1370 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1370 kHz: 1370 AM is a regional broadcast frequency, on which Class B and D stations broadcast.


1370 Hella
1370 Hella, provisional designation 1935 QG, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1935, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for Helene Nowacki, an astronomer at the Astronomical Calculation Institute.


1370 Hella, Orbit and classification
Hella is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt.


1370 Hella, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in September 1935, one month after its official discovery observation.


1370 Hella, Physical characteristics
According to its classification as a Florian asteroid, Hella is an assumed stony S-type asteroid.


1370 Hella, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Hella was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave an inconclusive rotation period of 7.5408 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=n.a.). The Lightcurve Data Base, however, only lists the measured brightness variation. As of 2017, no secure period of Hella has been obtained.


1370 Hella, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Hella has not been observed by any of the space-based surveys, such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), the Japanese Akari satellite or the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora the parent body of the Flora Family – and calculates a diameter of 5.41 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.5.


1370 Hella, Naming
This minor planet was named after Helene Nowacki (1904–1972), a German astronomer of the Astronomical Calculation Institute. The name was suggested by astronomer Gustav Stracke. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 124).


1370 aluminium alloy
1370 Aluminium alloy is primarily aluminium (>=99.7%) alloyed with small amounts of boron, chromium, copper, gallium, iron, magnesium, manganese, silicon, vanadium and zinc.


1370 papal conclave
The 1370 papal conclave (December 29–30), held after the death of Pope Urban V, elected as his successor cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort, who under the name Gregory XI became seventh and the last pope of the period of Avignon Papacy.


1370 papal conclave, List of participants
Urban V died on December 20, 1370, at Avignon. He was the first pope who resided in Rome since 1304, although only for a short time (1367 until the beginning of 1370, when he returned to Avignon). At the time of his death, there were 20 living cardinals. Eighteen of them participated in the conclave:


1370 papal conclave, List of participants
Nine electors were created by Pope Urban V, five by Clement VI and four by Innocent VI.


1370 papal conclave, List of participants
Post of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the most important during sede vacante, was occupied by Arnaud Aubert, archbishop of Auch and nephew of Pope Innocent VI (but not a Cardinal).


1370 papal conclave, Absentees
Two Cardinals, both created by Urban V, did not participate in this conclave, because they were in Italy:


1370 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XI
Eighteen cardinals present in Avignon entered the conclave on December 29. In the first ballot on the next day in the morning Cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort, nephew of Clement VI, protodeacon of the Sacred College, was unanimously elected Pope. He initially opposed his election but eventually accepted and took the name of Gregory XI. On January 2, 1371 he was ordained to the priesthood, and on January 3 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by the dean of the College of Cardinals Guy de Boulogne, and crowned by the new protodeacon Rinaldo Orsini in the cathedral Notre Dame des Doms in Avignon.


1370s
The 1370s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1370, and ended on December 31, 1379.


1370s BC
The 1370s BC refers to the period between 1379 BC and 1370 BC, the 1370s was the third decade of the 14th century BC.


1370s BC, Significant people
This BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1370s in England, Incumbents
Monarch – Edward III (to 21 June 1377), Richard II


1370s in art
The decade of the 1370s in art involved some significant events.


1370s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1370s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1370s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1371
Year 1371 (MCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1372
Year 1372 (MCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1372 Haremari
1372 Haremari, provisional designation 1935 QK, is a rare-type Watsonian asteroid and a suspected trojan of Ceres from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1935, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for all female staff members of the Astronomical Calculation Institute.


1372 Haremari, Orbit and classification
Haremari is a member of the very small Watsonia family (537), named after its parent body, namesake and largest member, 729 Watsonia.


1372 Haremari, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,680 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Heidelberg in February 1928, more than seven years prior to its official discovery observation.


1372 Haremari, Orbit and classification, Trojan of Ceres
Long-term numerical integrations suggest, that Haremari is a trojan of Ceres, staying a 1:1 orbital resonance with the only dwarf planet of the asteroid belt. It is thought that Haremari is currently transiting from a tadpole to a horseshoe orbit. Other suspected co-orbitals are the asteroids 855 Newcombia, 4608 Wodehouse and 8877 Rentaro.


1372 Haremari, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Haremari is a rare L-type asteroid with a moderate albedo. This type corresponds with the overall spectral type of the Watsonia family.


1372 Haremari, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Haremari was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Durkee at the Shed of Science Observatory (H39). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.25 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2).


1372 Haremari, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Haremari measures between 21.96 and 31.17 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0303 and 0.146.


1372 Haremari, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1097 and a diameter of 24.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.


1372 Haremari, Naming
This minor planet jointly honors all the female staff members of the Astronomical Calculation Institute (Heidelberg University) (German: Astronomisches Rechen-Institut), commonly known as ARI. In often published versions, "Haremari" is a composed name and means "the harem of A.R.I. ".


1372 Haremari, Naming, Alternative version
According to Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who worked as a young astronomer at Heidelberg, Reinmuth had often been asked by his colleges at ARI to name some of his discoveries after their female friends, as wells as after popular actresses (and not just the female staff at ARI). He then compiled all these proposals to the name "Haremari". However, as Groeneveld recorded, "Reinmuth did not want to publish the original meaning and he, therefore, devised the interpretation of the first sentence in 1948".


1373
Year 1373 (MCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1373 Cincinnati
1373 Cincinnati, provisional designation 1935 QN, is an asteroid in a comet-like orbit from the Cybele region, located at the outermost rim of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was the only asteroid discovery made by famous American astronomer Edwin Hubble, while observing distant galaxies at Mount Wilson Observatory in California on 30 August 1935. The rather spherical X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named for the Cincinnati Observatory.


1373 Cincinnati, Orbit and classification
Cincinnati orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3–4.5 AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,311 days; semi-major axis of 3.42 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 39° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mount Wilson in August 1935.


1373 Cincinnati, Orbit and classification
Cincinnati, a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population, is located in the orbital region of the Cybele asteroid, the last outpost of an extended asteroid belt beyond the Hecuba-gap asteroids. Due to its high inclination, and contrary to all other Cybele asteroids, Cincinnati is the only one that is above the center of the ν6 secular resonance with Saturn. The asteroid's high inclination and eccentricity also results in a Tisserand's parameter (TJupiter) of 2.719, which makes it a true asteroid in cometary orbit (ACO) for having a TJupiter value below 3.


1373 Cincinnati, Naming
Recommended by the Minor Planet Center, this minor planet was named after the Cincinnati Observatory, whose staff provided most of the orbit computations. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116).


1373 Cincinnati, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Cincinnati is a Xk-type, a subtype that transitions from the X-type to the uncommon K-type asteroids, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer classifies it as a metallic M-type asteroid. By 2014, Cincinnati is the only of three Cybele asteroids for which a spectral type has been determined; the other two are 522 Helga and 692 Hippodamia, an X- and S-type, respectively.


1373 Cincinnati, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2018, a rotational lightcurve of Cincinnati was obtained from photometric observations by Henk de Groot. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.2834±0.0002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 magnitude (U=2+). The low brightness amplitude is indicative that is asteroid is rather spherical than elongated in shape.


1373 Cincinnati, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Alternative period determinations were made by French amateur astronomer René Roy (5.274 h; Δ0.21 mag) in August 2004 (U=2). Two more lightcurves were obtained by Brian Warner at this Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado, United States, in August 2004 and August 2010, who measured a period of 4.930 and 5.28 hours with an amplitude of 0.11 and 0.14 magnitude, respectively.


1373 Cincinnati, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Cincinnati measures between 19.4 and 19.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.15–0.16, while the Japanese Akari satellite determined a diameter of 22.16 kilometers with an albedo of 0.12. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 27.9 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.


13732 Woodall
13732 Woodall, provisional designation 1998 RC56, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1998, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) team at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico.


13732 Woodall, Orbit and classification
Woodall is a member of the Vesta family, which is named after 4 Vesta, the second-largest asteroid in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,336 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Siding Spring Observatory in 1989, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation.


13732 Woodall, Physical characteristics
Woodall has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


13732 Woodall, Physical characteristics
A rotational lightcurve was obtained based on photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory in September 2009. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.2987 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 in magnitude (U=3).


13732 Woodall, Physical characteristics
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.4.


13732 Woodall, Naming
This minor planet was named after Ashley Renee Woodall (born 1987) student at the U.S. Austin Academy for Excellence in Garland, Texas. In 2002, she was a finalist of the Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a science and engineering competition. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 21 October 2002 (M.P.C. 46767).


1374
Year 1374 (MCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1374 Isora
1374 Isora, provisional designation 1935 UA, is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 October 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium.


1374 Isora, Orbit and classification
In the SMASS taxonomy, Isora is classified as a Sq-type, an intermediary between the abundant S and rather rare Q-type asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. Isora's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.


1374 Isora, Physical characteristics
In January 2014, a rotational light-curve of Isora was obtained by American astronomer Robert D. Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies (CS3) in California. Light-curve analysis gave a longer than average rotation period of 36.699 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2+). However, a second period solution of 18.35 hours is also possible. The result supersedes photometric observations taken by Wiesław Z. Wiśniewski in 1989, which rendered a fragmentary light-curve with a period of 8 hours (U=1).


1374 Isora, Physical characteristics
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 5.48 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 13.67.


1374 Isora, Naming
Isora is the backwards spelled feminine name "Rosi" with an appended "a". Naming was proposed by Gustav Stracke (1887–1943) – astronomer at the German Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, and after whom the minor planet 1019 Strackea is named – and first cited by Paul Herget in his The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 125).


1375
Year 1375 (MCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1375 Yellow River flood
The 1375 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng, China during the early Ming dynasty. Contemporary sources mentioned a death toll of between 15,000 and 25 people, most of them farmers. The philosopher Wang Yangming mentioned the 1375 Yellow River flood as an example of how even a virtuous man can be destroyed by the power of nature.


1375 in Ireland, Deaths
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1376
Year 1376 (MCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1376 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1376 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on June 10.


1376 Imperial election, Background
This was the first imperial election following the enactment of the Golden Bull of 1356, which laid out in exact terms the qualifications of the electors and the manner of holding elections. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election of his son Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. The former, as king of Bohemia, and the latter, as margrave of Brandenburg, were entitled to two of the seven votes. The remaining prince-electors were:


1376 Imperial election, Elected
Wenceslaus IV was duly elected. He succeeded his father as Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia on the latter's death on November 29, 1378.


1376 Michelle
1376 Michelle, provisional designation 1935 UH, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 October 1935, by French astronomer Guy Reiss at the North African Algiers Observatory in Algeria. It is named for the discoverer's daughter, Michelle Reiss.


1376 Michelle, Classification and orbit
Michelle is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest populations of stony S-type asteroids in the entire main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. Michelle was first identified as 1931 JK at Lowell Observatory in 1931. The body's observation arc, however, begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers.


1376 Michelle, Lightcurve
In October 2008, a group of French and Japanese astronomers obtained two rotational light-curves of Michelle from photometric observations. Light-curve analysis gave a well defined rotation period of 5.9748 and 5.9766 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 and 0.13 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). The results concur with a period of 5.9769 hours obtained by a group of Polish astronomers in April 2004 (U=2), and with a period of 6.0 hours measured by JPL-photometrist Wiesław Wiśniewski in the 1980s (U=2+).


1376 Michelle, Diameter and albedo
According to the 2015-published results by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Michelle measures 9.12 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.28, while preliminary results gave a diameter of 7.1 kilometers and an albedo of 0.267. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.263 and a diameter of 7.10 kilometers, taken from Petr Pravec's 2012-revised WISE results.


1376 Michelle, Naming
This minor planet was named for Michelle Reiss, the third daughter of the discoverer. The discoverer also named 1237 Geneviève and 1300 Marcelle after his other two daughters. Naming was first cited in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).


1376 in Ireland, Deaths
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1377
Year 1377 (MCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1378
Year 1378 (MCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1378 (km)
1378 (km) is a first-person shooter multiplayer video game developed by Jens M. Stober, a student at the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design. In his game, Stober had reused some code and gameplay principles of "Frontiers", a game by the artist group gold extra, on which he had also worked as a map designer. The title refers to the length in kilometres of the Inner German border between East and West Germany from 1949 to 1990, then known as the "death strip".


1378 (km)
It allows players, up to 16 people at the same time, to take the role of either East Germans trying to cross the border or East German border guards shooting anyone attempting to do so. The game was scheduled to be officially released on October 3 (the anniversary of German reunification) 2010, but was delayed due to its controversy. The game was released in December 2010 following "a public discussion with distinguished guests" at the Karlsruhe University, and will have an age rating of 18+.


1378 (km)
The director of the Berlin Wall Foundation, Axel Klausmeier, denounced the game as "tasteless" as well as "a slap in the face of victims' families", and claimed that there was nothing to be learned from the game. On the other hand, Adam Rafinski, a lecturer at the Karlsruhe University who supported the game concept, claimed that it is a serious game not to play just as a pastime and players can take a history lesson from it.


1378 Leonce
1378 Leonce, provisional designation 1936 DB, is a dark Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 February 1936, by Belgian astronomer Fernand Rigaux at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, who named it after his father, Leonce Rigaux.


1378 Leonce, Orbit and classification
Leonce is a member of the Nysa family (405), also known as the Nysa-Polana complex, the largest grouping of almost 20 thousand known asteroids in the main belt, consisting of several sub-asteroid families.


1378 Leonce, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,336 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.


1378 Leonce, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1915 RC at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1915. One week later, the body's observation arc begins at Bergedorf Observatory, more than 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1378 Leonce, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In 2002, 2007 and 2017, three rotational lightcurves of Leonce were obtained from photometric observations by amateur astronomers René Roy, Laurent Bernasconi and Daniel Klinglesmith and colleges at Etscorn Observatory (719), respectively. Analysis gave a well-defined lightcurve with a consolidated rotation period of 4.3250 hours and a brightness amplitude between 0.49 and 0.63 magnitude (U=3/3/3).


1378 Leonce, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In addition a modeled lightcurve, using photometric data from various sources, gave a period of 4.32527 hours, as well as two spin axis of (210.0°, −67.0°) and (46.0°, −77.0°) in ecliptic coordinates.


1378 Leonce, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Leonce measures between 14.94 and 22.456 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0348 and 0.10.


1378 Leonce, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0706 and a diameter of 18.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.


1378 Leonce, Naming
This minor planet was named after Leonce Rigaux, father of the discoverer astronomer Fernand Rigaux. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).


1378 papal conclave
The 1378 papal conclave which was held from April 7 to 9, 1378, was the papal conclave which was the immediate cause of the Western Schism in the Catholic Church. The conclave was one of the shortest in the history of the Catholic Church. The conclave was also the first since 1159 held in the Vatican and in Old St. Peter's Basilica (the elections and conclaves in Rome prior to the Avignon Papacy having been held mostly in the Basilica of St. John Lateran).


1378 papal conclave
Pope Gregory XI died on March 26, 1378, in Rome, having returned from Avignon to pursue his territorial interests in the Papal States during the War of the Eight Saints. Although the French cardinals constituted a majority of the College of Cardinals due to the preceding Avignon Papacy, they succumbed to the will of the Roman mob, which demanded the election of an Italian pontiff. They elected  Bartolommeo Prignano, who took the name Pope Urban VI. This was the last time a non-cardinal was elected pope.


1378 papal conclave, Proceedings
Before his death, Gregory XI substantially loosened the laws of the conclave: he instructed the cardinals to begin immediately after his death (rather than waiting the nine days prescribed by the Ordo Romanis) to prevent "factional coercion", he gave the cardinals permission to hold the conclave outside of Rome and move it as many times as necessary, and also seemingly suspended the two-thirds requirement, replacing it with "the greater part" (an ambiguous statement, in the original).


1378 papal conclave, Proceedings
The cardinals were divided into three factions: the first constituting the four Italian cardinals (two Romans, one Florentine, and one Milanese), the second constituting the seven "Limoges" cardinals (referred to individually as "Limousins"), and the third constituting the five remaining French cardinals. The conclave was delayed one day because of a violent storm, and thereafter the seven Limoges cardinals wishing to leave Rome as Gregory XI had authorized them to were persuaded by the others that such an act would place the College in even more danger. It was midnight on the second day before the servants of the cardinals succeeded in clearing the Old Basilica of those not permitted to remain in the conclave.


1378 papal conclave, Proceedings
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, even Robert of Geneva (future Antipope Clement VII) and Pedro Martínez de Luna y Gotor (future Antipope Benedict XIII)—the two claimants of the Avignon line during the ensuing Schism—were among those who voted for Prignano. Prignano had previously lived in France, which may have softened the blow of his election to many of his French electors. The selection was supposedly "unanimous", with the exception of Giacomo Orsini, who claimed that he was not "free" enough to vote.


1378 papal conclave, Proceedings
Prignano was accompanied by several other prelates (to conceal the identity of the selected candidate) to the Vatican to accept his election. To further the confusion, Orsini gave the Habemus Papam without identifying Prignano.


1378 papal conclave, Proceedings
Upon the conclusion of the election, the Roman mob entered the site of the conclave, under the impression that an aged Roman cardinal Tebaldeschi (who had been left in possession of the papal insignia) had been elected, an impression that the remaining cardinals did not disabuse them of as they fled to their personal quarters. The remaining cardinal informed the crowd of the election of Prignano who was hiding in the "most secret room" until his election could be announced.


1378 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
Sixteen of the twenty-three active cardinals took part in the conclave. Two possible other cardinals—Piero Tornaquinci and Pietro Tartaro—were not accepted into the ranks of the College for the election. Six more cardinals remained in Avignon, and Jean de la Grange was absent as well.


1378 papal conclave, Aftermath
The following September, the French cardinals reunited in Avignon, moved to Fondi, and elected Antipope Clement VII, who gained the support of all thirteen of his electors (at the time the entire College numbered twenty-two due to the death of Francesco Tebaldeschi).


1378 papal conclave, Sources
Inquisitor Nicholas Eymerich witnesses the conclave, and then went on to write one of the first tracts against Urban VI, Tractatus de potestate papali (1383), which argued in favor of the legitimacy of the Avignon line of papal claimants. Several other eyewitnesses record the chant of the Roman crowd: "We want a Roman or at least an Italian" (Italian: Romano lo volemo, o al manco Italiano). The contemporary curial document Factum Urbani attests to the general atmosphere of confusion, fear, and panic. For example, canonist Gilles Bellemère recounts removing his clerical garb for fear of the mob and the constant ringing of bells.


1378 papal conclave, Sources
Pro -Urban sources—such as Alfonso de Jaén, the confessor of Bridget of Sweden, her daughter Catharine, and Dietrich of Nieheim—claim that the situation in Rome was less restless. The marked discrepancy between the classes of sources can be explained by the fact that the alleged duress of the mob became the primary argument in favor of the legitimacy of the Avignon claimants.


1379
Year 1379 (MCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1379 Lomonosowa
1379 Lomonosowa (prov. designation: 1936 FC) is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory in 1936, the asteroid was later named after Russian physicist and astronomer Mikhail Lomonosov.


1379 Lomonosowa, Discovery
Lomonosowa was discovered on 19 March 1936, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Serbian astronomer Petar Đurković at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. A first precovery of Lomonosowa was taken at the Lowell Observatory in October 1905. The asteroid was first identified as 1933 SG1 at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1933.


1379 Lomonosowa, Orbit and classification
Lomonosowa is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4.01 years (1,464 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first precovery at Lowell Observatory in October 1905.


1379 Lomonosowa, Naming
This minor planet was named after Russian physicist and astronomer Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765). He discovered the atmosphere of Venus and the principle of mass conservation. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in June 1955 (M.P.C. 1252). He is also honored by the craters Lomonosov on the Moon and Lomonosov on Mars.


1379 Lomonosowa, Physical characteristics
Lomonosowa has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid.


1379 Lomonosowa, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Several rotational lightcurve of Lomonosowa have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1980s. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 24.482 and 24.71 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 to 0.63 magnitude (U=2/3/2). The asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled using photometric observations from various sources. Modelling gave a concurring sidereal period of 24.4845 and 24.4846 hours. One study also found two spin axis of (72.0°, −84.0°) and (265.0°, −46.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1379 Lomonosowa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lomonosowa measures between 18.690 and 20.45 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1584 and 0.218. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 17.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.11.


137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF
The 137th Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Calgary, Alberta, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 21st Reserve Battalion on January 10, 1917.


137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF
The 137th Battalion, CEF, had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel G.W. Morfitt.


137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF
The perpetuation of the battalion was assigned in 1920 to the 5th Battalion, the Calgary Regiment. When the regiment was split in 1924, the perpetuation passed to the 3rd Battalion, the Calgary Regiment. This regiment, now the King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC), still perpetuates the 137th Battalion, CEF.


137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF
In 1967, members of the 137th Battalion CEF Association raised funds and erected a memorial to the unit on the west side of North Glenmore Park, in Calgary. Members of the King's Own Calgary Regiment commemorate the sacrifices of their fallen comrades each Remembrance Day by sending a contingent to the memorial and conducting a small ceremony of remembrance.


137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF
The 137th (Calgary) Battalion CEF is one of only four units whose glyphs survive on the hillside at Battalion Park in the neighbourhood of Signal Hill, Calgary.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It was one of the first 'Mixed' regiments in which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated into the unit's personnel. It defended the United Kingdom against aerial attack until it deployed to Belgium in January 1945 to defend Brussels against V-1 flying bombs.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
By 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
With the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
The first of these new batteries took over an operational gun site in Richmond Park, south-west London, in August 1941, and complete regiments soon followed, including 137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, whose regimental headquarters formed at Newton, Chester, on 10 November 1941. It was then joined by the following batteries:


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
At the end of the year the new regiment was assigned to 33rd (Western) Anti - Aircraft Brigade in Liverpool, part of 4th Anti- Aircraft Division. On 5 January 1942, 477 (M) HAA Bty transferred to 142nd HAA Rgt in exchange for 487 (M) HAA Bty, which joined 137th HAA Rgt on 1 February (487 was another Oswestry-trained battery, with its cadre drawn from 107th HAA Rgt).


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
The Blitz had ended in May 1941, but there were still occasional Luftwaffe raids on Liverpool and Manchester, and AA Command continued to expand its capabilities. 137th (M) HAA Regiment sent a cadre to 211th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry where it formed 574 (M) HAA Bty on 30 June 1942. Then in September the regiment moved from North West England to the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ), where it came under the command of 26 (London) AA Bde in 1st AA Division and was joined by 574 (M) HAA Bty. On 9 November 590 (M) HAA Bty also joined, having been formed at Oswestry from a 1st AA Division cadre and briefly served with 183rd (M) HAA Rgt.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
A few sporadic attacks were made on London during 1943, by conventional bombers at night on 17 January, 3 March and 16 April, by daylight Fighter-bombers on 12 March, and by night again on 7 and 20 October. The Luftwaffe began a new bombing campaign against London in early 1944 (the Baby Blitz), when the city was subjected to 14 raids between 21 January and 18 April. By now the night fighter defences and the London IAZ were well organised and the attackers suffered heavy losses for relatively small results.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
On 13 February, for example, only six out of 115 aircraft reached London, the rest being driven off. Five raids in the third week of February varying in strength from 100 to 140 aircraft were met by intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary in to the IAZ and fewer than half reached the city; 13 were shot down by AA Command, 15 by Royal Air Force night-fighters, and one 'kill' was shared.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
More significant were the V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', which began to be launched against London from Northern France soon after the Allies launched their invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) on D-Day. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since the Blitz. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but the missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
After two weeks' experience AA Command carried out a major reorganisation, stripping many guns from the London IAZ and other parts of the UK and repositioning them along the South Coast to target V-1s coming in over the English Channel, where the gun-laying radar worked best and where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. 137th (M) HAA Regiment remained in the London IAZ, though here the guns stayed largely silent, to the dismay of Londoners. The first 'Diver' offensive ended when the launching sites in Normandy were overrun by 21st Army Group. A second campaign of air-launched missiles coming in from the North Sea led to a second redeployment by AA Command to East Anglia, but again 137th (M) HAA Rgt was unaffected by the moves.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
574 and 590 (M) HAA Batteries were disbanded on 16 October 1944, but the regiment was briefly joined from 7 to 30 November by 455 HAA Bty from 129th (M) HAA Rgt before it became an independent battery.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
Once 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled static Mk IIC 3.7-inch HAA gun, which had power traverse and automatic fuze-setting, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer), were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
137th (M) HAA Regiment was the first Mixed unit sent from AA Command to reinforce the Brussels 'X' defences in January 1945. It deployed in bitter winter weather: it was so cold that the oil in the guns' hydraulic power systems froze. The Brussels 'X' defences under 101 AA Brigade involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64 km) to 50 miles (80 km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
Finally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000 m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments. Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. Unlike the anti-Diver guns firing over the English Channel or North Sea, VT Proximity fuzes could not be employed by the HAA batteries at Brussels because of the risk of casualties to troops and civilians under the missiles' flightpath.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
The success rate of the Brussels X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. (101 AA Bde handed over command to 50 AA Bde for the last few weeks.) The number of missiles launched at Brussels dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
The war in Europe ended on VE Day (8 May 1945) and 137th (Mixed) HAA Regiment and its three batteries was disbanded on 25 October.


137th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia
While the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.


137th Airlift Squadron
The 137th Airlift Squadron (137 AS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 105th Airlift Wing located at Stewart Air National Guard Base, Newburgh, New York. The 137th is equipped with the C-17A Globemaster III.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Formed at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, as a Third Air Force Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with A-24 Banshee dive bombers. Moved to California in September 1943 as part of Desert Training Center in Mojave Desert.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
After the A-24 was taken out of combat service, trained with P-39 Airacobras and became combat ready, being reassigned to VIII Fighter Command in England, April 1944. Re -equipped with P-51 Mustangs, with a mission for escorting B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator heavy bombers during its first five weeks of operations, and afterwards flew many escort missions to cover the operations of medium and heavy bombers that struck strategic objectives, interdicted the enemy's communications, or supported operations on the ground.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The group frequently strafed airfields and other targets of opportunity while on escort missions. Provided fighter cover over the English Channel and the coast of Normandy during the invasion of France in June 1944. Strafed and dive-bombed vehicles, locomotives, marshalling yards, anti-aircraft batteries, and troops while Allied forces fought to break out of the beachhead in France. Attacked transportation targets as Allied armies drove across France after the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July. Flew area patrols during the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September. Escorted bombers to, and flew patrols over the battle area during the German counterattack in the Ardennes (Battle of the Bulge), December 1944 – January 1945. Provided area patrols during the assault across the Rhine in March 1945.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Returned to the US in October and inactivated on 18 October 1945 as an administrative unit.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard
The wartime 504th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 137th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Westchester County Airport, White Plains, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 8 December 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 137th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 504th Fighter Squadron and all predecessor units. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the New York ANG 107th Fighter Group.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard
The mission of the 136th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Southeast New York and New York City. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air defense mission
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 137th was retained by the State of New York to maintain the air defense mission primarily of New York City. In 1951, the Thunderbolts were replaced by Very Long Range F-51H Mustangs with were capable of extended air defense flights over all of New York State.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air defense mission
The air defense mission remained after the Korean War armistice and the unit resumed normal peacetime training and drills. In 1954, the Mustang was ending its service life and Air Defense Command was re-equipping its fighter-interceptor squadrons with jet aircraft. The 137th received F-94B Starfires, however the F-94 required a two-man aircrew a pilot and an air observer to operate its radar equipment. Trainees for the radar assignment had to attend regular Air Force Training Schools, and required virtually the same qualifications as the pilot trainees. The additional recruitment of guardsmen led to the units having a manning and capabilities problem that lasted for some time until the unit was returned to full readiness.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air defense mission
In 1956, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized and re-designated as the 107th Air Defense Wing. As a result, the 137th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 105th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 137th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 105th Headquarters, 105th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 105th Combat Support Squadron, and the 105th USAF Dispensary. The F-86H Sabre replaced the F-94B Starfires in 1957.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air defense mission
A major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 105th being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group; and 137th also being re-designated. The new assignment involved a change in the Group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 137th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission
The 105th Tactical Fighter Group was inactivated on 1 February 1961 with the 137th being transferred to the 106th Aeromedical Transport Group on 1 February 1961 and was re-designated as the 137th Aeromedical Transport Squadron under the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 137th converted to flying the C-119 Flying Boxcar. The squadron airlifted critically injured and sick personnel until late 1963.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission
With air transportation recognized as a critical need, the 137th was re-designated the 137th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy) 1 December 1963 and equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter heavy transports, although the Aeromedical Flight remained as a secondary mission. With the C-97s, the 102d augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs in Europe. It also flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America. On 8 January 1966, Military Air Transport Service became Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the 137th was re-designated as the 137th Military Airlift Squadron.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission
In 1966, the squadron began operations to and from bases in South Vietnam. During calendar year 1967, in addition to the Southeast Asia flights which continued throughout the year until September, the squadron flew missions to South America, Africa, Australia, Asia and Europe in support of the Military Airlift Command and the Joint Chiefs of Staff airlift (directed) missions. The overseas flights also were in addition to a variety of airlift missions flown within the continental United States to include Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico carrying personnel of the active military, Reserve and National Guard units to and from training sites and a continuing series of joint exercises.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission
In 1969 the C-97s were reaching the end of their operational lifetime and in March, the 105th changed again to become the 105th Tactical Air Support Group and became part of Tactical Air Command. The 137th received interim Cessna U-3 aircraft which was shortly replaced with the O-2A Super Skymaster direct from Cessna. The O-2 was the military version of the Cessna 337 Skymaster, a high wing, twin boom aircraft with a unique centerline pusher/tractor twin engine configuration. The O-2A version, used by the 137th TASS, was used in forward air control, (FAC), missions, often in conjunction with a ground FAC & ROMAD, (radio operator, maintenance, and driver), team.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission
The mission of the 105th Tactical Air Support Group was to train Forward Air Controllers and to maintain proficiency in the unit aircraft. An unusual highlight of 1970 was the call to active duty on 24, 25 and 26 March for the New York City Postal Strike, U.S. Post Office workers went off the job in a pay dispute, and President Richard Nixon called on New York City area Guardsmen to sort and deliver the mail. The 105th performed its postal duties at the Main Bronx Post Office, Westchester County Airport. The NYANG ramp continued to be the "entrance of choice" by foreign dignitaries, and President Nixon during 1970. The Presidents of France, Ecuador, and several other foreign notables landed there on visits to the U.S. President Nixon arrived there during his campaign for Republican Congressmen in the fall.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission
During this time, the unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. After becoming a part of the Tactical Air Command, the unit received the New York State Governor's Trophy, as the State's outstanding flying unit, more than one half of the years.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission
As part of the draw-down of forces in Southeast Asia, aircraft from the Vietnam War were added to make up the allocated number to the Group. However, the 105th had to actually rebuild most of the Vietnam Veteran aircraft, which had been through the most rigorous of combat operations in South Vietnam. The 105th made national news through their program of assisting local governmental health agencies in the detection of violations of water and stream pollution laws.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission
105th pilots, on the kind of observation missions they would be doing in combat, initiated a program of photography and reporting to local civicofficials. The local health agency would then send its own aircraft up to take similar photographs forevidence and possible action. The 105th was awarded the Governor's Trophy for 1974, signifying the outstanding flying unit of the New York Air National Guard for that year.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission
The 105th was upgraded to a Wing on 14 June 1975, the group becoming the operational organization for the new wing organization. In August 1978 the group was inactivated with the 137th TASS being assigned directly to the Wing. However, the unit reverted to Group status on 1 July 1979, when the Wing organization was transferred to the 174th Tactical Fighter Group to accommodate the newly organized A-10 Thunderbolt II Wing.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission
In 1981, the group deployed to Lechfeld Air Base, West Germany to observe A-10 Close Air Support operations, and forward air control in the NATO/USAFE environment. The visit provided a first-hand look at tactics used by various NATO members, as well as an in-depth look at Forward Operating locations and NATO air tasking orders.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Forward air support mission
In the early 1980s, it became apparent that the facility at Westchester Airport was not large enough to support a conversion to a new aircraft or mission. The State's Division of Military and Naval Affairs started negotiations with National Guard Bureau to relocate the unit. As a result, USAF and the Air National Guard approved a unit relocation to Stewart International Airport, Newburgh, New York. This move took advantage of the excellent airfield facilities at Stewart, which was an active Air Force Base through 1969. The move, initiated during 1982 was completed by the last quarter of 1983.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In May 1983, the unit relocated to Stewart International Airport. It was re-designated the 105th Military Airlift Group on 1 May 1984 and later in July 1985 became the first Air National Guard unit in the Nation to fly the C-5A Galaxy aircraft. Soon after receiving its first C-5A aircraft, in October 1985 the unit airlifted 84,600 pounds of cots and bedding to Puerto Rico following Hurricane Gloria.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In October 1988 the 105th airlifted 300,000 pounds of hurricane relief and reconstruction supplies to the island nation of Jamaica following Hurricane Gilbert. In January 1989 the unit carried 146,610 pounds of earthquake relief supplies to aid Soviet Armenia. In March 1989 the 105th responded with less than 24 hours notice to an AMC request to airlift an over 80,000 pound submersible vehicle from Andrews AFB, Maryland and Homestead AFB, Florida to Kadena AB, Japan to assist in search and recovery operations for an Air Force Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopter which crashed in the East China Sea. Throughout the summer and fall of 1989 the 105th continued to support reconstruction efforts in Jamaica by airlifting National Guard civil engineering teams and equipment to that island nation.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
Beginning in October 1989 the unit airlifted over 2,000,000 pounds of relief supplies to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands following Hurricane Hugo. In December 1991 the 105th airlifted over 145,000 pounds of clothing, blankets and medical supplies to Bucharest, Romania. In February 1992 the unit participated in Operation Provide Hope, the airlift of humanitarian aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union); delivering 384,000 pounds of relief materials to Saint Petersburg, Russia and Yerevan, Armenia.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
1989 ended on a dramatic note for the 105th Airlift Wing as it performed its wartime mission in support of Operation Just Cause. The over 2,200,000 pounds of cargo airlifted by the 105th in support of that operation represented approximately 25% of the initial total airlift effort of all of the Military Airlift Command's C-5 fleet assigned to both active duty and reserve component elements.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
On 7 August 1990 Governor Mario Cuomo announced that the Department of Defense had requested, and he had approved, the participation of the personnel and C-5A aircraft of the 105th in active and direct support of Operation Desert Shield in the Persian Gulf region. On 24 August the 137th Military Airlift Squadron was called to active duty by President George H. W. Bush to provide continued support for this operation. While the 137th was formally returned to state control on 15 May 1991, the majority of unit members chose to remain in active status until 1 August 1991 in response to the Military Airlift Command's need for continuing airlift support of Operation Desert Storm and Operation Provide Comfort (Kurdish relief).


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
On 28 February 1991, a part of the 105th USAF Clinic was also called to active duty with duty stations at Malcolm Grow Medical Center, Andrews AFB, Maryland. All medical personnel were released from active duty during May 1991.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 105th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 105th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force "One Base – One Wing" policy, the 105th Airlift Wing was established and the 137th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the new 105th Operations Group.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In September 1992 the unit responded to Hurricane Andrew; delivering 1,289,953 pounds of food, tents, mobile kitchens, vehicles, and emergency services personnel to the Homestead area of South Florida. In November 1992 the 105th airlifted 118,450 pounds—including generators, portable shelters and medical supplies and equipment—to Zagreb, Croatia to support the U.S. Army's 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital's establishment of a facility to provide a full range of health care for United Nations forces deployed in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
From December 1992 to April 1993 the 105th supported Operation Restore Hope providing humanitarian airlift of 2,800,000 pounds of supplies and over 600 passengers into Somalia. Following massive flooding in the central United States in July 1993, the unit airlifted, to Des Moines, Iowa; ten reverse osmosis water purification systems weighing a total of over 380,000 pounds and capable of providing over 600,000 gallons of potable water a day. In August 1993 the unit airlifted 75 tons of relief supplies and equipment to Southern Turkey to be used to help Kurdish refugees from Iraqi terrorism.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In October 1993 the 105th returned to Somalia, delivering military personnel and almost 860,000 pounds of equipment non-stop—with triple air refueling—directly from bases in the United States to Mogadishu. In July 1994 105th aircraft began carrying humanitarian relief supplies to the people of Rwanda—by early September 1,635,189 pounds of supplies and equipment were delivered to East Africa. In late September 1994 the unit began airlifting over a million pounds of supplies and equipment to Haiti as part of Operation Uphold Democracy. The 105th played a key role in July 1995 for Operation Quick Lift when it airlifted 431,000 pounds of cargo and 190 British troops from RAF Brize Norton, UK to Split Croatia in support of the United Nations' Rapid Reaction Deployment Force.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In October 1994 105th aircraft and volunteer crews played a key role in Operation Vigilant Warrior and Operation Southern Watch deterring potential Iraqi aggression in the Arabian Peninsula. In August 1995 the 105th played a key role in airlifting personnel and equipment to Kuwait in support of Operation Vigilant Warrior II and Exercise Intrinsic Action.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
Immediately following Hurricane Marilyn in September 1995, the unit airlifted 527,200 pounds of desperately needed supplies and equipment to the citizens of the American Virgin Islands.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In December 1995, 105th Airlift Wing C-5 crews embarked on the first of six missions in support of President Clinton's peacekeeping mission in Bosnia, transporting almost 800,000 pounds of U.S. Army support equipment to the European theater. The 105th returned to the East African country of Rwanda in March 1996 to deliver 120,000 pounds of vital supplies and equipment in support of the Rwandan War Crimes Tribunal and the World Food Program.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
Since 1996, the 137th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron was formed and deployed in support of world contingencies including Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Allied Force, and Operation Joint Guardian. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001, the 137th EAS was formed and activated to support Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
On 27 November 2010, the USAF selected the New York Air National Guard's 105th Airlift Wing at Stewart Air National Guard Base as its "preferred base" for eight C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. The 12 C-5A Galaxy operated by the 105th AW were retired and replaced by the C-17s. The last 105th Airlift Wing based C-5A Galaxy, tail number 0001, departed its Hudson Valley home for the last time on 19 September 2012.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
The initial C-17 assigned to Stewart AGB, tail number 50105, arrived on 18 July 2011. The 105th AW C-17 rollout ceremony was held 6 August 2011 with two C-17s being placed on display during the event, the first of eight which replaced the larger, aging C-5A fleet. Unlike its predecessor, the C-17 can take off and land from unpaved runways.


137th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the 105th Airlift Wing and the 213d Engineering Installation Squadron deployed 75 New York ANG Airmen as part of the state response to the disaster in New York City and Long Island. The Airmen were part of Joint Operations Area 3, Joint Task Force 3 hurricane relief operations in Manhattan and were among more than 2,400 Army and ANG service members deployed at the order of Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo.


137th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 137th Armoured Brigade was an armoured brigade of the British Army that saw active service during the Second World War.


137th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), History
The brigade was formed from the 137th Infantry Brigade that was serving with the 46th Infantry Division until July 1942 when it was converted into the 137th Armoured Brigade. This was due to a new experiment of 'Mixed Divisions', of two infantry brigade and one tank brigade. However, the 46th Division was re-converted back to a standard infantry division and the brigade came under command of the War Office, and later Eastern Command. However, the brigade was later disbanded on 26 September 1943.


137th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 137th Aviation Regiment is a U.S. Army Aviation Branch regiment of the United States Army. It is drawn from the United States Army National Guard.


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
It was constituted 1 October 1987 in the Ohio National Guard as the 137th Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System. On that date it was organized from existing units (mainly from the 1416th Transportion Company later redesignated as Company D (-)(Columbus, OH) and Det 1, Co D 137th Aviation (Greensburg, OH)), with headquarters at Worthington, consisting of Company D only. The headquarters location was changed on 11 May 1988 to Columbus, Ohio.


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
On 5 March 1990 the regiment was reorganized, to consist of the 1st Battalion and Company D.


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Reorganized 1991-1992 in the Arkansas, Montana, Ohio, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia Army National Guard to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions andCompany D


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Reorganized 1 September 1995 in the Arkansas, Indiana, Maine, Ohio, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia Army National Guard to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions, and Company D


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Reorganized 1 September 1996 in the Ohio, Indiana, and Maine Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 38th Infantry Division, and Company D


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Reorganized 1 November 2002 in the Ohio, New York, and West Virginia Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 38th Infantry Division, and Company G


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Ordered into active federal service 5 July 2004 at Columbus, Ohio


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Released from active federal service 1 November 2005 and reverted to state control


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Reorganized 1 June 2006 in the Ohio, Indiana, and New York Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 38th Infantry Division, and Company G.


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Reorganized 1 September 2006 in the Ohio and Indiana National Guard to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 38th Infantry Division


137th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
Ordered into active federal service 2 January 2009 at home stations; released from active federal service 5 February 2010 and reverted to state control.


137th Delaware General Assembly
The 137th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1993, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.


137th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


137th Delaware General Assembly
In the 137th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


137th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


137th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 137th Division (第137師団, Dai-hyakusanjūnana Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Fuyoku Division (扶翼兵団, Fuyoku Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in North Hamgyong Province as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the small parts detached from the 79th division.


137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 137th division was assigned to the 34th army 30 July 1945. Due to the lack of officers, many were either ill or senile, raising concerns related to a lot of soldiers drafted from the Korea. Also, the 137th division have suffered from the severe lack of equipment, with only rifles and machine guns available in any numbers. The division has absolutely no artillery pieces, although several were en route. Even wood-cutting implements for camping and fortification were in short supply, with one axe per company and a one saw per battalion. Anti


137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
-tank explosive charges were also in the short supply. Also, the entire division had only three trucks, making division to balance on the verge of the starvation due supply problems. 15 August 1945, the division has only food worth for two days. Also, the division have not enough telephone wire to connect with all sub-units, therefore resorting to visual communications.


137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 137th division was deployed together with the 59th division south-west of Hamhung.


137th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The division was reassigned to 17th area army and transferred to Pyongyang after the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, where it was disarmed by the Soviet Union forces.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
The 137th Division (Chinese: 第137师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 26th Division, 9th Column of the Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 13th Brigade of Jidong Military District formed in November 1945.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
In the composition of 46th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, and Hengbao Campaign.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 409th, 410th, and 411th Infantry Regiments.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
From August 1952 to October 1955 the division was deployed to North Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1953, 518th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
In October 1955, the division left North Korea along with the corps HQ and was relocated in Jilin City, Jilin Province.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
In May 1957, the 410th Regiment was reconstituted into reduced status. In February 1960, the 410th Regiment was reestablished to full strength.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
In April 1960 the division was redesignated as the 137th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第137师). The division was then composed of:


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1962, the 137th Army Division was reconstituted as a division category B.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
In August 1969, 518th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as the Artillery Regiment, 137th Army Division.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
From June to July 1975, the division was relocated to Xuzhou, Jiangsu.


137th Division (People's Republic of China)
In September 1978, the division was relocated to Jiao County, Shandong.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States)
The 137th Field Artillery Battalion is a field artillery battalion of the Army National Guard.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), History
The 137th Field Artillery Battalion is not to be confused with the 137th Field Artillery Regiment. In 1959 the majority of the unit became the 140th Signal Battalion which has been pared down to one company (A Company).


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Constituted in the Colorado National Guard as Company G, 1st Colorado Infantry and organized in April 1899 at Denver.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Mustered out of state service 17 July 1911; reorganized in state service 28 July 1911 as Company G. 1st Infantry


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Redesignated 5 July 1916 as Battery B,1st Separate Battalion, Colorado Field Artillery.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Drafted into Federal service, 5 August 1917, Redesignated Battery B, 148th Field Artillery. and assigned to the 41st Infantry Division. 19 September 1917.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Redesignated 1 October 1921 as Battery B, 1st Battalion, 158th Field Artillery.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Redesignated 1 August 1933 as Battery B, 168th Field Artillery Battalion.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and Federally recognized 1 August 1955 as Headquarters  and Headquarters Battery 137th Field Artillery Battalion; Concurrently organic elements organized by conversion and redesignation of existing units as follows;


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Battalion broken up 1 February 1959 and elements converted and redesignated as follows;


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Decorations
Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 October 1944 to 4 July 1945.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
Gules, on a bend between in dexter chief a sea lion holding in dexter paw a sword and in sinister base a bar dancette couped or, five fleurs-de-lis paleways azure.


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Colorado National guard


137th Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
The colors scarlet and yellow are used for artillery. the five fleurs-de-lis  on the diagonal band symbolize the units World War I service in France. The sea lion, from the coat of arms of Manila, represent service in the Pacific theater during World War II. The jagged bar with 3 peaks refers to the mountainous terrain of Colorado, The home area of the battalion.


137th Georgia General Assembly
The 137th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 10, 1983, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 137th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 136th and served as the precedent for the 138th General Assembly in 1985.


137th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives
*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1983-84 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.


137th Guards Airborne Regiment
The 137th Guards Airborne Regiment is a formation of the Russian Airborne Troops. It is part of the 106th Guards Tula Airborne Division.


137th Guards Airborne Regiment
In 2014, the regiment was involved in the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.


137th Guards Airborne Regiment, History
The regiment was formed on 1 October 1948 in Ryazan as the 137th Guards Air-Landing Regiment of the 11th Guards Airborne Division. In 1949 it was converted into an airborne regiment. In May 1955 it became part of the 106th Guards Airborne Division after the 11th Guards Airborne Division was disbanded.


137th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 137th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 5 and September 4, 1864, during the American Civil War.


137th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Camp Wood, Quincy, Illinois, by Colonel John Wood, and mustered in for one-hundred day service on June 5. On June 9, the regiment was ordered to Memphis, Tennessee and on July 9, assigned to picket duty on the Hernando road, until September. On August 21, the regiment was involved in the Second Battle of Memphis repelling General Nathan Bedford Forrest's attack. The regiment was mustered out on September 4, 1864, at Springfield, Illinois. During its service the regiment had a total of thirty-four fatalities.


137th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 137th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 26 and September 21, 1864, during the American Civil War.


137th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 26, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 21, 1864. During its service the regiment lost seventeen men to disease.


137th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 137th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during the Second World War.


137th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History
The brigade was raised in the summer of 1939 when the Territorial Army was doubled in size in order to meet the threat of Nazi Germany. The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the 147th Infantry Brigade and was assigned to the 46th (West Riding and North Midland) Infantry Division. With the division, the brigade was sent overseas to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France in April 1940 for training and labour duties.


137th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History
In May, the brigade fought against the German Army in the Battle of France until being evacuated at Dunkirk with the rest of the BEF. After spending the next two years in the United Kingdom on home defence against a German invasion, in July 1942 it was decided to convert the 137th Brigade into an armoured formation. The brigades' infantry battalions were subsequently transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps and the brigade was redesignated 137th Armoured Brigade.


137th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 137th Infantry Division was a major fighting formation of the German Army (Wehrmacht). It was created in October 1940, and first saw combat in Operation Barbarossa as part of Army Group Centre. The division remained on the central sector of the Eastern Front, where it participated in heavy fighting.


137th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
By November 1943, the division's losses on the Eastern Front were so high that it only consisted of two infantry regiments. This was followed by the withdrawal from the front, where the division was disbanded. The remaining troops were converted into Division Group 137.


137th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The staff of the former division was reassigned to the 271st Infantry Division. Division Group 137 became subordinated to Korps-Abteilung E, which was also set up in November 1943, under Army Group Center.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 137th Infantry Regiment (First Kansas) was an infantry regiment of the United States Army. It was part of the Kansas Army National Guard and has served with distinction in the Philippine Insurrection, World War I, and World War II. The last active battalion was the 2nd Battalion, as the 2–137th Combined Arms Battalion, a component of the 635th Regional Support Group. The battalion was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 635th Armor Regiment in 2020, although the structure of the unit remained unchanged.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The regiment traced its history back to the organization of the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Kansas Volunteer Militia from pre-existing companies on 17 May 1879. On 7 March 1885, the Kansas Volunteer Militia became the Kansas National Guard.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Philippine–American War
John W. Leedy, the governor of Kansas, issued a call for volunteers to fight in the Spanish–American War on 26 April 1898, as soon as war was declared. The regiment was reorganized and officially mustered into service between 9 May and 13 May at Topeka, Kansas, as the 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry. At the time of mustering in, the regiment consisted of 46 officers and 964 enlisted men. On 16 May, the regiment left for Camp Merritt, California, and due to disease, the regiment was forced to relocate to Camp Merriam, just north of the Presidio of San Francisco on 5 August. The regiment was still there when an armistice was signed on 12 August.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Philippine–American War
The 20th Kansas was slated to take part in the Fifth Philippine Expedition on 27 October 1898, and 2nd and 3rd Battalions arrived in Manila on 5 December, and the 1st Battalion arrived on 6 December. The Spanish–American War officially ended on 10 December, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The 20th Kansas had not seen combat against the Spaniards and were camped in tobacco warehouses in Manila until February 1899 when the Philippine Insurrection began. They advanced on, and were the first to enter, Caloocan on 10 February.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Philippine–American War
On 25 March, the regiment swam the Tullahan River, captured a Blockhouse, and then was involved in the engagements of Malinta and Meycauayan three days later. On 28 March, some of the Kansans swam another river, capturing eighty prisoners among the men occupying the earthworks on the opposite side. On 31 March, the regiment entered Malolos, the capital of the First Philippine Republic. On 24 April, the 20th Kansas was involved in the advance against Calumpit, and in the next month, against San Thomas.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Philippine–American War
On 6 September 1899, the 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry boarded transports and steamed for the US, arriving on 10 October. On 28 October, the regiment was mustered out of service. At the time of mustering out, the regiment had decreased in size, including 46 officers and 720 enlisted men. During its wartime service, the regiment had 3 officers and 19 enlisted men killed in action. An additional 11 enlisted men died of wounds received in battle. 35 enlisted men died from disease, and 145 more were discharged on disability. 4 enlisted men were court-martialed, and 4 men deserted.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
Simultaneously with its mustering out from Federal service, the 20th Kansas was consolidated with the 1st Regiment of Infantry (Provisional), as the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Kansas National Guard. The regiment served the state government until mustered into Federal Service at Fort Riley for duty on the Mexico–United States border, under the orders of President Woodrow Wilson, on 27 June 1916. It reached Eagle Pass, Texas on 7 July. The regiment returned to Fort Riley and was mustered out on 30 October.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
When the US declared war on Germany on 5 April 1917, companies were increased in size from 60 to 150 men, then eventually, to 250 men. On 5 August, the 137th Infantry Regiment was drafted into Federal service. On 1 October it was consolidated with the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the Kansas National Guard to become the 137th Infantry, part of the 35th Division. They subsequently set sail for Europe, entering the frontline on 18 June 1918. The 137th was stationed in the Metz area and successfully repulsed a German raid on the night of 22–23 June. On 20 July, Company C put on a successful raid of its own against the enemy.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
1 September saw the regiment moved by truck from the Vosges Mountains to Nancy and then into reserve for the Saint-Mihiel attack of 12–16 September. This surprise attack was so successful that the 35th Division was not used, and it was soon headed for the greatest American battle of the war. 25 September found the 137th Infantry in position facing Vauquois Hill, an impregnable natural fortress the Germans had held over four years.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
In the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, a 6-hour barrage was launched on this hill and was taken by the Kansas soldiers in their first attempt on 26 September, and their trial by fire began; an ordeal that was to last six days and six nights, with little or no food, only snatches of sleep, and an uninterrupted rain of shells, gas, and bullets from infantry, artillery and warplanes. The 137th Infantry took every objective assigned it, but in the taking suffered casualties of nearly 1,300 men out of the 2,800 combatants engaged; 46%.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The regiment was relieved by the 1st Infantry Division on 1 October 1918, and after resting in the rear for 10 days, the regiment moved to Verdun and remained in the fighting until 4 November. They were in the thick of fighting until 9 November when they were relieved. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 finally stopped the fighting, after which the regiment returned to Kansas, where it demobilized at Camp Funston between 9 and 11 May 1919.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period
The former 1st Infantry Regiment of the Kansas National Guard was consolidated with the 4th Infantry Regiment, organized in 1918, to become the 137th Infantry of the 35th Division on 4 November 1921. The regiment was headquartered at Horton. D Company was formed in 1922, entirely from American Indian personnel at Haskell Indian College in Topeka.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period
Between 14 December and 26 February 1922, the 1st and 3rd Battalions were called up for riot control during a strike of coal miners at Pittsburg. During the interwar period, the regiment conducted annual summer training mostly at Fort Riley. Both the 1st and 3rd Battalions provided relief between 13 and 16 July 1924 after a tornado struck Augusta. After the escape of criminals from the Kansas State Penitentiary, the 2nd Battalion was called up to perform road patrols and block bridges between 19 and 20 January 1934. Between 8 and 27 June of that year, it also provided riot control during labor troubles at copper mines in Baxter Springs. From 17 June to 6 August 1935, the regimental headquarters and 3rd Battalion were called up to provide riot control during a strike of coal miners at Columbus.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 137th Infantry was inducted into Federal service on 23 December 1940 in preparation for the possibility that the United States might enter World War II. The regiment was assigned to the 35th Infantry Division, just as it had been during World War I, and was sent to Camp Joseph T. Robinson, near Little Rock, Arkansas. Troops were recruited from all over Kansas. A Company drew men from Atchinson, B Company came from Emporia, C Company enlisted men from Council Grove, D Company hailed from Dodge City. E, F, G, and H Companies were recruited from Holton, Newton, Kansas City, and Lawrence respectively. I and K Companies hailed from Wichita, L Company came from Kingman, and M Company was also from Lawrence. Additional recruits came from Topeka and Cottonwood Falls.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
After the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the 137th was sent to Fort Ord, California to guard against the possibility of Japanese attacks on the West Coast. The regiment then went to Camp Rucker, Alabama on 31 March 1943, and then to Camp Forrest, Tennessee on 17 November 1943, where they conducted combat training for fighting in Europe. The regiment soon arrived in England on 25 May 1944, and then into the frontline in Normandy on 8 July 1944.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Here in Normandy, the 137th took part in the Battle of Saint-Lô where savage fighting among ruined urban streets and dense hedgerows caused numerous casualties. On 9 July, the 137th relieved the 119th Infantry Regiment of the 30th Infantry Division. The 1st attack the 137th made was on the morning of 11 July 1944, and they made small gains at the cost of 12 killed, 96 wounded, and 18 missing. 12 July saw another attack toward the town of St. Gilles with the 2nd (2–137) and 3rd (3–137) Battalions in the lead.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The regiment captured 47 prisoners on 13 July, most of which were Poles, Czechs, and Austrians who seemed glad to be out of the fighting. The entire regiment continued to attack almost every day against the strong German positions, suffering many casualties, but driving the enemy back slowly by surely. On 25 July, the regiment witnessed the beginning of Operation Cobra, and Allied bombers bombed German positions right near friendly lines. The 137th suffered 2 men killed and 3 wounded due to this friendly fire incident.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 137th continued to advance through the heavy fighting, alongside the 134th Infantry Regiment, and pushed the enemy back, south and east from Saint-Lô. On 6 August, the regiment had a break from the fighting. They stayed put and awaited orders to move. Since arriving in France, the 137th Infantry had suffered 1,183 casualties, consisting of 177 killed, 946 wounded, and 40 missing in action. Many of the wounded had returned to duty, and these and new replacements totaled 826.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
In the afternoon of 6 August 1944, the regiment was on the move again, to the Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët area. They continued moving until they reached the vicinity of Mortain, where the men began patrolling in conjunction with soldiers from the 30th Infantry Division. The Germans launched Operation Lüttich, a counterattack against Mortain, to contain the Allied breakout from Normandy, and they met heavy opposition from the American forces. The 137th fought here from 7–13 August, and they suffered 23 killed, 140 wounded, and 40 missing in action. The German counterattack was beaten back.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The regiment continued on through the Allied breakout and pushed east to the city of Orléans and then onto Nancy which they captured after heavy resistance. After beating back a fierce German counterattack in the Gremercey Forest, the regiment moved north to Metz. After minor patrolling in Alsace-Lorraine, they moved north to fight in the Battle of the Bulge on 26 December 1944. Heavy fighting in Luxembourg and Belgium saw the 137th suffer heavy casualties, but they beat back the enemy wherever they met them.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Fighting along the Dutch border of Germany saw the regiment cross the Rhine in March 1945. They advanced east through Germany encountering heavy resistance along the Autobahn superhighway, and they captured hundreds of German prisoners in the Ruhr region by the time the war ended. They assumed occupation duties in Germany until returning to the US, and were inactivated on 5 December 1945 at Camp Breckinridge.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War
On 17 July 1947, the 137th was reorganized and Federally recognized, headquartered at Wichita. In 1954, the 137th Infantry Regiment was part of the 35th Infantry Division. On 1 May 1959, it was reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, including the 1st and 2d Battle Groups, part of the 35th Division. On 1 April 1963, the battle groups were redesignated as battalions. On 15 December 1967 a 3rd Battalion was activated.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War
The 1st and 2nd Battalions were again called to active service on 13 May 1968 during the Vietnam War as part of the 69th Infantry Brigade (SEP) and sent to Fort Carson, Colorado. The regiment and brigade became a part of the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized). It remained at Fort Carson until 12 December 1969 when it was released from active duty, and returned to the Kansas Army National Guard. Many of the enlisted soldiers and most of the Regiment's Officers were sent to Vietnam as replacements to regular army units.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War
On 1 February 1976, the 3rd Battalion was inactivated, and the 1st and 2nd Battalions were assigned to the 69th Brigade. On 25 August 1984 the two battalions were reassigned to the 35th Division when it was reformed from the 69th Brigade headquarters. On 1 May 1989, the regiment was withdrawn from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System. On 1 September 1992, the 1st Battalion was inactivated, leaving the 2nd Battalion as the only active unit of the regiment.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror
On 1 September 2008, the inactive 1st Battalion, 137th Infantry was consolidated with the active 635th Armored Regiment, and the consolidated unit was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 635th Armored Regiment.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War on Terror
In the spring of 2004, the 2nd Battalion, 137th Infantry received their Bradley Fighting Vehicles and began training to assume an active role in Afghanistan or Iraq. The Battalion was called to active duty in early August 2005. The Battalion was sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and then to the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California for pre-deployment training. They served for one year during the War in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) from October 2005 to October 2006, with the XVIII Airborne Corps, the 3rd and the 4th Infantry Divisions. One of the battalion's soldiers was killed in action. The 2–137th returned to Kansas in November 2006.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present structure
The last active unit of the regiment was the 2nd Combined Arms Battalion, 137th Infantry. Their mission was to close with and destroy the enemy by means of fire and maneuver or repel assaults by fire, close combat and counterattack. The units operated the M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Army's main battle tank, the M1A2 SEP V2 Abrams.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present structure
2nd Combined Arms Battalion, 137th Infantry Regiment– Headquarters and Headquarters Company: Kansas City, Kansas. – Headquarters Company Detachment: Junction City, Kansas. – A Company (armor): Emporia. – B Company (armor): Lenexa. – C Company (mechanized infantry): Wichita. – Golf Co 106th Forward Support Company: Manhattan.


137th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Present structure
In a 17 October 2020 ceremony, the 2nd Battalion, 137th Infantry was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 635th Armor Regiment, although its structure as a combined arms battalion remained the same.


137th New York Infantry Regiment
The 137th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It is famous for accomplishing a similar feat to the 20th Maine Infantry Regiment during the Battle of Gettysburg on the second day at the other end of the United States' line.