174th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Training brigade
October 2016 saw the 174th Infantry Brigade reorganize after the deactivation of the 72d Field Artillery Brigade in 2015. The 174th IN BDE is now configured as a Combined Arms Training Brigade (CATB) under 1st Army's Division East.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 174th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, New York Army National Guard. It traced its heritage back to the 74th New York State Militia formed in Buffalo in 1854. It was deactivated in 1945.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
During the Civil War, members of the 74th helped form the 21st New York Volunteer Infantry (the First Buffalo Regiment). The 74th was mustered into active service twice in 1863 for a period of thirty days each time. The 74th New York Volunteer Infantry that also existed during the war was a different unit with no connection to the 74th regiment of Buffalo.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
On 19 July 1898, elements of the 74th New York mustered in for service in the Spanish–American War, but their units were soon absorbed into the 202nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiments. On 15 April 1899, the 74th New York Infantry was reorganized in Savannah, Georgia. The regiment was again mustered for service on 2 July 1916 for service along the Mexican border, to guard against raids from Pancho Villa's banditos. On 24 February 1917, they were mustered out.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
This wouldn't last long, however, and the regiment was reactivated on 38 March 1917 for service in World War I. On 1 October, approximately 1,600 men from the 74th New York were transferred to the 108th Infantry Regiment, 106th Field Artillery Regiment, and the 102nd Engineer Regiment; all parts of the New York National Guard's 27th Infantry Division. The remnants were reorganized on 4 January 1918 as the 55th Pioneer Infantry Regiment at Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina, and they arrived in France in September 1918. They returned to the United States, and were deactivated on 8 February 1919 at Camp Hill, Virginia. They regained the title of 74th New York Infantry on 22 April 1919.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
On 18 October 1921, they were redesignated as the 174th Infantry Regiment. On 16 September 1940, the regiment was inducted into federal service and was assigned to the 44th Infantry Division. The regiment was inducted into federal service on 16 September 1940 as a part of the 44th Division. They moved to Fort Dix, New Jersey on 24 September 1940, to Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, on 16 January 1942, and then to Fort Lewis, Washington, on 4 May 1942.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
On 5 January 1943, the regiment relocated to Ojai, California, and then to San Fernando on 27 January 1943 where on the same date they were relieved of assignment to the 44th Infantry Division. Now assigned to the Western Defense Command, the 174th was subordinated to the III Corps on 22 January 1944 and moved to Camp White, Oregon, on 4 February 1944. On 28 March 1944, the regiment was transferred to Camp Chaffee, Arkansas, under the XVI Corps.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
From April 1944, the regiment provided an accelerated six-week course of infantry training (four weeks of familiarization, qualification, and transition firing, and two weeks of tactical training) to men who were formerly members of disbanded anti-aircraft and tank destroyer units or who had volunteered for transfer to the infantry from other branches of the Army.. The 174th was assigned to the XXXVI Corps on 17 July 1944, whereupon it was transferred to the Fourth Army in September 1944. The regiment relocated to Camp Gruber, Oklahoma, on 9 December 1944, and then to Camp Rucker, Alabama, on 3 April 1945 under the Replacement and School Command. The 174th Infantry Regiment was inactivated at Camp Rucker on 27 September 1945.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 174th was reorganized on 15 April 1947 in Buffalo, New York and assigned to the 27th Infantry Division. It was eventually broken up and converted into other units on 1 February 1955.


174th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
During the 1980's (Possibly earlier) A Co 1/174th was located at the Masten Ave Armory in Buffalo NY, and Bravo Co 1/174th was located at the Tonawanda Armory located at 79 Delaware Street in Tonawanda, NY. Both Units were part of the 42nd Inf Div.


174th New York Infantry Regiment
The 174th New York Infantry Regiment (aka, "5th Metropolitan Guard") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


174th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 174th New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning October 3, 1862 and mustered in for three-years service October 15 – November 13, 1862 under the command of Colonel Theodore W. Parmelee.


174th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864.


174th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 174th New York Infantry ceased to exist on February 17, 1864 when it was consolidated with the 162nd New York Volunteer Infantry.


174th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for New Orleans, Louisiana, December 7, 1862. Moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, January 13–14, 1863, and duty there until May 1863. Operations against Port Hudson March 7–27. Advance on Port Hudson May 12–24. Operations about Monett's Plantation and on Bayou Sara Road May 18–19. Reconnaissance to False River March 19. Action at Plain's Store May 21. Siege of Port Hudson May 24 – July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Kock's Plantation, Donaldsonville, July 12–13. Duty at Baton Rouge August 1 to September 2. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4–11. Moved from Algiers to Brashear City September 16, then to Berwick. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3 – November 30. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7.


174th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 83 men during service; one officer and 22 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, one officer and 59 enlisted men died of disease.


174th New York State Legislature
The 174th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9, 1963, to December 30, 1964, during the fifth and sixth years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.


174th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were Kings (nine districts), New York (six),  Queens (five), Bronx (four), Erie (three), Nassau (three), Westchester (three), Monroe (two) and Onondaga (two). The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.


174th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party, the Conservative Party, the Socialist Workers Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.


174th New York State Legislature, Elections
The 1962 New York state election, was held on November 6. Governor Nelson Rockefeller and Lieutenant Governor Malcolm Wilson were re-elected, both Republicans. The other four statewide elective offices were carried by two Republicans; and two Democrats with Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, was: Republicans 3,082,000; Democrats 2,310,000; Liberals 243,000; Conservatives 142,000; Socialist Workers 20,000; and Socialist Labor 10,000.


174th New York State Legislature, Elections
Two of the four women members of the previous legislature—Assemblywomen Dorothy Bell Lawrence (Rep.), a former school teacher of Manhattan; and Aileen B. Ryan (Dem. ), a former school teacher of the Bronx—were re-elected. Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca, was also elected to the Assembly.


174th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1963, was held on November 5. The only statewide elective office up for election was a seat on the New York Court of Appeals. Democrat Francis Bergan was elected with Republican and Liberal endorsement. One vacancy in the State Senate, and two vacancies in the Assembly, were filled.


174th New York State Legislature, Elections
On February 4, 1964, Constance Baker Motley, a lawyer of Manhattan, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy.


174th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 186th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1963; and adjourned on April 6.


174th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Walter J. Mahoney (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


174th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 187th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1964; and adjourned on March 27.


174th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on April 15, 1964; and adjourned on the next day. This session was called to revise the liquor laws.


174th New York State Legislature, Sessions
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down several decisions establishing that State legislatures should follow the One man, one vote rule to apportion their election districts. A special Federal Statutory Court declared the New York apportionment formulae for both the State Senate and the State Assembly unconstitutional, and the State Legislature was ordered to re-apportion the seats by April 1, 1965.


174th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The court also ruled that the 1964 legislative election should be held under the 1954 apportionment, but those elected could serve only for one year (in 1965), and an election under the new apportionment should be held in November 1965. Senators John H. Hughes and Lawrence M. Rulison (both Rep.) questioned the authority of the federal court to shorten the term of the 1964 electees, alleging excessive costs for the additional election in an off-year.


174th New York State Legislature, Sessions
At the New York state election, 1964, on November 3, Democratic majorities were elected to both the State Senate and the State Assembly for the session of 1965.


174th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The lame-duck Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on December 15, 1964; and adjourned on December 30. This session was called to re-apportion the legislative districts for the 1965 election, gerrymandering the districts according to the wishes of the Republican majority before the Democrats would take over the Legislature in January. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased to 65, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 165. County representation was abandoned in favor of population-proportional districts, and the new Assembly districts were numbered from 1 to 165.


174th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Guy James Mangano, Edward S. Lentol and Jeremiah J. Moriarty changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Irwin R. Brownstein was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.


174th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


174th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


174th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


174th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 174th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 174th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 174th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio August 16 through September 21, 1864, and mustered in for one year service on September 21, 1864, under the command of Colonel John Sills Jones.


174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Post of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1864. District of North Alabama, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to June 1865.


174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 174th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 28, 1865, at Charlotte, North Carolina.


174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Ohio for Nashville, Tenn., September 23, arriving there September 26. Moved to Murfreesboro, Tenn., and duty in the defenses of that city until October 27. Moved from Murfreesboro to Decatur, Ala., October 27. Defense of Decatur October 27–29. Moved to Elk River October 29 (four companies detached at Athens, Alabama). Returned to Decatur November 1 and duty there until November 25. Moved to Murfreesboro November 25. Action at Overall's Creek December 4. Siege of Murfreesboro December 5–12. Wilkinson's Pike, near Murfreesboro, December 7. Ordered to Clifton, Tenn., and duty there until January 17, 1865.


174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Movement to Washington, D.C., January 17–29, and duty there until February 21. Moved to Fort Fisher, N.C., February 21–23, to Morehead City February 24, and to New Berne February 25. Advance on Kingston and Goldsboro March 6–21. Battle of Wise's Forks March 8–10. Occupation of Kinston March 14, and of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh and Charlotte, N.C., until June.


174th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 117 men during service; 1 officer and 21 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 94 enlisted men due to disease.


174th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht)
The 174th Reserve Division was a formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Formed as the 174th Replacement Division on 10 June 1940, it commanded replacement training units in Saxony and the Sudetenland, based in Chemnitz. It was re-organised as the 174th Reserve Division on 15 September 1942 in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The division continued to control training units until 1943 when those elements of the division were sent to northern Poland. On 31 July 1944 the division was absorbed by the 26th Infantry Division which had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Kursk. The 26th Infantry Division was badly mauled at Kovel on the Eastern Front, and on 10 September 1944 was itself disbanded at Radom in central Poland and was absorbed into the 253rd Infantry Division.


174th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht), Order of battle
In December 1943, the major units of the division were:


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
174th Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed during World War I. It served on the Western Front, including the Battles of Arras, Messines and Passchendaele, and the crushing victories of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in 1918.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
174th Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Weymouth, Dorset, on 13 June 1916 under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916 with a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks from the Dorsetshire Royal Garrison Artillery of the Territorial Force. It went out to the Western Front in October 1916, equipped with four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers, and joined 47th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) with Third Army.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service
The battery quickly (17 October) moved to 8th HAG with Fifth Army which was engaged in the Somme Offensive. This ended with the Battle of the Ancre in November.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras
It was the policy to switch siege batteries from one Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) to another as the situation demanded, and 174th Siege Bty moved between 8th and 46th HAGs within Fifth Army until 3 February 1917 when it joined 54th HAG in Third Army, which was preparing for the Battle of Arras. The artillery part of this attack was a carefully planned barrage in great depth. After the preliminary bombardment, the howitzers laid a standing barrage on the German trenches at Zero hour.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras
Then as the attacking infantry reached the first objective behind a creeping barrage fired by the field guns, the howitzers lifted to the Phase 2 objectives, the German fourth line trenches, known as the 'Blue Line'. Once the infantry reached this line, the field guns began moving forward into No man's land and the 6-inch howitzers moved up to take over the vacated field gun positions, to help shoot the infantry on to the Brown Line or final objective. The attack went in at 05.30 on 9 April 1917 and was generally successful. Fighting continued in the Arras sector until the middle of May, with 174th Siege Bty switching between HAGs as required.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Messines
On 21 May 1917 174th Siege Bty was transferred to 45th HAG with Second Army in the Ypres Salient. Second Army had assembled 2266 guns and howitzers, including 316 6-inch howitzers, for the Battle of Messines. Although this attack was characterised by the surprise explosion of 19 huge mines under the German lines at Zero hour, it was preceded by days of preliminary bombardment aimed at destroying strongpoints and the opposing artillery hidden behind the Messines–Wytschaete ridge.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Messines
This began on 21 May, with the assistance of Royal Flying Corps observation aircraft, and continued until 02.40 on 7 June, when the guns fell silent. Then at 03.10 the mines were exploded and the assault went in with massive artillery support, the heavies accurately hitting the remaining strongpoints and deluging the remaining German gunsites with gas shell. The infantry swept through the shattered German positions and easily took their Phase 1 objectives. Here they paused, protected by a distant barrage fired by the heavy howitzers from 07.00, which broke up German counter-attacks.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Messines
Then at 14.40 the heavy batteries concentrated on breaching the barbed wire in front of the German second line. Although the range was long (9,000 yards (8,200 m)) the regimental historian records that 'the results were exceptionally good and the wire was no obstacle when the attack went in'. The Battle of Messines was a strictly limited operation, and there was no intention of exploiting further, with all the attendant difficulties of moving the artillery forward.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
Next, 174th Siege Bty moved to 46th HAG on 22 June. This group was with Fifth Army for the opening of the Third Ypres Offensive. An even greater concentration of guns was massed than for Messines, but the circumstances were less favourable. Gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient where they were under observation and counter-battery (CB) fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high, and despite the massive preparation Fifth Army failed to take all its objectives when it attacked on 31 July (the Battle of Pilckem). A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful. 174th Siege Bty was rested from 19 August to 4 September.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
The offensive continued through the summer and autumn of 1917: the Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1917–18
46th HAG transferred to Second Army's command at the end of the Passchendaele fighting on 9 November, then 174th Siege Bty moved to 79th HAG on 18 December. Fourth Army HQ took over the Ypres Salient two days later. 174th Siege Bty was rested from 23 December, then moved to 72nd HAG on 28 January 1918. On 23 February the battery was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 448th Siege Bty, to bring it up to a strength of six howitzers.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Winter 1917–18
174th Siege Bty rejoined 79th HAG on 26 February. By now HAG allocations had become more fixed, and from February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 79th Brigade was designated as a Mixed Brigade, with guns and howitzers of several sizes. 174th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive
Fourth Army was renamed Second Army again on 17 March. It was not involved in the first phase of the German spring offensive of 1918, but was directly attacked and driven back from its positions during the following Battle of the Lys. Yet the line held, and the heavy guns, often well forward, took a heavy toll of the attackers.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive
79th Brigade had shifted to First Army by 1 May, and on 28 June it supported XI Corps in Operation Borderland, a limited counter-attack on La Becque and other fortified farms in front of the Forest of Nieppe, in what was described as 'a model operation' for artillery cooperation. 79th Brigade then transferred with XI Corps to the command of the reconstituted Fifth Army on 1 July 1918.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
79th Brigade joined the reconstituted Fourth Army on 18 August, soon after the beginning of the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive that lasted to the end of the war. By the end of September Fourth Army had closed up to the Hindenburg Line. On 29 September IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 79th Bde amongst the mass of artillery supporting the operation.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
The canal defences had largely been destroyed by the heavy guns, which continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade stormed the outpost line and then scrambled across the canal in the morning mist. The objectives were taken by 15.30. 79th Brigade moved its battery positions forward during the night of 30 September/1 October.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
On 8 October, IX Corps attacked the next German defensive position, the Beaurevoir Line. Harassing fire (HF) had been carried out on the night of 6/7 October, and all through 7 October and up to Zero the heavies carried out CB fire and shelled important localities. Once the attack went in the heavies continued intense CB and long-range HF fire until the infantry were on the objective.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
On 11 October preparations began for IX Corps' assault on the German line along the River Selle. CB fire began on 13 October, together with bombardment by the heavy howitzers of important localities chosen by Corps HQ. On 15 and 16 October mist and rain disrupted air reconnaissance, but Zero for the Battle of the Selle was fixed on 16 October for 05.20 the next day. The first day of the battle went well, one German counter-attack being broken up when all available guns were turned onto it, but the attackers were still short of their objective, the Sambre Canal. Steady progress was also made on the second and third days as Fourth Army closed up to the canal.


174th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
IX Corps renewed its advance on 23 October, with 79th Bde part of a massive corps artillery reserve. The attack went in at 01.20 in moonlight, after the heavy guns had done the usual CB and Harassing Fire bombardments, and the results were extremely satisfactory. As the regimental historian relates, 'The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23 October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition'. After a pause to regroup and reconnoitre, IX Corps stormed across the canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving siege guns could play no part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.


174th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)
174th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was originally built on July 20, 1891, by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company and had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was Tremont Avenue–177th Street, but in its last years it rose over the Cross Bronx Expressway in order to get there. The next stop to the south was Claremont Parkway. The station closed on April 29, 1973.


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line)
174th Street is a local station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 174th Street, Southern Boulevard & Boston Road in the Crotona Park East neighborhood of the Bronx, it is served by the 2 train at all times, and the 5 train at all times except late nights and rush hours in the peak direction.


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Early history
The initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26, 1904, between 180th Street–Bronx Park and Jackson Avenue. Initially, trains on the line were served by elevated trains from the IRT Second Avenue Line and the IRT Third Avenue Line. Once the connection to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened on July 10, 1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line.


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Early history
To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,887,500 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The northbound platform at the 174th Street station was extended 43 feet (13 m) to the front and 40 feet (12 m) to the rear, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the White Plains Road Line.


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Later years
The New York State Transit Commission announced plans to extend the southbound platforms at seven stations on the line from Jackson Avenue to 177th Street to accommodate ten-car trains for $81,900 on August 8, 1934. The platform at 174th Street would be lengthened from 361 feet (110 m) to 489 feet (149 m).


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Later years
The Bergen Avenue cutoff, which allowed Third Avenue trains to access the White Plains Road Line, was abandoned on November 5, 1946, as part of the gradual curtailment of elevated service on the IRT Third Avenue Line. On June 13, 1949, the platform extensions at this station, as well as those on other White Plains Road Line stations between Jackson Avenue and 177th Street, opened. The platforms were lengthened to 514 feet (157 m) to allow full ten-car express trains to open their doors. Previously, the stations could only accommodate six-car local trains.


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), History, Later years
The station was closed from July to November 2003 and was completely rehabilitated.


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), Station layout
This elevated station, which has two side platforms and three tracks, is built on a curve, which results in large gaps between the center doors of trains and the platform. The gaps were almost wide enough to need gap fillers. By 2008, most of the station's gaps had been filled, but train announcements still warn passengers to "be careful of the gap between the platform and the train."


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), Station layout
The station has a white windscreen and black fencing. The ends of the platform are very narrow.


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), Station layout
The 2004 artwork here is called A Trip up the Bronx River by Daniel del Valle. It features stained glass windows on the platform windscreens and station house depicting sites along the Bronx River.


174th Street station (IRT White Plains Road Line), Station layout, Exits
The station does not have a mezzanine, therefore in-system transfers between the two directions are not possible. The station houses are at the same level as the platforms. The two southbound exits lead to the northwestern corner of the skewed intersection of 174th Street and Southern Boulevard. The two northbound exits are on either eastern corner of that intersection.


174th Tunnelling Company
The 174th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.


174th Tunnelling Company, Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.


174th Tunnelling Company, Background
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.


174th Tunnelling Company, Background
The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.


174th Tunnelling Company, Background
The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.


174th Tunnelling Company, Background
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation
From its formation in March 1915 until the end of the war 174th Tunnelling Compa served under Third Army. It moved into the Houplines area in northern France, where it was in action in the Rue du Bois sector by early 1915. By autumn 1915, the 181st Tunnelling Company had also moved to this area.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
In July 1915, 174th Tunnelling Company moved to the Somme, where it took over French mine workings between La Boisselle and Carnoy, some 27 miles (43 km) northeast of Amiens. On 24 July 1915, the unit established headquarters at Bray, taking over some 66 shafts at Carnoy, Fricourt, Maricourt and La Boisselle. Around La Boisselle, the Germans had dug defensive transversal tunnels at a depth of about 80 feet (24 metres), parallel to the front line. The British extended and deepened the tunnel system, first to 24 metres (79 ft) and ultimately 30 metres (98 ft).


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
Above ground the infantry occupied trenches were just 45 metres (148 ft) apart. Early attempts at mining by the British on the Western Front had commenced in late 1914 in the soft clay and sandy soils of Flanders. Mining at La Boisselle was in chalk, much harder and requiring different techniques. The German advance had been halted at La Boisselle by French troops on 28 September 1914.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
There was bitter fighting for possession of the village cemetery, and for farm buildings on the south-western edge of the village, known as "L'îlot de La Boisselle" to the French, as "Granathof" (German: "shell farm") to the Germans and as "Glory Hole" to the British. In December 1914, French engineers began tunnelling beneath the ruins. With the war on the surface at stalemate, both sides continued to probe beneath the opponent's trenches and detonate ever-greater explosive charges.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
By August 1915, the French and Germans were working at a depth of 12 metres (39 ft); the size of their charges had reached 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb). 174th Tunnelling Company was supported in its role on the Somme by the 183rd Tunnelling Company, but the British did not have enough miners to take over the large number of French shafts and the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks. To provide the tunnellers needed, the British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August 1915, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
In October 1915, 174th Tunnelling Company was joined at La Boisselle by 179th Tunnelling Company, which had been formed in Third Army area that month. Later that month, 174th Tunnelling Company gave up part of that front sector to the newly-formed 183rd Tunnelling Company, and concentrated on the Mametz sector instead.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
As Allied preparations were under way for the Battle of the Somme (1 July – 18 November 1916), the British tunnelling companies were to make two major contributions by placing 19 large and small mines beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land, which would be opened at zero hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
In the front sector between Fricourt and Mametz, 174th Tunnelling Company planted the Mametz West group of four  230-kilogram (500 lb) mines along the German trench lines running east from the heights of Bois Français, located south of Hidden Wood and 1.03 kilometres (0.64 mi) south-east of Fricourt. Local underground fighting at Bois Français had already taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
Before the summer of 1916, no-man's land south of Bois Français had already witnessed the blowing of at least eight mines, and  the area of Kiel and Danube trenches, located some 0.46 kilometres (500 yd) to the east of Bois Français, had also seen extensive underground operations. In October 1915, John Norton-Griffiths had even advocated the use of poison gas to deal with the German resistance in the  Bois Français sector, but the proposal was not followed up.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
As at Fricourt, no frontal assault was planned in this area for 1 July as the British infantry would have to advance across large crater fields. Instead, the Royal Engineers placed the Mametz West group of mines there – three charges at Kiel Trench and one at Danube Trench. The first purpose of these mines was to protect the left of the 7th Division's attack south of Mametz, while the second was to protect the 20th Battalion, Manchester Regiment during their attack on the German lines.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16
By October 1916, 174th Tunnelling Company  had moved north of the river Ancre, facing Beaumont-Hamel.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Arras, 1917
During the fighting at Bullecourt on 11 April, men of 174th Tunnelling Company, under the command of Major Hutchinson, MC, worked continuously for 30 hours to dig out the victims of a collapsed house. They rescued nine men of the 2/6th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment alive.


174th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive 1918
In the German attack of March 1918, the unit suffered severe casualties while working on machine-gun emplacements at Bullecourt in northern France and fought as emergency infantry. Soon after, 174th Tunnelling Company worked on a long section of trench in northern France near Monchy-au-Bois.


174th meridian east
The meridian 174° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


174th meridian east
The 174th meridian east forms a great circle with the 6th meridian west.


174th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 174th meridian east passes through:


174th meridian west
The meridian 174° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


174th meridian west
The 174th meridian west forms a great circle with the 6th meridian east.


174th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 174th meridian west passes through:


174th–175th Streets station
174th–175th Streets is a local station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway, located at the Grand Concourse between East 174th and 175th Streets in the Bronx. It is served by the D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction and by the B train during rush hours.


174th–175th Streets station, History
This underground station, along with the rest of the Concourse Line, opened on July 1, 1933. Initial service was provided by the C express and CC local trains.


174th–175th Streets station, History
Under the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative, and was entirely closed for several months. Upgrades included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. In January 2018, the NYCT and Bus Committee recommended that Citnalta-Forte receive the $125 million contract for the renovations of 167th and 174th–175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line and 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. However, the MTA Board temporarily deferred the vote for these packages after city representatives refused to vote to award the contracts.


174th–175th Streets station, History
The contract was put back for a vote in February, where it was ultimately approved. The staircase entrance on the east side of Grand Concourse at the East 174th Street underpass closed on July 9, while the rest of the station closed for repairs on August 13. The station reopened on December 26, 2018.


174th–175th Streets station, Station layout
This underground station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is used by the D express train during rush hours in peak direction. Both platforms have an orange trim line with a black border and name tablets reading "174TH-175TH ST." in white sans-serif lettering on a black background and orange border. Under the trim line are small signs made of three tiles each reading "174" or "175" depending on location within the station. Grey (previously yellow) I-beam columns run along both platforms at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate in white lettering. The station is on a gently curving section of track, sharp enough to not be able to see the opposite end of the platform.


174th–175th Streets station, Station layout
The 2018 artwork here is called Bronx Seasons Everchanging by Roy Secord. It features large abstract mosaics on the station walls inspired by the artist's own walking meditations through the Bronx's nature at different times of the year.


174th–175th Streets station, Station layout, Exits
At this station, both the Grand Concourse and the underground Concourse Line pass over the Cross Bronx Expressway. The Concourse Line also passes over both 174th and 175th Streets, albeit within a totally enclosed tunnel that passes through a hillside with the Grand Concourse at its summit.


174th–175th Streets station, Station layout, Exits
The south end fare control area is located at the south end of the station, one level below the tracks. A crossunder between directions is present here, as is an exit on the north side of 174th Street between Walton and Morris Avenues, directly beneath the Grand Concourse. Access to the Concourse itself is also located in this area and from the platforms, with one staircase leading to the east side on the Concourse. There was also an exit to the west side of the Grand Concourse and 174th Street from the south end fare control area and the platforms; this meandering passageway was closed off to the public and the staircase was also slabbed over on street level.


174th–175th Streets station, Station layout, Exits
The north end fare control is located directly above 175th Street, which crosses beneath the Concourse, and has exits on both sides. There was also an exit to the south side of 175th Street, also directly beneath the Grand Concourse; it was gated off to the public. Prior to the station's renovation, stairways from the platform to this exit were gated off, but the fencing was replaced with a solid wall during the renovation.


175
Year 175 (CLXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 175th Year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 175th year of the 1st millennium, the 75th year (3 quarters) of the 2nd century, and the 6th year of the 170s decade. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Iulianus (or, less frequently, year 928 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 175 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


175 (number)
175 (one hundred [and] seventy-five) is the natural number following 174 and preceding 176.


175 (number), In mathematics
175 is an odd number, a composite number, and a deficient number. It is a decagonal number, a 19-gonal number, and a centered 29-gonal number.


175 (number), In mathematics
175 is an Ulam number, and a Zuckerman number. It is the magic constant of the n×n normal magic square and n-Queens Problem for n = 7.


175 (number), In mathematics
In base 10, raising the digits of 175 to powers of successive integers equals itself: 175 = 11 + 72+ 53. 135, 518, 598, and 1306 also have this property.


175 (number), In religion
The Bible says that Abraham lived to be 175 years old.


175 Andromache
175 Andromache (minor planet designation: 175 Andromache) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on October 1, 1877, and named after Andromache, wife of Hector during the Trojan War. Watson's telegram to Europe announcing the discovery became lost, and so notification did not arrive until several weeks later. As a result, another minor planet, later designated 176 Iduna, was initially assigned the number 175.


175 Andromache
The initial orbital elements for 175 Andromache proved unreliable, and it was only in 1893 that an accurate ephemeris was produced. Because the orbital period is fairly close to being double that of the giant planet Jupiter, 175 Andromache initially became of interest in the study of gravitational perturbations.


175 Andromache
Based upon its spectrum, this is classified as a C-type asteroid. It has a diameter estimated in the range 101–107 km with a roughly circular shape. The size ratio between the major and minor axes is 1.09 ± 0.09, as determined from the W. M. Keck Observatory. An earlier result published in 2000 gave a larger size ratio of 1.20.


175 BC
Year 175 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scaevola and Lepidus (or, less frequently, year 579 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 175 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


175 Belden Street
The house at 175 Belden Street is a historic home located on City Island in the Bronx in New York City. It was built about 1880 and is a simple, small picturesque cottage with an asymmetrical cruciform plan.


175 Belden Street
It was listed as a New York City Designated Landmark in 1981 and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.


175 Hospital
175 Military Hospital is the central hospital for the south region of the ministry of defense, located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It was founded in 1975 by unifying a few military medical divisions and units, most notably K116, K72, and K59, initially to serve veterans and military officers after the Vietnam war. Over the years, it has been slowly opened to the general public and now also acts as a district hospital as well as a trauma center for the civilians.


175 Hospital, Notable departments and divisions, Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center
The Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center was established on September 15, 2012.


175 Hospital, Notable departments and divisions, Bentiu Level 2 Hospital
In 2018, in supporting the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, UK Engineer Task Force had built a Level 2 Hospital in Bentiu, South Sudan while 175 hospital had deployed a Vietnamese Hospital unit consisted of 63-strong medical contingent to undertake Vietnam's first-ever UN peacekeeping mission. The first rotation is expected to last 18 month.


175 West Broadway
175 West Broadway is a building between Worth and Leonard Streets in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1877, it was designed by Scott & Umbach, an architectural firm from Newark, New Jersey, in the polychromatic brick style. According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the building's "corbeled window arches and the corbeled brick cornice are without parallel in New York City architecture." It was built as a rental property for the heirs of Jerome B. King, a notable manufacturer of plaster and cement products, and was occupied for many years by Harwood & Son, who manufactured and sold awnings and other products made from canvas


175 West Broadway
The building was designated a New York City landmark on November 12, 1991.


1750
1750 (MDCCL) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1750th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 750th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 50th  year of the 18th century, and the  1st   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1750, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1750
Various sources, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the pre-industrial era.


1750 Eckert
1750 Eckert, provisional designation 1950 NA1, is a stony slow rotating Hungaria asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 July 1950, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was named after American astronomer Wallace Eckert.


1750 Eckert, Classification and orbit
The Mars crossing asteroid is also a member of the Hungaria family, a group that forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6–2.3 AU once every 2 years and 8 months (977 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Eckert's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.


1750 Eckert, Rotation period
In October 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Eckert was obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. It gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 375 hours with a brightness variation of 0.87 magnitude (U=3-). A modeled lightcurve obtained from the Lowell Photometric Database in 2016, gave a similar period of 377.5 hours (U=n.a.). Eckert has the sixth-longest rotation period of all known Mars-crossers.


1750 Eckert, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the asteroid measures 6.95 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.203. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with Akarai and assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 6.97 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.15.


1750 Eckert, Naming
The minor planet was named in memory of American astronomer Wallace Eckert (1902–1971), director at the United States Naval Observatory from 1940 to 1945, president of IAU's Commission 7, and pioneer in the use of automatic computing machines. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, he used the then most powerful computing machines ever built, SSEC and NORC, for astronomical calculations. The asteroid 1625 The NORC was named after one of these early super-computers.


1750 Eckert, Naming
Eckert also produced the integration of the orbits of the five outer planets in collaboration with Brouwer and Clemence, after whom the minor planets 1746 Brouwer and 1919 Clemence were named. By use of sophisticated computing techniques, Eckert was able to check and extend Brown's lunar theory (also see 1643 Brown). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).


1750 English cricket season
The 1750 English cricket season was the seventh season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of six eleven-a-side matches between significant teams, including three inter-county matches played between Kent and Surrey.


1750 English cricket season, Matches
Six eleven-a-side matches between significant teams are known to have taken place.


1750 English cricket season, Matches, Single wicket matches
A series of three single wicket cricket matches were played during September between teams led by Stephen Dingate and Tom Faulkner at the Artillery Ground in London. Faulkner's side won two of the matches with the other match ending in a tie.


1750 English cricket season, Other events
A military match at Perth is the first known reference to cricket being played in Scotland.


1750 English cricket season, Other events
Leading player Robert Colchin died at Deptford in April, probably of smallpox and in August Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond died at Godalming. Lennox was one of the leading patrons of cricket at the time, in particular of Slindon Cricket Club and Sussex teams.


1750 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1750.


1750 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1750 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1750 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1750 in science
The year 1750 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1750s
The 1750s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1750, and ended on December 31, 1759. The 1750s was a pioneering decade. Waves of settlers flooded the New World (specifically the Americas) in hopes of re-establishing life away from European control, and electricity was a field of novelty that had yet to be merged with the studies of chemistry and engineering. Numerous discoveries of the 1750s forged the basis for contemporary scientific consensus. The decade saw the end of the Baroque period.


1750s BC
The 1750s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1759 BC to December 31, 1750 BC.


1750s in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during the 1750s in South Africa.


1750s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1750 - 1759 to Wales and its people.


1750s in archaeology
The decade of the 1750s in archaeology involved some significant events.


1750s in rail transport
This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1750s.


1750–1775 in Western fashion
Fashion in the years 1750–1775 in European countries and the colonial Americas was characterised by greater abundance, elaboration and intricacy in clothing designs, loved by the Rococo artistic trends of the period. The French and English styles of fashion were very different from one another. French style was defined by elaborate court dress, colourful and rich in decoration, worn by such iconic fashion figures as Marie Antoinette.


1750–1775 in Western fashion
After reaching their maximum size in the 1750s, hoop skirts began to reduce in size, but remained being worn with the most formal dresses, and were sometimes replaced with side-hoops, or panniers. Hairstyles were equally elaborate, with tall headdresses the distinctive fashion of the 1770s. For men, waistcoats and breeches of previous decades continued to be fashionable.


1750–1775 in Western fashion
English style was defined by simple practical garments, made of inexpensive and durable fabrics, catering to a leisurely outdoor lifestyle. These lifestyles were also portrayed through the differences in portraiture. The French preferred indoor scenes where they could demonstrate their affinity for luxury in dress and lifestyle. The English, on the other hand, were more "egalitarian" in tastes, thus their portraits tended to depict the sitter in outdoor scenes and pastoral attire.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
Women's clothing styles retained the emphasis on a narrow, inverted conical torso, achieved with boned stays, above full skirts. Hoop skirts continued to be worn, reaching their largest size in the 1750s, and were sometimes replaced by side-hoops, also called 'false hips', or panniers. Court dress had little or no physical comfort with restriction of movement. Full size hoops skirts prevented sitting and reminded those wearing them to stand in the presence of the King. Stays forced a proper standing posture. Garments like these could not be washed often because of the fabrics from which they were made. The Enlightenment produced a backlash against sumptuary laws which asserted a stagnant social hierarchy. During the Enlightenment, court dress stayed almost the same while outside of court dress, fashion became less extravagant and shifted more towards comfort rather than courtly display.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
The usual fashion of the years 1750–1775 was a low-necked gown (usually called a robe), worn over a petticoat. Most gowns had skirts that opened in front to show the petticoat worn beneath. If the bodice of the gown was open in front, the opening was filled in with a decorative stomacher, pinned to the gown over the laces or to the stays beneath.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Close-fitting sleeves just past the elbow were trimmed with frills or ruffles, and separate under-ruffles referred to as engageantes in modern terms, of lace or fine linen were tacked, to the inside of the gown's sleeves, or perhaps to the shift or chemise sleeves. The neckline was trimmed with a fabric or lace ruffle, or a neckerchief called a "fichu" could be tucked into the low neckline. Women would also sometimes wear a neckerchief or a more formal lace modesty piece, particularly on low-cut dresses.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
The robe à la française or sack-back gown featured back pleats hanging loosely from the neckline. A fitted bodice held the front of the gown closely to the figure.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
The robe à l'anglaise or close-bodied gown featured back pleats sewn in place to fit closely to the body, and then released into the skirt which would be draped in various ways.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
The Brunswick dress was a two-piece costume of German origin consisting of a hip-length jacket with "split sleeves"—flounced elbow-length sleeves and long, tight lower sleeves—and a hood, worn with a matching petticoat. It was popular for traveling.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Court dress, the grand habit de cour or "stiff-bodied" gown, retained the styles of the 1670s. It featured a low, oval neckline that bared the shoulders, and the heavily boned bodice laced closed in back, unlike the front-opening robe. The elbow-length sleeves were covered with tiers of lace flounces, echoing the full-sleeved chemise worn with the original style.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
Front-wrapping thigh-length "shortgowns" or bedgowns of lightweight printed cotton fabric were fashionable at-home morning wear, worn with petticoats. Over time, bedgowns became the staple upper garment of British and American female working-class street wear.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns
As in previous periods, the traditional riding habit consisted of a tailored jacket like a man's coat, worn with a high-necked shirt, a waistcoat, a petticoat, and a hat. Alternatively, the jacket and a false waistcoat-front might be a made as a single garment, and later in the period a simpler riding jacket and petticoat—without waistcoat—could be worn.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear
The shift, chemise (in France), or smock, had a low neckline and elbow-length sleeves which were full early in the period and became increasingly narrow as the century progressed. Drawers were not worn in this period.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear
The long-waisted, heavily boned "stays" of the early 1740s with their narrow back, wide front, and shoulder straps gave way by the 1760s to strapless stays which still were cut high at the armpit, to encourage a woman to stand with her shoulders slightly back, a fashionable posture. The fashionable shape was a rather conical torso, with large hips. The waist was not particularly small. Stays were laced snugly, but comfortably. They offered back support for heavy lifting, and poor and middle class women were able to work comfortably in them.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear
Free-hanging pockets were tied around the waist and were accessed through "pocket slits" in the side-seams of the gown or petticoat.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear
Woollen or quilted waistcoats were worn over the stays and under the gown for warmth, as were petticoats quilted with wool batting, especially in the cold climates of northern Europe and America. In the 1770s stays began to be produced so they would end higher on a woman's body. Phillip Vicker complained: "For the late importation of Stays which are said to be now most fashionable in London, are produced upwards so high that we can have scarce any view at all of the Ladies Snowy Bosoms..."


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Shoes
Shoes had high, curved heels—the origin of modern "louis heels"—and were made of fabric or leather, with separate shoe buckles. These were either shiny metal, usually in silver—sometimes with the metal cut into false stones in the Paris style—or with paste stones, although there were other types.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
By the 1770s extreme hairstyles and wigs had come into fashion. Women wore their hair high upon their heads, in large plumes. To create tall extreme hair, rolls of horse hair, tow, or wool were used to raise up the front of the hair. The front of the hair was then frizzed out, or arranged in roll curls and set horizontally on the head. Women turned their hair up in the back often in a knot. In addition, pomatum and false hair was used to give more height to the hair. Pomatum was paste that women used to stiffen their hair. Pomatum was also used to hold powder, which women put in their hair. The Pomatum was made of many ingredients including hog's grease, tallow, or a mix of beef marrow and oil.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview
Throughout the period, men continued to wear the coat, waistcoat and breeches of the previous period. However, changes were seen in both the fabric used as well as the cut of these garments. More attention was paid to individual pieces of the suit, and each element underwent stylistic changes. Under new enthusiasms for outdoor sports and country pursuits, the elaborately embroidered silks and velvets characteristic of "full dress" or formal attire earlier in the century gradually gave way to carefully tailored woollen "undress" garments for all occasions except the most formal. This more casual style reflected the dominating image of "nonchalance." The goal was to look as fashionable as possible with seemingly little effort. This was to be the new, predominant mindset of fashion.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats
The skirts of the coat narrowed from the gored styles of the previous period. Waistcoats extended to mid-thigh to the 1770s and then began to shorten. Waistcoats could be made with or without sleeves.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats
As in the previous period, a loose, T-shaped silk, cotton or linen gown called a banyan was worn at home as a sort of dressing gown over the shirt, waistcoat, and breeches. Men of an intellectual or philosophical bent were painted wearing banyans, with their own hair or a soft cap rather than a wig.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats
A coat with a wide collar called a frock coat, derived from a traditional working-class coat, was worn for hunting and other country pursuits in both Britain and America.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt and stock
Shirt sleeves were full, gathered at the wrist and dropped shoulder. Full -dress shirts had ruffles of fine fabric or lace, while undress shirts ended in plain wrist bands.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches, shoes, and stockings
Low-heeled leather shoes fastened with buckles were worn with silk or woollen stockings. Boots were worn for riding. The buckles were either polished metal, usually in silver—sometimes with the metal cut into false stones in the Paris style—or with paste stones, although there were other types. These buckles were often quite large and one of the world's largest collections can be seen at Kenwood House.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
Wigs were worn by middle and upperclass men, or the hair was worn long, brushed back from the forehead and "clubbed" (tied back at the nape of the neck) with a black ribbon. Wigs were generally now short, but long wigs continued to be popular with the older generation. Hair was powered for formal, evening occasions.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
Wide-brimmed hats turned up on three sides called "cocked hats"—called tricorns in later eras—were worn in mid-century.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The macaroni
The trend of the macaroni grew out of the tradition of those who partook of the Grand Tour. Elite men in the 18th century would travel abroad across Europe, namely Italy, to broaden their cultural depth. These men adopted foreign fashions and tastes and brought them back to England where they interpreted them further. The original macaroni of the 1760s was characterized by elaborate dress consisting of short and tight trousers, large wigs, delicate shoes and small hats. As the general population of English males became exposed to the luxurious appeal of the macaroni trend, they began to adopt and replicate the trends they saw. By the 1770s, any man could appear as if they themselves had been on the Grand Tour-based solely on their outward appearance.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The macaroni
The macaroni and the subsequent imitators were criticized for being gender ambiguous and effeminate. Frequently, the macaroni fashion trend was the subject of satirical caricatures and pamphlets. Their large costume like wigs and short coats, which deeply contrasted the masculine British dress of the time, were ridiculed for their frivolity and were said to be threatening the stability of gender difference, thereby undermining the nation's reputation. The question of farce and inauthenticity comes into play as well because by dressing as a macaroni, one claimed the status and the means of an elite who went on the Grand Tour.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The macaroni
Although many mocked the macaroni for their outwardly eccentric characteristics, some celebrated them for their commitment to the demonstration of personal identity. The idea of a unique character was becoming an important concept that spanned many types of media including books and prints as Britain wanted to distinguish itself from France.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Children's fashion
During most of this period, the clothes worn by middle- and upper-class children older than toddlers continued to be similar to the clothes worn by adults, with the exception that girls wore back-fastening bodices and petticoats rather than open-fronted robes. Boys wore dresses until they were breeched.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Working class clothing
Working-class people in 18th century England and America often wore the same garments as fashionable people—shirts, waistcoats, coats and breeches for men, and shifts, petticoats, and dresses or jackets for women—but they owned fewer clothes and what they did own was made of cheaper and sturdier fabrics. Working class men also wore short jackets, and some, especially sailors, wore trousers rather than breeches. Smock-frocks were a regional style for men, especially shepherds. Country women wore short hooded cloaks, most often red. Both sexes wore handkerchiefs or neckerchiefs.


1750–1775 in Western fashion, Working class clothing
Men's felt hats were worn with the brims flat rather than cocked or turned up. Men and women wore shoes with shoe buckles—when they could afford them. Men who worked with horses wore boots.


1751
1751 (MDCCLI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1751st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 751st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 51st  year of the 18th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1751, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1751
In Britain and its colonies (except Scotland), 1751 only had 282 days due to the British Calendar Act of 1751, which ended the year on 31 December (rather than nearly three months later according to its previous rule).


1751 Concepción earthquake
The 1751 Concepción earthquake was one of the strongest and most destructive recorded quakes in Chilean history. It struck the Central Valley of the country, destroying the cities of Concepción, Chillán, Cauquenes, Curicó and Talca, probably on May 24, 1751, although there is currently a debate among scholars as to the exact date of the earthquake (see also "Other dates").


1751 Concepción earthquake, Background
The city of Concepción had already been hit by several earthquakes. On this occasion the city was still in the process of recovering from the earthquake and tsunami that completely destroyed the city in 1730. Hours before the earthquake, on the night of May 23, there were several tremors. This had caused some Concepción residents, accustomed to earthquakes, to prepare for the worst.


1751 Concepción earthquake, Development
The disaster was composed of two parts: the earthquake itself, and a series of tsunamis some 10 to 40 minutes later.


1751 Concepción earthquake, Development, Earthquake
The earthquake began around one o'clock in the morning. According to one chronicle of a resident of Valparaíso and another of a resident of Concepción, the quake lasted about six minutes, although in Valparaíso there was no major damage recorded. During the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami, all of the buildings in the city of Concepción were destroyed. The records indicate that the earthquake was so intense that "the residents could not remain standing."


1751 Concepción earthquake, Development, Earthquake
The earthquake was felt in the rest of the Chilean Central Valley, but with less intensity. One of the most affected cities near Concepción was Chillán, where the entire city was destroyed and the river changed its course, ending up nearly 15 blocks from its original location. In Santiago, the tower of the cathedral was destroyed  by the tremor, although no other major damage was reported in the rest of the city.


1751 Concepción earthquake, Tsunami
Between 1:05 and 1:45, the sea receded more than 1 km, and then three to five tsunami waves struck land. The height and force of each wave increased, and the last was the most disastrous. Swells were observed as far away as the port of El Callao in Peru. The tsunami also destroyed the new settlement at the Juan Fernández Islands, where 35 people died, including the first governor, Navarro Santaella, and his wife.


1751 Concepción earthquake, Consequences
The major consequence of the earthquake was the relocation of the city (14 years after the quake) from its original location, in part as a response by the residents to the successive destructions by the tsunamis of 1730 and 1751. The chosen location (after a long controversy between the civil authorities and the church, headed by Bishop José de Toro y Zambrano Romo) was the Valle de la Mocha, where Concepción presently lies. Despite this, the demonym "penquista" (referring to the original location of the city, at Penco) was kept, and is still used today.


1751 Concepción earthquake, Aftershocks
The earthquake had enough aftershocks that they destroyed any attempts at rebuilding, including the emergency shelters. One of the strongest occurred on June 26, 1751. Approximately half a month later, the aftershocks ceased.


1751 Concepción earthquake, Other dates
Although the majority of sources and accounts make reference to the early morning of May 25, 1751, as the date of the earthquake, other records indicate  that it was on the night of May 24. And although the majority of historians say that the foreshocks of the earthquake occurred on the night of May 23, there exist records that indicate that they happened during the 23rd                      and 24th, with the earthquake happening on the 25th.


1751 Herget
1751 Herget, provisional designation 1955 OC, is a stony Gefionian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter.


1751 Herget
It was discovered on 27 July 1955, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Paul Herget.


1751 Herget, Classification and orbit
Herget is a member of the large Gefion family of asteroids (516). It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,701 days; semi-major axis of 2.79 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Goethe Link in 1955.


1751 Herget, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Herget has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Gefion family.


1751 Herget, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Herget measures 10.93 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.195, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 23.21 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9, as the lower the body's albedo (reflectivity), the larger its diameter.


1751 Herget, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2016, two rotational lightcurves of Herget were obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers Lorenzo Franco and Alessandro Marchini, as well as by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.937 and 3.9397 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 and 0.31 magnitude, respectively (U=3-/3).


1751 Herget, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of American astronomer Paul Herget (1908–1981), who was director of the Cincinnati Observatory and distinguished service professor in the University of Cincinnati.


1751 Herget, Naming
Herget was also founder of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) in 1947, pioneer in the application of high speed computers to astronomical problems, member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and past president of IAU's Commission 20 (Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites). The official naming citation was published by the MPC on 20 February 1971 (M.P.C. 3143).


1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake
The 1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake occurred at 12:50 UTC on 21 November in French Haiti, followed by a tsunami. Another earthquake was reported at the same location on 15 September of the same year and it is uncertain whether the two reports refer to the same event.


1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake, Seismological analysis
Later seismologists attributed the 1751 earthquake, like that of 1910, to adjustments along the Southern Trough.


1751 in Canada, Historical documents
Though expensive for France to maintain, Canada should be kept to thwart "the ambition of the English" in America


1751 in Canada, Historical documents
Quebec governor insists Haudenosaunee are in control of their lands, but New York governor lists reasons why British own them


1751 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1751.


1751 in poetry
Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile


1751 in poetry
— Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard, published this year


1751 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1751 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1751 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1751 in science
The year 1751 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1751 to 1755 in sports
Events in world sport through the years 1751 to 1755.


1752
1752 (MDCCLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1752nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 752nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 52nd  year of the 18th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1752, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1752
In the British Empire, it was the only year with 355 days, as September 3–13 were skipped when the Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar.


1752 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1752.


1752 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1752 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1752 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1752 in science
The year 1752 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1753
1753 (MDCCLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1753rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 753rd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd  year of the 18th century, and the  4th   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1753, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1753 House
The 1753 House is a historical replica of a regulation settler’s home in The Berkshires in 1753. Located in Field Park at the west end of Williamstown, Massachusetts, in the center of the roundabout at the intersection of Massachusetts Route 2 and United States Route 7, the house was constructed by volunteers in 1953 in celebration of the town’s Bicentennial.


1753 House
Early settlers to the Hoosac Valley, the area now occupied by towns such as Williamstown and North Adams, were required by legal contract to build a house at least 15 by 18 feet and 7 feet high and to clear 5 acres of land to gain a title to their lot.


1753 House, History
Williamstown, which began as West Hoosac in 1750, is a small Berkshire town located in the northwest corner of Massachusetts. The General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony, for political, economic, and military reasons, made land plots available for sale in this area. West Hoosac was of particular military importance at this time because it acted as a pathway to Greenfield, Deerfield, and Charlemont eastward as well as towns to the south such as Great Barrington and Stockbridge.


1753 House, History
In 1751, 60 lots were put on sale for six pounds, thirteen shillings and fourpence each (2). The buyer was not fully entitled to his land, however, until he cleared 5 acres of land and built a house at least 15 feet wide, 18 feet long, and 7 feet high. This rule gave the buildings the name "regulation houses". Much of the land was purchased by soldiers at nearby Fort Massachusetts, including Captain Ephraim Williams, Jr., the benefactor of Williams College.


1753 House, Construction
The 1753 House was built only with materials, tools, and methods that would have been used in 1753. The house was originally erected in Field Park but was relocated to its current location in 1996. The 1753 House closed in 2010 due to chimney damage, but reopened in November 2012 with a ceremonial fire lighting in the new chimney.


1753 House, Construction
The House was originally intended as a temporary exhibit, but it has remained a Williamstown landmark due to its popularity.


1753 House, Appearance
Built with regulation dimensions, the 1753 House is quite small by modern standards. Using mortise and tenon joints, the walls and frame are made of oak timbers harvested from nearby White Oak woods. The roof uses split shingling. The interior includes a few historical replicas, such as a table, a bench, and fireplace cooking instruments. A loft covered in pine branches, about 7 feet above the dirt floor, provides a sleeping area closer to the chimney, which emanates heat. A large stone chimney serves as the central focal point of the building.


1753 House, Uses
The 1753 House is a popular destination for locals and tourists alike. Although it is not open everyday as it once was, it hosts a variety of special events and visits from school groups. The House provides an interactive educational experience for students to understand the living conditions of early settlers in their own town. The House can also be reserved for personal use. Past uses have included a campout by Boy Scouts and a hearth-cooking demonstration by a high school student.


1753 Mieke
1753 Mieke (prov. designation: 1934 JM) is a stony Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 May 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The asteroid was named after Mieke Oort, wife of Dutch astronomer Jan Oort.


1753 Mieke, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Eos family, thought to have formed from a catastrophic collision of its parent body resulting in more than 4,000 known members of the family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,915 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.


1753 Mieke, Orbit and classification
As no precoveries was taken, and no prior identifications were made, Mieke's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1934.


1753 Mieke, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
A rotational lightcurve of Mieke was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist analysis at Uppsala Observatory in March 1975. It gave a rotation period of 8.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). Published in March 2016, a modeled lightcurve, using the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a period of approximately 10.199 hours (U=n.a. ).


1753 Mieke, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mieke measures between 19.44 and 22.08 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.144 and 0.173. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 21.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.


1753 Mieke, Naming
This minor planet was named for Mieke Oort-Graadt van Roggen (1906–1993), wife of Dutch astronomy legend Jan Oort, who was director of the Leiden Observatory from 1945–1970. He had previously been honoured with the asteroid 1691 Oort. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).


1753 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1753.


1753 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1753 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1753 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1753 in science
The year 1753 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1754
1754 (MDCCLIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1754th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 754th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 54th  year of the 18th century, and the  5th   year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1754, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1754 British general election
The 1754 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Owing to the extensive corruption and the Duke of Newcastle's personal influence in the pocket boroughs, the government was returned to office with a working majority.


1754 British general election
The old parties had disappeared almost completely by this stage; anyone with reasonable hopes of achieving office called himself a 'Whig', although the term had lost most of its original meaning. While 'Tory' and 'Whig' were still used to refer to particular political leanings and tendencies, parties in the old sense were no longer relevant except in a small minority of constituencies, such as Oxfordshire, with most elections being fought on local issues and the holders of political power being determined by the shifting allegiance of factions and aristocratic families rather than the strength or popularity of any organised parties. A small group of members of parliament still considered themselves Tories, but they were almost totally irrelevant to practical politics and entirely excluded from holding public office.


1754 British general election
The resulting eleventh Parliament of Great Britain was convened on 31 May 1754 and sat through eight sessions until its dissolution on 20 April 1761.


1754 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1754 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 13 April 1754 and 20 May 1754.


1754 British general election, Dates of election
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire)
The Oxfordshire Election of 1754, part of the British general election of that year and involving the selection of two Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent the Oxfordshire constituency, was probably the most notorious English county election of the 18th century. It was depicted in Hogarth's famous series of paintings and engravings, The Humours of an Election.


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Background
Oxfordshire was a county constituency electing two MPs. The right to vote was held by all the Forty Shilling Freeholders of the county, amounting to about 4,000 in 1754, but because of the expense of a contested election the competing interests tried to reach a compromise without resorting to a poll if at all possible, and in 1754 Oxfordshire had not seen a contested election for 44 years.


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Background
The expenses entailed not only the cost of campaigning across the county, but the need for the candidates to meet the expenses of their voters in travelling to Oxford (where the poll was held in the grounds of Exeter College) and in lavishly entertaining them while they were there; but outright bribery was also rife.


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign
The candidates in 1754 were two Tories, Sir James Dashwood (who was standing for re-election) and The Viscount Wenman; and two Whigs, Viscount Parker (heir to the Earl of Macclesfield) and Sir Edward Turner. The other major local grandees, the Duke of Marlborough and Earl Harcourt, joined Macclesfield in backing the two Whigs, while the Earl of Abingdon and Earl of Lichfield supported the two Tories.


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign
Both sides spent extravagantly: Prime Minister Henry Pelham promised £7,000 of government funds towards the Whigs' expenses, while the Tories spent £20,000 (of which £8,000 was raised by public subscription).


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign
Many commemorative objects were produced. A pot inscribed "Wenman & Dashwood Forever. 1755" is in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and one inscribed "I say Wenman & Dashwood, friend. What say you?" is in the Ashmolean Museum. A glass inscribed "Hark Wenman & Dashwood Sr Watn & the old Interest forever." is in the Museum of London.


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign
Edward Gibbon referred to the election in his Memoirs of My Life and Writings, saying:"A general election was now approaching: the great Oxfordshire contest already blazed with all the malevolence of party-zeal. Magdalen College was devoutly attached to the old interest! and the names of Wenman and Dashwood were more frequently pronounced, than those of Cicero and Chrysostom."


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign
The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 was one of the Tory issues in the election. Thomas Parker was the son of George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, the astronomer who had chaired the committee stage of the bill in the House of Commons of Great Britain. Amongst the lampoons resulting was:


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Campaign
His [Parker's] fine moving Speeches are nothing but Froth; Our Time he has alter'd and turn'd it about, So he like Old Christmas shall too be turned out. Tho' Lords and great Placemen do with him combine, 'Twill signify nothing when honest Men join; Drink Wenman and Dashwood, and stand to the Tack, We want no old Turner nor new Almanack.


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Result
The result was declared on 17 April 1754. Wenman and Dashwood were ahead in the count of votes, but the returning officer made a "double return" (declaring both pairs of candidates to be elected, leaving the House of Commons to make the decision), and both sides petitioned against the election of their opponents.


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Result
The Commons took months to reach its decision, examining the legitimacy of many of the individual votes; but since MPs almost invariably voted in such cases on partisan lines rather than on the merits of the case, the result was a foregone conclusion - the Commons had a Whig majority, and therefore the two Whig candidates were declared elected on 23 April 1755. As one of the Tories on the Committee, Sir William Meredith noted in a letter to the Duke of Portland:


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Result
Nor, to this hour, can either side tell which had the majority of legal votes, nor any Member of Parliament who voted in that question give any other reason for his vote but as he stood inclined for the old [Tory] or new [Whig] interest of Oxfordshire.


1754 British general election (Oxfordshire), Result
Both parties in Oxfordshire were united in their determination to avoid a repetition of such a contest, and managed to reach an amicable compromise before the next general election, the Duke of Marlborough in future to nominate one member and the local Tories the other. Oxfordshire did not see a contested election again until 1826.


1754 Cunningham
1754 Cunningham, provisional designation 1935 FE, is a Hildian asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 80 kilometers in diameter.


1754 Cunningham
It was discovered on 29 March 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. It was later named after American astronomer Leland Cunningham.


1754 Cunningham, Orbit and classification
Cunningham is a dark and reddish asteroid and member of the Hilda family, a large group that orbits in resonance with the gas giant Jupiter and are thought to originate from the Kuiper belt. It orbits the Sun in the outermost main-belt at a distance of 3.3–4.6 AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,859 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A904 JB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1904, extending the body's observation arc by 31 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1754 Cunningham, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In July 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Cunningham was obtained from photometric observation by American amateur astronomer Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.7416 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude (U=3).


1754 Cunningham, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A similar period of 7.7398 hours with an amplitude of 0.16 was previously obtained by French and Italian amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini and Silvano Casulli in July 2008 (U=2). Other lightcurves gave a shorter period of 4.285 and 5.16 hours (U=2/n.a. ).


1754 Cunningham, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Cunningham measures 79.52 and 83.55 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.035 and 0.031, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results found by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.035 and a diameter of 79.52 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 9.77. Cunningham belongs to a small group asteroids with a spectral P-type in the Tholen classification scheme.


1754 Cunningham, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of American astronomer Leland Cunningham (1904–1989), who began his career as an assistant to astronomer Fred Whipple (also see 1940 Whipple) at Harvard University in the 1930s and worked at the Leuschner Observatory of University of California during the 1940s and 1950s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934). Cunningham discovered four minor planets himself and was a prolific computer of cometary orbits and observer of faint comets, including comet Gale, a lost comet he recovered in 1938.


1754 Hōreki River incident
The 1754 Horeki River incident (宝暦治水事件, Hōreki Chisui Jiken) was an incident in which the Tokugawa shogunate ordered Satsuma Domain to carry out difficult flood control works in Mino Province near its border with Owari Province in the Chūbu region of Japan during the Hōreki era. Rivers subject to frequent flooding in this area included the Kiso River, Nagara River and Ibi River near Nagoya.


1754 Hōreki River incident
Due to the difficulty of the project and due to malicious interference by shogunal authorities to make completion of the project more difficult, this order ultimately resulted in 51 Satsuma samurai committing seppuku, 33 samurai dying from disease and the responsible karō, Hirata Yukie, also committing seppuku. The river improvement project was finally completed in the Meiji period. The incident is also called the Hōreki Age River Improvement Incident and the Nōbi Plain River Improvement Incident.


1754 Hōreki River incident, Background
The Shimazu clan of Satsuma Domain (present Kagoshima Prefecture) were once virtually independent rulers, and during the Sengoku period controlled nearly all of Kyushu. They opposed the rise of Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Battle of Sekigahara and with the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate remained a powerful Tozama han which the shogunate continued to view with suspicion. The shogunate often called upon various of its feudal domains to construct public works projects, partly because the expense would help weaken their power and influence