1733 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
On September 12, 1733, the nobility, gathered in Wola near Warsaw, elected Leszczyński new king of Poland. In the popular vote, he received the support of 13,500 electors. This news was received in Paris with joy, but soon after the election, the new king had to flee to Gdańsk, where he awaited French military assistance. Leszczyński feared a 30,000 strong Russian army, which entered the Commonwealth in early August. The Russians organized a separate royal election (October 5), with only 1,000 electors, who voted for Augustus III, the son of Augustus II the Strong. These events marked the beginning of a major European conflict, known as War of the Polish Succession.


1733 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
A civil war also broke out in the Commonwealth. Russian army captured Kraków, where Augustus III was crowned on January 17, 1734. Eventually, Russian and Saxon armies defeated the supporters of Leszczyński (see Siege of Danzig (1734)), and in 1736, the Pacification Sejm confirmed the accession of Augustus III to the Polish throne.


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Hudson's Bay Company chief factor roams to expand trade, "to the Hazard of my Life," doubling number of skins from "Northern Indians"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
HBC will sell for 1 beaver skin: 12 needles, 12 buttons, 6 thimbles, 2 scrapers, 1 lb. thread, or 3/4 lb. coloured beads


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
HBC mason rises above others' incompetence at Churchill River construction site, and sketches winter fishing, hunting and timber work


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Extensive summary of century of English and French claims to Acadia supports French descendant's right to her property in Nova Scotia


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
French threat in Nova Scotia shows need for Palatines, Newfoundland "straglers," and soldiers with wives to help "peopling the countrey"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Armstrong orders troops to Minas and boat from Boston to prevent remote Nova Scotia becoming "more independent of the English"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong plans to employ surveyor "to make out a plan of the woods and lands in the Bay of Fundy" and elsewhere in Nova Scotia


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Receiving ordnance at Annapolis, Armstrong calls for some at Canso, and also effort to undercut traders' prices to please Indigenous people


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
"Cope[...]Agreed to the Justness of their Demand" - Nova Scotia Council decides in favour of workers' wage demand from colliery management


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Armstrong orders Nova Scotia Council members to address chair at their meetings, and not "Reproach and Reprimand one another"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
"Redress" - New York governor Cosby rectifies fraud Corporation of Albany used to cheat Kanien’kéhà:ka of 1,000 acres of their land


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Cosby explains how expanding settlement of northern New York requires "forts in places more advanced towards Canada"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Cosby recounts answering request from Île-Royale for emergency food supplies and comments on precarious condition of Louisbourg


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
In Newfoundland, "the New England traders do still continue to carry away numbers of fishermen and seamen"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
"Generally trusted on the credit of their masters,[... ]many [fishers run debts too high to pay and] endeavour to get to New England"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
£500 sterling is penalty for any "ships belonging and bound to New England[... ]to carry any men more than their ship's company"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
There is winter "furring trade" in Trinity Bay and north of Cape Bonavista, "but I don't learn that they have any traffick with the Indians"


1733 in Canada, Historical documents
Contract between missionary priest and blacksmith who will work in the Wendat (Huron) village at Detroit (Note: "savages" used)


1733 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1733 to Wales and its people.


1733 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1733.


1733 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1733.


1733 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1733 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1733 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1733 in science
The year 1733 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John
The 1733 slave insurrection on St. John (Sankt Jan) in the Danish West Indies (now St. John, United States Virgin Islands) started on November 23, 1733, when 150 African slaves from Akwamu, in present-day Ghana, revolted against the owners and managers of the island's plantations. Lasting several months into August 1734, the slave rebellion was one of the earliest and longest slave revolts in the Americas. The Akwamu slaves captured the fort in Coral Bay and took control of most of the island. They intended to resume crop production under their own control and use Africans of other tribes as slave labor.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John
Planters regained control by the end of May 1734, after the Akwamu were defeated by several hundred better-armed French and Swiss troops sent in April from Martinique, a French colony. Colony militia continued to hunt down maroons and finally declared the rebellion at an end in late August 1734.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade
When the Spanish first occupied the West Indies, they used the indigenous people as slave labor but most died as a result of infectious disease, overwork, and war. In the late 17th century, various other European powers competed for control over the island after the Spanish had abandoned control. The Danes claimed Saint John in 1718 as a result of a period of negotiation, but numerous Dutch planters stayed on the island. While some plantations had been started, there was not an adequate supply of laborers among the settlers.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade
Young Danish people could not be persuaded to emigrate to the West Indies in great enough number to provide a reliable source of labor. Attempts to use indentured servants from Danish prisons as plantation workers were not successful. Failure to  procure plantation labor from other sources made importing slaves from Africa the main supply of labor on the Danish West Indies islands. Danish ships carried about 85,000 African slaves to the New World from 1660 to 1806.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade
The Danes embarked in the African slave trade in 1657. By the beginning of the 18th century, the Danish West India and Guinea Company had consolidated their slave operation to the vicinity of Accra (now in Ghana) on the Guinea coast. The Akwamu had conquered the Accra and established dominance on trading routes into the interior. They became the dominant tribe of Akan people in the district of Accra and were known for being "heavy-handed in dealing with the tribes they had conquered", taking captives and selling them as slaves, and keeping numerous women as concubines in various villages.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade
After the Akwamu king died, rival tribes in the area attacked the weakened Akwamu nation, and by 1730 they defeated the people. In retaliation for years of oppression, their enemies sold many Akwamu people into slavery to the Danes; they were transported to plantations in the West Indies, including estates on St. John.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Slave trade
At the time of the 1733 slave rebellion on St. John, hundreds of Akwamu people were among the slave population on St. John. Approximately 150 Akwamu were involved in the insurrection; other African ethnic groups did not support it, and some were loyal to planters.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Danish occupation of St. John
In 1718 the Danish claimed the island of St. John to develop sugar plantations and crops such as indigo and cotton; there was an especially great demand for sugar and prices were high in Europe. Dutch planters were still important on the island. By mid-1733, planters had developed 109 plantations, and slaveholders owned more than 1,000 African slaves on St. John. One-fifth of the plantations were then devoted to sugar; by the end of the century, most would be, and the total slave population would be 2500.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Danish occupation of St. John
In 1733 the population of African slaves on St. John was more than five times as large as that of the European inhabitants: 1087 slaves and 206 whites. Many of St. John's plantations were owned by people residing on St. Thomas. These absentee landowners hired overseers to manage their lands and slaves on St. John. Under these conditions, overseer cruelty flourished. The Danish West India Company provided only six soldiers for the defense of St. John, which supplemented the local white militia.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Background, Marooning
In 1733, in response to harsh living conditions from drought, a severe hurricane, and crop failure from insect infestation, many slaves in the West Indies, including on St. John, left their plantations to maroon, hiding in the woods. In October 1733, slaves from the Suhm estate on the eastern part of St. John, and from the Company estate and other plantations around the Coral Bay area absconded. The colonial legislature passed the Slave Code of 1733 to try to enforce obedience from slaves. Penalties for disobedience were severe public punishment, including whipping, amputation of limbs, or death by hanging. A large section of the code was intended to prevent slaves from escaping and stop them from conspiring to set up independent communities.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt
In their homeland many of the Akwamu had been nobles, wealthy merchants or other powerful members of their society. These high ranking Akwamu developed plans to instigate an insurrection, take control of St. John and rule it. They planned to continue the production of sugar and other crops by using Africans of other tribes as slave laborers. An Akwamu chief, King June, a field slave and foreman on the Sødtmann estate, led the rebellion. Other leaders were Kanta, King Bolombo, Prince Aquashie, and Breffu. According to a report by French planter Pierre Pannet, the rebel leaders met regularly at night for some time to develop the plan.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, Events on November 23, 1733
The 1733 slave insurrection started with open acts of rebellion by slaves on November 23, 1733, at the Coral Bay plantation owned by Magistrate Johannes Sødtmann. An hour later, other slaves were admitted into the fort at Coral Bay to deliver wood, a regular event. They had hidden knives in the lots, which they used to kill most of the soldiers at the fort. Soldier John Gabriel escaped to St. Thomas and alerted Danish officials to the revolt.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, Events on November 23, 1733
A group of rebels under the leadership of King June stayed at the fort to maintain control; another group took control of the estates in the Coral Bay area after hearing the signal shots from the fort's cannon. The slaves killed many of the whites on these plantations. The rebel slaves moved along to the north shore of the island. In each area, they avoided widespread destruction of property since they intended to take over the estates and resume crop production for their own benefit.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, Accounts of the rebel attacks
After gaining control of the Suhm, Sødtmann, and Company estates, the rebels spread out over the rest of the island. The Akwamu attacked the Cinnamon Bay Plantation located on the central north shore. Landowners John and Lieven Jansen and a group of loyal slaves resisted the attack, holding off the advancing rebels with gunfire. The Jansens were able to retreat to their waiting boat and escape to Durloe's Plantation. The loyal Jansen slaves also escaped. The rebels looted the Jansen plantation and moved on to confront whites taking refuge at Durloe's plantation. Defenders repelled the slaves' attack at Durloe's, and many planters and their families escaped to St. Thomas, an estimated 5–9 miles (8.0–14.5 km) by sea.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath
Danish officials appealed for help to French colonists at Martinique, located 324 miles (521 km) away. Two French ships arrived from there at St. John on April 23, 1734, carrying several hundred French and Swiss troops to try to take control from the rebels. With their firepower and troops, by May 27  they had restored planters' rule of the island. The French ships returned to Martinique on June 1, leaving the local militia to track down the remaining rebels, which they did over the next three months.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath
The slave insurrection was considered ended on August 25, 1734 when Sergeant Øttingen captured the remaining maroon rebels. The loss of life and property from the insurrection caused many St. John landowners to move to St. Croix, a nearby island bought by the Danish from the French in 1733. Four ships carried planters and their families from Charlotte Amalie in August. While they found St. Croix to be a richer land, they had to have their slaves clear jungle before being able to live there readily.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath
Franz Claasen, a loyal slave of the van Stell family, was deeded the Mary Point Estate for alerting the family to the rebellion and assisting in their escape to St. Thomas. Franz Claasen's land deed was recorded August 20, 1738, by Jacob van Stell, making Claasen the first 'Free Colored' landowner on St. John.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath
Denmark ended the African slave trade in the Danish West Indies on January 1, 1803, but slavery continued on the islands. When the British government abolished slavery in the British West Indies in 1833, slaves on St. John began escaping to nearby Tortola and other British West Indian islands, where they were given refuge by the local inhabitants. On May 24, 1840, eleven slaves from St. John stole a boat and escaped to Tortola during the night.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath
The eight men (Charles Bryan, James Jacob, Adam [alias Cato], Big David, Henry Law, Paulus, John Curay), and three women (Kitty, Polly, and Katurah) were from the Annaberg plantation and ten Leinster Bay estates. Brother Schmitz, the local Moravian missionary, was sent to Tortola by the St. John police to persuade the slaves to return. After meeting with British officials in Tortola and the runaway slaves, Schmitz returned to St. John to relay the slaves' resolve to stay away because of abusive treatment by the overseers on the plantations. After planters replaced those overseers, Charles Bryan, his wife Katurah, and James Jacobs returned to work at Leinster Bay. Kitty, Paulus, David, and Adam moved to St. Thomas. Henry Law, Petrus, and Polly stayed on Tortola. John Curry relocated to Trinidad. None of the runaway slaves were punished.


1733 slave insurrection on St. John, Slave revolt, End of the rebellion and the aftermath
Slaves and free blacks petitioned the colonial government and Denmark to abolish slavery. On July 3, 1848, 114 years after the slave insurrection, enslaved Afro-Caribbeans of St. Croix held a non-violent, mass demonstration seeking abolition of slavery. The Governor-General Peter von Scholten declared emancipation throughout the Danish West Indies.


1734
1734 (MDCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1734th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 734th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 34th  year of the 18th century, and the  5th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1734, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1734 British general election
The 1734 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Robert Walpole's increasingly unpopular Whig government lost ground to the Tories and the opposition Whigs, but still had a secure majority in the House of Commons. The Patriot Whigs were joined in opposition by a group of Whig members led by Lord Cobham known as the Cobhamites, or 'Cobham's Cubs'.


1734 British general election, Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.


1734 British general election, Dates of election
The general election was held between 22 April 1734 and 6 June 1734.


1734 British general election, Dates of election
At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).


1734 Tradition
The 1734 Tradition is a form of traditional witchcraft founded by the American Joseph Bearwalker Wilson in 1973, after developing it since 1964. It is largely based upon the teachings he received from an English traditional witch named Robert Cochrane, the founder of Cochrane's Craft, and from Ruth Wynn-Owen, whom he called the matriarch of Y Plant Bran ("the child of Bran").


1734 Zhongolovich
1734 Zhongolovich, provisional designation 1928 TJ, is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter.


1734 Zhongolovich
It was discovered on 11 October 1928, by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was later named after Russian astronomer and geodesist Ivan Zhongolovich.


1734 Zhongolovich, Orbit and classification
Zhongolovich is presumably the largest member of the Dora family (FIN: 512), a well-established central asteroid family of more than 1,200 carbonaceous asteroids, named after 668 Dora. The Dora family is alternatively known as the "Zhongolovich family".


1734 Zhongolovich, Orbit and classification
Zhongolovich orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,690 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 9 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz, with its identification 1937 RO made at Johannesburg Observatory in September 1937.


1734 Zhongolovich, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Zhongolovich is characterized as a Ch-subtype, a carbonaceous C-type asteroid which shows evidence of hydrated minerals.


1734 Zhongolovich, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Zhongolovich was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.171 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (U=3).


1734 Zhongolovich, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Zhongolovich measures between 25.62 and 33.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between and 0.031 and 0.051.


1734 Zhongolovich, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0456 and a diameter of 28.47 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.


1734 Zhongolovich, Naming
This minor planet is named in honor of Russian astronomer and geodesist Ivan Danilovich Zhongolovich, who was the head of the Special Ephemeris Department at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) in St Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Report of governor and intendant of Canada on Montreal fire for which enslaved Black woman "Angélique" was convicted and hanged


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Jesuit priest describes fellow passengers on 80-day voyage to Canada, including louse-covered soldiers and transported criminals


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Photo: Mauvide-Genest Manor on St. Lawrence River, built ca. 1734


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia governor pronounces Acadians "proud, lazy, obstinate and untractable people, unskillful in the methods of Agriculture," etc.


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Possible war with France leaves N.S. exposed to Île-Royale, Canada, Indigenous people and even oath-taking Acadians (Note: "savages" used)


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Reacting to Indigenous people's complaints about lack of gifts, Gov. Philipps argues at length that they are not deserved


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia Council decides it's good policy to accept oath of allegiance from "an half Indian" who is "an Active man amongst the Indians"


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia lieutenant governor says Annapolis River highlands are "of a thin sandy soil" and not worth "inclosing"


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Previously resisted by landowners in its path, order reissued for construction of road from Annapolis Royal to Minas


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
French deputies are to watch for "frauds" that are of "great prejudice of His Majesty's customs" at Saint John River and elsewhere


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Council sentences man to fifty lashes with cat o' nine tails for stealing £3 note, and orders him to return money


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Woman sentenced to ducking after she falsely charges murder against another woman, who gets sentence reduced to apology at church door


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Bowling green opposite Fort Anne to be reserved for garrison officers and "all Other Gentlemen who may please to Contribute"


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Regarding suspension of Council member, Lt. Gov. Armstrong is advised "not to be too nice or extreme in the infancy of a Colony"


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundland defences are so weak that "a sloop of ten gunns and fifty men may take any harbour in the land," and 20 soldiers take St. John's


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundland survey answers are much like last year's (when stated at all), except facts about Port aux Basques and its dangerous coast


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
William Taverner points out illegal fish, game and fur activity in Port aux Basques area by Île-Royale debtors, thieves and Indigenous people


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Capt. Taverner warns that Innu (Montagnais) cross in boats to northwestern Newfoundland from New France every winter to take furs


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
"Alarmed with the Movements of the French and Indians on the Frontiers," New York Assembly appropriates money for fortifications


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Kanien’kéhà:ka sachems remind New York governor that Albany tried to steal their land, and want him to accept that land in trust


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Governor Cosby reports trusteeship of Kanien’kéhà:ka land, asserting deal's importance to Covenant Chain alliance with Six Nations


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Petitioners want to settle Mohawk River tract that is "uninhabited, except by natives who are inconsiderable in number" and "friendly"


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Gov. Cosby recommends sending smiths to maintain Six Nations' arms, as French do that and also provide lead, gunpowder and brandy


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Virginia lieutenant governor wants settlement beyond mountains to thwart French incursions and, with control of Great Lakes, to split New France


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
New Hampshire seeks relief from debt of "long and destructive Indian warr" and its "expeditions against the French at Nova Scotia and Canada"


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Legal advice: reject petition similar to those of Cabot and Raleigh "for propagating the Christian religion by very unchristian methods"


1734 in Canada, Historical documents
Linkage: ship arrives in Boston from Annapolis Royal where sloop from Louisbourg had news via ship from France of great battle on Rhine River


1734 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1734 to Wales and its people.


1734 in literature
This article is a summary of the major literary events and publications of 1734.


1734 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1734.


1734 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1734 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1734 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1734 in science
The year 1734 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1735
1735 (MDCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1735th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 735th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 35th  year of the 18th century, and the  6th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1735, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1735 British Virgin Islands Assembly elections
Assembly elections were held in the British Virgin Islands in 1735.


1735 British Virgin Islands Assembly elections, Background
In early 1735 Governor William Matthew established a Council and Assembly for both Tortola and Virgin Gorda. Although the six-member Councils were appointed by the Governor, the nine-member Assemblies were elected.


1735 British Virgin Islands Assembly elections, Electoral system
Tortola was divided into three three-member constituencies; Fat Hog Bay, Road and Saka Bay. Virgin Gorda had two constituencies, with Valley electing six members and North and South Sound electing three. Voters were generally the residents rather than the freeholders.


1735 British Virgin Islands Assembly elections, Aftermath
Following the elections, it became apparent that Governor Matthew had misinterpreted his commission. As a result, the creation of the Assemblies was illegal. Matthew was reprimanded by the Lords of Trade and the Assemblies were subsequently disbanded, although the Councils continued to meet. Elections were not held again until 1773.


1735 ITA
1735 ITA (prov. designation: 1948 RJ1) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 62 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 September 1948, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory located on the Crimean peninsula. It was named for the Institute for Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) in what is now Saint Petersburg, Russia.


1735 ITA, Classification and orbit
ITA orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,030 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


1735 ITA, Classification and orbit
It was first identified as A907 GC at Heidelberg Observatory in 1907, extending the body's observation arc by 41 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1735 ITA, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In November 2004, a rotational lightcurve was obtained by French amateur astronomer René Roy, gave a rotation period of 12.599 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=3-). In March 2007, astronomers Laurent Brunetto and Jean-Gabriel Bosch derived a concurring period of 12.6 hours with and amplitude of 0.40 magnitude (U=2-) A 2016-published light-curve from the Lowell Photometric Database gave a period of 12.6103 hours (U=n.a. ).


1735 ITA, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, ITA measures between 61.87 and 66.09 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.051 and 0.079. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0461 and a diameter of 61.93 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.0.


1735 ITA, Naming
This minor planet was named in 1979, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute for Theoretical Astronomy (ITA), in what was then Leningrad. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).


1735 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1735 to Wales and its people.


1735 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1735.


1735 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1735.


1735 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1735 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1735 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1735 in science
The year 1735 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1736
1736 (MDCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1736th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 736th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 36th  year of the 18th century, and the  7th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1736, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1736 Floirac
1736 Floirac, provisional designation 1967 RA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.7 kilometer in diameter.


1736 Floirac
It was discovered on 6 September 1967, by French astronomer Guy Soulié at Bordeaux Observatory in southwestern France, who named it after the French town of Floirac.


1736 Floirac, Classification and orbit
Floirac is a member of the Flora family. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1736 Floirac, Classification and orbit
First observed as A914 WD at Simeiz Observatory in 1914, the body's observation arc begins with its 1927-identification as 1927 RB at Heidelberg Observatory, approximately 40 years prior to its official discovery observation at Bordeaux.


1736 Floirac, Physical characteristics
This asteroid has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS' photometric survey.


1736 Floirac, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Floirac was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Petr Pravec and collaborating colleges. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.775 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (U=3). An alternative period solution of 12.28 hours (Δmag 0.25) was found by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in June 2006 (U=2).


1736 Floirac, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Floirac measures between 8.617 and 10.08 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.252 and 0.302.


1736 Floirac, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link takes an albedo of 0.2711 and a diameter of 8.73 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.4, based on Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data.


1736 Floirac, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer for Floirac, a French town in the Département Gironde, near Bordeaux, where the discovering observatory is located. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883).


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
"Cape Breton will remain a Thorn in our Sides" - With Cape Breton's troops and Acadians' numbers, French frustrate British in Nova Scotia


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Two priests who reject Council orders in "a most Insolent, Audacious & Disrespectfull manner" are ordered to leave Nova Scotia


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Doors of "Mass house" up Annapolis River to "be Closly Naild Up" as Council deals with another priest's alleged defiance


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
"A. does not know what to do" - Lt. Gov. Lawrence Armstrong frustrated that Acadians and Île-Royale governor resist banishment of two priests


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong invokes treaty with Indigenous people near Cape Sable to get their help in case of murder and robbery aboard ship "Baltimore"


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong summarizes evidence to date in curious case of supposed lone survivor left from ship "Baltimore," forced by bad weather into port


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Armstrong updates Board of Trade on Baltimore case, suspecting lone witness is lying and that convicts on-board killed crew


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
When petitioned about plan to reroute rivulet landowners fear will harm them, Council advises community consultation and its own visit to site


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia government to be set up with governor, council, courts and (with "competent number of Freemen, planters and inhabitants") assembly


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Fewer French in Port-aux-Basques than thought, capital-crime witnesses still evade trip to England, and JPs are better lawmen than admirals


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Priest gives general absolution to crew of French ship in fierce November storm, run aground off Anticosti Island (they get to shore)


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Map: Cape Sable to Strait of Belle Isle and Gaspé to Grand Banks


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
George Clarke says New York can be bulwark against French by settling Kanien’kéhà:ka country with thousands of European Protestants


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Clarke recommends Assembly fund new fort at "upper End of the Mohauks Country" to "cover" it and provide protective link to Oswego


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Penobscot, denying French influence, insist Massachusetts governor must prevent settlement up Saint George River to preserve peace


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Detailed proposal for sending two sloops from Churchill to search for passage west out of Hudson Bay and record tides, soundings etc.


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
Hudson's Bay Company orders ships north along Bay's western shore to establish trade and record details of land and waters


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
French have no claim to Canada because merely asking Indigenous people for permission to settle gives foreigners right of dominion


1736 in Canada, Historical documents
At Lake of the Woods, Jesuit priest describes "this wretched country" and "morally degraded" Cree (Note: racial stereotypes)


1736 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1736 to Wales and its people.


1736 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1736.


1736 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1736 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1736 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1736 in science
The year 1736 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1736 to 1740 in sports
Events in world sport through the years 1736 to 1740.


1737
1737 (MDCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1737th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 737th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 37th  year of the 18th century, and the  8th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1737, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1737 Calcutta cyclone
The 1737 Calcutta cyclone, also known as the Hooghly River cyclone of 1737 and the Great Bengal cyclone of 1737, was the 1st super cyclone on record in North Indian Ocean regarded one of the worst natural disaster in India . It hit the coast near Kolkata on the morning of 11 October 1737 and presumably killed over 300,000 people inland and sea, and caused widespread catastrophic damage. The cyclone hit land over the Ganges River Delta, just southwest of Calcutta. Most deaths resulted from storm the surge and happened on the sea: many ships sank in the Bay of Bengal and an unknown number of livestock and wild animals were killed from the effects of the cyclone. The damage was described as "extensive" but numerical statistics are unknown.


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Meteorological history
Based on inland observations that the cyclone's tidal effects were felt as far as 130 kilometers inland south-southwest of Calcutta, the storm likely formed near the coast of Burma, supported by observations of ships passing in the area. The cyclone presumably moved northwest before turning northward, paralleling the coast of Calcutta between October 10 and 11. The storm then began to slow down before turning north-northeastwards, making landfall over the Ganges River Delta, just south of Calcutta. It slowed down while crossing the West Bengal, entering modern-day Bangladesh on or by October 13 before being last noted that day, far to the north of Dacca.


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Meteorological history, The track
. India Meteorological Department researchers conducted a study about the storm's track, finding similar storms that passed on or near Calcutta to cause similar damage and the same date when they passed. The 1864 Calcutta cyclone is an example they used, as the storm also had caused similar aftermath to the area nearly 127 years before. The full brunt of the 1864 storm was felt at Calcutta from 10:00 pm to 4:00 am (IST) on October 4 and 5 (14:30 pm to 20:30 pm, UTC).


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Meteorological history, The track
Meanwhile, the storm started to brush the coast of the area on "the night of October 11 and 12", presumably between the same time as the 1864 storm but using the date of the 1737 storm. Researchers then adjusted the landfall time of the 1737 storm to match the time where the residents inland experienced the storm's fury.


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact
The cyclone is regarded as one of India's worst natural disasters since reliable statistics began to be recorded.


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact
Rain accumulation on the Ganges was estimated at 381 mm (15 in) over six hours. In his official report, Thomas Joshua Moore, the British East India Company duties collector, said that almost all the thatched buildings had been destroyed by the storm and flood. An estimated 3,000 inhabitants of the town have been killed. An earthquake and a storm surge, destroying some 20,000 ships in the harbor and killing some 300,000 people, were reported by other merchant ships.


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact
Golgotta, a port by the Americans in Calcutta, reported significant destruction. Houses near or on the harbor were destroyed and the local St. Anne's Church sustained substantial damage and subsequently collapsed. Over 20,000 ships, barks, sloops, boats, canoes and other marine infrastructures were destroyed and washed out, respectively. Many cattle, tigers, and rhinoceroses were drowned in a storm surge with an estimated height of 10–13 meters (or 30–40 feet) from the storm and the "earthquake". Many crocodiles were also stifled by the strong river currents, and birds were plunged into the river by the winds, drowning them.


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact
Two 500-ton ships were thrown by large waves into a populated village, which further broke into pieces. Many people and cattle were killed. Two more ships of 60 tons were wrecked and found over the high grounds, destroying large trees. Eight out of nine ships were lost in the Ganges River and most of their crews drowned in the high seas. Three out of four Dutch ships also sank in the Ganges River and Bay of Bengal, respectively. The spire of the Gvoindaram temple was also destroyed by the cyclone.


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact
The damages were described as "extensive", but no numerical data was recorded. Deaths were estimated at 300,000 individuals according to some books; however, Calcutta's population of Calcutta was less than 20,000 based on estimates and counting of 10,000 to 12,000 between 1705 and 1720, respectively. Although there would appear to be little evidence for the widely reported figure of 300,000 deaths or for an earthquake at all, this number shows up recurrently in popular literature. At the same time, the figure of 3,000 is only an estimation of the number of deaths inside the city itself.


1737 Calcutta cyclone, Impact
In the aftermath of Cyclone Amphan on Kolkata, many people, including Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee compared the catastrophe of the storm to this cyclone due to its similar effects and impact.


1737 English cricket season
The 1737 English cricket season was the 41st cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of seven significant matches. Frederick, Prince of Wales had become one of the sport's main patrons by this year.


1737 English cricket season, Recorded matches
Records have survived of seven matches. London Cricket Club played in five of these, with the two other matches featuring combined London and Surrey sides. Kent sides were the opponents in three matches, whilst sides from Surrey and Essex as well as from Chertsey Cricket Club are also known to have played matches.


1737 English cricket season, Recorded matches
Two unnamed players, one from Wandsworth and one from Mitcham, described as "two of the most celebrated sportsmen in the game", played a single-wicket match on Kennington Common in August.


1737 English cricket season, First mentions
A match at Ilford is the first match known to have definitely taken place in Essex. One played in July between Stansted and Hertford is the earliest known match to take place in Hertfordshire.


1737 Kamchatka earthquake
The 1737 Kamchatka earthquake occurred on October 17 or 16 near the southern tip of present-day Russia's Kamchatka peninsula. The shock was felt at approximately 03:00  local time or 16:00 UTC by residents on the peninsula and Kuril Islands. The earthquake struck at a shallow depth of roughly 40 km (25 miles) benath the peninsula. Studies of the earthquake has placed the moment magnitude (Mw ) of this earthquake at 9.0 to 9.3 and 8.3 to 8.5 on the surface wave magnitude. The tsunamis generated by this earthquake is thought to be the most destructive and largest ever sourced from the region, alongslide the 1952 earthquake. It is thought to be similar in size or possibly larger than the 1952 earthquake.


1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake was associated with thrust faulting on the subduction zone which is marked by the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. Calculation of the earthquake magnitude using tsunami data yielded a moment magnitude of 9.3.


1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Earthquake, Descriptions
Stepan Krasheninnikov, a Russian explorer, reported the effects of the earthquake in his 1755 publication Description of Kamchatka Land. According to him, the earthquake lasted 15 minutes and was extremely violent. Many homes, constructed of wood and skin, belonging to the natives were totally obliterated. Many aftershocks were felt even when the tsunami struck. Aftershocks continued until spring of 1738.


1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Earthquake, Descriptions
Co-seismic deformation along the coasts were so drastic that natives could not recognize the region or locate their settlements.


1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Earthquake, Descriptions
Along the Okhotsk Sea coast of Kamchatka, the earthquake and its effects were not noticeable.


1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Tsunami
On the northern Kuril Islands, the tsunami had an estimated height of 20 meters, and 30 meters in the Avacha Bay. A maximum tsunami amplitude of 12 to 16 meters was estimated on Amchitka based on evaluating the height where driftwood were found on the island. When Georg Wilhelm Steller, a German scientist and explorer visited the region in 1740, he noted the bones of marine mammals and driftwood discovered significantlly higher than the shoreline. Trees were also found deposited on a ridge with a height of 230 feet or 70 meters.


1737 Kamchatka earthquake, Tsunami
Krasheninnikov's book mentioned a tsunami measuring three sazhen or 6.3 meters inundating the coast. Another wave measuring 30 sazhen or 63 meters swept through the entire coast, killing many natives and destroying their settlements. The force of the tsunami was so powerful that it stripped away dirt and sand, revealing the basement rocks of the Second Kuril Strait.


1737 Severny
1737 Severny, provisional designation 1966 TJ, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter.


1737 Severny
It was discovered on 13 October 1966, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula, who named after Soviet astronomer Andrei Severny.


1737 Severny, Classification and orbit
Severny is a member of the Eos family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,908 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1942 CA at Turku, the asteroid's first used observation was made at Heidelberg Observatory in 1950, extending Severny's observation arc by 16 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1737 Severny, Physical characteristics
Severny has been characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid.


1737 Severny, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
A rotational lightcurve of Severny was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in March 2005. It gave a rotation period of 14.11 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 magnitude (U=2).


1737 Severny, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In September 2013, photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a shorter period of 9.2481 hours with an amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=2).


1737 Severny, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Severny measures between 21.33 and 24.83 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.136 and 0.181.


1737 Severny, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Eoan asteroids of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 21.40 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.1.


1737 Severny, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of Soviet astronomer Andrei Severny (1913–1987), who was the Director of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and known for his work on solar flares and astronomical observations from artificial satellites. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 October 1969 (M.P.C. 2971).


1737 Valdivia earthquake
The 1737 Valdivia earthquake struck south-central Chile on December 24. Together with earthquakes in 1575 and 1837 the earthquake is among the historical predecessors to the great 1960 earthquake. While the overlap in affected areas is significant relative to the 1837 earthquake the 1737 earthquake may have occurred slightly more to the north.


1737 Valdivia earthquake
The earthquake was felt in Concepción but most damage occurred in the towns of Valdivia and Castro, Chiloé Archipelago. In both of these locations churches were destroyed by the earthquake. In addition the Valdivian Fort System and the Royal Storehouse of Valdivia took heavy damage. Landslides occurred next to Villarrica, Calafquén, and Riñihue lakes. Over all this indicates the rupture zone was about 640 km long, with most damage being concentrated in the middle section (Valdivia).


1737 Valdivia earthquake
There is no evidence the earthquake would have produced a tsunami.


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Ways French try to surpass British include linking Canada and Louisiana through wheat- and lead-rich Great Lakes province called "Hanois(e)"


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Intendant says Canadians "have a too-high opinion of Themselves [to achieve] the success they are capable of in the arts, Agriculture and Commerce"


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
French priest gets tough with shipwreck victims, calling their despair criminal in eyes of God, to whom they should offer their pain


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Shipwrecked priest learns respect for Indigenous people "whom a false prejudice makes us suppose incapable of thinking or reasoning"


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Ship carrying sugar from Jamaica to London loses 17 drowned plus one of three who made it to shore after it wrecks on Sable Island


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Minas Indigenous people are accused of forcing sloop captain and crew to give up trade cargo worth £1,546 New England currency


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Pre -teen servant confesses to intentionally burning his master's house, and Council delays judgment pending legal advice from Boston


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Board of Trade submits proposal for settlement of Nova Scotia under trustee-appointed council until assembly and government can be established


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Unemployed London carpenters and other artisans request free passage to and 200-acre grants in 14-miles-square township in Nova Scotia


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
King's rent collector must: take in quit-rents, fines and arrearages; note all sales, exchanges and wills; and "take a Particular Account" of strangers


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
In Nova Scotia, "all discoverers of mines or minerals [will have] an equal share with those who own and work them"


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Noting his seizure of smugglers' ship in Newfoundland, Navy captain hopes new admiralty court there will end such long-practised trade


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Mission society has missionaries at Trinity Bay, Newf. and Albany, N.Y. ("to the Mohawk-Indians") and schoolmasters at Annapolis Royal and Canso


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Trinity Bay can't support its missionary after "catching little Fish for two or three Voyages, and selling at a bad Market"


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Massachusetts governor gives brief details of military assets in Canada, and warns of danger to trade and Indigenous relations


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Gov. Belcher reports good results from talks and local contacts with Penobscot, citing benefit of "honestly and justly" observing treaties


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
New York lieutenant governor will meet Six Nations to renew treaties and "keep them from" allowing French fort in Seneca country


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
N.Y. lieutenant governor reports complaint from Gov. Beauharnois and query to Oswego officer about shooting at French canoe passing by


1737 in Canada, Historical documents
Arthur Dobbs calls Hudson's Bay Company's 1736 bid to find Northwest Passage "idle or faulty," and company "unwilling to make the Attempt"


1737 in Ireland
This article lists events from the year 1737 in Ireland.


1737 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1737 to Wales and its people.


1737 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1737.


1737 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1737 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1737 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1737 in science
The year 1737 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1738
1738 (MDCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1738th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 738th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th  year of the 18th century, and the  9th   year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1738, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1738 English cricket season
The 1738 English cricket season was the 42nd cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of five top-level matches.


1738 English cricket season, Recorded matches
Records have survived of five significant matches, all of which involved London Cricket Club in some form. In three of these matches the opposition was Chislehurst Cricket Club, with Mitcham Cricket Club also playing a match against London. A London and Surrey side played a Kent side in the remaining match.


1738 English cricket season, Recorded matches
Two other matches are known to have taken place between Chislehurst and Horsmonden and an advertisement in the Sherborne Mercury is the earliest reference to cricket in Dorset.


1738 Vrancea earthquake
The 1738 Vrancea earthquake occurred on 11 June [O.S. 31 May] 1738, during the third rule of Constantin Mavrocordat. The seism aroused great panic and is mentioned in several sources. It occurred in the lower lithospheric block, at a depth of 130 km. Its effects were violent on large areas, the hardest hit being Bucharest, where several houses and churches collapsed.


1738 Vrancea earthquake
The Romanian territories were not the only affected. In Niš, a Serbian city where the Ottoman army was quartered, the fortresses on the Danube partially collapsed, and in the Nikopol on Danube four mosques collapsed.


1738 Vrancea earthquake
At an estimated magnitude of 7.7 on the Richter scale, the earthquake of 1738 is one of the strongest in the Romanian history.


1738 Vrancea earthquake, Foreshock
According to the catalog of Cornelius Radu, several foreshocks of magnitude 5–6 occurred starting with March 1738. In a chronicle is mentioned a "large" foreshock on 8 May 1738. It occurred at "5 o'clock", but its magnitude is not known.


1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage
The earthquake was felt especially in Bucharest, Iași, Focșani, Buzău and Sfântu Gheorghe. In Iași, 11 monasteries, 15 houses, 15 towers and a church steeple collapsed. In the Carpathians, several rockslides occurred, a large one in the Buzău River Valley. Significant damage was reported in citadels like Rupea, Șchei and Prejmer, where walls and defending towers were destroyed or severely damaged. The seismic wave also affected the Neamț Citadel, where its thick walls collapsed.


1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage
In the chronicle of Constantin Dapontes is mentioned that the walls of Princely Palace in Bucharest were cracked. In a book of hours appears that on 31 May the earth was shaken, and even "split and came out water with smell of gunpowder and brimstone". In the same book of hours is mentioned that many arches and walls of monasteries and houses in Bucharest were cracked, while "outside" churches and arches have collapsed.


1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage
A Slavo-Romanian psalter gives information about the intensity of the earthquake: "the earth trembled in the month of May, on 31, midday, very strong, and went to the east and again turned backward. And the trees were shaking, like the wind, and has destroyed homes and the earth made great noise".


1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage
In From yesterday Bucharest (Romanian: Din Bucureștii de ieri), George Potra reminds that the calamity "began with a great roaring". Many houses and churches were damaged and a "deep fracture" was open near Bucharest.


1738 Vrancea earthquake, Damage
Academician Gr. Ștefănescu wrote in a study published in 1901 that, during the earthquake in 1738, church bells began to ring themselves.


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
New York lieutenant governor warns against new French settlement and treaty with Senecas for fort that will end trade at Oswego


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Regarding greater settlement of Nova Scotia, Council gives reasons it has not been possible (and it is not because they are military men)


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Settlers with cattle have arrived on Sable Island, and will "Succour, Help and Releive[sic]" any shipwreck victims tossed up there


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Tired of "meeting daily and almost constantly" to address litigious people's "frivolous and undigested Complaints," Council sets sittings


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Lieutenant governor Armstrong tells official to act with "Lenity, Good humour and[...]live as Peaceably and Quietly with all men as possible"


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Many of 8,000 men in Newfoundland fishery are "fresh land-men" who through hard work and weather "become pretty good sailors"


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundland will begin prosecuting capital offences, sparing testifiers expensive trip to British court and loss of year's fishing


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Newfoundland governor reports opposition to Irish Catholic immigrants for criminality and danger they pose to Protestants in any war


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Cree promise La Vérendrye they will not trade at York Factory, and he builds fort at portage on which people "go to the English"


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Program of events celebrating Pierre Gaultier de la Vérendrye's 1738 arrival in what is now Winnipeg


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Chief factor at Churchill reports that many "Northern Indians" were "put to such Streights in the Winter" that many "perished with Hunger"


1738 in Canada, Historical documents
Correspondents discuss apparent but not yet accepted need to find Northwest Passage, and ways to increase enthusiasm for it


1738 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1738 to Wales and its people.


1738 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1738.


1738 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1738 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1738 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1738 in science
The year 1738 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic
Between 1738 and 1739, a smallpox epidemic broke out among the Cherokee who resided in the Province of North Carolina, as well as in the Province of South Carolina. The epidemic was most damaging in Eastern North Carolina. The epidemic decimated the Cherokee and Catawba peoples, causing the deaths of about half of each tribe's population. Many other Native tribes were decimated as well. Smaller numbers of European settlers and Africans also died during the epidemic. The depopulation after the epidemic caused the Cherokee to abandon many villages, particularly in Georgia along the Chattooga, Tugaloo, and Chattahoochee rivers. The Cherokee did not begin to recover from their population loss until the end of the 1700s. An estimated 7,700–11,700 died during the epidemic.


1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic
The 1738–1739 epidemic was the first known occasion where doctors utilized widespread inoculation as a smallpox preventative. The epidemic was first brought to Charleston, South Carolina by sea. From there, the epidemic spread throughout North and South Carolina. James Kilpatrick was the main person responsible for inoculations in Charleston, inoculating between 800 and 1,000 people, of whom only eight died. The Irish-born historian James Adair claimed that smallpox was introduced by "Guinea-men", enslaved people from West Africa. The epidemic was probably spread to the Cherokee by white traders in the summer of 1739.


1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic
The virus may also have come from Spanish Florida. 900 Cherokees had joined the British to fight the Spanish in Florida in 1739, and may have brought smallpox back with them. Cherokee "religious physicians" blamed the plague on "adulterous intercourse" among young married people, while Cherokee chiefs alleged that their people had been poisoned by infected rum brought by white traders. Thousands of Cherokee died from the epidemic. It was reported that upon seeing themselves become infected and disfigured, some Cherokee resorted to suicide.


1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic
Adair claimed that Cherokee people shot themselves, cut their own throats, stabbed themselves with knives or sharp-pointed canes, or burned themselves alive. Cherokee healers attempted to use traditional medicine against the epidemic. Cherokee healers would "sweat" their patients and then dunk them into a cold river, but many Cherokee died from the shock. This caused some of the Cherokee healers to abandon their spiritual beliefs in despair. As the Cherokee began to abandon traditional spiritual beliefs because of their ineffectiveness against smallpox, this left an opening for Christian missionaries who were working to proselytize among the Cherokee.


1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic
The epidemic was so damaging to the Waxhaw people that they abandoned their historic homelands in 1740 that were located in what is now Union County, North Carolina. The remnants of the Waxhaw people joined with the Catawba. The lands of the Waxhaw were subsequently occupied by English, German, Scottish, and Welsh immigrants.


1739
1739 (MDCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1739th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 739th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 39th  year of the 18th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1739, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1739 English cricket season
The 1739 English cricket season was the 43rd cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of seven matches.


1739 English cricket season
The season was the first time that a Rest of England side played, formed specifically to take on Kent which appears to have had the game's strongest county team.


1739 English cricket season, Other events
Generally agreed to be the "first modern representation of cricket", a series of engravings, The Game of Cricket, was made by Hubert-François Gravelot. The six engravings show groups of children paying cricket, with a wicket of the "low stool" shape, probably 2-foot (0.61 m) wide by 1-foot (0.30 m) tall, with two stumps and a single bail. The engravings were used on porcelain. Gravelot helped to establish the French Rococo style in English publishing and was one of the most celebrated illustrators of the time.


1739 English cricket season, Other events
1739 was the last year in which cricket was played on Lamb's Conduit Field. Thomas Coram's Foundling Hospital was established there in 1739.


1739 Meyermann
1739 Meyermann, provisional designation 1939 PF, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 15 August 1939. It was later named in memory of astronomer Bruno Meyermann.


1739 Meyermann, Orbit and classification
Meyermann is a member of the Flora family, a large group of S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,242 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. Meyermann was first identified as 1929 TB1 at Lowell Observatory in 1929, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1739 Meyermann, Orbit and classification, Rotation period
Two rotational lightcurves of Meyermann were obtained from photometric observations taken by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory in 2007 and 2014. They gave a rotation period of 2.8212 and 2.8219 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 and 0.17 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


1739 Meyermann, Orbit and classification, Diameter and albedo
According to the refitted 2014-results from the survey carried out by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its NEOWISE missions, Meyermann measures 7.858 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.254. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family – and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.


1739 Meyermann, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of Bruno Meyermann (1876–1963), a classical astronomer and academic teacher at Göttingen Observatory in Lower Saxony, Germany. His fields of interest included polar motion and relativistic effects. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4155).


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake
The 1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake (simplified Chinese: 银川-平罗地震; traditional Chinese: 銀川-平羅地震; pinyin: Yínchuān-píng luó dìzhèn) rocked the northern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region on January 3 with an epicenter in the prefecture-level city Shizuishan. The estimated magnitude 8.0 earthquake had a maximum intensity of XI on the Mercalli intensity scale, and killed about 50,000 residents and officials. It was widely felt, as far in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake
Aftershocks persisted for more than two years with the largest being a 5.5 on February 13 the same year.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting
Although northern China is nowhere near the boundaries of tectonic plates, the region is straddled with faults and there are ongoing deformation. Ningxia lies in a complex transition zone of compression at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau to extension, horst and graben features in the Ordos Plateau. To the south, the massive strike-slip Haiyuan Fault comes in and becomes a group of reverse faults.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Yinchuan graben is a 50 km by 160 km block of crust at the northern tip of Ningxia, bounded by several north–south striking normal faults. Two of these faults are the Helanshan Piedmont Fault Zone (East Helanshan  Fault) to the western boundary of the graben, and the Huang He (Yellow River) Fault to the east. Their slip rate is between 2 and 3 mm/yr. The East Helanshan Fault is the root fault of two more blind faults; the Luhuatai and Yinchuan-Pingluo faults form within the block.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting
Seismic imaging shows that the East Helanshan Fault converge with the Huanghe Fault at a depth of 30 km. The East Helanshan and Yinchuan–Pingluo joins to become one fault at a depth of 30 km. The Helanshan Mountains separated the western side of the graben from the Alxa Desert while the Ordos Plateau is to the east. The extension rate of the Yinchuan graben is believed to be 2.9 ± 1 mm/yr. The graben has accumulated up to 7 km of sediments from the late Eocene.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting
At its southern tip, the Sanguankou and Niushoushan faults, together with other northwest–southeast trending faults, form the south boundary of the block. At the north end of the block, the Zhengyiguan Fault, a dextral strike-slip fault runs through the Helanshan Mountains.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Tectonic setting
Two inferred earthquakes of Mw 6.5 occurred in the area in 1143 and 1477, and an Mw  6.0 in 1921 would be the most recent major activity in the graben. The average recurrence interval for large earthquakes like that of 1739 in the region is about 1,500 to 2,000 years.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake
The magnitude 8.0 earthquake may have been the largest intraplate earthquake with normal focal mechanism, although research uncovered that the likely magnitude was Mw 7.1 to 7.8. Continental intraplate normal earthquake with magnitudes larger than Mw 7.0. The source fault was determined to be the East Helanshan Fault which ruptured for an estimated 88 km. An estimated maximum slip has been suggested at 10 to 13 km. Fault scarps known as the Suyukou scarps were discovered along the trace of the East Helanshan Fault preserved in alluvial fans for 16.5 km.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake
Some of these were as high as 11 meters, but they were not from one single event; multiple earlier earthquakes were identified from the scarp. The maximum height of the scarp created by the earthquake was 5.1 meters, with an average of 3.0 meters. Another set of scarps known as the Hongguozigou scarps 65 km away from the Suyukou scarp was traced for 3.5 km. It was a near vertical wall 2.7 meters high, and has a dextral offset of 3 meters.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake
However, another research placed the source fault as the Huanghe Fault. This fault is mostly buried under sediments, and is on opposite sides of the graben, parallel to the East Helanshan Fault. It is more than 120 km long, much of the fault scarps have eroded away, and is buried under several meters of sediments.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake
Strong shaking from the earthquake was inferred to be along the trace of the Yinchuan–Pingluo and Huanghe faults, where buildings in the area were almost totally destroyed, while along the East Helanshan and Luhuatai faults, many buildings were still standing with slight damage. The Shuang Towers, 15 stories high, and build near the Suyukou scarps did not collapse during the quake of 1739, but towers in Yinchuan City, closer to the Huanghe Fault were totally destroyed.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Earthquake
These damage patterns has been inferred that the strongest shaking intensities were on the eastern side if the graben, where the Huanghe and Yinchuan–Pingluo faults are close to the surface. It was previously thought that The Great Wall which runs through Ningxia was offset by a surface rupture was instead built on a pre-existing fault scarp of the Helanshan Piedmont Fault Zone, not formed by the earthquake of 1739. The fault scarp was dated at 2370 and 2060 BP; much older than the wall itself which was built in the early 16th century.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Effects
The strongest shaking from the earthquake were in Yinchuan and Pingluo, where maximum intensity of XII was determined on the Chinese seismic intensity scale, and XI on the Mercalli intensity scale. In this region of intensity, the earthquake collapsed most houses, temples, offices, and a city wall 10 meters tall and 6 meters wide. Ground fissures up to an meter wide, and 100 meters long, and great subsidence were accounted in historical records.


1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake, Effects
Yinchuan saw the deaths of over 15,300 people that day. The city was completely levelled, and blazing fires burned all the way through the night as many canals were destroyed, shutting off the flow of water. The ground opened for more than 100 meters, where sand and black water erupted.


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
After trouble trading with French, Joseph La France canoes from Sault Ste. Marie to York Factory with scores of beaver pelts


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
J.P. Aulneau's mother learns that Sioux who killed him have been defeated so often that they have sued for peace (Note: "savages" used)


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Lengthy rationale for greater settlement of Nova Scotia comprises fishery, naval stores, agriculture and French threat


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Spain having committed "depredations" and "many cruelties and barbarities" to British without compensation, letters of marque are to be issued


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Of more than £250,000 owed Britain by Spain for ships illegally taken, £8,000 is for five ships from Newfoundland (perhaps among others)


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Governors of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and 13 other colonies (plus leader of Georgia) notified of King's declaration of war against Spain


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia governor details province's military assets, which are much weaker than on neighbouring Île-Royale (and Acadie and Canada)


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
President of N.S. Council says Annapolis Royal vulnerable to French capture because fort weak and troops mostly raw and undisciplined


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Board of Trade member offers plan of forces to use for Spanish Caribbean expedition, including "old soldiers" from Nova Scotia regiment


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Canso's 9 or 10 resident families build/maintain stages for and give support to 70 summer visitors from New England (Piscataway to Falmouth)


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
French fishery off Nova Scotia described in great detail, including use of province's Atlantic shore (prohibited to British fishers)


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Nova Scotia lieutenant governor Lawrence Armstrong commits suicide after "a long time frequently Afflicted with Melancholy fitts"


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Lt . Gov. Clarke of New York says people fear war with Spain will bring in France, and urges defence build-up and presents for Six Nations


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
"A rupture with France is mentioned in the newspapers as a thing we are to expect" - N.Y. Assembly votes money for extensive defence works


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Clarke says that though French claim all land in Great Lakes watershed, boundary through Lakes is more than they can expect


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Clarke says "peopling" of country north of Saratoga with recently arrived British families will strengthen frontier and trade


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Clarke warns of need to resist French settlement of property between Crown Point and Albany long since purchased from Indigenous people


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Governor of Canada insists on claim to Great Lakes watershed, but gifts local claim near Crown Point to "Mohawks and his own Indians"


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
New Hampshire lieutenant governor warns of province's "very defenceless condition," including fort that can't even keep cattle out


1739 in Canada, Historical documents
Arthur Dobbs thinks discovery of Northwest Passage might make possible intercepting Spain's Acapulco ships from California to Panama


1739 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1739 to Wales and its people.


1739 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1739.


1739 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1739 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1739 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1739 in science
The year 1739 in science and technology involved some significant events.


173P/Mueller
173P/Mueller, also known as Mueller 5, is a periodic comet in the Solar System.


173d Air Refueling Squadron
The 173d Air Refueling Squadron (173d ARS) is a unit of the Nebraska Air National Guard 155th Air Refueling Wing. It is assigned to Lincoln Air National Guard Base, Nebraska and is equipped with the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The 401st Fighter Squadron was established on 22 July 1943 at Westover Field, Massachusetts and equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) and assigned to Ninth Air Force in England, it engaged in combat operations until May 1945. It returned to the United States during September–November 1945, and was inactivated on 7 November 1945.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard
The unit was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946 and redesignated the 173rd Fighter Squadron, and was further allotted to the Nebraska Air National Guard. It was organized and federally recognized as a P-51D Mustang squadron in July 1946. It was the second Air National Guard unit established, and assigned to the Iowa ANG 132d Fighter Group. It was posted to Lincoln Airport (later Lincoln Air Force Base), a former Second Air Force training field during World War II.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard
With the long runways of the airport, the unit upgraded to Lockheed P-80A Shooting Star jet aircraft in early 1948. In 1950 the unit became the first Air National Guard organization to win the Winston P. Wilson Trophy as the outstanding jet fighter unit. It was the first of five Wilson trophies to be awarded to the Nebraska organization.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard
Activated to federal service during the Korean War, the unit was sent to Dow AFB, Maine. Used by TAC to train replacement pilots in F-51D Mustang ground support operations, it also deployed unit members to Japan and Korea to fly combat missions. The 132d was moved to Alexandria AFB, Louisiana in May 1952 again with F-51s replacing the federalized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing which was deployed to France. The unit performed training as a tactical fighter unit until relieved from active service and returned to Nebraska ANG jurisdiction in January 1953.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard
Upon returning to Lincoln, the squadron was forced to share facilities with the new Strategic Air Command provisional 4120th Air Base Group and extensive construction enlarging the airport to support SAC bombers as Lincoln Air Force Base. In late 1953, the unit re-equipped with more-advanced F-80C Shooting Star jets and the 173d was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor squadron, with the Air Defense Command (ADC) becoming the gaining organization. Its new mission was the air defense of Nebraska and specifically the air defense of the new SAC facility, which was programmed to receive the Air Forces new B-47 Stratojet intercontinental jet bomber in 1954.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard
In 1955 the 173d was authorized new facilities. A new site was located south of the commercial air terminal adjoining the Air Force base and the unit moved to its new facilities in the fall of 1956. Two years later, the unit moved into a vacated Naval Air Reserve hangar and turned its "old" hangar over to the Nebraska Army National Guard. Since that time, additional facilities were built on the 166 acres (0.67 km2) of the Lincoln Air National Guard Base. Army aviation and other Army units remain tenants today.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard
The 173d transitioned to North American F-86D Sabre interceptors in 1957, and upgraded to the modified F-86L in 1959 which could be computer controlled by the ground-based SAGE guidance system to intercept target unknown aircraft. In 1960, ADC decided to expand the organization to a group level, activating the 155th Fighter-Interceptor Group at Lincoln AFB on 1 July; with jurisdiction of the 173d being transferred from the Iowa ANG 132d Fighter Group to the new 155th FIG.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard
The unit remained under ADC until 1964 with the planned retirement of the B-47. The unit then received Republic RF-84F Thunderflash photo-reconnaissance aircraft and became a Tactical Air Command reconnaissance squadron. In January 1965 SAC's 307th Bomb Wing began phasing down at Lincoln AFB and the base was closed on 6 June 1966; returning it to its original role of a municipal airport with a collocated Air National Guard Base.


173d Air Refueling Squadron, History, Nebraska Air National Guard
The 173d continued to operate as a tactical reconnaissance squadron until 1993, being upgraded to the RF-4C Phantom II in 1972. With the retirement of the Phantom in the early 1990s and the end of the Cold War, the unit was re-aligned into the 173d Air Refueling Squadron, flying Boeing KC-135R Stratotankers and being activated to federal service under the Air Mobility Command.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade
The 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade was a formation of the  British Army's Territorial Force that was raised in 1915. It was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division and served on the Western Front during World War I. Its number was used for a deception formation during World War II.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin
When the Territorial Force (TF) was created in 1908, the 1st London Brigade in 1st London Division comprised the first four battalions of the new London Regiment, each of which had previously been a Volunteer battalion of the Royal Fusiliers (the City of London Regiment). After World War I broke out in 1914, the 1st London Brigade was the first complete TF formation to go overseas on service, relieving the Regular Army garrison of Malta.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin
Each battalion left behind a cadre of officers and men (mainly those who were unfit or who had not volunteered for overseas service) to begin the task of raising a 2nd Line battalion from the mass of volunteers who were coming forward. These units were distinguished from the 1st line by a '2/' prefix, so that the 2/1st London Brigade was created in the 2/1st London Division, consisting of the 2/1st, 2/2nd etc battalions of the London Regiment.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin
Initially, the 2nd Line was regarded as a reserve for the TF overseas, but its units were soon being prepared for overseas service themselves, and a 3rd Line was organised to train drafts for the first two. As early as December 1914, the 2/1st London Brigade sailed to relieve the 1/1st Brigade in Malta, and was replaced in the 2/1st London Division by the 3/1st London Brigade. Unusually, therefore, the eventual reserve units of the first four battalions of the London Regiment were numbered as the 4th Line.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin, Initial Order of Battle
The 3/1st London Brigade came into existence at Tadworth in Surrey in April 1915 and its first commander, Colonel H. Cholmondeley, CB, (London Rifle Brigade) was appointed on 10 May. Cholmondeley had commanded the Mounted Infantry of the City Imperial Volunteers during the Second Boer War, had commanded a Prisoner of war camp at Lancaster, Lancashire after the outbreak of war in 1914, and had just raised the 3/5th Bn London Regiment (London Rifle Brigade). The 3/1st London Bde's component battalions had already been raised:


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin, Initial Order of Battle
Within the division, the brigade was informally known as the 'Fusilier Brigade'.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin, 29th Battalion, London Regiment
In June 1915, a reorganisation saw the men of the 3/1st London Brigade who were unfit for overseas service separated out into a composite battalion, the 100th Provisional Battalion. This was stationed at Aldeburgh, guarding the East Coast as part of 6th Provisional Brigade. In August, all the men of the Provisional Battalion were returned to their units except those who had not volunteered for overseas service.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Origin, 29th Battalion, London Regiment
These Home Service men continued serving in home defence until 1916, when the Military Service Act swept away the Home/Overseas service distinction and the provisional battalions took on the dual role of home defence and physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. The 100th Provisional Battalion officially became the 29th (City of London) Bn, London Regiment (TF) on 1 January 1917. The battalion never served overseas, and was demobilised early in 1919. After the conflict it was mentioned on both the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial and London Troops Memorial, whilst its World War One casualties are listed by name in the roll of honour at the Royal Fusiliers Chapel in St Sepulchre-without-Newgate.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Training
The 3/1st London Brigade moved to Bury St Edmunds at the end of May, and was soon recruited back to full strength after the departure of the Provisional Battalion. The camp at Tattenham Corner, where 3/2nd Bn had been raised, became the Brigade School of Instruction for training officers of these new units. At the end of June, the brigade moved into billets in Ipswich, where the 2/1st London Division was being concentrated. In August 1915 the division was redesignated the 58th (2/1st London) Division, and the 3/1st London Brigade became the 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade alongside the 174th (2/2nd London) and 175th (2/3rd London) Brigades.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Training
Although the role of draft-finding for the battalions overseas was now taken over by the brigade's 4th Line battalions, training was disrupted by these frequent moves and by the men being in billets until June 1916 when they moved into Blackrock Camp outside Ipswich. The only weapons available for training were .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles. The battalions absorbed large drafts of recruits under the Derby scheme in February 1916.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Training
In June 1916, the 2/1st Brigade, having seen active service at Gallipoli and against the Senussi rebels, was sent to France where it was broken up and the men drafted to the 1st Line battalions serving on the Western Front with the 56th (1/1st London) Division. As a result, the 3rd Line battalions of the 173rd Bde were renumbered as 2nd Line units.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Training
At the time of the renumbering, the 58th Division was carrying out coast defence duties in East Anglia, but on 10 July 1916 it concentrated at Sutton Veny for battle training on Salisbury Plain. The men finally received Lee Enfield service rifles in place of the Japanese weapons. On 20 January 1917, embarkation of 58th Division for France began at Southampton.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Order of Battle
During its service on the Western Front, the brigade had the following composition:


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Trench warfare
After concentrating around Lucheux, the brigade went into the line for the first time, at Ransart, south of Arras. This was considered a quiet sector, and the brigade was attached to 146th (1st West Riding) Brigade of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division for an introduction to trench warfare. From February to April, the 58th Division followed up the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line and was then put to work to repair the roads and railways destroyed by the retreating enemy.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bullecourt
Under heavy shellfire during the night of 13/14 May, 173rd Bde relieved the 15th Australian Brigade, which had been attacking at the Second Battle of Bullecourt. 2/3rd and 2/4th Battalions formed the front line, with two companies of 2/2nd Bn in support. A serious counter-attack against the brigade's position on 15 May was broken up by shell and small arms fire; a lodgement in 2/3rd Bn's line was driven out with the help of A Company of the 2/2nd. After two days in the line, suffering heavy casualties under bombardment, 2/3rd and 2/4th Bns had to be withdrawn and replaced by the rest of the brigade. 173rd Brigade was relieved by 175th Bde on 21 May. On 15 June the brigade carried out a carefully rehearsed attack to take the last portion of the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt. The attackers were disposed as:


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bullecourt
The attack went in with an extraordinary weight of artillery support: the divisional artilleries of 58th and two other divisions, the corps artillery, and the three brigade machine-gun companies of 58th Division. Zero hour was at 02.50, and tapes and duckboard trench bridges were laid after dark on 14 June to help the troops maintain direction in the maze of trenches.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bullecourt
When the barrage opened at 02.50 the troops followed it closely and reached their first objective with little loss but the German pillboxes (Mannschafts-Eisenbeton-Unterstände Mebus) caused difficulties, while on the left the attackers had overrun their objective and pushed too far forwards into their standing barrage. The brigade attacked again the following night to complete the work, using more companies but the preparations were disrupted by four German counter-attacks starting at 22.30. Eventually the attack began at 03.10 on 16 June, with 2/1st on the right, 2/2nd in the centre and 2/4th on the left.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Bullecourt
The attack succeeded in establishing itself in the Hindenburg Support Line. Here they were again counter-attacked and messages sent back for artillery support failed to get through; by the end of the day the brigade was back at the Hindenburg Front Line, where it held on until relieved by 174th Bde at 02.30 on 17 June. Casualties for the two days amounted to 49 officers and 955 other ranks.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres
After a period of further training, labouring and trench holding near Arras and then at Havrincourt the 58th Division moved to the Ypres Salient in late August 1917. 173rd Brigade took over the division's frontage on 11/12 September. In preparation for the attack of 20 September (the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge), a series of trench raids was undertaken.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres
On 14 September, A Company of 2/1st Bn raided the strongly fortified area round 'Winnipeg Crossroads': the raid was a failure, with over three quarters of the attackers posted missing, and drew a quick counter-attack from the enemy, which was also repulsed. During the exchange of shellfire on 19 September, 173rd Bde's commander, Brig-Gen Bernard Freyberg, was wounded on his way up to his battle HQ, though he continued to command the brigade from a stretcher until evacuated after the following morning's attack, when he was temporarily replaced by Lt-Col Dann of the 2/4th Bn.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres
173rd Brigade's attack was carried out by 2/4th Bn, advancing in four company columns, each 100 strong, against Winnipeg Crossroads. The rest of the brigade was not involved in the attack, except for C Company of 2/3rd Bn making a mock attack as a diversion. Assembling the attackers in the thick mud and darkness caused problems, but the assault went in at 05.40 behind an intense creeping barrage. Only at Schuler Farm, where the supporting tanks were bogged down and the attacking platoon was almost wiped out, did the attack fail.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres
The battalion was on its other objectives within half an hour, but casualties from shellfire had been severe, and a company of 2/3rd Bn was sent to thicken up the line. Similarly, British shellfire broke up a German counter-attack, and Schuler Farm was evacuated, so that the planned follow-up attack by 2/3rd Bn became unnecessary. 2/2nd Battalion took over the line, consolidated, and brought in wounded until the brigade was relieved during the night of 20/21 September. Although 58th Division participated in the Battle of Polygon Wood (26 September), 173rd Bde was not engaged (though 2/2nd Bn helped 175th Bde with a mock attack as a diversion), and afterwards the 58th went into reserve.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres
The division returned to the line for the Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October). As it arrived, the weather broke, the brigade came under heavy shellfire as it assembled in the Poelcapelle area, and was forced to jump off from a line of flooded craters and struggle forward behind an inadequate barrage that advanced too quickly. The attack was led by 2/2nd and 2/3rd Bns of 173rd Bde with 2/1st Bn in support. 2/2nd


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Ypres
Battalion took some pillboxes at Cameron House but was partially forced back by a counter-attack; 2/3rd Bn became mired in mud attempting to take Spider crossroads and were driven back to their start line, losing their CO. 2/4th Battalion was detailed to leap-frog through and take 173rd Bde's second objective, but the exhausted men, with hardly a rifle able to fire because of the mud, only took one post, at Tracas Farm, before being pushed back to their start line. The battalion suffered so many casualties that it had to be reorganised as a single company. 173rd Brigade was relieved by 174th Bde, which continued attacking on 30 October. After the failure of the battle, 58th Division continued to hold the line at Polecapelle through the winter months.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Reorganisation
58th Division was transferred to the south in January 1918. Here it spent time digging defences, converting former French positions into the newly devised defences in depth. The BEF was suffering a manpower shortage, and its brigades were reduced from a four-battalion to a three-battalion establishment. In 173rd Bde this resulted in 2/1st Bn being broken up on 31 January and its men drafted to the other battalions of the brigade and to 1/4th Bn in 56th Division. At the same time 1/3rd Bn was transferred in from 56th Division to be amalgamated with 2/3rd Bn, and thereafter became simply 3rd Bn.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive
When the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 58th Division was positioned astride the River Oise with 173rd Bde north of the river at La Fère. It was covering a wide frontage of about 5000 yards with 2/2nd Londons in the Forward Zone in a series of four company outposts on the line of the St. Quentin Canal, and 2/4th Londons behind them in the Battle Zone, where each company was in a 'defended locality' with a central keep and outlying redoubts. The wide spaces between outposts and defended localities were covered by the brigade machine gun company.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive
General Oskar von Hutier directed four German divisions under Von Gayl against this front. 173rd Brigade's Signal HQ was knocked out early in the bombardment and no orders went out, but 2/4th Bn deployed to their positions on their own initiative. The whole position was shrouded in mist, aiding the German infiltration tactics. They crossed the canal by plank bridges and cleared the Forward Zone by midday, virtually wiping out 2/2nd Bn except A Company at Travercy, then 2/4th Bn in the Battle Zone were engaged as the mist lifted.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive
This battalion held on until nightfall, supported by detachments of 3rd Bn from reserve and the divisional pioneers of 1/4th Bn Suffolk Regiment. Most of C Company 2/4th Bn at the Triangle locality, supported by a single 18-pounder field gun, were eventually captured, but by midnight the rest of the battalion had withdrawn in good order across the Crozat Canal. Only the cut-off A Company 2/2nd Bn held out, until forced to surrender at 01.00 on 23 March.


173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, Western Front, Spring Offensive
While the 8th Londons of 174th Bde held the canal, the three companies of 2/4th Bn dug in on the Vouel Line behind them. The German attack was renewed in the afternoon of 22 March, but the canal was held until nightfall, the only attacks on the Vouel Line coming from German artillery ranged in by spotter aircraft. The following day, the Vouel Line (now the British front line) became crowded with French troops from a failed counter-attack on the canal, while the left flank was 'in the air' after the retreat of 18th (Eastern) Division.