145th Armored Regiment, Post–Civil War to World War I
On 11 May 1898 the unit was mustered into federal service for the Spanish–American War at Camp Bushnell, Ohio as the 5th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Commanded by Colonel Cortland L. Kennan, the regiment had 48 officers and 1,302 enlisted men. During the war, the regiment was stationed in Tampa, Florida, and Fernandina, Florida. Due to the quick nature of the war, the regiment was mustered out of federal service at Cleveland, Ohio on 5 November 1898 and resumed status as the 5th Infantry. Between April and July 1899, the regiment was disbanded and later Companies B, C, E, F, G, H, and K were consolidated into the 5th Infantry.


145th Armored Regiment, Post–Civil War to World War I
With the passage of the Militia Act of 1903, initiated by Secretary of War Elihu Root and U.S. Senator Charles W. F. Dick (also a Major General in the Ohio National Guard), militia units such as the 5th Infantry were now federally funded and recognized, and brought into compliance with improvements in the militia system borne out of weaknesses observed during the Spanish–American War mobilizations.


145th Armored Regiment, Post–Civil War to World War I
The 5th Ohio was again mustered into Federal service on 19 June 1916 for service along the Mexican border. The regiment was mobilized at Camp Willis, near present-day Upper Arlington, Ohio, and served along the border in the vicinity of El Paso, Texas, from September 1916 until it was mustered out on 15 March 1917 at Ft. Wayne, Michigan.


145th Armored Regiment, World War I
For World War I, the regiment was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. On 25 September 1917 it was reorganized and designated the 145th Infantry Regiment of the 37th Division. In June, 1918 the regiment deployed to Europe, where it fought in the Meuse-Argonne, Lorraine, and Ypres-Lys campaigns. During its service in World War I, eighteen of the regiment's officers and soldiers received the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism fighting in France and Belgium. The regiment was demobilized over late April 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio.


145th Armored Regiment, World War I
Following the war, elements of the 5th Infantry and the former 8th Infantry Regiment (organized in 1876 with headquarters in Massilon, Ohio) were organized as the 3rd Infantry with headquarters federally recognized on 1 July 1920 at Cleveland, Ohio. Exactly one year later, on 1 July 1921, the regiment was once again designated the 145th Infantry Regiment and reassigned to the 37th Division. On 5 September 1928, the 145th Infantry's distinctive unit insignia was authorized. It was heavily influenced by the regiment's World War I service, displaying a wavy bend to symbolize the Scheldt (Escaut) River and a falcon from the arms of Montfaucon, France.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II
The 145th Infantry was inducted into federal service as part of the 37th Division (later redesignated the 37th Infantry Division "Buckeye") on 15 October 1940 and left Cleveland, Ohio for Camp Shelby, Mississippi. From Camp Shelby, the regiment moved to Louisiana to participate in the Louisiana Maneuvers of June, August, and September 1941 before returning to Camp Shelby. On 26 May 1942 the division left the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, arriving at Viti Levu, Fiji Islands exactly one month later on 11 June 1942. There, the entire division resumed training and fortified the islands against possible invasion.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II
As one of three infantry regiments within the 37th Division, the 145th Infantry saw a significant amount of combat and distinguished itself in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater. Although the allies enjoyed an improved strategic position after the success of Operation Watchtower on Guadalcanal, a strategically important Japanese base at Rabaul on the island of New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago blocked any offensives toward the Philippines and Japan. In order to ultimately assault or neutralize Rabaul, the allies would first have to capture the remainder of the Solomon Islands and portions of northeast New Guinea.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II
While an assault on Rabaul would be postponed by decision of the 1943 Pacific Military Conference, U.S. Army General Douglas A. MacArthur and U.S. Navy Admiral William F. Halsey were ordered to "begin the initial advance toward Rabaul and capture various points along the northern coast of New Guinea, New Georgia and the northern Solomons, and the Bismarcks." It was during these operations within the Northern Solomons Campaign on New Georgia and Bougainville, as part of the 37th Infantry Division, that the regiment saw most of its combat.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
The regiment first saw combat against the Japanese during the invasion of the New Georgia islands, codenamed Operation Toenails under Admiral Halsey. There, the 145th Infantry's 3rd Battalion was tasked as part of the Northern Landing Group of the Munda-Bairoko Occupation Force, along with the Marines' 1st Raider Battalion, and the 3rd Battalion from its sister regiment, the 148th Infantry, all under the command of U.S. Marine Colonel Harry B. Liversedge. The Northern Landing Group's mission was to invade New Georgia north of Munda in order to interdict Japanese supply lines and prevent the reinforcement of Munda. On 5 July 1943 the Northern Landing Group went ashore at Rice Anchorage. Progress for Liversedge and other elements invading New Georgia was agonizingly difficult and slow due in greater part to hostile jungle terrain and weather than Japanese resistance.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
By 9 July, the offensive officially began and many allied units saw limited forward progress amid harsh close combat. By 13 July, U.S. Army Major General Oscar Griswold, Commanding General of the U.S. XIV Corps, took command on 16 July and decided not to renew the offensive until reinforcements had arrived. By 25 July, the offensive was resumed as a corps-level operation with "five regiments attacking abreast", to include all three regiments of the 37th Infantry Division.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
During this offensive, allied forces on New Georgia experienced jungle warfare at its worst: "the demanding, draining, and deadly task of assaulting hidden Japanese positions one by one, a style of warfare that chewed up rifle companies and became all too familiar to American ground troops in the Pacific." It was during this offensive that Major Carl F. Coleman, the regiment's operations officer noted, "enemy strong points encountered in this fashion oftentimes resulted in hasty withdrawals which were costly both in men and weapons."


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
By 29 July, the Japanese had withdrawn to a final defensive line in front of the airfield, their main defenses shattered. As XIV Corps advanced into the last high ground protecting Munda Field, trying to break the Japanese line and defend against a counterattack, Private First Class Frank J. Petrarca demonstrated conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action to receive the Medal of Honor. Over the course of 27 to 31 July, Private Petrarca, a medic, would repeatedly advance under intense enemy fire to uncover, treat, and evacuate wounded soldiers. Even when mortally wounded by hostile mortar fire, Private Petrarca "continued to display valor and contempt for the foe, raising himself to his knees, this intrepid soldier shouted defiance at the enemy, made a last attempt to reach his wounded comrade and fell in glorious death."


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
By November 1943, after operations on New Georgia and elsewhere, Adm. Halsey had been ordered to seize airfield sites on the final Solomon Island of Bougainville, which was occupied by approximately 37,500 Japanese soldiers. Adm. Halsey selected the Empress Augusta Bay area on the western side of the island, where 14,000 Marines cleared a shallow 4,000-yard beachhead. It would not be until March 1944 that the Japanese realized an invasion of Bougainville would not be coming from another direction, and assembled a counterattack force of 19,000 soldiers who would not have the element of surprise.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
Key to Maj. Gen. Griswold's defense of XIV Corps' 23,000-yard, 62,000-man perimeter, was two miles of jungle perimeter manned by the 3rd Marine Division and the 37th Infantry Division. Consistent with the rugged jungle terrain, this section of perimeter contained tactically important pieces of high ground which he refused to abandon after hard lessons learned at Munda. The linchpin to Maj. Gen. Griswold's perimeter was Hill 700 at the center of the line, manned by the 145th Infantry.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
On 8 March 1944 the Japanese began their massive assault on Maj. Gen. Griswold's perimeter. The plan was to focus on Hill 700 in the center of the horseshoe, as well as on the east and west "corners" of the horseshoe. By 7:00 am on the 8th, the 145th Infantry's 2nd Battalion began receiving small arms fire, combined with focused artillery barrages, making it clear that the Japanese would be attacking Hill 700. By noon, the regiment's last patrol had come in and the American forces began to return artillery fire. Once the Japanese had advanced to a point too near for further American artillery fire, Japanese soldiers began scrambling uphill, setting off warning devices and booby traps.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
Fighting darkness worsened by fog and rain, the regiment was aided by artificial illumination fashioned by Staff Sergeant Otis Hawkins. When Japanese soldiers approached barbed wire obstacles, SSgt. Hawkins ordered wires pulled which ignited phosphorus grenades in gallon buckets of oil, providing illumination around the perimeter. While points on the perimeter were illuminated, SSgt. Hawkins was able to direct over 600 rounds of 60 mm mortar fire and many other soldiers were able to fire on the advancing Japanese.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
While the Japanese had gained a small foothold during the night and managed to harass one observation post, another observation post was overrun at great cost. Four 145th Infantry soldiers manning one mortar observation post repelled several Japanese assaults with rifles, grenades, knives, and fists until all four were killed, with twelve Japanese bodies found inside their pillbox and hundreds more in the immediate area.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
By the morning of 9 March, the Japanese had penetrated the American lines 50 yards deep and 70 yards wide. Forward observers, directing accurate artillery and mortar fire at dangerously close distances repelled a fresh Japanese assault. By noon on 9 April, elements of the 1st and 2nd battalions, 145th Infantry, counterattacked but by 10 pm, only a few pillboxes had been regained and the Japanese still held their foothold on Hill 700. The next morning, an American 90 mm antiaircraft gun and bombers had been brought to bear on Japanese positions on the hill, coordinated with marking artillery fire. By 5 pm on the 10th, 1st and 2nd battalions mounted another counterattack and recovered all but four pillboxes from the Japanese.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
At dawn on 11 March, the Japanese charged the hill brandishing sabers and screaming epithets, despite withering American machinegun and small arms fire. It was during this charge that 1st Lt . Clinton S. McLaughlin, commander of Company G, 145th Infantry, and Staff Sgt. John H. Kunkel moved from pillbox to pillbox to encourage their men and break the Japanese attack. 1st Lt . McLaughlin was wounded several times and knowingly occupied outflanked emplacements, but he and SSgt. Kunkel were credited with killing over 185 Japanese soldiers and were both later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
That afternoon, after three days of continuous combat 2nd Battalion, 148th Infantry arrived to join the 145th Infantry in regaining lost portions of the hill. Companies E, F, G, and H, 148th Infantry Regiment began operations to prevent further Japanese penetration and regain ground already taken by the Japanese. Over the next two days, 148th Infantry soldiers fought aggressively, using every weapon in their inventory – from bazookas to flamethrowers – to defeat the Japanese and regain the Hill for the Americans. By 4 pm on 12 March, the two Ohio infantry units had killed or routed the Japanese and American lines were restored.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Northern Solomons Campaign
According to one history of the battle, "Captured [Japanese] prisoners claimed that the four days of fighting had resulted in the virtual annihilation of the 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Japanese 23rd Infantry and the 13th Infantry, which had been pitted against this thin, narrow front of the 37th Infantry Division." The cooperation of the two Ohio infantry regiments lead to the successful defense of Hill 700 and the entire allied air installation at Empress Augusta Bay. The regiment remained on Bougainville until December 1944, when it would prepare for the invasion of Luzon and the liberation of Manila.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign
During the Luzon Campaign in early 1945, the 145th Infantry participated in the invasion of the island of Luzon and the approach march to the Philippine capital of Manila. The assault on Luzon commenced on the morning of 9 January 1945. In the first few days, over 175,000 troops landed on the twenty-mile beachhead.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign
Despite strong Japanese opposition, by 31 January, the 145th and 148th Infantry Regiments took Clark Field on Luzon. By 4 February, the 37th Infantry Division and the 1st Cavalry Division had encircled and begun to enter Manila from the north. The 37th Infantry Division moved south along the coast of Manila Bay, with the 1st Cavalry Division moving south to the east of the 37th. The Battle of Manila provided some of the worst urban combat of the entire Pacific theater.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign
On 8 February, elements of the 37th Infantry Division crossed south over the Pasig River, a major obstacle dividing Manila. Both Provisor Island, a small industrial island in the middle of the Pasig River, and the Paco railway station were scenes of intense fighting for the 37th Infantry Division. The Paco railway station itself took ten assaults before it was taken by the Americans. Provisor Island and the Paco station on 9 and 10 February accounted for 45 killed and 307 wounded in the 37th Infantry Division.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign
On 17 February, the 145th Infantry relieved the 129th Infantry Regiment on the eighth day of the 129th Infantry's siege of the New Police Station. By 20 February, the police station was taken, and the 145th Infantry and armored support conducted repeated grueling combined arms assaults of Japanese strong points until 23 February when allied forces converged on the Japanese walled, old-city stronghold of Intramuros.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign
The regiment stormed Intramuros through the Quezon and Parian Gates, and by 10:30 am had secured an area of several blocks inside the city from the gate. Their progress became slowed by a flood of civilian women and children. By the evening of the 23rd, two blocks short of the city walls that were their objective, the regiment had suffered 15 killed and 45 wounded, with approximately 200 enemy killed in the process.


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign
The morning of 24 February, the remaining Japanese in the regiment's sector were in the aquarium off the southwest corner of Intramuros. Walled-off and easily defensible, the aquarium was where Company C, 145th Infantry utilize a tunnel as an assault route into the aquarium. According to one history, "The final assault began at 1600 [hours]. An hour and a half and 115 dead Japanese later, the 145th Infantry had overcome the last organized resistance within Intramuros."


145th Armored Regiment, World War II, Asiatic-Pacific Theater, Luzon Campaign
By 3 March, the 37th Infantry Division had secured Manila. The pace of operations slowed while the 37th Infantry Division was temporarily reassigned directly to Sixth U.S. Army for stability and support operations within Manila. The 145th Infantry remained in Manila while the division moved to northwest Luzon and did not rejoin it until 2 June. Taking Bagabag on 9 June, the regiment continued to participate in mop-up operations through the end of the Luzon Campaign on 30 June.


145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era
Overall, for their fighting in the Northern Solomons and Luzon Campaigns, soldiers in the regiment received twenty-one Distinguished Service Crosses and one Medal of Honor. On 13 December 1945 the regiment returned to the Los Angeles Port of Embarkation and was inactivated at Camp Anza, California. Back in northeast Ohio, the 145th Infantry was reorganized and federally recognized on 21 November 1946. A combination of combat veterans and new recruits filled the ranks of the regiment.


145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era
One recruit in Company C was a young John Carroll University football player named Don Shula, who would later have one of the finest coaching careers in the National Football League. On 15 January 1952, Sergeant Shula and the rest of the 145th Infantry again headed south for active service, this time to Camp Polk, Louisiana. The Korean War was in its second year and the Army again called on the Ohio National Guard. The division led a vigorous basic training of its soldiers and prepared to go to war. By the summer of 1952, it was clear that Washington had no plans to send multiple National Guard divisions on federal service to war as whole units, and began sending individual soldiers to Korea from the regiment.


145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era
In January 1954, 145th Infantry units began reorganizing in northeast Ohio armories with the formation being complete for a 15 June ceremony at Camp Perry. As the Army sought ways to fight on the modern, atomic battlefield, the 145th Infantry underwent a series of reorganizations from 1959 to 1968, when the 37th Infantry Division cased its colors. By 15 February 1968, only the 1st Battalion, 145th Infantry remained. The non-divisional battalion was headquartered at the old Akron armory in the city's downtown. A move to the new First Sergeant Robert A. Pinn Armory in Stow, Ohio, followed that fall.


145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era
On 4 May 1970, Company A of the 1st Battalion, 145th Infantry, along with Troop G of the 2d Squadron, 107th Armored Cavalry of the Ohio ARNG participated in the attempted dispersion of a crowd of student protesters at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio (the Kent State shootings), firing on the protesters, killing 4 and wounding 9 others.


145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era
On 1 June 1974 the 1st Battalion, 145th Infantry, was consolidated with the 107th Armored Cavalry, with the nucleus of the former organization becoming the 3rd Squadron, 107th Armored Cavalry. The 107th Armored Cavalry had a long and distinguished history of service, dating back to its organization as three independent cavalry troops in 1877. During World War I, the regiment served as the 135th and 136th Field Artillery Battalions during the Lorraine Campaign. Following the war, it was reorganized as the 107th Cavalry, with headquarters first in Cincinnati, then in Cleveland. During World War II, the regiment was reorganized as the 107th Cavalry Group and the 22nd and 107th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons, the latter serving in the European Theater.


145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era
Throughout the remainder of the Cold War, the 107th Armored Cavalry trained and prepared for the anticipated armored showdown with the Red Army in Europe. Through its training, it gained a reputation as one of the premiere Armored Cavalry Regiments in the army's inventory. However, as communism fell and coalition forces quickly disposed of the Iraqi Army during the Gulf War, the need for heavy, armored formations faded away. In September 1993, the 107th Armored Cavalry reorganized as a single tank battalion under the 107th Cavalry designation.


145th Armored Regiment, Postwar era
The 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry, was originally assigned to the 28th Infantry Division ("Keystone") of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard, before switching to the 38th Infantry Division ("Cyclone") in Indiana in 1994. Also in 1994, the 2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry, then a divisional cavalry squadron, was reorganized in southwest Ohio from elements of the 372nd Engineer Battalion.


145th Armored Regiment, Global War on Terrorism to present
Since the beginning of the Global War on Terrorism, soldiers and units now comprising the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, have been active in many domestic and expeditionary federal missions. In October 2003, B and C Companies, and elements of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) and Company A, of the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry were activated at their home stations and traveled to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Fort Stewart, Georgia, for five months of mobilization training. There they were then attached to the 1st Battalion, 150th Armor (West Virginia Army National Guard), the 1st Battalion, 252nd


145th Armored Regiment, Global War on Terrorism to present
Armor (North Carolina Army National Guard), and Troop E, 196th Cavalry (North Carolina Army National Guard) respectively, for deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom II with North Carolina's 30th Brigade Combat Team under the 1st Infantry Division. These elements of the 1st Battalion operated in Iraq from February to December 2004, serving in Kirkush, Tuz Khurmatu, Jalawla, and Baghdad. They participated in the Transition of Iraq and Iraqi Governance campaigns and returned home in late December, 2004.


145th Armored Regiment, Global War on Terrorism to present
As the U.S. Army conducted its largest organizational transformation since World War II, the 1st Battalion, along with a company from the 1st Battalion, 148th Infantry, as well as a company from the 112th Engineer Battalion, were chosen to form a new combined arms battalion within the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division. A change in designation was required and the unit uncased the new colors of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, effective 1 September 2007.


145th Armored Regiment, Campaigns, decorations, Medal of Honor, Campaigns
The lineage and honors of a National Guard unit will often reflect campaigns and honors won by units which hail from a certain area, regardless of whether or not the unit's role or numerical designator remains the same. This is true of the 145th, as its campaign participation credit reflects its consolidation with the 107th Cavalry in the three Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater campaigns listed below.


145th Armored Regiment, Leaders
Following is a list of commanders of the units which carry the lineage and honors of today's 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment. As illustrated, the unit repeatedly transformed after World War II to conform to the Army's pentomic division concept, and later to the ROAD (Reorganization Objective Army Divisions) concept. When commanders of multiple battalions or battle groups are listed with overlapping periods of command, it is because those units all carry the lineage and honors of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment.


145th Aviation Regiment (United States)
145th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the United States Army. It was previously the 145th Combat Aviation Battalion which was operational during the Vietnam War under the control of the 12th Combat Aviation Group.


145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF
The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF was a unit of about 600 men in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moncton, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Kent, Albert and Westmorland counties. After sailing to England in September 1916, most members of the battalion were absorbed into the 9th Reserve Battalion on October 6, 1916. The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .


145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF
The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.


145th Delaware General Assembly
The 145th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 6, 2009, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Democratic Governor Jack A. Markell from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Matthew P. Denn, also from New Castle County.


145th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 2000 census. It resulted from a large number of memberships in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandon county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


145th Delaware General Assembly
In the 145th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a  Democratic majority.


145th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


145th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representatives
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


145th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 145th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第145师)(2nd Formation) was formed in November 1969 from detachments of the 47th Army Corps. The division was under direct control of Guangzhou Military Region, while under administrative control from 47th Army Corps.


145th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division stationed in Yuanjiang, Hunan for agricultural production mission.


145th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In 1970 the division was transferred to Hunan Provincial Military District's control. The division was then composed of:


145th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division was reduced in March 1975 and disbanded in December 1978.


145th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


145th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 145th Division (第145師団, Dai-hyakuyonjūgo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Kitakyushu Protection Division (護州兵団, Koshu Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Hiroshima as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.


145th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Initially, the 145th division was assigned to the 16th area army. Later it was reassigned to 56th army and sent to Ashiya, Fukuoka. 419th infantry regiment was defending Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyūshū area.


145th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 145th division was tasked with the coastal defense. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.


145th Field Artillery Monument
145th Field Artillery Monument is a memorial in Salt Lake City's Memory Grove, in the U.S. state of Utah. Dedicated in 1927, the monument was erected by the 145th Field Artillery and has a gray granite shaft and circular bench. The bas-relief sculpture depicts horses and men. The memorial once featured a sundial.


145th Georgia General Assembly
The first regular session of the 145th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia met from Monday, January 11, 1999, at 10:00 am, to Wednesday, March 24, at which time both houses adjourned sine die.


145th Georgia General Assembly
The second regular session of the Georgia General Assembly opened at 10:00 am on Monday, January 10, 2000, and adjourned sine die on Wednesday, March 22, 2000.


145th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 145th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.


145th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 145th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on June 9, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. The 145th served in garrison in the Saint Louis, Missouri, area.


145th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was mustered out of service on September 23, 1864.


145th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment suffered 40 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 40 fatalities.


145th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 145th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between February 16, 1865, and January 21, 1866, during the American Civil War. The unit was organized very late in the war and its service consisted of a few skirmishes and guard duty.


145th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The 145th Indiana Regiment was raised in the 3rd district and organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,023 men and mustered in on February 16, 1865. It was ordered to Nashville, Tennessee between February 18 and 21. On February 22, the regiment was moved to Chattanooga and then proceeded to Dalton, Georgia. The regiment was engaged in skirmishes at Spring Place (now Chatsworth, Georgia), on both February 27 and April 20.


145th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
Skirmishes were fought, by a detachment, near Tunnel Hill, Georgia, on March 3. After the skirmishes at Tunnel Hill, the regiment performed railroad guard duty at Dalton, Marietta and Cuthbert, Georgia until late January, 1866. The regiment was mustered out on January 21, 1866. During its service the regiment incurred sixty-eight fatalities, another fifty-five deserted.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 145th Infantry Brigade was a regional brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars, disbanding in 1943 and being reformed in the 1990s. The Brigade was renamed Headquarters 11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East in October 2014.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation
The South Midland Brigade was first formed on the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908 by the amalgamation of the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry. The South Midland Brigade was composed of four Volunteer battalions: the 5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, the 4th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and the Buckinghamshire Battalion, Ox and Bucks and the 4th Battalion, (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) Royal Berkshire Regiment. The brigade was assigned to the South Midland Division, which was one of fourteen divisions of the peacetime Territorials.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The division was mobilised on 4 August 1914, the day after the outbreak of the First World War. Most of the men of the division volunteered for overseas service and the ones who didn't were formed into 2nd Line units, the 2nd South Midland Brigade, part of the 2nd South Midland Division.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The brigade was numbered as the 145th (South Midland) Brigade (along with the 143rd (Warwickshire) Brigade and 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade) in the 48th (South Midland) Division. The battalions, like all other TF battalions, were redesignated with the '1/' prefix (1/4th Ox and Bucks, for example) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line units, formed of those men who did not originally volunteer to serve overseas, who were designated with the '2/', and were later numbered 184th (2/1st South Midland) Brigade, 61st (2nd South Midland) Division.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The brigade was in continuous service in France on the Western Front in battles at Albert and in 1916 at Bazentin Ridge, Pozières Ridge, Ancre, all part of the Somme offensive.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The 145th Brigade, with 48th Division, later pursued the German Army in the retreat to the Hindenburg Line and again fought in the Battle of Langemarck and later at Polygon Wood, both part of the Passchendaele and later on the Italian Front until the Armistice in 1918 with Germany.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars
The brigade and division were disbanded in 1919, along with the rest of the Territorial Force, which later reformed in 1920 and was renamed as the Territorial Army. Both the 48th Division and the 145th Brigade was subsequently reconstituted, now as 145th (South Midland) Infantry Brigade, and comprised the same four battalions it had before the Great War, remaining this way for most of the inter-war period.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars
Sometime between the wars, the 5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment was transferred to 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Infantry Brigade, replacing the 6th Battalion which subsequently joined the 145th Brigade. In 1938, when British infantry brigades were reduced from four to three battalions, the 6th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment was transferred to the Royal Tank Regiment, converting into an armoured role as 44th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment (44 RTR), later becoming part of 21st Army Tank Brigade. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated the 145th Infantry Brigade.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
The Second World War began on 3 September 1939, although the division had been mobilised two days earlier, along with the rest of the Territorial Army due to the German invasion of Poland. Soon after mobilisation the division began training and preparing for overseas service.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
In early January 1940 the 145th Brigade, commanded at the time by acting Brigadier Archibald Cecil Hughes, and the rest of 48th Division, was sent to France in early January 1940 to join the rest of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) which was stationed on the Franco-Belgian border, alongside the French Army. The 145th Brigade landed in France on 18 January 1940 and was the last brigade of 48th Division to land. Soon after arrival of the division, it became part of BEF policy to integrate Regular Army units into Territorial Army formations and so the 4th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment was exchanged for the 2nd Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, a Regular battalion, from the 8th Infantry Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
The brigade, with the rest of the 48th Division, fought in the battles of Belgium and France, and at the battle of the Ypres-Comines Canal and had to retreat to Dunkirk be evacuated to England after the German Army threatened to cut off the entire BEF from the main French Armies. Following its withdrawal from France (where the 4th Ox and Bucks was surrounded and virtually destroyed as a fighting force near Watou) the brigade was reformed, as with most units that had fought in France, with large numbers of men who had been conscripted. With the rest of the division, the brigade was stationed in Cornwall on home defence, anticipating a possible German invasion which, fortunately, never arrived due to the attempt to gain air superiority which failed during the Battle of Britain.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
In late December 1942 the division and brigade were reduced to a Lower Establishment and became a training formation in the United Kingdom. However, 7 November 1943, the 145th Brigade HQ was disbanded, and its component units were transferred elsewhere. Neither the brigade nor the 48th Division were reformed when the Territorial Army was reconstituted in 1947.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle
The 145th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders
The following officers commanded 145th Infantry Brigade during the war:


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-war
In 1994, 145 Brigade was reformed through the renaming of Aldershot Area, part of the old South East District, assuming responsibility for all army units in the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. In doing so it joined 4th Division.


145th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-war
It became 145 (South) Brigade in 2007 and had its headquarters in Aldershot, Hampshire, England. It administered the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. It also directly commanded Regular Army and Territorial Army (TA) soldiers and Army cadets. These comprised one TA infantry battalion (7 Rifles), two University Officers' Training Corps (Oxford and Southampton Universities) and four Army County Cadet Forces. The Brigade moved into a new headquarters building, named Roebuck House, in November 2011. The building will be officially opened in 2012. With the disbandment of 4th Division, the brigade came under the control of the new Support Command on 2 April 2012. Under Army 2020, the Brigade was renamed Headquarters 11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East in October 2014.


145th Mixed Brigade
The 145th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Throughout the war, it operated on the Aragon, Segre and Catalonia fronts, although it did not play a relevant role.


145th Mixed Brigade, History
The unit was created in Girona between May and June 1937, from troops from the old Mountain battalions. After completing the training period, the 145th Mixed Brigade was assigned to the 44th Division of the XII Army Corps and under the command of the militia major Álvaro Costea Juan, with Antonio Rodés Ballester as political commissar. The brigade, located in the Híjar-Albalate del Arzobispo area, was deployed as a reserve force during the Zaragoza Offensive.


145th Mixed Brigade, History
In the spring of 1938, during the Aragon Offensive, it did not play a prominent role.


145th Mixed Brigade, History
At the end of May, the 145th Mixed Brigade took part in the assault on the nationalist bridgehead of Serós. In August it was one of the units selected to participate in the Vilanova de la Barca offensive. On August 9, three of their companies crossed the Segre river through the Vilanova de la Barca area, together with other forces, managing to form a bridgehead in nationalist territory; the attempt, however, failed since this bridgehead only held out for three days.


145th Mixed Brigade, History
Later it intervened in the Battle of the Ebro, in support of the republican forces deployed there. On September 9, it relieved members of the 16th Division in the Vilalba dels Arcs-La Pobla de Masaluca sector, a zone that it garrisoned until the beginning of October, when it was replaced and sent to the Coll del Coso sector. In this area, between La Fatarella and Venta de Camposines, the 145th Mixed brigade faced several nationalist attacks between October 8 and 20; the brigade suffered a considerable number of casualties, also losing several strategic positions. On November 12, it had to cross the Ebro River by a footbridge north of Ascó.


145th Mixed Brigade, History
During the Catalonia Offensive it participated in the defense of Juncosa and Santa Coloma de Queralt, without having more news of its performance.


145th New York Infantry Regiment
The 145th New York Infantry Regimentt, the "Stanton Legion", was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.


145th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
It was organized at Staten Island, and there mustered in the service of the United States for three years September 11, 1862. The companies were recruited principally:


145th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left the State September 27, 1862; it served in the 2d Brigade, 2d Division, 12th Corps, Army of the Potomac, from September 30, 1862; in the 2d Brigade, 1st Division, 12th Corps, from April, 1863; in the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 12th Corps, from May, 1863; and, December 9, 1863, the enlisted men were transferred to the 107th, 123rd and 150th Infantry, and the regiment discontinued.


145th New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
During its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 1 officer, 6 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 8 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 35 enlisted men; total, 1 officer, 49 enlisted men; aggregate, 50; of whom 1 enlisted man died in the hands of the enemy.


145th New York State Legislature
The 145th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to August 29, 1922, during the second year of Nathan L. Miller's governorship, in Albany.


145th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


145th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party also nominated tickets.


145th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1921, was held on November 8. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals which was carried by Republican William Shankland Andrews. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republicans 1,146,000; Democrats 1,081,000; and Socialists 146,000.


145th New York State Legislature, Elections
The only assemblywoman of 1921, Marguerite L. Smith (Rep.), an athletics teacher, of Harlem, was defeated for re-election, and no women were elected to the Legislature of 1922.


145th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1922; and adjourned on March 17.


145th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on August 28 and 29, 1922. This session was called to deal with the shortage of coal. The Legislature created the office of State Fuel Administrator, and William H. Woodin was appointed by Governor Miller to the post. Woodin resigned on January 8, 1923, and Governor Al Smith appointed George W. Goethals to succeed. The post was abolished by Smith, effective on April 1, 1923.


145th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


145th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


145th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


145th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 145th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 145th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 145th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 12, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Henry Clay Ashwill.


145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 12. Attached to 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, and assigned to garrison duty at Fort Whipple, Fort Woodbury, Fort Cass, Fort Tillinghast, and Fort Albany, Defenses of Washington, south of the Potomac River, until August. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11–12.


145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 145th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 20, 1864, at Camp Chase.


145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


145th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 10 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 145th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 145th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Erie, Pennsylvania, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on September 5, 1862, under the command of Colonel Hiram Loomis Brown.


145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to April 1863. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to May 1865.


145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 145th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on May 31, 1865.


145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to Chambersburg. Pa., September 11–12, then to Hagerstown and Antietam, Md., September 15–17. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Va., September 22, 1862, and duty there until October 29. Reconnaissance to Charlestown October 16–17. Advance up Loudoun Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29-November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12–15. Duty at Falmouth, Va., until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3. Pursuit of Lee July 5–24. Duty on line of the Rappahannock until September. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13–17.


145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. At Stevensburg until May 1864. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6–7. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12. Battles of the Wilderness May 5–7; Corbin's Bridge May 8; Spotsylvania May 8–12; Po River May 10; Spotsylvania Court House May 12–21. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 16–18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.


145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Jerusalem Plank Road June 22–23, 1864. Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom July 27–29. Deep Bottom July 27–28. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Demonstration on north side of the James at Deep Bottom August 13–20. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14–18. Ream's Station August 25. Reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run December 7–10. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5–7, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Skirmishes on line of Hatcher's and Gravelly Runs March 29–30. Hatcher's Run or Boydton Road March 31. Crow's House March 31. Sutherland Station April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Washington, D.C., May 2–12. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.


145th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 422 men during service; 18 officers and 187 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 214 enlisted men died of disease.


145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
The 145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (8th Duke of Wellington's Regiment) (145 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that served in North Africa, Tunisia and Italy during World War II.


145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
The Duke of Wellington's Regiment's two junior battalions, the 8th Battalion (8 DWR) and the 9th Battalion (9 DWR) were both simultaneously converted into armoured regiments, becoming respectively 145 RAC and 146 RAC.


145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin
145th Regiment RAC was formed in November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 8th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment, which had been raised in 1940 and was serving in the  203rd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a Home Defence formation serving in South West England. In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel continued to wear their Duke of Wellington's cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.


145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
145 RAC was assigned to 21st Army Tank Brigade, which sailed for North Africa in March 1943, and took part in the Tunisia Campaign, including the actions on the Medjez Plain in April and around Tunis in May, its Churchill tanks operating as part of a 'mixed division' with 4th Infantry Division.


145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
After a year out of the line in North Africa, 21st Tank Brigade was sent to join British Eighth Army in Italy in May 1944. There it took part in I Canadian Corps' operations to force the Gothic Line (August–September), the Rimini Line (September) and the Lamone Crossing (December). 145 RAC was disbanded in Italy in December 1944.


145th Street (Manhattan)
145th Street is a major crosstown street in the Harlem neighborhood, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is one of the 15 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan. It forms the northern border of the Sugar Hill neighborhood within Harlem.


145th Street (Manhattan), Description
145th Street starts on the West Side at the Henry Hudson Parkway (New York State Route 907V), crossing Riverside Drive, Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, Convent Avenue and Saint Nicholas Avenue. The street passes Edgecombe Avenue and Bradhurst Avenue, where 145 Street forms the southern border of Jackie Robinson Park. The street continues, crossing Frederick Douglass Boulevard, Adam Clayton Powell Boulevard and Lenox Avenue, before crossing over the Harlem River Drive and then connecting to The Bronx over the Harlem River via the 145th Street Bridge.


145th Street (Manhattan), Transportation
The Bx19 traverses 145th Street from end-to-end, starting with a loop in Riverbank State Park and heading back to the Bronx over the 145th Street Bridge to the New York Botanical Garden.


145th Street Bridge
The 145th Street Bridge is a four-lane swing bridge across the Harlem River in New York City, connecting 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in Manhattan with 149th Street and River Avenue in the Bronx. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation.


145th Street Bridge
Construction on the original 145th Street Bridge began on April 19, 1901, and the $2.75 million bridge was opened to traffic on August 24, 1905. The designer was Alfred Pancoast Boller. It once carried northbound New York State Route 22 and New York State Route 100. This bridge was also once named the "Lenox Avenue Bridge", though that name has fallen into disuse.


145th Street Bridge
A new swing span for the bridge was assembled in the Port of Coeymans in Coeymans, New York, in southern Albany County. The span was replaced in early November 2006.


145th Street Bridge
The 145th Street Bridge carries the Bx19 bus route operated by MTA New York City Transit. Between 2000 and 2014, the bridge opened for vessels 23 times.


145th Street station (IND lines)
145th Street is a bi-level express station on the IND Eighth Avenue and Concourse lines of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of 145th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue in Harlem and Hamilton Heights, Manhattan. It is served by the A and D trains at all times, by the C train at all times except late nights, and by the B train on weekdays only.


145th Street station (IND lines), History
The station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. At this time, only the upper level of the station opened, as the IND Concourse Line was still under construction. When the IND Concourse Line opened for service on July 1, 1933, the lower level was opened.


145th Street station (IND lines), History
The station has been undergoing renovations since 2017 as part of the 2010–2014 MTA Capital Program. This is because of an MTA study conducted in 2015, which found that 45% of components were out of date.


145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout
The upper level has four tracks and two island platforms. The station used to have a full mezzanine, now, the central portion is used as a police precinct. The lower level has three tracks and two island platforms. The northbound platform here is twice as wide as the station's other three similarly-sized platforms, being 39 feet wide, so that the three trackways on the lower level line up directly with those above. Escalators lead up from this level to the mezzanine, bypassing the upper level platforms.


145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout
The center track on the lower level is used to terminate B trains during middays and early evenings, when it does not run into the Bronx. During rush hours, this track is used by D trains that run express on the IND Concourse Line in the peak direction. This track is not used during late nights or weekends.


145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout
On the upper level, just north of the station, there is an open space next to the uptown local track  that was a remnant of the construction of the subway and not built for a specific purpose. That open space is where the lower level tracks turn off to the IND Concourse Line. There is a hole in the floor that allows a view of the lower level.


145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout
Both levels have a trim line on the track walls, which is yellow with a black border. It's set in a two-high course, a pattern usually reserved for local stations. Tile captions reading "145" in while lettering on black run below the trim line at regular intervals. Yellow I-beam columns run along all the platforms, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.


145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout
South of this station, through 135th Street, to just north of 125th Street, the line has six tracks. The express trains use the innermost pair of tracks, and the locals uses the outermost tracks. This section of the line is nicknamed “Homeball Alley” due to the large amount of switches and signals in this area.


145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout, Exits
The full-time entrance is at 145th Street with a part-time north exit at 147th Street:


145th Street station (IND lines), Station layout, Exits
There are closed exits to both western corners of St. Nicholas Avenue and West 146th Street.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
145th Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Broadway and 145th Street in Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
The 145th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 145th Street started on May 14 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
The 145th Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks; the center track is not used in regular service. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to 145th Street and Broadway and are not connected to each other within fare control.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
The 145th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900. The section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track. A third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
The 145th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as the northern terminal station of the original 28-station New York City Subway line to City Hall. The line was subsequently extended one stop to 157th Street in December 1904, and ultimately was extended to 242nd Street in the Bronx in 1908.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
After the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an "H"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
The northbound platform at the 145th Street station was extended 150 feet (46 m) to the south, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. The work involved reconstructing the interlocking between the center and northbound tracks. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
Platforms at IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 145th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157 m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 145th Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 145th Street opened.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
Simultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
In April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started on August 21, 1989, skip-stop service was implemented during rush hours and middays. 145th Street was the southernmost local stop that was served by the 9 during rush hours and middays and the 1 at other times. On September 4, 1994, midday skip-stop service was discontinued. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout
This station was part of the original subway, and has two side platforms and three tracks, the center one being an unused express track. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110 m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street, but as a result of the 1948 platform extension, became 520 feet (160 m) long. The platform extensions are at the southern ends of the uptown platform and the northern end of the downtown platform, making them slightly offset.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a "U"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m), while the platform extensions contain I-beam columns. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
The decorative scheme consists of blue tile tablets; blue tile bands; a white terracotta cornice; and light blue terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. The platforms contain their original trim line of green with gray borders. "145" in white lettering on a dark border are tiled onto the trim. The station's other name tablets show "145TH ST." in a multi-color mosaic. The directional signs read also read "145TH ST." in white lettering on a black border.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Track layout
The northbound local track merges with the center track north of the station and the line continues north as two tracks. The switch from the southbound track to the center track is south of the station.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Track layout
Just south of the station lies the underground 137th Street Yard, which is visible from passing trains. The track layout allows northbound trains to bypass this station by switching to the center express track in the 137th Street Yard.


145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
Both platforms have same-level fare control containing a bank of turnstiles, token booth, and staircases to the street. The northbound platform has two staircases (one to each eastern corner of Broadway and 145th Street) and the southbound platform has a single staircase to the northwestern corner. There are no crossovers or crossunders to allow transfers between directions.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
145th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, Manhattan, it is served by the 3 train at all times. Built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the 145th Street station contains two side platforms that can only fit six and a half train cars, unlike almost all other IRT stations, which are able to fit full-length ten-car trains.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
The station opened in 1904 as one of the northern termini of the original subway line operated by the IRT. With the construction of the Harlem–148th Street station to the north in the 1960s, the 145th Street station was planned to be closed, but due to community opposition, and passengers' protests, the station remained open. Since the 145th Street station is the second-to-last stop on the line, entry is provided only to the southbound platform, although northbound customers are allowed to exit from this station. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, and was closed from July to November 2018 for extensive renovations.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
The 145th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 145th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
The 145th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line). The original plan envisioned a station on the Lenox Avenue Line at 141st Street, just south of the 142nd Street Junction, where a spur of the Lenox Avenue Line diverges to the Bronx via the IRT White Plains Road Line. This was ultimately not built, and instead, the 145th Street station became the last stop on the Lenox Avenue Line before it entered the Lenox Yard, a train maintenance yard immediately to the north. McMullan & McBean began work on the section from 135th Street and Lenox Avenue to Gerard Avenue and 149th Street, including the 145th Street spur, on September 10, 1901.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
On November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch opened to 145th Street. Initially, the station was served by East Side local and express trains. Local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street). Express trains to 145th Street were eliminated in 1906.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years
In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an "H"-shaped system. Local trains were sent to South Ferry. The IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to Lenox Avenue–145th Street became the 3. In 1959, all 3 trains became express.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years
With the construction of the Harlem–148th Street station inside the Lenox Yard in the 1960s, the 145th Street station was planned to be closed, since the 148th Street station was intended as a direct replacement for the 145th Street station. However, the proposal was shelved due to protests from the local community over the long walk of up to seven blocks to either the new station or 135th Street one stop south, and due to possible congestion issues at 135th Street. The 148th Street station opened on May 13, 1968; despite its name, the new terminal was located at 149th Street.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years
From 1995 to 2008, this station lacked full-time service, as 3 trains did not operate during late nights. Full -time service was restored on July 27, 2008. During late nights, riders could take the M7, the M102, or a shuttle bus to 135th Street. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 2005, due to its importance as one of the first IRT stations to be built.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years
Starting on March 2, 1998, the tunnel was reconstructed along with the cracked tunnel floor. This was done to correct a major water problem that had existed for many years due to the presence of the Harlem Creek and other underground streams, which caused extensive flooding, water damage, and seepage problems that occasionally contributed to severe service disruptions. The project cost $82 million and was finished on October 12, 1998. During the reconstruction, 3 trains were rerouted to the 137th Street–City College station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Supplemental shuttle bus service connecting to other lines in the area were provided for much of this time.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years
Under the 2015–2019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative and was entirely closed for several months. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. In January 2018, the New York City Transit and Bus Committee recommended that Citnalta-Forte receives the $125 million contract for the renovations of 167th and 174th–175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line and 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Later years
However, the MTA Board temporarily deferred the vote for these packages after city representatives refused to vote to award the contracts. The contract was put back for a vote in February, where it was ultimately approved. The subway station was closed for renovations from July 23 to November 28, 2018. Due to the closure, 2018 ridership dropped 41.9% compared to the previous year, from 1,093,045 riders in 2017 to 635,413 riders in 2018.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout
There are two tracks with two short side platforms. The station is 348 feet (106 m) long and can fit six-and-a-half 51-foot (16 m) IRT subway cars. Only the first five cars of a train open here because the R62 subway cars used on the 3 service are configured in five-car sets and each must have their doors opened at the same time (selective door operation is used). Before trains on the 3 service were lengthened from nine to ten cars in 2001, only four cars opened their doors at the station. The station is slightly offset under Lenox Avenue, being located closer to the avenue's western curb line.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
The fare control is at platform level, and there is no crossover or crossunder between the platforms. The station agent's booth is located on the southbound platform. The station has mosaic name tablets, some old "145" terra cotta cartouches, and a mosaic replica of a cartouche. There were formerly women's and men's restrooms on the southbound platform, evidenced by stone lintels reading "women" and "men". The central section of the southbound platform widens near the turnstiles.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a "U"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. The lowest sections of the trough's outer walls are composed of transverse arches 5 feet (1.5 m) wide. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are located drainage basins. Columns between the tracks, placed atop the transverse arches, support the jack-arched concrete station roofs.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
Unlike in most original IRT stations, the majority of these columns are not built-up I-beams. Along the northern end of the platforms there are dense clusters of I-beam columns, while the remainder of the platform contains circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m). The ceiling is about 15 feet (4.6 m) above platform level; the section of the ceiling north of the fare control area is smooth, and the section south of fare control is composed of segmental vaults supported by the center columns. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
The 2018 artwork at this station is Parade, a ceramic and glass artwork by Derek Fordjour. It consists of images depicting the African-American parade tradition of Harlem.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Track layout
Like the other stations on the original IRT subway, it was initially built for trains shorter in length than the standard eight to ten cars used by the subway. In the 1950s and 1960s, all of the other IRT stations were either lengthened to 10 cars or closed. The 145th Street station was also lengthened slightly to the north: there are no columns between the tracks there, since the site formerly accommodated a track crossover. When 145th Street was planned to be closed in the 1960s, it was deemed unnecessary to further lengthen the platforms.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Track layout
Because it remained open, 145th Street is the only original IRT station besides the 42nd Street Shuttle stations that still cannot accommodate ten-car trains. Approximately 200 feet (61 m) north of the station is a diamond crossover for the approach to the northern terminal of the 3 train at Harlem–148th Street. Approximately 300 feet (91 m) south of the station is the 142nd Street Junction with the IRT White Plains Road Line. A track crossover formerly existed immediately south of the station, and another switch existed immediately north of the original platforms, within the space occupied by the current platform extension.


145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
Street staircases from platform level go up to all four corners of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue. One street staircase goes to each of the corners; the stairs on the west side of Lenox Avenue serve the southbound platform, while the stairs on the east side are served by the northbound platform. There is no entrance from the street to the northbound platform, as both eastern street staircases contain a high exit-only turnstile and emergency gate. Like the other original IRT stations, this station originally was built with entrances resembling elaborate kiosks, which were removed for reducing sight lines for motorists. The street staircases were replaced with relatively simple, modern steel railings like those seen at most New York City Subway stations.


145th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)
145th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had 2 levels. The lower level was built first and had 2 tracks and 2 side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had 1 track and 2 side platforms over the local tracks that served express trains. The station opened on December 1, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound local stop was 140th Street. The next southbound express stop was 125th Street. The next northbound local stop was 151st Street. The next northbound express stop was 155th Street.


145th meridian east
The meridian 145° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


145th meridian east
The 145th meridian east forms a great circle with the 35th meridian west.


145th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 145th meridian east passes through:


145th meridian west
The meridian 145° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


145th meridian west
The 145th meridian west forms a great circle with the 35th meridian east.


145th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 145th meridian west passes through:


146 (number)
146 (one hundred [and] forty-six) is the natural number following 145 and preceding 147.


146 (number), In mathematics
146 is an octahedral number as well as a composite number.


146 (number), In mathematics
It is a nontotient since there is no integer with 146 coprimes below it, noncototient since there is no integer with 146 natural numbers below it which are not coprime to it, and an untouchable number since there is no integer whose proper divisors add up to 146.


146 BC
Year 146 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Achaicus (or, less frequently, year 608 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 146 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


146 Lucina
Lucina (minor planet designation: 146 Lucina) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly on June 8, 1875, and named after Lucina, the Roman goddess of childbirth. It is large, dark and has a carbonaceous composition. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration.


146 Lucina
Photometric observations of this asteroid made during 1979 and 1981 gave a light curve with a period of 18.54 hours.


146 Lucina
Two stellar occultations by Lucina have been observed so far, in 1982 and 1989. During the first event, a possible small satellite with an estimated 5.7 km diameter was detected at a distance of 1,600 km from 146 Lucina. A 1992 search using a CCD failed to discover a satellite larger than 0.6 km, although it may have been obscured by occultation mask. Further evidence for a satellite emerged in 2003, this time based on astrometric measurements.


1460
Year 1460 (MCDLX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1460th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 460th year of the 2nd millennium, the 60th year of the 15th century, and the 1st year of the 1460s decade.


1460 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1460 kHz: 1460 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.


1460 Haltia
1460 Haltia, provisional designation 1937 WC, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1937, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after Halti (Haltia), Finland's highest peak on the border to Norway.


1460 Haltia, Orbit and classification
Haltia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,481 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku.


1460 Haltia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Two rotational lightcurves of Haltia were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Henk de Groot, Raoul Behrend and René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a respective rotation period of 3.58682 and 3.588 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.32 magnitude (U=3-/3). The Lightcurve Data Base adopts a consolidated period of 3.59 hours.


1460 Haltia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Haltia measures between 6.57 and 8.44 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.186 and 0.36.


1460 Haltia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.97 based on an absolute magnitude of 12.6.


1460 Haltia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Halti (Haltia), the highest Finnish peak at 1,365 metres (4,478 ft) located on the border between Norway and Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).


1460 in science
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 11:27, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES, added Empty section (2) tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1460 in science
The year 1460 AD in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.


1460 south cody street lakewood colorado 80227
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1460s
The 1460s decade ran from January 1, 1460, to December 31, 1469.


1460s BC
The 1460s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1469 BC to December 31, 1460 BC.


1460s in art
The decade of the 1460s in art involved some significant events.


1460s in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the 1460s.


1460s in poetry
[ O]u sont les neiges d'antan("Where are the snows of yesteryear?")


1460s in poetry
— François Villon, the "Ballade des Dams du Temps Jadis" in Le Grand Testament, 1461


1460s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1460s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1460s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1461
Year 1461 (MCDLXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1461 Jean-Jacques
1461 Jean-Jacques, provisional designation 1937 YL, is a metallic asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 December 1937, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at Nice Observatory in southern France, who named it after her son Jean-Jacques Laugier.


1461 Jean-Jacques, Orbit and classification
Jean-Jacques orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,018 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as 1935 OH at Johannesburg Observatory in 1935, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1461 Jean-Jacques, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Jean-Jacques is a metallic M-type asteroid.


1461 Jean-Jacques, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Jean-Jacques was obtained from photometric observations by Laurent Bernasconi and Horacio Correia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.56 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 in magnitude (U=2).


1461 Jean-Jacques, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Jean-Jacques measures between 25.33 and 41.43 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.102 and 0.273.


1461 Jean-Jacques, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.161 and a diameter of 32.94 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.01.


1461 Jean-Jacques, Naming
This minor planet was named after Jean-Jacques Laugier, the son of the discoverer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 1962 (M.P.C. 2116).


1461 L'Aquila earthquake
On 27 November 1461, a powerful earthquake and series of aftershocks struck Italy's Abruzzo region along the Aterno River. The tremors caused widespread damage to Abruzzo's capital, L'Aquila, and the surrounding villages. At least 80 people are recorded to have died and numerous people were injured by the earthquakes. The quakes also caused major, permanent damage to religious sites and changed politics for L'Aquila and the Abruzzo region.


1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake originated from the Abruzzo region's Apennine fold-and-thrust belt, the same that caused the 1703 and 2009 earthquakes. A foreshock hit the Aterno River valley on 16 November before two much larger tremors struck on the 27th, a few hours apart beginning at 21:05 (although some historical sources say just after 05:00). The main shock had an estimated magnitude of 6.4, with its epicenter very close to the village of Poggio Picenze near the Aterno river south-east of L'Aquila.


1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Earthquake
The quake sent many residents of Abruzzo running out of their houses in the night, and two hours later it was followed by a powerful aftershock which further destroyed L'Aquila's already severely-damaged buildings. Aftershocks continued very frequently into mid December and proved ruinous for the region. Around 20:00 on 17 December another strong aftershock collapsed more houses in L'Aquila, leaving more residents homeless and fearful of further collapses.


1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Earthquake
Destruction was also very severe in Abruzzo's countryside. The villages of Poggio Picenze, Onna, Sant'Eusanio Forconese, Castelnuovo and their castles (all within 8 kilometers of the main shock's epicenter) were completely decimated by the violent shaking. Many residents of L'Aquila and the surrounding villages fled into the countryside to makeshift encampments, prudent of aftershocks. Quakes continued to plague the Abruzzo region into March 1462, causing much panic and paranoia among the population. Many residents refused to return to their unstable homes because of the frequent tremors, opting to transfer their tents from the countryside into town squares to avoid collapsing masonry.


1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Aftermath
At least 80 people are believed to have died in L'Aquila in the main earthquake and aftershocks. Many of the city's churches suffered partial collapses including Santo Dominico, Santo Francisco, Santo Agostina, and Santo Salvestro. The dome of Santa Maria di Collemaggio collapsed, as well as many of the ceiling vaults of the hospital. A side of Santo Massimo collapsed onto and destroyed an adjacent bishopry. A bell tower also collapsed in the Santa Maria district. 26% of L'Aquila's buildings totally collapsed in the quakes and more than 60% suffered partial collapses or serious damage. 70% of L'Aquila's destroyed buildings were on the western half of the city around the districts of San Giovanni and San Pierto, which took on the greatest damage.


1461 L'Aquila earthquake, Aftermath
The earthquakes also had strong socio-political consequences. The decimated villages and damaged city bordered the Kingdom of Naples, and military correspondence from an agent to the Duke of Milan reveals that preachers used the earthquake as propaganda to intimidate the population of Abruzzo into obedience to the King of Naples, Ferdinand I of Aragon.


1461 Trabzon
1461 Trabzon is a professional Turkish football club located in the city of Trabzon. Formed in 1998 as Değirmenderespor, the club changed its name to Trabzon Karadenizspor in 2008. The club colours are maroon, blue and white.


1461 Trabzon, History
The club was founded in 1998 as Değirmenderespor and played in the Trabzon amateur league. After the club gained promotion to the 2.Lig in 2008, Trabzonspor bought the club as a local affiliate and rebranded the team Trabzon Karadenizspor. Because of this, the club is mostly made up of Trabzonspor A2 players on loan or former Trabzonspor A2 players.


1461 Trabzon, History
The reason for the number 1461 in front of the club's name is that in the year 1461 Empire of Trebizond was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.


1461 Trabzon, History
In the 2012–13 Turkish Cup season, the team won the matches against both Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe. Both matches were away games. 1461 Trabzon finished in third place in the TFF First League and gained rights to play in the play-off games for the promotion to the Süper Lig but were not allowed by the TFF because of being the local affiliate of Trabzonspor. In Turkish football league system reserve teams are not allowed to play in the same league as the main club.


1462
Year 1462 (MCDLXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1462 Zamenhof
1462 Zamenhof, provisional designation 1938 CA, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Finland. The asteroid was named after L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto. It is a recognized Zamenhof-Esperanto object.


1462 Zamenhof, Orbit and classification
Zamenhof is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,042 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, one month prior to its official discovery observation.


1462 Zamenhof, Physical characteristics
The Lightcurve Data Base assumes Zamenhof to be a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Themis family.


1462 Zamenhof, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Two rotational lightcurves of Zamenhof were obtained from photometric observations in 2006 and 2011. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.2 and 10.4 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 and 0.30 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).


1462 Zamenhof, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Zamenhof measures between 25.91 and 27.645 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.087 and 0.121.


1462 Zamenhof, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0891 and a diameter of 25.62 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.


1462 Zamenhof, Naming
This minor planet was named after L. L. Zamenhof (1859–1917), a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist and creator of Esperanto, a constructed international language. This asteroid and 1421 Esperanto are considered to be the most remote Zamenhof-Esperanto objects (a monument or a place celebrating Zamenhof). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).


14627 Emilkowalski
14627 Emilkowalski (prov. designation: 1998 VA) is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 November 1998, by American astronomer Richard Kowalski at the Quail Hollow Observatory (761) in Zephyrhills, Florida, United States. The asteroid is the namesake of the recently formed Emilkowalski family of asteroids. It was named after Emil Kowalski, mentor of the discoverer.


14627 Emilkowalski, Orbit and classification
Emilkowalski orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,531 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic.