13th Psychological Operations Battalion, History
It was established on 4 October 1961 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Co, 13th Psychological Warfare Battalion was activated on 15 November 1961 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The 13th was redesignated on 20 December 1965 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 13th Psychological Operations Battalion. Army Radio Station WCSW-FM operated under its command. Most unit members rotated from Smoke Bomb Hill to Vietnam, Korea, Germany or elsewhere based on special MOS qualifications. Inactivated on 13 September 1972 at Fort Bragg. Withdrawn from the Regular Army, allotted to the United States Army Reserve and activated at Fort Snelling, Minnesota on 30 October 1975. It was then relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota on 1 January 1978; to Fort Snelling, Minnesota on 1 December 1979 and to Arden Hills, Minnesota on 16 January 1996.


13th Psychological Operations Battalion, Campaign streamers
The 13th POB was awarded Campaign streamers for the defense of Saudi Arabia and for the liberation of Kuwait.


13th Quebec Legislature
The 13th Legislative Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature in Quebec, Canada that existed from May 15, 1912, to May 22, 1916. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Lomer Gouin was the governing party.


13th Quebec Legislature, Member list
This was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1912 election:


13th Rajasthan Assembly
A list of members representing the state of Rajasthan in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. There are currently 200 members of the legislative assembly with the Bharatiya Janata Party forming the 73 seats,followed by the Indian National Congress with 112.


13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment)
The 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment) was an infantry regiment of the Bengal Army, and later of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to the Shekhawati Regiment raised in 1835, as part of the Jaipur contingent of the  Honourable East India Company and were taken into the Company's service as a local battalion 8 years later. They fought in the Battle of Aliwal in the First Anglo-Sikh War. Remaining loyal during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, they were taken into the Bengal Army as the 13th Bengal Native Infantry in 1861.


13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment)
There followed a number of different name changes the 13th (Shekhawati) Bengal Native Infantry 1884–1897, the 13th (Shekhawati) Rajput Regiment of Bengal Infantry 1897–1901, the 13th (Shekhawati) Rajput Infantry 1901–1903. Then finally in 1903, after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army the 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment). During World War I they were part of the Imperial Service Infantry Brigade assigned to the Indian Expeditionary Force B that was sent to British East Africa. They fought at the Battle of Tanga.


13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment)
After World War I the Indian government reformed the army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The 13th Rajputs (The Shekhawati Regiment) now became the 10th (Shekhawati) Battalion 6th Rajputana Rifles (1922–1947). After independence this was one of the regiments allocated to the new Indian Army.


13th Reconnaissance Squadron
The 13th Reconnaissance Squadron is part of the 926th Wing at Beale Air Force Base, California. It operates RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aircraft conducting reconnaissance and surveillance missions.


13th Reconnaissance Squadron, Mission
The squadron provides theater commanders with near-real-time intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition data.


13th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II
The 13th flew combat in the European Theater of Operations from 28 March 1943 – 26 April 1945.


13th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Airlift
In 1952, it converted to a troop carrier mission and provided intra-theater airlift for high-ranking USAFE military and civilian officials and small mission-essential equipment from, 1987–1993. In 1987, it was renamed the 13th Military Airlift Squadron.


13th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Airlift
The squadron moved without personnel and equipment to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, on 1 October 1993 and absorbed personnel and equipment of the 30th Airlift Squadron and was renamed the 13th Airlift Squadron. Equipped with C-141, the squadron took on a new worldwide airlift mission until its inactivation in 2000.


13th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Unmanned reconnaissance
Since 2005 the 13th has operated and maintained deployable, long-endurance RQ-4 Global Hawk aircraft and ground control elements to fulfill training and operational requirements generated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in support of unified commanders and the Secretary of Defense. It currently trains all RQ-4B pilots and sensor operators.


13th Red Banner Rocket Division
The 13th Orenburg Red Banner Rocket Division (Military Unit Number 68545) is a military formation of the 31st Rocket Army, Strategic Missile Forces, located in Yasny, ZATO Komarovsky, Orenburg Oblast.


13th Red Banner Rocket Division
The deployment site for the division was chosen specifically for the location of the R-36 intercontinental ballistic missile.


13th Red Banner Rocket Division, History
In 1964–1965 when the division began to form, the city of Yasny (transl: Clear) had not yet been formed. There was a small settlement builders of the future and Orenburgasbest. Next to it was district center Dombarovsky, where all mail, cargo, and so on were initially addressed. Therefore, in all the documents and V/Chs for the division it was written: Dombarovsky, Orenburg Oblast. A Military town divisions and the entire infrastructure were placed next to the plant under construction, as there was already a railway branch line, which greatly simplified all construction work. Over time, the village built up into the city of Yasny. Hence, some people get confused: either Dombarovsky or Yasny. Documents coming into the division sometimes have one and the other mailing address.


13th Red Banner Rocket Division, History
The SRF formation in Yasny began as Operation Group Dombarovskiy in May 1964. Headquarters 13th Rocket Division was formed in April 1965, as part of the 5th Independent Rocket Corps. However the division was quickly (within two months) transferred to the 18th Independent Rocket Corps, and then in 1970 to the 31st Rocket Army. Major-General Dmitry Kharitonovich Chaplygin was the first division commander, from May 1964 until August 1970.


13th Regiment (Italy)
The 13th Regiment (Italian: 13° Reggimento) is a Human Intelligence unit of the Italian Army. Raised on 1 August 1960 as Target Acquisition Battalion for the III Missile Briagde the unit was for most of its life part of the army's artillery arm. Today the regiment is a multi-arms unit operationally assigned to the Tactical Intelligence Brigade, which combines elements of the artillery and signal arms. The regiment is based in Anzio in Lazio.


13th Regiment (Italy), Current Structure
The Command and Logistic Support Battery fields the following sections: C3 Section, Transport and Materiel Section, Medical Section, and Commissariat Section.


13th Regiment Armory
The 13th Regiment Armory is a historic armory designed by architects Rudolph L. Daus and Fay Kellogg and built in 1892–1894. It is located at 357 Marcus Garvey Boulevard (also known as Sumner Avenue) between Putnam and Jefferson Avenues in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York City. Daus had previously designed the Lincoln Club on Putnam Avenue in 1889.


13th Regiment Armory
The armory building is currently used as the Pamoja House (also known as Sumner House Shelter Care Center for Men), a homeless shelter for men managed by Black Veterans for Social Justice, Inc. and supervised by New York City Department of Homeless Services. The Pamoja House is named for the Swahili word for "together".


13th Regiment Armory
The armory's design is expansive, yet austere. According to Francis Morrone, "Something, perhaps the busy-ness or a greater stridency in the machicolations, makes this armory seem more forbidding than the 23rd Regiment's which is actually rather jolly."


13th Regiment Armory, History, Previous locations
The 13th Regiment was previously housed in Gothic Hall on Adams Street in the 1830s. In 1858, it moved to the Henry Street Armory. and finally to the Flatbush Armory in 1874–75.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory
The 13th Regiment had received a $300,000 award for the construction of a new armory in 1890. However, subsequent changes increased the armory's cost to $400,000. The armory ultimately cost nearly $700,000, more than twice its original outlay, which was paid by the Kings County government. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle called the drastic cost increases as "a scandal of no common dimensions", and The New York Times described the armory as one of three Brooklyn armories facing extreme cost overruns, the others being the 14th Regiment Armory in Park Slope and the 23rd Regiment Armory in Crown Heights. A panel of experts recommended cutting several ornate features and downsizing the drill room in order to complete the project within the $300,000 appropriation.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory
The armory opened on April 23, 1894. The excessive reallocation of money on the armory's lavish dimensions had resulted in insufficient funding for such items as sidewalks and fences. The budget cuts also resulted in several design deficiencies: for instance, by September 1894, the roof was found to be leaking. Then, in 1903, a wall at the 13th Regiment Armory fell on seven men, killing two of them. Because the drill hall had been downsized as part of the budget cuts, it soon became insufficient for training, and was extended in 1906.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory
The architectural work for this was done by the Parfitt Brothers. In 1921, a large memorial made by L. Riene Co. was erected in the southwest yard with the names of all the soldiers who had been stationed in the armory during World War I, with the casualties listed at the top. Subsequently, a 1944 fire at the armory burned many of the regiment's trophies.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory
The 13th Regiment Armory was used for several civilian purposes over the years, including as a schools' track and field venue, Sunday school competitions, and singing contests. On June 22–28, 1953, the building was used for the 48th annual session of the Baptist Congress by the Sunday School Congress and Baptist Training Union.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Construction and use as armory
By the mid-20th century, urban armories had become less necessary, and in 1974 the Thirteenth Regiment was deactivated. Plans to close the armory were announced in 1971 as part of a budget cut. A black veterans' group characterized the proposal as racist, since the 13th Regiment Armory was located in a predominantly black and Hispanic neighborhood. A methadone treatment center was proposed for the site in 1972, but that plan was opposed by residents who were concerned about crime increases and wanted more attention to be paid to health, housing, recreation, and schools in Bedford–Stuyvesant.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into homeless shelter
After deactivation, the 13th Regiment Armory's headhouse was used to store vehicles while the administration building was used as a school. However, by the 1980s, existing homeless shelters in New York City had become overcrowded, so the city started opening new shelters in armories. Starting in 1987 or 1988, the 13th Regiment Armory was converted for use as a men's homeless shelter, In 1992, a judge ordered that the armory shelter's capacity be cut back from 550 to 200 homeless men. Some residents of the nearby neighborhood did not want the shelter to be opened in the first place, but by 1993, had planted some flowers outside the shelter to beautify it.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into homeless shelter
According to the Pamoja House's website in 2015, it "specializes in managing a homeless population that was refused from other shelters in New York City and is a ‘next-step’ facility. Residents of Pamoja House were deemed ‘non-compliant’ in general population shelters." As a next-step shelter, residents had an 8 PM curfew rather than the DHS standard of 10 PM, and the facility had no television sets, dirty sheets, and meals consisting of one frankfurter and two 4-U.S.-fluid-ounce (120 mL) cups of juice. Steven Banks, as commissioner of the Department of Homeless Services, eliminated the "next step" program, converting it into a general population men's shelter with the maximum 200 beds.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into homeless shelter
The company rooms are used as dormitories, and the drill shed is filled with additional dormitories that are no longer in use after the 200-bed limitation was imposed (at one point it had 550 beds in active use). Memorial Hall is used as the mess, and is the only part of the building with central air conditioning. The offices, in one of the company rooms and in the base of the south tower, have window-mounted air conditioners. The north side of the drill hall contains the lavatories and laundry room, but the drill hall is mostly walled off (the walls are about four feet high) and accessible only to staff, as are all floors above the first.


13th Regiment Armory, History, Conversion into homeless shelter
On November 29, 2017, security staff and residents were caught on camera punching and kicking shelter resident Alexander Singh.


13th Regiment Armory, Design
The 13th Regiment Armory consists of an administration building as well as an attached barrel-vaulted drill shed to its east. The lot measures 200 feet (61 m) on Marcus Garvey Boulevard and 480 feet (150 m) along Putnam and Jefferson Avenues. According to Harper's Weekly, the building was designed to recall thirteenth century feudal France. Upon the 13th, 14th, and 23rd Regiment Armories' completions in the mid-1890s, the New-York Tribune stated that "these three armories are the product of a lavish expenditure ... for the support and encouragement of the militia that has perhaps never been excelled."


13th Regiment Armory, Design, Exterior
The armory consists of an Administration Building 200 feet (61 m) wide by 180 feet (55 m) deep. To the east is a drill hall measuring 300 by 200 feet (91 by 61 m).


13th Regiment Armory, Design, Exterior
The main facade of the administration building is located along Marcus Garvey Boulevard to the west. This facade contains a large round-arched, stone-faced stone sally port, 28 feet (8.5 m) in diameter. There are two turreted towers flanking the arch, each with a diameter of 28 feet. The round towers are 200 feet (61 m) tall. The south tower has an observatory, while the north tower has an additional, smaller turret, rising another 28 feet, to serve as an outlook. A terrace measuring 16 by 45 feet (4.9 by 13.7 m) in area is located directly above the sally port.


13th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior
The building contains a basement and four stories, counting a mezzanine. The basement included rifle galleries, firing rooms, squad drill rooms, large lavatories, and an engine room that provided heat and power to the entire armory. In the 1894 Harper's article, it was indicated that a swimming pool and bowling alleys were expected to be installed, but not at public expense. It includes company rooms 22 by 50 feet (6.7 by 15.2 m) feet with 14-foot-high (4.3 m) ceilings, six on each side, containing captains' and sergeants' rooms, private stairs to locker rooms in the mezzanine.


13th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior
Officers' rooms are on the second floor, described as "large and excellent." There were also council and Veteran Association rooms, 44 by 50 feet (13 by 15 m), and a gymnasium 50 by 80 feet (15 by 24 m) feet, also on the second floor. The third floor contained a mess-hall, kitchen, and lecture-room. A 1892 Harper's article described the premises as "one grand lyceum".


13th Regiment Armory, Design, Interior
The drill hall contains galleries with built-in seats on the north, south, and west sides. The roof is supported by 200-foot arch iron trusses with a skylight in the center. The drill hall could be used for sports such as baseball and track and field, as well as for gymnastics and calisthenics.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention
The 13th Extraordinary Convention of the Republican People's Party (Turkish: 13. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Olağanüstü Kurultayı) was held on 29 and 30 January 2005 in order to elect a leader for the Republican People's Party (CHP), a Turkish centre-left political party. Incumbent leader Deniz Baykal was challenged by the Mayor of Şişli, Mustafa Sarıgül for the leadership. The convention was marred by violence between supporters of the two rivals, who had accused each other of corruption and elitism during their speeches. The final result was a victory for Baykal, who won 59.4% of the delegates' votes against Sarıgül's 40.6%.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention
Issues discussed were the CHP's performance in the 2004 local elections, which was substantially below expectations and even resulted in the loss of Baykal's home province of Antalya to the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). Sarıgül claimed that Baykal had lost the support of most voters and had isolated the party from the people due to perceived elitism. Baykal in turn criticised Sarıgül due to alleged corruption charges and subsequently resulted in fights breaking out between rival party members, which was brought under control by security forces.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention
The convention was the last to feature a leadership election with more than one candidate until the 2014 extraordinary convention 9 years later.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Background
The Republican People's Party, initially founded by revolutionary leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1921, was re-established by Deniz Baykal in 1992 after the party was shut down after the 1980 military coup. Since party leaders in Turkish politics tend to wield substantial power due to the Political parties law (SPK), the convention was significant for having more than one candidate for the leadership. The convention was held at the Ahmet Taner Kışlalı stadium in Çankaya, Ankara.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Background
Baykal took the decision to hold an extraordinary convention after the party's discipline tribunal (YDK) upheld Sarıgül's CHP membership despite alleged corruption charges. The CHP central executive committee (MYK) had previously proposed Sarıgül's expulsion, but the refusal of the tribunal to do so resulted in Baykal accusing members of the tribunal of taking bribes. Baykal took the decision to hold a convention with a leadership election, a party council election and a YDK election.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates
To run for election, a candidate needs to be nominated by at least 20% of the party delegates. With 1,028 out of the 1,253 delegates taking part in the nomination process, 251 signatures were necessary in order to be eligible to run for election. The nominations were as follows.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal
Baykal claimed that Sarıgül had failed to answer the corruption allegations made against him, which according to Baykal meant that Sarıgül had accepted them. In an attack against Sarıgül, Baykal stated, "you have money. I don't know who you've organised with that money but you can never organise the CHP." He further went on to claim that if the Turkish Republic respected the rule of law, then Sarıgül was obliged to answer to the allegations and sever relations with his party.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal
He also claimed that in the event of Sarıgül not leaving the CHP, the party would take steps to remove him. In response to the aggression between rival party members, he also stated that he would continue serving as leader despite the difficult conditions, and that no-one could stop him or his supporters from speaking the truths. In another attack against Sarıgül, Baykal claimed that, "even your father, let alone you, cannot chase me away from this party, who do you think you are?"


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal
Baykal was heckled by Sarıgül's supporters, who chanted "Baykal, don't make brothers fight brothers, you are a liar!" He responded to the hecklers by claiming that he was simply doing his job and that not a single page of a report published in regard to the Şişli municipality had been published, and that a mayor who had been accused of corruption had no right to attack the party leader and should instead "sit in his place."


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal
In response to the alleged bribery of discipline tribunal members, Baykal stated that bribed had been made to the members by the Şişli municipality via Balıkesir. He claimed that Sarıgül was also an associate of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who he alleged had visited Sarıgül prior to the 2004 local elections to discuss "local issues." Baykal questioned the motives of the Prime Minister, arguing that it was unlikely that a Prime Minister would visit a mayoral candidate simply to discuss "regional issues." He also stated that there was no corruption-linked account belonging to any of his children or wife.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal
Baykal spoke out in favour of the leadership election due to the fact that it would strengthen the party. However, he also stated that he would not allow bullying or banditry in his party. His speech was regularly met with boos and the party's council president Şinasi Öktem had to regularly intervene and call for calm. When slogans such as "fascists, out!" resulted in fights breaking out, Baykal had to pause for 15 minutes before resuming his speech, while Öktem threatened to call the police.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Deniz Baykal
Baykal also criticised the intense media speculation and coverage of the convention, claiming that it was part of a plot to change the CHP's leadership and turn it into a "copy" of the AKP. He claimed that such media groups, who were allegedly biased in favour of the AKP, wanted to change the leadership not for the good of their party but instead to benefit themselves.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Mustafa Sarıgül
Initially prevented by Baykal's supporters from delivering his speech, Sarıgül was eventually allowed on stage, receiving boos from Baykal's supporters but applause from his own. In response to the allegations of corruption made by Baykal, Sarıgül responded by saying that he did not have a single judicial case opened against him and called on Baykal to consider the effects of such allegations on their children. He also recalled earlier events where Baykal was a strong supporter of Sarıgül's achievements as Mayor of Şişli.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Mustafa Sarıgül
In terms of the party's projects and policies, Sarıgül claimed that the lack of campaigning and interest in the Kurdish populated south-eastern region of Turkey was a sign that Baykal was only interested in protecting his friends and vested interests from election to election rather than trying to expand the party's electoral base. He stated that in the event of his election as party leader, he would form a shadow cabinet and travel the entire country with his shadow ministers.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Mustafa Sarıgül
Sarıgül also attacked Baykal on his electoral record, saying that he had failed to take the party into government for the last "10 to 15 years." He claimed that this was a reason for the loss of traditional centre-left support that had previously prevailed in former strongholds such as Antalya. Sarıgül also blamed the loss of the CHP's traditional ground on Baykal's "inner-party opposition." He further stated that the CHP was slowly eroding away under Baykal's leadership, and claimed that the convention would result in the expulsion of those who "had left the party below the election threshold" in reference to the party's performance in the 1999 general election.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Leadership candidates, Mustafa Sarıgül
During his speech, Baykal's supporters heckled Sarıgül by chanting the slogan, "the AKP [Justice and Development Party] is proud of you!" In response, Sarıgül said, "the AKP is proud of those who have failed to take the CHP into government!"


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Conduct
The convention was marred by violence erupting between rival supporters of Baykal and Sarıgül, most notably during the speeches of both candidates.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Conduct
A fight began after Sarıgül first arrived at the convention, with Sarıgül allegedly punching the Mayor of Bakırköy, Ateş Ünal Erzen as well as other delegates. Furthermore, an argument broke out between newly elected council President Şinasi Öktem and Şanlıurfa MP Turan Tüysüz, after which Tüysüz allegedly punched Öktem.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Conduct
The speeches of the leadership candidates were met with slogans and boos from their rivals. Deniz Baykal was forced to take a 15-minute break when party members began throwing their chairs at each other when he mentioned Sarıgül's corruption allegations. Despite Öktem attempting to restore calm on several occasions, riot police forces were eventually called in to curb the violence.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Election results, Party council election
The party council presidency was mainly contested by Şinasi Öktem, a supporter of Baykal and Şahap İnce, a supporter of Sarıgül. Öktem was eventually elected as council president.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Analysis
The substantial victory for Baykal was not necessarily a result of a better campaign in relation to that of Sarıgül. Rather, the party election rules which uses a delegate system to elect a leader heavily favours the incumbent. This is because the party leader has a large influence over who the delegates are, meaning that it is unlikely that their votes would sway in accordance to leadership campaigns due to existing vested interests.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Analysis
The election system, which only gives just over a thousand party delegates the vote, is a key issue of debate in Turkish politics in general, as it is seen as a key limitation to inner-party democracy. The lack of a leader's accountability to their own party has arguably resulted in large-scale political apathy within Turkey, since leaders have continued to remain as party leaders regardless of how disappointing their election performances have been.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Analysis
An example is former Democratic Left Party leader Bülent Ecevit, who stayed on as leader even though his party went from winning 22.2% of the vote in the 1999 general election to winning just 1.2% in the 2002 general election. Denis Baykal is another example, since he refused to resign after his party was wiped out in the 1999 general election for winning less than the 10% threshold necessary to win parliamentary representation.


13th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Aftermath
Deniz Baykal continued to lead the CHP until 2010, while Mustafa Sarıgül was eventually expelled from the party by the new members of the Supreme Discipline Tribunal by the popular vote of 15 members in March 2005, accused of inciting aggression during the convention. He founded the Turkish Change Movement (TDH), though he supported Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu after he was elected CHP leader in the 2010 ordinary convention. He was readmitted into the party ahead of the 2014 local elections during which he was the CHP's metropolitan mayoral candidate for İstanbul.


13th Reserve Division (German Empire)
The 13th Reserve Division (13. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was a reserve division of the VII Reserve Corps and was recruited primarily in the Province of Westphalia.


13th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
The 13th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat, including the capture of Maubeuge. Thereafter, the division remained in the line in the Aisne region until December 1915, when it went to the Verdun region. It entered the Battle of Verdun in February, and remained there until September. After the battle, the division remained in the line at Verdun.


13th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
It went to the Champagne region at the end of 1916, and remained there into 1917, fighting in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne, in April–May 1917. After a few months near Reims, the division returned to the Verdun region in September, remaining there until April 1918 except for a month in Army reserve. The division then went to Belgium, and was in Flanders until the war's end. Allied intelligence rated the division as mediocre in 1917, but first class in 1918.


13th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization
The order of battle of the 13th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:


13th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on July 12, 1918
The 13th Reserve Division was triangulated in March 1915. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on July 12, 1918, was as follows:


13th Rifle Corps
The 13th Rifle Corps (Russian: 13-й стрелковый корпус) was a rifle corps of the Red Army, first formed in 1922.


13th Rifle Corps
On October 12, 1922, the Corps began forming in the Turkestan Front. Alexander Todorsky became the corps commander. The corps participated in the suppression of the Basmachi movement and was disbanded in 1935.


13th Rifle Corps, 1922–1935 formation
On October 12, 1922, the Commander of the Turkestan Front issued Order No. 345 on the formation of the 13th Rifle Corps from units located in the Bukhara People's Republic and Samarkand Oblast. The headquarters was established in the city of Novaya Bukhara. The corps was led by its Revolutionary Military Council.


13th Rifle Corps, 1922–1935 formation
On October 12, 1922, the commander of the Turkestan Front issued Order No. 1436/575, in which the headquarters of the abolished Bukhara group of troops turned on the formation of Management 13th RC.


13th Rifle Corps, 1922–1935 formation
In April–May 1923, the Revolutionary Military Council in housing were subject to Bukhara of the Red Army.


13th Rifle Corps, 1922–1935 formation
Corps units were involved in the fight against Basmachis in Bukhara and Samarkand Oblasts. The Turkestan Front became the Central Asian Military District in June 1926, and the corps its assignment with the latter. Its headquarters moved to Samarkand in October 1926.


13th Rifle Corps, 1922–1935 formation
The corps headquarters was relocated to Kazan when it transferred to the Volga Military District in September 1927. Its headquarters was again shifted to Sverdlovsk in 1931 and there it briefly became part of the Ural Military District in July 1935 before being disbanded in the same month.


13th Rifle Corps, First wartime formation (1936–1941)
The corps was reformed in the Kiev Military District (КВО) in accordance with Order No. 194 of the military district of December 5, 1936, assigned to the 12th Army. Headquarters was located in the city of Belaya Tserkov.


13th Rifle Corps, First wartime formation (1936–1941)
Reformed 1936, in 12th Army, Kiev Special Military District, under General Major N.K. Kirillov, with 44th, 58th, and 192nd Mountain Rifle Divisions on 22 June 1941. The corps headquarters was disbanded in August of that year.


13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service
The corps headquarters was formed again on 13 October 1942 as part of the Transcaucasian Front, with which it spent the war.


13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service
For most of 1945, the corps included the 392nd Rifle Division and the 94th Rifle Brigade. On 1 January 1948, still with Transcaucasus Military District, comprising 10th Guards Rifle Division and 414th Rifle Division. The corps was redesignated as the 13th Mountain Rifle Corps in 1949. By 1951 it included the 10th Guards Mountain Rifle Division, and 145th Mountain Rifle Division, and was still in that configuration in 1954.


13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service
The 13th Mountain Rifle Corps was disbanded by being redesignated 31st Special Rifle Corps on 1 July 1956, and then successively 31st Special Army Corps (1 October 1957) and 31st Army Corps (9 May 1961).


13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service
In February 1962 the 145th Mountain Rifle Division was renamed the 145th Motor Rifle Division.


13th Rifle Corps, Second wartime formation (1942) and 31st Army Corps service
On 1 June 1962 the 10th Guards Mountain Rifle Division was renamed 10th Guards Motor Rifle Division.


13th Rifle Division
The 13th Rifle Division was a military formation of the Red Army from 1922 to 1945. serving in World War II. It was disbanded after being defeated in 1941 and reformed from a Leningrad people's militia division later that year.


13th Rifle Division
The division was formed 13.07.1922 in Dagestan (North Caucasus Military District) on the basis of the 1st Dagestan Rifle Brigade. It took the honorific  'Dagestan.' It took part in the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland in 1939. During the German-Soviet War it was listed as serving from June 22, 1941, to September 19, 1941.


13th Rifle Division
On 22.06.1941, it was stationed at the border area Zambrów – Snyadovo, as part of the 5th Rifle Corps, 10th Army, itself part of the Western Front. June 22, 1941, was the first fight of the division, and on June 23 it retreated toward Białystok and on 24 June took up the defence of the river Narev. June 26, 1941, division received an order to retreat to Supraselskuyu Forest, where the division was falling apart in unorganized groups.


13th Rifle Division
During late June – early July 1941 small groups from the division attempted to break through to the east, but were dispersed.


13th Rifle Division
The division was formally disbanded on Sept. 19, 1941. It was reformed later that year. During the Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive, the division helped capture Dąbrowa Górnicza on 27 January. For its actions, it was awarded the honorific "Dąbrowa".


13th Rifle Division
With 59th Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front in May 1945. The second formation disbanded during the summer of 1945 "in place" with the Central Group of Forces.


13th Robert Awards
The 13th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1996 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1995.


13th SS Police Regiment
The 13th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 13) was initially named the 13th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 13) when it was formed in 1942 by the redesignation of Police Regiment Centre (Polizei-Regiment Mitte) for security duties on the Eastern Front. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.


13th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization
The regiment was formed in July 1942 in western Russia from Police Regiment Centre. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943. The regiment was reinforced by an artillery battery in 1943–1944.


13th SS Police Regiment, Activities
The 13th SS Police Regiment participated in Operation Zauberflöte in April 1943 in Minsk, Belarus (Reichskommissariat Ostland). This was an operation intended to cordon off the city so that it could be searched for  "bandits, Bolshevik terror and saboteur troops, operatives and helpers" under the overall leadership of Gerret Korsemann, the Higher SS and Police Leader for Central Russia. It continued to operate in Belarus and western Russia on anti-partisan duties through April 1944; it had been transferred to Slovenia by August.


13th Sarasaviya Awards
The 13th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 13වැනි සරසවිය සම්මාන උලෙළ), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1984 Sinhala cinema on July 20, 1985, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. First Lady of Sri Lanka Hema Premadasa was the chief guest at the awards night.


13th Sarasaviya Awards
The film Sasara Chethana won the most awards with seven.


13th Saskatchewan Legislature
The 13th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1956. The assembly sat from February 14, 1957, to May 4, 1960. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) led by Tommy Douglas formed the government. The Liberal Party led by Alexander Hamilton McDonald formed the official opposition.


13th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1956:


13th Satellite Awards
The 13th Satellite Awards, honoring the best in film and television of 2008, were given on December 14, 2008.


13th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards
Auteur Award (for his signature scope and style of filmmaking) – Baz Luhrmann


13th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards
Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) – Louis Gossett Jr.


13th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards
Nikola Tesla Award (for his innovative make-up, prosthetics, and creature effects in films) – Rick Baker


13th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Documentary Film
Anita O'Day: The Life of a Jazz Singer (TIE)  Man on Wire (TIE)


13th Satellite Awards, New Media winners and nominees, Best Classic DVD
The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and The Godfather Part III (The Godfather Collection – The Coppola Restoration)


13th Satellite Awards, New Media winners and nominees, Outstanding Overall Blu-Ray
Sleeping Beauty (Two-Disc 50th Anniversary Platinum Edition Blu-Ray and DVD)


13th Saturn Awards
The 13th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film in 1985, were held on May 28, 1986.


13th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees
Below is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.


13th School Group
The 13th School Group was a unit of the United States Army Air Corps. It was last assigned to the 24th School Wing, and was demobilized on 30 April 1931 at March Field, California. The unit was an early United States Army Air Corps flying training group, and the first major unit assigned to March Field after its re-opening in 1927.


13th School Group, History
During World War I, March Field was a major primary pilot training base for the Air Service, with its graduates being sent to advanced training schools before being deployed to the American Expeditionary Force in France. The school was closed after the armistice in February 1919.


13th School Group, History
In July 1919, Congress authorized resumption of enlistment of flying cadets on a limited basis, and the school at March Field was re-opened which offered a combined ground school and primary flight training using surplus Curtiss JN-4 Jennies. A shortage of money and failure of the training program to become as large as planned, prompted the closing of the primary school at March Field in 1921, and March became a storage depot. In 1922 it was decided to centralize all flying training in San Antonio, Texas.


13th School Group, History
The decision by the Coolidge Administration in 1926 to expand the Air Corps found the facilities in San Antonio insufficient to accommodate the expanded  number of cadets entering primary training. As a result, March Field was re-opened as a primary pilot training school in July 1927,  and the  13th School Group was designated to perform duties as the headquarters for the new Air Corps Primary Flying School. Flight training was conducted in Consolidated PT-1 and PT-3s, which had taken over from the Curtiss Jennies. There were three school squadrons assigned, along with support squadrons.


13th School Group, History
Even before the school at March opened, it was known it was a temporary unit, as plans were ongoing to expand the facilities in San Antonio. With the opening of Randolph Field in 1931, the primary pilot training at March ended in April 1931 and March Field became the home of the new 1st Bombardment Wing.


13th School Group, History
The group was activated again in 1943, but Standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving not well adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. The 13th Technical School Group  was disbanded a year later when all units at Chanute Field were replaced by the 3502d Army Air Forces Base Unit.


13th School Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


13th Screen Actors Guild Awards
The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ceremony, honoring the best in American film and television acting achievement for the year 2006, took place on January 28, 2007 at the Los Angeles Shrine Exposition Center, in Los Angeles, California. It was the 11th consecutive year the ceremony was held at the Center. The nominees were announced on January 4, 2007 and the award ceremony was televised live on TNT and TBS. 2007 was the 10th consecutive year TNT televised the event and the second year for TBS.


13th Screen Actors Guild Awards
Babel, Dreamgirls and Little Miss Sunshine received the highest number of nominations among the film categories, with each getting three, two for acting and one for ensemble performance, however only Dreamgirls won more than one award. In the television categories The Sopranos and Broken Trail had the most nominations, with three but it was the mini-series Elizabeth I and the medical drama Grey's Anatomy which won the most awards, with two each.


13th Screen Actors Guild Awards
The Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award was presented to actress-singer Julie Andrews.


13th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam
Anne Hathaway presented a filmed tribute to the actors who died in 2006:


13th Scripps National Spelling Bee
The 13th National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. at the National Museum on May 25, 1937, and sponsored by the Louisville, Kentucky Courier-Journal. Scripps-Howard would not sponsor the Bee until 1941.


13th Scripps National Spelling Bee
Sixteen spellers participated in the competition, held in the auditorium of the National Museum. The winner was 14-year-old Waneeta Beckley of Kentucky, correctly spelling the word promiscuous. Second place went to Betty Grunstra, age 12 of New Jersey, who misspelled plebeian. Third place went to 14-year-old Angelo Mangieri from Jersey City, New Jersey, the first blind person to reach the finals.


13th Scripps National Spelling Bee
Beckley won $500, Grunstra took home $300, and Mangieri received $100.


13th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The 13th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  13th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 13th Congress.


13th Seiyu Awards
The 13th Seiyu Awards was held on March 9, 2019 at the JOQR Media Plus Hall in Minato, Tokyo. The winners of the Merit Awards, the Kei Tomiyama Award, the Kazue Takahashi Award, and the Synergy Award were announced on February 19, 2019. The rest of the winners were announced on the ceremony day. This year, there were four new award categories, which include the Foreign Movie/Series Award, the Game Award, the Influencer Award, and the Most Valuable Seiyu Award.


13th Senate of Spain
The 13th Senate of Spain was a meeting of the Senate of Spain, the upper house of the Spanish Cortes Generales, with the membership determined primarily by the results of the general election held on 28 April 2019. The Senate met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and was dissolved prematurely on 24 September 2019.


13th Senate of Spain, Election
The 13th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 28 April 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) become the largest party in the Senate for the first time since 1993, while securing its first overall majority since 1989.


13th Senate of Spain, History
The new senate met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and elected Manuel Cruz (PSOE) as President of the Senate of Spain.


13th Senate of Spain, History
Other members of the Bureau of the Senate were also elected on 21 May 2019: Cristina Narbona (PSOE), First Vice-President; Pío García-Escudero (PP), Second Vice-President; Fernando Martínez (PSOE), First Secretary; Olivia Delgado (PSOE), Second Secretary; Imanol Landa (EAJ), Third Secretary; and Rafael Hernando (PP), Fourth Secretary.


13th Senate of Spain, History
In July 2019 caretaker Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez (POSE) failed to secure the necessary votes in the Congress of Deputies to form a government after the failure of coalition talks with UP–ECP. Sánchez announced on 17 September 2019 that an election would be held on 10 November 2019, the fourth in as many years. The 13th Cortes Generales was formally dissolved on 24 September 2019.


13th Senate of Spain, Deaths, disqualifications, resignations, suspensions and regional legislature appointments
The 13th senate has seen the following deaths, disqualifications, resignations, suspensions and regional legislature appointments:


13th Separate Airborne Brigade
The 13th Separate Airborne Brigade was an airborne brigade of the Soviet and Russian Airborne Troops between 1968 and 1996.


13th Separate Airborne Brigade, History
The 13th Separate Airborne Brigade was activated in August 1968 in Magdagachi, part of the Far Eastern Military District. It was composed of the 620th, 621st and 622nd Separate Air Assault Battalions, as well as a separate artillery battalion and the 332nd Aviation Group. In July 1971, the brigade was renamed the 13th Separate Air Assault Brigade. The 332nd Aviation Group was broken up into the 394th and 398th Separate Helicopter Regiments on 1 September 1977. On the same day, the artillery battalion was disbanded and replaced by an anti-aircraft artillery battery and an artillery battery. In 1988, the brigade participated in a large exercise on Iturup. Both helicopter regiments were detached in early 1988 and were subordinated directly to the Far Eastern Military District.


13th Separate Airborne Brigade, History
On 1 June 1990, the brigade was transferred to the Soviet airborne and renamed the 13th Separate Airborne Brigade. In December 1995, it again became part of the Far Eastern Military District. It was disbanded in 1996.


13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)
The 13th Signal Regiment is a specialist signals unit of the Royal Corps of Signals of the British Army. Originally formed in 1934, the regiment had a long history of service before being disbanded in 1994 following the initial Options for Change reforms. The regiment was be reformed in June 2020 as part of 1st Signal Brigade.


13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Formation
During the World War I, the Wireless Observation Groups of the Corps of Royal Engineers proven to be successful. As a result, a Royal Corps of Signals was planned to be formed in 1917 however, its formation was delayed until 1920. The 4th Wireless Signal Company (War Office Signals) was formed in 1934 at Aldershot Garrison to provide signal intelligence activities under the command of the War Office. In 1938, the company was re-titled as No. 2 Company, General Headquarters Signals. The company later expanded its responsibility to provide secure communications for the army.


13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Formation
In September 1939, the unit was deployed to France as part of British Expeditionary Force. It was later evacuated at Dunkirk and renamed as the 1st Special Wireless Group on 18 July 1940. Following a short re-organisation, the group was deployed to the Middle East under the command of the 2nd Special Wireless Group.


13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Cold War Years
During the Cold War years, the group was based in Minden and re-titled as the 1st Special Wireless Regiment. In August 1946, the regiment moved to Peterborough Barracks  and in 1950 in Nelson Barracks in Münster. By 1953, the regiment was moved as a result of an analysis of Soviet Forces in East Germany and by 1955, a brand new set of barracks was constructed in Wassenberg-Rothenbach, near Birgelen, on the German-Dutch Border. In 1959, as a result of the 1957 Defence White Paper reforms, the regiment was further renamed as 13th (Radio) Signal Regiment.


13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, Cold War Years
In 1994, the regiment was disbanded as part of the Options for Change reforms.


13th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History, 21st Century
As a result of the Army 2020 Refine reforms the regiment was reformed on 1 June 2020 under the command of 1st (UK) Signal Brigade.


13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition
The 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition was the Soviet Antarctic Expedition that ran from 1967 to 1969.


13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition
The leader of the expedition was Aleksei Treshnikov. American scientists on the expedition researched the accessible ice-free locations on the west coast of Enderby Land.


13th Space Warning Squadron
The 13th Space Warning Squadron (13SWS) is a missile warning unit assigned to the United States Space Force and located at Clear Space Force Station 5 miles (8 km) south of Anderson, Alaska


13th Space Warning Squadron, Mission
The primary mission of the 13th SWS is to provide early warning of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) launches to the Missile Warning Center at North American Aerospace Defense Command. The secondary mission of the 13SWS is to provide space surveillance data on orbiting objects to the Space Control Center also located in the Cheyenne Mountain Complex.


13th Space Warning Squadron, History
The 13th SWS is controlled by the Missile Warning Center, part of the NORAD, and by the Space Control Center, part of United States Strategic Command. Both agencies are located at the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center in Colorado. Clear accomplishes these missions using the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) radar. Clear's radar was originally located at El Dorado Air Station, Texas as part of the PAVE PAWS program and was only recently transplanted to Alaska to replace the US' last mechanical missile warning radar site.


13th Special Operations Command
The 13th Special Operations Command "Sacred Band" (Greek: 13η Διοίκηση Ειδικών Επιχειρήσεων «ΙΕΡΟΣ ΛΟΧΟΣ», 13 ΔΕΕ) is an umbrella unit of the Hellenic Army's special operation forces.


13th Special Operations Command, History
The 13th SOC traces its descent to the 13th Infantry Regiment (13ο Σύνταγμα Πεζικού), formed in November–December 1913 as part of the enlargement and re-organization of the Hellenic Army after the Balkan Wars. Along with the 27th and 28th Infantry Regiments, it formed the 11th Infantry Division under III Army Corps, headquartered in Thessaloniki. Along with the bulk of the Army, the regiment was disbanded during the National Schism in 1916.


13th Special Operations Command, History
On 10 February 1920, the Regiment was ordered re-established, and by May it had been re-formed and joined the Xanthi Division in Western Thrace. In the second half of June 1920, the Regiment was placed at the disposal of the British command at Çanakkale, helping to secure the British occupation zone around the Dardanelles Strait. Between 1–10 July, it was shipped back to the area of Soufli. On 10 July, it crossed the Evros River as part of the Greek offensive against the Turkish army in Eastern Thrace, and advanced up to Kirk Kilisse. In April 1921, the regiment was transferred again to Asia Minor, participating in the operations of the remainder of the Asia Minor Campaign until 1922.


13th Special Operations Command, History
In the re-organization of the Army following the defeat in Asia Minor, the 13th Regiment was once again placed under 11th Infantry Division, now based at Kilkis. In 1935, it was renamed to 65th Infantry Regiment. A 13th Infantry Regiment was re-formed in Thessaloniki upon the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War on 28 October 1940. Its formation was completed by mid-November, and, once again placed under 11th Infantry Division, it participated in the Greek offensive in Albania in the Ersekë–Dobruzhe axis (21 November 1940 – 5 February 1941).


13th Special Operations Command, History
It was then placed in a defensive position at Mali Spadarit (6 February – 2 April), where it was among the units that successfully faced the Italian Spring Offensive. After that, it was withdrawn to the rear, and, with the German invasion of Greece unfolding from 6 April, was gradually moved south back into Greece, reaching Metsovo on 17 April. Following the capitulation of the Army to the Germans on 23 April, the regiment was disarmed on 24 April and began to demobilize. The remnants were moved to Larissa on 4 May, and the unit was formally disbanded on 10 May.


13th Special Operations Command, History
During the Axis occupation of Greece, the Panhellenic Liberation Organization, a Resistance group active in Macedonia, formed a "13th Guerrilla Regiment" (13ο Αντάρτικο Σύνταγμα) near Kilkis, based on the unit's traditional association with the area.


13th Special Operations Command, History
The 13th Regiment was not re-formed after World War II. On 22 May 1988, the 13th Amphibious Raider Regiment (13ο Σύνταγμα Αμφιβίων Καταδρομών, 13 ΣΑΚ) was formed, assuming the overall command of the various hitherto independent amphibious raider units, i.e. the I Amphibious Raider Squadron (Α’ Μοίρα Αμφιβίων Καταδρομών, Α’ ΜΑΚ) at Rhodes, the III Amphibious Raider Squadron (Γ’ Μοίρα Αμφιβίων Καταδρομών, Γ’ ΜΑΚ) at Chios, and the various Special National Guard Detachments (ΕΤΕΘ) on other Aegean islands. Following the Imia crisis of 1996, the newly formed elite VII Amphibious Raider Squadron (Ζ’ Μοίρα Αμφιβίων Καταδρομών, Ζ’ ΜΑΚ) was added to the Regiment, and in 1998 the Army's oldest fully professional and most elite formation, the Special Paratroopers Detachment (Ειδικό Τμήμα Αλεξιπτωτιστών, ΕΤΑ), came under its command.


13th Special Operations Command, History
In 2001, the 13th Amphibious Raider Regiment was re-organized, being expanded into the brigade-level 13th Special Operations Command and receiving the honorary title "Sacred Band" after the World War II-era Greek special forces unit. In 2002, the 13th Signals Company and the 13th Engineering Company were added as specialized support units. The unit forms part of the 1st Infantry Division, which groups together the Army's special and rapid reaction forces. From September 2005 until the Corps' disbandment in 2013, the unit was additionally placed under the supervision of the II Army Corps.


13th Special Operations Command, Structure, VII Amphibious Raider Squadron
Members of the VII Amphibious Raider Squadron are all professional NCOs and officers. They are the command's contribution to the Defence Ministry's Inter-Service Operational Rapid Response Command (Διακλαδικό Επιχειρησιακό Στρατηγείο Άμεσης Αντίδρασης, ΔΕΣΑΑ), along with the Hellenic Navy's Underwater Demolition Command, and the Hellenic Air Force's 31st Special Operations Squadron. The formation is also known as "Force Delta" (Δύναμη Δέλτα).


13th Sri Lankan Television State Awards
The 13th Television State Awards festival (Sinhala: 13 වැනි රූපවාහිනී රාජ්‍ය සම්මාන උලෙළ), was held to honor the television programs of 2015 Sinhala television on November 21, 2016, at the Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. The event was organized by the State Television Advisory Council, Arts Council of Sri Lanka, Department of Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Housing and Cultural Affairs. Somaweera Senanayake and Iranganie Serasinghe were attended as the Chief Guests.


13th Sri Lankan Television State Awards
At the award ceremony, 76 artists who excelled in forty different disciplines in the field of teledrama were awarded. Prominent dramatist Lucien Bulathsinhala received the Lifetime Achievement Award. Meanwhile, Somasiri Ilangasinghe, Giwantha Arthasad, G.N. Gunawardena, T. Sri Skandha Raja and Dharmadasa Paranagamayana were honored for their contribution to the advancement of the art of tele-drama.


13th Star
13th Star is an album by Fish. Released as a limited edition via mail-order in September 2007 and to retail in February 2008, it is his ninth solo studio album since he left Marillion in 1988 and the first since Field of Crows (2004). Released on Fish's own imprint Chocolate Frog Records, retail distribution is handled by Snapper Music.


13th Star, Music and lyrics
Steve Vantsis, who was Fish's permanent bassist from the Sunsets on Empire tour (1997) until 2008, was the main writing partner on this album (a role previously held by, among others, Mickey Simmonds, Steven Wilson, John Wesley and Bruce Watson). It features a rougher, more guitar-based and slightly industrial sound on a number of tracks and is therefore perceived as a departure by many fans. However, Fish had explored similar ideas as early as on Sunsets on Empire and Raingods with Zippos (1999). Also, a number of tracks have classic Fish hallmarks, significantly enhanced by the presence of his longtime companion Frank Usher on guitars.


13th Star, Music and lyrics
Most lyrics deal with, or are at least implicitly in reference to, Fish's failed relationship with Mostly Autumn singer Heather Findlay who left him in 2007, cancelling their scheduled wedding. The title 13th Star originally referred to her as being the 13th female significant other in Fish's life, but ended up as a metaphor for an (unknown) future relationship. The original title of the song "Zoë 25" was "Micklegate", after the place where Fish had proposed to Heather. The title also refers to the album as the 13th studio album of his career (four with Marillion and nine solo).


13th Star, Musicians
Steve Vantsis, previously strictly the bassist, emerges as the dominant musician on the album. Apart from most of the songwriting, he is also responsible for electric and acoustic guitars and keyboards. The main guitarist is once again Frank Usher, who also co-wrote one song ("Openwater"). Keyboards are handled by Foss Paterson, returning into the line-up for the first time since 1997 (except for a brief one-off stint on the 2000 tour of Bosnia). He also co-wrote the only other non-Vantsis song on the album, the piano ballad "Miles de Besos".


13th Star, Musicians
Further guitar credits go to Chris Johnson (of The Evernauts and Mostly Autumn), who is also the second guitarist on the tour. Another Mostly Autumn connection is former Karnataka drummer Gavin Griffiths, who played with them for most of 2007. Dave Haswell, who had already contributed to Fish's previous three studio albums, plays additional percussion. Female backing vocals are by Lorna Bannon, who had appeared on Songs from the Mirror, Suits and Sunsets on Empire.


13th Star, Musicians
The album was produced by Calum Malcolm, who had mixed and/or (re)mastered several Fish albums before.


13th Star, Cover art
The cover was designed by Fish's long-time collaborator, artist Mark Wilkinson. Although Wilkinson had designed all official album releases by Fish (with the exception of Songs from The Mirror), the more recent ones had largely been computer-aided ones, while the cover of the previous album Field of Crows emulated Vincent van Gogh's style.


13th Star, Cover art
By contrast, the artwork for 13th Star, spreading across three sides a fold-out digipak and the booklet, marked a return to Wilkinson's hallmark airbrush style that had been a characteristic feature of the Fish-era Marillion gatefold covers as well as Fish's first solo album Vigil in a Wilderness of Mirrors (1989). A vinyl  version of the album was released in a gatefold cover whose large format is better suited to the scope of Wilkinson's painting. The image of the "Dark Angel" navigating his boat from the booklet's front cover illustrates the style and atmosphere of the artwork for this album.


13th Star, Singles
The track "Arc of the Curve" is released as a single on 3 March 2008. The CD version contains only two tracks (the album version and an edited version of the title track), however, a download version including three live tracks is available from iTunes. On 6 October 2008, "Zoe 25" was released as the second single along with two live tracks (download and CD version).


13th Star, Tour
Fish first presented the album on the European Clutching at Stars tour which began in the summer of 2007. In addition to focusing on the 13th Star material, the tour celebrated the 20th anniversary of Clutching at Straws (Fish's last album with Marillion), and so most of the set list was drawn from these two releases. This tour covered the spring and summer of 2008, with Fish giving a meet-and-greet for some fans before each show.


13th State Affairs Commission
The 13th State Affairs Commission (SAC) of North Korea was elected by the 4th Session of the 13th Supreme People's Assembly on 29 June 2016. It was replaced on 11 April 2019 by the 14th SAC.


13th Strategic Missile Division
The 13th Strategic Missile Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Fifteenth Air Force, based at Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. It was inactivated on 2 July 1966.


13th Strategic Missile Division
Initially formed in 1940 as an air defense formation in the Caribbean, it later commanded Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress groups of Eighth Air Force in the United Kingdom. Its units carried out strategic bombardment missions over Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany. During the Cold War, the division controlling early ICBM wings of Strategic Air Command in the Midwest.


13th Strategic Missile Division, History
The unit was initially organized at Langley Field, Virginia, as the 13th Composite Wing in October 1940. It was assigned to the new Caribbean Air Force as a command organization for units in the Caribbean.


13th Strategic Missile Division, History
Assigned to Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico, its mission was to provide an air strike force for the defense of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. During the period 1940 to 1942, the wing controlled 21 Douglas B-18 Bolo medium bombers and 92 assorted fighters in about a dozen groups and squadrons. On 17 April 1942, the wing was inactivated, and its mission was taken over by the VI Interceptor Command, Antilles Air Task Force.


13th Strategic Missile Division, History
The organization was reactivated as the 13th Bombardment Wing in October 1942 at MacDill Field, Florida under Third Air Force. It was one of three bombardment wing headquarters (12th, 13th, 14th) which were formed at MacDill for deployment to Eighth Air Force in England. The 13th deployed in June 1943. There, it controlled the 95th, 100th and 390th Bombardment Groups under the 3d Bombardment Division, flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses. Controlling the combat operations of the groups, it carried out strategic bombing of enemy aircraft, petroleum, and ball bearing industries as well as German airfields.


13th Strategic Missile Division, History
Later, organizational units took part in the famous raid against the ball bearing industry at Schweinfurt in October 1943 and followed with missions against shipyards and shipbuilding installations at Wilhelmshaven and Bremen. With the end of the war in Europe, it returned to the United States and was inactivated on 17 October 1945.


13th Strategic Missile Division, History
The wing was redesignated as the 13th Air Division and then activated under Strategic Air Command (SAC) in July 1959. The 13th was one of SAC's first strategic missile command organizations, initially being assigned the 703d and 706th Strategic Missile Wings at Lowry AFB, Colorado with the new SM-68 Titan I ICBM. However, these wings never became operational; instead the division became an SM-65 Atlas organization, controlling the 389th and 451st Strategic Missile Wings. In 1963, it assumed command of the 90th Strategic Missile Wing with the new LGM-30A Minuteman I.


13th Strategic Missile Division, History
In 1965, the first-generation Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile was taken off alert and its subordinate wings were inactivated. It was briefly assigned some KC-135A Tankers and EC-135 electronic intelligence aircraft after the 98th Bombardment Wing was inactivated at Lincoln Air Force Base, Nebraska afterwards, however the 13th Strategic Missile Division was itself inactivated in July 1966, its mission being taken over by the 821st Strategic Aerospace Division in a SAC reorganization.


13th Strategic Missile Division, History, Heraldry
Light blue, issuant from base a sphere light green with land areas vert, grid lined azure, the sinister quarter of the last with grid lines of the field, above the sphere in chief an olive branch arched fesswise or, overall an aircraft and a missile bendwise each trailing speedlines of the like and all within a diminished border of the last.


13th Strategic Missile Division, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


13th Street (Australian TV channel)
13th Street was an Australian television channel which specialised in airing action and suspense programmes. The channel was owned by NBC Universal and was launched on 15 November 2009 as part of Foxtel's Next Generation launch. It launched on Fetch TV in 2017 as part of Fetch TV's channel pack revamp.


13th Street (Australian TV channel)
13th Street in Australia is owned by the same company that operates 13th Street in other countries. It is the first 13th Street in the world to use the brand new logo that was launched by Universal Networks International in October 2009 at MIPCOM


13th Street (Australian TV channel)
On 3 November 2014, 13th Street launched a HD simulcast on Foxtel. In addition, it moved from channel 113 to channel 118 and 13th Street + 2 moved from channel 163 to channel 160. It launched on channel 110 on the IPTV service Fetch TV in 2017. It ceased broadcasting on 31 December 2019, alongside sister channel Syfy. It was replaced by Fox Sleuth.


13th Street (Australian TV channel), Programming.
Programming on 13th Street was a mix of Australian, British, American and Canadian murder mysteries and crime dramas. The channel featured television series, mini-series and movies. Some of its programming was moved from sister channel Universal Channel when 13th Street launched (largely murder mystery style programs), however a larger range of premieres launched on 13th Street .


13th Street (Australian TV channel), Ratings
Since its launch, 13th Street has dramatically increased its ratings to become one of the most watched subscription channels in Australia. Shortly after its November 2009 launch, it received a 0.6% share in the week beginning 29 November. By the end of December, ratings tripled to a 1.8% share.


13th Street (German TV channel)
13th Street is a German pay television channel operated by Universal Networks International. The channel is devoted to the genres thriller & crime and shows series, feature films as well as short films.


13th Street (German TV channel)
13th Street is also promotes young directors. The station awards the short film prize Shocking Shorts Award every year as part of the Munich Film Festival (Filmfest München) and has co-financed nearly 40 short films.


13th Street (German TV channel), History
As part of repositioning of NBC/Universal channels, 13th Street was renamed 13th Street Universal on 14 March 2011.


13th Street (German TV channel), Distribution
13th Street is available in Germany, Austria and Switzerland via the pay-TV package Sky as well as in Germany via the digital program offerings of cable operators Kabel Deutschland, Unitymedia, Tele Columbus and Primacom as well as the digital package of the Kabelkiosk. In addition, 13th Street can be received via the IPTV offer Telekom Entertain and Vodafone. In Switzerland, the channel can be received via the cable network operator UPC Switzerland, with numerous smaller cable network operators as well as via the program platform Teleclub, in Austria via UPC Austria and A1 TV.


13th Street (German TV channel), Distribution
Since 19 July 2011, the station broadcasts in HD standard at Kabel Deutschland, Unitymedia was unveiled on 15 March 2012. Since 17 January 2013, the HD version can be received via the Sky Deutschland platform.


13th Street (Omaha)
13th Street is a two-way street that runs south-north in Omaha, Nebraska. Historically significant areas along the street include Squatter's Row, Little Italy, Little Bohemia, and Mount Vernon Gardens.


13th Street (Omaha), History
13th Street was the original arterial from Nebraska City into Omaha used by pioneers, who generally stocked up in the city and then went westbound towards the prairies and the Great Platte River Road. The street was later used to run electric streetcar service from Omaha to South Omaha.


13th Street (Omaha), Neighborhoods
Along with Squatter's Row, Little Bohemia, and Little Italy, there are several other neighborhoods along the route of 13th Street, including the Old Market, Spring Lake, and Deer Park. Communities include East Omaha, Downtown Omaha, South Omaha, and Bellevue.


13th Street (Omaha), Neighborhoods
The street goes by the site of the former Douglas House and the original Woodmen of the World Building, and historic buildings such as the Omaha Bolt, Nut and Screw Building, the G.C. Moses Block, Bohemian Cafe, Prague Hotel, Sokol Auditorium, Gallagher Building, and Stabrie Grocery. The Gene Leahy Mall is also along the street. Father Flanagan's first boys home was located along South 13th Street at the Old German Civic Center. Rosenblatt Stadium, the old Rosewater School, and Mt. Vernon Gardens. The city's original Market House, built in the 1870s, was located on 13th Street and Capitol Avenue.


13th Street (Omaha), Connections
Beginning at the Missouri River in East Omaha and moving south, North 13th Street intersects with Locust Street to enter Carter Lake, Iowa. Moving through downtown, the first major connection is with Interstate 480. It then crosses Dodge Street, the major east-west low-density arterial in Omaha. The next major connection is connecting with Interstate 80, both east and west-bound connections. After intersecting with Deer Park Boulevard, the street crosses U.S. Route 275. After momentarily becoming Fort Crook Road, the street continues south into Bellevue and terminates in rural Sarpy County.


13th Street (TV channel)
13th Street (France: 13ème Rue, Spain: Calle 13 and Poland: 13 Ulica) is a television channel specializing in action, suspense and police procedural programs and movies. It is owned by NBCUniversal and was launched in France on 13 November 1997, later followed by Germany on 1 May 1998, Spain in 1999 and the Netherlands on 30 May 2007.


13th Street (TV channel)
13th Street was added to the Foxtel platform in Australia on 15 November 2009 and a new timeshift channel 13th Street+2 was added in 2010. In that same year, on 13 September, the channel was launched in Poland.


13th Street (TV channel)
The channel changed its logo and name into 13th Street Universal on 13 October 2010. However, in March 2017 the channel got rebranded and dropped the  Universal suffix.


13th Street (TV channel)
13th Street officially closed in the Netherlands and Flanders on 1 July 2016.


13th Street (TV channel)
13th Street in Australia closed on 31 December 2019; it was replaced by Fox Sleuth on Foxtel.


13th Street Repertory Theatre
The Thirteenth Street Repertory Theatre (13th St Rep) is an Off-Off Broadway theater in New York City founded in 1972 by Edith O'Hara. It is home to the longest running play in Off-Off Broadway history, Israel Horovitz's Line which began its run at the 65-seat venue in 1974.


13th Street Repertory Theatre
The theater is presently under the leadership of Artistic Director Joe John Battista, who mounts premiere productions, experimental plays, and revivals. 13th Street Rep ran its first contracted Off Broadway show in July 2018, the acclaimed BAHR production of Jerry Small's Before We're Gone, directed by Battista. Other recent productions include a revival of Tom Eyen's Women Behind Bars directed by Joe John Battista and featuring in the ensemble Amy Stiller as Gloria.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
The theatre is in the basement level of a townhouse located at 50 West 13th Street, parts of which date back to the late 1700s. There exists a trap door in what was formerly a carriage house, now the theater's backstage dressing room, that leads down to a cellar dating back to the Pre-Civil War Era. That cellar was a Greenwich Village way station on the Underground Railroad.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
In the 1940s, 50 West 13th Street was a popular ceramics studio and hub for artists.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
From the early 1960s, the building's basement level became a performance space called The 13th Street Theatre, one of many small Off-Off Broadway venues that were springing up in the early years of the Off-Off Broadway Movement. The Drunkard, the first musical by then 19-year old composer Barry Manilow, performed at the space on weekends from 1964–1970, promising its audiences "free beer or root beer" during its two shows a night.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
In 1972, Edith O'Hara, a theater maker, former newspaper reporter, and schoolteacher from Idaho, founded the 13th Street Repertory Theatre at 50 West 13th Street as a place for actors, directors, playwrights, and designers to develop and create theater arts in a supportive environment. Her earliest production in New York was Kenn Long and Jim Crozier's musical Touch, whose score went on to earn a Grammy nomination. She championed one of the first productions on the subject of same sex marriage, Bill Solly and Donald Ward's Boy Meets Boy, which afterwards became a hit and moved to a commercial run.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
In 1974, she presented Israel Horovitz's expressionistic comedy Line, which famously went on to become the longest running play in Off-Off Broadway history. Its final performances were directed by Jay Michaels and co-produced by Mary Elizabeth Micari, using the show's original production scheme. Performer and TV personality Brother Theodore performed his "stand up tragedy" act there on and off for over twenty years.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
In addition to the presentation of new theater works, O'Hara has stressed the importance of entertaining young audiences and educating young artists. She spearheaded a program for young people called Mama Hare's Tree, which continues today as the Kid City Theater after school musical program, presently run by Wendy Tonken. For Edith O'Hara's leadership and artistic contribution she has received citations from President Barack Obama, Governor Andrew Cuomo, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
O’Hara, who in 2016 celebrated her one hundredth birthday, has two daughters, Jill O’Hara and Jenny O'Hara who are Broadway and film actors. Her son is singer/songwriter Jack O'Hara, a founding member of the country rock band Eggs Over Easy.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
Tennessee Williams, while giving a talkback after a revival performance of his play Outcry at 13th Street Rep, sat on the edge of its platform and proclaimed that the future of New York Theater is to be found on the small stage.


13th Street Repertory Theatre, History
Current Artistic Director Joe John Battista leads 13th Street Rep in the spirit of the Off-Off Broadway Movement, making it an artistic home where new and classic works may be incubated and presented in artistic freedom, with innovation, and experimentation.


13th Street station (DC Streetcar)
13th Street is a streetcar station across from the intersection of  H Street NE and 13th Street NE. It is on the H Street/Benning Road Line of the DC Streetcar system.


13th Street station (DC Streetcar), History
13th Street station opened to the public as one of the original stations on February 27, 2016.


13th Street station (DC Streetcar), Station layout
The station consists of two side platforms on either side of H Street.


13th Street station (SEPTA)
13th Street station is a SEPTA subway station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, located under Market Street between 13th and Juniper Streets in Center City. The station serves the Market–Frankford Line and as the eastern terminal station for all five routes of the subway–surface trolley lines.


13th Street station (SEPTA)
13th Street is located on the east side of City Hall and Penn Square and is connected to the Downtown Link concourse, a collection of underground passageways serving multiple stations on the Market–Frankford Line, Broad Street Line, PATCO Speedline, and Regional Rail lines. The station is also served by bus routes operated by SEPTA's City Transit Division and Suburban Division, as well as NJ Transit Bus routes.


13th Street station (SEPTA)
The subway–surface platform was known as Juniper Street until 2011. The station is signed as 13th/Juniper Streets on historical system maps.


13th Street station (SEPTA), History
The station opened August 3, 1908 as part of the first extension of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company's Market Street subway. The line had originally opened a year earlier between 69th Street and 15th Street stations.


13th Street station (SEPTA), History
The Downtown Link and associated underground corridors surrounding the station are expected to undergo a two-year renovation project in conjunction with renovations to the Broad Street Line's City Hall station.


13th Street station (SEPTA), Market–Frankford Line platforms
The Market–Frankford Line platforms are located one floor below ground level, connected to the Downtown Link concourse. The south concourse, accessible from the eastbound platform, features direct underground access to SEPTA's headquarters and transit museum, located at 1234 Market Street. Market–Frankford trains continue west via Market Street across the Schuylkill River to serve West Philadelphia and Upper Darby, and continue east along Market until Front Street, turning north towards Northeast Philadelphia.


13th Street station (SEPTA), Subway–surface trolley platform
The subway–surface trolley platform for Routes 10, 11, 13, 34, and 36 is located two stories below ground level, and is accessible only by escalator or stairway from the Market–Frankford platforms. The station is located at the end of the subway–surface line on a balloon loop parallel to Juniper Street, and features a single track with all trolleys operating in the same direction.


13th Street station (SEPTA), Subway–surface trolley platform
Inbound trolleys discharge passengers on the southernmost portion of the platform. The trolleys then proceed to pick up passengers at either Berth 1 or Berth 2. Routes 10, 11 and 13 board at Berth 1, which is located on the northernmost portion of the platform. Routes 34 and 36 board at Berth 2, which is in the center of the platform. Upon departure of the station, the track wraps around and heads west towards 15th Street station. It also features a short spur track to the northeast that was formerly used to park occasional stranded or dead trolleys. The track was recently disconnected from the main line due to unsuccessful attempts to tie it into the trolleys' communications-based train control signaling system.


13th Street station (SEPTA), Station layout
The stations has two high-level side platforms for the Market–Frankford trains and one low-level side platform for subway–surface trolleys. Fare control and Downtown Link concourse access are both on the upper platform level.


13th Street station (SEPTA), Image gallery
Headhouse and bus stop on the northeast corner of 13th & Market streets


13th Street station (Sacramento)
13th Street is a side platformed Sacramento RT Light Rail station in Downtown Sacramento, California, United States. The station was opened on March 12, 1987, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by all three RT light rail lines:  Gold, Blue and Green, with the latter serving as the southern terminus. The station is located at 13th Street between Q and R Streets, and Regional Transit's Customer Service and Sales center is located just to the south of the station. A small rail yard named the "R Street Yard" is located to the west of the station. 13th Street station was the temporary terminal from March 12, 1987 to September 5, 1987 when it was extended to Butterfield.


13th Street station (Tri-Rail)
13th Street is a proposed Tri-Rail Coastal Link Green Line station in Riviera Beach, Florida. The station is planned for construction at 13th Street and President Barack Obama Highway (formerly Old Dixie Highway), just west of Broadway (US 1).


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
The 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)—the "Lucky 13th"—is a U.S. Army modular sustainment command which serves as a forward presence for expeditionary operations for a theater, or in support of a regional combatant commander. Expeditionary sustainment commands (ESC), such as the 13th, synchronize distribution of supplies and services within their operational areas and provides distribution oversight. Formed at Fort Hood, Texas when the 1st Logistics Command deployed to Vietnam, the organization then known as the 13th Support Brigade was initially responsible for the training of technical services units to assume combat service support missions in Southeast Asia.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
As the Army redefined the missions of its logistics forces in response to building towards a 16-division Army, it was designated a corps support command (COSCOM). In 1992 the 13th COSCOM deployed to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope where for the first time a COSCOM was given the mission to provide theater-level support in a major U.S. operation. The 13th ESC has deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait, and served as the logistics command for hurricane relief efforts in support of the American people after hurricanes Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita devastated the Gulf Coast.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Organization
The 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) was constituted on 11 August 1965 in the Regular Army, and activated 24 September 1965 at Fort Hood, Texas as the 13th Support Brigade. The 13th Support Brigade was formed as the nation's involvement in Vietnam increased, and was tasked with the training of technical services units to assume combat service support missions in Southeast Asia. With reorganization from the "technical service" concept to the "combat service to the Army" concept, functional training of units was decentralized in the Continental Army Command to post, camp and station level.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Organization
The command continued to evolve due to increased missions and changing roles. Along with similar units, it was redesignated as 13th Corps Support Command (COSCOM) on 21 June 1975, and then the 13th Support Command (Corps) on 16 October 1980. As part of Army Transformation, it was reflagged to its current configuration as the 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) during a formal ceremony on 23 February 2006.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 13th Support Brigade on 25 August 1966. It was redesignated for the 13th Corps Support Command and amended to revise the symbolism effective 21 June 1975. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Support Command on 17 October 1980. It was redesignated for the 13th Corps Support Command on 10 August 1989. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Sustainment Command on 7 March 2006.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Insignia, Description/Blazon
A gold color metal and enamel insignia 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height overall consisting of a blue star of thirteen points, one point up, bearing a gold saltire between three smaller gold saltires, all above a gold scroll, the middle section surmounting the star, inscribed "SERVICE TO THE SOLDIER" in red letters.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Insignia, Symbolism
The star of thirteen points refers to the unit's numerical designation. The central saltire stands for the command and the three smaller saltires for the Corps which it supports. The colors gold (for buff), red and blue are used in the flags of combat service support units. They refer to the supply and service, maintenance, transportation and other support functions of the command.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Patch)
The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 13th Support Brigade on 11 August 1966. It was redesignated for the 13th Corps Support Command and amended to revise the symbolism effective 21 June 1975. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Support Command on 17 October 1980. It was redesignated for the 13th Corps Support Command on 10 August 1989. The insignia was redesignated for the 13th Sustainment Command on 7 March 2006.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Patch), Description/Blazon
On a yellow octagon with a 1/8 inch (.32 cm) blue border 2 1/2 inches (6.35 cm) in height overall, a scarlet saltire throughout surmounted by a blue star of thirteen points fimbriated in yellow.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Patch), Symbolism
The octagon reinforced by the saltire refers to the unit's mission of supporting the combat, combat support and combat service support organizations of the Corps. The star symbolizes the many far reaching missions of the command, and having thirteen points, the star also alludes to its numerical designation. The octagon is a symbol of regeneration; it alludes to the combat service support functions of the unit as consistently renewing the strength and vigor of the Corps.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (Patch), Symbolism
Yellow (substituted for Quartermaster buff) alludes to the supply and service functions of the command. Scarlet (substituted for Ordnance crimson and Transportation brick red) alludes to the maintenance and transportation functions of the command. The blue represents other support rendered by the command. This combination identifies the colors which are used in the flags of combat service support organizations.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Earthquake Relief, Managua, Nicaragua
Soldiers of the 13th ESC first deployed as the 13th Support Brigade in response to the Managua earthquake, where its soldiers served at Camp Christine, Managua, Nicaragua, assisting in disaster relief from 23 December 1972 to 19 January 1973. Units of the 13th deployed in Nicaragua included:


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Desert Storm
Though the headquarters did not deploy to Desert Shield and Desert Storm, units from the 13th COSCOM began to deploy in the fall of 1990 to Saudi Arabia to provide combat support and combat service support during the Gulf War. During Operation Desert Calm and Operation Provide Comfort, soldiers of the 13th ESC deployed to the Persian Gulf area. In 1992, 13th COSCOM soldiers deployed to Cuba to aid Haitian refugees during Operation Safe Harbor, and later assisted victims of Hurricane Andrew in Florida. 13th ESC soldiers led the way as III Corps units deployed to Kuwait to train and ensure the peace in support of Operation Intrinsic Action.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Restore Hope
In 1992, the U.S. Central Command established Unified Task Force Somalia (UNITAF) in light of the worsening situation in Somalia and 13th COSCOM was called to duty. 13th COSCOM Commander Brig. Gen. Billy K. Solomon deployed along with a portion of the 13th COSCOM headquarters to Mogadishu to serve as the nucleus of Joint Task Force Support Command, the first time where a COSCOM was given the mission to provide theater-level support. Soldiers of the Lucky 13th returned in May 1993.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Humanitarian aid and peacekeeping
From October through December 1994, 13th COSCOM soldiers provided multifunctional logistical support to Army forces supporting Operation Vigilant Warrior in Kuwait. Units of the 13th COSCOM conducted humanitarian and/or peacekeeping missions in Cuba as part of Operation Sea Signal V, Haiti Operation Uphold Democracy, Honduras JTF-B, Operation Strong Support, and were a part of Stabilization Force (SFOR) 6 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 13th COSCOM also deployed their engineers to Thule, Greenland, for additional support missions.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Humanitarian aid and peacekeeping
Soldiers from the command have assisted in removing snow in Massachusetts, aiding flood victims in Louisiana, processing refugees in Arkansas, fighting forest fires in Montana, assisting earthquake victims in Mexico or helping flood victims in Curio, Texas.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Humanitarian aid and peacekeeping
Following the attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon, elements of the 13th COSCOM supported Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom
Operation Iraqi Freedom again saw 13th COSCOM units deployed, including 64th Corps Support Group, directly supporting the 4th Infantry Division. Elements of the 49th Movement Control Battalion have been continuously deployed in the region since 1997 and remain a critical node supporting all U.S. and coalition forces.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom
13th COSCOM first deployed a medical evacuation headquarters and an air evacuation company on 12 February 2003, to Kuwait. Those units were to reposition forces as required to support the president's global war on terrorism. Eventually, the 13th COSCOM deployed both of its local Brigades in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom while the headquarters and separate units supported the families at Fort Hood, Texas.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom
In August 2003 deployment notification came for the soldiers of the 13th COSCOM headquarters to participate in the ongoing operations in Iraq. In preparation for its first major deployment since Somalia, the 13th COSCOM colors were cased in a deployment and retreat ceremony held on the afternoon of 18 December 2004, at Sadowski Field on Fort Hood.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF II
CAMPAIGN: TRANSITION OF IRAQ - 2 May 2003 TO 28 June 2004CAMPAIGN: IRAQI GOVERNANCE - 29 June 2004 TO 15 December 2005


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF II
On 31 January 2004, the 13th COSCOM completed a transfer of authority with the 3rd Corps Support Command (COSCOM) at Logistics Support Area (LSA) Anaconda in Balad, Iraq, and assumed responsibility to provide logistics support to Combined Joint Task Force 7 in Iraq, later redesignated as the Multi-National Corps Iraq (MNC-I).


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF II
Major units serving with the 13th COSCOM for OIF II were:


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF II
On 12 December 2004, the 13th COSCOM transferred authority to the 1st Corps Support Command. During its time at LSA Anaconda, the 13th COSCOM processed 2,000 tons of mail; averaged over 200 convoys a day for a total of 62,000 convoys involving 750,000 vehicles; and was responsible for quality of life improvements for the joint forces. The 13th COSCOM uncased its colors, signifying its return home and the end of its mission, at Fort Hood, Texas, on 21 January 2005.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 06-08
CAMPAIGN: NATIONAL RESOLUTION - 16 December 2005 to 9 January 2007CAMPAIGN: IRAQI SURGE – 10 January 2007 to 31 December 2008


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 06-08
The 13th, under its new designation as a sustainment command (expeditionary) deployed once again to Logistics Support Area Anaconda in August, 2006. The command provided logistics oversight for the entire Iraq theater, and assumed command and control of seven subordinate brigades, which included:


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 06-08
During OIF 06-08, the 13th ESC provided key logistical support to the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and facilitated the movement and training of the additional 20,000 troops through Camp Buehring, Kuwait. The 13th ESC redeployed to Fort Hood in August, 2007, and quickly started training and preparations for their deployment in support of OIF 09-11.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11
CAMPAIGN: IRAQI SOVEREIGNTY – 1 January 2009 to 31 August 2010


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11
The command headquarters again deployed to the former LSA Anaconda, now under Air Force control under the redesignation of Joint Base Balad on 17 July 2009, and assumed the mission for theater logistics on 7 August. The 13th ESC was faced with the largest movement of American forces and military equipment in more than 40 years to facilitate a responsible withdrawal from the Iraq theater of operation. Over the course of a year-long deployment, the 13th ESC brought more than $1 billion worth of equipment back into the U.S. Army supply system.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11
During an average day for the 13th ESC in OIF 09-11, they issued 96,000 cases of bottled water, 1.6 million US gallons (6,100 m3) of fuel, and delivered 137 tons of mail.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11
Some of the major accomplishments of the 13th ESC during OIF 09-11 included: signing a $31 million contract with a local Iraqi company to conduct container repair, opening the first Iraqi bank on Joint Base Balad, partnering with the Iraqi transportation network to get American trucks off the road, and Operation Clean Sweep, a comprehensive effort to reduce excess throughout the entire area of operation.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF 09-11
Six soldiers in the command were killed in OIF 09-11: PFC Taylor Marks, SGT Earl Werner, SPC Paul Andersen, SPC Joseph Gallegos, SGT William Spencer and MAJ Ronald Culver.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Hurricane Katrina
Deep in the process of deploying and redeploying 13th COSCOM units, key elements of 13th COSCOM supported Joint Task Force Katrina/Rita hurricane relief efforts in the summer of 2005. 13th COSCOM provided 100 million rations, collected human remains with dignity, executed emergency engineering operations, transported, distributed and stored over one billion dollars in humanitarian relief from both non-governmental and federal sources from across the nation.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Hurricane Katrina
Numbering nearly 1,000 soldiers at the height of operations, the command and staff of the 13th COSCOM formed Logistics Task Force Lonestar, composed of several different units from the support command. Soldiers representing transportation companies, medical and engineer units, maintenance groups and others worked to bring stability back to the storm-ravaged city of New Orleans and, after Hurricane Rita came ashore, close to Lake Charles, La.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Hurricane Katrina
With a humanitarian support mission for the people of New Orleans, the task force performed logistical missions from purifying water to providing engineer support to help clean up the streets in support of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and Joint Task Force Katrina. Working in sometimes difficult conditions, the task force was able to accomplish many tasks during their deployment including offering remedies to supply flow issues and establishing a donation distribution warehouse.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Enduring Freedom
In December 2011, the 13th ESC command group and portions of the headquarters company deployed to Afghanistan as augmentees to the NATO Training Mission - Afghanistan. Upon arrival, deployed members of the unit integrated into the Deputy Command of Support Operations and served both in the headquarters of the directorate at Camp Eggers in Kabul, as well as in all five regional support commands across the country, conducting logistics training and mentoring of Afghan partners. On 4 February 2012, BG Terence Hildner, Commander 13th ESC died of natural causes in Afghanistan.


13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Kuwait
In December 2014, the 13th ESC headquarters deployed to Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, to assume the role as the Operational Command Post for the 1st Theater Sustainment Command, with the mission to provide Theater Sustainment Mission Command to Army, Joint, and Multinational Forces in the USCENTCOM Area of Responsibility, enabling Unified Land Operations and Theater Security Cooperation.