112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1950s
Since 1950 it became a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (People's Volunteer Army (PVA) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 38th Corps, consisting of the 334th, 335th, and 336th Regiments.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1950s
The 334th Regiment was the first Chinese unit across the Yalu, on October 14, 1950.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1950s
In July 1953 it pulled back from Korea and stationed in Shenyang Military Region.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s
In 1960 it renamed as 112th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第112师).


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s
In January 1961 it became one of the first ten combat alert divisions of the army, which made it a "big" division under PLA glossaries, as a fully manned and equipped division.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s
In 1962 the division was designated as a "Northern" unit, Catalogue A.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s
In 1966 it moved to Gaobeidian, Hebei province with the Corps HQ.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s
In 1968 it started to convert to a northern motorized army division. All its 3 infantry regiments were converted to motorized units.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1960s
In 1969 the 317th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was renamed as Tank Regiment, 112th Army Division. 392nd Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 112th Army Division.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1980s
In April 1984 it started to convert to a mechanized army division. All its 3 motorized regiments were converted to mechanized units.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1980s
In September 1985 it renamed as 112th Mechanized Infantry Division (Chinese: 机械化步兵第112师), as a mechanized infantry division. Its Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was expanded to a regiment.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1980s
From April to June 1989 it took part in the enforce of martial law and the crackdown of protests in Beijing.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 1990s
In 1998 the 336th Regiment was disbanded. The Tank Regiment was converted to Armored Regiment, 112th Division.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 2010s
In the late 2010s, the Armored Regiment was renamed as the new 336th Mechanized Regiment.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 2010s
In April 2017, the division was transferred to the Central Theatre Command Ground Forces Component after the 38th Army's deactivation and remains active with the command till the present.


112th Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), 2010s
In 2019 the division was reorganized: the division was reduced to the 112th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade(Chinese: 重型合成第112旅) minus its 335th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, which merged into the 189th Combined Arms Brigade.


112th New York Infantry Regiment
The 112th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


112th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 112th New York Infantry was organized at Jamestown, New York and mustered in for three years service on September 11, 1862 under the command of Colonel Jeremiah C. Drake.


112th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Foster's Provisional Brigade, Division at Suffolk, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to December 1862. Gibbs' Provisional Brigade, Division at Suffolk, VII Corps, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Foster's Brigade, Vodges' Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, Vodges' Division, District of Florida, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, to December 1864, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIV Corps, to January 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Terry's Provisional Corps, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, Army of the Ohio, Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.


112th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 112th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 13, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 3rd New York Infantry.


112th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for Fort Monroe, Va., September 12, then moved to Suffolk September 16, 1862. Duty at Suffolk, Va., September 1862 to June 1863. Expedition toward Blackwater January 7–9, 1863. Action at Deserted House, Va., January 30, 1863. Leesville April 4. Siege of Suffolk, Va., April 12-May 4. Edenton, Providence Church, and Somerton Roads April 12–13. Edenton Road April 15 and 24. Nansemond River May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna Bridge July 1–7. South Anna Bridge July 4. Near Portsmouth July 10–28.


112th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to the Department of the South, arriving at Folly Island, S.C., August 12. Duty at Folly and Black Islands and operations against Charleston until February 1864. Expedition to John's and James Islands February 6–14. Ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., February 20, and duty there until April 21. Ordered to Yorktown, Va., April 21. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4–28. Occupation of City Point and Bermuda Hundred May 5. Port Walthal Junction, Chester Station, May 6–7. Operations against Fort Darling May 12–16. Battle of Drury's Bluff May 14–16.


112th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Bermuda Hundred May 16–27. Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor May 27–31. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 15–18. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16-December 7, 1864. Duty in trenches before Petersburg and on the Bermuda Hundred front until September 27. Action at Bermuda Hundred June 25 and August 24–25. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30. Battle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28–30. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27–28.


112th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Duty at Staten Island and New York City during Presidential election of 1864, November 3–17, and in the trenches before Richmond until December 7. Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., December 7–27. Second Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 3–15, 1865. Assault on and capture of Fort Fisher January 15. Sugar Loaf Battery February 11. Fort Anderson February 18. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Carolinas Campaign March 1-April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 6–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh until June.


112th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 324 men during service; 9 officers and 122 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 190 enlisted men died of disease.


112th New York State Legislature
The 112th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to May 16, 1889, during the fifth year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.


112th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.


112th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The "United Labor" organization endorsed the Republican nominee for governor Warner Miller, but nominated own candidates for the other offices. The Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated state tickets.


112th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1888 was held on November 6. Gov. David B. Hill and Lt. Gov. Edward F. Jones (both Dem.) were re-elected. The only other statewide elective office up for election was also carried by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Democrats 650,000; Republicans/United Labor 631,000; Prohibition 30,000; and Socialist Labor 3,500.


112th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1889; and adjourned on May 16.


112th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Fremont Cole (R) was re-elected Speaker with 76 votes against 47 for William F. Sheehan (D).


112th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Jacob Sloat Fassett (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.


112th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On January 18, a grand jury in Albany refused to indict Assemblyman Charles Smith for perjury. The New York City Reform Club had accused Smith of having obtained his election by buying votes.


112th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


112th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


112th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.


112th Ohio General Assembly
The One Hundred Twelfth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1977 and 1978. In this General Assembly, the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Democratic Party. In the Senate, there were 21 Democrats and 12 Republicans. In the House, there were 66 Democrats and 33 Republicans. It used redistricted legislative districts based on the 1970 Census. Democrats controlled the Ohio House of Representatives from January 1, 1973, through December 31, 1994, under Ohio's longest serving House Speaker, Vernal G. Riffe, (D., Scioto County).


112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
The 112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (Foresters) (112 RAC) was an armoured car regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps during World War II.


112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin
112th Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured car role of the 9th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment). This was an infantry battalion raised in 1939 that had seen action at the Battle of Dunkirk, originally as part of 139th Brigade of 46th Division, and had since been serving in the lorried infantry role in the Support Group of 1st Armoured Division. The battalion had been under orders to accompany 1st Armoured to the Middle East, but these were cancelled and the men returned their tropical uniforms to store.


112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin
In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, 112's personnel would have continued to wear their Foresters cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps, and the regiment continued to add the parenthesis '(Foresters)' after the RAC title. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Claude Lancaster, a Member of Parliament and Reserve officer who had raised 9th Foresters and commanded it at Dunkirk. He was made an Honorary Colonel in the Royal Armoured Corps when his term of command ended.


112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
112 RAC was assigned to the newly formed 42nd Armoured Division as its armoured car regiment. The regiment's initial equipment was the Bison concrete armoured lorry with extemporised armour and Standard Beaverette armoured cars handed over by 42nd Division's Reconnaissance Regiment, with Daimler Dingo scout cars as armoured command vehicles.


112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
112 RAC left 42nd Division in February 1943 and later became a draft-finding unit for other armoured car regiments fighting in the Normandy Campaign. One of the regiment's last duties was to carry out trials on the 95mm gun version of the Harry Hopkins light tank, even though no-one in the regiment had ever seen a 95mm gun.


112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Service
Despite personal appeals from the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel A. G. Miller, DSO, to General Sir Miles Christopher Dempsey commanding the British Second Army in North-western Europe, and from Colonel Lancaster to the War Office, to allow the unit to go overseas, 112 RAC ceased to exist on 14 October 1944, when it reverted to the title of 9th Foresters, which was placed in suspended animation. The last entry in the War Diary notes:


112th Regiment of Foot (1794)
The 112th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795. It was raised in July 1794 and stationed in Ireland.


112th Regiment of Foot (1794)
In 1795 it was to be posted to the Caribbean to take part in a British invasion of Saint-Domingue. The invasion had already suffered heavy losses to yellow fever. On hearing of the plan, soldiers of the regiment rioted.


112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers)
The 112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763. It was raised in October 1761, taking its name from George III, and was disbanded in 1763.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion
112th Special Operations Signal Battalion (Airborne) is part of the 528th Sustainment Brigade (United States) and specializes in supporting United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) forces.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, History
The 112th Signal Battalion (Special Operations)(Airborne) has a long history of signal operations in support of Airborne and Special Operations Forces.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, History
The heritage of the 112th Signal Battalion began with the activation of the 512th Airborne Signal Company on the 14 July 1944, in Lido di Roma, Italy. The 512th conducted signal operations in support of the 1st Special Service Force and the three Parachute Infantry Battalions that comprised the 1st Airborne Task Force. The company, commanded by CPT Charles L. Howard, consisted of 3 officers, 2 warrant officers, and 129 enlisted soldiers. Soldiers for the unit were selected from the 6766th Signal Service Company (Provisional), 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, History
As part of the 1st Airborne Task Force, the 512th participated in operations from Rome to Arno Italy. The Battalion motto: "Penetra Le Tenebre" ("Penetrate the Shadows") and Mediterranean-style dagger on the battalion Coat of Arms are drawn from this early service in Italy. These early operations in Italy would forever link the unit to Airborne and Special Operations Forces. Over the next half century, this bond would strengthen.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, History
The 512th soldiers, then commanded by 1LT George R. Hartley, conducted signal operations in support of Brigadier General Robert T. Frederick's 1st Airborne Task Force during Operation Dragoon (15 August 1944) at Le Muy, France. They made the unit's first parachute and glider assaults into battle. Thus, earning an "arrowhead" for the unit battle streamer. The 1st Airborne Task Force blocked German counterattacks in support of an Allied landing near Cannes, France. It was an operation that tested the concept of daylight mass tactical parachute drops supporting the deep battle and deep battle communications.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II
On 18 December 1944, the 512th Airborne Signal Company was ordered to Ascot, England to become part of the 1st Allied Airborne Army, thus, establishing a link between the unit and Combined Airborne Forces. Prior to this period, soldiers of the 512th served briefly under the U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, now symbolized by the "dragon's head" on the Battalion Colors and Coat of Arms.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II
It was the communications shortfalls experienced by the airborne infantry forces during Operation Market Garden that gave rise to the need for more long-haul communications and a new signal battalion to provide it. Thus, the 112th Airborne Army Signal Battalion was constituted.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II
The 112th Airborne Army Signal Battalion was constituted on 15 January 1945, and formally activated on 10 February 1945. The 112th was assigned to the 1st Allied Airborne Army. The 512th Airborne Signal Company was used to form the nucleus of the new battalion which was now commanded by LTC George R. Hartley. It initially consisted of 24 officers, 1 warrant officer and 381 enlisted soldiers. The battalion took on the Joint and Combined mission of providing communications for the U.S. and British Airborne, Glider and Air Corps forces in Europe.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II
On 25 March 1945, 112th soldiers parachuted into battle with nearly 10,000 airborne troops of the Allied Airborne Army in support of Operation Varsity "Jump Across the Rhine." Again 112th soldiers provided critical combat communications deep within enemy lines. By 7 May, 112th soldiers had traveled deep into Germany with the Airborne Army to link up with Russian Forces at the town of Hagenow, near the Baltic Sea. Following the link up with the Russians, the 112th served with occupation forces in Berlin. The rendering of the "Brandenberg Gate" on the Battalion Colors and Coat of Arms represents this service in Berlin.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, World War II
On 3 December 1945, the 112th Airborne Army Signal Battalion departed from Le Havre, France on the S.S. US Victory, bound for Hampton Roads, Virginia in the United States. There at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on 12 December 1945, the unit was deactivated.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Activation, deployment to Panama
When the Theater Special Operations Commands needed deployable communications the 112th returned to the active force. On 17 September 1986 the battalion was designated as the 112th Special Operations Signal Battalion (Airborne), allotted to the Regular Army and activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. LTC James D. (Dave) Bryan, who had worked to develop the organization and operational concept for the unit, became the first commander of the 112th since World War II. And, CSM Billie F. Phipps was selected as the first Sergeant Major for the re-activated unit. The battalion was assigned to the newly activated 1st


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Activation, deployment to Panama
Special Operations Command. At the activation ceremony, the battalion received orders for deployment supporting Operation Hat Trick in support of Special Operations Command South in Panama and has maintained a continuous presence in overseas Theaters ever since. Hence, the families of the 112th would begin a tradition of mutual support to sustain the long months of separation while their loved ones faithfully served their nation in support of Special Operations Forces. During this early period 112th provided communications in support of several US security efforts and Drug Enforcement Administration operations in the Southern Region.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Panama
In 1989 the United States chose to exercise its treaty rights in Panama through the deployment of US Forces with less than 12 hours' notice. This practice was put to good use during Operation Just Cause. On Christmas Eve 1989, a company of 112th soldiers were among the first to deploy to Panama in support of the Joint Special Operations Headquarters. 112th soldiers, now under the command of LTC Steven R. (Steve) Sawdey and CSM Louis (Lou) Black, became the first soldiers of the 112th to see combat since World War II. They provided vital communications links between the Joint Special Operations Headquarters and deployed Special Operations Forces. After the victory of Operation Just Cause, soldiers of the 112th continued to provide communications during Operation Promote Liberty as US Forces assisted the Panamanian people work toward democracy.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Panama
Upon returning to Fort Bragg, the battalion fielded new and improved communications systems. Long-range, high-frequency, multi-channel systems were added to the battalion. Other systems were downsized to increase transportability, which made the 112th one of the most deployable signal units in the world.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Panama
On 27 November 1990, the United States Army Special Forces Command was activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, replacing the 1st Special Operations Command. The United States Army Special Forces Command became the headquarters for all Army Special Forces units, active and reserve and the 112th Special Operations Signal Battalion (Airborne).


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Saudi Arabia
On 5 February 1991, the Battalion (-), under the command of LTC Samuel (Sam) Higdon and CSM Raymond Clark, deployed to Saudi Arabia on Operation Desert Shield. The unit went on to Operation Desert Storm in Iraq. It added a seventh battle streamer to the unit colors and earned a Unit Commendation. In South West Asia, the unit provided vital command and control connectivity to two Special Forces Groups, CENTCOM, XVIII Airborne Corps and Department of Defense elements. After the victory in Iraq, the battalion returned to Fort Bragg on the 31st of March; however, teams were left behind in support of Operation Provide Comfort in southern Turkey and Northern Iraq.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Southern United States
On 26 August 1992, Hurricane Andrew stuck the Southern Coast of the United States, causing the single worst natural disaster in U.S. history. With 24 hours' notice, the battalion, now commanded by LTC Donald (Don) Kropp and CSM Ronnie (Beaver) McCan launched soldiers to provide communications for Special Forces Detachments conducting disaster relief. Again, 112th soldiers were called upon to play a significant role in disaster assistance and performed superbly. Later that same year, in October, the 112th Signal Battalion (Airborne) was reassigned from United States Army Special Forces Command to the United States Army Special Operations Command. The change in command line more clearly defined the role of the battalion to provide communications in support of Joint Special Operations Task Force Commanders and Army Special Operations Task Force Commanders.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Southern United States
On 27 February 1993, a team of 112th soldiers was deployed to Europe in support of Provide Promise/Deny Flight, to provide humanitarian assistance and enforcement of the no-fly zone over for former Yugoslavia. Operations in Europe gave rise to a proposal to migrate the existing SOCEUR Signal Detachment to the 112th and create forward based Theater Special Operations Signal Detachments at each Theater SOC as forward deployed elements of the 112th SO Sig Bn. This marked a formal recognition the 112th worldwide mission to support Special Operations forces in every theater of operations.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Haiti
It was in October 1993 when a 112th communications team deployed to Haiti as part of the Task Force approved under the "Governors Island Agreement" to pave the way for free elections. During the ensuing USS Harlan County incident that 112th team provided the only reliable communications out of Haiti for US Special Operations Forces. A year later the 112th would return to Haiti.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Turkey and Rwanda
On 16 July 1994, the 112th, now under the command of LTC Colonel William E. (Bronco) Lane and CSM Paul J. Shedlock, deployed a team to Turkey in support of Provide Comfort II, enforcement of the no-fly zone over northern Iraq. The following week, the 112th Signal Battalion received a movement order to deploy to Rwanda for humanitarian assistance.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Guantanamo, Cuba
On 12 September 1994, almost immediately after standing down from the Rwanda mission, the Battalion (-) deployed to Guantanamo, Cuba to support the Forward Staging Base for Special Operations Forces for Operations Restore Hope/Uphold Democracy in Haiti. On 19 September 1994, 112th soldiers were among the first soldiers into Port-au-Prince, entering in Special Operations MH-60 Pavehawk helicopters, providing critical communications to Brigadier General Richard Potter, the Army Special Operations Task Force Commander.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Guantanamo, Cuba
Immediately upon arrival, the 112th established signal operations at the Army Special Operations Task Force Headquarters and launched signal force packages to remote areas in support of Special Forces Forward Operating Bases. The 112th Signal Battalion conducted signal operations in support of the Special Operations Forces conducting peace-keeping, humanitarian assistance and nation building operations until January 1995, when the battalion redeployed leaving a Signal Company Task Force to support the remaining Special Operations Forces until March 1995.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Ecuador and Peru
On 14 April 1995, the battalion deployed soldiers to Ecuador and Peru in support of the Military Observer Mission Ecuador/Peru (MOMEP). Once again, the quick response time and ability to go anywhere and successfully communicate made the 112th the unit of choice.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Italy
On 31 August 1995, the battalion was awarded the Army Superior Unit Award, Embroidered 1994–1995, for meritorious performance of difficult and challenging missions. On 12 November 1995 the battalion deployed soldiers to Italy in support of the Operation Able Sentry, peacekeeping mission. They were redeployed to Fort Bragg after successful completion of their mission on 28 February 1996.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Italy
On 16 November 1995, the battalion began to field five forward-deployed signal detachments authorized to provide a crashout communications capability to the overseas theater Special Operations Commands. The 112th Signal Detachments were designated 112th Signal Detachment-Europe, 112th Signal Detachment-South, 112th Signal Detachment-Pacific, 112th Signal Detachment-Central and 112th Signal Detachment-Korea.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia
On 10 December 1995, the 112th Signal Battalion (-) was the first unit from the continental United States to deploy in support of Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia. The battalion deployed into an intermediate staging base in San Vito, Italy and immediately established communications for the Special Operations Command Implementation Force Commander. In sequential operations, 112th Signal Force Packages were rapidly infiltrated into Bosnia and Croatia.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia
The 112th Signal Battalion (-) conducted signal operations in support of Special Operations Forces conducting peacekeeping throughout the area of operations, until April 1996, when Special Operations Forces were realigned and the battalion redeployed leaving a Signal Company Task Force to support the remaining Special Operations Forces. During April, a 112th Signal package from the Battalion (-) deployed to Sierra Leone, Africa in support of Operation Assured Response, the Non-Combatant Evacuation of American Citizens from Liberia. The Signal soldiers provided crucial communications until relieved by an Air Force Combat Communications Element later that month.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia
From 1996 through 1998, the 112th Signal Battalion, now commanded by LTC Howard I (Howie) Cohen and CSM David M. Dalton, continued in its tradition of excellence. The 112th received the second award of the Army Superior Unit Award, embroidered "1995–1996", in June 1997 for its actions in Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia, Germany, and Italy and Operation Assured Response in Sierra Leone. In April and May 1998, the 112th provided flawless command and control communications for forces in Senegal and Ghana in support of the African Crisis Response Initiative.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia
The forward deployed 112th Signal Detachments, activated in late 1995, provided short response, crashout communications to the Theater Special Operations Commands (SOC) for various contingency operations and exercises in their respective areas of responsibility. The 112th Signal Detachment–South provided communications support during the Venezuelan Kidnapping Recovery Mission in early 1997, the Japanese Embassy Hostage Situation in Peru in December 1997, and a Costa Rican Search and Rescue Mission in 1998.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia
The 112th Signal Detachment–Pacific provided communications support during Operation Bevel Edge, a non-combatant evacuation operation (NEO) in Thailand and Cambodia in July 1997 and Operation Bevel Incline, a NEO in Indonesia in May 1998. The 112th Signal Detachment–Korea provided support during the North Korean Submarine search mission. Coincidentally, a former Commander of the 112th (COL Don Kropp) exercised overall supervision of the operation in his, then, position as the UNC Chief of Armistice Affairs.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia
During the next two years, under the command of LTC Michael J. Flynn and Command Sergeants Major Arthur C. (A.C.) Coley and Michael T. McIntyre the 112th Signal Battalion significantly enhanced the services they provide to supported commands.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Bosnia
These enhancements included deployable battlefield VTC, tactical automation (SIPRNET/NIPRNET), Special Operations Force Intelligence Vehicle interface, Deployable SCAMPI, tri-band multichannel, and improved throughput in the tactical multichannel systems. In April 1998, the 112th Signal Battalion, along with the 35th Signal Brigade, performed the operational test and evaluation of the Lightweight High Gain X-band Antenna, the Army's replacement for the Quick Reaction Satellite Antenna.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Afghanistan
The events of September 11, 2001 would provide the most significant test of the 112th in its long history. Realizing the significance of the September 11th terrorist attacks, the leadership of 112th Signal Battalion, commanded by LTC Robert Bell and CSM Robert Ervin, stood ready to support impending combat operations. Within 96 hours of the attacks, Alpha Company redeployed from Camp Mackall, NC, where it was conducting its mission assumption "Signal Strike" exercise, and began crisis action planning in support of proposed operations in Afghanistan.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Afghanistan
A Company deployed to Uzbekistan on October 4, 2001, and established communications for the 5th Special Forces Group within 24 hours of their arrival in theater. On October 7, 2001, in the president's address to the nation, the president announced to the American public that the "United States military had begun strikes against Al Qaeda terrorist training camps and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan." Since that historic announcement, the 112th Signal Battalion has deployed over 200 soldiers to eight countries on three continents in support of the GWOT. Since that time 112th Soldiers continue to support Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and other locations around the globe.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Iraq
On Christmas Eve 2002, the 112th Signal Battalion, now commanded by LTC Peter A. (Pete) Gallagher and CSM Leandro Sanfeliz, received deployment orders to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The operation called for SOCCENT to establish a Combined Forces Special Operations Component Command (CFSOCC) as well as two separate JSOTFs, the Joint Special Operations Air Component Command (JSOACC), two Joint Special Operations Air Detachments (JSOAD), a Naval Special Warfare Task Group, and six Special Forces FOBs.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Iraq
Already engaged in Afghanistan with elements from Alpha Company, the 112th Signal Battalion headquarters, Bravo and Charlie Companies, deployed to the CENTCOM AOR in January 2003. LTC Peter A. (Pete) Gallagher, the battalion commander, deployed with a small battalion tactical operations center (TOC) forward to colocate with the CFSOCC headquarters. The presence of the 112th Signal Battalion (forward) allowed for the overall command and control, and administrative and logistical sustainment of 112th assets in theater, while the 112th-led CFSOCC JCCC orchestrated the communications architecture


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Iraq
Operation Iraqi Freedom represents the largest, most complex and most successful special operations communications network in history.


112th Special Operations Signal Battalion, 1985-present, Today
Today, over 50 years after the original activation of the 112th Airborne Army Signal Battalion, the 112th Signal Battalion (Special Operations)(Airborne) remains as the only airborne signal battalion in the world. Its ranks can be found throughout the Special Forces Operational theaters to include the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central Africa, West Africa, Europe, South America, and anywhere Special Operations forces routinely operate.


112th Street Bridge
The 112th Street Bridge is a bridge that carries New York State Route 470 across the Hudson River in New York. It connects Van Schaick Island in the city of Cohoes with the Lansingburgh neighborhood of Troy. The original bridge was built in 1922 and demolished in 1995. The newer version was completed in 1996.


112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment
The 112th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.


112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Organization
The regiment was organized at Little Rock, Arkansas, April 23 to November 8, 1864, as the 5th Regiment Arkansas Volunteer Infantry (African Descent) and assigned to the VII Corps (Union Army). The unit was later re-designated as the 112th United States Colored Infantry.


112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Division, 7th Corps, Dept. of Arkansas, June, 1864, to January, 1865. Colored Brigade, 7th Corps, to February, 1865.


112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service
General Orders No. 14 Department of Arkansas, dated February 1, 1865, from Little Rock, included the 112th United States Colored Infantry is reported as belonging to the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Division of the 7th Army Corps.


112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 7th Corps, to April, 1865. The regiment was assigned to post and garrison duty at Little Rock, Ark., entire term.


112th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Consolidated
The regiment was consolidated with the 11th U.S. Colored Infantry (Old) and the 113th U.S. Colored Infantry (old) the 113th United States Colored Troops (New) on April 1, 1865. The resulted regiment was mustered out on April 9, 1866.


112th United States Congress
The 112th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3, 2011, until January 3, 2013. It convened in Washington, D.C. on January 3, 2011, and ended on January 3, 2013, 17 days before the end of the presidential term to which Barack Obama was elected in 2008. Senators elected to regular terms in 2006 completed those terms in this Congress. This Congress included the last House of Representatives elected from congressional districts that were apportioned based on the 2000 census.


112th United States Congress
In the 2010 midterm elections, the Republican Party won the majority in the House of Representatives. While the Democrats kept their Senate majority, it was reduced from the previous Congress.


112th United States Congress
This was the first Congress in which the House and Senate were controlled by different parties since the 107th Congress (2001–2003), and the first Congress to begin that way since the 99th Congress (1985–1987). It was also the first Congress since the 36th Congress, over 150 years, in which the Republican Party held the House but not the Senate. In this Congress, the House of Representatives had the largest number of Republican members, 242, since the 80th Congress (1947–1949). This was the only Congress between the 79th (1945–1947) and the 117th (2021–2023) that did not include a member of the Kennedy family.


112th United States Congress
As of 2021, this is the most recent Congress in which Democrats held a Senate seat in Nebraska or a House seat in Arkansas, the last in which Republicans held both Senate seats in Maine, and the last in which Democrats did not hold all seats in Connecticut.


112th United States Congress, Major events, Potential government shutdown
A failure to pass a 2011 federal budget nearly led to a shutdown of non-essential government services on April 9, 2011, with the furlough of 800,000 government employees appearing imminent. President Obama met Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and House Speaker John Boehner in the days preceding the deadline but was unable to come to an agreement to pass a budget. A one-week budget was proposed to avoid a government shutdown and allow more time for negotiations; however, proposals from both parties could not be accommodated. Obama said he would veto a proposed Republican budget over Republican social spending cuts.


112th United States Congress, Major events, Potential government shutdown
This was also backed by Senate Democrats who objected to such cuts as that of Planned Parenthood. However, an agreement was reached between the two parties for a one-week budget to allow for more time to negotiate after Republicans dropped their stance on the Planned Parenthood issue. The two parties ultimately agreed on a 2011 federal budget the following week.


112th United States Congress, Major events, Potential government shutdown
There were many reactions to the possible shutdown with some saying the economy could be hurt during a fragile recovery and others saying the lack of an unnecessary bureaucracy would not be noticed. There was also criticism that while senators and representatives would continue to get paid others such as the police and military personnel would either not be paid for their work or have their payments deferred.


112th United States Congress, Major events, Debt limit crisis
On August 2, 2011, the United States public debt was projected to reach its statutory maximum. Without an increase in that limit the U.S. Treasury would be unable to borrow money to pay its bills. Although previous statutory increases have been routine, conservative members of the House refused to allow an increase without drastically reducing government spending. Over several weeks and months, negotiators from both parties, both houses, and the White House  worked to forge a compromise. The compromise bill, the Budget Control Act of 2011, was enacted on August 2.


112th United States Congress, Leadership
Section contents: Senate: Majority (D), Minority (R) • House: Majority (R),  Minority (D)


112th United States Congress, Members
For the first time in the history of Congress, over half its members were millionaires as of 2012; Democrats had a median net worth of $1.04 million, while the Republicans median was "almost exactly" $1.00 million. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2012; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2014; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2016.


112th meridian east
The meridian 112° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


112th meridian east
The 112th meridian east forms a great circle with the 68th meridian west.


112th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 112th meridian east passes through:


112th meridian west
The meridian 112° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


112th meridian west
The 112th meridian west forms a great circle with the 68th meridian east.


112th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 112th meridian west passes through:


113 (band)
113 is a French hip hop group with African and  Caribbean roots originating in North and West Africa and the island of Guadeloupe, formed in the Their most famous song is Tonton du Bled ("Uncle From The Land", 'bled' a term from Maghrebi Arabic ).


113 (band)
The group's name comes from the name of the building in a housing estate where the members spent much of their youth, as well as a take on the US  hip hop group 112.


113 (number)
113 (one hundred [and] thirteen) is the natural number following 112 and preceding 114.


113 Amalthea
113 Amalthea /æməlˈθiːə/ is a stony Florian asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 12 March 1871, by German astronomer Robert Luther at the Bilk Observatory in Düsseldorf, Germany. The elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.95 hours. It was named after Amalthea from Greek mythology. The discovery of its 5-kilometer satellite was announced in July 2017.


113 Amalthea, Description
Amalthea is thought to be a fragment from the mantle of a Vesta-sized, 300–600 km diameter parent body that broke up around one billion years ago, with the other major remnant being 9 Metis. The spectrum of Amalthea reveals the presence of the mineral olivine, a relative rarity in the asteroid belt.


113 Amalthea, Description
Based on observations made during a stellar occultation by Amalthea of a 10th-magnitude star on 14 March 2017, it was announced in July 2017 that the asteroid has a small, 5-kilometer-sized satellite, provisionally designated S/2017 (113) 1. The observations also indicated that Amalthea has a distinctly elongated shape.


113 Amalthea, Description
One of Jupiter's inner small satellites, unrelated to 113 Amalthea, is also called Amalthea.


113 BC
Year 113 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caprarius and Carbo (or, less frequently, year 641 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Yuanding. The denomination 113 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


113 Battalion
113 Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.


113 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions
By the late 1970s the South African government had abandoned its opposition to arming black soldiers.


113 Battalion, History, Origin of the black battalions
In early 1979, the government approved a plan to form a number of regional African battalions, each with a particular ethnic identity, which would serve in their homeland or under regional SADF commands.


113 Battalion, History, Development of the Gazankulu Defence Force
This led to the formation of 113 Battalion for the Tsongas tribe. It is believed that the original intention was for this battalion to form the basis of a future Gazankulu Defence Force.


113 Battalion, History, Development of the Gazankulu Defence Force
113 Battalion was raised in 1980 at Phalaborwa in the then Eastern Transvaal. Troops for 113 SA Battalion were recruited from the self-governing territory of Gazankulu.


113 Battalion, History, Higher Command
113 Battalion resorted under the command of Group 13. 64 soldiers from 113 Battalion was transferred to 116 Battalion when that unit was expanded.


113 Battalion, History, Disbandment
113 Battalion was later absorbed into 7 South African Infantry Battalion to form a single battalion in the new SANDF.


113 Battalion, Notes
Peled, A. A question of Loyalty Military Manpower Policy in Multiethinic States, Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8014-3239-1 Chapter 2: South Africa: From Exclusion to Inclusion


113 East Roosevelt (Phase II)
Phase II of 113 East Roosevelt is a skyscraper planned for Chicago, Illinois in the Near South Side community area. It will be located at the southeast corner of Roosevelt Road and Michigan Avenue, located adjacent to the southwest corner of Grant Park. The skyscraper is designed by Rafael Viñoly as the second of a three phase development that includes a slightly shorter Phase I NEMA (Chicago) and a 100-unit townhouse development and public park as the third phase. It is planned to have 648 units that will likely be condominiums.


113 East Roosevelt (Phase II)
Miami developer Crescent Heights acquired the real estate for the development in 2012 for $29.5 million. The development was presented in a community meeting on September 22, 2015. The Chicago Plan Commission approved the development on November 19, 2015, in a meeting that also resulted in the approval of the Wanda Vista tower. The building will be located on a 2-acre (8,094 m2) site. Financing is a prerequisite to initial groundbreaking.


113 Squadron (Israel)
The 113 Squadron of the  Israeli Air Force, also known as the Tayeset Ha'Tsira'a (Hornet or Wasp Squadron), was formed on October 4, 1955. The Hornets were the first squadron to fly 24 MD450B Dassault Ouragans. It suffered eight fatalities during the 1967 Six-Day War.


113 Squadron (Israel)
By January 1973 IAI Nesher replaced the Dassault Ouragans that were retired from duty. In 1976 the squadron replaced the Nesher with the IAI Kfir C-1. The squadron was disbanded in 1987.


113 Squadron (Israel)
The squadron was reformed in September 1990 as the first Israeli AH-64A Apache squadron and slowly migrated to the exclusive use of the AH-64D Apache Longbow in 2005.


113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester
113 and 117 Foregate Street consist of a pair of shops on the north side of Foregate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. Each of the buildings is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The buildings flank a passage leading to the block of flats numbered 115 and known as Parker's Buildings; this is also a Grade II listed building.


113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester, 113 Foregate Street
This was a pre-existing building remodelled in 1890–91 by the local architect John Douglas. The work was done for the 1st Duke of Westminster. The building is constructed in red Ruabon brick with sandstone dressings, and has a red clay tile roof. It has three storeys. In the ground floor of the front facing the street is a modern shop front. In each storey are three sash windows, surrounded by ornate stone cases. At the top of the front facing the street is a shaped gable containing blue brick diapering and with stone coping, volutes and five finials.


113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester, 113 Foregate Street
Towards the right corner is a wrought iron sign bracket dated 1890. The side facing the passage leading to Parker's Buildings is built on a high sandstone plinth. It includes a chimney with a shaped stack and a number of stone-dressed windows. To the rear of the building is a two-storey wing.


113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester, 117 Foregate Street
This is a new building of 1889–90 designed by Douglas & Fordham for the 1st Duke of Westminster. In 1990 it was converted and attached to new offices. Like number 113, it is constructed in red Ruabon brick with sandstone dressings, it has a red tile roof, and is in three storeys. The ground floor was refaced in 1990. In the first floor of the front facing the street is a three-light mullioned and transomed casement window, with a single-light transomed window on each side. In the top storey is a three-light casement window.


113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester, 117 Foregate Street
Below this window, and to each side, is blue brick diapering. Between the storeys, and over the top window, are stone bands. The gable is broadly similar to that of number 113, being shaped with stone coping and finials. The side facing the passage to Parker's Buildings contains quoins, windows, two projecting shaped gables and two chimneys with spiral brick flues. At the rear is another gable and a chimney.


113 series
The 113 series (113系, 113-kei) is a Japanese suburban electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1963 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), currently operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) and Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku), and formerly also operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).


113 series
The design was derived from the earlier 111 series, and used newer MT54 motors with an output of 120 kW. They are used in the mild temperature areas of Japan, due to their brakes not being capable of handling cold weather. The 115 series were built to operate in colder areas.


113 series, Variants, 111 series
The 111 series was a Japanese suburban electric multiple unit. Built in 1962 and 1963 for JNR, the 111 series served as a prototype of sorts for the 113 series sets that were to soon follow.


113 series, Variants, 111 series
Based on the earlier 421 series, the 111 series was built as an attempt to combat the overcrowding of platforms through the use of three-door cars as opposed to two-door cars. Production of the 111 series was stopped in 1963 once production was shifted to the 113 series cars; only thirty 111 series cars were produced.


113 series, Variants, 111 series
After the privatization of the JNR, the sets' ownership was taken over by JR Shikoku, which used the sets until March 2001, after which they were retired. Four cars are currently preserved; KuHa 111–1 at the SCMaglev and Railway Park in Nagoya, Japan, KuHa 111-3002 stored in JR Shikoku's Tadotsu Works and MoHa 110-1 and MoHa 111-1 stored at JR Central's Hamamatsu Works. The sectioned front ends of KuHa 111-1072 and KuHa 111-2152 are also preserved at the Poppo-no-oka farm shop in Isumi, Chiba.


113 series, Variants, 111 series
KuHa 111-1 preserved at the SCMaglev and Railway Park Museum in Nagoya, Japan, 2008


113 series, Variants, 113-0 series
These sets were the first of the 113 series, and were put to use on the Sobu and Yokosuka Lines. They had the same body structure as the 111 series, with only the driver's cab being extended. In 1970, AU73X, AU74X, AU75X type air conditioning was fitted experimentally to sets operated in the Kansai area. The test was successful, and hence was fitted into the majority of the cars. Production of the -0 series ceased in 1973, and most sets have now been withdrawn.


113 series, Variants, 113-0 series (JR Shikoku)
Three 113-0 sets were transferred to JR Shikoku from JR East for refurbishment. Following refurbishment, they differed externally from most 113 series train sets because they had lower front destination signs and rectangular headlights. Each set also came in a different colour scheme; set 1 in a coat of lime green surrounding the windows with light blue; set 2 in red and pink; and set 3 in orange and yellow. All had a ribbon of silver on the top and bottom, and the colours were arranged in the same pattern. The last of these sets was withdrawn in 2019.


113 series, Variants, 113-700 series
These sets were built for use on the Kosei Line, due to the heavy amounts of snowfall in the region. They feature semi automatic doors, snowploughs and improved brakes. Some trains were also transferred to the Sagano Line.


113 series, Variants, 113-1000 series
These sets were introduced from 1972, and were an improved version of the 113–0 series, for use on the Sobu and Yokosuka Lines. They incorporated fire resistant materials, sealed beam headlights and air conditioning. These trains were used around the Boso area, on the Narita Line, Kashima Line, Sotobo Line, and Uchibo Line.


113 series, Variants, 113-1000 series
However, due to minor modifications of the ATC and air conditioning in some trains in April 1972, some of the trains from the Boso area were transferred for use on the Tokaido Line.


113 series, Variants, 113-1500 series
These sets were an improvement on the 113–1000 series and these sets were all located at Ofuna. They ran on the Sobu and Yokosuka Lines and on the Tokaido Line. All 113–1500 series trains were fitted with ATC-5 and ATS-P/SN.


113 series, Variants, 113-2000 series
These sets are an improvement on the 113–0 series. The seat pitch was extended to 1490 millimetres, which was a 70 millimetre increase compared to its predecessor. Also, the width of the seat was widened from 880 millimetres to 965 millimetres. Some of these sets remain in service at Kosei Line and Kusatsu Line.


113 series, Variants, 113-3800 series
These are JR-West 2-car sets which were converted in 2001 by building new cabs at one end of former MoHa (non-driving motor) cars.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks
113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed terrace house located in the Long's Lane Precinct at 113-115 Gloucester Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1881. It is also known as Longs Lane Terraces/Precinct. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
In 1807, this site is shown by Meehan's Survey to contain a defined building alignment with a lane on the northern boundary. Artists' views of the western side of Sydney Cove between 1800-1820 confirm a large number of small buildings in the region. By 1822 the site appears on Harper's Survey as containing a single relatively small structure. Robert Russell's Survey in 1838 shows the site as the eastern half of Allotment 18 of Section 74 which was granted to William Long by Governor George Gipps in 1839. In 1829, prior to the formalising of the land claim, Long had acquired the eastern section of the property fronting Gloucester Street.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
A former convict, Long arrived in Sydney aboard the Baring in 1815, but by 1829 was a successful wine and spirits merchant as well as being licensee of pubs in Millers Point and Lower George Street. Long assumed ownership of the western section of allotment 18 fronting Cumberland St after the death of his wife Mary Walker. Prior to her death, Mary Long had inherited the property from her former husband, Richard Walker, in 1825.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
Maps of the area drawn in 1823 and 1825 show only one building on the site, but by 1831another building had been erected on the corner of Gloucester St and Long's Lane. This building was probably erected during the course of 1830, although the intended use of the building is unclear. In 1845, when the City Council assessed the site, it was described as containing a small tenement of three houses each of two rooms with shingled roofs. The "date of taking" this assessment is noted as 1842 and in 1848 they are described as "bad repair". By 1848 a trio of single-storey, shingle-roofed houses, with two rooms each had been built.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
Around 1881-1882, the three houses, by now in "bad repair", were demolished, making way for a pair of two storey-terrace houses, with five rooms each (later expanded to six rooms), and slate roofing. These are the houses that remain on the site today. In addition to the main houses, the rear of the lots contained outbuildings, rear wings and rear yards which extended into land formerly occupied by the demolished Long's Lane tenements, which were last listed in the rate books for 1877. The site continued to be the property of William Long (later part of his estate) until the NSW Government resumed the site in 1900.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
The houses were always tenanted. One notable tenant of No. 113 was Joseph Law, also known as [Joseph] Ah Chong, a Chinese interpreter reportedly working for the government. Law occupied the house from 1885 to 1902, with his wife, Margaret Gratrix, with whom he had up to 18 children.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
The 1902 Sands Directory was the last mention of Law as the tenant in the house. The following year his wife Margaret was listed as the tenant. Following the outbreak of bubonic plague in Sydney and The Rocks, the NSW Government, under The Rocks Resumption Act 1901 resumed the area. Local people worked at the task of cleansing, disinfecting, fumigating and lime-washing buildings. Although The Rocks area became synonymous with the plague, only three of the 103 people who died of the plague in Sydney were from The Rocks. Between 1905 and 1915, the buildings on the "Dig" site were demolished and, in the 1920s, major demolition's took place nearby for the Sydney Harbour Bridge approach. In the 1950s, several houses to the south of Long's Lane were demolished when the Cahill Expressway was constructed.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
Under state ownership the houses continued to be leased to various tenants until the mid-1980s. About this time the rear wings and outbuildings were demolished, and the buildings boarded up. The buildings were occupied by squatters, and vandalised during this period, falling into a ruinous state by the 1990s, when renovation work commenced.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
Over 1994 and 1995, an extensive programme of conservation works were carried out on the building. The work comprised stabilisation, restoration of the front façade and roofs, cutting in damp proof courses, and construction of new floors. Joinery, plastering, and other surface finishes were reconstructed on the basis of surviving original fabric. Rear wings were constructed on the extant footings of the earlier rear wings; however, only the external form of the original rear wings was reconstructed, allowing the interiors to be adapted for modern kitchens and bathrooms. The houses are now privately leased to tenants.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
The Sydney Cove Authority also carried out conservation works to the buildings and rear yards in the remainder of the Long's Lane Precinct, including 103-111 Gloucester Street, 117 Gloucester Street, and 130-142 Cumberland Street. This work was awarded the 1998 Lloyd Rees Award for Outstanding Urban Design.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, History
Archaeology notes: Lease to Samuel Thorley, 8 June 1803 (land later granted as Lot 21, Section 74). Granted as part of Section 74: Lot 18 to William Long, 22 June 1839; Lot 19 to William Butt, Cumberland Street, 19 April 1839; Lot 20 to J. T. Hughes, 30 September 1839; Lot 21 to J. T. Hughes, on 19 April 1839.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description
113-115 Gloucester Street is a part of a cluster of nineteenth and early-twentieth houses, rear yards, and laneways between Gloucester and Cumberland Streets, The Rocks. 113-115 Gloucester Street is a typical Victorian terrace of the 1880s prevalent throughout the inner suburbs of Sydney. The dominant feature of the terrace is the large verandah space onto Gloucester Street. While interior planning of the terrace is basically two rooms down and up with rear service wings, an unusual feature is the strict alignment of the building to the land title allotment. A consequence of this is that many of the walls do not meet at ninety degrees.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description
Style: Late Victorian terrace; Storeys: 2; Roof Cladding: Originally slate.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition
As at 3 May 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Archaeological excavation (1994) involved the removal of occupation deposits from the kitchens of 113-115, dating from 1881 to c. 1930s. Deposits in the rest of the properties were untouched with the exception of 300x300 excavations in the centres of each of the four main ground floor rooms in 113-115 for the construction of floor supports. All services were surface mounted beneath floor joists to avoid disturbance of potential archaeological remains. An existing service trench in 117 was re-excavated and utilised for the same purpose. Pre 1912 deposits in 117 untouched. Investigation: Historical research and assessment of archaeology.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
As at 31 March 2011, this pair of terraces and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The pair of houses at 113-115 Gloucester Street and site are of historical, aesthetic, and scientific significance to the people of New South Wales for its contribution to the Longs Lane precinct which is significant in demonstrating the evolution of The Rocks in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and which remains a rare townscape complete with laneways and rear yards intact.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The terrace has aesthetic significance as a typical example of the form of housing prevalent in the inner suburbs of Sydney in the 1880s, 113-115 Gloucester Street possesses the ability to interpret their original appearance and configuration as a result of extensive conservation works undertaken by the State government in the 1990s.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
Occupied by numerous tenants throughout its history, No. 113 has been identified as a site of heritage significance as the home of a Chinese interpreter, Joseph Law, between 1885 and 1902. The Longs Lane precinct is primarily significant as a unique ensemble of nineteenth century residential buildings, laneways and rear yards in The Rocks, and because it includes the terrace, 103-111 Gloucester Street, which is a very rare extant example in Sydney of an early Victorian Greek Revival style terrace of houses created as total composition.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
Longs Lane precinct is also significant because it is indicative of the nineteenth and early-twentieth century residential character of The Rocks, retaining strong associational and geographic links with community services such as shops, and churches. It retains rare examples of early-nineteenth century public laneways in their original scale and orientation. It is a unique ensemble in the Rocks of tenanted residential buildings of varying nineteenth and early twentieth century architectural periods including the Early Victorian, Victorian, and Edwardian.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
It possesses a unique archaeological potential as a discrete cluster of buildings, laneways, and rear yards of various buildings, relatively undisturbed since 1915, dating from the earliest period of occupation in Sydney. Longs Lane is a rare extant public right of way known to have existed from the first decade of the nineteenth century. Carahers Lane is a rare documented site where the existence of slum housing from the-mid to late-nineteenth century can be shown to be associated with the remaining physical fabric, and historical documentation about the landlords/owners.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
113-115 Gloucester Street are typical of 1880s terraces in inner Sydney. 113 Gloucester St holds significance as associated with the household of the Law family from c. 1882-1903, Joseph Law was a Chinese Interpreter and government translator. The site holds significance for its importance to the history of Chinese in Australia and attempts to negotiate between two very different cultures


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
Terrace was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The site of 113-115 Gloucester Street is historically significant as a site continuously occupied since the 1820s. 113-115 Gloucester Street is historically significant as a key component in demonstrating the evolution of the Long's Lane precinct, which is a unique ensemble in The Rocks of 19th century residential buildings, laneways, and rear yards. 113-115 Gloucester Street is of historical significance in its own right as a reflection of the 1880s speculative development of The Rocks, during a period of intense redevelopment of the area as a result of the economic boom years of the latter 19th century.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The history of 113-115 Gloucester Street's decline into dereliction, and the occupation of the building by squatters prior to the conservation works of the early 1990s reflects the changing social context of The Rocks from the late 19th century to the present. The decision of the State government to restore the building for residential (rather than commercial) purposes demonstrates the prevailing political will and public funding dedicated to the conservation of heritage in the post-Green Bans period in The Rocks. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a State level.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
113-115 Gloucester Street is historically associated with the William Long and his descendants, as well as the numerous individuals and families who occupied the houses over time, including Joseph Law, a Chinese interpreter who occupied No. 113 between 1885 and 1902. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a local level.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
113-115 Gloucester Street is of some aesthetic significance locally as an example a typical Victorian terrace of the 1880s. The aesthetic significance of the building has been revealed and can now be better understood through reconstruction and conservation. 113-115 Gloucester Street makes a substantial contribution to the streetscape significance of The Rocks, particularly complementing the terraced character of the eastern side of Gloucester Street (including the Jobbins Terrace at 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Edwardian Cottages at 46-56 Gloucester Street, Susannah Place at 58-64 Gloucester Street, and Baker's Terrace at 66-72 Gloucester Street). 113-115 Gloucester Street makes a substantial contribution to the aesthetic significance of the Long's Lane Precinct as an ensemble of 19th and early 20th century buildings, associated laneways, and rear yards. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a State level.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
As part of The Rocks area, 113-115 Gloucester Street is likely to be held in some esteem by the individuals and groups who are interested in Sydney's history and heritage. No . 113 Gloucester Street has been identified by the Chinese Australian Cultural Heritage Group as a site which is of significance to the history of the Chinese community in NSW. No . 113 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a local level.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The archaeological resource at 113-115 Gloucester Street is of research significance as a rare example of a site yielding archaeological evidence of the pre-1830 period of European settlement in Sydney. The results of previous archaeological investigations of the site and those adjacent to it are fully documented and form, together with other projects carried out in the area, a valuable resource for understanding early life in The Rocks area. 113-115 Gloucester Street is of some technical significance as an example of "academic" conservation work in which reconstructed fabric was strictly based on extant material and constructed in a traditional manner. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a local level.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
113-115 Gloucester Streets does not, itself, possess any rare or uncommon aspects of significance. The Long's Lane Precinct is of significance as an ensemble of 19th and early 20th century buildings, associated laneways, and rear yards which is rare (probably unique) in the Sydney region and NSW. 113-115 Gloucester Street does not meet this criterion on a local or State level. The Long's Lane precinct meets this criterion on a State level.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
113-115 Gloucester Street is a good representative example of 1880s terrace housing within the context of the Long's Lane precinct, itself a significant area in demonstrating the 19th century townscape of The Rocks, complete with intact rear yards and laneways. 113-115 Gloucester Street meets this criterion on a local level. The Long's Lane precinct meets this criterion on a State level.


113-115 Gloucester Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1601 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.


1130
Year 1130 (MCXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1130 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1130 kHz: 1130 AM is a clear-channel frequency shared by Canada and The United States. CKWX Vancouver, KWKH Shreveport and WBBR New York City share Class A status of 1130 AM.


1130 Skuld
1130 Skuld, provisional designation 1929 RC, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was named after Skuld from Norse mythology.


1130 Skuld, Discovery
Skuld was discovered on 2 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The body was independently discovered by astronomers and fellow countrymen Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Wachmann at the Hamburger Bergedorf Observatory ten nights later.


1130 Skuld, Discovery
It was first identified as A906 VC at Heidelberg in 1906, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1130 Skuld, Orbit and classification
Skuld is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony S-type asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1130 Skuld, Naming
This minor planet was named after Skuld, one of the three Norns in Norse mythology. The asteroids 167 Urda and 621 Werdandi are named after the other two Norns. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 110).


1130 Skuld, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2004, the first rotational lightcurves of Skuld were obtained by Henk de Groot and by a group of Polish and French astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.73 and 4.8079 hours with a brightness variation of 0.46 and 0.40 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/3-).


1130 Skuld, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 2009 and 2011, astronomers Robert Buchheim and Larry Robinson obtained two well-defined lightcurves from photometric observations. They gave a refined period of 4.810 and 4.807 hours with an amplitude of 0.50 and 0.26 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


1130 Skuld, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Skuld measures between 9.63 and 11.009 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1995 and 0.302. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family – and calculates a diameter of 9.99 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.17.


1130 papal election
The 1130 papal election (held February 14) was convoked after the death of Pope Honorius II and resulted in a double election. Part of the cardinals, led by Cardinal-Chancellor Aymeric de la Chatre, elected Gregorio Papareschi as Pope Innocent II, but the rest of them refused to recognize him and elected Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name of Anacletus II. Although Anacletus had the support of the majority of the cardinals, the Catholic Church considers Innocent II as the legitimate Pope, and Anacletus II as Antipope.


1130 papal election
The double election was a result of the growing tensions inside the College of Cardinals concerning the policy of the Holy See towards the Holy Roman Empire, initiated by the Concordat of Worms (1122), which ended the investiture controversy. Several, particularly older, cardinals considered the compromise achieved in Worms as desertion of the principles of the Gregorian Reform, and inclined to accept it only as a tactical move. They supported the traditional alliance of the Papacy with the Normans in southern Italy. Some of them were connected to old monastic centers in Southern Italy such as Montecassino. One of their leaders was Cardinal Pierleoni, representative of one of the most powerful families of Rome.


1130 papal election
The opposite faction was headed by Aymeric de la Chatre, who was named cardinal and chancellor of the Holy See shortly after signing the Concordat of Worms and was one of the main architects of the new policy. He and his adherents looked at the compromise as a good solution both for the Church and the Emperor, and did not trust the Norman vassals of the Holy See, who expressed some expansionist tendencies. It seems that at least some major representatives of this faction had strong connections to the "new spirituality", meaning the new religious orders such as regular canons. Besides, they were allied with the Roman family of Frangipani, opponents of the Pierleoni family.


1130 papal election
In the last weeks of the lifetime of Pope Honorius II the cardinals, fearing the possible schism, made an agreement that the new pope would be elected by the commission of eight of them, including two cardinal-bishops, three cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons.


1130 papal election, Cardinals
The College of Cardinals had probably 43 (or 42) members in February 1130. It seems that no more than 37 (36) were present at Rome on the death of Honorius II:


1130 papal election, Preparations for the election
Both parties of the College of Cardinals were of almost an equal size. The party of Aymeric had 19 members, while that of his opponents 24, but the party of the Chancellor was certainly better organized.


1130 papal election, Preparations for the election
One of the undeniable aspects of that division is that the Anacletans were mainly older cardinals, veterans of the investiture controversy, created either by Paschalis II or early in the pontificate of Callixtus II, while Innocentine cardinals with few exceptions were created after Concordat of Worms (1122), which established peace with the Emperor. Out of nineteen cardinals created before 1122, only five supported the Chancellor, while out of twenty four appointed from that time onwards as many as fourteen. The other possible reasons for such radical tensions in the College (e.g. national divisions, connections to different spiritual centres) are widely discussed by historians without final conclusion.


1130 papal election, Preparations for the election
In the elected committee the party of Aymeric had 5 members out 8. This was due to the way of their election – each of the three cardinalatial orders had to elect their own representatives. Although adherents of Aymeric were in the minority in the whole College, they had a majority among cardinal-bishops and cardinal-deacons, while their opponents were mainly cardinal-priests. Therefore, the faction of the Chancellor acquired a majority in the electoral body


1130 papal election, Preparations for the election
The following cardinals were elected to the committee (the opponents of Aymeric are denoted with †):


1130 papal election, Death of Honorius II and the election of Innocent II
Honorius II died in the night 13/14 February 1130 in the Roman monastery of S. Gregorio, after a long illness. Cardinal Aymeric arranged a hasty burial there and immediately called the members of the committee to the monastery to proceed for the election of a new pope. But Cardinals Pierleoni and Gionata, realising that the commission certainly would elect a supporter of the Chancellor, withdrew from it hoping that a lack of quorum would prevent it from functioning. But Aymeric ignored this fact and the commission assembled with six members only.


1130 papal election, Death of Honorius II and the election of Innocent II
Despite the protests of Cardinal Pietro Pisano, who was a distinguished canonist, the committee elected one of its members, Cardinal Gregorio Papareschi of S. Angelo, who accepted the election and took the name Innocent II. He was enthroned in the Lateran Basilica early in the morning on February 14.


1130 papal election, Death of Honorius II and the election of Innocent II
His election was almost immediately recognized by six other cardinals: two bishops (Giovanni of Ostia and Mathieu of Albano) and four priests (Joselmo of S. Cecilia, Petrus of S. Anastasia and Giovanni of S. Crisogono; the identity of the fourth one is uncertain, but most probably it was Gerardo of S. Croce). In a short time they were joined also by the next eight cardinals.


1130 papal election, The election of Anacletus II
The majority of the cardinals, however, did not recognize Innocent II under the influence of Pietro Pisano, who, as a distinguished canonist, declared that his election was invalid. On February 14 in the morning the opponents of Aymeric and his candidate assembled under the leadership of Pietro Pierleoni in the church of S. Marco to elect the new Pope. Initially, Cardinal Pierleoni proposed the election of the Dean of the College Pietro Senex of Porto, but he refused to accept the papal dignity. Then the cardinals unanimously elected Pierleoni himself, who took the name of Anacletus II.


1130 papal election, The election of Anacletus II
It is not known how many cardinals elected Anacletus II. The decree proclaiming his election issued on the same day was subscribed by 14 cardinals:


1130 papal election, The election of Anacletus II
It is not known whether the remaining five adherents of Pierleoni, who are believed to have been present at Rome, participated in the electoral proceedings. There is no doubt, however, that the lesser clergy of Rome was represented in the election. The electoral decree of Anacletus II bears the subscriptions of some of them, including Subdeacon Gregorio, primicerius scholae cantorum, who was appointed Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro the following February 21, and Rainiero, Archpriest of the Patriarchal Liberian Basilica.


1130 papal election, Division of the College of Cardinals
The double election resulted with the open split of the College of Cardinals into two parties. Their compositions can be established in the following way:


1130 papal election, Division of the College of Cardinals
Therefore, at the beginning of the schism 18 cardinals belonged to the College of Innocent II, and 28 to the College of Anacletus II.


1130 papal election, Division of the College of Cardinals
The Innocentine cardinals, who are not mentioned by Liber Pontificalis, and the Anacletan, who did not subscribe the letter to king Lothair, are denoted with †.


1130 papal election, Division of the College of Cardinals
Stefano Stornato joined the obedience of Innocent II no later than 1132; Lectifredo of S. Vitale and Giovanni Dauferio did the same in 1133, Pietro Pisano in 1137, and Desiderio of S. Prassede shortly before the end of the schism in 1138. It seems that ca. 1135 Comes of S. Sabina also abandoned Anacletus II.


1130 papal election, The schism
Both popes were consecrated and crowned on the same day, February 23. Innocent II received episcopal consecration from Cardinal Giovanni of Ostia in the church S. Maria Nuova, the titular deaconry of Chancellor Aymeric. Anacletus II was consecrated by Cardinal Pietro of Porto in the Vatican Basilica, which means that Anacletus took the advantage in the city from the very beginning. Almost all Roman aristocracy (with the significant exception of the Frangipani family), the majority of the lesser clergy and the people of Rome recognized Anacletus II and at the end of May Innocent II had to flee to France. After his defection to France even the Frangipani submitted to Anacletus.


1130 papal election, The schism
In France, however, Innocent II found a strong ally in the person of Bernard of Clairvaux. Under Bernard’s influence, almost all European monarchs and episcopates recognized the exiled Innocent II. Anacletus II, although he controlled Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter, received the support only of the Normans of southern Italy, Scotland, Aquitaine, some cities in northern Italy (incl. Milan), and perhaps Outremer and probably also Poland.


1130 papal election, The schism
Both elections were irregular, because they contradicted the rules established by the decree In Nomine Domini in 1059, but both sides defended the legality of the respective pontificates. The adherents of Anacletus argued that he was elected by the majority of the cardinals, lower clergy and the people of Rome. The partisans of Innocent II answered that Innocent II was elected by majority of the cardinal-bishops, who according to the decree In Nomine Domini had to play the preeminent role in the election.


1130 papal election, The schism
Their opponents answered with another version of the decree (false, but very popular at the time), which stated that the pope was elected by "cardinals" (meaning cardinal-priests and deacons), while cardinal-bishops could only express their approval or disapproval. Both parties used, by analogy, the Benedictine rule, which stated that in the case of a double election for abbot, the valid election was the one made by "the sounder part" (sanior pars) of the electors – but there was no consensus which part of the College was "sounder" in this case.


1130 papal election, The schism
Decisive for the verdict about the legality of both pontificates were not the legal arguments, but the attitude of the Catholic world, which had almost universally recognized Innocent II. His main supporters were Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, Archbishop of Magdeburg Norbert of Xanten and King Lothair III of Germany. The few secular lords who had initially supported Anacletus gradually abandoned his cause as lost; only King Roger II of Sicily, who had received the crown from Anacletus in exchange for support, stood at his side to the very end. Although Anacletus II was able to retain the control of the city of Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter until his death in January 1138, his successor quickly made his submission to Innocent II, who is now regarded as true Pope.


1130s
The 1130s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1130, and ended on December 31, 1139.


1130s BC
The 1130s BC is a decade which lasted from 1139 BC to 1130 BC.


1130s in art
The decade of the 1130s in art involved some significant events.


1130s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1130s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1130s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1131
Year 1131 (MCXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1131 Porzia
1131 Porzia, provisional designation 1929 RO, is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Porcia wife of Brutus, who assassinated Julius Caesar.


1131 Porzia, Orbit and classification
Porzia is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 19 days after its official discovery observation.


1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, Porzia is a common stony S-type asteroid.


1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Two rotational lightcurves of Porzia were obtained by Vladimir Benishek at Belgrade Observatory shortly before its opposition in November 2009, and by French amateur astronomer René Roy in December 2012. Lightcurve analysis gave a well defined rotation period of 4.6584 and 4.6601 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 and 0.19 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
The results supersede photometric observations taken by Polish astronomer Wiesław Wiśniewski in January 1990, which rendered a lightcurve with a period 4.0±0.2 hours and an amplitude of 0.23 magnitude (U=2).


1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Porzia measures 6.53 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.287, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.13 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.10.


1131 Porzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
This makes Porzia one of the larger mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065 Amundsenia (9.75 km), 1139 Atami (9.35 km), 1474 Beira (8.73 km), 1011 Laodamia (7.5 km), 1727 Mette (est. 9 km), 1235 Schorria (est. 9 km), 985 Rosina (8.18 km), 1310 Villigera (15.24 km) and 1468 Zomba (7 km), but far smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132 Aethra, 323 Brucia, 1508 Kemi, 2204 Lyyli and 512 Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.


1131 Porzia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the wife of Brutus, Porcia Catonis, who kills herself at news of her husband's death in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar. The official naming citation was also published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 106).


1131 in Ireland, Events
This year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1132
Year 1132 (MCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1132 Hollandia
1132 Hollandia, provisional designation 1929 RB1, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 September 1929, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named for the region Holland in the Netherlands.


1132 Hollandia, Classification and orbit
Hollandia is an assumed stony S-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,609 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.278 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.


1132 Hollandia, Physical characteristics
Between 2003 and 2014, three rotational lightcurves of Hollandia were obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer René Roy, Jason Sauppe at Oakley Observatory and Maurice Clark at TTU's Preston Gott Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 5.360 and 5.568 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15–0.35 magnitude (U=2+/2+/2+).


1132 Hollandia, Physical characteristics
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hollandia measures between 20.48 and 27.727 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.086 and 0.135. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value that lies in between the albedos for carbonaceous (0.057) and for stony (0.20) asteroids – and calculates a diameter of 25.32 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.1.


1132 Hollandia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Latin name for Holland, a region in the Netherlands. Naming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 106).


1132 in Italy
The Battle of Nocera or Scafati was the first major battle of Roger II of Sicily and one of two of his major defeats (the other being the Battle of Rignano) at the hands of Count Ranulf of Alife.


1133
Year 1133 (MCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1133 Lugduna
1133 Lugduna, provisional designation 1929 RC1, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 September 1929, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station annex to the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named in honor of the city of Leiden in the Netherlands.


1133 Lugduna, Orbit and classification
Lugduna is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,180 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1133 Lugduna, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as A908 BD at Taunton Observatory (803), Massachusetts,  in January 1908. Its observation arc begins at Johannesburg, three weeks after its official discovery observation.


1133 Lugduna, Physical characteristics
Both the Tholen classification and PanSTARRS photometric survey characterize Lugduna as a stony S-type asteroid.


1133 Lugduna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2010, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Lugduna was obtained from photometric observations by 	 Gordon Gartrelle at the University of North Dakota and at the Badlands Observatory in South Dakota, United States. Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.477 hours with a brightness variation of 0.43 magnitude (U=3). Other observations gave a period of 5 and 5.478 hours with an amplitude of 0.33  (U=2-/3-).


1133 Lugduna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lugduna measures between 8.275 and 10.47 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.208 and 0.363.


1133 Lugduna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the Flora family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 9.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.22.


1133 Lugduna, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the Dutch city of Leiden where the Leiden Observatory of Leiden University – parent of the discovering Leiden Southern Station – is located. The asteroid was named by the discoverer and by astronomer Gerrit Pels, who computed the body's orbit. The official naming citation was reviewed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who was a long-time astronomer at Leiden.


1133 Lugduna, Naming
The Latin name Lugdunum Batavorum (or Batavorum Lugdunum) and Academia Lugduno Batava has been used by the city and by the university in official documents. The Latin name also refers to Brittenburg, an ancient Roman ruin located west of Leiden.


113390 Helvetia
113390 Helvetia, provisional designation 2002 SU19, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.2 kilometers (1.4 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 2002, by Swiss astronomer Markus Griesser at the Eschenberg Observatory in Winterthur, near Zürich, Switzerland. The presumed stony Florian asteroid was named after the Swiss national symbol, Helvetia.


113390 Helvetia, Orbit and classification
Helvetia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.


113390 Helvetia, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,276 days; semi-major axis of 2.3 AU). Its orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,277 days; semi-major axis of 2.3 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins 42 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in September 1960.


113390 Helvetia, Naming
This minor planet bears the name for Switzerland (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica), where the asteroid was discovered. Helvetia is also an allegorical figure and symbol for the nation (national personification). Each Swiss stamp carries her name, and her figure appears on most Swiss coins. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 19 February 2006 (M.P.C. 55989).


113390 Helvetia, Physical characteristics
Helvetia is an assumed, stony S-type asteroid, the most common type in the inner main-belt and the Flora family's overall spectral type.


113390 Helvetia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
In April 2014, Helvetia was photometrically observed by Hungarian astronomers Gyula M. Szabó and Krisztián Sárneczky. However, no rotational lightcurve could be obtained. As of 2019, the asteroid's rotation period and shape still remain unknown.