13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade
The third story of each house has three windows that are centered to their respective facades. The third-story windows are flanked by vermiculated blocks and topped by lintels with elaborate scrolled keystones. Below the fourth floor is a stone string course that doubles as the sill for the fourth-story windows. There are also three windows on the fourth story of each house, as well as a carved plaque at the center of the facade between numbers 15 and 13. The windows and plaque are flanked by Ionic pilasters with pedestals at the bottom and volutes at the top. An additional pilaster, pedestal, and volute are at either extreme end of the shared facade. Above the fourth floor is a denticulated cornice. Number 13 has a copper mansard roof with three dormer windows, while number 15 has a balustrade above the cornice.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Interior
The interiors of the houses contain ceilings that range from 10 to 17 feet (3.0 to 5.2 m) high. As of 2013, the basement and first floor are used by Italian restaurant Il Gattopardo. The basement contains the restaurant's party room while the first story contains the main dining area. The top two stories of the two townhouses are connected to 20 West 55th Street, a 13-story office building, at their rears. Construction of the office building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, involved replacing the rear walls of numbers 13 and 15 with glass, overlooking the office building's five-story atrium. Including the office addition, the structures occupy a total of 97,500 square feet (9,060 m2).


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences
In 1896, with the relocation of St. Luke's Hospital from Midtown to Morningside Heights, Manhattan, the hospital's former site on the northern side of 54th Street west of Fifth Avenue became available for development. The University Club, whose construction commenced the same year, was the first structure to be built on the former hospital plot. Unlike the other three mansions on 5–15 West 54th Street, the houses at 13 and 15 West 54th Street were developed as speculative developments instead of being purposefully built for a specific family. William Murray had bought two of the St. Luke's lots in July 1895 for $125,000. Henry J. Hardenbergh was commissioned to design a pair of houses on the two lots. The architect filed plans for the house with the New York City Department of Buildings around 1896.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences
The houses were completed circa 1898. Murray conveyed number 13, approximately 275 feet (84 m) west of Fifth Avenue, to Jessie L. Nielson in January 1898. Financier and oil heir John D. "Junior" Rockefeller Jr., along with Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, rented number 13 in 1901, around the same time they were married. The house was just across from the residence of Junior's father, John D. Rockefeller, at 4 West 54th Street. At the time of the lease, a columnist for the New-York Tribune wrote, "John D. Rockefeller, Jr. certainly has no regard for unlucky thirteen." Next door, Murray retained ownership of number 15 until late 1905, when the firm Pease & Elliman sold that house. The buyer was Johnson & Higgins Insurance Company president James B. Dickson, who finalized his purchase in January 1906.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences
Four of John and Abby Rockefeller's children were born while the Rockefellers lived at number 13, starting with their eldest child, Abby, in 1903. John D. Rockefeller III was born at number 13 in March 1906. The same month, Murray sold the land under the east wall of number 13 to Jessie Neilson. She filed plans for an expansion of number 13, to be designed by Delano & Aldrich. The plans called for the addition of the fifth-story attic, a sun parlor at the rear, and a new window and elevator at a cost of $10,000.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences
Nielson sold the house to Junior's father shortly afterward in May 1906. John Sr, in turn, gave the house to Junior in 1909. Two more Rockefeller children were born while the Rockefellers lived at number 13: Nelson in 1908, at their New England summer home, and Laurance in 1910, in New York City. By 1912, the Rockefellers desired a new house for their four young children. The family moved to 10 West 54th Street, across the street from number 13.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Residences
Junior leased his old residence to Mrs. William W. Borden of Chicago in 1913. Borden leased number 13 in 1918 to Howard W. Maxwell, an Atlas Portland Cement Company vice president and New York Trust Company director. Maxwell and his wife used number 13 as their city residence and kept a country residence on Long Island. The surrounding neighborhood rapidly became a commercial zone after World War I, and many neighboring townhouses were converted to commercial use, but the Rockefellers and Dicksons respectively retained ownership of their houses. The Rockefellers leased number 13 to Robert Abel-Smith in 1932, and the surgeon Charles W. Depping had an office there by 1936. After James B. Dickson's death at an unknown date, his widow Harriet continued to live at number 15 until her death in March 1953.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Rockefeller museum and offices
In October 1953, Nelson Rockefeller, who already owned number 13, acquired the twin townhouse at number 15. The next year, Nelson established the Museum of Primitive Art, a collection of ancient art that he intended to display in number 15. The art collection had been assembled over the previous decade but had never been shown together. Rockefeller wished to renovate a portion of the townhouse and anticipated expanding it with the growth of his collection. In 1955, Rockefeller acquired number 15.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Rockefeller museum and offices
Over the next two years, the interior of the residence was extensively renovated, with space for the collection's items on the lowest two floors, as well as library space on the upper two floors. The Museum of Primitive Art opened to the public in February 1957. The museum's collection of over a thousand pieces was transferred to the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met) in 1969. The Museum of Primitive Art closed in 1976 and its collections were transferred to the Met.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Rockefeller museum and offices
Nelson Rockefeller maintained a luncheon space and private office next door at number 13, which was connected by a passageway to his offices on 20–22 West 55th Street. During the 1960s, when Rockefeller served as the Governor of New York, the 55th Street buildings were described by The New York Times as the "unofficial Capitol of New York State", and 13 West 54th Street served as a rear entrance and exit to his 55th Street offices.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Rockefeller museum and offices
Rockefeller retained the office throughout the rest of his life, even when he served as the Vice President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. A little more than two years after leaving the vice presidency, Rockefeller suffered from a heart attack and died at his 54th Street office in January 1979. The heart attack occurred in the presence of aide Megan Marshack, who called a friend to report Rockefeller's heart attack to emergency operators. In his will, "no specific disposition" of the houses at 13–15 West 54th Street was recorded.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use
By late 1979, the Mendik Realty Company had acquired 13–15 West 54th Street, along with the rear properties at 20–22 West 55th Street. Though the Museum of Modern Art was occupying the houses while its own structure was being rebuilt, there were rumors that the four properties would be demolished to make way for an office building. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the five houses at 5–15 West 54th Street as city landmarks, including 13 and 15 West 54th Street, on February 3, 1981.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use
The Committee for the Preservation of West 54th and West 55th Streets had pushed for the landmark designation. At the time, the five houses were in various states of preservation: even as 13 and 15 West 54th Street had been proposed for demolition, the double house at 9–11 West 54th Street was being restored. The landmark designation made it harder for any of the houses to be demolished.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use
Developer Feldman Brothers took over the four properties at 13–15 West 54th .and 20–22 West 55th Street. In December 1981, Feldman Brothers announced plans to build a 32-story tower at 22 West 55th Street and convert 13 and 15 West 54th Street to office use. After objections from neighborhood residences, in 1983 the developers agreed to build a 13-story building instead. Danish bank Privatbanken bought the office building and leased the 54th Street houses in 1985 for close to $30 million, with an option to buy the houses.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use
Under the arrangement, Feldman Brothers would complete the office building's construction and renovate the two houses, which were being refurbished by Haines Lundberg Waehler. The bank's name was installed in gold letters outside the houses. In 1986, Tore Wretman and Håkan Swahn announced they would open a Swedish restaurant, Restaurant Aquavit, in the lower two stories of number 13. Aquavit opened the next year. On January 4, 1990, the buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Residences at 5–15 West 54th Street historic district.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use
The next occupant of the houses, Danish bank Unibank, would leave several stories unused for several months on end before it moved out by 2000. Early in 2001, the Emmes Group of Companies paid $30 million for 13–15 West 54th and 20–22 West 55th Street. The company hired Helpern Architects to redesign the lobby of the office unit. After Aquavit's lease expired in 2004, it relocated from 13 to 15 West 54th Street to a nearby building on 65 East 55th Street. Both houses were sold in 2004 for $23 million to Rock 54, LLC.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, History, Later use
Gray Kunz subsequently opened the Grayz restaurant in the former Aquavit space in 2007. After two years, Grayz was replaced by Atria, which only operated for another four months. La Petite Maison then took the restaurant space in 2010. The Il Gattopardo restaurant opened in the townhouses' restaurant space in 2013. Eagle's View Capital Management leased the third floor of the houses in 2017.


13 anys i un dia
13 anys i un dia (English: 13 years and one day) was a Catalan sitcom which was broadcast on TV3 at Thursday nights. 24 episodes were aired between 2008 and 2009. It was produced by Televisió de Catalunya and directed by Jesús Font.


13 at a Table
13 at a Table (Italian: 13dici a tavola, also known as Tredici a tavola) is a 2004 Italian comedy film written and directed by Enrico Oldoini.


13 at a Table
It was entered into the main competition at the 2005 Tokyo International Film Festival.


13 chansons décadentes et fantasmagoriques
13 chansons décadentes et fantasmagoriques is the first album by experimental French singer Brigitte Fontaine, released in 1966 on the Productions Jacques Canetti label. Fontaine has disowned the album, which she states is merely a "draft" compared to her later works.


13 chansons nouvelles
13 chansons nouvelles is the seventh French studio album by Joe Dassin. It came out in 1973 on CBS Disques.


13 dita
13 dita is the first solo album by Italian pianist Giovanni Allevi, released in 1997 by Soleluna Records.


13 heures
Journal de 13 heures or 13 heures (French: The 1PM Journal, stylized on-screen as 13h) is France 2's afternoon news program, seen weekdays at 1:00 pm (13:00) Central European Time in Metropolitan France. It has been broadcast since 1981.


13 heures
This France 2 news program is seen opposite the similarly named news program on commercial broadcaster TF1, TF1 13 Heures, which has twice the viewership of France 2's program. As a result, France 2's 13 heures has seen a frequent turnover of news anchors for the program—15 in the last ten years.


13 heures
Élise Lucet host the 13 heures from 2005 to 2016.


13 heures
More generally, many French television channels offer a newscast at or around 1:00 pm: TF1, France 2,  France 3, C8 and M6. In Belgium, La Une broadcasts a news bulletin at 1:00 pm, as well as La Première (RTI) in Côte d'Ivoire. Ivorian presenters of the series include Habiba Dembélé, Awa Ehoura, Alberic Niango, Pascal Aka Brou, David Mobio, Lanciné Fofana, Viviane Ahimain and Amidou Doukouré.


13 heures
In the UK, an equivalent newscast is the BBC One O'Clock News, shown at 1:00 pm UK time and formerly anchored by George Alagiah.


13 heures
It is also shown on SBS in Australia 6am weekdays.


13 jours en France
13 jours en France is a documentary about the 1968 Winter Olympic Games in Grenoble.


13 km
13 km (Russian: 13 км) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Topkinskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The population was 41 as of 2010.


13 km, Geography
13 km is located 36 km west of Topki (the district's administrative centre) by road.


13 let Kasakhstan
13 let Kasakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстанға 13 жыл, Russian: 13 лет Казахстана) is a village located in the Martuk District of Aktobe Region in northwestern Kazakhstan. Population: 123 (2009 Census results);.


13 mm caliber
This is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets that are 13 millimetres (0.51 in) caliber or larger.


13 posterunek
13 posterunek (literally translated as Precinct No. 13) is a Polish sitcom series directed and scripted by Maciej Ślesicki, starring Cezary Pazura and Marek Perepeczko. The whole series is made of eighty-three episodes and divided into two seasons of which the first is made of 41 and the second - named 13 posterunek 2 - of 42 episodes.


13 posterunek, Plot
The series is focused on clumsy policemen working at a small police station on Warsaw's outskirts.


13 steps
The 13 steps are identified in a paragraph of the Final Document (agreed by consensus) of the 2000 Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, providing a set of 'practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons'. Article VI is the part of the Treaty that provides for disarmament, including nuclear disarmament.


13 steps
It was adopted mainly on the initiative of the New Agenda Coalition, a group of countries favouring early nuclear disarmament, including Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Slovenia, South Africa, and Sweden.


13 steps, Text
Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.


13 steps, Text
The paragraph containing the 13 steps may be found in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference in the section 15. It says:


13 steps, Text
The Conference agrees on the following practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and paragraphs 3 and 4(c) of the 1995 Decision on "Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament":


13 steps, Text
1. The importance and urgency of signatures and ratifications, without delay and without conditions and in accordance with constitutional processes, to achieve the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.


13 steps, Text
2. A moratorium on nuclear-weapon-test explosions or any other nuclear explosions pending entry into force of that Treaty.


13 steps, Text
3. The necessity of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices in accordance with the statement of the Special Coordinator in 1995 and the mandate contained therein, taking into consideration both nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation objectives. The Conference on Disarmament is urged to agree on a programme of work which includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on such a treaty with a view to their conclusion within five years.


13 steps, Text
4. The necessity of establishing in the Conference on Disarmament an appropriate subsidiary body with a mandate to deal with nuclear disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament is urged to agree on a programme of work which includes the immediate establishment of such a body.


13 steps, Text
5. The principle of irreversibility to apply to nuclear disarmament, nuclear and other related arms control and reduction measures.


13 steps, Text
6. An unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament to which all States parties are committed under Article VI.


13 steps, Text
7. The early entry into force and full implementation of START II and the conclusion of START III as soon as possible while preserving and strengthening the ABM Treaty as a cornerstone of strategic stability and as a basis for further reductions of strategic offensive weapons, in accordance with its provisions.


13 steps, Text
8. The completion and implementation of the Trilateral Initiative between the United States of America, Russian Federation and the International Atomic Energy Agency.


13 steps, Text
9. Steps by all the nuclear-weapon States leading to nuclear disarmament in a way that promotes international stability, and based on the principle of undiminished security for all:


13 steps, Text
10. Arrangements by all nuclear-weapon States to place, as soon as practicable, fissile material designated by each of them as no longer required for military purposes under IAEA or other relevant international verification and arrangements for the disposition of such material for peaceful purposes, to ensure that such material remains permanently outside of military programmes.


13 steps, Text
11. Reaffirmation that the ultimate objective of the efforts of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under effective international control.


13 steps, Text
12. Regular reports, within the framework of the NPT strengthened review process, by all States parties on the implementation of Article VI and paragraph 4 (c) of the 1995 Decision on "Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament", and recalling the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice of 8 July 1996.


13 steps, Text
13. The further development of the verification capabilities that will be required to provide assurance of compliance with nuclear disarmament agreements for the achievement and maintenance of a nuclear-weapon-free world.


13 x 13
13 x 13 was a Catalan TV series which aired in TV3. It described some adaptations of Catalan literature. 13 episodes were aired between 1987 and 1988.


13's Reborn
13's Reborn is the debut album released by Girugamesh on September 27, 2006.


13, Rue del Percebe
13, Rue del Percebe (13, Barnacle Street) is a Spanish comic book created by Francisco Ibáñez that debuted in the pages of Tío Vivo magazine on March 6, 1961, and quickly became highly popular. The last strip was published in 1984.


13, Rue del Percebe
13, Rue del Percebe is a single panel that takes up the whole page that represents an humorous view of a building and the people who inhabits it. Each apartment is a panel in itself, with fixed characters with defined personalities. Usually each panel is not related to the others and can be read in any order, but sometimes an event affects more than one neighbor, and read in order the comic effect is more pronounced.


13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants
The flat roof is inhabited by a debtor that is always imagining ingenious ways to evade his creditors, and by a poor black cat that is always been tortured by a cruelly ingenious mouse. The debtor is inspired by Manuel Vázquez Gallego, another Bruguera cartoonist who also drew a self-parodic character.


13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants
The third floor is inhabited by a clumsy thief who's always stealing useless things and his long-suffering wife. Next door, there are a family with three mischievous young boys.


13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants
In the second floor there lives an elderly woman that's always having trouble with the animals she buys or adopts (usually dogs, but she also had others, including a whale), and a hopeless tailor with a lot of nerve (before this, a crazy scientist lived there with his monster, in an obvious parody of the monster of Frankenstein).


13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants
In the first floor dwell an incompetent veterinarian with an equally impossible clientele, and an overcrowded guesthouse run by a stingy woman.


13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants
In the ground, there's a grocery run by Mr. Senén, a distrustful and stingy man who's always cheating on his clients with the weight and genuineness of his merchandise (though sometimes he does get his comeuppance). At his side, there's the porter's lodge with its gossiping porter. Mr. Hurón (Spanish for "ferret") lives in the sewer's entrance in front of the building, and is often seen chatting with the porter or fending off the hazards which come with living in the sewer.


13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants
Lastly, there's the elevator. Through inanimate, the elevator's troubles are a running gag on the strip. Either it does not work properly, it's stolen, removed for repairs (and replaced with alternative elevation methods like a cannon or a bellow), or replaced by newer versions commissioned to a mixed list of builders (like a maker of chess pieces or a glassworker).


13, Rue del Percebe, The inhabitants
Sometimes, another of Ibáñez characters, Rompetechos, also visits the building, mostly causing Mr. Hurón some form of grief.


13, Rue del Percebe, Other media
Some of the characters from this strip appear in the movie La gran aventura de Mortadelo y Filemón, based on Ibañez's most well-known characters, Mortadelo y Filemón. In the movie, Filemón's mother lives in 13, Rue del Percebe and her neighbors are the strip characters.


13, Rue del Percebe, Other media
This strip has been said to be the inspiration for the successful TV series Aquí no hay quien viva, but both the author of the comic and the authors of the series have denied this.


13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
The 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet 《酌定西藏善后章程十三条》defined the political system of Tibet approved by the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing Dynasty in 1751, the last imperial dynasty of China.


13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
In 1793, the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet 《欽定藏內善後章程二十九條》 was also published to define specific responsibilities of government officials including the Dalai Lama.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) is the commonly used term for 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE). The production of 13(S)-HODE is often accompanied by the production of its stereoisomer, 13(R)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(R)-HODE). The adjacent figure gives the structure for the (S) stereoisomer of 13-HODE. Two other naturally occurring 13-HODEs that may accompany the production of 13(S)-HODE are its cis-trans (i.e., 9E,11E) isomers viz., 13(S)-hydroxy-9E,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-EE-HODE) and 13(R)-hydroxy-9E,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(R)-EE-HODE).


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
Studies credit 13(S)-HODE with a range of clinically relevant bioactivities; recent studies have assigned activities to 13(R)-HODE that differ from those of 13(S)-HODE; and other studies have proposed that one or more of these HODEs mediate physiological and pathological responses, are markers of various human diseases, and/or contribute to the progression of certain diseases in humans. Since, however, many studies on the identification, quantification, and actions of 13(S)-HODE in cells and tissues have employed methods that did not distinguish between these isomers, 13-HODE is used here when the actual isomer studied is unclear.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
A similar set of 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) metabolites (i.e., 9(S)-HODE), 9(R)-HODE, 9(S)-EE-HODE), and 9(R)-EE-HODE) occurs naturally and particularly under conditions of oxidative stress forms concurrently with the 13-HODEs; the 9-HODEs have overlapping and complementary but not identical activities with the 13-HODEs. Some recent studies measuring HODE levels in tissue have lumped the four 9-HODEs with the four 13-HODEs to report only on total HODEs (tHODEs). tHODEs have been proposed to be markers for certain human diseases. Other studies have lumped together the 9-(S), 9(R), 13 (S)-, and 13(R)-HODEs along with the two ketone metabolites of these HODEs, 13-oxoODE (13-oxo-9Z,12E-octadecadienoic acid) and 9-oxoODE, reporting only on total OXLAMs (oxidized linoleic acid metabolites); the OXLAMs have been implicated in working together to signal for pain perception.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, 15-Lipoxygenase 1
15-lipoxygenase 1 (ALOX15), while best known for converting the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, into a series of 15-hydroxylated arachidonic acid metabolites (see 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid), actually prefers as its substrate the 18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, over arachidonic acid, converting it to 13-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HpODE). The enzyme acts in a highly stereospecific manner, forming 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HpODE) but comparatively little or no 13(R)-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(R)-HpODE) -. In cells, 13(S)-HpODE is rapidly reduced by peroxidases to 13(S)-HODE. ALOX15 is fully capable of metabolizing the linoleic acid that is bound to phospholipid or cholesterol to form 13(S)-HpODE-bound phospholipids and cholesterol that are rapidly converted to their corresponding 13(S)-HODE-bound products.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, 15-lipoxygenase 2
15-lipoxygenase type 2 (ALOX15B) strongly prefers arachidonic acid over linoleic acid and in consequence is relatively poor in metabolizing linoleic acid to 13(S)-HpODE (which is then converted to 13(S)-HODE) compared to 15-lipoxygenase 1; nonetheless, it can contribute to the production of these metabolites.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2
Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) metabolize linoleic acid to 13(S)-HODE with COX-2 exhibiting a higher preference for linoleic acid and therefore producing far more of this product than its COX-1 counterpart; consequently, COX-2 appears to be  the principle COX making 13(S)-HODE in cells expressing both enzymes. Concurrently with their production of 13(S)-HODE, these enzymes also produce smaller amounts of 9(R)-HODE.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, Cytochrome P450
Cytochrome P450 microsomal enzymes metabolize linoleic acid to a mixture of 13-HODEs and 9-HODEs; these reactions produce racemic mixtures in which the R stereoisomer predominates, for instance by a R/S ratio of 80%/20% for both 13-HODE and 9-HODE in human liver microsomes.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, Free radical and singlet oxygen oxidations
Oxidative stress in cells and tissues produces Free radical and singlet oxygen oxidations of linoleic acid to generate 13-HpODEs, 9-HpODEs, 13-HODEs, and 9-HODEs; these non-enzymatic reactions produce or are suspected but not proven to produce approximately equal amounts of their S and R stereoisomers. Free radical oxidations of linoleic acid also produce 13-EE-HODE, 9-hydroxy-10E,12-E-octadecadienoic acid, 9-hydroxy-10E,12-Z-octadecadienoic acid, and 11-hydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecaenoic acid while singlet oxygen attacks on linoleic acid produce (presumably) racemic mixtures of 9-hydroxy-10E,12-Z-octadecadienoic acid, 10-hydroxy-8E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, and 12-hydroxy-9Z-13-E-octadecadienoic acid. 4-Hydroxynonenal (i.e. 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal or HNE) is also a peroxidation product of 13-HpODE.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Pathways making 13-HODEs, Free radical and singlet oxygen oxidations
Since oxidative stress commonly produces both free radicals and singlet oxygen, most or all of these products may form together in tissues undergoing oxidative stress. Free radical and singlet oxygen oxidations of linoleic acid produce a similar set of 13-HODE metabolites (see 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid). Studies attribute these oxidations to be major contributors to 13-HODE production in tissues undergoing oxidative stress including in humans sites of inflammation, steatohepatitis, cardiovascular disease-related atheroma plaques, neurodegenerative disease, etc. (see oxidative stress).


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Metabolism of 13(S)-HODE
Like most polyunsaturated fatty acids and mono-hydroxyl polyunsaturated fatty acids, 13(S)-HODE is rapidly and quantitatively incorporated into phospholipids; the levels of 13(S)-HODE esterified to the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine in human psoriasis lesions are significantly lower than those in normal skin; this chain shortening pathway may be responsible for inactivating 13(S)-HODE. 13(S)-HODE is also metabolized by peroxisome-dependent β-oxidations to chain-shortened 16-carbon, 14-carbon, and 12-carbon products which are released from the cell; this chain-shortening pathway may serve to inactive and dispose of 13(S)-HODE.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Metabolism of 13(S)-HODE
13(S)-HODE is oxidized to 13-oxo-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-oxo-HODE or 13-oxoODE) by a NAD+-dependent 13-HODE dehydrogenase, the protein for which has been partially purified from rat colon. The formation of 13-oxo-ODE may represent the first step in 13(S)-HODEs peroxisome-dependent chain shortening but 13-oxo-ODE has its own areas of biological importance: it accumulates in tissues, is bioactive, and may have clinically relevance as a marker for and potential contributor to human disease.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Metabolism of 13(S)-HODE
13-Oxo-ODE itself may react with glutathione in a non-enzymatic Michael reaction or a glutathione transferase-dependent reaction to form 13-oxo-ODE products containing an 11 trans double bound and glutathione attached to carbon 9 in a mixture of S and R diastereomers; these two diastereomers are major metabolites of 13(S)-HODE in cultured HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Colonic mucosal explants from Sprague-Dawley rats and human colon cancer HT29 cells add glutathione to 13-oxo-ODE in a Michael reaction to form 13-oxo-9-glutatione-11(E)-octadecaenoic acid; this conjugation reaction appears to be enzymatic and mediated by a glutathione transferase. Since this conjugate may be rapidly exported from the cell and has not yet been characterized for biological activity, it is not clear if this transferase reaction serves any function beyond removing 13-oxo-ODE from the cell to limit its activity.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
13-HODE, 13-oxoODE, and 13-EE-HODE (along with their 9-HODE counterparts) directly activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). This activation appears responsible for the ability of 13-HODE (and 9-HODE) to induce the transcription of PPARγ-inducible genes in human monocytes as well as to stimulate the maturation of these cells to macrophages.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
13(S)-HODE (and 9(S)-HODE) also stimulate the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta (PPARβ) in a model cell system; 13-HODE (and 9-HODE) are also proposed to contribute to the ability of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to activate PPARβl: LDL containing phospholipid-bound 13-HODE (and 9-HODE) is taken up by the cell and then acted on by phospholipases to release the HODEs which in turn directly activate PPARβl.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of TRPV1 receptor
13(S)-HODE , 13(R)-HODE and 13-oxoODE, along with their 9-HODE counterparts, also act on cells through TRPV1. TRPV1 is the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 receptor (also termed capsaicin receptor or vanilloid receptor 1). These 6 HODEs, dubbed, oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs), individually but also and possibly to a greater extent when acting together, stimulate TRPV1-dependent responses in rodent neurons, rodent and human bronchial epithelial cells, and in model cells made to express rodent or human TRPV1.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of TRPV1 receptor
This stimulation appears due to a direct interaction of these agents on TRPV1 although reports disagree on the potencies of the (OXLAMs) with, for example, the most potent OXLAM, 9(S)-HODE, requiring at least 10 micromoles/liter or a more physiological concentration of 10 nanomoles/liter to activate TRPV1 in rodent neurons. The OXLAM-TRPV1 interaction is credited with mediating pain sensation in rodents (see below).


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of GPR132 receptor
13(S)-HpODE, and 13(S)-HODE directly activate human (but not mouse) GPR132 (G protein coupled receptor 132, also termed G2A) in Chinese hamster ovary cells made to express these receptors; they are, however, far weaker GPR132 activators than 9(S)-HpODE or 9(S)-HODE. GPR132 was initially described as a pH sensing receptor; the role(s) of 13(S)-HpODE and 13(S)-HODE as well as 9(S)-HpODE, 9(S)HODE, and a series or GPR132-activating arachidonic acid hydroxy metabolites (i.e. HETEs) in activating G2A under the physiological and pathological conditions in which G2A is implicated (see GPR132 for a lists of these conditions) have not yet been determined. This determination, as it might apply to humans, is made difficult by the inability of these HODEs to activate rodent GPR132 and therefore to be analyzed in rodent models.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Involvement in mitochondria degradation
In the maturation of the red blood cell lineage (see erythropoiesis) from mitochondria-bearing reticulocytes to mature mitochondria-free erythrocytes in rabbits, the mitochondria accumulate phospholipid-bound 13(S)-HODE in their membranes due to the action of a lipoxygenase which (in rabbits, mice, and other sub-primate vertebrates) directly metabolizes linoleic acid-bound phospholipid to 13(S)-HpODE-bound phospholipid which is rapidly reduced to 13(S)-HODE-bound phospholipid. It is suggested that the accumulation of phospholipid-bound 13(S)-HpODE and/or 13(S)-HODE is a critical step in rendering mitochondria more permeable thereby triggering their degradation and thence maturation to erythrocytes.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Involvement in mitochondria degradation
However, functional inactivation of the phospholipid-attacking lipoxygenase gene in mice does not cause major defects in erythropoiesis. It is suggested that mitochondrial degradation proceeds through at least two redundant pathways besides that triggered by lipoxygenase-dependent formation of 13(S)-HpODE- and 13(S)-HODE-bound phospholipids viz., mitochondrial digestion by autophagy and mitochondrial exocytosis. In all events, formation of 13(S)-HODE bound to phospholipid in mitochondrial membranes is one pathway by which they become more permeable and thereby subject to degradation and, as consequence of their release of deleterious elements, to cause cell injury.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Activities, Stimulation of blood leukocytes
13-HODE (and 9-HODE) are moderately strong stimulators of the directed migration (i.e. chemotaxis) of cow and human neutrophils in vitro whereas 13(R)-HODE (and 9(R)-HODE, and 9(S)-HODE) are weak stimulators of the in vitro directed migration of the human cytotoxic and potentially tissue-injuring lymphocytes, i.e. natural killer cells. These effects may contribute to the pro-inflammatory and tissue-injuring actions ascribed to 13-HODEs (and 9-HODEs).


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Atherosclerosis
In atherosclerosis, an underlying cause of Coronary artery disease and strokes, atheromatous plaques accumulate in the vascular tunica intima thereby narrowing blood vessel size and decreasing blood flow. In an animal model and in humans 13-HODE (primarily esterified to cholesterol, phospholipids, and possibly other lipids) is a dominant component of these plaques.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Atherosclerosis
Since these studies found that early into the progression of the plaques, 13-HODE consisted primarily of the S stereoisomer while more mature plaques contained equal amounts of S and R stereoisomers, it was suggested that 15-LOX-1 contributes to early accumulation while cytochrome and/or free radical pathways contributes to the later accumulation of the plaques.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Atherosclerosis
Further studies suggest that 13(S)-HODE contributes to plaque formation by activating the transcription factor, PPARγ (13(R)-HODE lacks this ability), which in turn stimulates the production of two receptors on the surface of macrophages resident in the plaques, 1) CD36, a scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoproteins, native lipoproteins, oxidized phospholipids, and long-chain fatty acids, and 2) adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), a fatty acid binding protein; this may cause macrophages to increase their uptake of these lipids, transition to lipid-laden foam cells, and thereby increase plaque size.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Atherosclerosis
The 13(S)-HODE/PPARγ axis also causes macrophages to self-destruct by activating apoptosis-inducing pathways;, this effect may also contribute to increases in plaque size. These studies suggest that 13-HODE-producing metabolic pathways, PPARγ, CD36, and aP2 may be therapeutic targets for treating atherosclerosis-related diseases. Indeed, Statins, which are known to suppress cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting an enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase HMG-CoA reductase, are widely used to prevent atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Statins also inhibit PPARγ in human macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells; this action may contribute to their anti-atherogenic effect.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma
In guinea pigs, 13(S)-HODE, when injected intravenously, causes a narrowing of lung airways and, when inhaled as an aerosol, mimics the asthmatic hypersensitivity to agents that cause bronchoconstriction by increasing airway narrowing responses to methacholine and histamine. In a mouse model of allergen-induced asthma, 13-HODE levels are elevated, in the latter mouse model, the injection of antibody directed against 13(S)-HODE reduced many of the pathological and physiological features of asthma,.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma
mouse forced to overexpress in lung the mouse enzyme (12/15-lipoxygenase) that metabolizes linoleic acid to 13(S)-HODE exhibited elevated levels of this metabolite in lung as well as various pathological and physiological features of asthma, and the instillation of 13(S)HODE replicated many of these features of asthma,  In the mouse model of asthma and in the human disease, epithelial cells of lung airways show various pathological changes including disruption of their mitochondria  13(S)-HODE causes similar disruptive changes in the mitochondria of cultured Beas 2B human airway epithelial cells.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma
Furthermore, human suffers of asthma exhibit increased levels of 13-HODE in their blood, sputum, and washings form their lung alveola (i.e. bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of BAL) and human eosinophils, which are implicated in contributing to human asthma, metabolize linoleic acid to 13-HODE (and 9-HODE) to a far greater extent than any other type of leukocyte.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma
The mechanism responsible for 13-HODE's impact on airway epithelial cells may involve its activation of the TRPV1 receptor (see previous section on TRPV1): this receptor is highly expressed in mouse and human airway epithelial cells and in Beas 2B human airway epithelial cells and, furthermore, suppression of TRPV1 expression as well as a TPRV1 receptor inhibitor (capsazepan) block mouse airway responses to 13(S)-HODE.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Asthma
While much further work is needed, these pre-clinical studies allow that 13(S)-HODE, made at least in part by eosinophils and operating through TRPV1, may be responsible for the airways damage which occurs in the more severe forms of asthma and that pharmacological inhibitors of TRPV1 may eventually proved to be useful additions to the treatment of asthma.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Colon cancer
Familial adenomatous polyposis is a syndrome that includes the propensity to develop colorectal cancer (and other cancers) due to the inheritance of defective mutations in either the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) or MUTYH gene. These mutations lead to several abnormalities in the regulation of the growth of colon epithelial cells that ultimately lead to the development of intestinal polyps which have a high risk of turning cancerous.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Colon cancer
One of the abnormalities found in the APC disease is progressive reductions in 15-lipoxygenase 1 along with its product, 13-HODE (presumed but not unambiguously shown to be the S  stereoisomer) as the colon disease advances from polyp to malignant stages; 15-HETE, 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and 15-lipoxygenase-2, and selected metabolites of the latter lipoxygenases show no such association. Similarly selective reductions in 15-lipoxygenase 1 and 13-HODE occur in non-hereditary colon cancer. 13(S)-HODE inhibits the proliferation and causes the death (apoptosis) of cultured human colon cancer cells.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Colon cancer
Animal model studies also find that the 15-lipoxygenase 1 / 13-HODE axis inhibits the development of drug-induced colon cancer as well as the growth of human colon cancer cell explants. These results suggest that 15-lipoxygenase 1 and its 13(S)-HODE product are factors in promoting genetically-associated and -non-associated colon cancers; they function by contributing to the suppression of the development and/or growth of this cancer and when reduced or absent allow its unrestrained, malignant growth.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Breast cancer
13(S)-HODE stimulates the proliferation of human MCF-7 estrogen receptor positive and MBA-MD-231 estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer cell lines (see List of breast cancer cell lines) in culture); its production appears necessary for epidermal growth factor and tumor growth factor α to stimulate cultured BT-20 human breast cancer cells to proliferate and for human breast cancer xenografts to grow in mice. ; and among a series of 10 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites quantified in human breast cancer tissue, only 13-HODE (stereoisomer not defined) was significantly elevated in rapidly growing, compared to slower growing, cancers. The results of these studies suggest that 13(S)-HODE may act to promote the growth of breast cancer in humans.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Prostate cancer
15-LOX 1 is overexpressed in prostate cancerous compared to non-cancerous prostate tissue and the levels of its expression in cultured various human prostate cancer cell lines correlates positively with their rates of proliferation and increases the proliferation response of prostate cancer cells to epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1); its levels in human prostate cancer tissues also correlates positively with the cancers' severity as judged by the cancers' Gleason score; and overexpressed 15-LOX 1 appears to not only increase prostate cancer cell proliferation, but also promotes its cell survival by stimulating production and of insulin-like growth factor 1 and possibly altering the Bcl-2 pathway of cellular apoptosis as well as increases prostate tumor vascularization and thereby metastasis by stimulating production of vascular endothelial growth factor.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Prostate cancer
These 15-LOX 1 effects appear due to the enzyme's production of 13(S)-HODE. The 15-LOX 1/13(S)-HODE axis also promotes the growth of prostate cancer in various animal models. In one animal model the pro-growth effects of 15-LOX 1 were altered by dietary targeting: increases in dietary linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, promoted while increases in dietary stearidonic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid reduced the growth of human prostate cancer explants.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Cancer, Prostate cancer
These effects could be due to the ability of the linoleic acid diet to increase the production of the 15-Lox 1 metabolite, 13-HODE, and the ability of the stearidonic acid to increase the production of docosahexaenoic acid and the 15-LOX-1 metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid, 17S-hydroperoxy-docosa-hexa-4Z,7Z,10Z,13 Z,15E,19Z-enoate(17-HpDHA, 17S-hydroxy-docosahexa-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-enoate(17-HDHA), 10S,17S-dihydroxy-docosahexa-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-enoate(10,17-diHDHA, protectin DX), and 7S,17S-dihydroxy-docsahexa-4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-enoate(7,17-diHDHA, protectin D5), all of which are inhibitors of cultured human prostate cancer cell proliferation.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Markers for disease
13-HODE levels are elevated, compared to appropriate controls, in the low density lipoproteins isolated from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, in the high-density lipoprotein fraction of patients with diabetes, in the serum of individuals with polycystic kidney disease. or chronic pancreatitis, and in the plasma of individuals with alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The level of total HODEs, which includes various 13-HODE and 9-HODE isomers, are elevated in the plasma and erythrocytes of patients with Alzheimer's disease and in the plasma but not erythrocytes of patients with vascular dementia compared to normal volunteers.


13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, Involvement in human diseases, Markers for disease
See 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid section on 9-HODEs as markers of disease involving oxidative stress for further details. These studies suggest that high levels of the HODEs may be useful to indicate the presence and progression of the cited diseases. Since, however, the absolute values of HODEs found in different studies vary greatly, since HODE levels vary with dietary linoleic acid intake, since HODEs may form during the processing of tissues, and since abnormal HODE levels are not linked to a specific disease, the use of these metabolites as markers has not attained clinical usefulness. HODE markers may find usefulness as markers of specific disease, type of disease, and/or progression of disease when combined with other disease markers.


13-Methyltetradecanoic acid
13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD) is a fatty acid known to induce apoptosis or “programmed cell death” of certain human cancer cells. 13-MTD was originally purified from a soy fermentation product and can be chemically synthesized; however, the synthesized form contains the same biological property of its natural form.


13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Background
Decades ago, Pentagenic Pharmaceuticals (Diamond Bar, CA) engineered a soy fermentation product named Yang Zhen Hua 851 through a process of bacterial fermentation. Beginning in 1985, thousands of cancer patients have accepted Yang Zhen Hua 851 as an alternative to traditional chemotherapy and experienced improvements in their health and clinical conditions. Once exclusive to China, the soy fermentation product is now used in the United States.


13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Background
More recently, research has indicated that the component most likely responsible for the anticancer agency in Yang Zhen Hua 851 is 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid. The fatty chain acid is most abundant in Yang Zhen Hua 851 and responds aggressively towards tumor cells through apoptosis. (Essentially, apoptosis is a process of cell death initiated by the presence or absence of certain stimuli.) Thus 13-MTD has become of great interest to the scientific community, and research has been conducted in an effort to understand how 13-MTD  induces apoptosis on a molecular level; moreover, the medical implications of 13-MTD as an alternative to drug chemotherapy are currently being considered.


13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Recent discoveries
To understand how 13-MTD actually induces apoptosis, researchers studied the fatty chain acid's anticancer activity on tumor cells developing in T Cell Lymphomas. The tests were conducted in vitro (in the lab) and in vivo (in body). The results showed that 13-MTD inhibits tumor cell growth by “down-regulating” p-AKT. AKT is a serine–threonine kinase that regulates cell survival. However, AKT's regulation of cells becomes dysfunctional as cancerous cells develop. Essentially, cancerous cells attack the AKT and manage to switch and keep AKT's signals “on,” resulting in cell dysfunction. 13-MTD helps down-regulate AKT, allowing stability in cells and inducing programmed cell death to the tumor cells.


13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Bladder cells
In a related study, researchers investigated 13-MTD's anticancer activity in bladder cells. The results indicated that 13-MTD inhibits the growth of human bladder cancer cells through “mitochondrial-mediated” apoptosis. Moreover, data indicated that apoptosis was achieved by 13-MTD regulating the AKT and MAPK pathways. (The MAPK pathway is a chain of cell proteins that transfer information from the cell's surface, through a receptor, to the cell's DNA.) 13-MTD brings stability to the cell by down-regulating signals that the cell receives and sends, and also by activating necessary agents to combat cancer cells. For these reasons, 13-MTD has been considered a possible chemotherapeutic supplement.


13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Medical implications
The results from the scores of studies conducted on 13-MTD indicate that 13-MTD can be a possible chemotherapeutic supplement. The fatty chain acid's ability to resist and inhibit cancerous cells through apoptosis is impressive; however, what separates 13-MTD from chemical drugs and other fatty acids is the lack of toxicity levels and minimal side effects presented.


13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Medical implications
Published work documents the treatment of both rats and humans with 13-MTD throughout a 42-day period. The researchers studied adipose (body fat) tissue turnover and noted that 13-MTD did not harm participants. Furthermore, since 13-MTD is not produced in the human body like other fatty chain acids, its effectiveness does not depend on the body's environmental state or stress levels. Being a foreign agent, 13-MTD works effectively against a host of cancerous mutations in the body, whereas other fatty acids fail.


13-Methyltetradecanoic acid, Medical implications
The research gathered on 13-MTD and the benefits it provides have helped introduce the fatty chain acid to the scientific community as a possible chemotherapeutic agent against cancer. Considering 13-MTD's effective apoptosis of certain human cancer cells and the low toxicity levels it presents, the medical implications of 13-MTD will continue to be studied and developed.


13-Point Program to Destroy America
13-Point Program to Destroy America is the debut album by the American post-hardcore band Nation of Ulysses. The album's title is in reference to the Black Panther Party's Ten Point Program and J. Edgar Hoover's propaganda pamphlet "Red China's Secret Plan to Destroy America." The title of track #13 was inspired by Frank Sinatra's album Love is a Kick.


13-Point Program to Destroy America
Tracks 14-16 on the CD are not on the original album, and are taken from their 1991 self-titled 7" debut.


13-Point Program to Destroy America, Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote that "singer Ian Svenonius (who doubles on occasional bleating trumpet) has a deeper, throaty quality to his delivery than most DC-style barkers — not quite a Stax/Volt Rollins but a striking combination of ardor and menace that elevates his breathless rage above mere harangue." The Washington Post called the album "so brattily self-conscious that only the ferocity of its attack keeps it from curdling."


13-centimeter band
The 13 centimeter, 2.3 GHz or 2.4 GHz band is a portion of the UHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a secondary basis. The amateur radio band is between 2300 MHz and 2450 MHz, and thereby inside the S-band. The amateur satellite band is between 2400 MHz and 2450 MHz, and its use by satellite operations is on a non-interference basis to other radio users (ITU footnote 5.282). The license privileges of amateur radio operators include the use of frequencies and a wide variety of modes within these ranges for telecommunication. The allocations are the same in all three ITU Regions.


13-centimeter band
In the 2300-2400 MHz range the band is also allocated to the Mobile service on a Primary basis which in practice leads to some challenging sharing scenarios and inconsistent allocations to amateurs at national level.


13-centimeter band
Above 2400 MHz the band overlaps with the 2.4 GHz ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band, and amateur stations must accept harmful interference caused by ISM equipment operating in the band, such as microwave ovens. The ISM band is also used by unlicensed devices, such as WiFi and Bluetooth, which must not cause interference to amateur stations.


13-centimeter band, United States
In the United States, the 13 cm band comprises frequencies in two segments stretching from 2.300 to 2.310 GHz, and from 2.390 to 2.450 GHz. (The segment from 2.310 to 2.390 GHz was withdrawn from the amateur service and reallocated to direct satellite radio broadcasting, e.g., Sirius XM Radio.) The segment, 2.390 to 2.417 GHz, is domestically allocated amateur radio on a primary basis, while the remainder of the band is only available on a secondary basis.


13-centimeter band, United States
It is authorized to all amateur radio licensees who hold a  Technician or higher class license (US), or a Basic or higher license (Canada). The band is allocated on a shared basis with other services, and U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Rules specify that amateurs may not cause interference to and must accept interference from other services authorized by other nations, and by radio-location, fixed, and mobile stations (except aeronautical) authorized by the FCC. As in the rest of the world, US stations in the amateur service are not protected from interference caused by industrial, scientific, and medical equipment.


13-centimeter band, United States
The bandplan published by the American Radio Relay League recommends frequencies based on intended activity in the band.


13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase
In enzymology, a 13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. This reaction is part of sophorosyloxydocosanoate biosynthesis. Extracts for research are frequently obtained from Candida yeasts.


13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and 13-hydroxydocosanoate, whereas its two products are UDP and 13-beta-D-glucosyloxydocosanoate.


13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-glucosyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:13-hydroxydocosanoate 13-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include 13-glucosyloxydocosanoate 2'-beta-glucosyltransferase, UDP-glucose:13-hydroxydocosanoic acid glucosyltransferase, uridine diphosphoglucose-hydroxydocosanoate glucosyltransferase, and UDP-glucose-13-hydroxydocosanoate glucosyltransferase.


13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase
In enzymology, a 13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (E)-2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA and 13-hydroxylupinine, whereas its two products are CoA and 13-(2-methylcrotonoyl)oxylupinine.


13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (E)-2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:13-hydroxylupinine O-2-methylcrotonoyltransferase. Other names in common use include tigloyl-CoA:13-hydroxylupanine O-tigloyltransferase, and 13-hydroxylupanine acyltransferase.


13-inch/35-caliber gun
The 13"/35 caliber gun Mark 1 (spoken "thirteen-inch-thirty-five-caliber") was used for the primary batteries on eight of the first nine battleships in the United States Navy, Indiana-class, Kearsarge-class and Illinois-class; USS Iowa (BB-4) used the 12-inch (305 mm)/35 caliber gun.


13-inch/35-caliber gun
The Navy's Policy Board called for a variety of large caliber weapons in 1890, with ranges all the way up to 16-inch (406 mm). A 16-inch caliber gun was beyond US manufacturing capabilities at this time though and the largest gun possible was the 13-inch (330 mm)/35 caliber. The Navy intended to use this gun in short-range action against heavily armored targets and was fitted to the first true battleship in the US Navy, Indiana. This turned out to be the only 13-inch gun developed for the US Navy.


13-inch/35-caliber gun, Design
The 13-inch Mark 1, gun Nos. 1–12, was a built-up gun constructed in a length of 35 caliber, Mod 0 and Mod 1. The Mod 0 had a tube, jacket, and nine hoops while the Mod 1 had a nickel-steel liner and only eight hoops. The Mark 2, gun Nos. 13–34, was of similar construction as the Mark 1 Mod 0 but had only seven hoops and two locking ring. Two Mark 2 guns, Nos. 23 and 33, were converted into experimental guns.


13-inch/35-caliber gun, Design
The first, No. 23, was converted in 1923, into a 16-inch/28.8 caliber Mark A Mod 0 experimental gun. The barrel was bored out to 16-inch and hooped to the muzzle. The gun was tested a total of seven times in July 1923, but then set aside until 1956. The gun was used for bomb tests between October and December 1956, and fired another 19 times. This gun is now on display at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, Virginia. The other Mark 2, No. 33, was also bored out, but only to 14-inch (356 mm), sometime prior to 1923, and again used as an experimental gun, this one is at Plate Battery. In 2005, it too was still located at the NSWC, Dahlgren.


13-inch/35-caliber gun, Incidents
Gun No. 2, mounted on Indiana, suffered from erosion at the front slope of the chamber and was replaced with another gun. It was first reported in September 1897, after only 32 rounds had been fired. In May 1902, No. 2 was sent back to the US Naval Gun Factory to be relined. After having had 71 rounds fired through it, and finding that guns built at the same time and fired the same number of rounds showed no sign of erosion, it was determined that the erosion was due to a defect in the manufacture of the forging.


13-inch/35-caliber gun, Incidents
Gun No. 13, mounted on  Kearsarge, was injured in January 1901, when a shell exploded prematurely in the barrel. It was repaired with a lining tube inserted into the barrel and used at the Naval Proving Grounds.


13-inch/35-caliber gun, Incidents
Gun No. 18, mounted on Kentucky, suffered an injury while on Asiatic station, probably from a shell exploding in the bore. It was replaced with another gun.


13-inch/35-caliber gun, Incidents
Gun No. 34 was completely disable by an accident to its tube, it was reassembled with new forgings.


13. Soba
13. Soba...  (trans. 13th room) is the second studio album by Bosnian rock band Zona Iskljuchenja (trans. Exclusion Zone), released on November 13, 2008, by Hayat Production.


13. Soba
Number "13" in the title was symbolizing period of the band's existence, while "room" was referred to the state of mind, closing into own room, into the own exclusion zone. On this album, band turned their trust to the producer Marin Mestrovic, who worked on mastering and postproduction on the first album. Therefore this material was completely recorded, mixed and produced in Marin's owned studio "Amadeus" and unlike the previous album, songs were more balanced, in hard rock genre with elements of Bosnian folklore and modern sounds


13. Soba
Zona released an early single and music video "Boje jeseni" (trans. colors of autumn), an acoustic song that presented the band in completely different environment. Upon release of the album, Zona has published yet another music video "Grad" ("the town"). The album contains 13 songs with few curiosities. Track No.8 called "Tisina" (trans. silence) is actually 13 seconds of silence, and the following track is called "Poslusaj pjesmu pod rednim brojem 8" (trans. listen to the song under the track number 8), which is the only song that is motivated by the bad socio-political situation in post-war Bosnia and HerzegovinaJust like on the previous album, this one also contains Zona's rock version of yet another Bosnian sevdalinka, Emina.


13.0.0.0.0
13.0.0.0.0 is the second studio album by British math rock band This Town Needs Guns, released 22 January 2013, on Sargent House. This is the band's first album with new vocalist Henry Tremain, and last release with bassist Jamie Cooper. Before its official release, the tracks "Cat Fantastic", "Left Aligned" and "I'll Take The Minute Snake" were available on Sargent House's SoundCloud account. The album's title refers to the Maya Calendar.


13.13
13.13 is the second album by American artist Lydia Lunch, released in June 1982 by record label Ruby.


13.13, Content
Trouser Press writes that the album "[revives] the grind-and-caterwaul of Teenage Jesus as filtered through Metal Box-era PiL, all deviant guitar and rolling rhythms". UK magazine Fact wrote that "sonically it comes over like a more droning, dissolute Stateside cousin of Siouxsie & the Banshees' Juju". The musicians who played on and co-wrote the album had been members of first wave  Los Angeles punk band the Weirdos.


13.13, Reception
13.13 has divided critics. Trouser Press wrote that "Like her previous stuff, it manages to be simultaneously fascinating and annoying." In its retrospective review, Fact magazine qualified it as a "masterpiece".


13.13, Track listing
All tracks are written by 13.13 (Dix Denney, Lydia Lunch, Cliff Martinez and Gregg Williams), except as noted.


13.2mm TuF
The Mauser 13.2mm TuF (German: Tank und Flieger; lit. "tank and aircraft", known also as 13.2×92mmSR) cartridge, was a major step in the development of anti-tank cartridges, being the first one designed for the sole purpose of destroying armored targets.


13.2mm TuF, History
The cartridge was used in the Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr rifle. Its use was also planned in a new machine gun scheduled for deployment in 1919, the MG 18 TuF.


13.2mm TuF, History
The 13.2 mm Tuf was designed to counter early British tanks which made their appearance during late World War I. Since a tank's path was difficult to determine prior to its deployment near the front, land mines were difficult to employ as a deterrent to their forward passage. Light artillery pieces pressed into service as anti-tank guns were very effective, but cumbersome and difficult to bring into action quickly enough. Thus, another means of combating these early armored vehicles needed to be found. Since early plate armor was relatively thin due to the need to reduce vehicle weight for low-powered drive trains to propel the unit (and since tanks were mainly designed to protect from machine-gun fire), large-bore rifles could be used to harass and kill tank crews.


13.2mm TuF, History
When word of the German anti-tank round spread, there was some debate as to whether it should be copied and used as a base for the new machine gun cartridge.


13.2mm TuF, History
However, after some analysis, an exact copy of the German ammunition was ruled out, its performance was inferior to the later .50 BMG (which some maintain is just enlarged .30-06 Springfield round, which in itself is a modification of an earlier German Mauser round), and because it was a semi-rimmed cartridge, making it sub-optimal for an automatic weapon despite it being designed for that purpose, although others have stated the .50 BMG is nothing more than a rimless necked down copy of the German round.


13.2mm TuF, History
That said, when the U.S. military learned of the German round the .50 BMG was still on the drawing boards and the fact that the .50 BMG was started prior to discovery of the German round can in no way rule out the often stated belief that the German round played a significant part in formulating the .50 BMG round, even if the latter emerged with significantly different ballistic characteristics. Despite an effort by some to claim the .50 BMG was without any outside influences many sources still continue to mention the association between the two rounds, which seems to have at least some merit given the documentary evidence.


13.2mm TuF, Design
The 13.2 Tuf utilized a 92 mm-long semi-rimmed case featuring a shallow bottle-neck. It was developed by the Polte ammunition factory in Magdeburg, Germany.


13.5 cm K 09
The 13.5 cm Kanone 09 (13.5 cm K 09) was a heavy breech-loading field artillery gun used by Germany in World War I. Built by Friedrich Krupp AG, in Essen, Germany, this gun was intended to supplement the 10 cm K 04. Only four of the sixteen built were in service at the outbreak of the war. It was withdrawn from service in 1915 as it was deemed to be too much gun for too little shell, but it was returned to service later in the war when the Allied blockade began to affect German ammunition production.


13.5 cm K 09, War trophies
One of these guns was captured during the Battle of the Canal du Nord, on 29 September 1918, by the New Zealand Division. Two battalions of the Wellington Regiment were engaged in this action, which was part of an Allied attack on the Hindenburg Line. At the end of the war, the captured gun, Nr 4, and many other captured German weapons were sent to New Zealand as war trophies. In 1920, Nr 4 was given to the city of Wellington in honor of its soldiers. The gun, believed to be one of a few remaining in existence, is currently on public display in the Wellington Botanic Garden.


13.5 cm K 09, War trophies
In 1921 the Channel Island of Guernsey received its share of the Allies’ spoils of war, four K09 Kanon. Displayed near Victoria Tower in Saint Peter Port until in 1938 two having badly deteriorated, were scrapped. The remaining two were quickly buried in 1940 before the Island was occupied by German forces. Forgotten about, they were dug up in 1978 and are now again on display next to Victoria Tower.


13/13/13
13/13/13 is a 2013 American horror film written and directed by James Cullen Bressack for The Asylum. It stars Trae Ireland, Erin Coker, Jody Barton, Jared Cohn, Calico Cooper, and Jessica Cameron.


13/13/13, Plot
For a thousand years man has been adding a day to the calendar every 4 years and in doing so violated mankind's interpretation of the Mayan Calendar's prediction that the world would end in 2012. On the 13th day of the 13th month of the new millennium, survivors confront a world of demons. On 13/13/13 the entire human race (with the exception of those born on a leap year) go insane. Those who were born on a leap year are stuck to battle the demons.


13/13/13, Critical response
Fangoria panned the film, noting that The Asylum took a break from its fare of oversized monsters to present this film "devoid of any creatures that instead tries its hand at suspense—and ultimately leaves one wishing for more shark tales." Director James Cullen Bressack presented his supernatural take on The Crazies but, being backed by The Asylum meant "a tiny budget, brief shooting schedule and lack of quality talent", resulting in a film that failed to give a compelling story. The dialogue was considered "groan-inducing" and the score "grating".


13/13/13, Critical response
The storyline had characters going "bonkers" and the film was weakened by simply spending "too much time showing people sitting around and laughing at each other". Add Trae Ireland's lead character of Jack offering a "pointless backstory at the wrong time, and you’ve got a film where everyone is going insane, but perhaps none more than the viewer." They offered that the film missed its intended mark. "The photography, audio and editing are all inconsistent—though they’re what one might expect from a film whose DVD cover image never appears in the movie itself.


13/13/13, Critical response
Interesting fact about the Mayan calendar: On the date of 13/13/13, there won’t be any color correction. The unimpressive special features include a making-of segment, a gag reel and some trailers", and concluded "13/13/13 is an effort that offers very little worth. If only the Mayans could have seen this coming, they might have adjusted their calendar accordingly".


13/13/13, Critical response
Starburst Magazine noted that despite Bressack having a strong background in film 13/13/13 "is a bad film. It is a poorly conceived, ill-judged piece of filmmaking that relies entirely on disappointingly tiresome shock tactics to draw any cohesive response from its audience".


13/13/13, Critical response
Contrarily, Ain't It Cool News felt that despite some weaknesses the film contained enough expected surprises to be worth a watch, writing "one of the things that makes Bressack’s films appealing to me is the personal level which he is unafraid to venture to." The film contained "some very effective scenes, mostly involving kids who get either caught in the mêlée or affected by the disease, but for the most part it doesn’t plumb the depths to which Bressack’s other films dare go".


13/8 (album)
13/8 is a live album by Iranian singer-songwriter Mohsen Namjoo.13/8 recorded before a live audience at Berkeley, California on April 28, 2012. The album Released in October 2012.


130 (number)
130 (one hundred [and] thirty) is the natural number following 129 and preceding 131.


130 (number), In mathematics
130 is a sphenic number. It is a noncototient since there is no answer to the equation x - φ(x) = 130.


130 (number), In mathematics
130 is the only integer that is the sum of the squares of its first four divisors, including 1: 12 + 22 + 52 + 102 = 130.


130 (number), In mathematics
130 is the largest number that cannot be written as the sum of four hexagonal numbers.


130 (number), In mathematics
130 equals both 27 + 2 and 53 + 5 and is therefore a doubly strictly adsurd number.


130 (number), In religion
The Book of Genesis states Adam had Seth at the age of 130. The Second Book of Chronicles says that Jehoiada died at the age of 130.


130 53 TK
130 53 TK or 130 TK ("130 mm rifled, 53 length caliber, turret gun") is a Finnish fixed, heavy artillery piece, manufactured by Tampella. The caliber is 130 mm. The 130 53 TK is the main weapon of the Finnish coastal artillery.


130 53 TK
The maximum range with high-explosive fragmentation shells is 25 kilometers and with special sea target shells it is over 30 km. The initial velocity of the shot is around 860 m/s depending on the shell and amount of propellant used. When firing temporary bursts with auto-loader the gun can fire 3 shots in 20 seconds and up to 6 shots per minute during sustained firing. The gun weighs 16 tons (including shield) and the length of the barrel is 6 818 mm. The gun is operated by 3 NCOs and 7 soldiers.


130 53 TK
The development of the 130 TK started in the 1970s and lasted for 10 years. In 1971, the Finnish national defence committee suggested that the then main current coastal artillery gun (152/50 T) would be replaced by the end of the 1970s. A development contract was signed with Tampella in 1975. It was decided that the calibre would be 130 mm, since the mobile coastal artillery used towed guns of same calibre (130 K 54). A prototype was constructed on the island of Isosaari in 1980, where test firing was conducted until 1983.


130 53 TK
The Finnish Defence Forces signed a series production contract with Tampella in 1982. The first battery was installed in 1984 and the final in 1990. The spaces required for the gun, such as room for the gun crew and ammunition storage was built inside the base rock with concrete casemates for shaping. The 130 53 TK will probably be the last fixed coastal defence gun in the Finnish inventory.


130 53 TK
Initially, there were no special sea target shells, instead, regular fragmentation shells were used with timed, immediate and delayed fuses for differences in desired effect. A first attempt to develop sea target shells failed in the 1980s, with the company going bankrupt. A fresh start was done in the beginning of the 1990s for payload shells similar to some anti-tank shells.


130 53 TK
Targeting for these guns is done by a targeting team either using a laser range and direction finder or optically with triangulation (requiring two teams). The triangulation method is safer as there is nothing transmitted towards the target as in the laser rangefinder case. The coordinates (if laser acquired) or directional information in the case of triangulation are sent to a calculation unit which then calculates the targeting solution for the guns. This is a continuous (tracking) operation since the targets are moving. The gun itself can be directed manually with the data coming from the central calculation unit or fully automatically based on the data received via a data bus from the central calculator. The gun is also fully capable of autonomous operation with its own laser rangefinder and firing solution computer.


130 BC
Year 130 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus/Pulcher and Perperna (or, less frequently, year 624 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 130 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


130 Cedar Street
130 Cedar Street, formerly known as the Green Exchange Building, is a mid-rise building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is located between Cedar Street and Albany Street running along Washington Street, sharing a block with 90 West Street. It was built in 1931 and was designed by Renwick, Aspinwall & Guard.


130 Cedar Street, September 11 attacks
When the South Tower of the World Trade Center collapsed on September 11, 2001, 130 Cedar Street was completely ravaged. Hundreds of tons of fiery debris rained down onto the building. The top of the building's northeast corner completely collapsed under the debris. A column section from WTC 2 penetrated the 10th floor roof slab. The projectile impacts also lit fires, which occurred primarily above the 9th floor. Fire damage was evident on the 11th and 12th floors in the northwest corner. The Amish Market located on the ground floor was completely destroyed and burned, later relocating further uptown. Several concrete columns were cracked, possibly from the impact. Several bays at the northeast corner were severely damaged from debris impact. After the attacks, the building was uninhabitable and lost all of its tenants.


130 Cedar Street, Renovation
Like many buildings in the area, 130 Cedar Street had to be thoroughly decontaminated after the damage it sustained. In 2004, it was announced that the office building would be transformed into a hotel, despite rumors that the building would be demolished.


130 Cedar Street, Renovation
After many years of revitalization, the building was finally reopened as a Club Quarters hotel. During the restoration process, seven new floors were added, making the building 19 stories tall.


130 Colmore Row
130 Colmore Row  is a Grade II listed building in the city centre of Birmingham, England. The building was built in 1903 as the main office for Alliance Assurance by architecture firm Goddard & Co. of Leicester. The building served as an office and banking hall for Alliance Assurance until the 1990s when it was bought by Birmingham City Council and became a tourist information office and later a careers centre. In 2013 the building was sold to a Chinese Investment Consortium who have planned to turn the vacant building into a restaurant named 'Nosh and Quaff'


130 Colmore Row, Nosh & Quaff
The restaurant Nosh and Quaff opened in July 2015 after a £1 million internal fit out by Keane Design Associates. The restaurant is run by Aktar Islam's Lasan Group and specialises in lobster and beer.


130 Elektra
Elektra (minor planet designation: 130 Elektra) is a large outer main-belt asteroid. It was discovered on 17 February 1873, by astronomer Christian Peters at Litchfield Observatory, New York, and named after Electra, an avenger in Greek mythology.


130 Elektra, Description
The spectrum of 130 Elektra is of the G type; hence it probably has a Ceres-like composition. Spectral signatures of organic compounds have been seen on Elektra's surface and it displays evidence of aqueous alteration.


130 Elektra, Description
In the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered lightcurve data that was ultimately used to derive the spin states and shape models of 10 new asteroids, including (130) Elektra. The light curve of (130) Elektra forms a double sinusoid while the shape model is elongated and the derived rotation axis is perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic.


130 Elektra, Description
Optical observations have found two satellites of this asteroid. Once the orbits are known, Elektra's mass can be reliably found. The value of 6.6×1018 kg indicates a density of 1.3 ± 0.3 g/cm3. Optical observations have also determined that Elektra's shape is quite irregular, as well as giving indications of albedo differences of 5-15% on its surface.


130 Elektra, Occultations
Elektra has been observed to pass in front of a dozen stars since 2007, most notably on April 21, 2018 when over 30 mostly citizen astronomers spread across five European countries recorded the sudden drop in light of an 11th magnitude star. The sky-plane plot of the chords reveals a peanut-shaped body, possibly the result of a two-body merger early in the history of the Solar System.


130 Elektra, Satellites
In 2003, a small moon of (130) Elektra was detected using the Keck II telescope. The diameter of the satellite is 4 km and it orbits at a distance of about 1170 km. It was given the provisional designation S/2003 (130) 1. Due to only a few observations to date, its orbit is still relatively loosely constrained. In December 2014 a smaller inner moon, about 2 km across and orbiting Elektra about three times closer than S/2003 (130) 1, was discovered using the SPHERE instrument on the VLT's Melipal (UT3) telescope. It was provisionally named S/2014 (130) 1.


130 K 90-60
The 130 K 90-60 is a Finnish towed 130 mm coastal artillery piece, manufactured in the 1980s by Vammas.


130 K 90-60, History
The development process for the 130 K 90-60 began in 1960 when the Finnish company Tampella presented their concept of a new 122 mm gun for the Finnish Army. This gun was called 122 K 60. It was a sound concept, but quite a heavy gun. It was only ordered in small numbers and it was never part of the war-time inventory.


130 K 90-60, History
15 guns were later modified by Vammas in the late 1980s, giving it a 130 mm calibre barrel. This was done in order to standardize the calibre for the mobile coastal artillery. The new gun was given the designation 130 K 90-60.


130 K 90-60, History
The gun carriage design was used for Tampella's 155 mm series, as well as for the Israeli Soltam M-68 gun.


130 West 30th Street
130 West 30th Street, aka “The Cass Glibert,” was designed by the American architect, Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934). The 18-story building was originally designed for offices, showrooms and manufacturing space in New York’s fur district (Fifth to Seventh Avenues from 23rd to 42nd Streets), just south of the garment district (between Fifth and Ninth Avenues from 34th to 42nd Streets). It is located on 30th Street between the Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City.


130 West 30th Street
The building was originally known as the S.J.M Building, named for Salomon J. Manne, a fur trader with whom Gilbert shared a box at the Metropolitan Opera. It was renamed “The Cass Gilbert” in 2004. The building is also included in the AIA Guide to New York City.


130 West 30th Street
Above the doorways are terra-cotta decorative friezes set in marble and based on Assyrian stone reliefs which feature hunters, horses and stylized lions. The animal motif, perhaps an acknowledgement to the fur district, can also be found in the brass elevator doors in the lobby. Additional terra-cotta friezes with winged beasts which encircle the building at various levels accentuate the modern skyscraper set backs that reflect the 1916 zoning rules to allow more light and sunlight. The doorway panels have been cited in Ephemeral New York as “triumphant” and “exotic.”


130 West 30th Street
130 West 30th Street was designated as a Landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2001. The building was converted to a residential condominium in 2003, comprising 45 residential units as well as four commercial units which were later combined into one, housing Beit Simchat Torah, an LGBT synagogue, which was finished in 2016 and the NYTimes called “mystical.”


130 West 30th Street
Other New York City buildings designed by Cass Gilbert include the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House erected in Bowling Green in 1902 to 1907; the Woolworth Building, opened in 1913 at which time it was the tallest building in the world until 1930; Rodin Studios, also known as 200 57th Street, built from 1916 to 1917 as studios and residences for artists; the Brooklyn Army Base building at the Brooklyn Army Terminal completed in 1919; and the New York Life Insurance Building (1926) which was built around the same time as 130 West 30th Street.


130 West 57th Street
130 West 57th Street is an office building on 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was built from 1907 to 1908 and designed by Pollard and Steinam, who also simultaneously designed the neighboring, nearly identical building at 140 West 57th Street. The buildings are among several in Manhattan that were built in the early 20th century as both studio and residences for artists.


130 West 57th Street
130 West 57th Street is fifteen stories tall, with fourteen stories facing 57th Street, as well as a penthouse. The lowest two stories of the primary facade along 57th Street are clad in limestone, while the upper stories are clad in brick. The facade contains both broad and narrow bays with metal-framed studio windows, some of which are double-height. Along 57th Street, there are cornices above the second and fourteenth stories. There were double-height studios on the 57th Street side and smaller residences at the back of the building.


130 West 57th Street
130 West 57th Street was developed upon land owned by artist Robert Vonnoh. Although marketed as artists' studios, 130 West 57th Street was also home to lawyers, stock brokers, teachers, and other professionals. The building was converted into a rental-apartment structure in 1937, and was subsequently converted into an office building during the late 20th century. 130 West 57th Street was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1999.


130 West 57th Street, Site
130 West 57th Street is on the southern side of 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue, two blocks south of Central Park in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the lot measures 80 feet (24 m) wide along 57th Street and is 100 feet (30 m) deep. The building abuts 140 West 57th Street to the west and the Parker New York hotel to the east.


130 West 57th Street, Site
Other nearby buildings include Metropolitan Tower, Russian Tea Room, Carnegie Hall Tower, and Carnegie Hall to the west; the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing and One57 to the northwest; the Nippon Club Tower and Calvary Baptist Church to the north; 111 West 57th Street to the northeast; and CitySpire, New York City Center, and 125 West 55th Street to the south.


130 West 57th Street, Site
130 and 140 West 57th Street are part of an artistic hub that developed around the two blocks of West 57th Street from Sixth Avenue west to Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of the nearby Carnegie Hall in 1891. Several buildings in the area were constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street, the Rodin Studios, and the Osborne Apartments, as well as the demolished Sherwood Studios and Rembrandt. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the American Society of Civil Engineers. The sites occupied by 130 and 140 West 57th Street were historically occupied by brownstone townhouses in the late 19th century.


130 West 57th Street, Design
130 West 57th Street was designed by Pollard and Steinam, who also designed the neighboring studios at 140 West 57th Street. Both structures were constructed simultaneously and were designed nearly identically as studio apartments for artists. 130 West 57th Street is 150 feet (46 m) tall; the front portion along 57th Street contains 14 stories while the rear portion contains 12 stories. It is one of a few remaining artists' studio buildings in New York City with distinct living and working spaces for artists.


130 West 57th Street, Design, Facade
The main facade overlooking 57th Street consists of five vertical bays, which contain metal windows and are separated by brick piers. The westernmost, center, and easternmost bays are wider, and alternate with two narrower bays. The rear facade is made of brick.


130 West 57th Street, Design, Facade
The base is composed of the first and second stories. At the base, the central bay contains a slightly projecting entrance pavilion clad with rusticated and vermiculated limestone blocks. Within this entrance pavilion is an arch with voussoirs flanking a volute above the top of the arch, and a double door approached from a small stoop. A metal and glass canopy, installed in 2000, extends from the entrance into the sidewalk. The remainder of the base contains storefronts or store entrances on the first story.


130 West 57th Street, Design, Facade
The westernmost wide bay contains a double-height display window, while the other second-story bays contain either pairs of sash windows or multi-pane rectangular windows. Atop the second story is a projecting terracotta cornice, which contains a frieze with alternating circles and triglyphs, as well as a pattern of mutules alternating with rosettes or lozenges on the underside of the cornice.


130 West 57th Street, Design, Facade
The twelve upper stories are similar in design to each other and contain several types of windows. The windows in the outermost wide bays, and on the third through tenth stories of the center bay, project slightly from the facade and contain trapezoidal frames. The outermost bays contain double-height windows. The windows in the narrow bays, and in the eleventh through fourteenth stories of the center bay, do not project. In all bays, there are geometric olive-painted spandrels between the windows on each story, and the windows have olive mullions. There is another cornice above the fourteenth story, with modillions beneath it. The cornice rests on six large pairs of iron brackets, which are aligned with the tops of the brick piers.


130 West 57th Street, Design, Interior
The building was designed with 36 studios. Its location on the south side of 57th Street, a major road that was wider than parallel streets, ensured that the interiors would be brightly lit by sunlight from the north, for the benefit of the artists working there. The interiors  contained double-height studios, characterized by House Beautiful magazine as "a splendid backdrop for tapestry or painting". The double-height studios were behind the wide bays facing 57th Street, and each contained a living room, kitchen, four bedrooms, and servants' rooms.


130 West 57th Street, Design, Interior
Behind the narrow bays were studio rooms, some of which could be used as separate apartments. There were smaller apartments in the rear, which contained two bedrooms and a kitchenette. The building had separate elevators for passengers and freight, as well as resident amenities such as a vacuum cleaning facility, a laundry room, a mail chute, dumbwaiters, and telephone service in each residence.


130 West 57th Street, Design, Interior
130 West 57th Street was altered in 1987 and reclassified as a mid-rise office building with commercial units. According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 73,444 square feet (6,823.2 m2) and has 46 units, of which 10 are zoned for residential use.


130 West 57th Street, History
Cooperative apartment housing in New York City became popular in the late 19th century because of overcrowded housing conditions in the city's dense urban areas. When 140 West 57th Street was constructed, there were some co-ops in the city that catered specifically to artists, including the Bryant Park Studios and the Carnegie Studios, but these were almost always fully occupied and did not provide adequate space for artists to both live and work.


130 West 57th Street, History
The 67th Street Studios, constructed between 1901 and 1903 at 23–29 West 67th Street near Central Park, were the first artists' cooperatives in the city that were also specifically designed to provide duplex working and living areas for artists. The success of the 67th Street Studios prompted the development of other artists' studios in that area.


130 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios
Robert Vonnoh, an artist residing in one of the 67th Street Studios, bought four brownstone townhouses at 126–132 West 57th Street in early 1907. Ownership of the brownstones was transferred to the 130 West 57th Street Corporation that June. The corporation was operated by president Walter G. Merritt and secretary Payson McL. Merrill. Pollard and Steinam were hired to design a $500,000 apartment house at the site, with seven double-height stories in the front and twelve single-height stories in the rear.


130 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios
The architects were also hired for the nearly identical, adjacent development at 140 West 57th Street, developed by the same individuals. Building permits for 130 West 57th Street were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in September 1907. The construction contract was awarded to William J. Taylor, and funded with a $475,000 loan from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The building was completed in October 1908.


130 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios
Although marketed as artists' studios, 130 West 57th Street was also home to lawyers, stock brokers, teachers, and other professionals. The novelist William Dean Howells lived in the building; his son, architect John Mead Howells, also resided there until 1927. William Dean Howells's firm Howells & Stokes designed a basement store one year after the building's completion. Another resident, painter Childe Hassam, sometimes depicted the building's trapezoidal windows in his Impressionist paintings.


130 West 57th Street, History, Artists' studios
Marion Wilson, the spouse of Richard Thornton Wilson Jr., also lived at 130 West 57th Street; her late-night parties prompted Hassam and other residents to unsuccessfully file nuisance complaints against her. The building's basement store was removed in 1922 and the entrance staircases were recessed as part of a project to widen West 57th Street. The facade otherwise saw few modifications during the 20th century, except for the installation of ground story storefronts.


130 West 57th Street, History, Later use
The building was converted to a rental apartment in 1937, and Met Life bought 130 West 57th Street at auction the next year for $300,000. Paul S. Hitlin bought the building in 1945, and ownership subsequently passed to Abram Jedwabnik. Upon Abram's death four years later, his brother David, who lived at 130 West 57th Street with his wife and daughter, continued to operate the building.


130 West 57th Street, History, Later use
Through the mid-20th century, tenants at 130 West 57th Street included Ray Charles, The Rolling Stones, and the studios of Woody Allen's production company. The singer Tony Bennett also lived in the building, on the ninth floor. During the 1970s, the ground-floor retail space housed a restaurant called the Irish Pavilion, named after a pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair. David Jedwabnik's daughter Mira Van Doren, along with her son Daniel, started managing the building in the 1980s, and renovated the hallways and mosaic tiles in the 1990s.


130 West 57th Street, History, Later use
Planet Hollywood opened a location at 140 West 57th Street's base in 1991, and the Motown Cafe and Planet Hollywood's Merch Shop occupied the storefronts at 130 and 140 West 57th Street. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated 130 West 57th Street as an official city landmark on October 19, 1999.


130 West 57th Street, History, Later use
The building was largely used by office tenants by 2000, when there were only seven residential tenants in 55 total units. The Planet Hollywood at the building's base had closed by late 2000, when the restaurant moved to Times Square. In February 2016, H. Huntsman & Sons opened a location at 130 West 57th Street, becoming the first tailor from London's Savile Row to open a permanent location in New York.


130 William
130 William is a residential high-rise tower located in the Financial District of Manhattan. The building is being developed by Lightstone and was designed by Ghanaian architect Sir David Adjaye.


130 William, History
Lightstone purchased the former 12-story office building at 130 William Street in May 2014 for $60 million after the previous owner defaulted on a mortgage from East West Bank. Eight months later, the company unveiled Hill West Architects' plans for a 50-story tall mixed-use building that would reach a height of 581 feet (177 m) and contain a hotel and 188 apartments. However, new plans filed in early 2017 removed the hotel portion and increased the building's size to its current height.


130 William, History
In March 2017, the project secured $305 million in financing and began construction. Facade installation began in October 2018. The building topped-out in May 2019. 130 William has also been recognized as the fastest selling luxury condominium development in New York City in 2018 and 2019.


130 William, Architecture and design
130 William's custom hand-cast façade features large-scale arched windows and bronzed detailing. It will rise approximately 800 feet (240 m) tall at 66 stories and will consist of 242 residences and over 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2) of amenities. The building will also incorporate a new public plaza park, also designed by Adjaye, as well as over 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of retail, both located at the building's base.


130 William, Architecture and design
130 William is adjacent to the Fulton Center transit hub of the New York City Subway. The building is also immediately adjacent to Tribeca, South Street Seaport, the Brooklyn Bridge, as well as some of New York City's top restaurants and elite shopping and cultural venues.


130 departments of the First French Empire
This is a list of the 130 departments (French: départements), the conventional name for the administrative subdivisions of the First French Empire at the height of its territorial extent, circa 1811.


130 departments of the First French Empire
Note that the Illyrian Provinces were also part of France, but were not organised into departments, and so are not included in this list. Similarly, four additional French departments were also created in Catalonia (annexed from Spain in 1812); their juridical status remained incomplete until the French lost their grip on Spain in 1814. Those departments were: Bouches-de-l'Èbre, Montserrat, Sègre, and Ter.


130 departments of the First French Empire
The names of departments formed from territories annexed to France after 1791 have been colour-coded as follows:


130 departments of the First French Empire
Moreover, the Tanaro department was established in 1802 and disbanded in 1805; it was one of the six original départments which took the place of the Subalpine Republic. Its territory was divided between the three départments of Marengo, Stura, and Montenotte (the latter was created after the annexation of the Ligurian Republic).


130 km
130 km (Russian: 130 км) is a rural locality (a passing loop) in Cheremichkinskoye Rural Settlement of Topkinsky District, Russia. The  population was 47 as of 2010.


130 km, Geography
The passing loop is located on the Yurga-Tashtagol line, 37 km south of Topki (the district's administrative centre) by road.