbe Treppe) by Andreas Dresen and they performed in a cameo role in the film. A tour of Budapest, Prague, Vienna and France took place, and the second French album Sirba was released, featuring their first radio hit "Marlène". Kerstin Kaernbach (violin) also was added to the band lineup. Their first studio album Ifni was released in 2004. An extensive tour of Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Morocco and France ensued. Daniel Friederichs (violin) became the last member to join the current lineup. In 2006 the band made a tour of Japan and Spain and composed the music for the play Kasimir and Karoline, staged at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin.


17 Hippies, History
In 2007, a second studio album Heimlich (Secretly) was released in Europe and North America. In September they embarked on their first US tour, playing in Chicago, New York, Washington and Bloomington. In December they played at the Olympia in Paris. In 2008, their earlier albums were released in the UK by Proper Records, they toured the US twice, and they played festivals in Germany, France, the UK, Canada, Spain, Switzerland, Ireland, Greece, and Algeria.


17 Hippies, History
In 2009 they released their third studio album El Dorado, the first of their albums to be released worldwide. Again the band went on an extensive world tour, that took them to 14 countries including China, the US, Israel and Jordan. Concert highlights included appearances at WOMAD in Charlton Park (UK), and a sold out show at the Théâtre de la Ville in Paris. In 2011 they performed a concert at the , in Taranaki, New Zealand. A one-hour broadcast was later played on Radio New Zealand National on 1 July 2011


17 Hippies, History
In 2011 JD Foster co-produced their album Phantom Songs. Since then they have added Mexico to their list of countries visited, recorded an album for children called Titus and recorded their first album with percussionists, including Aly Keita, Harald Grosskopf and Tunji Beier, called Biester (Beasts).


17 Hippies, Style
Their style is a unique mix of Eastern European melodies and rhythms, with French chanson and American folk music. They sing mainly in German, English and French. In France their music is known as Berlin Style.


17 Hippies, Sideline projects, Sexy Ambient Hippies
Since 1997 the 17 Hippies occasionally play with DJs and electronic musicians as the "Sexy Ambient Hippies", with major concerts in Paris, Berlin and Munich. Among the featured artists are Carsten Dane from Hamburg, and Robert Cummings from Canada. The concert at the Pop d’Europe festival in Berlin on 31 August 2002 was recorded, and released on CD in 2003.


17 Hippies, Sideline projects, Hardcore Troubadors
Together with Les Hurlements d'Léo from Bordeaux, they recorded an EP with six songs. After giving concerts in Moscow, and going on a French tour, the album was released in France by Wagram Music in 2004.


17 Hippies, Sideline projects, 17 Hippies Play Guitar
On 19 December 2004, a concert for German national radio WDR in Cologne, featuring the two electric guitarists Marc Ribot and Jakob Ilja, was recorded and released on CD in 2006.


17 Hippies, Sideline projects, 17 Hippies and the Beat
In September 2008 they invited the percussionist Johnny Kalsi of the Dhol Foundation in London to play with them. A first concert was given on 12 September in Dortmund, Germany and was broadcast live by German public radio WDR.


17 Hundred 90 Inn
17 Hundred 90 Inn (also stylized as 17Hundred90 Inn) is a historic inn, restaurant and tavern in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Located on East President Street, just west of Columbia Square, it is Savannah's oldest inn, occupying a building dating to 1790, thus pre-dating the foundation of the square. The entrance to its tavern is at the corner of Lincoln Street and East York Street.


17 Hundred 90 Inn
The property, which is situated in the Savannah Historic District, occupies what was originally three separate residences. The western part of the building (on Lincoln Street), built around 1822 by Steele White, was a duplex. The smaller eastern section, meanwhile, was built by the Powers family in 1888. The ground level is believed to be part of an earlier structure that was burned in the Savannah fire of 1820.


17 Hundred 90 Inn
The inn also owns a three-story guest house across East York Street.


17 Hundred 90 Inn
Anna Powers, a former resident of one of the three properties from the late 18th century into the early 19th century, supposedly jumped out of one of its windows to her death after an argument with her love interests, an English sailor who had gone AWOL to be with her. Another version is that Powers was pushed to her death, possibly by another female who was in love with the same sailor. Her ghost reportedly haunts the property.


17 Hundred 90 Inn
The inn was featured in a season 2 episode of My Ghost Story.


17 July Revolution
The 17 July Revolution was a bloodless coup in Iraq in 1968 led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, and Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud that ousted President Abdul Rahman Arif and Prime Minister Tahir Yahya and brought the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power. Ba'athists involved in the coup as well as the subsequent purge of the moderate faction led by Naif included Hardan al-Tikriti, Salih Mahdi Ammash, and Saddam Hussein, the future President of Iraq.


17 July Revolution
The coup was primarily directed against Yahya, an outspoken Nasserist who exploited the political crisis created by the June 1967 Six-Day War to push Arif's moderate government to nationalize the British- and American-owned Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in order to use Iraq's "oil as a weapon in the battle against Israel." Full nationalization of the IPC did not occur until 1972, under the Ba'athist administration. In the aftermath of the coup, the new Iraqi government consolidated power by denouncing alleged American and Israeli machinations, publicly executing 14 people (including 9 Iraqi Jews) on fabricated espionage charges amidst a broader purge, and working to expand Iraq's traditionally close relations with the Soviet Union.


17 July Revolution
The Ba'ath Party ruled from the 17 July Revolution until 2003, when it was removed from power by an invasion led by American and British forces. The 17 July Revolution is not to be confused with the 14 July Revolution, a coup on 14 July 1958, when King Faisal II was overthrown, ending the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq and establishing the Republic of Iraq, or the 8 February 1963 Ramadan Revolution that brought the Iraqi Ba'ath Party to power for the first time as part of a short-lived coalition government that held power for less than one year.


17 July Revolution, Background
Under the Presidency of Abdul Rahman Arif, who assumed power following the death of his brother Abdul Salam Arif in April 1966, the United States (U.S.) and Iraq developed closer ties than at any point since the 14 July Revolution of 1958.


17 July Revolution, Background
The Lyndon B. Johnson administration favorably perceived Salam Arif's proposal to partially reverse ousted Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim's nationalization of the United Kingdom (U.K.)-based Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC)'s concessionary holding in July 1965 (American firms owned 23.75% of the IPC), although the resignation of six Nasserist cabinet members and widespread disapproval among the Iraqi public forced him to abandon this plan, as well as pro-Western lawyer Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz's brief tenure as prime minister (which straddled the presidencies of both Arif brothers); Bazzaz attempted to implement a peace agreement with Iraqi Kurdish rebels following a decisive Kurdish victory at the Battle of Mount Handren in May 1966.


17 July Revolution, Background
Arif was considered "one of the few forces of moderation" in Iraq, having established a friendship with U.S. ambassador Robert C. Strong prior to assuming the presidency and making a number of friendly gestures to the U.S. between April 1966 and January 1967. At Arif's request, President Johnson met five Iraqi generals and Iraqi ambassador Nasir Hani in the White House on 25 January 1967, reiterating his "desire to build an ever closer relationship between [the] two governments."


17 July Revolution, Background
According to Johnson's National Security Adviser, Walt Whitman Rostow, the NSC even contemplated welcoming Arif on a state visit to the U.S., although this proposal was ultimately rejected due to concerns about the stability of his government. Prior to the outbreak of the Six-Day War, Iraqi Foreign Minister Adnan Pachachi met with a number of U.S. officials to discuss the escalating Middle East crisis on 1 June, including U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN) Arthur Goldberg, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Eugene V. Rostow, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and President Johnson himself. The political atmosphere engendered by the costly Arab defeat prompted Iraq to break relations with the U.S. on 7 June, and ultimately ensured the collapse of Arif's relatively moderate government.


17 July Revolution, Background
In May 1968, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) produced a report titled "The Stagnant Revolution," stating that radicals in the Iraqi military posed a threat to the Arif government, and while "the balance of forces is such that no group feels power enough to take decisive steps," the ensuing gridlock had created "a situation in which many important political and economic matters are simply ignored."


17 July Revolution, Background
In June 1968, Belgian officials relayed a message from the U.S. State Department to Iraqi officials, offering to resume normal relations if Iraq agreed to provide compensation for damage to the U.S. embassy and consulate incurred during an earlier protest and met other conditions, including an end to the Iraqi boycott of U.S. goods and services imposed after Israel's 1967 victory; although U.S. officials were hoping to prevent a coup, there is no indication of any Iraqi response to this overture.


17 July Revolution, Background
From at least mid-1965, the Shah's Iran, Israel, and the U.K.—motivated largely by the desire to contain Egyptian influence in the Persian Gulf—had sought to destabilize Iraq by supporting Kurdish rebels, which the U.S. refrained from doing at the time as the Kurdish war was considered unimportant to the broader Cold War with the Soviet Union.


17 July Revolution, Background
Senior Israeli official Uri Lubrani explained the strategy: "The Shah believed that his Israeli connection would provide a deterrent to Arab regimes [particularly Iraq] because it would create the impression that if an Arab state were to attack Iran, Israel would take advantage of this pretext to strike Iraq's western flank."


17 July Revolution, Background
While Nasserist elements had attempted to overthrow Arif as far back as Arif Abd ar-Razzaq's failed coup attempt in June 1966 (itself Razzaq's second attempt to wrest power from the regime), the Six-Day War compounded existing dissatisfaction within the Iraqi military and, combined with the stand-off with the Kurds, "had a profound impact on Iraq's political stability."


17 July Revolution, Background
Like his brother, Arif previously tried to balance radical and moderate elements in Iraq and turned against the Nasserists after the Razzaq plot was exposed, but this balancing act was upended by the war as Arif moved to placate the ascendant Iraqi nationalists, notably by reappointing Tahir Yahya to the position of prime minister. Yahya had announced his intention to create a national oil company during his first premiership in late 1963, laying the groundwork for the Iraq National Oil Company (INOC).


17 July Revolution, Background
During his second term as prime minister from July 1967 to July 1968, Yahya moved to revitalize the INOC and sought to work with France and the Soviet Union to develop the technical capacity to nationalize the IPC outright, pledging to use Iraq's "oil as a weapon in the battle against Israel."


17 July Revolution, The coup
Planning for a coup against Arif and Yahya was underway at least from March 1968, when the topic was discussed at an "officer's convention" held at the home of prominent Ba'athist general Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. On 17 July 1968 the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—led by al-Bakr as president, Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud as defense minister, and Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif as prime minister—seized power in a bloodless coup, placing Arif on a plane to London.


17 July Revolution, The coup
al-Bakr quickly ordered Naif and Dawud to be removed from their posts and exiled on 30 July, cementing the Ba'ath Party's control over Iraq until the U.S.-led invasion in March 2003. al-Bakr was then named prime minister and commander-in-chief of the army. According to a semi-official biography, future Iraqi president Saddam Hussein personally led Naif at gunpoint to the plane that escorted him out of Iraq.


17 July Revolution, The coup
The exact circumstances leading up to the coup are shrouded in mystery. The U.S. embassy in Beirut (which became the major American source for intelligence on Iraq after the U.S. embassy in Baghdad was closed) speculated that the non-Ba'athists Naif and Dawud—who were, respectively, in charge of President Arif's military intelligence and personal security—initiated the plot, and that Ba'athist conspirators including al-Bakr, Hardan al-Tikriti, and Salih Mahdi Ammash were only asked to participate in order to establish a broader coalition of support for a new government.


17 July Revolution, The coup
However, Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt states: "Though executed by Nayef, the coup was organised by Bakr and his deputy Saddam Hussein." Both the Naif and Bakr factions were motivated by rumors that Prime Minister Yahya, who was increasingly dominating Arif's "weak" government due to the political climate engendered by the Six-Day War, planned to formally usurp all power for himself.


17 July Revolution, The coup
After his ouster, Arif was exiled to the U.K., and even Yahya was not executed (although he endured brutal torture in prison), possibly to avoid the negative international attention that had resulted from the bloodletting that accompanied other changes of government in Iraq's contemporaneous history. In the ensuing years, Wolfe-Hunnicutt states that Saddam "succeeded in consolidating a formidable political regime ... where so many others had failed," including co-opting Yahya's intention to nationalize the IPC with the help of the Soviet Union.


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
Estimates on the size of the crowds that came to view the dangling corpses spread seventy meters apart in Liberation Square—increasing the area of sensual contact between mutilated body and mass—vary from 150,000 to 500,000. Peasants streamed in from the surrounding countryside to hear the speeches. The proceedings, along with the bodies, continued for twenty-four hours, during which the President, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and a host of other luminaries gave speeches and orchestrated the carnival-like atmosphere.


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
On 2 August 1968, Iraqi Foreign Minister Abdul Karim Sheikhli stated that Iraq would seek close ties "with the socialist camp, particularly the Soviet Union and the Chinese People's Republic." By late November, the U.S. embassy in Beirut reported that Iraq had released many leftist and communist dissidents, although "there [was] no indication ... [they had] been given any major role in the regime."


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
As the Arif government had recently signed a major oil deal with the Soviets, the Ba'ath Party's rapid attempts to improve relations with Moscow were not a shock to U.S. policymakers, but they "provided a glimpse at a strategic alliance that would soon emerge."


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
Behind the scenes, Tikriti (now Iraqi minister of defense) attempted to open a discrete line of communication with the U.S. government through a representative of the American oil company Mobil, but this overture was rebuffed by the Johnson administration as it had come to perceive the Ba'ath Party, in both Iraq and Syria, as too closely associated with the Soviet Union.


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
In December, Iraqi troops based in Jordan "made international headlines" when they began shelling Israeli settlers in the Jordan Valley, which led to a strong response by the Israeli Air Force. al-Bakr claimed that a "fifth column of agents of Israel and the U.S. was striking from behind," and, on 14 December, the Iraqi government alleged it had discovered "an Israeli spy network" plotting to "bring about a change in the Iraqi regime," arresting dozens of individuals and eventually publicly executing 14 people (including 9 Iraqi Jews) on fabricated espionage charges in January 1969.


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
Kanan Makiya credits the hangings with helping the Ba'athist government consolidate control of Iraq, stating: "The terror that, from a Ba'athist viewpoint, was premature and badly handled in 1963, worked and was skillfully deployed the second time around." Makiya recounts how the Ba'athist purge quickly expanded far beyond Iraq's marginalized Jewish community: "In 1969 alone, official executions of convicted spies (or announcements of such executions) took place at least on the following days: February 20, April 14, April 30, May 15, August 21, August 25, September 8, and November 26. The victims now were Muslim or Christian Iraqis with the occasional Jew thrown in for good measure." In total, an estimated 150 people were publicly executed in Liberation Square, Baghdad from 1969–1970.


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
The plans, concepts, views, internal forces, and reserves we used up to the 1st of March 1973, the day on which the monopolistic companies knelt down and recognized our nationalization, are no longer enough to confront imperialism with its newly conceived and developed plans. ... Thus we prepared additional forces for which imperialism had not allowed in its plans. We can assure our patriotic brothers ... they will not make an Allende of us.—Saddam Hussein reflecting on the IPC nationalization in light of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, 24 September 1973.


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
On 1 June 1972, Iraq announced the complete nationalization of the IPC. This followed the April 1972 signing of the 15-year Iraqi–Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co-Operation by al-Bakr and Soviet premier Alexei Kosygin. According to historian Charles R. H. Tripp, the Iraqi–Soviet Treaty upset "the U.S.-sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East," leading the U.S. to finance Mustafa Barzani's Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) rebels during the Second Iraqi–Kurdish War. From October 1972 until the abrupt end of the Kurdish intervention after March 1975, the CIA "provided the Kurds with nearly $20 million in assistance," including 1,250 tons of non-attributable weaponry.


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
While most studies credit the nationalization measures pursued by Muammar Gaddafi's Libya after September 1969 with setting the precedent that other oil-producing states would subsequently follow, Iraq's nationalization of the IPC was the largest such expropriation attempted since Iran's 1951 nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), which the U.S. and U.K. successfully thwarted.


17 July Revolution, Aftermath
The U.S. pursued a similarly reactionary policy towards Iraq's nationalization, believing that its Western allies would agree to embargo Iraqi oil to ensure that the nationalization failed and that its allies in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)—namely Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait—would announce a commensurate increase in production. However, the U.S. position was an extreme outlier relative to international opinion and none of the U.S.'s traditional allies, including the U.K., were willing to countenance such measures. To the contrary, OPEC took decisive steps to ensure the success of Iraq's nationalization. The IPC consortium broke down and signed an agreement to resolve its outstanding disputes with Iraq on 1 March 1973, leading to celebrations in Baghdad.


17 June 1980 Bangladesh coup d'état
17 June 1980 Bangladesh coup d'état was a failed coup in Bangladesh against President Ziaur Rahman.


17 June 1980 Bangladesh coup d'état, History
The coup was led by left wing Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal and Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party who motivated an uprising at Dhaka cantonment on 17 June 1980. The aim was to seize power while President Ziaur Rahman was outside of Bangladesh in London. The coup was crushed by the government of Bangladesh. The coup resulted in the death of a few hundred army officers and enlisted men.


17 June 1980 Bangladesh coup d'état, History
Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan and Shariful Haque Dalim were involved in the coup and fled their diplomatic posts. Khan return after reaching an "understanding" with President Ziaur Rahman. Dalim returned to his post after President Hussain Mohammad Ershad came to power. Abdul Aziz Pasha was arrested for his involvement with the coup but was released after reaching a deal with President Ziaur Rahman.


17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing
The 17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing was a suicide car bomb attack on a bus stop in northern Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, on 17 June 2008, killing 51 people and wounding 75.


17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing
The attack happened in the Shia neighbourhood of Hurriya. The explosion struck during the early evening rush hour, when the bus stop was crowded with waiting passengers.


17 King Street, Bristol
17 King Street  is a historic building on King Street in the English city of Bristol. Along with the adjacent 18 King Street, it houses a public house called The Famous Royal Naval Volunteer.


17 King Street, Bristol
17 King Street dates from 1665 and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.


17 Leporis
17 Leporis is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Lepus. It has an overall apparent visual magnitude which varies between 4.82 and 5.06, making it luminous enough to be visible to the naked eye as a faint star. The variable star designation for this system is SS Leporis, while 17 Leporis is the Flamsteed designation. Parallax measurements yield a distance estimate of around 730 light years from the Sun. The system is moving further away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +18.7 km/s.


17 Leporis
This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary system with an orbital period of 260 days and an eccentricity of 0.005. The spectrum reveals the pair to consist of an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A1 V, and a red giant with a class of M6III. The close pair form a symbiotic binary with ongoing mass transfer from the giant to the hotter component. The giant does not appear to be filling its Roche lobe, so the mass transfer is coming from stellar wind off the giant. The pair are surrounded by a shell and a dusty circumbinary disk, with the former obliterating the lines from the A-type star.


17 Lyrae
17 Lyrae is a multiple star system in the constellation Lyra, approximately 136 light years away from Earth.


17 Lyrae, Components
The 17 Lyrae system contains two visible components, designated A and B, separated by 2.48" in 1997. The primary star is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with a period of 42.9 days.


17 Lyrae, Components
There was once thought to be a fourth star in the system, the red dwarf binary Kuiper 90, designated 17 Lyrae C, until it was evident that the star's parallax and proper motions were too different for it to be part of the system. The separation between 17 Lyrae AB and C is increasing rapidly, from less than 2' in 1881 to nearly 5' in 2014.


17 Lyrae, Components
A number of other visual companions have been catalogued. The closest is the 11th magnitude star at 39", and the brightest is BD+32 3325 just over 2' away.


17 Lyrae, Properties
The primary component, 17 Lyrae A, is a 5th magnitude main sequence star of the spectral type F0, meaning it has a surface temperature of about 6,750 K.  It is about 60% more massive than the sun and 16 times more luminous. It has been catalogued as an Am star but is now believed to be a relatively normal quickly-rotating star.


17 Lyrae, Properties
The visible companion 17 Lyrae B is a 9th magnitude star of an unknown spectral type. The spectroscopic companion cannot be detected in the spectrum and its properties are uncertain. Faint sharp spectral lines contrasting with the broadened lines of the primary may originate in a shell of material around the stars.


17 Men and Their Music
17 Men and Their Music is a live album by the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band featuring performances recorded in West Germany in 1967 and first released on producer Gigi Campi's own label. The album's title phrase was added as a subtitle / "sticker" to re-issues of four Clarke-Boland Big Band albums: Faces: Gigi Campi Presents 17 Men and Their Music 1; All Smiles: Gigi Campi Presents 17 Men and Their Music 2; Latin Kaleidoscope: Gigi Campi Presents 17 Men and Their Music 3; Fellini 712: Gigi Campi Presents 17 Men and Their Music 4


17 Mile Dam
The Seventeen Mile Dam was constructed as part of the Camballin Irrigation Scheme by the Public Works Department of Western Australia.


17 Mile Dam
It is now in a derelict state after years of floods have eroded its foundations. The dam was built across Uralla Creek, designed to hold water against its natural flow.


17 Mile Dam
One employee died during a large flood after the boat he was in was swept over the spillway leaving the surviving employee to run the seventeen miles back to town to raise the alarm.


17 Mile Dam
The dam is particularly shallow and was designed to hold 5,400,000 cubic metres (190,000,000 cu ft) of water. It was completed in 1957, built by the Public Works Department of Western Australia.


17 Million Fuck Offs
"17 Million Fuck Offs", also censored as "17 Million F**k-Offs", is a 2019 British comedy folk song by Dominic Frisby. The song was written to commemorate the approximate number of the 17.4 million people who voted for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. The song was first released on 4 March 2019 then re-released with an updated version in December 2019, where it reached number 43 on the UK Singles Charts. It later reached No. 1 on Amazon. The song itself is set to the old English folk tune of Widecombe Fair.


17 Million Fuck Offs, Background and release
Frisby wrote "17 Million Fuck Offs" as a protest song "17 Million Fuck Offs" was released on Amazon in March 2019 to coincide with the original date of Brexit and made it to number 1 on its album charts and initially number 8, later rising to number 1 on its singles charts.


17 Million Fuck Offs, Background and release, Re-release
Due to delays in Brexit with a new date being set for 31 January 2020 after a delay of seven months from 31 March 2019, Frisby updated the song in December 2019 by adding a verse that covered the result of the 2019 United Kingdom general election. Frisby had been due to stand as a Brexit Party candidate in the election but withdrew. In 2020, Frisby started a campaign to get "17 Million Fuck Offs" to number 1 in the UK Singles Chart.


17 Million Fuck Offs, Background and release, Re-release
During the run-up to the day of Brexit, pro-EU activists started a counter-campaign for people to buy copies of Ludwig van Beethoven's "Ode to Joy" (used as the EU anthem) performed by André Rieu. When the charts were released, "Ode to Joy" reached 30 while "17 Million Fuck Offs" reached 43.


17 Million Fuck Offs, Background and release, Re-release
Frisby was invited by Leave Means Leave to perform at their Brexit celebration in Parliament Square on Brexit Day on 31 January. During the performance, Frisby sang "17 Million Fuck Offs" but he was told that he could not sing the phrase: "fuck off" on the stage as that would have been a public order offence. Instead he had the crowd sing the phrase.


17 Miracles
17 Miracles is a 2011 adventure film directed by T. C. Christensen. It was released in 2011 by Excel Entertainment Group. Based on the experiences of members of the Willie Handcart Company of Mormon pioneers following their late-season start and subsequent winter journey to Salt Lake City in 1856, the film emphasizes miracles individual participants reported having during the journey. The film was released in select theaters across the United States in the summer of 2011.


17 Miracles, Plot
When Levi Savage, a former Mormon Battalion member and missionary to Asia, agrees to assist the Willie Handcart Company as they journey to Salt Lake City in 1856, the late start and onset of a bitter winter leaves the pioneers unprepared and suffering as they cross the plains of the Midwestern United States. Elizabeth Panting, a woman who has converted to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), escapes her drunken husband with her two little children, joining the handcart company. With the threat of winter starvation, illness, wolves, freezing river crossings, and death following them throughout their journey, Levi and others also witness the occurrences of divine miracles that enable them to complete their journey and arrive in Salt Lake City.


17 Miracles, Reception
Reviews of the film have been mixed. Critic Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune thought that Christensen's eye for striking cinematography gave the film a "glossy look"  and Wade's portrayal of the hardy Levi Savage "held the film together." However, Means suggested that the film's structure as a series of vignettes was "wearying" and some of the low-budget effects were "distracting."


17 Monocerotis
17 Monocerotis is a single star located around 490 light years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.77. The star is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +46 km/s.


17 Monocerotis
This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III. As a consequence of having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 25 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating around 538 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,345 K.


17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur
17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur is a live album by American jazz trumpeter Bill Dixon. The project, a tour de force of orchestral composition, conduction and improvisational exploration, was specially commissioned by Arts for Art, recorded at the 2007 Vision Festival and released on AUM Fidelity.


17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception
In his review for AllMusic, Michael G. Nastos stated: "this is not an angry or disgusted expressionistic music, but one that reflects the distant outcries of the people in Darfur who need help from the world community... This is a project of austere emotion, clever counterpoint, and searing reality in dedication to a condition in the so-called civilized world that should never, ever be."


17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception
Writing for All About Jazz, John Sharpe remarked: "Trumpeter Bill Dixon works with an orchestral conception, even when playing solo, so it is fascinating to hear what happens when he has 17 musicians at his disposal...  it is hard to think who else could deploy such forces to such deft effect, creating a towering work in a class of its own." In a separate review for All About Jazz, Mark Corroto wrote: "Dixon was given talent but little time for rehearsal and changes. This makes for a part composed, part improvised series of passages.


17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception
There's the feeling that Dixon is guiding this who's who of creative players, but at other times they are free to fill in as their own muse dictates. The music is, nonetheless, up to Dixon's standards. Players create moods for his vast open landscape of a vision, crafting solos in between caverns of sound... 17 Musicians In Search Of A Sound has the feel of a coarse-sewn rug, made from very fine materials. Given time and perhaps a long tour... this music might become tighter and more easily consumable. But, then again, it wouldn't be Bill Dixon music."


17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception
Nic Jones, in another All About Jazz review, stated: "It's clear, on something like In Search Of A Sound, that instrumental color must have been one of Dixon's abiding concerns. He summons up static blocks of sound comprised of individual voices in the service of some grim, foreboding end that remains unrealized..." Jones concludes by calling the album "a program of music designed not for comfort listening but for challenging and, perhaps, raging against mortality and the horrors and restrictions it imposes."


17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, Reception
Joe Tangari, writing for Pitchfork, commented: "From a listener's standpoint, the project's tonal and textural variety and relatively simple organization makes it more approachable than a great deal of free music for newcomers to the genre, though it still takes a willingness to abandon usual structures. In fact, for its flow from violence to calm and back, it bears as much similarity to modern chamber works like Olivier Messiaen's 'Quartet for the End of Time' as it does to Albert Ayler, Cecil Taylor and other free jazz luminaries. Whatever the associates, though, Dixon has created an outstanding work of modern jazz and political commentary."


17 New Wakefield Street
Bridgewater Heights(also known as Liberty Heights, Wakefield Street Tower, or 17 New Wakefield Street) is a skyscraper apartment building in Manchester, England, west of Oxford Street. 17 New Wakefield Street was designed by local architect Stephen Hodder in a clustered architectural form and was completed in September 2012. The skyscraper is situated adjacent to Oxford Road railway station, on the corner of Great Marlborough Street. The skyscraper is 37 storeys high at a height of 109 metres and is the ninth tallest building in Manchester behind towers such as Deansgate Square's South Tower, the Beetham Tower and CIS Tower.


17 New Wakefield Street, History
Four development schemes were proposed for the site in four years. Plans for a 65-metre residential tower were proposed in 2006 featuring a design similar to the tower being built. However, despite obtaining planning approval, the proposal was abandoned. In December 2009, the project was revived with a plan for a 106-metre residential tower.


17 New Wakefield Street, History
A planning application was made in early 2010, and planning consent granted in July 2010. Construction work began weeks after consent was granted. By November 2011, the tower had risen in height considerably, and on 18 April 2012, the tower had its topping out ceremony at a height of 109 metres.


17 New Wakefield Street, History
Upon opening the building was named Student Castle, later renamed to Liberty Heights, and finally Bridgewater Heights.


17 New Wakefield Street, Architecture
17 New Wakefield Street is a residential development of high rise flats aimed at young people and students. At 109m high it is the tallest, purpose built student accommodation in the world. It is the third tallest building in Manchester by roof height and the joint 43rd tallest nationally. Its apparent height is accentuated slightly by its position on a slope. The tower has some resemblance to the Mathematics Tower which also had a clustered exterior but was controversially demolished by the University of Manchester in 2005.


17 New Wakefield Street, Architecture
The project has 525 bedrooms in four stepped towers built on a foot area of 7,000 square feet. Plans for a residents' car park were rejected by planners concerned about the impact of a large building and busy location.


17 November 2014 global students protests
Monday 17 November 2014 saw hundreds of thousands of students participate in demonstrations around the world on the occasion of International Students' Day. On 17 November, students mobilised in more than 40 countries to demand free education. In addition, commemorations were held for the anniversaries of Nazi repression of student activists in Prague of 1939, the Athens Polytechnic Uprising of 1973 and the Velvet Revolution of 1989.


17 November 2014 global students protests, Background
The 17 November was first marked as International Students' Day in 1941 in London by the International Students' Council (which had many refugee members) in agreement with the Allies, and the tradition had been kept up by the successor International Union of Students. Following IUS' decline, the Organising Bureau of European School Student Unions and the European Students' Union agreed, at the 2004 World Social Forum in Mumbai, to coordinate future observances of the date.


17 November 2014 global students protests, Organisation
2014 being the tenth anniversary of the occasion's reestablishment, the Organising Bureau of European School Student Unions (OBESSU) and the European Students' Union (ESU) decided, ambitiously, to launch a global call for action aiming to bring student organisations around the world. The call was published on 17 October 2014 and demanded an education free of costs and fees, free of discrimination, and free of fear.


17 November 2014 global students protests, Organisation
It was initially signed by OBESSU, ESU, United States Student Association and Canadian Federation of Students and called on national governments and United Nations institutions to commit to prioritising free, equal access to education and safe learning environments in the United Nations' Post-2015 Development Agenda. In the weeks up to 17 November more than thirty additional student organisations signed the call, making the final declaration representative of students from a total of ninety-seven countries across every continent.


17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Europe
In Czech Republic and Slovakia thousands of people took to the streets to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution, where there were also demonstrations against the Czech President Zeman. In Greece, 20,000 took to the street to commemorate the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. In the weekend leading up to 17 November 100,000 students mobilised across Italy against Matteo Renzi's Buona Scuola reforms and the Jobs Act, demanding instead a free education that guaranteed student rights; whilst on the 17 November itself, thousands of students joined occupations and symbolic actions at universities and schools across the country.


17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Europe
In Macedonia, thousands mobilised against changes to student evaluation  and in Norway there was a national demonstration against the introduction of tuition fees for non-EU students. In Spain and Austria symbolic actions were taken around the country, in Slovenia student unions drew attention to deteriorating conditions for students and in Serbia school students presented their demands to officials.


17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Asia
In the Philippines, student activists demanded an end to tuition hikes and called for the resignation of President Aquino whilst in Myanmar, students continued demonstrations against a proposed new education law. In India, school students challenged the education minister on a proposed new evaluation system.


17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Africa
In Egypt demonstrations were held across the country to call for the demilitarisation of university campuses. Meanwhile, in Ghana, the All Africa Student Union organised events to promote quality assurance in education and commemorations were held in Uganda.


17 November 2014 global students protests, Action, Americas
In Cuba more than 50,000 students joined a national day of student celebration. In Mexico a large number of activists protested against the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping, demanding educational environments free from fear. In Uruguay, thousands demonstrated in solidarity with Mexican protesters. In Canada, the Canadian Federation of Students held a national lobby for free education at the Canadian parliament in Ottawa, whilst hundreds of students protested tuition hikes in Alberta.


17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks
On 17 October 2017, insurgents attacked Gardez, Paktia Province and Ghazni Province in Afghanistan.


17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks, Background
In 2017, insurgents carried out many attacks in Afghanistan, including several in October. Major attacks included a double suicide bombing on 19 October in Kandahar Province which killed 43 Afghan soldiers and suicide bombings on 20 October in Kabul and Ghor Province which killed at least 60 people.


17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks, Attacks
On 17 October 2017, an insurgent attack occurred at a police training centre in Gardez, Paktia Province. A suicide car bombing was followed by a gun attack. This killed at least 41 people, including the local police chief; 110 civilians and 48 police officers were injured. The Taliban claimed responsibility.


17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks, Attacks
On the same day in Ghazni Province, armoured Humvee vehicles filled with explosives were detonated near the provincial governor's office, who were followed by gunmen. They killed 30 people - mostly security personnel; at least 10 other people were injured. The attackers are believed to have been Taliban members.


17 October Revolution
The 17 October Revolution (Arabic: ثورة 17 تشرين الأول, romanized: thawrat 17 tishrīn al-ʾawwal, lit. '17 October revolution') were a series of civil protests that took place in Lebanon.


17 October Revolution
These national protests were triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and VoIP calls on applications such as WhatsApp, but quickly expanding into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule, stagnant economy, and unemployment that reached 46% in 2018, endemic corruption in the public sector, legislation that was perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability (such as banking secrecy) and failures of the government to provide basic services such as electricity, water, and sanitation.


17 October Revolution
The protests created a political crisis in Lebanon, with Prime Minister Saad Hariri tendering his resignation and echoing protesters' demands for a government of independent specialists. A cabinet headed by Hassan Diab was formed in 2020, but also resigned after the 2020 Beirut explosion.


17 October Revolution, Background, Political background
According to The Economist, Lebanon's disfunction and mismanagement that followed the protests, has originated in the country's sectarian political system enshrined because of the Taif agreement, which took place in 1989. The Taif agreement enshrines a sect-based political system, where political authority is allocated based on the religious affiliation of the public servant. This system is perceived as exploited by the current Lebanese politicians, many of whom are Lebanese Civil War-era sectarian warlords who still occupy positions of power and enjoy amnesty against accountability. Lebanon is a mosaic of various religious factions. It is composed of 18 different sects. The 18 officially recognized religious groups include four Muslim sects, 12 Christian sects, the Druze sect, and Judaism.


17 October Revolution, Background, Political background
The outbreak of the protests was attributed to the accumulated crises within the preceding weeks in Lebanon. First, in Chouf and Saadiyat, among other places, fires propagated, scorching nearby homes, and placing many people in danger. A large portion of greenery, an aspect that makes Lebanon special, was burnt down as a result. The Lebanese government failed to employ its planes to extinguish the fires and had to rely on Cypriot aid.


17 October Revolution, Background, Political background
Moreover, the prices of both oil and bread had been increasing as well as the rates of unemployment and poverty nationwide- in fact, the youth unemployment has reached 37% and the general unemployment  25% as of August 2019. Since all of these issues are due to a lack of proper governance, the Lebanese people voiced out their opinions over the negative situation.


17 October Revolution, Background, Political background
Furthermore, Lebanese citizens were facing many problems in the preceding years, electricity cuts since 1975, and so obtaining 24-hour electricity in Lebanon has since been dependent on obtaining a deal with the country's "generator mafia", which operates a ring of contraband gasoline power generators that contribute to the high level of air pollution in Lebanese cities. Lebanon has also not had access to drinking water except through purchased bottled water from private companies since the 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War. Finally, the country suffers from deficient sanitation and sewage infrastructure, which led to the 2015 "garbage crisis" that sparked the 2015–2016 Lebanese protests.


17 October Revolution, Background, Political background
Days before the protests began, a series of about 100 major wildfires in Chouf, Khroub and other Lebanese areas displaced hundreds of people and caused enormous damage to Lebanese wildlife. The Lebanese government failed to deploy its firefighting equipment due to lack of maintenance and had to rely on aid from neighboring Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey and Greece.


17 October Revolution, Background, Political background
Protests started taking place in small numbers around Beirut towards the end of September. Impetus for the revolutionary movement was apparent years before the protests began and was visible in Lebanon's arts and culture scene, as evidenced by pop artist Ragheb Alama's song "Tar Al Balad" in December 2018 and rock singer-songwriter IJK's song "Chedd Halak" in June 2019.


17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background
Since 1997, successive governments maintained a pegged exchange rate between the Lebanese pound and United States dollar. Forecasts for the Lebanese economy worsened over the 2010s and by 2019 GDP per capita reached its lowest since 2008 and the debt-to-GDP ratio reached its highest since 2008 at 151%. As a result, international credit rating agencies downgraded the rating of government bonds.


17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background
The combination of an economic downturn in the import-dependent country with the continuation of its dollar peg saw an increase in the government's budget deficit and reliance on using foreign exchange reserves from the nation's central bank to keep the currency peg. A subsequent dollar shortage in late 2019 further affected the economy, as import businesses and citizens became unable to acquire dollars at the official rate and a black market emerged.


17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background
The coalition government led by Saad Hariri responded with an austerity program of general tax increases and spending reductions, with the aim to reduce the government deficit while maintaining the peg against the U.S. dollar. The reduction of the national deficit as a condition of a package of USD 10.2 billion of loans and USD 860 million of grants agreed in 2018 with the World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Saudi Arabia.


17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background
On 1 October, the Central Bank of Lebanon announced an economic strategy that promised to provide dollars to all those companies in the business of importing wheat, gasoline, and pharmaceuticals, so that they could continue their imports. This was considered a short-term solution by economic analysts.


17 October Revolution, Background, Economic background
In a cabinet session held on 17 October, the government proposed strategies to increase state revenue for 2020. There were 36 items to be discussed, including the increase of Value Added Tax (VAT) by 2pp by 2021 and an additional 2pp by 2022, making it reach a total of 15%. Additionally, the media reported there were plans of a USD 0.20 charge on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls, such as ones made on FaceTime, Facebook and WhatsApp. The final session of the budget draft was to be held on 19 October, but was canceled upon the agreement of Prime Minister Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning
On 17 October 2019, approximately 150 civil activists were protesting against the new proposed taxes in and around downtown Beirut, blocking important streets after the first call to protest that was made by Lihaqqi  (لِحقّي) . As the Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb and his convoy passed by the area, protesters assembled around his car. One of his bodyguards shot stray bullets into the air, which further enraged the protesters, but no injuries were reported.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning
Walid Joumblatt, the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, stated that he had spoken to minister Chehayeb- in fact, this minister represents the party in the Lebanese government- and so requested the bodyguards be handed over to the police, as all people are "under the law". A large number of protesters began appearing in Martyrs Square, Nejmeh Square, and Hamra Street, as well as many other regions around Lebanon. As the protests grew bigger, Prime Minister Saad Hariri called a snap cabinet meeting at the request of President Michel Aoun for midday on 18 October.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning
An announcement was also made by Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb that all schools and universities, public or private, would remain closed the next day. The Minister of Telecommunications Mohamad Choucair announced that the "WhatsApp tax" idea had been scrapped at around 11:00PM. Protesters saw the "WhatsApp tax" as the last straw, socially, politically and economically, against the entire political class, which was deemed corrupt and in need of immediate ousting.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning
Protesters in Nabatiyeh and Tripoli, on 18 October, vandalized the offices of the Hezbollah, Amal Movement, and Free Patriotic Movement political parties in an expression of disillusionment and in protest against perceived government corruption. Other protesters aimed to enter the Serail, which includes the Lebanese Parliament building, but were stopped by the use of tear gas from the Internal Security Forces. protesters created roadblocks on the major roads of the country, using burning tires and trash cans to stop access.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning
Civil servants announced a strike with immediate effect through League of Public Sector Employees, arguing that the proposed reforms would "undermine the rights of employees and pensioners in particular". A cabinet meeting was due to be held in the afternoon, but ministers of the Lebanese Forces announced that they would not attend. The leader of the Forces, Samir Geagea, called for the resignation of the Prime Minister, due to the "resounding failure to halt the deterioration of the [country's] economic situation". After this announcement, the cabinet meeting was canceled by the Prime Minister.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, Beginning
Leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, Walid Jumblatt, called for a "calm and peaceful" move against President Michel Aoun's mandate, and organized rallies in Aley, Bhamdoun, and Baakline to voice their opinions. Pierre Issa of the National Bloc voiced a similar opinion, calling for a "government of specialists, a government reduced from public safety". However, he criticized the involvement of political parties within the protests and argued it should remain something for the citizens to do. In the evening, Prime Minister Saad Hariri addressed the nation, giving his "partners in government" 72 hours to support the reforms. If they did not come to an agreement, he suggested he would take a "different approach". He tweeted "72 hours..." right after the delivered speech.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19–24 October
Lebanese national Hussein Al-Attar was shot and killed during a protest on 19 October 2019. Former MP Mosbah al-Ahdab's bodyguards fired on protesters, no one was killed, but four were injured. The General Secretary of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, addressed the nation in the morning, speaking against the imposed taxes. However, he indicated that Hezbollah was against the government resigning and instead asked citizens to divert blame from Hariri's cabinet to the previous government, which was also to blame for the state of the economy. As the protests carried on throughout the day, there were reports of Amal Movement militants harassing and opening fire on protesters in Tyre.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19–24 October
Protests were held around major European cities, as well as in North America and Australia, showing solidarity with the protesters in Lebanon. Due to the mounting pressure from protesters, the Lebanese Forces announced their resignation from the cabinet. Samir Geagea, their leader, had previously blamed his opponents for "obstructing the necessary reforms," but since declared his "lack of confidence in the current cabinet." His party held four seats within the government: Minister of Labor Camille Abou Sleiman, Minister of Administrative Development May Chidiac, Deputy Prime Minister Ghassan Hasbani, and Minister of Social Affairs Richard Kouyumjian.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19–24 October
On 20 October, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in locations throughout the country, making it the largest demonstrations since 2005. Gunfire was heard outside the Tripoli office of Firas Al-Ali, an associate of Hariri. None were injured with the clash, and security forces were quick to act. At 6:00PM, protesters across the country united to sing the national anthem together.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19–24 October
On 21 October, a general strike was called across the country demanding an end to the country's economic problems. Some protesters began clearing away demonstration debris in Beirut after a social media call to keep the streets tidy and clear. In the afternoon, an emergency cabinet meeting was held.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19–24 October
After the meeting, Prime Minister Hariri held a press conference in which he announced various economic reforms including halving the salaries of legislators and members of parliament, reducing the deficit by about US$3.4 billion in 2020 with the help of the Lebanese central bank and the banking sector, distributing financial aid to families living in poverty and giving US$160 million in housing loans. These proposals were unsuccessful at quelling protests. At night, several motorcyclists hoisting Hezbollah and Amal Movement were recorded heading towards the protests in central Beirut but were intercepted by the Lebanese Army. Soon thereafter, Hezbollah and the Amal Movement denied any involvement with the motorcyclists.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19–24 October
Hariri met on 22 October with ambassadors from the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and the European Union, along with representatives from China, the United Nations, and the Arab League. Hariri discussed planned reforms and stressed the importance of peaceful expression from the protesters. The representatives, who form the International Support Group for Lebanon, expressed support for economic reforms and protection of protesters, but urged the leaders of Lebanon to engage in open dialogue with the country's citizens.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19–24 October
On 23 October, Hariri held a meeting with the ministerial committee in charge of financial and economic reforms, discussing a draft law on the recovery of public money and requesting suggestions on it from the Supreme Judicial Council within ten days. In the evening, Hariri also held a meeting with members of the Progressive Socialist Party to discuss the latest developments in the country. Sheikh Akl of the Lebanese Druze community called for government dialogue to safeguard the rights of liberty, security and stability.


17 October Revolution, 2019 protests, First week: 19–24 October
President Michel Aoun addressed the population on 24 October, stating his willingness to hold a dialogue with the protesters and find the best solution forward. He supported Hariri's reforms but did confirm a need to "review the current government" within the "state institutions", and not through protesting. Hariri supported this review through Lebanon's "constitutional mechanisms", but the protesters rejected any calls for dialogue until the government has resigned.