122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Development and production history
The gun resulted from a modernization of the Russian 122 mm howitzer M1909, initially developed by Krupp. The M1909 was employed by the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and remained in service after the revolution.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Development and production history
From late 1920s the RKKA sought to upgrade its First World War-era artillery pieces. The modernization of the M1909, handled by Perm Plant in 1937, included:


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Development and production history
The resulting gun was adopted as 122-mm howitzer M1909/37. About 800-900 old M1909 guns were upgraded to the M1909/37 standard.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Development and production history
The M1909/37 was a typical short-barrel howitzer, intended mostly for shooting with elevations from +20° to +43°. Shell could be fired with six propellant loads (no. 1 to 5 and full). The gun had horizontal sliding breechblock, hydraulic recoil buffer and spring-driven recuperator. The carriage was of single trail type with unsprung wooden wheels and limited traverse.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army
The M1909/37 was a divisional level howitzer. According to the organization of 1939, each rifle division had two artillery regiments - light regiment (a battalion of 76 mm guns; two mixed battalions with one battery of 76 mm guns and two batteries of 122 mm howitzers) and howitzer regiment (a battalion of 122 mm howitzers and a battalion of 152 mm howitzers), giving 28 122 mm howitzers per division. In June 1940 one more battalion of 122 mm howitzers was added to the howitzers regiment, bringing the number to 32.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army
In June 1941 the howitzers regiment was removed and the number of howitzers dropped to 16. This organization was used throughout the war, except in guard rifle divisions which from December 1942 had three artillery battalions (two batteries of 76 mm guns and one battery of 122 mm howitzers each), totaling 12 howitzers. From December 1944 they received howitzer regiment (5 batteries, 20 howitzers). From June 1945 rifle divisions were reorganized identically.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army
Mountain rifle divisions in 1939-40 had one battalion of 122 mm howitzers (3 batteries, 9 guns). From 1941 they received instead one artillery regiment (2 battalions, each from 3 four-gun batteries) with 24 howitzers. From early 1942 only one battalion (2 batteries, 8 howitzers) remained. From 1944 howitzers were removed from mountain rifle divisions.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army
Motorized divisions had two mixed battalions (battery of 76 mm guns, two batteries of 122 mm howitzers), totaling 12 howitzers. Tank division had one battalion with 12 howitzers. Cavalry divisions until August 1941 had two batteries of 122 mm howitzers, totaling 8, then the divisional artillery was removed.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army
Until late 1941 rifle brigades had a battery of four 122 mm howitzers.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army
122 mm howitzers were also used by the howitzer brigades of the Reserve of the Main Command (72-84 pieces).


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Red Army
The M1909/37 started to replace the M1909 in 1937. By 1 October 1936 RKKA possessed 920 M1909 howitzers; until the beginning of the German-Soviet War all of them were replaced. The modernized gun saw combat in the Winter War and the German-Soviet War. On 1 June 1941 RKKA possessed about 800 pieces. Due to combat losses, by the middle of the war only a limited number of pieces remained in service.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Other operators
A number of M1909/37s fell into the hands of Wehrmacht in 1941-42 and were adopted as 12,2 cm le.F.H.386(r).


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Organization and employment, Other operators
Finnish Army captured a few in the Winter War and further 21 in the Continuation War. In Finnish service the gun was designated 122 H/09-30. The howitzers were used against their former owners; a few were lost in combat. Finns also modernized in a similar way M1909 howitzers they possessed since the Civil War, resulting in a gun designated 122 H/09-40 (about 30 pieces); the guns were used in the Continuation War.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Summary
The M1909/37 was a relatively minor upgrade of a World War I-era howitzer, which didn't address the main flaws of the latter, namely:


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Summary
The short barrel meant short range, smaller than that of its main adversaries, such as the German 10.5 cm leFH 16 (8,9 km vs 10,7 km). Low muzzle velocity and small traverse also made the gun helpless against enemy armor. Although in 1943 a HEAT shell was developed, the aforementioned deficiences meant that a chance of hitting small moving target was slim.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Summary
On the other side, the M1909/37 was rugged and reliable. It was also lighter than the newer M-30 or the 10.5 cm le.F.H.16. It was similar in most characteristics to another modernized World War I-era howitzer in Soviet service, the M1910/30, except slower rate of fire.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Summary
In 1937 the Soviet Union still did not possess a modern 122-mm howitzer design ready for mass production, so upgrading old ones was a reasonable decision.


122 mm howitzer M1909/37, Ammunition
Although the M1909/37 has slightly longer barrel and slightly smaller maximum elevation than the M1910/30, according to Shirokorad these guns had identical ballistics.


122 mm howitzer M1910
122 mm howitzer M1910 (Russian: 122-мм гаубица обр. 1910 гг.) was a Russian Empire 121.92 mm (4.8 inch) field howitzer used throughout World War I in large numbers.


122 mm howitzer M1910
Following the defeats of the Russo-Japanese War, Russia sought to modernize some of its equipment, which included the purchase of foreign designed artillery. Seeking new systems from both France and Germany, the 122 mm howitzer M1910 was developed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider et Cie.   Russia also bought a very similar system from the German arms manufacturer Krupp, the 122 mm howitzer M1909.


122 mm howitzer M1910
Up to 5,900 pieces were later converted by the Soviet Union into the 122 mm howitzer M1910/30, the most numerous divisional howitzer of the RKKA at the outbreak of Great Patriotic War, it saw service throughout the war.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30
122 mm howitzer M1910/30 (Russian: 122-мм гаубица обр. 1910/30 гг.) was a Soviet 121.92 mm (4.8 inch) howitzer, a modernization of World War I era 122 mm howitzer M1910. It was the most numerous divisional howitzer of the RKKA at the outbreak of Great Patriotic War and remained in service throughout the war.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Development and production history
The gun resulted from a modernization of the Russian 122 mm howitzer M1910, initially developed by Schneider Electric. The M1910 was employed by the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and remained in service after the revolution.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Development and production history
In late 1920s the RKKA decided to upgrade the M1910. The modernization, handled by Perm Plant in 1930, included:


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Development and production history
The resulting gun was adopted as 122-mm howitzer M1910/30. The exact production statistics exist only for years 1937 to 1941 when the production stopped. During that period Perm Plant produced 3,395 pieces. In addition, 762 old M1910 guns were upgraded to the M1910/30 standard.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Development and production history
The M1910/30 was a typical short-barrel howitzer, intended mostly for shooting with elevations from +20° to +45°. Shell could be fired with six propellant loads (no. 1 to 5 and full), but when shooting with elevation smaller than +20° with full propellant load, the gun was prone to turning over. The gun had interrupted screw breechblock; hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator were both mounted under the barrel. The carriage was of single trail type with unsprung wooden wheels (from 1936 some guns received steel wheels with cast rubber tires) and limited traverse.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army
The M1910/30 was a divisional level howitzer. According to the organization of 1939, each rifle division had two artillery regiments - light regiment (a battalion of 76 mm guns; two mixed battalions with one battery of 76 mm guns and two batteries of 122 mm howitzers) and howitzer regiment (a battalion of 122 mm howitzers and a battalion of 152 mm howitzers), giving 28 122 mm howitzers per division. In June 1940 one more battalion of 122 mm howitzers was added to the howitzers regiment, bringing the number to 32.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army
In June 1941 the howitzers regiment was removed and the number of howitzers dropped to 16. This organization was used throughout the war, except in guard rifle divisions which from December 1942 had three artillery battalions (two batteries of 76 mm guns and one battery of 122 mm howitzers each), totaling 12 howitzers. From December 1944 they received howitzer regiment (5 batteries, 20 howitzers). From June 1945 rifle divisions were reorganized identically.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army
Mountain rifle divisions in 1939-40 had one battalion of 122 mm howitzers (3 batteries, 9 guns). From 1941 they received instead one artillery regiment (2 battalions, each from 3 four-gun batteries) with 24 howitzers. From early 1942 only one battalion (2 batteries, 8 howitzers) remained. From 1944 howitzers were removed from mountain rifle divisions.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army
Motorized divisions had two mixed battalions (battery of 76 mm guns, two batteries of 122 mm howitzers), totaling 12 howitzers. Tank division had one battalion with 12 howitzers. Cavalry divisions until August 1941 had two batteries of 122 mm howitzers, totaling 8, then the divisional artillery was removed.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army
Until late 1941 rifle brigades had a battery of four 122 mm howitzers.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army
122 mm howitzers were also used by the howitzer brigades of the Reserve of the Main Command (72-84 pieces).


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army
From 1930 the M1910/30 started to replace the M1910. By 1936 only 44 M1910 remained in service, of which only two were operational. The howitzer saw action in all pre-World War II conflicts of the Soviet Union, notably in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol and in the Winter War. From 1940 onward the M1910/30 was in turn being replaced by the M-30 122 mm howitzer, but in 1941 it was still the most numerous divisional howitzer of the RKKA. By 1 June 1941 more than 5,500 were in service compared to 1,667 M-30s. It continued to serve in significant numbers for the duration of World War II, however from 1942 on its share in the RKKA dropped significantly due to combat losses and mass production of the M-30.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Red Army
The M1910/30 was also mounted on the T-26 light tank chassis to create the SU-5 self-propelled gun - the only Soviet pre-war self-propelled gun adopted by the RKKA. On 1 June 1941 the army possessed 28 of these.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Other operators
Hundreds of M1910/30s fell into the hands of the Wehrmacht in 1941–42 and were adopted as 12,2 cm le.F.H.388(r). Germans opened mass production of 122-mm ammunition for the howitzer, producing 424,000 shells in 1943, 696,700 in 1944 and 133,000 in 1945.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Other operators
The Finnish Army captured about 30 guns of the type in the Winter War and a further 145 in the Continuation War. An additional 72 were purchased from Germany in 1944. In Finnish service the gun was designated 122 H/10-30. According to Finnish sources, these guns fired 369,744 shells in combat against the Soviet Union; 20 pieces were lost. The howitzer remained in service for some time after the war. It was generally liked by the crews, but its recoil mechanism was considered weak. The Finns also modernized in a similar way most of the 40 M1910s they possessed since the Civil War, resulting in a gun designated 122 H/10-40. The guns were used in the Continuation War; a few were lost.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Organization and employment, Other operators
By 1943, Axis-aligned Romania had captured 477 Soviet guns and howitzers of 122 mm, of which 209 were repaired for the Romanian Army. Four 122 mm howitzers became self-propelled when they became the main armament of the first four prototypes of the Mareșal tank destroyer.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Summary
The M1910/30 was a relatively minor upgrade of a World War I-era howitzer, which did not address the main flaws of the latter, namely:


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Summary
A short barrel meant short range, less than that of its main adversaries, such as the German 10.5 cm leFH 16 (8,9 km vs 10,7 km). Low muzzle velocity and small traverse also made the gun helpless against enemy armor. Although in 1943 a HEAT shell was developed, the aforementioned deficiencies meant that a chance of hitting small moving target was slim.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Summary
On the other side, the M1910/30 was rugged and reliable. It was also lighter than the M-30 or the 10.5 cm leFH 16 and could be set up for combat in 30–40 seconds. Thanks to it, the howitzer was well liked in the RKKA.


122 mm howitzer M1910/30, Summary
In 1930 the Soviet Union still was not ready for development and mass production of modern artillery, so upgrading old guns was a reasonable decision.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)
The 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) (GRAU index: 52-G-463) was a Soviet 121.92 mm (4.8 inch) howitzer. The weapon was developed by the design bureau of Motovilikha Plants, headed by F. F. Petrov, in the late 1930s, and was in production from 1939 to 1955. The M-30 saw action in World War II, mainly as a divisional artillery piece of the Red Army (RKKA). Captured guns were also employed later in the conflict by the German Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. Post World War II the M-30 saw combat in numerous conflicts of the mid- to late twentieth century in service of other countries' armies, notably in the Middle East.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development
In 1930 Red Army (RKKA) authorities started to look for a new divisional-level howitzer to replace the pre-World War I 122 mm howitzer M1909 and 122 mm howitzer M1910. Although both pieces were eventually modernized, resulting in the 122-mm howitzer M1909/37 and the 122-mm howitzer M1910/30 respectively, these upgrades did not address some shortcomings in the original designs.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development
The first attempt to develop a new howitzer was made by the KB-2 design bureau under the supervision of German engineers. The design, known as Lubok, reached trials in 1932 and in 1934 was adopted as the 122-mm howitzer model 1934. It had a 23 caliber barrel, a maximum elevation of 50°, traverse of 7°, and a combat and travelling weight of 2,250 and 2,800 kg respectively.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development
Like its predecessors, Lubok had a fixed trail carriage and although it was equipped with suspension, its wheels lacked tires, limiting towing speed to only 10 km/h. Nevertheless, it was undoubtfully superior to the M1910/30 which remained in production until 1941. However, after eight pieces were built in 1934–1935, production was stopped for unclear reasons, possibly relating to the disbanding of KB-2.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development
In the mid-1930s, the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) considered a switch to 105 mm guns as used by some other armies. A smaller shell meant that the gun could be lighter and consequently more mobile. On the other hand, a 105 mm gun would also be less powerful. Moreover, there was no Russian or Soviet experience with 105 mm ammunition, while for the 122 mm the country already possessed both production lines and large numbers of already manufactured shells (however similar 107 mm manufacturing equipment and ammunition—for the 107-mm gun M1910—was available). Finally in 1937 the RKKA Head of General Staff I. I. Egorov supported retaining 122 mm ammunition.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development
Consequently, three howitzers were trialled in 1938–1939. The design bureau of UZTM (Ural Heavy Machinery Plant, Russian: Уральский Завод Тяжёлого Машиностроения, УЗТМ), which was ordered by GAU to design the new howitzer, developed a piece designated U-2. Similar projects were privately undertaken by the design bureaus of Motovilikha Plants, headed by F. F. Petrov (M-30), and by the No. 92 plant under V. G. Grabin (F-25).


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development
The U-2 (barrel length 21 calibers, chamber volume 3.0 litres, horizontal sliding breechblock from Lubok, muzzle brake, combat weight 2,030 kg) reached trials on 5 February 1939 and was rejected because of insufficient carriage strength and inferior ballistics. The F-25 project (barrel length 23 calibers, chamber volume 3.7 litres, horizontal sliding breechblock from Lubok, muzzle brake, combat weight 1,830 kg) was closed by GAU on 23 March 1939 as GAU considered it redundant to the M-30 which had reached trials earlier. The latter, after being returned several times for revision, was finally adopted in September 1939 as the 122 mm divisional howitzer M1938 (Russian: 122-мм гаубица образца 1938 года (М-30)). Its GAU index number was 52-G-463.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development, M-30 versus F-25
A. B. Shirokorad, a well-known author of books detailing the history of the Soviet artillery, has claimed that the F-25 could have been developed into a better gun than the M-30. Grabin's design was about 400 kg lighter, had a greater traverse and had better ground clearance – all this was achieved, according to Shirokorad, without sacrificing ballistics (same barrel length, chamber volume and muzzle length). Considering how long it took to finish the development of the M-30, the F-25's schedule possibly did not significantly lag behind.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Development, M-30 versus F-25
There is no official document explaining the advantages the M-30 had over the F-25. Factors that could have influenced the GAU decision were:


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Production
Mass production of M-30 howitzers began in 1940 at Plant No. 92 in Gorky and No. 9 in Sverdlovsk. The former took part in the production of M-30s only in 1940, building a total of 500 pieces. In addition to towed howitzers, Plant No. 9 produced M-30S barrels for arming SU-122 assault guns. Some 700 barrels (including both serial-production and experimental articles) were manufactured for this purpose. Mass production continued into 1955. In 1950–1960, the M-30 was also produced by Huta Stalowa Wola in Poland where it was known as Wz.1938.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Description
The barrel of the M-30 was of built-up construction and consisted of a liner, jacket and breech. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, with forced cartridge case extraction. The gun was equipped with a hydraulic recoil buffer and hydropneumatic recuperator. A panoramic sight was used for both indirect and direct fire.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Description
The M-30 had a modern split trail carriage with leaf spring suspension and steel wheels with rubber tires. It was usually towed by vehicle without a limber. The carriage allowed for a towing speed of up to 50 km/h on paved road and up to 35 km/h on gravel or dirt roads, although the gun could also be moved by a team of six horses, in which case a limber was used. When the trails were swung open the suspension locked automatically . In an emergency it was possible to shoot in a "single trail" mode, at the price of a drastically reduced traverse (1°30'). The time required to set the gun up for combat was about 1–1.5 minutes.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Description
The carriage of the M-30 was later used for the D-1 152 mm howitzer.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
The M-30 was a divisional level howitzer. According to the organization of 1939, each rifle division had two artillery regiments; one light regiment (a battalion of 76 mm guns; two mixed battalions with one battery of 76 mm guns and two batteries of 122 mm howitzers) and one howitzer regiment (a battalion of 122 mm howitzers and a battalion of 152 mm howitzers), giving 28 122 mm howitzers per division. In June 1940 one more battalion of 122 mm howitzers was added to the howitzer regiment, bringing the number of guns in each unit to 32.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
In June 1941 the howitzer regiment was removed and the number of howitzers dropped to 16. This organization was used throughout the war, except in Russian Guards rifle divisions which from December 1942 had three artillery battalions (two batteries of 76 mm guns and one battery of 122 mm howitzers each), totaling 12 howitzers. From December 1944 they received an extra howitzer regiment (5 batteries, 20 howitzers) and from June 1945 rifle divisions were reorganized identically.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
Mountain rifle divisions in 1939–1940 had one battalion of 122 mm howitzers (3 batteries, 9 guns). From 1941 they received instead one artillery regiment (2 battalions, each from 3 four-gun batteries) with 24 howitzers, but in early 1942 only one battalion (2 batteries, 8 howitzers) remained. From 1944 howitzers were removed from mountain rifle divisions.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
Motorized divisions had two mixed battalions (a battery of 76 mm guns and two batteries of 122 mm howitzers), totaling 12 howitzers. Tank divisions had one battalion with 12 howitzers. Cavalry divisions until August 1941 had two batteries of 122 mm howitzers, totaling eight, before the divisional artillery was removed.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
Until late 1941 rifle brigades had a battery of four 122 mm howitzers. 122 mm howitzers were also used by the howitzer brigades of the Reserve of the Main Command (72–84 pieces).


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
By 1 June 1941 1,667 M-30s were in service, comprising only a fraction of the RKKA divisional howitzers. As the war progressed, their share grew rapidly due to mass production and because many older guns were lost in combat in 1941–42.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
M-30 howitzers were primarily employed for indirect fire against enemy personnel. They were also used against field fortifications, for clearing minefields and for breaching barbed wire. Their HE-fragmentation shells presented a danger to armoured vehicles. Fragments created by the explosion could penetrate up to 20 mm of armour, – enough against thinly armoured vehicles. The shells could also damage chassis, sights or other elements of heavier armoured vehicles.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
For self-defense against enemy tanks a HEAT shell was developed in 1943. Before 1943, crews were required to rely on the high-explosive action of their regular ammunition, with some degree of success. According to a German report from 1943, even a Tiger was once heavily damaged by SU-122 assault guns firing high-explosive shells.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
M-30 howitzers were towed by a variety of means, from horses, oxen and both Soviet and American-produced Lend-Lease trucks (such as the Dodge WC series and Studebaker US6s) and Stalinets STZ-5 and Ya-12 purpose-built artillery tractors. When necessary, the gun could be manhandled by its artillery crew.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Red Army
The gun was eventually replaced by the 122-mm howitzer D-30 after the latter was adopted for service in 1960. A small number of operational M-30 howitzers are still present in Russian Army ordnance depots. They are being gradually withdrawn from reserve. M-30s featured in many Soviet movies used for novice artillery crew training. These movies were made in the 1960s when more modern D-30 howitzers were becoming available, however the M-30 was considered by authorities as much more suitable for training purposes. The movies are still in use despite the absence of M-30 howitzers even in practice exercises.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators
A number of M-30s fell into the hands of the Wehrmacht in 1941–1942 and were adopted as 12,2 cm s.F.H.396(r) heavy howitzers. Germany began mass production of 122 mm ammunition for these and other captured howitzers, producing 424,000 shells in 1943, 696,700 in 1944 and 133,000 in 1945. Some captured M-30s were used in the Atlantic Wall fortifications.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators
The Finnish Army captured 41 guns of the type and adopted them as the 122 H 38. These guns fired 13,298 shells in combat; only a few pieces were lost. The gun was well liked; some were used for training or stored in depots until the mid-1980s.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators
The Kingdom of Romania captured in 1941 a number of 477 various types of 122 mm howitzers and guns including M1931/37 and were used as divisional artillery for units rebuilt in 1943. The M-30 was used on the first four prototypes of the Mareșal tank destroyer, having a muzzle brake attached to it by the Romanians.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators
After World War II the gun was supplied to many countries around the globe. With the Egyptian and Syrian armies it saw action in the Arab-Israeli Wars. Some of these guns were captured by Israel, although it is unclear whether they were ever employed by the Israeli Defense Forces. The People's Republic of China organized their own production of M-30 howitzers under the Type 54 designation.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Organization and employment, Other operators
According to Ian V. Hogg, the M1938 howitzer "must, surely, be the most prolific piece of artillery in history".


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Users
The M-30 and the Type 54 are still being used in several armies.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Self-propelled mounts, former Soviet Union
The M-30 was mounted on the following armoured fighting vehicles (AFV):


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Summary
In the M-30, RKKA units finally received a modern divisional howitzer which successfully combined increased firepower and better mobility with reliability and ease of use. A summary of its employment by the Red Army was provided by Marshal G. F. Odintsov, who said "Nothing can be better". The long post-war employment of the howitzer is additional testimony to its combat and operational utility and effectiveness.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Summary
It is hard to compare the M-30 directly with contemporary foreign guns since the artillery of France, Germany and United States employed in similar roles was either the much smaller 105 mm (Great Britain used the even smaller—87.6 mm—25 pounder gun-howitzer) or much larger 150 to 155 mm caliber guns. Howitzers of similar calibers existed but most of those were World War I era pieces, such as the Vickers 114 mm howitzer used by the Finnish Army. Naturally, 150 mm howitzers were more powerful, but much heavier than the M-30; while 105 mm pieces were lighter but their smaller shells contained less explosive.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Summary
The most direct German equivalent was the 10.5 cm leFH 18 light howitzer. Weighing 1985 kg, it had a maximum elevation of 42°, muzzle velocity of 470 m/s and maximum range of 10,675 m. In the upgraded leFH 18/40 version, muzzle velocity was improved to 540 m/с, elevation to 45° and range to 12,325 m. About equal in range, the German howitzer had a less powerful HE shell and its smaller maximum elevation made it less effective against dug-in troops, although it also weighed some 400 kg less than M-30. Both guns were well suited for mass production with 16.887 M-30s and 15.388 leFH 18 built in 1941–45.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Ammunition data
The M-30 could fire all types of 122 mm howitzer ammunition used by the RKKA, including old Russian and imported shells. During and after World War II new types of ammunition were developed, notably HEAT shells. The World War II era HEAT shell BP-460A could pierce 100–160 mm of armor at 90°; the post-war BP-1 managed 200 mm at 90°, 160 mm at 60°, and 80 mm at 30°. HE-Frag projectiles of type OF-462 that were initially developed for the M-30 howitzer can be fired from modern 122 mm ordnance pieces and are still in Russian Army service.


122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), Surviving pieces
M-30 howitzers are on display in a number of military museums and are widely used as memorial pieces. Among other places, the gun can be seen at the following locations:


1220
Year 1220 (MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1220 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1220 kHz: 1220 AM is a Mexican clear-channel frequency. XEB Mexico City is the dominant Class A station on 1220 kHz.


1220 Crocus
1220 Crocus, provisionally designated 1932 CU, is a stony Eoan asteroid and slow rotator from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 February 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany.


1220 Crocus, Orbit and classification
Crocus is a member of the Eos family, a collisional population of mostly stony composition. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,900 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. A


1220 Crocus, Physical characteristics
The asteroid has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid.


1220 Crocus, Physical characteristics
In December 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Crocus was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of several astronomers from Europe and the United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 491 hours with a brightness variation of 1.00 magnitude (U=3).


1220 Crocus, Naming
This minor planet was later named after the genus of flowering plants, Crocus, in the iris family.


1220s
The 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229.


1220s BC
The 1220s BC is a decade which lasted from 1229 BC to 1220 BC.


1220s in art
The decade of the 1220s in art involved some significant events.


1221
Year 1221 (MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1221 Amor
1221 Amor /ˈeɪmɔːr/ is an asteroid and near-Earth object on an eccentric orbit, approximately 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) in diameter. It is the namesake of the Amor asteroids, the second-largest subgroup of near-Earth objects. It was discovered by Eugène Delporte at the Uccle Observatory in 1932, the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely. The assumed S-type asteroid is one of few low-numbered asteroids for which no rotation period has been determined. It was assigned the provisional designation 1932 EA1 and named for Cupid, also known as "Amor" in Latin, the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Eros.


1221 Amor, Discovery
On 12 March 1932, Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte photographed Amor at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, as it approached Earth to within 16 million kilometers (about 40 times the distance from Earth to the Moon). This was the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation on 12 March 1932, when it was observed at the Uccle and Heidelberg observatories simultaneously.


1221 Amor, Orbit and classification
Amor is the namesake of the Amor asteroid, a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. Next to the Apollo group, the Amors are the second largest group of near-Earth objects with more than 7,000 known members. As with many members of this group, Amor is also a Mars-crosser, crossing the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66 AU.


1221 Amor, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.08–2.76 AU once every 2 years and 8 months (971 days; semi-major axis of 1.92 AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic.


1221 Amor, Orbit and classification, Close encounters
Amor has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1069 AU (16,000,000 km) which corresponds to 41.6 lunar distances. In March 1940, it approached Earth to 0.1052 AU (15,700,000 km), its closest approach of all close encounters since 1900. Only in March 2129, it will approach Earth at a similar distance of 0.1082 AU (16,200,000 km).


1221 Amor, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Roman god of love, Cupid, also known as Amor in Latin, and the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Eros. The near-Earth asteroids 433 Eros and 763 Cupido are also named after the god of love. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).


1221 Amor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Amor has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


1221 Amor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to Tom Gehrels's publication Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids from 1994 (pp. 540–543), Amor measures 1.0 kilometer in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.857 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.7.


1221 Avenue of the Americas
1221 Avenue of the Americas (formerly also known as the McGraw-Hill Building) is an international-style skyscraper at 1221 Sixth Avenue, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The 51-floor structure has a seven-story base and a simple, cuboid massing. The facade has no decoration and consists of red granite piers alternating with glass stripes to underline the tower's verticality.


1221 Avenue of the Americas
The building  is set back 115 feet (35 m) from Sixth Avenue, with a sunken courtyard dominated by Sun Triangle, an 49-foot (15 m) abstract steel sculpture by Athelstan Spilhaus. The tower's lobby is clad in dark red terrazzo and red marble, with aphorisms by Plato and John F. Kennedy.


1221 Avenue of the Americas, Background
The building was part of the later Rockefeller Center expansion (1960s–1970s) dubbed the "XYZ Buildings". Their plans were first drawn in 1963 by the Rockefeller family's architect, Wallace Harrison, of the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz. Their letters correspond to their height. 1251 Avenue of the Americas is the "X" Building as it is the tallest at 750 ft (229 m) and 54 stories, and was the first completed, in 1971. The "Y" is 1221 Avenue of the Americas, which was the second tower completed (1973) and is the second in height (674 ft and 51 stories). The "Z" Building, the shortest and the youngest, is 1211 Avenue of the Americas with 45 stories (592 ft). It is the 80th tallest building in New York.


1221 Avenue of the Americas, Background
The building was previously the headquarters of McGraw-Hill Financial. Other tenants include Sirius XM Satellite Radio, whose headquarters and broadcast facility are in the building, and the law firm White & Case.


1221 Avenue of the Americas, Background
The sunken courtyard contains a large metal triangle designed by Athelstan Spilhaus and fabricated by Tyler Elevator Products, arranged so the Sun aligns with its sides at solstices and equinoxes. When built, the southwestern corner held a display of scale models of planets in the Solar System. A mosaic map of the Earth survives in the northwestern corner.


1221 Avenue of the Americas, Background
In 2009, the structure earned LEED (Certified level designation) for Existing Buildings certification from USGBC.


1221 Avenue of the Americas, 1999 elevator incident
After entering an express elevator at approximately 11:00 p.m. (EDT) Friday on October 15, 1999, Nicholas White, a Business Week employee whose office was in the building, returning from a cigarette break, became trapped after a brief power dip caused the elevator to stop between the 13th and 14th floors. Though he signaled an alarm, and there was surveillance video inside the elevator cab, White was not rescued until approximately 4:00 p.m. on Sunday, October 17, nearly 41 hours later, after security guards spotted him in the surveillance cameras.


1221 Avenue of the Americas, In popular culture
The buildings are featured in the title sequence of Saturday Night Live, seen from below looking up in the street from a car. It was used for the exteriors and lobby of Elias-Clarke's headquarters in the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada and the interior shots for Suits. It is also the headquarters of Sirius XM Radio, and many radio shows broadcast from the building including The Howard Stern Show. The plaza and sculpture are also featured as part of the New York City Level of the video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2.


1221 Brickell Building
The 1221 Brickell Building is a high-rise tower in downtown Miami, Florida. It is located in the Brickell area of Miami's financial district. It is on Brickell Avenue near Southeast 12th Street, three blocks west of Biscayne Bay. The building is known for its all-glass, tiered sides, and was completed in 1986. In 2005, the building lost many glass panels during Hurricane Wilma. It provides more than 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of floor space, is 365 feet (111 m) tall, and has 28 floors. It is used entirely for offices and is one of Brickell's financial centers.


1221 in Ireland, Deaths
This year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1221 in Scotland
Events from the year 1221 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1222
Year 1222 (MCCXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1222 Brescia earthquake
The 1222 Brescia earthquake occurred on Christmas Day in the year 1222. The chronicler Salimbene de Adam records that it was so powerful that the inhabitants of Brescia left their city en masse and camped outside, so that the falling buildings would not crush them.


1222 Cyprus earthquake
The 1222 Cyprus earthquake occurred at about 06:15 UTC on 11 May. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.0–7.5 and triggered a tsunami that was recorded in Libya and Alexandria. The strongest shaking was felt in Nicosia, Limassol and Paphos. Many people died, although there are no estimates for the total number of casualties.


1222 Cyprus earthquake, Tectonic setting
The estimated location of the earthquake is on the southwestern coast of Cyprus and is thought to be associated with the Cyprus arc. The Cyprus arc is part of the plate boundary zone that accommodates the motion of the African Plate relative to the Anatolian Plate. The relative motion of the Anatolian Plate is almost entirely westwards relative to the African Plate. In the eastern part of the arc, earthquakes are entirely strike-slip in character. To the west they show a combination of thrust faulting and strike-slip. A major NE-SW trending strike-slip structure has been identified just west of Cyprus, that is responsible for larger earthquakes in this area.


1222 Cyprus earthquake, Damage
Much damage was caused at Limassol and Nicosia and other parts of the island, but the greatest damage was done at Paphos, where there was great loss of life. Paphos Castle, a Byzantine fort, was destroyed and had to be rebuilt by the Lusignans. A modern excavation at Paphos Castle found the remains of a man who apparently climbed into the castle's main drain to escape the earthquake but was trapped there by falling masonry. The sea retreated from the harbour but returned and flooded the town. A church is said to have fallen, burying the bishop and his congregation.


1222 Cyprus earthquake, Damage
Monks of the Franciscan order abandoned their church in Paphos after the earthquake. The castle of Saranta Kolones, built only 30 years earlier overlooking the harbour, was destroyed by the earthquake. It was never rebuilt, as it was no longer needed to protect the port, which had dried up. The earthquake permanently changed Paphos, rendering the harbour unusable, and moving the shoreline seawards; it no longer had a protected anchorage.


1222 Cyprus earthquake, Characteristics
The estimated magnitude for this event is 7.0–7.5 with a maximum estimated felt intensity of IX (Violent).


1222 Tina
1222 Tina, provisional designation 1932 LA, is a metallic asteroid and parent body of the Tina family located in the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 June 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It was named after a friend of the discoverer.


1222 Tina, Classification and orbit
Tina is the namesake of the Tina family a group of 17–89 asteroids that form a small, well-defined asteroid family, which share similar spectral properties and orbital elements; hence they may have arisen from the same collisional event of two larger parent bodies. All members have a relatively high orbital inclination. The Tina family is unique because of its resonant nature: all its members are in anti-aligned librating states of the ν6 secular resonance, i.e., the longitudes of pericenter of the asteroids follow the longitudes of pericenter of Saturn by 180 degrees.


1222 Tina, Classification and orbit
This orbital configuration protects the asteroids from achieving high eccentricities and experiencing close encounters with terrestrial planets, forming a stable in a region strongly perturbed by the ν6 secular resonance. The family is estimated to be relatively young, about 170+20−30 million years old, and will most likely disperse to unstable regions in timescales of 200 million years.


1222 Tina, Classification and orbit
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,707 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 20° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1222 Tina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Tina measures between 20.84 and 26.28 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.199 and 0.308 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1445 and a diameter of 20.12 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.2.


1222 Tina, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
In the SMASS taxonomy, Tina is an X-type asteroid, while it is classified as a metal-rich M-type asteroid by the WISE-survey.


1222 Tina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Tina has a well-defined rotation period of 13.395 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=3), derived from photometric observations taken by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, in September 2007 (also see § External links). Other lightcurves were obtained by French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini and Jean-Gabriel Bosch, which gave a period of 17.164 hours and an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=2/2).


1222 Tina, Naming
This minor planet was named after "Tina", an amateur astronomer and friend of the discoverer. In 1955, naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 114).


1223
Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1223 Neckar
1223 Neckar, provisional designation 1931 TG, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1931, the asteroid was named for the German river Neckar. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.8 hours.


1223 Neckar, Discovery
Neckar was discovered on 6 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Five nights later, it was independently discovered by Fernand Rigaux at Uccle in Belgium. The Minor Planet Center only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was observed as A907 VD at Heidelberg in November 1907, extending its observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1223 Neckar, Orbit and classification
Neckar is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. The family, named after 158 Koronis, is thought to have been formed at least two billion years ago in a catastrophic collision between two larger bodies. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,775 days; semi-major axis of 2.87 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1223 Neckar, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Neckar is a common stony S-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as an S-type by Pan-STARRS.


1223 Neckar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Best rated rotational lightcurve of Neckar gave a rotation period of 7.763 and 7.81 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 and 0.45 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). Photometric observations taken by Richard Binzel and Ed Tedesco in the 1970s and 1980s, however, gave a longer period and are now considered incorrect (U=0/0).


1223 Neckar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Two lightcurves in the R-band with a period of 7.80 and 7.8273 hours (Δ0.21/0.28 mag) were also obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in 2010 and 2014, respectively (U=2/2). Neckar's spin axes has been determined several times. The best rated result, from a group led by Polish astronomers, gave two poles at (70.0°, 45.0°) and (225.0°, 42.0°) in ecliptic coordinates.


1223 Neckar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Neckar measures between 22.783 and 26.07 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.146 and 0.201. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.123 obtained by Morrison in the 1970s, and derives a diameter of 27.96 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.66.


1223 Neckar, Naming
This minor planet was named after the river Neckar, running through the southwestern parts of Germany and in particular through the city of Heidelberg, location of the discovering observatory. The river origins in the Black Forrest and flows into the Rhine river. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).


12238 Actor
12238 Actor /ˈæktɔːr/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 December 1987, by astronomers Eric Elst and Guido Pizarro at the La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 7.3 hours. It was named after Actor, father of the heroes Eurytus and Cteatus from Greek mythology.


12238 Actor, Orbit and classification
As all Jupiter trojans, Actor is in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.5–5.8 AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,300 days; semi-major axis of 5.17 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic.


12238 Actor, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1986 WW8 at the Kiso Observatory in November 1986, or 13 months prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.


12238 Actor, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Actor (son of Phorbas and Hyrmine), the alleged father of the twin brothers Eurytus and Cteatus, who beat Nestor, king of Pylos, in a chariot race. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47300).


12238 Actor, Physical characteristics
Actor is an assumed C-type asteroid, while the majority of larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.


12238 Actor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Actor was obtained from photometric observations at the Sierra Nevada Observatory, using its 1.5-meter telescope. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.284 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=2). The same group also published a period determination of 7.28±0.02 hours with an amplitude of 0.33 magnitude in 2010.


12238 Actor, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In July and August 2015, observations by the Kepler space telescope during its K2 mission gave another two lightcurves with a concurring period of 7.28 and 7.281 hours, respectively. Both measurements had a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=2/2).


12238 Actor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Actor measures 30.25 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.092, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 36.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


12238 Actor, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1224
Year 1224 (MCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1225
Year 1225 (MCCXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1225, Events, Abbasid Caliphate (Later Abbasid era)
Al-Nasir died on 5 October 1225, he was succeeded by Al-Zahir as the new Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty.


1225 Ariane
1225 Ariane, provisional designation 1930 HK, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 April 1930, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.


1225 Ariane, Orbit and characterization
Ariane orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,219 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1225 Ariane, Orbit and characterization
Photometric observations made in 2003 at the U.S. Carbuncle Hill Observatory (912) near Providence, Rhode Island, give a synodic rotation period of 5.529±0.002 hours. The light curve shows a brightness variation of 0.40±0.02 in magnitude.


1225 Ariane, Naming
This minor planet was named after "Ariane Leprieur", the principal role in the play Le Chemin de Crête by Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973). The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).


1225 in Ireland
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Sarah777 (talk | contribs) at 23:59, 15 November 2019 (rem stub tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1226
Year 1226 (MCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1226 Golia
1226 Golia, provisional designation 1930 HL, is a metallic asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 April 1930, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for Jacobus Golius.


1226 Golia, Orbit and classification
Golia orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,516 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg one night after its official discovery observation, with no precoveries taken and no prior identifications made.


1226 Golia, Physical characteristics
Golia has been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).


1226 Golia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 1992, the first reliable rotational light curve of Golia was obtained by Italian astronomer Mario Di Martino using the ESO 1-metre telescope at La Silla in northern Chile. Analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.097 hours with a change in brightness of 0.35 magnitude (U=3). Another light curve was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2011, giving a period of 4.0910 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (U=2).


1226 Golia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to preliminary results by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE space telescope, Golia measures 11.68 and 12.18 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.187 and 0.172, respectively, while the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS gives a diameter of 16.39 kilometers and an albedo of 0.239. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link considers Golia to be of stony composition, deriving an albedo of 0.1008 and a diameter of 15.92 kilometers, using an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


1226 Golia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Dutch professor of astronomy Jakob Gool (1596–1667), also known as Jacobus Golius, who founded the Leiden Observatory in 1633. He was a mathematician and orientalist, who translated Arabic texts into Latin including the work of 9th-century Muslim astronomer Al-Farghani. He was also a teacher of French philosopher René Descartes, after whom the minor planet 3587 Descartes is named. The official naming citation was compiled by Lutz Schmadel for the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names based on a private communication with Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden.


1227
Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1227 Geranium
1227 Geranium, provisional designation 1931 TD, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named for the flowering plant Geranium (cranesbills).


1227 Geranium, Orbit and classification
Geranium is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,109 days; semi-major axis 3.22 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


1227 Geranium, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory, four days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1227 Geranium, Physical characteristics
Geranium has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by SDSS–MFB (Masi Foglia Bus).


1227 Geranium, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Geranium was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.363 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.08 magnitude, indicative for a rather spherical shape (U=3).


1227 Geranium, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geranium measures between 46.08 and 51.025 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0619 and 0.076.


1227 Geranium, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0492 and a diameter of 41.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.


1227 Geranium, Naming
This minor planet was named after Geranium, a genus of flowering plants commonly known as "cranesbills". The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).


1227 Geranium, Naming, Meta-naming
The initials of the minor planets (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out "G. Stracke". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no planet be named after him. In this manner Reinmuth was able to honour the man whilst honoring his wish. Nevertheless, Reinmuth directly honored Stracke by naming planet 1019 Strackea later on. The astronomer Brian Marsden was honored by the same type of meta-naming using consecutive initial letters in 1995, spelling out "Brian M." in the sequence of minor planets (5694) through (5699).


1227 Geranium, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1227 in Ireland, Events
The port of New Ross granted trading concessions from the English King John.


1227 in poetry, Deaths
This year in poetry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1227 papal election
The 1227 papal election (19 March), was convoked after the death of Pope Honorius III on 18 March 1227 at Rome.


1227 papal election
The cardinals present at Rome assembled in Septizodium on the next day after the death of Honorius III and decided to elect the new Pope by compromissum, meaning not by the whole Sacred College of Cardinals but by the committee of few of them, empowered by the rest to appoint the new Pontiff. The same procedure had been already used in the previous election. The committee numbered three cardinals, among whom were cardinal-bishops Ugolino di Segni of Ostia and Konrad von Urach of Porto (the name of the third one is not registered). Initially the committee elected its member Konrad von Urach with two votes out three, but he refused the tiara. Hereupon the rest of cardinals unanimously elected Ugolino di Segni (another committee member) on 19 March 1227. He reluctantly accepted the high honour, taking the name of Gregory IX.


1227 papal election
The new Pope received the pallium in the Vatican Basilica on 21 March 1227, and on the same day was enthroned in the Lateran Basilica. On 11 April 1227, his relative Ottaviano Conti di Segni, archdeacon of the Sacred College, solemnly crowned him in the Basilica di S. Maria in Maggiore.


1227 papal election, List of participants
Probably 15 out of 18 cardinals participated in the election:


1228
Year 1228 (MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1229
Year 1229 (MCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1229 Tilia
1229 Tilia /ˈtɪliə/ is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 October 1931, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and given the provisional designation 1931 TP1. The asteroid was named for the genus of trees, Tilia (lime tree, linden, basswood).


1229 Tilia, Orbit and classification
Tilia belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,115 days; semi-major axis of 3.22 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.


1229 Tilia, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory on 7 October 1931, or two days prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1229 Tilia, Physical characteristics
The asteroid's spectral type is unknown. Members of the Themis family are typically C-type asteroids. Tilia's albedo (see below) agrees with this spectral type.


1229 Tilia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tilia measures 27.795 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.069.


1229 Tilia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Tilia has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, spin axis and shape remain unknown.


1229 Tilia, Naming
This minor planet was named after, Tilia – commonly known as lime tree, linden, or basswood – a genus of trees in the family Tiliaceae. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).


1229 Tilia, Naming, Meta-naming
The initials of the minor planets (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out "G. Stracke". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no planet be named after him. In this manner Reinmuth was able to honour the man whilst honoring his wish. Nevertheless, Reinmuth directly honored Stracke by naming planet 1019 Strackea later on. The astronomer Brian Marsden was honored by the same type of meta-naming using consecutive initial letters in 1995, spelling out "Brian M." in the sequence of minor planets (5694) through (5699).


1229 Tilia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1229 University of Paris strike
The University of Paris strike of 1229 was caused by the deaths of a number of students in punishing a student riot. The students protested with a "dispersion", or student strike, which lasted more than two years and led to a number of reforms of the medieval university. The event demonstrates the town and gown power struggles with the Church, secular leaders and the emerging student class and a lessening of local Church authority over the University of Paris. The university was placed squarely under direct papal patronage, part of the program to centralise the Church structure, which had intensified under Innocent III.


1229 University of Paris strike, Background
The University of Paris was one of the first universities in Europe and thenconsidered the most prestigious of the time because of its focus on theology. It had been founded in the mid-12th century and received its official charter from the Church in 1200. It was run by the Church, and students were considered part of the Church and so wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure to signify they were under its protection. Students operated according to the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the king's laws or courts. That caused ongoing problems of students abusing the laws of the city, which had no direct recourse for justice and so had to appeal to ecclesiastical courts.


1229 University of Paris strike, Background
Students were often very young, entering the school at 13 or 14 and staying for 6 to 12 years. They came from many regions and spoke many European languages, with all defined by their native language. Latin was the lingua franca at school. Eventually, the Masters were organized into four "nations" comprising the French, the Picards, Normans and a polyglot of nationalities (predominantly English, German, Scandinavian and otherwise Central European) referred to as "English". The overwhelming majority of students were from the elite or aristocratic classes of Europe, as the cost of travel and maintenance of a stay at the university, as well as basic tuition, was beyond the reach of the poor.


1229 University of Paris strike, Riot
In March 1229, on Shrove Tuesday, Paris's pre-Lenten carnival was coming to its conclusion, similar to the modern-day Mardi Gras, when one wore masks and generally let loose. The students often drank heavily and were rowdy, and in the suburban quarter of Saint Marcel, a dispute broke out between a band of students and a tavern proprietor over a bill, which led to a physical fight. The students were beaten up and thrown into the streets.


1229 University of Paris strike, Riot
The next day, Ash Wednesday, the aggrieved students returned in larger numbers armed with wooden clubs; broke into the tavern, which was closed on account of the penitential holiday, beat the taverner and destroyed the establishment. Other shops were damaged in a subsequent riot, which spilled into the streets.


1229 University of Paris strike, Riot
Because students had benefit of clergy, which exempted them from the jurisdiction of the king's courts, angry complaints were filed with the ecclesiastical (Church) courts. The ecclesiastical courts knew that the university tended to be very protective of its students, and fearing a split like that of Cambridge University from Oxford, they were trying to approach the matter carefully.


1229 University of Paris strike, Riot
However, Blanche of Castile, regent of France during the minority of Louis IX, stepped in and demanded retribution. The university allowed the city guard to punish the student rioters. The city guardsmen, known for their rough nature, found a group of students and, with an unexpectedly heavy hand, killed several of them. The dead students were later rumored to be innocent of the actual riot.


1229 University of Paris strike, Strike
The response from the university was an immediate strike. Classes were closed, and striking students went to other universities such as Reims, Oxford or Toulouse, returned home or found employment elsewhere. Faculty ceased to teach. An economic strain was placed upon the student quarter of Paris, the Latin Quarter, where Latin was commonly heard in the streets, and the university was a major component in the economy.


1229 University of Paris strike, Resolution
After two years of negotiations, Pope Gregory IX, an alumnus of the University of Paris, issued, on April 13, 1231, the bull Parens scientiarum, honouring the university as the "Mother of Sciences", which later was called the Magna Carta of the University of Paris because it guaranteed the school independence from local authority, both ecclesiastical and secular, by placing it directly under papal patronage. The threat of suspension of lectures remained an economic lever: masters were authorized to "disperse" the lectures over a wide range of provocations, which ranged from "monstrous injury or offense" to "the right to assess the rents of lodgings".


122P/de Vico
122P/de Vico (provisional designation: 1846 D1) is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 74 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years). It was discovered by Francesco de Vico in Rome on February 20, 1846.


122P/de Vico
On 3 December 2153 the comet will pass about 0.694 AU (103,800,000 km; 64,500,000 mi) from Uranus.


122P/de Vico
Daniel Kirkwood in 1884 noticed that the comet shares elements with comet 12P/Pons-Brooks. He suggested that 122P had calved off Pons-Brooks some centuries prior. Later he identified the two comets' capture into their elliptical orbits (or their parent body's capture) with their shared aphelion close to Neptune 991 CE.


122d Fighter Squadron
The 122d Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Louisiana Air National Guard 159th Fighter Wing located at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans, Louisiana. The 122d is equipped with the F-15C/D Eagle.


122d Fighter Squadron
The squadron is a descendant organization of the 122d Observation Squadron, established on 30 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


122d Fighter Squadron, History
The 122nd Observation Squadron, was formed in December 1940 at the New Orleans Municipal Airport, (currently known as Lakefront Airport). Two months later, with an assortment of 0-38s, O-46s, 0-47s, O-49s and BC-1As to fly, the unit was called to active service at Esler Field in Alexandria, LA, in response to a general military call-up following the bombing of Pearl Harbor.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
With the United States' entry into World War II, the 122nd returned to New Orleans in December 1941 to conduct anti-submarine patrol over the Gulf of Mexico. Four missions were flown each day, the aircraft flying in pairs, as far as 100 miles out into the Gulf.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
In February 1942, the Squadron was re-equipped with A-20 Havoc Attack Bombers and was deployed first to England as part of Eighth Air Force, then to North Africa as part of Operation Torch invasion forces in November 1943, assigned to Twelfth Air Force. The 122nd first landed at Fedala, French Morocco and participated in the capture of Casablanca. There, the squadron became part of the 68th Reconnaissance Group.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Several months later the A-20s were replaced by P-38 Lightnings, P-39 Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks, and the unit was reorganized as a branch of the North African Fighter Training Command. In the summer of 1943, the unit was moved to Bertaux, Algeria, where members trained French and American pilots in navigation and general fighting tactics.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
The 122nd was reassigned to HQ Fifteenth Air Force in May 1944 and was re-designated as the 885th Bombardment Squadron (heavy). Equipped with highly modified B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators, the unit transported supplies to partisans and engaged in nighttime special operations missions, flying into Occupied France, Fascist Italy, Yugoslavia and other parts of Occupied Europe supporting partisans and parachuting Allied Agents into enemy territory. Was inactivated in Italy in October 1945.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard
The wartime 885th Bombardment Squadron was re-designated as the 122nd Bombardment Squadron and was allotted to the Louisiana Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at New Orleans Lakefront Airport, Louisiana and was extended federal recognition on 5 December 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 122nd Bombardment Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 885th Bombardment Squadron and all predecessor units.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard
The squadron was equipped with B-26 Invader light bombers and was allocated to the Tenth Air Force, Continental Air Command. The squadron was equipped with 25 aircraft, mostly Douglas B-26C Invaders, but a few "B" models as well, most of the aircraft assigned were newly manufactured at the Douglas plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma at the end of World War II and were never assigned to any wartime units.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard
During the postwar years, the Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, these units also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score better than full-time USAF units. The pilots practiced formation bombing with the B-26s as well as low-level intrusion and strafing. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, the ANG was mobilized into federal active duty. The 122nd Bombardment Squadron was federalized and ordered to active duty on 1 April 1951. By then most of the squadron's aircraft and many of its pilots had already been transferred to active-duty units and sent to Japan as replacement and reinforcing aircraft for B-26 units engaged in combat.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization
The squadron was transferred to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia as part of Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command. The 122d became part of the 4400th Combat Crew Training Group, a temporary organization formed by TAC with the mission of training pilots in the B-26 for subsequent deployment to the war zone. The 122d was joined by the PA ANG 117th Bombardment Squadron. On 1 November 1952 the training unit at Langley was inactivated and returned to Louisiana State Control on 1 January 1953.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Tactical Bomber mission
Following the end of the Korean War, the B-26s began to be withdrawn from active service and replaced by jet-powered equipment such as the Martin B-57 Canberra and the Douglas B-66 Destroyer. The 122nd was re-equipped with former active-duty B-26s and continued training with the versatile light bomber under the Texas ANG 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing, being operationally gained by Tactical Air Command.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
In 1957, the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was transferred from TAC to Air Defense Command, being re-designated as an Air Defense Wing. The B-26s were sent to storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona (many would be later used in the Vietnam War as counter-insurgency aircraft), and the 122nd was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 June 1957.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
With the transfer to ADC, the 122nd was initially equipped with some obsolete F-80C-11 (modified F-80A to F-80C standards) Shooting Stars as an interim aircraft, receiving F-86D Sabre Interceptors in late 1957 and lastly the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor at the end of the year with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
With the F-86L, the squadron was selected by Air Defense Command to man a runway alert program on full 24-hour basis – with armed jet fighters ready to "scramble" at a moment's notice. This event brought the squadron into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing it on "the end of the runway" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
In 1958, the 122nd was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 159th Fighter Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau on 1 April 1958. The 122nd FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other support squadrons assigned into the group were the 159th Headquarters, 159th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 159th Combat Support Squadron, and the 159th USAF Dispensary.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
In July 1960, the 159th converted to the F-102 Delta Daggers. In 1962, the 122nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was assigned to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, for six weeks of intensive flying training. Involved were 150 officers and airmen, including support elements from the 159th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 159th Material Squadron and 159th Air Base Squadron.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In December 1970 the 159th was transferred from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command. ADC was phasing down its manned interceptor force as the chances of a Soviet Bomber attack on the United States seemed remote. The unit was re-designated the 159th Tactical Fighter Group, and the 122nd Tactical Fighter Squadron was re-equipped with F-100D/F Super Sabres. In 1970, the F-100 was still considered a first-line aircraft, and most of the F-100s in the inventory were serving in South Vietnam flying combat missions. The Super Sabres received by the 122d came from the USAFE 20th Tactical Fighter Wing which was transitioning to the General Dynamics F-111F. With the conversion to the F-100s, the ADC 24-hour alert status ended and retraining in tactical fighter missions began.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The 159th flew the F-100s for almost a decade, retiring the aircraft beginning in April 1979 when the 122nd began receiving F-4C Phantom II aircraft from active-duty units. In 1979 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated, with Tactical Air Command taking over the Continental US Air Defense Mission. The 159th was assigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a named unit at the Numbered Air Force level under TAC. Under ADTAC, the 122nd began to fly Air Defense missions again with the F-4C, although the squadron was dual-hatted and continued to fly Tactical Fighter training missions with the Phantom.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The Phantoms were ending their service life in the mid-1980s, and in 1986, the F-4Cs were replaced by F-15A/B Eagles. As the F-15s had no tactical bombing capability at the time, the 122d continued the Air Defense mission under TAC.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era
In March 1992 the 159th Tactical Fighter Group became the 159th Fighter Group when the unit adopted the USAF Objective Organization, and the 122nd Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 159th Operations Group. Later in June, Tactical Air Command stood down and was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). No change in mission was made and the 159th continued in the air defense role.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era
In the early 1990s, squadron aircraft and personnel were deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy, flying combat missions over the former Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War as part of Operation Allied Force. On 11 October 1995, in accordance with the "one base-one wing" policy, the 159th Fighter Group was changed in status and was re-designated as the 159th Fighter Wing. In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era
The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era
In the late 1990s, the 122nd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was activated on several occasions, sending packages of personnel and aircraft to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, to fly Combat Air Patrol missions over Iraq as part of Operation Northern Watch. Also the 122nd EFS was activated with a deployment to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, flying CAP missions over Southern Iraq as part of Operation Southern Watch.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era
In response to the 9/11 attacks in 2001, the 122nd Fighter Squadron engaged in Combat Air Patrols over major United States Cities as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). ONE patrols continued into 2002 before being scaled down.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era
In 2006, the F-15A models were retired and the 122nd was upgraded to the more capable F-15C Eagle. As part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 122nd EFS has been deployed to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF); Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan, Operation New Horizons in Central and South America and Operation New Dawn in Afghanistan.


122d Fighter Squadron, History, Louisiana Air National Guard, Modern era
The most recent deployment of the 122nd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was completed in October 2012 when the squadron deployed to at Al Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates, and as part of the 380th Expeditionary Operations Group, the 122nd EFS flew missions in support of the Joint Air Defense of the Persian Gulf and Operation Enduring Freedom. The mission included providing air superiority in support of national military objectives and flying Fighter Integration Sorties with F-22 Raptors and F-15E Strike Eagles.


122d Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


122d Signal Battalion
The 122nd Signal Battalion was constituted 1 July 1916 in the United States Regular Army, then organized to Fort Bliss in Texas on 10 October 1916. On 21 September 1917, the unit was assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division.


122nd (Muskoka) Battalion, CEF
The 122nd Overseas Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Huntsville, Ontario & Bracebridge, Ontario  the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in the Muskoka district. After sailing to England in June 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the Canadian Forestry Depot on June 9, 1917. The 122nd Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .


122nd (Muskoka) Battalion, CEF
The Battalion had 4 different versions of their cap badge.


122nd Brigade
The 122nd Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 41st Division.


122nd Brigade, Formation
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


122nd Delaware General Assembly
The 122nd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 8, 1963, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Governor Elbert N. Carvel and Eugene Lammont as Lieutenant Governor.


122nd Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.


122nd Delaware General Assembly
In the 122nd Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.


122nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.


122nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.


122nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (→top: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


122nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 122nd Division (第122師団, Dai-hyakunijūni Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Maizuru Division (舞鶴兵団, Maizuru Heidan). It was formed 16 January in Mudanjiang as a triangular division. It was a part of a batch of eight simultaneously created divisions comprising the 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th Divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 4th Independent Border Group and the remnants of the 11th Division.


122nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History
On 30 March 1945 the 122nd Division formation was complete and it was assigned to the 1st Area Army. It was tasked with garrisoning Mudanjiang. In June–July 1945, part of the division was moved to the Ning'an area.


122nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History
At the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria the headquarters of the 122nd division were on the west coast of the Jingpo Lake. The 122nd Division surrendered to the Red Army on 17 August 1945.


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
The 122nd Division (Chinese: 第122师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 11th Division, 4th Column of PLA Fourth Field Army. Its history could be trace to 6th Division of Shandong Military District, formed in August 1945.


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was a part of 41st Corps. Under the flag of 122nd the division took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War, including the Laoshen and Pingjin Campaign. The division was composed of 364th, 365th and 366th Infantry Regiments.


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In October 1952, 366th Infantry Regiment detached from the division and filled into 45th Division fighting in the bloody Battle of Triangle Hill. 392nd Infantry Regiment from 131st Division attached and redesignated as the new 366th Infantry Regiment.


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In April 1953 502nd Artillery Regiment activated. By then the division was composed of:


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In July 1953, the division took part in the Dongshan Island Campaign,


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In April 1960 the division was renamed as 122nd Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第122师).


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1962 the division was catalogued as a "small division".


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1969, 502nd Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 122nd Army Division.


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In February 1979, the division took part in the Sino-Vietnam War. During the conflict the division inflicted 2730 casualties to confronting PAVN units.


122nd Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1985 the division was disbanded. 364th Infantry Regiment was transferred to 121st Infantry Division.


122nd Field Artillery Regiment
The 122nd Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Illinois Army National Guard. The regiment's 2nd Battalion is the cannon battalion assigned to the 33rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.


122nd Field Artillery Regiment, History
The 2nd Battalion, 122nd Artillery was deployed to help suppress the April 1968 Chicago riots. Detachment 1, 1st Battalion, 122nd Artillery was deployed to Afghanistan in support of the 1-178 Infantry Battalion in support of Operation Freedoms Sentinel.


122nd Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Lineage
Ordered into active Federal service 2 October 2008 at home stations; released from active Federal service 5 November 2009 and reverted to state control


122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron
The 122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron (Serbo-Croatian: 122. lovačka avijacijska eskadrila / 122. ловачка авијацијска ескадрила) was an aviation squadron of Yugoslav Air Force established in April 1961 as part of 94th Fighter Aviation Regiment at Skopski Petrovac military airport.


122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron
It was equipped with US-made North American F-86E Sabre jet fighter aircraft.


122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron
By the end of 1964 the 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment has been disbanded per the "Drvar 2" reorganization plan. The 122nd Fighter Aviation Squadron was also disbanded. Its personnel and equipment were attached to 123rd Fighter Aviation Squadron.


122nd Fighter Wing
The 122nd Fighter Wing (122 FW sometimes 122nd) is a unit of the Indiana Air National Guard, stationed at Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station, Fort Wayne, Indiana. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


122nd Fighter Wing, History
The 358th Fighter Group trained in the Mid-Atlantic United States with P-40 Warhawks, 1943. While in training also used for air defense of Philadelphia area. Moved to England during September and October 1943, they were equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts and began operations on 20 December 1943 and served in combat with Eighth and later, Ninth Air Forces until V-E Day.


122nd Fighter Wing, History
In 2005 the wing introduced the reconnaissance Theater Airborne Reconnaissance System, becoming one of the first units to fly with it.


122nd Fighter Wing, History
In 2008, after having flown for 17 years with the block 25 aircraft, these F-16s were nearing the end of their planned operational lifespans. The aircraft the 122nd received were only somewhat newer; Block 30 F-16C/Ds, manufactured between 1987 and 1989. These models were provided by the Michigan Air National Guard 107th Fighter Squadron, which was then transitioning to the A-10 Thunderbolt II at the time. With the upgrade to the Block 30 aircraft, the tail code of the 163rd was changed from "FW" (Fort Wayne) to "IN" (Indiana) in 2009 when the 181st Fighter Wing at Hulman Field became a non-flying unit. However, only a few of the F-16s were re-coded.


122nd Fighter Wing, History
In 2009 – the year the unit honored its predecessor unit – the 358th FG – with a heritage jet – it was decided that the squadron was to retire their 20-year-old F-16s and become an A-10 Thunderbolt II squadron. The conversion happened in 2010.


122nd Fusilier Regiment (Württemberg)
The 122nd Fusiliers (4th Württemberg), named "Kaiser Franz Josef von Österreich, König von Ungarn" (Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, King of Hungary) were an infantry regiment of the Army of Württemberg. The regiment was formed as fusiliers in 1807. In 1906 it was named after Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria-Hungary. The regiment took part in Napoleon's Russian campaign, the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian war. In World War I it was part of the 26th (1st Württemberg) Division. The regiment was disbanded 1 May 1919, 5th and 7th Company/13th Infantry were bearing its tradition in the new Reichsheer.


122nd Guards Rifle Division
The 122nd Guards Rifle Division was an elite infantry division of the Red Army. It was formed in June 1945 from the 2nd formation of the 249th Estonian Rifle Division. The division was stationed in Estonia and disbanded in 1946.


122nd Guards Rifle Division, History
The division was formed on June 28, 1945, from the re-designated 249th Estonian Rifle Division. On the same date the entire 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was raised to Guards status as the 41st Guards Rifle Corps. On its formation the 122nd Guards inherited the honorific title and decorations of the 249th, with its full title being 122nd Guards Rifle Estonian, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner Division. Col. August Yulianovich Feldman was in command of the 249th up to the German surrender and likely continued in command of the 122nd Guards until he was appointed deputy commander of the 41st Guards Corps.


122nd Guards Rifle Division, History
This re-designation took place nearly two months after V-E Day, but before the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, so technically the 122nd Guards can be considered a wartime formation, although it did not see combat in Manchuria. The division was stationed in Tartu and was disbanded there in 1946.


122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron
The 122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron (Serbo-Croatian: 122. hidroavijacijska eskadrila za vezu / 122. хидроавијацијска ескадрила за везу) was an aviation squadron of Yugoslav Air Force formed on July 24, 1949, as 122nd Hydroplane Section (Serbo-Croatian: 122. hidroavijacijsko odeljenje/ 122. хидроавијацијско одељење)  as part of Yugoslav Navy.


122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron, History
Formed at Divulje, squadron has been based during its whole existence. In the first period as section, it was part of Yugoslav Navy, but later on December 17, 1951, when it has merged with hydro base of 21st Aviation Division, being attached to same division of Air Force.


122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron, History
Squadron was equipped with older captured German and newer Yugoslav-made and British hydroplanes. During the 1954, squadron has received two British-made Westland WS-51 Mk.1b "Dragonfly" helicopters.


122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron, History
It was disbanded by order from June 8, 1968. It has become 3rd Section of 784th Anti-Submarine Helicopter Squadron.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 122nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an Infantry Regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization
The 122nd Illinois was organized at Camp Palmer, Carlinville, Illinois, in August 1862, by Colonel John I. Rinaker, and was mustered into the service of the United States 4 September 1862, with 960 enlisted men.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization
The Regiment remained in camp and was drilled until 8 October, and was then ordered and moved to Columbus, Kentucky. Upon its arrival at that post, it was ordered to go at once to Trenton, Tennessee, and report to General G. M. Dodge. The Regiment arrived at Trenton on 12 October and relieved the First Kansas Infantry, Colonel George W. Deitzler. Colonel Rinaker was assigned to the command of the post, and troops at that place, consisting of the One Hundred and Twenty-second Illinois Infantry, Seventh Tennessee Cavalry, Colonel Isaac R. Hawkins commanding; Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and Captain Sparstroms Battery, Second Illinois Artillery.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization
The Regiment continued on duty at Trenton till 12 November 1862, when Colonel Rinaker was ordered to take the right wing of the Regiment, companies A, D, and F, and proceed to Humboldt, Tennessee, and relieve the Eighty-first Illinois Infantry, and to take command of the post and troops remaining there, consisting of four companies: Fifty-fourth Illinois Infantry, a part of Fourth Illinois Cavalry, Seventh Wisconsin Battery. This order was at once executed. The remainder of the Regiment was left at Trenton under command of Lieutenant Colonel J. F. Drish.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization
The force at Humboldt was to hold the Mobile and Ohio Railroad from Trenton to Jackson, Tennessee, and guard the ordnance, commissary and quartermaster's supplies stored at that place.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization
This service was performed until 18 December, when the Regiment moved to Jackson to aid in defense of that place against an impending attack thereon by heavy forces of cavalry under lieutenant general Nathan Bedford Forrest. From Jackson, the One Hundred and Twenty-second Regiment, with the Forty-third and Sixty-first Illinois, moved out on 19 December, and had a skirmish with the enemy that day and moved on out to Lexington, Tennessee, and returned to Jackson on 21 December.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization
Thence moved to Trenton on the 23d of December, and the same night marched in obedience to orders to a point near Humboldt, to protect a force repairing Mobile and Ohio Railroad, which had just been destroyed by rebel cavalry.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Organization
During the time that the Regiment had been about Jackson, the rebel cavalry under Forrest had captured the hospital at Trenton, and had made prisoners of the sick and the guards on duty at Trenton, by which the One Hundred and Twenty-second for the time being lost Major James F. Chapman and Captain B. Cowan, W. W. Freeman, Regimental Quartermaster, and 60 enlisted men taken prisoner.


122nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaign History, Battle of Parker's Cross Roads
On 27 December, nine companies of the One Hundred and Twenty-second, nine companies of Thirty-ninth Iowa Infantry, Fiftieth Indiana Infantry, and a part of Seventh Wisconsin Battery, with three pieces of artillery, and 40 men of Eighteenth Illinois Infantry, the latter mounted, whole under command of Colonel Cyrus L. Dunham, Fiftieth Indiana, marched from Trenton to head off the cavalry force under Forrest then moving back from near Columbus, Kentucky, toward the Tennessee River.