131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War
On 1 January 1953, the Italian Army raised the CI Tank Battalion equipped with M26 Pershing tanks in Pinerolo as an autonomous tank battalion of the III Army Corps. In October 1956, the battalion moved to Verona as a corps asset of the IV Army Corps. The battalion was disbanded on 31 December 1963 and its personnel contributed to the rise of the III Tank Battalion for the newly raised 32nd Tank Regiment.


131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 101st Tank Battalion "M.O. Zappalà"
During the 1975 army reform, the 31st Tank Regiment was disbanded on 21 October 1975 and its II Tank Battalion became the 101st Tank Battalion "M.O. Zappalà", which received the war flag and traditions of the 131st Tank Infantry Regiment. The battalion's number commemorated the CI Tank Battalion "R35", which had served with the 131st regiment during the allied invasion of Sicily. Tank and armored battalions created during the 1975 army reform were all named after officers, soldiers and partisans, who were posthumously awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour during World War II.


131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War, 101st Tank Battalion "M.O. Zappalà"
The 101st Tank Battalion's name commemorated the commander of the LI Tank Battalion "M14/41" Lieutenant Colonel Salvatore Zappalà, who had been awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valour (2x World War I, 1x Invasion of Yugoslavia), one Bronze Medal of Military Valour (Spanish Civil War) and three War Crosses of Military Valor (Spanish Civil War, Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Greco-Italian War); the Lieutenant Colonel was also awarded posthumously a Gold Medal of Military Valour after being fatally injured on 30 June 1942 near El Dabaa in Egypt during the Axis pursuit of the British Eighth Army after the Battle of Mersa Matruh. Based in Bellinzago Novarese and equipped with Leopard 1A2 main battle tanks, the battalion joined the 31st Armored Brigade "Curtatone".


131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Recent times
With the end of the Cold War, the Italian Army had drawn down its forces and on 31 July 1993, the 101st Tank Battalion "M.O. Zappalà" and its personnel entered the 1st Tank Battalion "M.O. Cracco", which was then reformed on 1 September 1993 as 31st Tank Regiment. On the same day, the 131st Tank Regiment was reformed in Persano in Southern Italy with the 31st Tank Battalion "M.O. Andreani" of the Armored Troops School as its only battalion.


131st Tank Regiment (Italy), History, Recent times
The 131st Tank Regiment joined the Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi" and in 2008, the army's last Leopard 1A5 main battle tanks were retired after receiving the new Ariete main battle tanks. On 11 July 2013, the 131st Tank Regiment was renamed the 4th Tank Regiment and the flag of the 131st was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.


131st meridian east
The meridian 131° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


131st meridian east
The 131st meridian east forms a great circle with the 49th meridian west.


131st meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 131st meridian east passes through:


131st meridian west
The meridian 131° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


131st meridian west
The 131st meridian west forms a great circle with the 49th meridian east.


131st meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 131st meridian west passes through:


132 (number)
132 (one hundred [and] thirty-two) is the natural number following 131 and preceding 133.


132 (number), In mathematics
132 is the sixth Catalan number. It is a pronic number, the product of 11 and 12. As it has 12 divisors total, 132 is a refactorable number.


132 (number), In mathematics
If you take the sum of all 2-digit numbers you can make from 132, you get 132: 12+13+21+23+31+32=132{\displaystyle 12+13+21+23+31+32=132}. 132 is the smallest number with this property, which is shared by 264, 396 and 35964 (see digit-reassembly number).


132 (number), In mathematics
But there is no number that, when added to the sum of its own digits, sums to 132, therefore 132 is a self number. 132 is also a Harshad number, divisible by the sum of its base-ten digits.


132 Aethra
Aethra (minor planet designation: 132 Aethra) is a metallic asteroid and Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the asteroid belt. It measures approximately 40 kilometers in diameter.


132 Aethra
It was discovered by James Craig Watson in 1873 and is the first such Mars-crosser asteroid to be identified. As a Mars-crosser asteroid, Aethra is the lowest numbered asteroid to not have proper orbital elements due to recurring perturbations by Mars. It has a rather eccentric orbit that sometimes brings it closer to the Sun than the planet Mars.


132 Aethra
With an original observation arc of only 22 days, 132 Aethra was a lost asteroid between 1873 and 1922.


132 Aethra
The varying light curve of the asteroid implies an elongated or irregular shape for its body.


132 Aethra
It is named after Aethra, the mother of Theseus in Greek mythology.


132 Aviation Support Squadron RLC
132 Aviation Supply Squadron RLC is responsible for aviation supply support to the whole of the Army Aviation community. The unit is based in Wattisham Airfield.


132 Aviation Support Squadron RLC, History
The unit was formed as 132 Aviation Supply Unit in 1993 and was subsequently renamed renamed 132 Aviation Supply Squadron.


132 BC
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 12:08, 4 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


132 BC
Year 132 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Rupilius (or, less frequently, year 622 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 132 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery
132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery  is an MLRS Battery, that is part of the Royal Artillery. Its name is pronounced "one three two" or it is known as "The Bengals". The battery is one of the sub-units of 26th Regiment Royal Artillery, part of the British Army. It was formed in 1816 and is based in Larkhill.


132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History
132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery was raised on 13 September 1816 as a camel mounted unit in the service of the Honourable East India Company under the command of Captain (later General) William Samsen Whish. The troop carried a total of 912 six pound rockets, either in buckets on camels, or horse-drawn trolleys.


132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History, Post War
After the war the Battery served in the United Kingdom until 1926, being mechanised in 1924. In 1927 the Battery saw service in China (Shanghai) followed by a return to India for the remaining years before the Second World War.


132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History, Second World War
During the Second World War the Battery served in the Western Desert, Eritrea, Syria, Palestine, Tunisia, Italy and Greece as part of 1st Field Regiment. It is particularly proud of its part in the action at Qineiquina* on the Egyptian / Libyan frontier on 25 November 1941. During the engagement the Battery helped defend the positions of 7th Indian Brigade, fighting in the open against no less than 28 tanks of the 21st Panzer Division's 5th Panzer Regiment. Despite the daunting onslaught, the gunners held their fire until the Panzers were within 500 metres, returning fire over open sights.


132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History, Second World War
After an intense duel lasting 45 minutes, the Germans withdrew having lost seven tanks and sustaining damage to a further four (by the evening of the 25th, 5th Panzer Regiment had only two operational tanks). The Battery suffered more than fifty casualties and five of its 25 pdrs were knocked out, but it had helped defeat Rommel's planned encirclement of the British forces East of the Solloum front.


132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery, History, Second World War
The battery also served throughout the Italian campaign and fought at Cassino. [ At Cassino, a notable incident took place. One of the Rocket Troop's 25 pounders suffered a 'premature' (a detonation within the gun barrel). The explosion blew open the end of the gun, ensuring that it could no longer fire. Bdr. L.O. Harris proceeded to cut off the shattered end of his 25 pounder's gun barrel with a hack-saw. The task took considerable time and effort, but upon completion, the gun was raised upon ammunition cases and successfully brought back into action. The unusual sound made by the modified 25 pounder's, shortened barrel and higher trajectory of the shell, reportedly lead the German defenders to presume that they were being engaged by a new British weapon.]


132 Tauri
132 Tauri is a binary star system in the constellation Taurus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.89. Based upon a poorly-constrained annual parallax shift of 8.97±1.98 mas, it is located roughly 360 light years from the Sun. The system is moving further away with a heliocentric radial velocity of +16 km/s. It lies near the ecliptic and thus is subject to occultation by the Moon. One such event was observed September 3, 1991.


132 Tauri
This system forms a wide double star with an angular separation of 3.8″ along a position angle of 230°, as of 1991. The brighter star, component A, has an apparent magnitude of 4.99 while the fainter secondary, component B, is of magnitude 9.09. The primary is itself an unresolved binary with a combined stellar classification of G9 III, which matches an aging G-type giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence.


1320
Year 1320 (MCCCXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1320 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1320 kHz: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission classify 1320 kHz as a regional broadcast frequency.


1320 Club
The club was named after the date of the Declaration of Arbroath, a document proclaiming Scotland's independence,  It was founded in 1967 by figures including Frederick Boothby, Hugh MacDiarmid, Oliver Brown, Douglas Young and Wendy Wood. Most of its founders were members of the Scottish National Party (SNP) who had recently worked together in the Scottish National Congress, which had dissolved in 1964. The club was not limited to SNP figures, but claimed to seek a wider consensus, similar to the early days of the SNP or to the Scottish Covenant Association. In order to further this, membership of the organisation, other than among its leading figures, was kept secret, and was by invitation only. This prompted sharp criticism from Hamish Henderson of the Communist Party of Great Britain, who rejected his invitation to join.


1320 Club
Internally, the group initially had a structure based on a political cabinet, led by a "Co-ordinator of Committees", supported by a team of convenors, each with responsibility for a different policy area. Soon, Boothby was appointed Secretary, MacDiarmid as President and Ian Taylor as Vice-President, in a more traditional approach, while later still, some leading members of the organisation were given the title "Scottish Knight Templar".


1320 Club
The club published a journal named Catalyst, edited by Ronald MacDonald Douglas, which covered both cultural and political matters, with poetry by MacDiarmid, and a clear declaration that it would not intervene in elections, which it intended to leave to the SNP. One of the club's first acts was to published a proposed constitution for an independent Scotland, based on that developed by the Scottish National Congress. Another early campaign was for the SNP's parliamentary candidates to commit to a policy of abstentionism in the Westminster parliament, and instead to convene their own body in Edinburgh.


1320 Club
It also argued that such a body would have the right to arm itself in defence against England, and this advocacy of paramilitary action led the SNP to expel its members in 1968, amid claims that the group incorporated fascist ideology. Boothby in particular was keen on this approach, having previous called for a "Scottish Liberation Army", and he secretly formed such a group, the "Army of the Provisional Government", which conducted some bombings and a robbery. In 1975, he was convicted of conspiracy and left the group.


1320 Club
During the 1970s, the club strongly suggested that the Stone of Scone which had been returned to London following its theft in the 1950s was not the original, and they gave a stone to St Columba's Church in Dundee which they claimed was genuine. This was not widely believed, and the stone was later transferred to Dull, Perthshire and then in 1989 given to an individual who self-identified as a "Scottish Knight Templar".


1320 in Scotland
Events from the year 1320 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1320s
The 1320s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1320, and ended on December 31, 1329.


1320s BC
The 1320s BC is a decade which lasted from 1329 BC to 1320 BC.


1320s in England, Incumbents
Monarch – Edward II (to 25 January 1327), Edward III


1320s in art
The decade of the 1320s in art involved some significant events.


1320s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1320s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1320s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1321
Year 1321 (MCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1321 in Scotland
Events from the year 1321 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1321 lepers' plot
The 1321 lepers' plot was an alleged conspiracy of French lepers to spread their disease by contaminating water supplies, including well water, with their powders and poisons. According to the American historian Solomon Grayzel, lepers were the most abused group of people during the Middle Ages: they were thrown out of settlements and treated as wild animals due to the widespread belief that their disease was highly contagious. However, other historians have contested such a view, pointing out that lepers often lived within communities in leper houses (leprosaria) and were supported by charitable donations.


1321 lepers' plot
As the alleged conspiracy progressed, Jews and Muslims were also said to be implicated, providing an excuse for local authorities to attack both Jewish and leper communities. The hysteria quickly spread to the neighbouring realms, most notably to the Kingdom of Aragon.


1321 lepers' plot, France
Rumours of a plot broke out in the spring of 1321 and terrified the people of southern France. Torture of lepers ensued, and eventually confessions were forced out. These initially blamed lepers only but later, in June 1321, stated that the lepers were acting on the orders of Jews, who in turn had been bribed by the Muslims of Spain, in an attempt to "poison the Christian population of Europe".


1321 lepers' plot, France
In the confession of the leper Johan de Bosco on 16 May 1321 to the officials of Regale Ville, he says that Geraldus, leper and proctor of the leprosarium of Alterque, had brought bags of powder and ordered him to put them in fountains and rivers so that anyone who drank from them would die or become leprous.


1321 lepers' plot, France
Jacques Fournier's (Bishop of Parmiers 1318-25) inquisitorial records contain the depositions of Guillaume Agasse, the head of the leper house in Parmiers. In a statement on the  9 June 1321 Agasse said that fifty or sixty representatives, leaders and ministers of leper houses from across France, met in one place and conspired to poison the populace with the aid of the Muslim King of Granada. The heads of the houses, it was claimed, were required to deny ‘Christ’s faith and his law’ and in return were to become the masters of the localities their houses served.


1321 lepers' plot, France
The alleged plot flourished in the wake of the previous year's Shepherds' Crusade, which saw young rural men and women form a mob and attack Jews in France and the neighbouring Kingdom of Aragon, despite being ordered to stop by Pope John XXII, King Philip V of France and King James II of Aragon.


1321 lepers' plot, France
Already in 1320, some of the apprehended and later hanged "crusaders" claimed to have found barrels filled with rotten bread while pillaging a leper colony (possibly near Le Mas-d'Agenais), and made a strikingly uncommon accusation, alleging that the lepers had intended to use the bread to prepare poisons for contaminating well water. The rumours that sparked the violence in 1321 may have started here. While the Shepherds' Crusade was led by rioters, the persecution of lepers was orchestrated by municipal authorities, making it judicial though extralegal (judicial power being royal prerogative).


1321 lepers' plot, France
King Philip was on a tour of the region when the stories started circulating. He found himself in a difficult position; he could openly neither condone nor condemn the unstoppable persecution, as the former would have led to more violence, while the latter would have undermined his authority. The Dominican inquisitor Bernard Gui was instructed to conduct extensive investigation. On 21 June, Philip ordered by edict that all lepers be imprisoned and examined under torture. Those found guilty were to be burnt at the stake.


1321 lepers' plot, France
Since their crimes were declared lèse-majesté, the lepers' property was to be confiscated by the Crown. Unfortunately for Philip many local lords had already executed lepers and confiscated their goods. He was persuaded by the barons, prelates and nobles, who said they had by ancient custom the right to administer leproseries and take immediate steps against the plotters, to give way and accept their actions through a second ordinance on August 18.


1321 lepers' plot, Aragon
News of the uncovered plot spread rapidly to the neighbouring countries. King James of Aragon learned of the supposed conspiracy and associated violence almost immediately. James's cousin, King Sancho of Majorca, informed him of the situation in France by a letter dated 2 June, but James deliberated for nearly a week. The French lepers fleeing the "lash of justice", as James put it in a letter to his officials, were already seeking shelter in his realm. He cautiously commanded the arrest and expulsion of all leprous foreigners, while Jews were not mentioned.


1321 lepers' plot, Aragon
By 27 June, James had changed his mind in favour of a harsher approach. He ordered not only the seizure of the diseased, destruction of their powders, and questioning under torture,  but also the arrest and expulsion of non-leprous foreigners, "since it is difficult, truly even impossible, to recognize such and identify them". Local inquisitions were set up in Manresa, Ejea de los Caballeros, Huesca, Montblanc, Tarazona and Barcelona. Those who confessed were burnt. Leper colonies were attacked and their goods seized, including the ancient leprosarium attached to the Church of Santa Maria de Cervera.


1321 lepers' plot, Aragon
A suspected leper was most likely examined and diagnosed with the disease by frightened lay people rather than experienced physicians. A year after the scare, a physician called Amonant decided to move from Gascony to Aragon, only to be apprehended in Huesca and accused of being a leper intending to poison the water. The physician appealed to King James's son Alfons and was granted examination by local physicians, who confirmed that he was not infected. Frightened, he chose to nevertheless leave Aragon. The incident was probably one of many that helped promote medical diagnosis of leprosy.


1321 lepers' plot, Aftermath
Doubts about whether the lepers' plot' was real or not emerged soon after the persecution of lepers in France of June, July and August 1321. Those lepers of Limoges who were branded and locked up on 27 August in response to the royal edict were released only a month later, despite the original intention that confinement should be permanent. The original accusations were already being questioned. Jews continued to be persecuted but references to poisoning of the water supply by lepers were progressively treated with more scepticism and the phrase ‘it is said that’ appears more often in official records.


1321 lepers' plot, Aftermath
In 1338, Pope Benedict XII issued a Bull that was in response to pleas from the lepers of Toulouse for support in recovering goods, including property and lands, confiscated during the plot. The Pope pointed out that the lepers had already been recognised in court as ‘innocent and guiltless’ of the crimes of which they had been accused and were therefore due formal restitution. The Pope was the same Jacques Fournier who twenty years before had been one of the interrogators of Agassa.


1322
Year 1322 (MCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1322 Coppernicus
1322 Coppernicus, provisional designation 1934 LA, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1934, the asteroid was later named after Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.


1322 Coppernicus, Discovery
Coppernicus was discovered on 15 June 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.


1322 Coppernicus, Orbit and classification
Coppernicus is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,377 days; semi-major axis of 2.42 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg/Uccle in June 1934, on the night of its official discovery observation.


1322 Coppernicus, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Coppernicus is a common, stony S-type asteroid.


1322 Coppernicus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Published in 1991, a first rotational lightcurve of Coppernicus was obtained by Polish astronomer Wiesław Wiśniewski. Lightcurve analysis gave a relatively short rotation period of 3.967 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=2). In 2006, photometric observations by Italian astronomer Federico Manzini gave a tentative period of 5.37 and 5.375 hours with an amplitude of 0.01 and 0.04, respectively (U=1/2).


1322 Coppernicus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Coppernicus measures between 9.996 and 10.70 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.133 and 0.211.


1322 Coppernicus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 9.80 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.41.


1322 Coppernicus, Naming
This minor planet was named after Polish astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), the founder of modern astronomy who formulated the heliocentric model that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the Universe. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120). The lunar crater Copernicus as well as the Martian crater Copernicus are both named in his honor. The asteroid's unusual spelling, "Coppernicus", is attributed to German biographer Leopold Prowe.


1322 Golden Empire Tower
1322 Golden Empire Tower (formerly known as 1322 Roxas Boulevard) is a 57-storey residential skyscraper in Manila, Philippines. It is owned by Moldex Land, Inc., part of the Moldex Group of Companies. Standing at 203 meters (666 feet), it is the tallest building in the City of Manila, and is the 12th-tallest building in the country and Metro Manila as well. The building has 55 floors above ground, and 2 basement levels for parking.


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design
The 1322 Golden Empire Tower was designed by international architectural firm Architecture International, in cooperation with local architectural firm GF & Partners Architects. Structural design was provided by Aromin & Sy + Associates, and was reviewed by Arup.


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design
Other members of the design team are R.J. Calpo & Partners (Mechanical Works); DCCD Engineering Corp. (Electrical Works); NBF Water & Wastewater Services (Now N.B. Franco Consulting Engineers - Sanitary and Plumbing Works); Radian Technology, Inc. (Fire Protection Works); and I.P. Santos & Associates (Landscaping).


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design
Consultants for the project include J.A. Shillinglaw & Associates (Curtain Walls); Dr. Salvador F. Reyes (Foundation); Rolf Jensen & Associates (Fire Protection); Mel Consultants Pty. Ltd. and Rowan Williams Davis & Irwin (Wind Tunnel Testing); and Horton-Lees Lighting Design Inc. (Lighting).


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design
Technical services were provided by Philippine Geoanalytics (Soil Investigation) and Watcon Inc. (Hydrogeological Studies).


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Construction and design
Project construction team include TCGI Engineers (Project / Construction Management); Davis Langdon & Seah Philippines, Inc. (Quantity Surveying); and D.M. Consunji, Inc. (General Contractor).


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Location
The building is located along Roxas Boulevard near Manila Bay. The building block is bounded by three streets in which it also has access points, namely,  Roxas Boulevard, Padre Faura Street and Leon Ma. Guerrero Street.


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features
Among the building's amenities are a fully equipped fitness center; sauna and private massage room; greens and mini-gardens; a swimming pool with bar and poolside party area, and a children's playroom


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features
The building is equipped with high-speed elevators with control panels that prevent changes to floor destinations in mid-ascent or descent. It also has a CAT-5 UTP cables for voice, data and video communications that serve all information technology requirements; and lobby-to-unit video entry phone for guest identification.


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features
For safety, the building has smoke evacuators in each floor designed to siphon smoke from the hallways in cases of fire, supported by automatic smoke/fire detection and alarm system with quick response sprinklers, and pressurized fire exits/stairwells.


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features
The roof deck has a night-rated helipad, which can accommodate helicopter take-off and landing requirements in any time of the day.


1322 Golden Empire Tower, Features
The skyscraper is also equipped with a central Building Monitoring System (BMS) with technologically advanced equipment that supervise the entire property's security features.


1322 in Scotland
Events from the year 1322 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1323
Year 1323 (MCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1323 Tugela
1323 Tugela, provisional designation 1934 LD, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 May 1934, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the Tugela River in western South Africa.


1323 Tugela, Orbit and classification
Tugela is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,121 days; semi-major axis of 3.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic.


1323 Tugela, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A908 UB at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1908, almost 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1323 Tugela, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Tugela is an Xc-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterized it as a primitive P-type asteroid, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a C-type.


1323 Tugela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Observations performed by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during February 2007 produced a lightcurve with a period of 19.50 ± 0.02 hours and an amplitude of 0.25 ± 0.02 in magnitude (U=3). In September 2011, photometry in the S-band at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a similar period of 19.777 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).


1323 Tugela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Tugela measures between 58.44 and 110.11 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.018 and 0.0567.


1323 Tugela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
CALL largely agrees with IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.0620 with a diameter of 58.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.


1323 Tugela, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Tugela River, the largest river in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of western South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).


1323 in Scotland
Events from the year 1323 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt
The Flemish peasant revolt of 1323–1328, sometimes referred to as the Flemish coast uprising (Dutch: Opstand van Kust-Vlaanderen, French: soulèvement de la Flandre maritime) in historical writing, was a popular revolt in late medieval Europe. Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323, peasant insurrection escalated into a full-scale rebellion that dominated public affairs in Flanders for nearly five years until 1328. The uprising in Flanders was caused by both excessive taxations levied by the Count of Flanders Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The insurrection had urban leaders and rural factions which took over most of Flanders by 1325.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt
The revolt was led by Nicolaas Zannekin, a rich farmer from Lampernisse. Zannekin and his men captured the towns of Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Ypres and Kortrijk. In Kortrijk, Zannekin was able to capture the count himself. In 1325, attempts to capture Gent and Oudenaarde failed. The King of France, Charles IV intervened, whereupon Louis was released from captivity in February 1326 and the Peace of Arques was sealed. The peace soon failed, and the count fled to France when more hostilities erupted. Louis convinced his new liege Philip VI of France to come to his aid, and Zannekin and his adherents were decisively defeated by the French royal army in the Battle of Cassel.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion
In September 1322, the old count Robert III died. Because Robert's son and heir Louis I had died two months earlier, the count was succeeded by his grandson Louis. Louis thus, within a time span of two months, inherited the counties of Nevers and Flanders from his father and grandfather, and in the name of his mother held real power in Rethel (which he would also formally inherit in 1328), making him one of the most powerful lords in France.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion
In 1320, Louis married Margaret of France, second daughter of King Philip V of France and Joan II, Countess of Burgundy. This marriage alliance and Louis's own French upbringing made him break with the anti-French policy of his grandfather Robert III and great-grandfather Guy I. Instead, Louis started a pro-French and anti-English policy. These policies were detrimental to the economies of the Flemish cities, raising taxes in order to pay the financial consequences from the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion
The rebellion began with a series of scattered rural riots in November–December 1323. It was caused by the poor harvests of 1323, a difficult lien, refusal to pay tithes and taxes to the Count, and hatred towards the nobility and authority. The revolt was led by landowning farmers such as Jacques Peyte and Nicolaas Zannekin. Members of the local gentry joined, and the mayor of Bruges, Willem de Deken, became the leader of the revolt.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion
Nicolaas Zannekin fled to Bruges, from where the uprising spread. Zannekin won the neighboring towns of Roeselare, Poperinge, Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Dunkirk, Cassel, Bailleul for his cause as they opened their gates to him. The new Count of Flanders, Louis de Nevers, arrived in Flanders in January 1324 but had no army to contain the revolt, which caused him to negotiate with the rebels. In April 1324, the Peace of St. Andrew was made, recognizing the merits of the complaints of the people against the exactions of the collectors.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, The revolt against the power of the Count
The agitation continued after the murder of a laborer by a knight and the arrest of six burghers of Bruges by the Count in Kortrijk. The men from Bruges took up arms, and the count was captured by the inhabitants in Kortrijk. The count was brought to Bruges where several of his companions were executed on June 21, 1325.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, The revolt against the power of the Count
The men from Bruges elected Robert of Cassel, a younger son of Robert III of Flanders and thus the uncle of the Count of Flanders, as their regent of Flanders ("Ruwaard") to lead them in an expedition against Ghent (July 15, 1325), during which they laid siege to the city. The rebels' numbers were strengthened when inhabitants from Ypres and Ghent, who were driven out of their cities, joined them.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, The revolt against the power of the Count
King Charles IV of France sent ambassadors to Flanders, who proposed to submit the grievances of the commons against the count to his royal arbitration. As a prerequisite to any negotiations, the rebels demanded the submission of Ghent. In vain, the King summoned Robert of Cassel to Paris (September 19, 1325), and named Jean de Namur "Ruwaard of Flanders." On November 4, the Bishop of Senlis and the Abbot of St. Denis excommunicated the Flemish rebels at the King's request, and the French King also threatened to intervene militarily. After the excommunication, Robert of Cassel broke ties with the rebels and joined the King's side.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, The revolt against the power of the Count
Count Louis of Nevers was released before Christmas, and on February 18, 1326, he forgave Bruges and swore to respect the customs and liberties of the communes of Flanders. From there he went to the King in Paris. A provisional peace treaty was finally concluded by the ambassadors of the King (The Peace of Arques) and ratified at the Val Merrick, near Corbeil on April 19, 1326. On April 26, the ban on Flanders was lifted.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, Repression by the King of France
After the death of Charles IV, the revolt of the Flemish municipalities erupted again in February 1328. Louis de Nevers then called upon the new King, Philip VI of France, at his coronation at Reims on May 29 to aid the count against the burghers. The King agreed to organize an expedition, and the royal army was summoned to gather at Arras on July 22. The rebels raised enough men to fight the enemy in the open countryside, and the rebel forces met the Royal army at the Battle of Cassel, where they were defeated and Zannekin was killed.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, Repression by the King of France
After his victory, the King returned to France, taking hostages for good behaviour among the burghers of Bruges and Ypres. The mayor of Bruges, Willem de Deken, was extradited to France and executed in Paris.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, Repression by the King of France
The Count of Flanders was left responsible for punishment of the conspirators. The cities of Bruges, Ypres, Kortrijk, Diksmuide, Veurne, Ostend, Aardenburg, Ysendyke, Dendermonde, and Geraardsbergen were sentenced to pay heavy fines. The properties of those who participated in the Battle of Cassel were confiscated and distributed to the faithful adherents of the count. The privileges of all the cities except Ghent were canceled or restricted. In Bruges, the burghers were forced to meet the count at the castle of Male and throw themselves on their knees, imploring his mercy. In Ypres, the bell in the belfry was broken. Finally, by letters dated December 20, 1328, the king of France ordered that the fortifications of Bruges, Ypres, and Kortrijk were to be destroyed.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, Aftermath
When the Hundred Years War started, Louis remained steadfast in his pro-French policy, despite the county's economic dependence on England. His actions resulted in an English boycott of the wool trade, which in turn sparked a new insurrection under Jacob van Artevelde. In 1339, the count fled his Flemish lands, never able to return. Louis was killed in the Battle of Crécy in 1346.


1323–1328 Flemish revolt, Historiography
The Belgian historian Henri Pirenne published the first major historical study of the rebellion in 1900 under the title Le soulèvement de la Flandre maritime de 1323-1328 ("The Revolt of Maritime Flanders of 1323–1328"). The American historian William H. TeBrake published a 1993 book entitled A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323-1328 in 1993.


1324
Year 1324 (MCCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1324 in Scotland
Events from the year 1324 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


13241 Biyo
13241 Biyo, provisional designation 1998 KM41, is a background asteroid from the Flora region of the inner asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 22 May 1998, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team (LINEAR) at the U.S. Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico. The presumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.4 hours and likely an elongated shape. It was later named after Filipino educator Josette Biyo.


13241 Biyo, Orbit and classification
Biyo is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.


13241 Biyo, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,252 days; semi-major axis of 2.27 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1975 UB1 at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in 1975, extending the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.


13241 Biyo, Naming
This minor planet was named after Josette Biyo (born 1958), a Filipino educator, former executive director of the Philippine Science High School System and now the director of Department of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute. The naming was part of the International Excellence in Teaching Award she received during the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair held in Louisville, Kentucky, in 2002, when she was a teacher at the Philippine Science High School in Iloilo, Philippines. Biyo was the first Asian teacher to win the Intel Excellence in Teaching Award. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 2002 (M.P.C. 46109).


13241 Biyo, Physical characteristics, Rotation and shape
In March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Biyo was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers at the Virginio Cesarini Observatory (157) in Frasso Sabino, Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.4 hours (twice the original reported period solution of 2.199±0.219 in the R-band) with a brightness amplitude of 0.99 magnitude, which indicates that the body has an elongated, non-spheroidal shape (U=2). The Italian astronomers also determined a V–R color of 0.38.


13241 Biyo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
For this asteroid, no observational data has been gathered by the space-based telescopes (IRAS, Akari and WISE) that surveyed large portions of the asteroid belt. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 3.92 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.2.


1325
Year 1325 (MCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1325 Inanda
1325 Inanda, provisional designation 1934 NR, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 July 1934, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the township of Inanda in South Africa.


1325 Inanda, Orbit and classification
Inanda is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.9–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,479 days; semi-major axis of 2.54 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.


1325 Inanda, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1926 RP at Johannesburg in September 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in July 1934.


1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics
Inanda has been characterized as a stony, common S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Inanda was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave an ambiguous rotation period of 20.52 hours with an alternative period solution of 35.83 hours and a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2). The results supersede previous observations that gave a fragmentary lightcurve with a period of 24 and 141.6 hours respectively (U=1/1).


1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Inanda measures between 9.97 and 12.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.20 and 0.3756.


1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.3756 and a diameter of 10.87 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.


1325 Inanda, Physical characteristics, Occultation
On 12 November 2007, an occultation suggested that Inanda could be a binary asteroid. However, the asteroid's suspected binary nature has not been mentioned in other studies since then.


1325 Inanda, Naming
This minor planet was named after the South African, Zulu-speaking Township of Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).


1325 in Italy
The Battle of Altopascio was a battle fought in 1325 in Tuscany, between the Ghibelline forces of Castruccio Castracani and the Guelph ones of the Republic of Florence.


1325 in Scotland
Events from the year 1325 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


132524 APL
132524 APL, provisional designation 2002 JF56, is a small background asteroid in the intermediate asteroid belt. It was discovered by LINEAR in May 2002, and imaged by the New Horizons space probe on its flyby in June 2006, when it was passing through the asteroid belt. The stony S-type asteroid measures approximately 2.5 kilometers (1.6 miles) in diameter.


132524 APL, Discovery and classification
APL was discovered on 9 May 2002 by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at the Lincoln Laboratory's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, United States. It is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population, and orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,534 days; semi-major axis of 2.6 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.


132524 APL, Naming
Alan Stern, principal investigator for New Horizons, named the asteroid in reference to the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), which developed the New Horizons, NEAR Shoemaker and MESSENGER missions. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2007 (M.P.C. 58598).


132524 APL, New Horizons fly by
The New Horizons probe flew by it at a distance of approximately 102,000 kilometers on 13 June 2006. At its closest it was about 1⁄4 of a lunar distance away from the asteroid. The flyby was incidental, and not all the instruments were online at this time; they were still being activated after the spacecraft's launch on January 19, 2006. This is why the spacecraft's reconnaissance imager, and highest magnification telescope was not online yet at the time of the flyby.


132524 APL, New Horizons fly by, Ralph instrument
APL was imaged with the 75-millimeter Ralph telescope, but not with the designed reconnaissance imager LORRI because it was not turned on yet. LORRI was not activated until 29 August 2006 when its cover was opened and its first light image would be Messier 7. It was in general possible to capitalize on the target of opportunity, and the asteroid was tracked for several days in June 2006 in addition to the other tests.


132524 APL, New Horizons fly by, Ralph instrument
In March, New Horizons had passed the orbit of Mars, and the spacecraft was undergoing various course correction maneuvers and tests throughout this time; as mentioned LORRI was not activated for another couple months. New Horizons passed through the asteroid belt during the summer of 2006, and the test helped prepare the team and spacecraft for the future flybys of Jupiter and Pluto. The asteroid belt is a feature of the Solar System, consisting of a large number asteroids that orbit the sun primarily between 2.2 and 3.2 AU (Earth-Sun distance) which is between the orbits of planets Mars and Jupiter.


132524 APL, New Horizons fly by, Traversing the asteroid belt
Crossing the asteroid belt is possible, because although there are over a million asteroids larger than 1 km in diameter, the distance between them is so large spacecraft pass through empty space. This was established in the early 1970s when Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 traversed the belt for the first time. There is some increased probability of encountering dust, but otherwise it takes special planning to actually pass very close to an asteroid as was done with Galileo spacecraft. In the 1990s, when it passed through the belt on its way to its second Earth gravity assist, it flew by 951 Gaspra; after the flyby en route to Jupiter, it flew by 243 Ida and discovered its moon Dactyl.


132524 APL, Physical characteristics
Prior and in support of the New Horizons fly by on 13 June 2006, astronomers at ESO's Paranal Observatory were observing APL with one of the four 8.2-meter Very Large Telescopes (UT1, Antu) between 25 May and 2 June 2006. The astronomers found, that APL has a spectral type of a common, stony S-type asteroid. Using the Ralph instrument (see above), New Horizons was later able to estimate a diameter of approximately 2.5 kilometers (1.6 miles) for the asteroid.


1326
Year 1326 (MCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1326 in Scotland
Events from the year 1326 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


13260 Sabadell
13260 Sabadell, prov. designation: 1998 QZ15, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Spanish–Catalan amateur astronomers Ferrán Casarramona and Antoni Vidal at the Montjoia Observatory (953), Barcelona, on 23 August 1998. The likely elongated asteroid measures approximately 5.3 kilometers (3.3 miles) in diameter and has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named after the astronomical society "Agrupació Astronòmica de Sabadell".


13260 Sabadell, Orbit and classification
Sabadell is a core member of the Eunomia family (502), a large group of S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,486 days; semi-major axis of 2.55 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in January 1952, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 46 years prior to its official discovery at Montjoia Observatory.


13260 Sabadell, Naming
This minor planet was named for the well known Catalan–Spanish amateur astronomical society Agrupació Astronómica de Sabadell, which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2000. Both discoverers are members of this society. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 July 2000 (M.P.C. 41032). The society uses the Observatorio de Sabadell (619), one of the country's most prolific amateur observatories, located in a park in the center of Sabadell, near Barcelona, Spain.


13260 Sabadell, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In 2006, a rotational lightcurve was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers Silvano Casulli and Antonio Vagnozzi. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.4366±0.0007 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.56±0.01 in magnitude (U=3), indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape.


13260 Sabadell, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 5.3 kilometers in diameter and has a high surface albedo of 0.31, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 and calculates a diameter of 6.1 kilometers, as the lower the body's albedo (reflectivity) the higher its diameter, at a constant absolute magnitude (brightness).


1327
Year 1327 (MCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1327 in Scotland
Events from the year 1327 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1328
Year 1328 (MCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1328 Devota
1328 Devota, provisional designation 1925 UA, is a dark background asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 56 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 October 1925, by Russian–French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The asteroid was named after Argentine astronomer Fortunato Devoto.


1328 Devota, Orbit and classification
Devota is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.0–4.0 AU once every 6 years and 7 months (2,397 days; semi-major axis of 3.51 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers, three nights after its official discovery observation.


1328 Devota, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Devota is an X-type asteroid, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterized it as a primitive P-type. Other spectroscopic and photometric surveys as well as the Bus–DeMeo taxonomy classified the asteroid as a D-type due to its low albedo value and its featureless and reddish spectrum.


1328 Devota, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Devota was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.49 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2-). The observer also notes that there are several other possible period solutions ("plusieurs solutions entre 0.6 et 1 jour"). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.


1328 Devota, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Devota measures between 53.697 and 56.06 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.043 and 0.046.


1328 Devota, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0407 and a diameter of 57.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.31.


1328 Devota, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after his friend, the Argentine astronomer Fortunato Devoto, who was the discoverer of the La Plata Observatory and president of the National Council of Observatories of Argentina. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121).


1328 in Scotland
Events from the year 1328 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1329
Year 1329 (MCCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1329 Eliane
1329 Eliane, provisional designation 1933 FL, is a stony asteroid and a potentially slow rotator from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The asteroid was named after the daughter of astronomer Paul Bourgeois.


1329 Eliane, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,546 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.


1329 Eliane, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Eliane revealed a potentially very long rotation period of 106±25 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 in magnitude (U=2-). American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716), Colorado, originally took the photometric observations in April 2001. The body's long period was only discovered after the data had been reevaluated in 2010. As of 2017, the potentially slow rotator has not been further examined.


1329 Eliane, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 19.5 and 22.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo in the range of 0.15 to 0.18. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, and calculates a diameter of 19.6 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.90.


1329 Eliane, Naming
This minor planet was named after Éliane Bourgeois, daughter of astronomer Paul Bourgeois, who was a professor at the discovering Royal Observatory in Uccle, Belgium, and after whom the asteroid 1543 Bourgeois is named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121). Bourgeois himself is credited with the discovery of 1547 Nele.


1329 in Scotland
Events from the year 1329 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


132P/Helin–Roman–Alu
132P/Helin–Roman–Alu, also known as Helin-Roman-Alu 2, is a periodic comet in the Solar System.


132nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot
The 132nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot was a Scottish infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796. The regiment was raised by Duncan Cameron of Cullart, and did not see any active service; it served solely to recruit soldiers. On disbandment, the recruits were drafted into the Black Watch.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It was one of the first 'Mixed' regiments in which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated into the unit's personnel. It defended London and South-East England against aerial attack until it deployed to Belgium in January 1945 to defend Brussels against V-1 flying bombs.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
By 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
With the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
The first of these new units, 435 (Mixed) HAA Battery, took over an operational gun site in Richmond Park, south-west London, in August 1941, and a full regiment of converted batteries soon followed. The next group of mixed regiments was formed on 22 September 1941, including 132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, whose regimental headquarters formed in Highgate, North London. It was then joined by the following batteries:


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
The new regiment was assigned to 26th (London) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, part of 1st Anti - Aircraft Division operating the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ) of defences.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
553 (M) HAA Battery, formed on 16 April 1942 at Arborfield by 205th HAA Training Rgt from another cadre supplied by 105th HAA Rgt, was due to have been regimented with 132nd HAA Rgt by 26 June, but there was a shortage of ATS recruits and its formation was delayed. It eventually joined 163rd (M) HAA Rgt. 132nd HAA Regiment supplied another cadre to 24th HAA Training Rgt at Blackdown as the basis of a new 565 (M) HAA Bty formed on 10 June 1942; this also joined 163rd (M) HAA Rgt.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
The London Blitz had ended in May 1941 and for nearly two years the city was hardly affected by bombing raids while the Luftwaffe concentrated on coastal targets. A few sporadic attacks were made on London during 1943, by conventional bombers at night on 17 January, 3 March and 16 April, by daylight Fighter-bombers on 12 March, and by night again on 7 and 20 October. The Luftwaffe began a new bombing campaign against London in early 1944 (the Baby Blitz), when the city was subjected to 14 raids between 21 January and 18 April.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
By now the night fighter defences and the London IAZ were well organised and the attackers suffered heavy losses for relatively small results. On 13 February, for example, only six out of 115 aircraft reached London, the rest being driven off. Five raids in the third week of February varying in strength from 100 to 140 aircraft were met by intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary in to the IAZ and fewer than half reached the city; 13 were shot down by AA Command, 15 by Royal Air Force night-fighters, and one 'kill' was shared.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
More significant were the V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', which began to be launched against London from Northern France soon after the Allies launched their invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) on D-Day. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since the Blitz. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but the missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
After two weeks' experience AA Command carried out a major reorganisation, stripping guns from the London IAZ and other parts of the UK and repositioning them along the South Coast to target V-1s coming in over the English Channel, where the gun-laying radar worked best and where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. The introduction of VT Proximity fuzes also increased the 'kill rate'. 132nd (M) HAA Regiment transferred to 40 AA Brigade, which was moved into the V-1 flightpath.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
The whole process involved moving hundreds of guns and vehicles and thousands of servicemen and women, but a new 8-gun HAA battery site could be established in 48 hours. After moving the mobile 3.7-inch HAA guns to the coast, these were progressively replaced by the static Mark IIC model, which had power traverse, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer).


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
In early August 132nd (M) HAA Rgt came under the command of 102 AA Brigade, which had been scheduled to take part in 'Overlord' but had been diverted to reinforce the 'Diver' defences in South East England. The guns were constantly in action and the success rate of the HAA batteries against 'Divers' rose progressively until late summer, when the launching sites in Normandy were overrun by 21st Army Group.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver
As the Luftwaffe switched to air-launching V-1s from over the North Sea, so AA Command had to uproot its static guns and redeploy them again in East Anglia. 132nd (M) HAA Regiment initially remained on the South Coast, switching to 43 AA Brigade in October, and then when that was disbanded reverting to 26 (London) AA Bde. 469 (M) HAA Battery left 132nd (M) HAA Rgt and became independent on 30 November 1944.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
Once 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled Mk IIC 3.7-inch gun, with automatic fuze-setting, SCR 584 radar and Predictor No 10 were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment. 132nd HAA Regiment was the second Mixed unit sent from AA Command to reinforce the Brussels 'X' defences in January 1945.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
It deployed in bitter winter weather: it was so cold that the oil in the guns' hydraulic power systems froze. The Brussels 'X' defences under 101 AA Brigade involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64 km) to 50 miles (80 km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
Finally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000 m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments. Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. Unlike the anti-Diver guns firing over the English Channel or North Sea, VT fuzes could not be employed by the HAA batteries at Brussels because of the risk of casualties to troops and civilians under the missiles' flightpath.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
The success rate of the Brussels X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. (101 AA Bde handed over command to 50 AA Bde for the last few weeks.) The number of missiles launched at Brussels dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
The war in Europe ended on VE Day (8 May 1945) and 132nd (Mixed) HAA Regiment and its three batteries were disbanded on 31 May.


132nd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia
While the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron
The 132nd Air Refueling Squadron (132 ARS) is a unit of the Maine Air National Guard 101st Air Refueling Wing located at Bangor Air National Guard Base, Bangor, Maine. It is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Trained with V-72 Vengeance aircraft. Moved to India, via Australia, July–September 1943. Assigned to Tenth Air Force. Operating from India and using A-36A Apaches. The 528th Fighter Squadron having its markings as black reverse diagonal bands painted on a yellowtail. The red nose was also a squadron marking. Many planes of the squadron had a girl's name on the nose but very few had any artwork.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron supported Allied ground forces in northern Burma; covered bombers that attacked Rangoon, Insein, and other targets; bombed enemy airfields at Myitkyina and Bhamo; and conducted patrol and reconnaissance missions to help protect transport planes that flew The Hump route between India and China.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Converted to P-51C Mustangs in May 1944. Moved to Burma in July and continued to support ground forces, including Merrill's Marauders; also flew numerous sweeps over enemy airfields in central and southern Burma.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Moved to China in August 1944 and assigned to Fourteenth Air Force. Escorted bombers, flew interception missions, struck the enemy's communications, and supported ground operations, serving in combat until the end of the war. Ferried P-51's from India for the Chinese Air Force in November 1945. Returned to the US in December 1945.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard
The wartime 528th Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 132nd Fighter Squadron and was allotted to the Maine Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Dow Field, Bangor, Maine, and was extended federal recognition on 4 February 1947. The 132nd was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was initially assigned to the Massachusetts ANG 67th Fighter Wing. It was later assigned to the Maine ANG 101st Fighter Group on 4 April 1947 after the Maine ANG group was recognized and activated.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission
The 132nd replaced their F-47 Thunderbolts with jet Lockheed F-80C Shooting Stars in the summer of 1948 and were redesignated with the "Jet" suffix on 1 August. With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950 and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was called active duty. The 132nd was federalized on 10 February 1951 and redesignated as the 132nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron as was its parent, which became the 101st Fighter-Interceptor Group. The group remained assigned to the group, however it was attached first to the 101st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, then to the 23rd Fighter-Interceptor Wing.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission
On 6 February 1952, the 132nd was transferred to the 4711th Defense Wing, which replaced the 23rd wing at Presque Isle Air Force Base. With the end of its federalization period, the squadron's mission, personnel, and F-80C jets were transferred to the active-duty 49th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 November 1952. The squadron was released from active duty and returned to the control of the State of Maine.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission
Upon its return to Maine control, the 132nd was re-equipped with F-51H Mustang prop-interceptors, however, in 1954, the squadron would return to jet interceptors, the F-94A Starfire. The air defense mission for the Maine Air National Guard continued for the next twenty years, the squadron upgrading its aircraft every few years as more modern interceptors were passed down from Air Defense Command as they were replaced by new active-duty aircraft.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission
The ADC radar detection stations at Brunswick, Bucks Harbor, Caswell, Charleston, and Topsham were ready to make detection and calls for a scramble. Within three minutes the 13sd could be airborne and heading for a prospective rendezvous point. After identifying any intruders, the interceptor aircraft were supposed to radio back to the Ground Control Interceptor (GCI) station for further instructions. Beginning in 1955, the squadron stood 24/7/365 runway alert at Dow AFB ready to respond to aircraft not readily identifiable by radar or pre-filed flight plans.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission
In 1968 Dow Air Force Base was closed as a result of Air Force-wide downsizing directed by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. The closure was in part directed due to the desire by McNamara to reduce the size of the Air Force B-52 Stratofortress fleet, the increasing cost of the Vietnam War and the change to Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBMs) as the primary strategic deterrence force.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission
With the inactivation of Dow AFB in 1968, most of the base was purchased by the city of Bangor and reopened the following year as Bangor International Airport. That portion of Dow AFB was not turned over to the city became the basis for the current Air National Guard Base and the Maine Army National Guard's Army Aviation Support Facility.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air defense mission
In November 1969, the 132nd FIS became one of the first Air National Guard squadrons to operate the F-101B Voodoo.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
On 1 July 1976, the 101st was relieved from Aerospace Defense Command and transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC), becoming a KC-135A Stratotanker unit. This was part of the downsizing of ADCOM, with the probability of an air attack by Soviet bombers and fighters being remote in the age of the ICBM. The 101st was re-designated as an Air Refueling Wing, the 132nd an Air Refueling Squadron.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
In 1977, the 132nd deployed to RAF Mildenhall, England, as part of the European Tanker Task Force. In 1978, it began to stand alert with the SAC active force. In October 1978 The 101st AFREW along with all other Air Guard Units underwent reorganization into the Dual Deputy organization structure; the 101st Air Refueling Group being inactivated on 30 September.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
In August 1979, the 101st became the first Air National Guard unit to host a tanker task force, and during the fall, the 101st joined forces with 16 KC-135A's providing air refueling support for "Crested Cap". This airpower exercise tested the deployment capability of Air Force fighter aircraft moving from the U.S. to Europe in support of NATO war efforts there.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
During the 1980s, the 101st continued to participate in Strategic Air Command exercises like Global Shield and Giant Voice. In 1984, the 101st converted from its aging KC-135A fleet with the new fue-efficient KC-135Es and the receipt of its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The wing engaged in routine worldwide deployments with its KC-135s.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
Early on the morning of 7 August 1990, Operation Desert Shield, a build-up of friendly forces designed to contain the spread of Iraqi aggression, began. A telephone alert asked every crew member of the 132nd Air Refueling Squadron to provide maximum availability so that an immediate response capability could be developed. All 125 Operations crew members stepped forward in voluntary support.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
The unit began functioning on a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week basis. Numerous Desert Shield missions would be flown in the month of August as the 132nd helped refuel transport aircraft and fighters heading to the United States Air Forces Central (CENTAF) bases in the Middle East. Volunteers were placed on full active duty status for as long as needed. Close to 100 guard members reported during the next few days as additional KC-135s arrived TDY from other ANG units, together with the 132nd's own KC-135E aircraft forming an Air National Guard tanker task force. By 1 October, the 101st's heavy support of MAC flights in transit from the West Coast to bases in Saudi Arabia began to slow. The 101st ARW became one of 12 National Guard units tasked with providing refueling support to Air Force units deployed to Saudi Arabia.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
On 12 October the 101st began deployment of its assets to Saudi Arabia to form the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional) at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah. Personnel and aircraft, however, were dispersed at several locations in the Middle East, including Al Banteen Air Base, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Morón Air Base, Spain; Cairo West Airport, Egypt; and other locations. By January 1991, the build-up of men and material in-theater was complete. Operation Desert Storm, the attack phase of the Allied plan to liberate Kuwait and destroy Iraq's army, was ready to begin. With its strategic location on the Atlantic shore, the 101st mission reverted to an "Air-Bridge" mode, refueling transiting aircraft heading across the Atlantic or inbound from RAF Mildenhall, England, which served on the other end of the transatlantic route to the Middle East.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
After a short 100 hours of ground combat, Iraq's elite Republican Guard quickly collapsed and Kuwait was easily recaptured by Coalition ground forces. Emotional returns, punctuated by parades, bands, speeches, tears, and bear-hugs were commonplace in New Hampshire as they were throughout the country. Many deployed units returning from CENTAF bases stopped at Bangor AGB on their way to their home bases. The 101st, its aircraft festooned with yellow ribbons painted above the boom, remained in "air-bridge" mode, supporting the returning traffic. By late April almost everyone had come home safely. There had been no casualties.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 101st adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan. The Tri-Deputy organizational structure was revised with the 101st Operations Group, 101st Maintenance Group, 101st Mission Support Group and the 101st Medical Group being formed and the 132nd Air Refueling Squadron being assigned to the 101st Operations Group. On 30 June, Strategic Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1993, ACC transferred its KC-135 tanker force to the new Air Mobility Command (AMC).


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
The unit engaged in routine deployments and training until 1994 when the 101st began operating in the Northeast Tanker Task Force together with the New Hampshire Air National Guard. The situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina and "Operation Deny Flight" continued to involve 101st aircraft, crews, and support personnel.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
In 2001, with the advent of the Global War on Terrorism, Maine ANG KC-135s were used for air refueling aircraft flying Combat Air Patrols over major United States Cities as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). 132nd ARS aircraft were deployed to Air Forces Central (AFCENT) in the middle east as Air Expeditionary Units, providing refueling for combat aircraft during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, History, Maine Air National Guard, Air refueling
In 2007, the 132nd's KC-135E-model aircraft were replaced throughout the summer with quieter, more efficient R-models. With their new CFM-56 engines, a 50 percent decrease in noise resulted, and emissions were reduced 90 percent, while range, fuel off-load capability, and reliability were all increased.


132nd Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete"
The 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete" (Italian: 132a Brigata Corazzata "Ariete") is the only active armored brigade of the Italian Army. Its core units are tank and Bersaglieri regiments. The brigade's headquarters is in the city of Pordenone and most of its units are based in the North-East of Italy. The brigade's name comes from the battering ram (Italian: Ariete). The brigade draws much of its historical traditions from the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete", active during the Second World War from 1939-1942, and again active from 1948-1986. The brigade is part of the Division "Vittorio Veneto".


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", Constitution
On 1 October 1986 the Italian Army abolished the divisional level and brigades, that until then had been under one of the Army's four divisions, came forthwith under direct command of the Army's 3rd Army Corps or 5th Army Corps. As the Armored Division "Ariete" carried a historically significant name, the division ceased to exist on 30 September in Pordenone, but the next day in the same location the 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete" was activated. The new brigade took command of the units of the 132nd Armored Brigade "Manin", whose name was stricken from the roll of active units of the Italian Army.


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", Constitution
The brigade came under direct command of the 5th Army Corps. The 5th Army Corps was tasked with defending the Yugoslav-Italian border against possible attacks by either the Warsaw Pact, or Yugoslavia or both. The brigade’s authorized strength was 3,381 men (214 Officers, 516 non-commissioned officers and 2,651 soldiers) and it was initially composed by the following units:


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", History
On 10 January 1991 the brigade disbanded the 10th Tank Battalion and the 20th Artillery Group. The 13th Tank Battalion had already been reduced to a reserve unit and transferred to the Mechanized Brigade "Mantova" in December 1989.


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", History
As replacement the brigade received units from brigades disbanded in 1991 during the army's drawdown of forces after the end of the Cold War: from the disbanded Armored Brigade "Mameli" came the 3rd Tank Battalion "M.O. Galas", the 5th Tank Battalion "M.O. Chiamenti" and the 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion "Castel di Borgo" and from the Mechanized Brigade "Garibaldi", which had moved to Caserta in the south of Italy, came the 19th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Rialto" and 26th Bersaglieri Battalion "Castelfidardo", which left the brigade already after half a year.


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", History
In 1992 the brigade received the 2nd (Recruits Training) Battalion "Pordenone", while the 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion moved to Trapani in Sicily to join the Mechanized Brigade "Aosta". The same year the brigade's battalions returned to be called regiments, although size and composition did not change. On 31 July 1995 the 63rd Tank Regiment in Cordenons transferred from the Mechanized Brigade "Mantova" to the Ariete. On 30 November of the same year the 63rd Tank Regiment was renamed as 132nd Tank Regiment and the tank unit in Aviano was disbanded.


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", History
In 1997 the 33rd Tank Regiment of the Mechanized Brigade "Friuli" arrived and when the Mechanized Brigade "Mantova" was disbanded on 30 August of the same year the Ariete received the 82nd Mechanized Infantry Regiment "Torino" in Cormons, but already on 5 November 2001 the 82nd Regiment moved to Barletta in Southern Italy to join the Armored Brigade "Pinerolo". On 1 December 2000 the Ariete received the 10th Engineer Regiment. When the Armored Brigade "Centauro" disbanded on 5 October 2002 the Ariete received the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment and the 4th Tank Regiment. On 25 November 2009 the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment moved to Sardinia and joined the Mechanized Brigade "Sassari".


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", Missions
In 1998 the brigade's headquarters, Command and Tactical Support Battalion, and Logistic Battalion were deployed for a tour of duty in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), under the provision of the SFOR mandate for Operation Constant Forge. Later the brigade deployed three times to Kosovo (1999–2000, 2001, 2002) in Operation Joint Guardian, and later in Operation Consistent Effort, attached to NATO's Kosovo Force.


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", Missions
In 2001, the first enlisted women joined the ranks of the brigade. These were later followed by female NCOs and Officers.


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", Missions
In 2002, elements from 10th Engineer Regiment, and in 2004 the 132nd Artillery Regiment, were deployed to Afghanistan. A significant part of the brigade was twice deployed to Iraq - first in early 2004 and a second time from late 2005 to early 2006. The latest overseas commitments were two deployments to Lebanon from early October 2007 to Spring 2008, then again in early summer to late Fall 2009. Small contribution of personnel (staff officers and NCOs) have been and are being provided to nearly all overseas commitments of the Italian Army, from the Balkans, to Multinational HQs all around the world, including OMLT mentors supporting and advising the Afghan National Army in its struggle against insurgents.


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", Structure
The 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete" together with the Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi" form the heavy component of the Italian Army. The brigade is part of the Division "Vittorio Veneto" based in Florence. With the 2013 reform the brigade lost the 4th Tank Regiment and received the Regiment "Lancieri di Novara" (5th) from the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli". The brigade headquarter is in Pordenone and as of 2019 the brigade consists of the following units:


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", Equipment
The tank regiments are equipped with Ariete main battle tanks. The Bersaglieri regiment fields Dardo infantry fighting vehicles. The "Lancieri di Novara" Cavalry regiment is equipped with a mix of Centauro tank destroyers and VTLM Lince vehicles. The artillery regiment is equipped with PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzers.


132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete", Gorget patches
The personnel of the brigade's units wears the following gorget patches:


132nd Armored Division "Ariete"
The 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" (Italian: 132ª Divisione corazzata "Ariete") was an armored division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. It was formed in 1939 as the second Armored Division in the Italian Army after the 131st Armored Division "Centauro". The division fought in the North African Campaign until being destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein. After World War II the division was reformed as part of the Italian Army.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, France
The 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" was formed in Milan in February 1939, it was initially made up of the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment, the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment, equipped with L3/35 tankettes, the 132nd Armored Artillery Regiment, and additional divisional support units. The division was moved to the French border at the outbreak of World War II, but was kept in reserve during the short campaign on that front. It was part of the Army of the Po, the strategic reserve. By that time the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment had grown to eight battalions: three light ones with L3/35 tankettes, two medium ones with M11/39 tanks, and three medium ones with M13/40 tanks.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya
In 1940 the I, II, III, and V medium battalions of the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment were sent to Italian Libya piecemeal. The I and II medium tank battalions with M11/39 tanks were sent in summer and entered the Maletti Group, while the III and V medium tank battalions with M13/40 tanks arrived in October and November and entered the Special Armored Brigade (Brigata Corazzata Speciale, or BCS). Both the Maletti Group and the Special Armored Brigade were part of the ill-fated 10th Army.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Operation Compass
From December 1940 to February 1941, during Operation Compass, the British Western Desert Force overran the 10th Army and occupied Cyrenaica. The I battalion was destroyed in Egypt during the Attack on Nibeiwa, while the II battalion was lost in the fall of Tobruk. The III and V battalions were sacrificed during the failed break out attempt at the Battle of Beda Fomm. After this defeat it was decided to employ the whole Ariete Division in North Africa. On 24 January 1941, the first echelons of the division disembarked at Tripoli. From February 1941 to November 1942, the Ariete fought alongside the Deutsches Afrika Korps (DAK) in the North Africa Campaign. Initially the Ariete was attached to the Italian Mobile Corps (Corpo d'Armata di Manovra), which later became the Italian XX Motorised Corps.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk
In particular, reinforced in 1941 with the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment, which would replace the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment, (disbanded in mid-1942), the division took part in the first Axis counter-offensive to retake Cyrenaica, and the following siege of Tobruk. With the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment, equipped with M13/40 and M14/41 tanks the division fought in the Western Desert of Libya and Egypt during 1941.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk
On 1 May 1941 the Germans and Italians attacked Tobruk in considerable strength. Their attack pierced the Australian defences; the Ariete and 8th Bersaglieri captured the R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 strongpoints, On 3 May the Australians launched a counter-attack with the 18th Brigade. The counter-attack only recaptured one strong point from what Australian historian Mark Johnston reported to be Italian defenders. This action is later known as the Battle of the Salient.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk
During Operation Crusader, the division fought against the British 22nd Armoured Brigade at Bir el Gubi, inflicting heavy losses on the inexperienced British forces. On 23 November, the 15th Panzer Division moved on to attack the 5th South African Brigade defending Sidi Rezegh and that evening, Ariete with the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment, came up in support and the ridge was taken along with 3,400 prisoners. During 29–30 November, the Ariete and supporting Italian infantry and motorcycle units were responsible for capturing a considerable number of New Zealand, Indian and British troops during the Italo-German counter-attacks. Recalling the loss of the 21st Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Howard Kippenberger, who later rose to command the 2nd New Zealand Division, wrote that,


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk
About 5:30 p.m. damned Italian Motorized Division (Ariete) turned up. They passed with five tanks leading, twenty following, and a huge column of transport and guns, and rolled straight over our infantry on Point 175.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk
When the battle led to the retreat of the Axis forces to the Gazala Line, the Ariete went on the attack, augmented by 23 tanks of the 15th Panzer Division and supported by Bersaglieri motorcycle troops, lost no time in assaulting the pursuing Commonwealth forces. Between them, they overran the 1st Battalion, The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) and part of the 5th Indian Brigade, taking according to one estimate 1,000 prisoners in the counter-attack. The British were able to recover from this setback and the Ariete retreated through the Djebel Mountain towards el Agheila; by this time the division had lost almost all its tanks.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Siege of Tobruk
Reinforced again with replacement tanks and M40 75/18 mm semoventi assault guns in the V and VI battalions of the 132nd Artillery Regiment, it took part in the second counter-offensive of January 1942, the Gazala battles of May 1942 and the invasion of Egypt that followed.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Reorganization January 1942
During the Western Desert Campaign the following units were attached temporarily to the division:


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, Battle of Gazala
The Ariete met early success during the Battle of Gazala, when it overran the British-officered 3rd Indian Motor Brigade at Rugbet Al Atasc on 27 May 1942, capturing 1,000 troops. The Ariete then repelled strong British armored counterattacks on 29 May and went on to repeat the same feat on 5 June 1942.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, El Alamein
During the initial phase of the First Battle of El Alamein the Ariete, which had just six or eight tanks and 1,000 men, having just arrived in the positions assigned to it at dawn on 3 July 1942 and due to the disorganization caused by enemy air attacks, had been compelled to withdraw after losing 531 men, several artillery batteries and a number of tanks. Rommel's report of the division having been decimated with the loss of 100 tanks was greatly exaggerated.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, El Alamein
During the Second Battle of El Alamein the Ariete sacrificed struggled to counter the Allied offensive and cover the withdrawal of the army. On 4 November at about 15:30, the few surviving tanks were surrounded by an overwhelmingly superior enemy, and general Arena, the division's commander, broadcast this message:


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, El Alamein
"Enemy tanks broke through south of Ariete Division. Thus, Ariete surrounded, located 5 kilometers north-west of Bir-el-Abd. Ariete tanks are fighting."


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, Libya, El Alamein
Of three medium tank battalions, a Bersaglieri regiment, two artillery battalions and a self-propelled gun battalion that composed the division at the time, only the XIII Medium Tank battalion and 200 bersaglieri with 6 semoventi survived long enough to be destroyed along the coastal road or near Fuka on 5 and 6 November. Rommel mourned the loss of the division, writing that its final action had been conducted with exemplary courage and that "in the Ariete we lost our oldest Italian comrades, from whom we had probably always demanded more than they, with their poor armament, had been capable of performing".


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, 135th Armored Division "Ariete II"
On 21 November 1942, the division was disbanded, and its name kept by a task force gathering up its remnants, which kept fighting throughout the retreat (including a notably successful rearguard action at El Agheila) and subsequent campaign in Tunisia. It was forced to surrender along with the rest of the Axis army in North Africa. On 1 April 1943, as a tribute it was reconstituted as 135th Armored Division "Ariete II" in Ferrara. The division was made up of cavalry regiments.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, 135th Armored Division "Ariete II"
for a total of 247 tank and semoventi plus 42 armored cars.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", World War II, 135th Armored Division "Ariete II"
On 26th July 1943, following the fall of Benito Mussolini's government, the division was moved to Rome. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 9 September 1943 the division took part in the defence of Rome from 9 to 10 September 1943, counter-attacking German Panzergrenadiers and Paratroopers. Because the headquarters decided to avoid unnecessary sacrifices and losses, the division was ordered to surrender and was disbanded on 12 September 1943.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", Reconstitution, 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" - 1952
On 23 May 1948 its reconstitution as a brigade sized unit begins at Forte Pietralata in Rome. The same year it was transferred to Pordenone in the Friuli region in Northern Italy. On 1 October 1952, the brigade had completed its increase to full division and commanded now the same regiments as during the African campaign:


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", Cold War, 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" - 1963
In 1963 all Italian divisions adapted their organization to NATO standards and thus added a brigade level to the divisions structure. In the same year the reconstitution of the 32nd Tank Regiment began:


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", Cold War, 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" - 1974
On 1 October 1968 the brigade headquarters were disbanded and the divisions returned to its former structure. The "Ariete" was part of the 5th Army Corps based in North-Eastern Italy. The 5th Army Corps was tasked with defending the Yugoslav-Italian border against possible attacks by either the Warsaw Pact, or Yugoslavia or both. The Ariete was the corps' armored reserve.


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", Cold War, 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" - 1974
Before the major reorganization of 1975 the division consisted of the following units:


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", Cold War, Armored Division "Ariete" - 1975
In 1975 the Italian Army undertook a major reorganization of it forces: the regiment level was abolished and battalions came under direct command of newly formed brigades, which combined units from different arms. Thus on 1 October 1975 the "Ariete" took command of the following brigades, which were formed from its disbanded regiments:


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", Cold War, Armored Division "Ariete" - 1975
Additional troops were added to bring the division up to full strength:


132nd Armored Division "Ariete", Cold War, Armored Division "Ariete" - 1975
When the Italian Army abolished the divisional level on 10 October 1986 the 132nd Armored Brigade "Manin" was renamed as 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete".