12th World Scout Jamboree, History
Amongst the distinguished visitors were World Chief Guide Olave Baden-Powell, actor James Stewart and Vice President of the United States, Hubert H. Humphrey. Memorable features of the Jamboree included a reconstruction of Baden-Powell's Brownsea Island campsite, arena shows, Skill-o-Rama, adventure trail, the specially stocked fishing area and boating and other water activities on Lake Pend Oreille, in addition to a visit to a rodeo and a repeat of the Friendship Wide Game introduced at the 11th World Scout Jamboree in 1963.


12th Writers Guild of America Awards
The 12th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1959. Winners were announced in 1960.


12th Yokohama Film Festival
The 12th Yokohama Film Festival (第12回ヨコハマ映画祭) was held on 10 February 1991 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.


12th Youth in Film Awards
The 12th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television and music for the 1989-1990 season. The exact date of the 12th annual ceremony is unknown, however, using the dates of the 11th and 13th annual awards, the 12th annual ceremony is believed to have taken place in late 1990 or early 1991 in Hollywood, California.


12th Youth in Film Awards
Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.


12th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture
★ Robin Weisman - Three Men and a Little Lady (Touchstone)


12th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Movie, Pilot or Special, Best Young Actor Starring in a TV Movie, Pilot, or Special
★  Stephen Dorff - Always Remember I Love You (CBS)


12th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actress Starring in a New Television Series
★  Tatyana M. Ali - The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (NBC)


12th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture
★  Kindergarten Cop (Universal Pictures) - Christian and Joseph Cousins, Justin Page, Peter Rakow, Sarah Rose Karr, Miko Hughes, Marissa Rosen, Ben Diskin, Tameka Runnels, Emily Ann Lloyd, Tina Hart and class


12th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, The Michael Landon Award, Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Television
★ Ann Eldridge, Producer - Girl of the Limberlost, PBS WonderWorks Drama★ George Taweel, Producer - McGee and Me!, TLC Productions Video series


12th ZAI Awards
The 12th ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 2011, took time and place on April 26, 2012 at the Hotel Crowne Plaza in Bratislava. The annual ceremony hosted Martin Sarvaš, the chairman of the ZAI organization.


12th ZAI Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories
★ Rádio Aligátor – Bratislava (now Aligator – Classic Rock Radio)


12th ZAI Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories
★ Dušan Drobný – Agentúra Duna, Piešťany (tie) ★ Tibor Zelenay – Blue Note, Nové Mesto (tie) Rudolf Hošna – Ateliér Babylon, Bratislava Benjamin Pascoe – Next Apache, Bratislava Juraj Šebo – Bigbítové Vianoce, Bratislava


12th arrondissement of Marseille
The 12th arrondissement of Marseille (French: 12e arrondissement de Marseille, "douzième", [duzjɛm‿aʁɔ̃dismɑ̃ də maʁsɛj]), commonly known as Marseille 12, is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 11th arrondissement, with which it forms the 6th sector of Marseille.


12th arrondissement of Paris
The 12th arrondissement of Paris (XIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements, or boroughs, of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as douzième ("twelfth").


12th arrondissement of Paris
The arrondissement, called Reuilly, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. The district has been significantly reorganized in recent decades, especially in the areas of Cour Saint-Émilion and Bercy, which now contain the French Ministry of Finances and the Bercy arena, now renamed Accorhotels Arena.


12th arrondissement of Paris
The 12th arrondissement contains the Opéra de la Bastille, the second largest opera house in Paris. It was inaugurated in 1989, on the 200th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. The Bois de Vincennes is also located in this arrondissement.


12th arrondissement of Paris, Geography
The land area of this arrondissement is 16.324 km2 (6.303 sq. miles, or 4,034 acres), two-thirds of which consists of the Bois de Vincennes park. Excluding the Bois de Vincennes, its land area is 6.377 km2 (2.462 sq. miles, or 1,576 acres).


12th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics
The peak of population of Paris's 12th arrondissement occurred in 1962 and was followed by three decades of decline. Recently, however, the population has begun to grow again, since the restructuring of the 1990s. As of the last census, in 1999, the population was 136,591 inhabitants. The same census showed that the 12th arrondissement, heavily involved in business activity, contained 112,336 jobs, mainly around the new district of Bercy.


12th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics, Immigration
2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.


12th arrondissement of Paris, Economy
The Derichebourg Group, the parent company of Servisair, has its head office in the arrondissement. Foster Wheeler has its Foster Wheeler France division offices in the 12th arrondissement.


12th arrondissement of Paris, Education
Ensemble Scolaire Saint Michel de Picpus has two campuses in this arrondissement.


12th arrondissement of the Littoral Department
12th arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Littoral department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cotonou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 76,217.


12th century
The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and is sometimes called the Age of the Cistercians. The Golden Age of Islam experienced a significant development, particularly in Islamic Spain.


12th century
In Song dynasty China an invasion by Jurchens caused a political schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty. Following the expansions of the Ghaznavids and Ghurid Empire, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent took place at the end of the century.


12th century BC
The 12th century BC is the period from 1200 to 1101 BC. The Late Bronze Age collapse in the ancient Near East and eastern Mediterranean is often considered to begin in this century.


12th century BC, Sovereign states
See : List of sovereign states in the 12th century BC


12th century in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the century 1101–1200 to Wales and its people.


12th century in literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 12th century.


12th century in literature
The 12th century in Western Europe saw an increase in the production of Latin texts and a proliferation of literate clerics from the multiplying cathedral schools. At the same time, vernacular literatures ranging from Provençal to Icelandic embodied in lyric and romance the values and worldview of an increasingly self-conscious and prosperous courtly aristocracy. These two trends contributed to a sweeping revival of letters with a lasting influence on the development of literature in the following centuries.


12th century in philosophy
This is a list of philosophy-related events in the 12th century. Philosophy at the time was influenced by the ongoing crusades.


12th edition of Systema Naturae
The 12th edition of Systema Naturae was the last edition of Systema Naturae to be overseen by its author, Carl Linnaeus. It was published by Laurentius Salvius in Holmiæ (Stockholm) in three volumes, with parts appearing from 1766 to 1768. It contains many species not covered in the previous edition, the 10th edition which was the starting point for zoological nomenclature.


12th edition of Systema Naturae, Starting point
Only five editions of Systema Naturae were written by Linnaeus himself, namely the first, second, sixth, tenth and twelfth. When a "starting point" for zoological nomenclature was first considered, in the Strickland Code of 1843, the 12th edition of Systema Naturae was chosen, so that any names which Linnaeus had altered from previous editions would be recorded in their final state. It was later replaced by the 10th edition as the starting point for most zoological nomenclature. The starting point for most names in botanical nomenclature is the 1753 work Species Plantarum.


12th edition of Systema Naturae, Format
Linnaeus divided the 12th edition into three volumes, the first of which was published in two parts. Volume 1 covered Regnum Animale – the animal kingdom – with the first 532 pages appearing as Part 1 in 1766, and pages 533–1327 appearing as Part 2 in 1767. Volume 2 covered Regnum Vegetabile – the plant kingdom; it comprised 736 pages and appeared in 1767, with an additional 142-page Mantissa Plantarum. Volume 3 covered Regnum Lapideum – the mineral kingdom – and appendices to all three volumes; it comprised 236 pages and was published in 1768. Including appendices, front matter and back matter, the three volumes cover around 2,400 pages.


12th edition of Systema Naturae, Novelties
Many species were included in the 12th edition which had not been included in earlier editions. For example, Linnaeus had included 700 species of mollusc in the 10th edition, and added a further 100 species for the 12th edition. Similarly, the number of bird species in the 12th edition was twice the number in the 10th edition. Sponges were included in the 12th edition, in the class "Zoophyta", having been omitted from previous editions. The 12th edition also included the hundred insect species published separately in Centuria Insectorum, and omitted a claim which Linnaeus had made in earlier editions, that new species do not form, implicitly allowing speciation.


12th government of Turkey
The 12th government of Turkey (3 April 1939 – 9 July 1942) governed Turkey during the early years of the Second World War. It is also known as the second Saydam government.


12th government of Turkey, Background
The government was formed after the general elections held on 26 March. The prime minister was Refik Saydam, secretary general of the Republican People’s Party. He was also the prime minister of the previous caretaker government.


12th government of Turkey, The government
In the list below, the cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column "Notes".


12th government of Turkey, Aftermath
Refik Saydam died on 7 July 1942. He is the only prime minister in the history of Turkey who has died while serving as the prime minister. Ahmet Fikri Tüzer served as the acting prime minister for two days, and another cabinet was formed by Şükrü Saracoğlu on 9 July.


12th km
12th km (Russian: 12-й км) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Luchkinskoye Rural Settlement of Khorolsky District, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2010.


12th man (football)
The 12th man or 12th player is a collective term for fans of sports teams in many eleven-a-side games, in particular association football or American football. As most football leagues allow a maximum of eleven players per team on the playing field at a time, referring to a team's fans as the 12th man implies that they have a potentially helpful and significant role in the game.


12th man (football)
The presence of fans can have a notable impact on how the teams perform, an element in the home advantage. Namely, the home team fans would vocally support and urge on their team to win the game. Thus these fans will often create loud sounds or chant in the hope of encouraging their team; or of distracting, demoralizing or confusing the opposing team while they have possession of the ball; or to persuade a referee to make a favorable decision to the team. Noises are made by shouting, singing, whistling, stomping, clapping and various other techniques.


12th man (football)
In Canadian football, 12 players from each team are usually on the field at one time and the term 13th man is often used to refer to fans. Similarly, in Australian rules football 18 players are on the field and the fans are often referred to as the 19th man. However, in basketball, where five players are on the court, the term Sixth man generally refers to an energetic substitute player.


12th man (football)
Similarly, in rugby sevens, with seven players from each team on the field, "Eighth man" is not used to refer to fans as the term refers to the eighth forward in rugby union  The term Twelfth Man has a specifically different meaning in cricket, referring instead to the nominated first substitute player who fields when a member of the fielding side is injured during play.


12th man (football), History
The first recorded use of the term "twelfth man" was a magazine published by the University of Minnesota in September, 1900, that referred to "the mysterious influence of the twelfth man on the team, the rooter." Later, in the November 1912 edition of The Iowa Alumnus, an alumni publication of the University of Iowa (then known as State University of Iowa), E.A. McGowan described the 1903 game between Iowa and the University of Illinois. In his article, titled "The Twelfth Player" McGowan wrote: "The eleven men had done their best; but the twelfth man on the team (the loyal spirited Iowa rooter) had won the game for old S.U.I."


12th man (football), History
The 1922 Dixie Classic served as the setting for an event later referred to as "The story of the 12th Man." This football game featured the top-ranked Centre College and The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (later known as Texas A&M). During the game, A&M coach Dana X. Bible realized that one more injury would leave him without another backfield player to send into the game. Bible called E. King Gill, a sophomore basketball player, down from the stands to stand ready as a substitute. Gill was ready in uniform on the sidelines if his team ever needed him. Gill never went into the game, but it is his spirit that lives on in the "12th Man."


12th man (football), History
Individuals have occasionally been labeled by local media as the "Twelfth Man" of their team. In 1930, W. H. Adamson, Principal of Oak Cliff (Dallas) High School was called the "Twelfth Man" of the school's American football team by a local reporter due to the rousing pre-game speeches he would give to the players. Likewise, sometimes, fans of both teams in an annual contest have been described as the 12th man.


12th man (football), History
In the 1935 Princeton-Dartmouth game before 56,000 fans who braved the snow and cold, spectator Mike Mesco was initially reported to have left his seat from the stands to join the Dartmouth defensive line and was referred to in a local newspaper as the "Twelfth Dartmouth Man", though later was found to be not Mesco, but George Larsen of Cranford, N.J.


12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)
The term "12th man" is commonly used in football to refer to the fans and occasionally the manager. A notable club famous for the twelfth man reference comes from Aston Villa, referring to the Holte End stand at Villa Park. Large European teams such as Bayern Munich, Malmö FF, Hammarby IF, Helsingborgs IF, Werder Bremen, Aberdeen, Rangers, Paris Saint-Germain, Lazio, Feyenoord, PSV, Ferencvárosi TC, FC Red Star, Fenerbahçe S.K., and Sporting CP have officially retired the number 12 to the fans. Stockport County fans are registered as official members of their squad with the number 12.


12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)
Portsmouth F.C. has also retired its number 12 shirt, and lists the club's supporters, "Pompey Fans", as player number 12 on the squad list printed in home match programmes, while Plymouth Argyle have theirs registered to the Green Army (the nickname for their fans). Number 12 is also reserved for the fans at many other clubs, including CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg in Russia, Bristol Rovers and Grimsby Town in England, as well as Aarhus Gymnastikforening (AGF), Odense Boldklub, also known as OB, in Denmark, Malmö FF and Hammarby IF in Sweden and Perth Glory in Australia. On Hammarby IF's, Helsingborgs IF, Malmö FF, Feyenoord and Werder Bremen's home games, the stadium speaker announces number 12 as "the fans" during team lineup announcements.


12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)
Dynamo Dresden in Germany also keeps number 12 for their fans, as well as the official team anthem being "We are the 12th man". Aberdeen F.C. supporters commonly display a large banner in the shape of a football shirt with the text "Red Army 12" in place of a player's name and number. The fans of the Northern Ireland national football team and Derry City are referred to as the 12th man as well. In the League of Ireland, Shamrock Rovers F.C. retired the number 12 jersey in recognition of the fans who took over the club in 2005.


12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)
Cork City F.C., Clube Atlético Mineiro and Clube de Regatas do Flamengo also retired the number 12 for the fans. The most vociferous fans of Boca Juniors in Argentina are known as the "Jugador Numero 12" (Spanish for "Player Number 12") or simply "La Doce" ("The 12"). On September 18, 2004, U.S. Lecce, an Italian team currently playing in Serie B, retired the number 12 to the fans, which was handed to them by the former captain Cristian Ledesma. They symbolically represent a 12th Man in the field.


12th man (football), Use in football (soccer)
In the beginning of 2009/2010 season, Happy Valley AA introduced the club's mascot, a panda, on squad list as the fan club captain wearing the number 12 jersey. As of the end of the 2011/2012 season, Rangers F.C announced that the number 12 jersey would be retired in honour of the fans support throughout a period of financial difficulty.


12th man (football), Use in American football
The term has been used by various American football teams including the University of Minnesota, the University of Iowa, Baylor University, Dartmouth College, Simmons College, Texas A&M and the NFL's Seattle Seahawks, Green Bay Packers, Buffalo Bills, Denver Broncos, Washington Redskins, Indianapolis Colts, Miami Dolphins, and Chicago Bears in marketing practices in reference to their supporters. The Bears currently use the phrase "4th Phase" (with the first three phases being offense, defense, and special teams), and the Seahawks currently use the phrase "The 12s."


12th man (football), Use in American football, 12th Man clubs
Many high schools in the United States incorporate 12th Man language into their booster, supporter, or rooter clubs. Examples of such "12th Man Clubs" include the Alta Loma Braves, Dana Hills Dolphins, Washington Panthers, Richwood Knights, Diamond Bar Brahmas, Fairfield Falcons, and Brentwood Bruins.


12th man (football), Use in American football, 12th Man clubs
The Campbellsville University Tigers of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics also have a 12th Man Club.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Buffalo Bills
On December 12, 1992, (12/12/1992) the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League honored their 12th Man as the seventh inductee into the Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame, located inside New Era Field. Their fans were inducted because of their loyal support during the team's early '90s Super Bowl runs. In 2008, the Bills renamed their "12th Man Walk of Fame" as "Tim Russert Plaza," in honor of the Buffalo native and lifelong fan. The team continues to refer to its fans as the "12th Man," with their independent, international fan clubs known as "Bills Backers Chapters." The Bills have a licensing agreement with Texas A&M over the use of the "12th Man" term.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Indianapolis Colts
Fans of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL were known as the 12th Man. The Colts created a Ring of Honor on September 23, 1996, after playing 13 seasons in Indianapolis, Indiana. In 2007, the Colts inducted their 12th Man as the sixth entrant into the team's Ring of Honor, then located on the interior facade of the RCA Dome. The Ring of Honor currently encircles Lucas Oil Stadium, the team's home venue. The organization also designates a "12th Man Fan of the Game".


12th man (football), Use in American football, Indianapolis Colts
On November 12, 2015, Texas A&M announced the filing of a lawsuit against the Colts based on the team's usage of the term. On February 17, 2016, the lawsuit was settled with the Colts agreeing to remove the phrase from their Ring of Honor and to immediately cease all other uses of the trademarked phrase.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Seattle Seahawks
The Seattle Seahawks retired the number 12 jersey on December 15, 1984, in honor of their fans. In 2003, the Seahawks installed a giant flagpole in the south end zone of what is now Lumen Field, and began a tradition of raising a giant flag with the number 12 on it in honor of the fans, one of whom is Sam Adkins, the former Seahawks quarterback who did wear the number 12. Usually, a local celebrity or a season ticket holder raises the flag during pregame ceremonies.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Seattle Seahawks
In recent years, 12th Man flags have been seen all over Seattle whenever the Seahawks make the playoffs, including atop the Space Needle. In 2014, Boeing painted a Boeing 747-8 freighter with a special Seahawks livery, with the number 12 on the tail, and they later flew it over eastern Washington in a flight path spelling the number 12. When the Seahawks took the field for Super Bowl XLVIII, they were led by LB Heath Farwell carrying the team's 12th Man flag per team tradition. In May 2016, mountaineer David Liaño González displayed a 12th Man flag at the summit of Mount Everest.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Seattle Seahawks
The Seahawks' 12th Man has twice set the Guinness World Record loudest crowd noise at a sporting event, first on September 15, 2013, registering 136.6 dB during a game against the San Francisco 49ers and again on December 2, 2013, during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints, with a roar of 137.6 dB. As per an agreement struck between the Seahawks and Texas A&M in 2016, the Seahawks have virtually ceased from referring to their fans as the "12th Man", and instead are using the term "12s" or the 12 Fan.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Texas A&M
The first known instance of Texas A&M referring to its fanbase as the "12th Man" is contained on page 17 of the November 25, 1921 edition of The Battalion, the Texas A&M campus newspaper. Ever since the day E. King Gill left the stands in 1922, the entire student body has stood throughout the game to symbolize their "readiness, desire, and enthusiasm" to take the field if needed. A statue of E. King Gill stands on the campus.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Texas A&M
Football coach Jackie Sherrill created the "12th Man Kick-Off Team" in the 1980s, composed of non-athletic scholarship students who tried out for the team. Coach Sherrill has written a book entitled "No Experience Required" which details this team and the tradition. These students were placed on the roster for the sole purpose of kickoffs. The squad was nicknamed "the suicide squad". These students often had little regard for their safety and were determined to make a tackle at any cost.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Texas A&M
The 12th Man Kick-Off Team was extremely successful and eventually held opponents to one of the lowest yards-per-return average in the league during kickoffs. Later, head coach R. C. Slocum changed the team to allow only one representative of the 12th Man on the kick off team who wears uniform number 12. The player is chosen based on the level of determination and hard work shown in practices. Under Dennis Franchione, the 12th Man Kick-Off Team composed of walk-ons was brought back, though used only rarely when the team was up by quite a few points.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Texas A&M
On June 30, 2014, Texas A&M bought the domain name 12thman.com, which then became its official athletics website.


12th man (football), Use in American football, Washington Redskins
In 1986, the Washington Redskins (now known tentatively as the Washington Football Team since 2020) released a video entitled "Thanks to the 12th Man". A blogger on NFL.com considered it to be among the worst sports videos of all time.


12th man (football), Other usage
In American football, the sideline is sometimes also referred to as the "12th man" or "12th defender": since a player is considered down when he steps out of bounds, the sideline effectively acts as an extra defender. This usage is less common than the one referring to the fans. In most sports the term can also be construed to mean the referee, implying that the match official favours one team and is not impartial.


12th man (football), Effects
The effects of the "12th man" vary widely, but can be put in two categories. The first is simply psychological, the effect of showing the home team that they are appreciated, and showing the away team that they are somewhat unwelcome. The second directly relates to the deafening effects of a loud crowd.


12th man (football), Effects
In association football, the crowd can be very passionate and often sing throughout the whole match. Some occasions where the crowd noise is extra loud can be before kickoff; during the buildup to and scoring of a goal; when encouraging the team to come back from defeat; to discourage an opposition penalty taker; or to harass a referee giving a free kick to the opposition team.


12th man (football), Effects
In American football, fans are most incited by physical play, especially good plays made by the defense. Additionally, the home team can derive energy from the loud noise of their fans; former American football players have described the feeling of their adrenaline pumping after hearing the fans yell, which is "like you have a reserve energy tank."


12th man (football), Effects
The noise of the crowd can have a significant impact on the players on the field. In American football, an extremely loud crowd can prevent the offensive linemen from hearing the snap count. This can have the effect of making the player slower to react when the ball is snapped, and his eventual response may be weaker than normal because each play is begun "with some indecision and doubt". The noise can also prevent players from hearing audibles and can make it difficult for the team's offense to coordinate plays in the huddle. The effect of the noise can often be measured in mistakes, such as false start penalties.


12th man (football), Effects
Coaches can take steps to minimize the effect of the crowd noise on their teams. Some American football teams bring large speakers to their practice fields and broadcast loud noises such as jet engines to prepare their teams for the anticipated noise level. Crowd noise tends to diminish after a long lull in play, such as a pause for instant replay. Former NFL player Brian Baldinger speculates that some coaches draw out reviews as part of a coaching strategy to quiet the crowd for their next play.


12th man (football), Effects
A researcher from Harvard University discovered in a study that some football referees appeared to be impacted by crowd noise. His studies revealed that a home team acquired an additional 0.1 goal advantage for every 10,000 fans in the stadium.


12th man (football), Effects
Delia Smith, Norwich City's joint major shareholder, received some attention when she took to the pitch during a half time interval, with a microphone in hand and Sky TV cameras in tow, to tell fans the side "need their twelfth man". "Where are you?" she cried. Norwich City lost the game in the final seconds, but Smith's passion worked to increase the affection the fans held for her.


12th man (football), Effects
The current naturally loudest football stadium is the Turk Telecom Arena, in Turkey, host of the Galatasaray team. As a prepared attempt, the current world record for crowd noise at an athletic event was set on September 29, 2014, when the Kansas City Chiefs hosted the New England Patriots. Noise during that event reached a high of 142.2 decibels during a timeout.


12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark
Texas A&M University applied on December 26, 1989, for trademark U.S. Ser. No. related to usage of the term. The United States Patent and Trademark Office issued the  September 4, 1990, to Texas A&M. Four additional Trademark claims related to the "12th Man" term were also filed and granted at later dates by Texas A&M University (See U.S. Ser. Nos. , ,  and ), the first three of which have achieved Incontestable Status as a result of its section 15 affidavit with the Patent and Trademark Office.


12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark
According to former Texas A&M Athletic Director Bill Byrne, he contacted the Chicago Bears and Buffalo Bills about halting their "12th Man" themes. Byrne stated that, "they responded quickly with our requests to stop using our Twelfth Man trademark." Texas A&M sent requests to stop using the phrase to the Seattle Seahawks in both 2004 and 2005. The Seahawks did not respond to the requests.


12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark
In January 2006, Texas A&M filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against the Seattle Seahawks and in May 2006, the dispute was settled out of court. Neither side admitted any fault or liability. In the agreement, the Seahawks licensed the phrase in exchange for $100,000, along with public acknowledgement as to Texas A&M's ownership rights of the phrase, and an additional annual fee. The compensation amounted to $5,000 per year. The agreement, which expired in 2016, limited the Seahawks' usage to seven western states and forbid them from selling any "12th Man" merchandise. In August 2015, the Seahawks shifted towards calling their fans the "12s", and replaced their "Home of the 12th Man" stadium sign with a new "Home of the 12s" sign.


12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark
On November 12, 2015, Texas A&M filed suit against the Indianapolis Colts after repeated cease and desist requests were ignored by the NFL club. On February 17, 2016, the lawsuit was settled with the Colts agreeing to remove the phrase from their Ring of Honor and to immediately cease all other uses of the trademarked phrase.


12th man (football), Texas A&M trademark
In August 2016, the Seahawks agreed to a new five-year trademark licensing agreement with Texas A&M. As part of the agreement, the Seahawks agreed to pay Texas A&M $140,000 for limited rights to use the trademarked term. This agreement, like the previous agreement, prohibits the Seahawks from using the "12th Man" term on any merchandise. The new agreement, however, also prohibits Seattle from using the term on social media, nor are they allowed to use the term on any signage within their stadium, including their Ring of Honor.


12th meridian east
The meridian 12° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


12th meridian east
The 12th meridian east forms a great circle with the 168th meridian west.


12th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 12th meridian east passes through:


12th meridian west
The meridian 12° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


12th meridian west
The 12th meridian west forms a great circle with the 168th meridian east.


12th meridian west
Part of the border between Western Sahara and Mauritania is defined by the meridian.


12th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 12th meridian west passes through:


12th of Never (novel)
12th of Never is the twelfth book of the James Patterson's Women's Murder Club series.


12th of Never (novel), Plot
This book has three major plots and at least two minor ones. The first begins with the birth of police detective Lindsay Boxer's  daughter, which had to be at home during a major power outage. The less than sterile condition of the baby's birth causes medical complications that keep Boxer away from her job during part of the investigation into a strange series of murders.


12th of Never (novel), Plot
The second plot revolves around the series of murders. These murders take place after an eccentric college professor has vivid dreams about murders that end up coming true much in the manner he dreams them.


12th of Never (novel), Plot
The third major plot involves a murder case Assistant District Attorney Yuki Castellano is trying in court. Castellano and Boxer are members of an informal group known as the Women's Murder Club. Castellano's court case has many twists.


12th of Never (novel), Reviews
Reviewing the novel at BookReporter.com, Joe Hartlaub wrote, "12th of Never is a book you should read, you'll find it moving and compelling from beginning to end."


12th parallel north
The 12th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 12 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, the Indian Ocean, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, South America and the Atlantic Ocean.


12th parallel north
At this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours, 50 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 25 minutes during the winter solstice.


12th parallel north, Around the world
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 12° north passes through:


12th parallel south
The 12th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 12 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.


12th parallel south, Around the world
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 12° south passes through:


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers
The 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers is an Australian Army Reserve cavalry regiment. It was formed on 1 May 1948, although it draws its lineage from units that were originally formed in the 1880s. It is currently a Light Cavalry unit equipped with Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles. The regiment forms part of the 11th Brigade, attached to the 2nd Division and draws its members from regional centres in northern New South Wales, hence the reference to the Hunter River. Since 2000 the regiment has provided individuals as reinforcements to round-out Regular Army units deploying overseas on peacekeeping operations and in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Before World War I
The origins of the Hunter River Lancers can be traced back to 1885 when cavalry enthusiasts in Sydney first obtained permission to form a Cavalry troop. Interest soon stirred and shortly thereafter troops were formed in many country areas, one of which was in the Hunter River area. All these Cavalry troops were to some extent independent and were known as the 'Cavalry Reserves'. In 1889 these troops were welded into a Regiment called, 'New South Wales Cavalry Regiment', which was subsequently renamed the 'New South Wales Lancers' in 1894.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Before World War I
In June 1897, a volunteer cavalry regiment of bushmen was raised and designated the 'Australian Horse'. Some of the sub units from this regiment were the forerunners of the New England Light Horse (NELH). In 1900, E Squadron was raised from Gunnedah, Boggabri, Tamworth and Armidale and rapidly mobilised a detachment to serve in the South African War.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Before World War I
After Federation in January 1901, the colonial military forces were reorganised. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Australian Light Horse Regiments were formed in New South Wales at this time. In 1907, the 1st Australian Light Horse was split to form two regiments: the 1st and 4th, with the 4th assuming the designation of the Hunter River Lancers, while the 2nd Australian Light Horse was split to form the 2nd and 5th New South Wales Mounted Rifles, and the 3rd Australian Light Horse was split to form the 3rd and 6th Australian Horse. In 1912, the 6th Australian Horse became the 5th Light Horse (New England Light Horse), while the 4th Hunter River Lancers became 6th Light Horse (Hunter River Lancers). Each regiment received their own badges and mottoes and remained on the order of battle until 1918.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, World War I
At the outbreak of World War I, new light horse regiments were formed as part of the Australian Imperial Force. Distinct from the Australian Military Forces regiments, they were raised specifically for overseas service. The 5th and 6th Regiments virtually ceased to exist as most of their available manpower joined the AIF.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, World War I
The 12th Light Horse Regiment (AIF) was raised at Liverpool in early 1915 and was deployed as part of the 1st AIF to continue its training in Egypt. Most of its members were from the areas covered by both the 4th and 6th ALH. In July 1915 the regiment trained as infantry in preparation for deployment to Gallipoli. In late August 1915 the regiment departed Egypt to support the ANZAC forces at Gallipoli.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, World War I
Upon landing at Anzac Cove the regiment were split up to reinforce the three other Light Horse regiments from New South Wales (1st, 6th & 7th) already in place. Following the Gallipoli campaign, the regiment was redeployed to Egypt, where it took part in the Sinai campaign of 1916–1917 and the Palestine campaign of 1917–1918. In 1917 the regiment saw extensive service in Palestine where it took part in the Battle of Beersheba, the last great cavalry charge in modern warfare. Following this the regiment continued to be heavily involved in the Palestine campaign until the cessation of hostilities in October 1918.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Interwar and World War II
After the war, the designation of the pre-war regiments was altered to maintain the traditions and battle honours of the AIF Light Horse regiments. In 1918, the 5th Light Horse Regiment became the 12th Light Horse Regiment (New England Light Horse), and in 1927 was awarded the battle honours won by the 12th Light Horse Regiment (AIF). The 6th ALH (HRL) became the 16th Light Horse Regiment (Hunter River Lancers), and was awarded battle honours for the Middle East campaign, despite never having seen overseas service. This was because many of the members of the regiment had seen active service with other regiments.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Interwar and World War II
In 1936, the 12th Light Horse regiment was designated the 12th/24th Light Horse Regiment and then in early 1939 the regiment was split to form the 12th Light Horse Regiment (New England Light Horse) and the 24th Light Horse Regiment (Gwydir Light Horse). The Gwydir Regiment had its headquarters at Moree.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Interwar and World War II
With the outbreak of World War II, the 12th and the 16th were called up for one month's training and raised to their war establishment. In early 1940 both regiments attended a three-month training activity. Towards the end of 1941 the 12th and the 16th were placed on full-time duty with new designations – the 12th Light Horse Regiment (NELH), was now the 12th Motor Regiment (NELH) (effective 14 March 1942) and the 16th was renamed the 16th Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment (HRL) (effective December 1941). In 1942, the 12th Motor Regiment was re-designated as the 12th Australian Armoured Car Regiment (NELH). At the same time 16th Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment was re-designated the 16th Motor Regiment (HRL).


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Interwar and World War II
By 1942, the threat of Japanese invasion had passed and with island warfare not generally suited to armour, it was apparent three Australian armoured divisions, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd, would be disbanded. As a result, on 3 July 1943 the 16th Motor Regiment (HRL) was disbanded and the 12th Australian Armoured Car Regiment (NELH) followed on 19 October 1943, with the last men being marched out in March 1944. However, most of their soldiers from the 12th and 16th were posted to active service in other armoured, anti-tank, field artillery, infantry and service units of the Second Australian Imperial Force.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Postwar to current
In 1948, the 12th/16th Armoured Regiment (Hunter River Lancers) was raised as part of the new Citizen Military Force (CMF), which replaced the pre-war militia, and it was equipped with Matilda tanks, Staghound Armoured Cars and Canadian Scout Cars (known as "doodle bugs")—similar to the British Daimler Dingo but manufactured in Canada. The first regimental camp was held in February 1949 and the Regiment was the first CMF unit to go into camp. Regimental Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron was located at Muswellbrook with tank squadrons in Newcastle, Tamworth and Armidale.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Postwar to current
The regiment was retitled 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers on 31 July 1949, forming part of the 1st Armoured Brigade. In the following years Regimental HQ was moved to Tamworth and the Regiment was re-roled in the reconnaissance role. The regiment was still equipped with Staghounds and Canadian Scout Cars (the Canadian Scout Cars were replaced by Ferret scout cars, in the late 1950s). In the 1960s the regiment was again reorganised, this time as an Armoured Personnel Carrier regiment equipped with Humber 4 × 4 trucks, Ferret scout cars, M3 Personnel Carriers and a solitary Saracen APC.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Postwar to current
By 1970, the regiment was operating M113A1 APCs. In 1976, the regiment received M113A1 Medium Reconnaissance Vehicles and became a Medium Reconnaissance Regiment. 12/16 HRL reverted to the APC role in 1987, a role which it maintained until 2005 when it was announced that 12/16 HRL would become a Light Cavalry Regiment, and be equipped with new Bushmaster PMVs.


12th/16th Hunter River Lancers, History, Postwar to current
Since 2000 many members of the regiment have been attached to regular RAAC units and seen active service in East Timor, Solomon Islands, Iraq and Afghanistan. In September 2007, the regiment received 11 Bushmasters. From 1 January 2018 the regiment went through a number of organisational changes. It was removed from the 8th Brigade and came under the command of the 11th Brigade, Support Squadron in Tamworth was removed from the regiment's ORBAT and at the same time B Squadron was relocated from Muswellbrook in NSW to Caboolture in Queensland. However, no soldiers were involved in this move. All soldiers in the Tamworth, Armidale and Muswellbrook depots became members of A Squadron and the personnel of the new B Squadron were all sourced/recruited from the South-East Queensland region.


12x12 Original Remixes
12x12 Original Remixes is a remix album by Talk Talk released initially in 1999 and again in 2001 with a new cover and artwork as Remixed. It contains the same songs as disc 1 of the earlier album Asides Besides.


12x12 Original Remixes
It is the band's third remix album, following It's My Mix from 1985 and the controversial History Revisited from 1991. The album cover is a collage of various images associated with the band's previous albums. It features the same style Talk Talk logo as on History Revisited, the hanging goose from Asides Besides, the butterfly "face" from The Colour of Spring, the canary from The Very Best of Talk Talk, the tree of birds from Spirit of Eden, as well as numerous other animal related images. Remixed, the 2001 edition, features more simple artwork of blue and orange circles on the cover.


12x12 Original Remixes, Reception
Allmusic described the cover as "ugly collage work". Allmusic gave the album , saying that, despite the content being good, "you'd be better off shelling out the extra cash for Asides Besides. You'd be getting everything this disc offers, in addition to its second disc of demos and excellent B-sides.


12–13 Tammuz
Yud Beis–Yud Gimmel Tammuz, the 12th and 13th days of Tammuz on the Hebrew calendar, are celebrated as a holiday by the Chabad Hasidic community. The holiday commemorates the liberation of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Chabad Rebbe, from Soviet imprisonment. Schneersohn was born June 21, 1880 (12 Tammuz 5640). The day is marked by public gatherings, additional study and prayer.


12–13 Tammuz, History
On Wednesday, June 15, 1927 (Sivan 15, 5687) Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic movement, was arrested and incarcerated by the Soviet communist regime for "counter-revolutionary activities". The main allegations against Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak were that he continued to maintain a network of religious schools where Torah and Jewish religion were taught. Initially sentenced to death, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak received a sentence of three years exile in the city of Kostroma.


12–13 Tammuz, History
On Tuesday, July 12, 1927 (Tammuz 12, 5687) the Rabbi Schneersohn was ordered to register as a prisoner at the Russian government offices in Kostrama. At that time, he was notified that the order had been received to grant him complete freedom. However, due to bureaucratic delays he was released the following day on Wednesday, July 13, 1927 (Tammuz 13, 5687).


12–13 Tammuz, History, Celebrations
Each year on the Hebrew dates of Yud Beis and Yud Gimmel Tammuz, Chabad Hasidim celebrate Rabbi Schneersohn's release. The two-day celebration is called a "Chag HaGeulah" and public gatherings ("farbrengens") are held and the story is retold.


12–13th & Locust station
12–13th & Locust station is a PATCO Lindenwold Line subway station in Washington Square West, Center City, Philadelphia. The station has a single island platform, with a fare mezzanine above. The mezzanine level connects to the Center City Pedestrian Concourse, which connects subway and regional rail stations in the Center City area.


12–16 Church Street, Monmouth
12–16 Church Street in Monmouth, Wales, is a row of three shop houses designed by the architect George Vaughan Maddox and constructed c. 1837. They form part of Maddox's redevelopment of the centre of Monmouth and stand on Church Street, to the rear of Maddox's Priory Street. The architectural historian John Newman has written that Maddox's work "gives Monmouth its particular architectural flavour" and Cadw describes the grouping of 12–16 Church Street as "the best preserved early 19th century shopfront in Monmouth."


12–16 Church Street, Monmouth, History
In the early 19th century, the main thoroughfare out of Monmouth towards London was along Church Street, a relatively narrow street now pedestrianised. Increasing traffic on the street led to a number of accidents and demands for the construction of a new road. At the same time, developments at the Shire Hall in Agincourt Square meant that the market, previously located there, required new accommodation. In 1834, the Town Council offered a prize for a redevelopment scheme, which was won by George Vaughan Maddox.


12–16 Church Street, Monmouth, History
Maddox, the son of another Monmouthshire architect, John Maddox, had already established a reputation within the town. Maddox's proposals envisaged a new road, described by John Newman as, "a remarkably early inner bypass", that would run north of Church Street along the west bank of the River Monnow. This would allow the redevelopment of Church Street and here Maddox constructed the block comprising 12–16, with an entry into White Swan Court CADW is of the view that the building has probably held a dispensary since the time of its construction, a period of 180 years.


12–16 Church Street, Monmouth, Description
Numbers 12–16 Church Street form a single block of three storeys and four bays. The building backs onto Priory Street and has an arched entranceway into White Swan Court. Architectural elaboration includes a "heavy" architrave and a cornice at the roofline. The grouping is designated a Grade II* listed building, the high listing for "its exceptional architectural interest as part of an important piece of early 19th century town planning in the Monmouth centre."


12–18 Brunswick Square, Gloucester
12–18 Brunswick Square is a set of seven 19th-century terraced houses on the west side of Brunswick Square in the English city of Gloucester. The buildings were completed in 1825 as part of the development of Brunswick Square led by Thomas Reece. In the 1930s Princess Mary visited the YMCA at 18 Brunswick Square. It has since been converted into offices and flats, and has been a Grade II listed building since 21 January 1952.


12–18 Brunswick Square, Gloucester, Architecture
The three-storey buildings have stuccoed brick at the front and sides, whilst the back is plain brick. The roofs consist of slate tiles and a large chimney stack with multiple chimneys. All the buildings are set back from the street with small gardens at the front. At the back they have extensions in varying sizes, and a couple of the buildings have small back gardens. All of them have semi-basements with small street level windows. The entrance of number 12 is set back from the rest of the buildings and number 15 protrudes forward slightly more than the others.


12–18 Brunswick Square, Gloucester, Architecture
At the front the basement and ground floors are styled with continuous rustication, which can be seen as a painted brick effect. The ground and first floors are separated by a continuous concrete band. From the first floor upwards the walls are stuccoed with embedded pillars separating each building topped with a square capital. The pillars support the coped parapet roof. In front of the entrance to each doorway is a flight of stone steps, with wrought iron railings. The doorways of 13–18 are recessed slightly and have semi-circular arched tops, which are filled with decorated metal fanlights.


12–18 Brunswick Square, Gloucester, Architecture
The doorway of number 12 isn't recessed and has a plain semi-circular fanlight. To the left of each doorway is a sash window on the ground floor, there are two sash windows to each of the upper floors. The first floor windows have decorative cast iron window guards, and all other windows have plain stone sills.


12–18 Brunswick Square, Gloucester, Architecture
The houses are generally regarded to have the original staircases and other joinery. The ceilings have molded plaster coving, and there are original fireplaces throughout.


12–6 curveball
The 12–6 curveball is one of the types of pitches thrown in baseball. It is categorized as a breaking ball because of its downward break. The 12–6 curveball, unlike the normal curveball (also referred to as the "11 to 5 curve" or a "2 to 8 curve" for its motion), breaks in a downward motion in a straight line. This explains the name "12–6", because the break of the pitch refers to the ball breaking from the number 12 to the number 6 on a clock. While the 11–5 and 2–8 variations are very effective pitches, they are less effective than a true 12–6, because the ball will break into the heart of the bat more readily.


12–6 curveball
The pitch is used throughout Major League Baseball. It has several nicknames, including the "yellow hammer".


12–6 curveball, Movement
The 12 to 6 curveball is the toughest type of curveball to hit, because it moves vertically, and has no horizontal break. The difference of the speed from a fastball and the break make the pitch difficult to hit if a pitcher uses it correctly in a pitching sequence. The 12 to 6 curveball is usually pitched from the overhand motion, as a three-quarters or sidearm delivery would cause the ball to break 2 to 8 instead of 12 to 6. The sharp vertical break on the 12–6 curveball is created when pitchers apply topspin to the ball with their fingers in the process of releasing it.


12–6 curveball, Effectiveness
Depending on the situation and the type of pitcher, the 12–6 curveball may be more or less effective. Against a batter with the same handedness as the pitcher, the 12 to 6 curveball has been proven to be a very effective pitch in general, but the pitch is much easier to hit if the batter is the opposite handedness of the pitcher, making an 11 to 5 curveball the more effective pitch type in that situation. The effectiveness of the pitch also depends on the ability of the pitcher to apply topspin to the ball, creating movement. When stats for a high level pitcher's average 12 to 6 curveball are factored in, the 12 to 6 and the 11 to 5 are much more effective than Major League Baseball's average throwers of the pitch due to the pitcher's high level of ability for that pitch.


12–6 curveball, Throwing mechanics
The 12–6 curveball is thrown similarly to most curveballs. The pitch is generally thrown using a four-seam grip, in which the middle finger on the pitcher's throwing hand is placed in the gap between the two seams on the right side, and the index finger is placed directly next to it. The pitcher's thumb is placed directly on the bottom of the baseball. This grip allows the pitcher to create a high amount of topspin while still having a good control of the pitch. The pitch is then thrown with an exaggerated 12–6 motion with both the middle finger and the thumb simultaneously helping move the baseball towards home plate, while the pitcher's index finger giving the ball topspin. This extensive combination of mechanics makes this one of the most difficult pitches to master.


12–6 elbow
A 12–6 elbow, referred to in commentary as a "twelve to six elbow" and officially "downward elbow strikes", is a strike used in the combat sport of mixed martial arts (MMA). The name of the 12–6 elbow is based on the concept of a clock on the wall with the bringing of an elbow from straight up (12 o'clock) to straight down (6 o'clock).


12–6 elbow
12–6 elbow strikes are illegal under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, defined as "striking downwards using the point of the elbow". Such bans were justified for medical and safety reasons, due to the possibility of serious injuries to opponents that could result from their use.


12–6 elbow, Definition
The most commonly accepted definition of a 12–6 elbow was originally based on a principle by referee John McCarthy of a clock on the wall. This came about after it was felt that the official definition of the foul was too broad. A 12–6 elbow was defined as bringing the elbow from "twelve o'clock" to "six o'clock", which is where the name comes from. Similar elbow movements from a fighter on their back does not count as a 12–6 elbow, because as explained by McCarthy, "the clock doesn't move". McCarthy's definition became accepted as the official definition of 12–6 elbows under the Unified Rules and MMA referees were encouraged to use this definition when making judgments on elbow strikes.


12–6 elbow, Definition
Generally for usage of 12–6 elbows, the fight is stopped and fighters are given a warning. However, there have been occasions where points have been deducted or the fighter using that strike in competition has been disqualified due to the move incapacitating fighters. In 2009, Matt Hamill defeated Jon Jones by disqualification due to Jones using 12–6 elbows. Hamill said that he was unable to defend against the elbows.


12–6 elbow, In mixed martial arts
Before 2000, MMA had a number of different rule sets, with each one differing in ruling on downward elbow strikes (12–6 elbows). In UFC 1, the first UFC event where there were very few rules, Kevin Rosier used 12–6 elbows on Zane Frazier. In 2000, the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts were drawn up to try to make the sport more mainstream. The meeting consisted of representatives of a number of major MMA organisations including Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), Pride Fighting Championships and International Fighting Championships (IFC) as well as doctors and referees in New Jersey, United States. In the meeting, doctors raised concerns about 12–6 elbows after seeing an IFC match where 12–6 elbows were used to the back of a fighter's head. One doctor argued that they could be life-threatening, and refused to sanction any set of rules that didn't prohibit them.


12–6 elbow, In mixed martial arts
McCarthy argued that the rules already prohibited strikes to the back of the head and questioned if it was just the 12–6 elbow strike that was the problem. Following this discussion, Nick Lembo wrote the Unified Rules, including a rule prohibiting downward elbow strikes. McCarthy felt that Lembo wrote the rule relating to downward elbow strikes "poorly" as he felt the definition was broad and left the rule open to interpretation. Pride eventually did not adopt the Unified Rules; however, their ruleset prohibited any elbow strikes to the head. Eventually the rule on 12–6 elbows meant that very few fighters attempted them, which could also be attributed to the fact that it is difficult for fighters to get into a position where they could use them.


12–6 elbow, In mixed martial arts
The primary justification for banning 12–6 strikes was the damage that could result from such a strike on the orbital bone, and the potential for spinal injuries if 12–6 elbows were used in certain positions, due to size differences between fighters. This was before weight classes were standardised. There was a popular story, often repeated by Joe Rogan in UFC commentary, that the 12–6 elbows were banned because representatives of Athletic Commissions had seen traditional martial artists breaking hard objects with downward elbow strikes and felt that those strikes could be lethal and banned them. However Keith Kizer of the Nevada State Athletic Commission dismissed this as being "revisionist history".


12–6 elbow, In mixed martial arts
In 2006, the Association of Boxing Commissions (ABC) held a committee meeting to revise the Unified Rules. During it, Kizer and Lembo proposed altering the rule on downward elbow strikes to permit 12–6 elbows to anywhere except the head of a downed opponent. However, the proposal was strongly rejected by doctors on the committee on the grounds that 12–6 elbows could still cause serious injury, even when not done on the head. The ABC, despite endorsing the Unified Rules, does not have statutory authority over the individual state athletic commissions in the United States but instead governs through influence. As a result, in some states such as Mississippi, 12–6 elbows are permitted in MMA fights. As a result, a commission was set up by ABC to look at the regional MMA rule variations, including 12–6 elbows, to standardise MMA in the United States.


12–6 elbow, Criticism
The 12–6 elbow has often been criticized for its brutality, however, the rules prohibiting them have also been criticized. In particular, it has been argued that the term "downward elbow strikes" is too strict, as it only applies to straight motions and does not make elbows on an arc illegal. Matt Hume, chief referee of the One Fighting Championship, explained that while 12–6 elbows were illegal, "if you change the time to 11:59, it is no longer illegal."


12–6 elbow, Criticism
Hume felt that the authors of the Unified Rules did not have an understanding of MMA, with McCarthy affirming that view by stating that Lembo "wasn't a big MMA guy at the time". Hume also argued that the rule meant that other elbow strikes that could gain more velocity than 12–6 elbows were legal yet were hitting with the same point of the elbow.


12–6 elbow, Criticism
Because of the initially broad definition of 12–6 elbows in the Unified Rules, referees often had differences in interpretation of what was classed as one. Referee Herb Dean differed from McCarthy's definition and argued that elbow strikes parallel with the floor in side control (sometimes called 9–3 elbows) were classed as 12–6 elbows, as he considered 12–6 elbows as being based on where the fighter throwing them was positioned.


13 & God
13 & God is a collaboration between American indie hip hop duo Themselves and German indie rock band The Notwist. The group is signed both to Anticon and Alien Transistor.


13 & God, History
The band's name 13 & God stems from the concept of the 12 apostles and Jesus Christ forming a group that comprises 13 mortal men as well as God. Distinguishing between Themselves and The Notwist in the context of which group is '13' and which is 'God' is thus disingenuous. In the example above, God is inherently contained within '13', creating a symbiotic relationship so strong it is unable to be severed.


13 & God, History
As 13 & God are not a Christian group, but do explore elements of philosophy, spirituality and existentialism, the name 13 & God is generally considered to be more of a reflection of those elements, as well as the concept of 'identity' itself. Alternatively, it may just be a play on words with the prematurely sexy track by Boogie Down Productions titled '13 and Good' '


13 & God, History
They are joined live by Jordan Dalrymple who now plays Dax Pierson's parts following a 2005 Subtle tour accident which left Dax quadriplegic. As of 2010, Jordan has officially joined, and has been contributing in the studio.


13 & God, History
In a 2009 interview with Pitchfork, Doseone was quoted as saying "in 2010 there will be a brand new shiny 13 & G record out in the world." On February 3, 2011, the second album Own Your Ghost was announced to be released on Anticon on May 17, 2011. The album is set to feature ten tracks, including "Sure As Debt" which is a song written and performed on the 2007 tour. This announcement was accompanied by a preview clip of the song "Armored Scarves" from the album.


13 & God (album)
13 & God is the first studio album by 13 & God, a collaboration between American hip hop group Themselves and German rock band The Notwist. It was released on Anticon and Alien Transistor in 2005. "Men of Station / Soft Atlas" was released as a single from the album.


13 & God (album), Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 80% based on 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


13 & God (album), Critical reception
Tim DiGravina of AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5, describing it as "a decidedly dark and murky musical excursion into a realm of percolating electronics, moody jazz elements, bizarre raps, ethereal acoustic guitars, and sad pianos." Melissa Wheeler of Exclaim! called it "a gorgeous, pensive and gently dark album of rap-sprinkled mutated electronic indie rock".


13 & God (album), Critical reception
Adrien Begrand of PopMatters gave the album 7 stars out of 10, saying, "It's an album that requires patience from both hip-hop devotees and IDM enthusiasts, but once it's allowed to grow on the listener, its own distinct beauty begins to surface with each subsequent listen."


13 & God (album), Track listing
All lyrics are written by Adam Drucker, except "Men of Station", "Perfect Speed", and "If" by Adam Drucker and Markus Acher; all music is composed by 13 & God.


13 (2010 film)
13 is a 2011 American psychological crime thriller film directed by Géla Babluani (who also directed the original), stars Sam Riley, Ray Winstone, 50 Cent, Mickey Rourke and Jason Statham. It is a remake of the 2005 Georgian-French film 13 Tzameti.


13 (2010 film), Plot
Vincent "Vince" Ferro overhears people talking about a dead man who was going to start a well-paid job. Ferro, in need of money, steals an envelope containing the instructions for the job. He arrives at an event in a secluded place. He is ordered to strip, and his boot heels are cut off, in order to check for surveillance equipment. The organizers accept him for the job instead of the dead man. The job is participation in a series of Russian roulette games. There are several participants, identified by number.


13 (2010 film), Plot
In each round, the participants have to spin the cylinder of their revolver, and shoot when the light of a special light bulb is switched on. The event is organized for the enjoyment of rich spectators, one of these spectators being Jasper Bagges, who places bets on who will survive. Bagges bets on his brother Ronald, who was brought from the mental institution.


13 (2010 film), Plot
In the first round, the participants each get one bullet in their revolver, they are arranged into a circle, and each has to aim his revolver at the man in front of him. Ferro tries to back out, but he is forced to participate. As #13, he survives the first round and fires his gun only after being threatened with death. In the second round, in which two bullets are placed in each gun, Ferro survives only because the man behind him is killed before he could fire.


13 (2010 film), Plot
In the third round, with three bullets in each gun, Ferro again survives, along with four other men. Ferro is one of two survivors randomly chosen to participate in a duel. The three others are finished and get a large sum of money. One of them, Patrick Jefferson, who was brought from prison to compete, is surprised that he is free to go, and he is escorted out by Jimmy, one of the employees. Jimmy then tries to kill Jefferson, attempting to steal a map Jefferson has, leading to money he has stashed from a robbery. Another employee catches Jimmy in the act, and demands that he stop, insisting that nobody is allowed to harm the surviving players. Jefferson collects his belongings and leaves.


13 (2010 film), Plot
Against the odds, Ferro wins the duel and gets $1,850,000 (USD). He also learns that his opponent won his last 3 duels. He collects his winnings and sneaks away from the mansion, arriving at a train station. When he spots police closing in on him, he stashes his winnings in a garbage can. After being interrogated by the police, he retrieves the money and sends it to his family, via registered mail, and buys a toy for his sister's birthday. However, on the way home, he is shot by Jasper, partly in revenge for Ferro having killed Ronald, and partly to steal the money, as he thinks Ferro still has the money with him. Jasper escapes with the money bag, not knowing that it only contains the toy.


13 (2010 film), Cast
The film features Mickey Rourke, Jason Statham and David Zayas, who all starred in The Expendables which was released before this film.


13 (2010 film), Production
The film was directed and written by Géla Babluani, who directed and wrote the original film. A trailer was released in August 2010. Filming began on November 17, 2008 in and around New York City.


13 (2010 film), Reception
13 received critically negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 8% rating, stating that only 1 out of the 13 reviews for the film was positive, with an average score of 3.8/10.


13 (2010 film), Reception
The New York Times film critic Stephen Holden considered 13 "a blustering, bad cartoon." V.A. Musetto of the New York Post criticized the film for being shot in color rather than the original's black and white, and for the addition of character back stories, "which serve only to slow the film’s momentum." The Hollywood Reporter said "Géla Babluani's English-language remake of his French debut loses the source's gritty, mysterious gloom."


13 (Armstrong novel)
13 is the finale novel in Women of the Otherworld series by Kelley Armstrong. It was published in 2012 by Orbit.


13 (Armstrong novel), Plot
13 centers around Savannah Levine, who is experiencing a new and dark magic inside of her that gives her abilities that seem foreign and thrilling. She cannot tell if this ability is a blessing, or a curse. Meanwhile, the nefarious cult, known as the Supernatural Liberation Movement is determined to expose Supernaturals for what they are, destroying them in their path—and this plan affects all types of supernaturals, from demons, to witches, to vampires. On the eve of the battle between the Otherworld and Supernatural Liberation Movement, the major supernaturals must come together to fight for their lives and for the existence of the Otherworld.


13 (Armstrong novel), Reception
Dear Author gave the book a "B" rating, writing that "Overall, despite some issues, I found Thirteen to be a satisfying conclusion to the Otherworld universe. (On the adult side anyway)." The Library Journal also reviewed the work.


13 (BMT rapid transit service)
13 was the BMT's designation for service on the BMT Fulton Street Line, not to be confused with today's IND Fulton Street Line, which uses a portion of the old BMT line at its east end.


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1924
When the BMT assigned numbers in 1924, 13 was assigned to trains between Park Row in Manhattan and Lefferts Avenue–119th Street, via the Brooklyn Bridge and BMT Fulton Street Line. Service patterns were rather complicated, with the following services running:


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1925
By 1925, local morning trains were added from Grant Avenue to Fulton Ferry or Park Row. Between 1925 and 1931, afternoon rush hour service was changed to the following:


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s
Between 1931 and 1937, local morning trains were shifted from beginning at Atlantic and Grant Avenues to beginning at Grant and Lefferts Avenues. Afternoon service became the following:


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s
Extra service during all rush hours and Saturday mornings ran only from Lefferts Avenue to Atlantic Avenue.


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s
Special 14th Street–Fulton Street Express service began on September 23, 1936, running over the BMT 14th Street-Canarsie Line from Eighth Avenue to Atlantic Avenue and over the Fulton Street Line between Hinsdale Street and Lefferts Avenue in Queens on weekdays and Saturdays during rush hours. These trips eliminated the need for riders to transfer at Atlantic Avenue. Ridership counts at the time found that during rush hours, 5,000 passengers transferred between Fulton Street and 14th Street–Canarsie trains. Four trips ran in each direction, running non-stop on the 14th Street Line between Lorimer Street and Myrtle Avenue.


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s
Initially, these trains bypassed all stops between Hinsdale Avenue and Hudson Street. Once the platform extensions at stations in between were completed on October 4, 1937, these trains began making these bypassed stops. This service could be run because of the introduction of lightweight Multi-section cars, which were light enough to run on the original elevated structure between Hudson Street and Hinsdale Avenue while being constructed of metal to run in the subway. These trains were carried signs reading "16–8th Ave." toward Manhattan and signs reading "13–Lefferts Ave." toward Queens.


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, 1930s
Between 1937 and 1939, local morning trains were truncated at Sands Street (with some still going to Fulton Ferry).


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, Discontinuation
The BMT Fulton Street Line was closed west of Rockaway Avenue on May 31, 1940, with free transfers to the IND Fulton Street Line. Service from then on was limited to trains running the remaining length, as well as 14th Street–Fulton Street trains and the new Fulton–Lexington Avenue service provided by 12 trains).


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, Discontinuation
On June 26, 1952, Rockaway Avenue was closed overnights, and on weekends. During these hours, 13 trains terminated at Eastern Parkway.


13 (BMT rapid transit service), History, Discontinuation
On April 26, 1956, the BMT Fulton Street Line was abandoned west of Hudson Street; the rest became part of the IND Fulton Street Line on April 29.


13 (Black Sabbath album)
13 is the nineteenth and final studio album by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath. It was released on 10 June 2013 through Vertigo Records, acting as their first studio album in 18 years, following Forbidden (1995). It was the band's first studio recording with original singer Ozzy Osbourne and bassist Geezer Butler since the live album Reunion (1998), which contained two new studio tracks. It was also the first studio album with Osbourne since Never Say Die! (1978), and with Butler since Cross Purposes (1994).


13 (Black Sabbath album)
Black Sabbath's original line-up first began work on a new studio album in 2001 with producer Rick Rubin. The album's development was delayed over a 10-year period, as Osbourne resumed his solo career while the rest of the band members went on to pursue other projects, including GZR and Heaven & Hell. When Black Sabbath announced the end of its hiatus on 11 November 2011, the band announced that they would restart work on a new album with Rubin. In addition to original members Osbourne, Butler and guitarist Tony Iommi, the band was joined at the recording sessions by drummer Brad Wilk, of Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave, following original drummer Bill Ward's decision to not participate in the reunion, due to a "contractual dispute."


13 (Black Sabbath album)
The singles "God Is Dead? ", "End of the Beginning", and "Loner" were released in promotion of the album. 13 received positive reviews from critics; praise was directed at the band's songwriting and performance abilities several decades after their formation, though the album has been cited as a product of the loudness war, having a compromised sound quality as a result of an overly compressed dynamic range. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in 2014, the band won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance for "God Is Dead?". Commercially, 13 was a number-one album in several countries, including the United Kingdom and United States. It was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The album was also certified platinum in four countries.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
Black Sabbath released its 18th studio album, Forbidden, in 1995, to negative reviews. It had been 15 years since the last studio track. The following months left the group at a crossroads. After a series of reunion tours from 1997 to 1999 – mostly with Ozzfest – the original line-up began work on a new album with producer Rick Rubin in the spring of 2001. These sessions were halted when Ozzy Osbourne was called away to finish tracks for his album Down to Earth, released in October that year.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
Tony Iommi recalled: "It just came to an end… It's a shame because [the songs] were really good." "It's quite different recording now…" he added. "In [the early] days there was no mobile phone ringing every five seconds. When we first started, we had nothing. We all worked for the same thing. Now everybody has done so many other things. It's great fun and we all have a good chat, but it's just different, trying to put an album together."


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
"We got very scratchy stuff," Ozzy explained in late 2001. "It never really materialised into much. It may be great, but I haven't heard it since, apart from the one song we were doing live ['Scary Dreams', played on Ozzfest 2001]. We produced our own stuff and then we handed the tapes over to Rick Rubin and that was the last I heard of it. I must confess… it wasn't the same way, anyhow.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
Geezer wasn't writing the lyrics anymore, I was having real big problems coming up with melody lines and topics to sing about… Tony was still firing off these amazing heavy metal riffs. He just goes, 'Here you go,' and comes out with one better than you've ever heard in your life. You'd think he'd run out of things to play. But, for all that, the chemistry just wasn't there."


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
After one more reunion tour in mid-2001, where they again headlined Ozzfest, Sabbath went back on hiatus. In March 2002, Osbourne's Emmy-winning reality TV show The Osbournes debuted on MTV, and quickly became a worldwide hit. It introduced Osbourne to a broader audience; and, to capitalise, Sanctuary Records (who own Sabbath's back catalogue) released the live album Past Lives, featuring material recorded in the 1970s, including the Live at Last album. The band remained on hiatus until mid-2004, when they returned to headline Ozzfest 2004 and 2005. In November 2005, Black Sabbath were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and in March 2006, after eleven years of eligibility, the band were inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
While Osbourne was working on his new solo album in 2006, Rhino Records released Black Sabbath: The Dio Years, a compilation culled from the four Sabbath releases featuring Ronnie James Dio. For the release, Iommi, Geezer Butler, Dio and Vinny Appice reunited to write and record three new songs as Black Sabbath. The Dio Years was released on 3 April 2007, reaching No.54 on the Billboard 200, while the single "The Devil Cried" reached No. 37 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
Pleased with the results, Iommi and Dio decided to reunite the Heaven and Hell era line-up for a world tour. Because the line-up of Osbourne, Butler, Iommi and Bill Ward were still officially called Black Sabbath, the new line-up dubbed themselves Heaven & Hell, after the album of the same name. Ward was to participate, but dropped out before the tour began due to musical differences with "a couple of the band members" as well as a "contractual dispute". He was replaced by former drummer Vinny Appice, reuniting the line-up that had featured on Mob Rules and Dehumanizer. After their only studio album The Devil You Know in 2009, Dio died after a battle against stomach cancer on 16 May 2010. Following a tribute concert with former Sabbath vocalist Glenn Hughes, Heaven & Hell disbanded.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
On 11 November 2011, Sabbath hosted a private announcement ceremony at the Whisky a Go Go in Hollywood, California. Hosted by former Black Flag vocalist Henry Rollins, the event featured all four original Sabbath band members. At the event, Sabbath announced they would be officially reuniting, following months of rumours. The reunion was said to feature an appearance at the 2012 Download Festival, and a newly recorded studio album by Rubin expected to be released in late 2012. When Rollins asked the band why they chose to reunite, Iommi responded, "It's now or never. We get along great.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Background
Everything's really good." Butler commented that the new material was the "old Sabbath style and sound." Osbourne said he was "blown away", and, "I don't understand why it's happening. I mean, 45 years down the road and we've got a really great album to put out." On 18 November 2011, Black Sabbath announced that they would be touring Europe in May and June 2012.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording
On 9 January 2012, it was announced Iommi had been diagnosed with the early stages of lymphoma, which was not expected to impede the group's activity. Because of his cancer diagnosis, work sessions for 13, which were supposed to take place in Los Angeles, California, were moved to Iommi's home in England. On 2 February 2012, Ward publicly announced that he would not participate in the Black Sabbath reunion unless he was given a "signable contract."


13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording
The following day, the other group members announced they had "no choice but to continue recording without him," but also said "our door is always open" for Ward to return to the band. In February 2012, the band announced that they would not continue the world tour but would play the Download festival in June 2012. Instead of Black Sabbath, the tour would feature Osbourne and a revolving line-up of guest musicians, billed as "Ozzy and Friends". On 11 April, Lollapalooza founder Perry Farrell announced that Black Sabbath would perform at Lollapalooza 2012. Farrell said this would be Black Sabbath's only American concert in 2012.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording
On 15 May 2012, Ward posted on his website that "after a final effort to participate in the upcoming Sabbath shows a failure to agree has continued" and that he would not be participating in the reunion shows, but would "remain with an open mind and a position of willingness to negotiate 'signable' terms with Sabbath's representatives in the future." On 18 May 2012, Ward was cropped out of photos on blacksabbath.com. On 19 May 2012, Butler released a statement expressing sadness at Ward's decision. He further unveiled that drummer Tommy Clufetos was rehearsing with them in England.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording
On 2 June 2012, Osbourne told NME that Black Sabbath had written "about 15 songs so far." He also said that 2013 was a good clue as to what the album would be called. The band returned to the studio to continue work on the album on 23 August 2012. An interview that October confirmed the title of one of the new songs, "God Is Dead?". On 12 January 2013, Black Sabbath announced that the album would be called 13 and was expected to be released in June. It was also announced that drummer Brad Wilk of Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave joined in during the recording sessions to complete the drum tracks for the album.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Recording
In a January 2013 interview at NAMM, which took place at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California, Butler stated that 13 was not the final title of the album and it would possibly be changed; however, this turned out not to be the case. The band released a brief documentary on their time in the studio via YouTube in February 2013. In it, the group stated that they felt excited to work with producer Rubin and emphasized their desire for a "raw" sound.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Artwork and title
On 4 April 2013, Black Sabbath unveiled the cover artwork for 13. The artwork was created by Nick Dart and Neil Bowen of Zip Design in London. Zip commissioned sculptor Spencer Jenkins to create an 8-foot-tall "13" from wicker, which was then set on fire in the Buckinghamshire countryside. The flames were visible for miles. The image was shot by photographer Jonathan Knowles. A behind-the-scenes video, also shot by Jonathan Knowles's team, was released by Zip Design, showing the numbers' construction. According to bassist Geezer Butler, the title 13 comes from the record company pressuring the band to write thirteen songs but they wanted to stop at ten; however, only eight tracks made the final cut.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Touring and promotion
Prior to the album's release, Black Sabbath embarked on their first tour of Australia (initially kicking off in New Zealand) since 1974 in April and May 2013. They also headlined Ozzfest Japan on 12 May 2013. These dates had been arranged to allow Iommi to return to the UK for lymphoma treatment once every six weeks. From late July to early September 2013, Black Sabbath embarked on their first North American tour in eight years. After that, they toured Latin America in October, followed by Europe in November and December.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Touring and promotion
The first single, "God Is Dead? ", was released to radio on 18 April 2013, and as a digital download and on YouTube on 19 April. Black Sabbath appeared on the season 13 finale of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, in which they performed another new song, "End of the Beginning". The song also plays during the end credits of the 2013 comedy film This Is the End, although it is not listed on the film's official soundtrack. The album became available for streaming on iTunes on 3 June 2013.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Release
13 was released on 10 June 2013. It reached No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart after its first week of sales. It is the band's first album to top the UK chart since Paranoid (1970). With a gap of nearly 43 years, it beat the previous record held by Bob Dylan, who released his first chart topping album, Together Through Life (2009), since New Morning (1970). Osbourne was said to be "in shock" at the album's success, remarking that the band has "never had a record climb the charts so fast" before.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Release
In another first for the band, the album also reached No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 charts, selling 155,000 copies in the first week. Osbourne said, "There have been so many amazing highlights in our long career. To finally have our first #1 album in the U.S. is another incredible milestone for Black Sabbath."


13 (Black Sabbath album), Release
In its second week of release, the album fell to No. 5 in the US, selling 46,000, totalling 201,000 copies, and in its third week, 13 sold over 26,000 bringing its total sales to 227,000 copies in the US. As of April 2014, 13 has sold over 360,000 copies in the United States. The album also debuted at No. 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart with 25,000 units sold. As of July 2014, the album has surpassed over 1 million copies sold worldwide.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Release
Aforementioned lead single "God Is Dead?" received a great deal of airplay both in Canada and in the United States. For example, the track hit the #26 spot on the Billboard top rock songs chart. The band additionally released a related music video for the single.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Reception
13 has received mostly positive reviews. On Metacritic, it has a score of 72 out of 100, based on 32 reviews. Fred Thomas of AllMusic praised 13, calling it "unexpectedly brilliant, apocalyptic, and essential for any die-hard metal fan". Geoff Barton of Metal Hammer observed how the heavy metal genre had developed ever since the band originally started it, and concluded that the classic line-up of the band has proven their relevance in modern-day music.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Reception
However, 13 has been criticised for having compromised sound quality, due to an overly compressed dynamic range, during a process called peak limiting, which leads to audible distortion. Jon Hadusek of Consequence of Sound said of the production, "Rubin...deserves disparagement for the way he mixed the audio levels, which are crushed by distortion and compression. Otherwise well-recorded songs are blemished, an affliction all too pervasive in the modern music industry".


13 (Black Sabbath album), Reception
Ben Ratliff of The New York Times also disliked the album's mastering, saying, "The new Black Sabbath album was produced by Rick Rubin, who some believe to be a prime offender in the recent history of highly compressed and loudly mastered music — a major cause of ear fatigue...13 is mastered loudly, too; Mr. Iommi's guitar tone planes outward, leaving very little space, and the drums stay high and present in the mix. Your ears aren't given room to breathe".


13 (Black Sabbath album), Reception, Awards and accolades
The album's lead single "God Is Dead?" won Black Sabbath their first Grammy Award in 14 years for Best Metal Performance in 2014. In 2013, the album won a Metal Hammer Golden God Award for Best Album and a Classic Rock Roll of Honours Award for Album of the Year. It also won the 2014 Revolver Golden Gods Award for Album of the Year.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Track listing
All lyrics are written by Geezer Butler except "Methademic" by Ozzy Osbourne; all music is composed by Tony Iommi, Osbourne and Butler.


13 (Black Sabbath album), Certifications
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.


13 (Blur album)
13 is the sixth studio album by English alternative rock band Blur, released on 15 March 1999. Continuing the stylistic shift away from the Britpop sound of the band's early career, 13 explores experimental, psychedelic and electronic music.


13 (Blur album)
Recording took place from June to October 1998 in London and Reykjavík. The album marks a departure of the band's longtime producer, Stephen Street, with his role being filled by William Orbit, who they had chosen after the release of the remix album, Bustin' + Dronin' (1998). Relationships between the band members were reported to be strained, with members frequently missing from the sessions. Lyrically, the album is significantly darker and more innovative than Blur's previous efforts, being heavily inspired by Damon Albarn's breakup with long-term girlfriend, Justine Frischmann, which followed an increasingly strained relationship. This album was the last in over a decade to feature the original line-up as Coxon left the band during the sessions of their next album Think Tank (2003), but Coxon would return for The Magic Whip (2015).


13 (Blur album)
13 was released on 15 March 1999 and entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, making it Blur's fourth consecutive studio album to reach the top spot. The album was later certified Platinum. 13 also reached number one in Norway and charted within the top 20 in many other countries. The album produced three singles – "Tender", "Coffee & TV" and "No Distance Left to Run" – which charted at number 2, number 11 and number 14 respectively on the UK Singles Chart. 13 met with favourable reviews and received a nomination for the Mercury Prize, as well as for Best Album at the 2000 NME Awards.


13 (Blur album), Background
Blur's previous studio album, Blur (1997), had seen the band move away from the Britpop movement and take on a more alternative rock-influenced direction, primarily under the suggestion of guitarist Graham Coxon. The press and the industry had feared that the change in style would not be taken well with the public, and therefore the album would be commercially unsuccessful as a result. Despite these concerns, Blur was an unexpected success, particularly in America, where the album was certified Gold. However, the band still wanted to innovate, so they decided to embrace a different sound. Bassist Alex James stated, "I think you just have to keep changing. That sort of thinking was, sort of, key."


13 (Blur album), Background
The band's leader Damon Albarn had been in a long-term relationship with Justine Frischmann, of the Britpop band Elastica. Their relationship was highly publicised, the couple being described by John Harris as "proto-Posh and Becks for the indie-rock constituency." However, their relationship became strained over time, stated reasons including Albarn's desire to have children as well as Frischmann's continued friendship with ex-boyfriend Brett Anderson of Suede, who had shared a musical rivalry with Albarn.


13 (Blur album), Background
Albarn's lyrics and attitude had reflected this in the eyes of the other band members, with Coxon pointing out, "I didn't have much of a clue that things were going wrong between Damon and Justine but it was probably easy to guess." After one last holiday together in Bali in late 1997 in an attempt to rekindle their relationship, the couple finally split. Albarn later commented, "That relationship just absolutely crashed. I mean, it really was a spectacularly sad end."


13 (Blur album), Background
After his breakup, Albarn started sharing a flat with artist Jamie Hewlett whom he had met through Coxon. Around this time, Albarn had started to broaden his musical output. Whilst he was working on 13, there were various reports that he and Hewlett were working on a secret project, which turned out to be Gorillaz, a virtual band. Albarn also started working on film soundtracks, including Ravenous, Ordinary Decent Criminal and 101 Reykjavík.


13 (Blur album), Recording
13 is Blur's first album without longtime producer Stephen Street. Instead the band 'unanimously' decided that they wanted electronic music artist, William Orbit to produce the album after being impressed by his remix of their track, "Movin' On", included on the remix compilation, Bustin' + Dronin' (1998). Albarn commented that "it was such a personal thing going on, we needed to have someone who didn't really know us". He also described Orbit as being "like a psychiatrist".


13 (Blur album), Recording
When asked if his replacement had come as a shock, Street stated, "I just think they wanted to stretch out a bit more and, having made five albums with me, the best way to do that was to work with someone different who would approach the project in a different way. I understand that perfectly and certainly wasn't offended. I did five albums with the band and I must admit I thought each one would be the last because they were bound to want to try something new." Albarn described the decision to not work with Street as "difficult", going on to say "he'll be forever part of what we are, and ironically, he gave us the tools we needed to go it alone."


13 (Blur album), Recording
Tension in the studio ran high during the recording sessions. In Orbit's words, "There was a battle between Damon's more experimental direction, and Graham's punk one, and Graham prevailed. If that tension had been growing on previous LPs, it came to a head here." "Things were starting to fall apart between the four of us," drummer Dave Rowntree later revealed. "It was quite a sad process making it. People were not turning up to the sessions, or turning up drunk, being abusive and storming off." "I had songs," Alex James remarked. "I played them to William. He liked them. But I was sulking. I didn't play them to the others… Now I know how George Harrison felt." Coxon admitted, "I was really out there around 13, which made for some pretty great noise but I was probably a bit of a crap to be around."


13 (Blur album), Recording
"1992" had originally been recorded as a demo in 1992 and was lost until Albarn found it again on a tape six years later. "Mellow Song" was demoed as a jam session known as "Mellow Jam" that was later included as the B-side of "Tender".


13 (Blur album), Musical style and composition
13 sees the band moving further away from their Britpop past into more cerebral and denser musical territory. Some of the songs, however, are evocative of songs from their previous efforts, such as "Bugman", "Coffee & TV" and "1992". The instrumental closer "Optigan 1" was created using an Optigan optical organ. The album is in the style of a loose concept album, much like other Blur albums, in this case about life and relationships. Much of the album was inspired by Albarn's breakup with Elastica singer Justine Frischmann.


13 (Blur album), Musical style and composition
Two of the singles, "Tender" and "No Distance Left to Run", describe Albarn's love for Frischmann and his struggle to move on. The album features several short hidden tracks at the end of songs, stretching the playing time out; examples of this are "Coffee & TV", "B.L.U.R.E.M.I. ", "Battle" and "Caramel", the latter of which features two hidden tracks. The album is named after the band's recording studio as well as the number of tracks on the album (bar the hidden tracks).


13 (Blur album), Artwork
The cover is a portion of an oil painting by Graham Coxon called Apprentice. The album's singles also have cover art by Coxon. The numbers 1 and 3 have been painted so they also form the letter "B" – revealed on the back cover to be for Blur. This was not present on the original Apprentice, nor was the "shine" on the figure's head, which appears on 13. These additions were made long after the original Apprentice, which was painted in 1996. The band's logo does not appear on the album in any form, aside from a sticker on the CD packaging. The logo is also absent from the single covers.


13 (Blur album), Release and reception
13 holds an overall approval rating of 79 out of 100 on online review aggregator Metacritic based on 17 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Tom Doyle of Q called 13 "a dense, fascinating, idiosyncratic and accomplished art rock album", while an enthusiastic Brent DiCrescenzo of Pitchfork stated that "Blur have finally found a sound to match their name." PopMatters' Sarah Zupko praised Blur's new musical approach and wrote that "proving they have the goods of a truly exceptional band, Blur has done what the greats have done before them—evolved." Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called the album "their sloppiest, most playful set, spiking the mix with church organ, electric piano and shambling drum loops." Record Collector's Jason Draper described 13 as a "masterpiece" that stands as arguably the band's "greatest work".


13 (Blur album), Release and reception
In a more mixed assessment, Heather Phares of AllMusic felt that "the group's ambitions to expand their musical and emotional horizons result in a half-baked baker's dozen of songs, featuring some of their most creative peaks and self-indulgent valleys." Keith Cameron of NME concluded that 13 was "Blur's most inconsistent and infuriating statement thus far. Infuriating, because divested of four solid-gone clunkers 13 could pass muster as the best of Blur." Robert Christgau gave the album a three-star honorable mention rating, indicating "an enjoyable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure", and remarked that "halfway there, it sits down in the middle of the road and won't budge."


13 (Blur album), Release and reception
The music video for the hit single "Coffee & TV" cemented Blur's reputation as a cult band in the US with its protagonist Milky. The video gained heavy airplay on many modern rock channels in America.