144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History
144 Squadron was formed in 1979 as one of the RSAF's fighter squadrons operating in the interceptor role, catapulting the RSAF into the supersonic era upon delivery of the original F-5E/F Tiger. The squadron initially operated the supersonic F-5E/F Tiger II fighter aircraft, but has been operating the locally modified & improved F-5S/T Tiger-IIs fighter aircraft since the early 1990s, these were retrofitted with new state-of-the-art avionics giving the aircraft capability of carrying out both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.


144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History
144 Squadron has since been disbanded after the retirement of the F-5S/T Tiger-IIs in September 2015.


144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements
The squadron clinched the coveted Best Fighter Squadron award (Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition) in 1995, 2005, 2009, and 2015. It first won the title in 1995. It is regarded by many as the best fighter squadron in the RSAF, having dominated many local and international exercises. Operating the oldest fighter platform in the RSAF ORBAT requires superior skills, capability and professionalism, thus the squadron handpicks the top pilot graduates to join the team.


144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Mascot
The Blackite is 144 Squadron's adopted mascot. The Squadron's “Dare to Excel” motto amplifies the Blackite character; a mysterious bird that is unpredictable and deadly, but strikes her prey with precision and readiness at all times. Coupled with team excellence, perseverance, dedication and professionalism, the men and women of 144 Squadron Team Blackites do “Dare to Excel”.


144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Latest photo
Personnel and staff of 144 Squadron based at Paya Lebar Air Base posing in front of the squadron's F-5S Tiger-IIs after winning the Best Fighter Squadron award 2005.


144 Vibilia
144 Vibilia is a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 140 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 June 1875, by German–American astronomer Christian Peters at Litchfield Observatory of the Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, United States. Peters named it after Vibilia, the Roman goddess of traveling, because he had recently returned from a journey across the world to observe the transit of Venus. Peters also discovered 145 Adeona on the same night. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 19).


144 Vibilia, Orbit and classification
Vibilia is the largest member and namesake of the Vibilia family, a small asteroid family with 180 known members. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,582 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins in May 1905, at Heidelberg Observatory, 30 years after its official discovery observation. It never received a provisional designation.


144 Vibilia, Orbit and classification
144 Vibilia has been observed to occult a star eleven times between 1993 and 2018. Eight of these events yielded two or more chords across the asteroid.


144 Vibilia, Physical characteristics
Vibilia is a dark C-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. It is also characterized as a hydrated Ch-subtype in the SMASS classification. This means it probably has a primitive carbonaceous composition.


144 Vibilia, Physical characteristics
13-cm radar observations of this asteroid from the Arecibo Observatory between 1980 and 1985 were used to produce a diameter estimate of 131 km. Carry gives a diameter of 141.34 kilometers. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vibilia measures between 131.36 and 142.38 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0597 and a diameter of 142.38 kilometers. CALL uses an absolute magnitude of 7.92.


144 Vibilia, Physical characteristics
Based upon radar data, the near surface solid density of Vibilia is 2.4 g cm−3. The density had been calibrated against that of 433 Eros; the uncalibrated figure is 3.2 g/cm3. Carry gives a density of 3.58±0.84 g/cm3 with a low porosity.


144 Vibilia, Physical characteristics
Several well-defined rotational lightcurves of Vibilia have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1980s. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 13.810 and 13.88 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.13 and 0.20 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3). In 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various photometric data sources. It gave a period of 13.82516 hours. The team also determined two spin axis of (248.0°, 56.0°) and (54.0°, 48.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (U/Q=n.a. ).


144,000
144,000 is a natural number. It has significance in various religious movements and ancient prophetic belief systems.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation
The number 144,000 appears three times in the Book of Revelation:


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation
saying: "Do not harm the earth or the sea or the trees, until we have sealed the servants of God on their foreheads.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation
"And I heard the number of the sealed, 144,000, sealed from every tribe of the sons of Israel:12,000 from the tribe of Judah were sealed,12,000 from the tribe of Reuben,12,000 from the tribe of Gad,12,000 from the tribe of Asher,12,000 from the tribe of Naphtali,12,000 from the tribe of Manasseh,12,000 from the tribe of Simeon,12,000 from the tribe of Levi,12,000 from the tribe of Issachar,12,000 from the tribe of Zebulun,12,000 from the tribe of Joseph,12,000 from the tribe of Benjamin were sealed.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation
Then I looked, and behold, on Mount Zion stood the Lamb, and with him 144,000 who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation
and they were singing a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and before the elders. No one could learn that song except the 144,000 who had been redeemed from the earth. It is these who have not defiled themselves with women, for they are virgins. It is these who follow the Lamb wherever he goes. These have been redeemed from mankind as firstfruits for God and the Lamb, and in their mouth no lie was found, for they are blameless.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation
The numbers 12,000 and 144,000 are variously interpreted in traditional Christianity. Some, taking the numbers in Revelation to be symbolic, believe it represents all of God's people throughout history in the heavenly Church. One suggestion is that the number comes from 12, a symbol for totality, which is squared and multiplied by one thousand for more emphasis.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Book of Revelation
Others insist the numbers 12,000 and 144,000 are literal numbers and representing either descendants of Jacob (also called Israel in the Bible) or others to whom God has given a superior destiny with a distinct role at the time of the end of the world. One understanding is that the 144,000 are recently converted Jewish evangelists sent out to bring sinners to Jesus Christ during the seven year tribulation period. Preterists believe they are Jewish Christians, sealed for deliverance from the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. Dispensationalist Tim LaHaye, in his commentary Revelation: Illustrated and Made Plain (Zondervan, 1975), considers the 144,000 in Revelation 7 to refer to Jews and those in Revelation 14 to refer to Christians.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that exactly 144,000 faithful Christians from Pentecost of 33 AD until the present day will be resurrected to heaven as immortal spirit beings to spend eternity with God and Christ. They believe that these people are "anointed" by God to become part of the spiritual "Israel of God".


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses
They believe the 144,000 (which they consider to be synonymous with the "little flock" of ) will serve with Christ as king-priests for a thousand years, while all other people accepted by God (the "other sheep" of , composed of "the great crowd" of  and the resurrected "righteous and the unrighteous" ones of ), will be given an opportunity to live forever in a restored paradise on earth.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses
Individual Witnesses indicate their claim of being "anointed" by partaking of the bread and wine at the annual Memorial of Christ's death. More than 19,500 Witnesses worldwide—an increase of about 11,000 since 1995—claim to be of the anointed "remnant" of the 144,000. The members of the Governing Body who exercise teaching authority over Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide claim to be among the anointed 144,000, and also consider themselves as a group to be the faithful and discreet slave of  and .


144,000, Religion, Christianity, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that the sealing of the 144,000 relates to the high priests, ordained unto the holy order of God, to administer the everlasting gospel; "for they are they who are ordained out of every nation, kindred, tongue, and people, by the angels to whom is given power over the nations of the earth, to bring as many as will come to the church of the Firstborn."


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Skoptzists
The Christian Skoptsy sect in Russia believed that the Messiah would come when there were 144,000  Skoptsy believers, based on their reading of the Book of Revelation.


144,000, Religion, Christianity, Unification Church
The Unification Church founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon believes the 144,000 represents the total number of saints whom Christ must find "who can restore through indemnity the missions of all the past saints who, despite their best efforts to do God's Will, fell prey to Satan when they failed in their responsibilities. He must find these people during his lifetime and lay the foundation of victory over Satan's world".


144,000, Religion, Islam
144,000 is alleged to have been the number of Sahaba of Muhammad, though other totals have been given. The number is also given as the total number of prophets in Islam, although this has also been reported as 124,000 or 244,000. The actual number of prophets or Sahaba (Companions) is not known; about 30 prophets are mentioned by name in the Qur'an.


1440
1440 (MCDXL) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1440th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 440th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 40th  year of the 15th century, and the  1st   year of the 1440s decade. As of the start of 1440, the Gregorian calendar was 9 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.


1440 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1440 kHz: 1440 AM is a regional broadcast frequency.


1440 Canal
The 1440 Canal, also formerly known as the Tidewater Building and Tidewater Place, located at 1440 Canal Street in the Medical District of the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is officially a 24-story, 288 feet (88 m)-tall high-rise building designed by Kessels-Diboll-Kessels. The building has lesser-known 25th and 26th floors that are accessible only from the 24th floor and are much smaller in area than the other floors.


1440 Canal
It originally was built as the corporate office for Tidewater Marine in 1971. Tidewater Inc. donated the building to Tulane University in 1993. The building is the home to the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. A few other Tulane offices are housed there as well. Tulane replaced all external signage which read "Tidewater" with signs that read "Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine."


1440 Canal
WWOZ, radio station 90.7 FM in New Orleans, has its antenna and transmitter atop the building.


1440 Canal
As a result of the deluge from the levees breaking during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the building suffered from approximately four feet of floodwaters on the ground floor. Repopulation of the building began in November 2005. The building reopened in January 2006.


1440 Canal, Location
The building is located at the corner of Canal Street and LaSalle Street.


1440 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1440 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on February 2.


1440 Imperial election, Background
Albert II of Germany, King-elect of Germany, died on October 27, 1439. The prince-electors convened to replace him were:


1440 Imperial election, Background
The throne of Bohemia was vacant. Albert was king of Bohemia and his firstborn son Ladislaus the Posthumous would not be born until February 22.


1440 Imperial election, Elected
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola and regent of Austria, was elected.


1440 Imperial election, Aftermath
Frederick III was crowned in Rome by the pope on March 19, 1452. He was the lineal ancestor of all subsequent emperors of the House of Habsburg.


1440p
1440p is a family of video display resolutions that have a vertical resolution of 1440 pixels. The p stands for progressive scan, i.e. non-interlaced. The 1440 pixel vertical resolution is double the vertical resolution of 720p, and one-third (about 33.3%) more than 1080p. QHD (Quad HD) or WQHD (Wide Quad HD) is the designation for a commonly used display resolution of 2560 × 1440 pixels in a 16:9 aspect ratio. As a graphics display resolution between 1080p and 4K, Quad HD is regularly used in smartphone displays, and for computer and console gaming.


1440p, Support
1440p video mastered from 4:3 ratio content can be displayed with 1920×1440 or higher resolution such as QXGA or 2304×1440 with scaling, windowboxing, or pillarboxing. Widescreen 16:9 aspect ratio 1440p requires 2560×1440 (WQHD) resolution, possible with WQXGA, 2560×1920, or higher resolution with letterboxing, scaling, or windowboxing. The HDMI 1.3 specification supports WQXGA, and hence widescreen 1440p.


1440p, Usage
Early uses of QHD computer displays became commonly available in 2010. Dell's UltraSharp U2711 monitor was released in 2010 as WQHD, with a 1440p widescreen. The 27-inch Apple LED Cinema Display released in 2010 also had a native resolution of 2560 × 1440, as did the Apple Thunderbolt Display which was sold from July 2011 to June 2016.


1440p, Usage
By 2020 QHD had expanded to a common resolution for computer gaming, with multiple video cards available that supported high frame rates at that resolution. In early 2021, QHD gaming laptops with fast refresh rates were introduced by multiple computer manufacturers.


1440p, Usage
In relation to smartphones, 1440p displays are sometimes marketed as "Quad HD", as it is four times the resolution of 720p high definition. The Vivo Xplay 3S, released December 2013, was the first smartphone to use a 1440p display; by 2015, 1440p had seen wider adoption by high-end flagship smartphones from major companies.


1440p, Usage
In September 2020, Microsoft revealed the Xbox Series S would support a resolution of 1440p at 120 FPS.


1440s
The 1440s decade ran from January 1, 1440, to December 31, 1449.


1440s BC
The 1440s BC is a decade which lasted from 1449 BC to 1440 BC.


1440s in art
The decade of the 1440s in art involved some significant events.


1440s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1440s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1440s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1441
1441 (MCDXLI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1441st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 441st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 41st  year of the 15th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1440s decade. As of the start of 1441, the Gregorian calendar was 9 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.


1441 Bolyai
1441 Bolyai, provisional designation 1937 WA, is a dark asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 November 1937, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. The asteroid was named after Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai.


1441 Bolyai, Orbit and classification
Bolyai orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,559 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. Bolyai's observation arc begins the night following its official discovery observation in 1937, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1441 Bolyai, Physical characteristics
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bolyai measures between 12.31 and 14.76 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.047 and 0.05.


1441 Bolyai, Physical characteristics
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) derives an albedo of 0.0426 and a diameter of 14.75 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.2. For asteroids with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7 AU, the probability of an asteroid being either of a stony (albedo of 0.20) or of a carbonaceous (albedo of 0.057) composition is considered equally likely by CALL (which then uses an albedo of 0.10 as a compromise value between the two main types). In the case of Bolyai, however, the space-based albedo measurements suggest that it is most likely of a carbonaceous composition.


1441 Bolyai, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Bolyai has been obtained. Its rotation period, composition and shape remain unknown.


1441 Bolyai, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai (1802–1860), a co-founder of non-Euclidean geometry in the early 19th century. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 130) and a clarification of the naming is given in a paper published in Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage in 2012.


1441 Yangtze flood
The 1441 Yangtze flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Nanjing, China, during the Ming dynasty.


1441 Yangtze flood
The flood occurred in the late autumn and broke the river's banks repeatedly. The situation was a major emergency not only for Nanjing and the surrounding area but also for the northern capital Beijing, which depended upon grain shipments from the Yangtze valley. The southern entrance to the Grand Canal was at Yangzhou near Nanjing and had to close during heavy flooding.


1442
Year 1442 (MCDXLII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1442 in France, Deaths
This year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1443
Year 1443 (MCDXLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1443 Ruppina
1443 Ruppina, provisional designation 1937 YG, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 December 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It is named for the German city Ruppin.


1443 Ruppina, Orbit and classification
Ruppina asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 5.04 years (1,840 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1931, Ruppina was first identified as 1931 TX3 at Lowell Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 6 years prior to its official discovery at Heidelberg.


1443 Ruppina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2007, the first rotational lightcurve of Ruppina was obtained at Whitin Observatory in Massachusetts, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.880 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3). During the 2014-apparition of Ruppina, an identical period was obtained again at Whitin Observatory (U=3), while photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, gave a period of 5.890 and 5.9046 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 and 0.28, respectively (U=2/2).


1443 Ruppina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ruppina measures approximately 16.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.176 and 0.21, respectively. Observations at the Whitin Observatory gave an albedo of 0.20 and a diameter of 18 kilometers, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057, and consequently derives a much larger diameter of 32.18 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.19.


1443 Ruppina, Naming
This minor planet is named for the German city of Ruppin, birthplace of astronomer Martin Ebell, who proposed the name and after whom the minor planet 1205 Ebella is named. The official naming citation was published in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 130).


14436 Morishita
14436 Morishita, provisional designation 1992 FC2, is a stony background asteroid and exceptionally slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.


14436 Morishita
It was discovered on 23 March 1992, by Japanese astronomers Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at Kitami Observatory in Japan, and named after amateur astronomer Yoko Morishita.


14436 Morishita, Orbit and classification
Morishita is a S-type asteroid that orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,508 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.


14436 Morishita, Photometry
In October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Morishita was obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 972.8 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.82 magnitude, indicative for a non-spheroidal shape (U=2).


14436 Morishita, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Morishita measures 5.656 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.152, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a shorter diameter of 3.49 kilometers.


14436 Morishita, Naming
This minor planet was named for Yoko Morishita (b. 1947), amateur astronomer and supporter of the Astronomical Society of Shikoku, where she has made many contributions to further the spread of astronomical awareness. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 April 2013 (M.P.C. 83583).


1444
Year 1444 (MCDXLIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1444.


1444 Pannonia
1444 Pannonia (prov. designation: 1938 AE) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers (18 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 January 1938, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at Konkoly Observatory in Budapest, Hungary. It was named after the ancient province of the Roman Empire, Pannonia.


1444 Pannonia, Orbit and classification
Pannonia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,044 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic. Pannonia's observation arc begins 3 weeks after its official discovery at Konkoly, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1444 Pannonia, Naming
This minor planet was named for Pannonia, an ancient province of the Roman Empire, which was partially located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).


1444 Pannonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2001, astronomer Colin Bembrick obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Pannonia at Tarana Observatory (431) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.756 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=3). In 2002 and 2004, photometric observations by French astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Bernard Christophe Additional periods of 6.2 and 6.205 hours with an amplitude of 0.57 and 0.37, respectively (U=2-/2).


1444 Pannonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pannonia measures between 26.36 and 31.49 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.47. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0501 and a diameter of 27.14 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.


1445
Year 1445 (MCDXLV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1446
Year 1446 (MCDXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+(-10(X)+50(L))+5(V)+1(I) = 1446).


1446 Sillanpää
1446 Sillanpää, provisional designation 1938 BA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It was later named after writer Frans Eemil Sillanpää.


1446 Sillanpää, Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest populations of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,229 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. Sillanpää was first identified as 1935 GB at Simeiz Observatory in 1935, while its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in 1938.


1446 Sillanpää, Lightcurves
In March 2009, Czech astronomer Petr Pravec obtained a rotational light-curve from photometric observations at Ondřejov Observatory. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.6602 hours with a brightness variation of 0.55 magnitude (U=3). One month later, a concurring period of 9.659 hours with an amplitude of 0.71 magnitude was obtained by Adrián Galád at Modra Observatory (U=3). Photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in December 2011. gave a 9.6597 hours and Δ0.59 in magnitude (U=2). A modeled light-curve using data from the UppsalaAsteroid Photometric Catalogue and other data sources, gave a period of 9.65855 hours, as well as a spin axis of (129.0°, 76.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).


1446 Sillanpää, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sillanpää measures between 7.35 and 8.76 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.21 and 0.327. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an intermediate albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this asteroid family – and calculates a larger diameter of 8.19 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.6.


1446 Sillanpää, Naming
This minor planet was named after one of the most famous Finnish writers, Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964), first Finnish writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 (also see List of Laureates since 1901). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).


1447
Year 1447 (MCDXLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1447 Utra
1447 Utra, provisional designation 1938 BB, is a stony asteroid, slow rotator and suspected tumbler from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named for the Finnish town of Utra.


1447 Utra, Orbit and classification
Utra is a S-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4–2.6 AU once every 4.04 years (1,474 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. Utra was first identified as A918 FA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1918. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in 1938.


1447 Utra, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
In March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Utra was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Luis E. Martinez. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 257 hours with a brightness variation of 0.63 magnitude (U=2). This slow rotator is also a suspected tumbler (T0).


1447 Utra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Utra measures between 11.83 and 13.26 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.303 and 0.381. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 13.58 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.


1447 Utra, Naming
This minor planet was named for Utra, a northeastern Finnish town and birthplace of the discoverer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).


1447 papal conclave
The 1447 papal conclave (March 4–6), meeting in the Roman basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, elected Pope Nicholas V (Parentucelli) to succeed Pope Eugene IV (Condulmer).


1447 papal conclave, Balloting
Eugene IV had died on February 23, 1447. The cardinals entered conclave at the time of Vespers (sunset) on March 4, after waiting the full nine days proscribed by Ubi periculum. Of the twenty-four cardinals living, only eighteen were present in Rome for the conclave. The conclave, like its predecessor which had elected Eugene IV, was held in the Sacristy of the Dominican friars of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, even though many members of the College of Cardinals would have preferred to relocate to the Vatican.


1447 papal conclave, Balloting
Several Roman barons, most prominent among them Gio Baptista Savelli, insisted for a time on being able to vote in the conclave (although perhaps they only wished to remain present); the Savelli family had been granted the right to guard the conclave by Pope Gregory X, but Gio Baptista wished for the first time to carry out this duty from inside the conclave; the barons were eventually expelled.


1447 papal conclave, Balloting
Prospero Colonna, the nephew of Pope Martin V and Protodeacon of the Sacred College, was regarded as the leading papabile at the start of the conclave. Colonna received 10 votes (two short of the requisite two-thirds majority) in the first scrutiny, on Sunday, March 5;  8 votes went to Domenico Capranica, and there were five for Parentucelli (Bononiensis). The next day the adherents of Colonna continued to vote for him, while the other eight attempted to peel away votes (unsuccessfully) by switching their choice to others, including the non-cardinal archbishops of Benevento and Florence.


1447 papal conclave, Balloting
Colonna had the support of the French cardinals and those who were impressed with the influence he enjoyed in various Italian city-states, but he did not have the support of the Roman public due to Colonna's use of extrajudicial violence during his uncle's papacy. The people (that is to say, the leaders in Roman politics) preferred Niccolo d'Acciapaccio. Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who was one of the Custodians of the Conclave and is a principal source for the event, says merely that on Monday morning, September 6, there was some talk about the Archbishops, and then the scrutiny took place. There seems to be no evidence that they actually received votes.


1447 papal conclave, Balloting
On March 6, after the first of the two daily scrutinies, during which Colonna again received 10 votes, Cardinal Capranica addressed the conclave, reminding them of the various dangers facing the church, including the armies of the Alfonso, King of Aragon, which were sailing towards Italy, the (now unopposed) reign of Antipope Felix V, Duke of Savoy, as well as a certain "Count Francis"—imploring two more cardinals to throw their support to Colonna.


1447 papal conclave, Balloting
According to Trollope, the cardinals' term for Colonna as "mansuetto agnello" (mild as a lamb) would have been viewed as ironic, given that Colonna had carried off much of the papal treasure on the death of Martin V with the help of his noble relatives, and had for a time been excommunicated by Eugene IV prior to his disgorgement.


1447 papal conclave, Balloting
Tommaso Parentucelli rose following this speech, and Giovanni Berardi (thinking that his colleague was about to give the election to Colonna) interrupted him and asked for a delay. At this point Ludovico Trevisan, angered at Berardi's blocking of Colonna asked whom Berardi wished to see elected instead. Berardi replied "Bononiensis" (Parentucelli). Parentucelli (misinterpreting, perhaps purposefully, his words) declared that he "too" was willing to give his vote to whoever the choice of Berardi was. "Then, I give my vote for you!" Berardi exclaimed, a move which Trevisan felt obliged to follow. One after another the cardinals threw their support to  Parentucelli, with the eleventh vote coming from "Cardinal Marino", and the decisive twelfth vote coming from the "Cardinal of San Sisto".


1448
Year 1448 (MCDXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1448 Yellow River flood
The 1448 Yellow River flood was a major natural disaster affecting over 2000 li (about 700 miles) of the Yellow River. The flood threatened to destroy the Grand Canal port of Linqing and led to the Ming dynasty constructing major public works in Shawan to prevent a recurrence. The banks and dikes only lasted four years until the 1452 flood.


1449
Year 1449 (MCDXLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1449 Virtanen
1449 Virtanen, provisional designation 1938 DO, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named for Finnish biochemist Artturi Virtanen.


1449 Virtanen, Description
Virtanen is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest collisional populations of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,210 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1928, Virtanen was first identified as 1928 DC at Heidelberg, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery at Turku.


1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomy, Virtanen is classified as a common S-type asteroid.


1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Virtanen's first rotational lightcurve was obtained by astronomers Pierre Antonini and Silvano Casulli in May 2007, followed by Australian astronomer Julian Oey at Leura (E17) and Kingsgrove Observatory (E19) in June 2008. The lightcurves gave a rotation period of approximately 30.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.6 magnitude (U=2-/3-/3-).


1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Additional periods were obtained from photometric observation in the R and S-band at the Palomar Transient Factory (U=2/2/2), and from modeled data using the Lowell photometric database and other data sources, which also gave two spin axis of (307.0°, 58.0°) and (89.0°, 61.0°) in ecliptic coordinates, respectively (U=n.a. ).


1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Virtanen measures between 9.15 and 9.947 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.285 and 0.36.


1449 Virtanen, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family – and calculates a diameter of 10.31 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


1449 Virtanen, Naming
This minor planet was named for famous Finnish biochemist Artturi Virtanen (1895–1973), recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and president of the Academy of Finland for many years. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 February 1970 (M.P.C. 3023).


144P/Kushida
144P/Kushida is a periodic comet discovered in January, 1994, by Yoshio Kushida at the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory in Japan. This was the first comet discovery of 1994 and his second discovery within a month.


144P/Kushida
Based on data gathered during the period of January 9–11, 1994 Syuichi Nakano calculated the date of perihelion to be 1993 December 5.33 and the distance of perihelion as 1.36 AU. The low inclination to the ecliptic suggested to Nakano that the comet could be a short period type. On January 14, 1994 Daniel W. E. Green confirmed Nakano's suggestion and published a short-period orbit on IAU Circular 5922. Based on 29 positions obtained during the period of January 9–13, Green determined a perihelion date of 1993 December 12.99, a perihelion distance of 1.37 AU, and an orbital period of 7.20 years.


144P/Kushida
Using over 300 positions obtained between January 7 and July 9, 1994 Patrick Rocher refined the calculations and determined the perihelion distance as 1.367 AU, the perihelion date as 1993 December 12.862, and the orbital period as 7.366 years.


144th Airlift Squadron
The 144th Airlift Squadron (144 AS) is a unit of the Alaska Air National Guard 176th Wing located at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Anchorage, Alaska. The 144th is an associate unit of the active 517th Airlift Squadron, equipped with the C-17 Globemaster III.


144th Airlift Squadron, Overview
The 144th's mission is to provide trained aircrews and support personnel for airlift and airdrop during all contingencies in the Pacific Theater. The state mission is to provide emergency and humanitarian support when called on by the governor.


144th Airlift Squadron, History
In July 1952, at a meeting for city officials and businessmen at the Anchorage YMCA, National Guard Air Division Commander Maj. Gen. Earl T. Ricks announced that the territorial government of Alaska was willing to invest $1.5 million to establish an Air National Guard unit in Anchorage, either at the city's international airport or on Elmendorf Air Force Base. The only condition: that enough people could be recruited to man the unit.


144th Airlift Squadron, History
The Alaska Air National Guard was organized 15 September 1952 as the 8144th Air Base Squadron. At its creation, the 8144th included 11 enlisted men and five officers. It had no planes. Its headquarters were located in a small office above what was then the bus depot on Fourth Avenue in Anchorage. Because the office was so small, the men convened for their first training assembly in a nearby Quonset hut.


144th Airlift Squadron, History
The unit's first aircraft, a 1941 AT-6D Texan trainer, arrived in February 1953. Soon five more trainers arrived, operating out of Elmendorf AFB Hangar No. 3 . In keeping with the Air Guard's mission to provide national air defense, the pilots began training in earnest for their planned transition to jet fighters.


144th Airlift Squadron, History
As that training progressed, the unit was re-designated the 144th Fighter-Bomber Squadron in July 1953. The unit training assemblies were conducted at Elmendorf Air Force Base. Ultimately, five T-6G Texan trainers were assigned and everyone was busy getting ready to transition into jet aircraft.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Air Defense mission
The first jet, a T-33 Shooting Star trainer, arrived in October 1953 and in the spring of 1954, the unit received its first operational aircraft, the F-80C Shooting Star jet fighter. By the first annual training period, unit strength has increased to 15 officers and 49 enlisted men, and was fully equipped with 14 F-80s, two T-33s, three T-6G trainers, two T-6 observation planes and a single C-47A transport.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Air Defense mission
In 1955, the unit moved from Elmendorf AFB to its own base by the Anchorage Airport. Kulis Air National Guard Base was named after First Lieutenant Albert Kulis, an ANG pilot who lost his life while flying his F-80C during a return flight from a night training mission.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Air Defense mission
In July 1955 the 144th's F-80s were exchanged for brand-new, top-of-the-line F-86E Sabre fighter jets. Along with the new aircraft came the unit's third designation in as many years, this time the 144th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. This was at the time other Air National Guard units around the country were receiving surplus aircraft,The 144th took over much of the mission of the 720th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, which was inactivated at Eielson AFB.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
The mission of the 144th was changed to airlift in 1957. With the arrival of the C-47A Skytrain (nickname Gooney Bird), the unit was re-designated the 144th Air Transport Squadron (Light) on 1 July 1957. The 144th is the only Air National Guard unit ever to be assigned C-47's as the primary mission aircraft. The mission of the squadron became the logistical support of the Alaskan Air Command Aircraft Control and Warning (Radar) Sites, all of which were in remote areas with rough gravel runways.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
The C-47 was ideal for this mission, as it could get into and also fly out of the rough small landing strips. Also the C-47 was quite durable, which meant it could handle the weather of Alaska unlike other aircraft. It could land on a snow-covered runway, a frozen lake, and sloping gravel strips in all types of weather. These abilities were not possessed by the larger C-119 Flying Boxcar or C-46 Commando. The 144th ATS received six C-47As from other Air National Guard squadrons in the CONUS.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
One of the more notable missions flown by the 144th ATS was "Operation Santa Claus", which began in December 1957 when the squadron was called on to make an emergency airdrop of supplies to the community of St. Mary's Mission on the Yukon River in southwestern Alaska. The 144th later "adopted" the village. The program continued over the years and grew to the point that, by 1972, virtually the entire city of Anchorage supported it. The annual Christmas gifts continued until 1977 when other mission requirements forced the unit to end it.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
In 1960, the aging C-47s were replaced by the larger C-123J Provider; a tactical airlift transport—and the unit was again re-designated as the 144th Air Transport Squadron (Medium). The C-123Js were equipped with wingtip mounted J-44 jet engines and could handle heavy payloads and also helped offset the drag of the ski modification added to give the aircraft the capability to be operated off frozen runways and icy surfaces. The C-123Js were transferred from the SAC 4083d Strategic Wing, Ernest Harmon Air Force Base, Newfoundland. The 144th operated the only ski-equipped C-123Js in the Air Force system, and were far better equipment than the C-47As.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
The C-123Js could be operated anywhere in Alaska, with landings on open snow fields, glaciers and frozen lakes being routinely made. The 144th also supported Harvard University's glaciology experiments on the Taku Glacier near Juneau. The aircraft were also used as part of the 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year experiments, which were conducted in Alaska and the Canadian Yukon Territory.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
On 27 March 1964, the largest earthquake in the recorded history of North America struck South-Central Alaska. Tsunamis devastated Valdez, Seward and Kodiak. Gaping fissures, crumbled buildings and burst pipes dotted Anchorage. In the immediate aftermath, Major James Rowe arrived at Kulis from the airport, reporting that its control tower had been demolished. Two Air Guard members sped over with a wrecking truck, which they used to free three men trapped in the rubble. Rowe, meanwhile, started the engines of a C-123 and went aloft, serving as an emergency control tower and relaying what he could see to the rest of the world.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
Within 20 minutes after the quake ended, the Anchorage Times reported, Guard members began streaming into Kulis without being called. Personnel from the Motor Vehicle Section supplied electricity using emergency power units. Maintenance Squadron members took emergency steps to bring heat to strategic buildings, and the dispensary was prepared by medical technicians. A warehouse on base was converted to a shelter for civilians rendered homeless by the quake, with a makeshift dining hall and over 100 beds. By midnight, 97 of those beds were occupied. Over the next few weeks the 144th would fly 131,000 pounds of cargo and 201 passengers in support of earthquake relief efforts


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
The Alaska ANG won an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1964 as a result of its efforts in assisting small communities bordering Prince William Sound following the 1964 Good Friday earthquake. As most of the personnel of the 144th were from the Anchorage area, which was badly damaged in the quake, they left their homes and families to assist others and were considered to be highly professional and helped others in a time of their own extreme stress.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
A second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award was earned by the 144th ATS in assisting residents of Fairbanks during the 1967 flood. An ice-jam on the Nenana and Tanana Rivers caused flooding in the city and only five hours after receiving a call for assistance, the squadron began a series of many C-123 flights to evacuate survivors and move supplies into the stricken area. Also some of the homeless were sheltered at Kulis AGB until the waters receded and they could return to their homes.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Airlift mission
In July 1969, the unit was reorganized and designated as a Group level and renamed the 176th Tactical Airlift Group. Concurrently, the squadron was re-designated as the 144th Tactical Airlift Squadron and became the Group's primary mission unit. There were more than 700 positions authorized in the Group.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Worldwide airlift
In 1975, the 144th gaining command was changed from the Alaskan Air Command (AAC) to the Military Airlift Command (MAC) as part of the "Total Force" concept. After 16 years operating C-123's, the squadron converted to the C-130E Hercules aircraft. The first of eight four-engine Vietnam veteran turboprops was received in early 1976, and the 144th became equipped for a truly global mission. Their range, speed, and airlift capabilities were more than double those of the C-123's they replaced.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Worldwide airlift
With its new C-130s, the 176th Group began participating in the Total Force almost immediately, flying to Panama, West Germany, South Korea and elsewhere to support U.S. military and humanitarian missions. It also began taking on greater responsibilities in the annual Brim Frost joint force exercises, and took part in the "Red Flag" war games program at Nellis AFB, Nevada.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Worldwide airlift
All this new activity would require a stronger support infrastructure, and in 1977 Alaska Air National Guard kicked off one of its largest construction projects ever. More than $3 million was invested in a new composite maintenance building, an aerospace ground equipment (AGE) support building and a new petroleum operations facility on Kulis AGB.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Worldwide airlift
In July 1983, the 144th again updated aircraft, this time converting to brand new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft directly from the factory. The new aircraft has even longer range and more speed than the "E" model, essential to the unit's growing worldwide mission commitment. In mid-1992, the squadron was re-designated as the 144th Airlift Squadron and gained by the Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). Shortly thereafter, the unit upgraded in the Enhanced Station Keeping System (E-SKE) to enable it to fly formation in the weather.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era
The 144th Airlift Squadron performed humanitarian airlift missions for famine relief in Somalia and Rwanda, supported Operation Southern Watch in Saudi Arabia, achieved an Excellent rating in its first Operational Readiness Inspection from PACAF. On 1 October 1996, the squadron entered a one-year conversion to deployment tasking from its previous in-place generation tasking.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era
Aircrews of the 144th, have flown to the far reaches of the globe, performing missions in Panama, Thailand, Japan, Australia and Germany. The unit also participated in Operation Full Accounting, an effort to bring back remains of Americans from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era
Recently, the squadron has deployed members in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era
In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that Kulis AGB be closed and the wing be relocated to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER). The move was considered a good fit, given the growing mission of the wing, and the state of Alaska supported the recommendation.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era
The 144th Airlift Squadron closed Kulis AGB and moved to facilities at JBER in February 2011. In March 2017, the squadron lost the last of its C-130H aircraft, but remained active without aircraft. The decision was made to inactivate the junior 249th Airlift Squadron, which was flying the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III and transfer its personnel to the 144th, making the 144th an associate unit of the active 517th Airlift Squadron. The C-17 mission was transferred to the 144th Airlift Squadron August 4 2018.


144th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era
"Association" denotes a relationship in which active-component and Air National Guard Airmen work together as total force partners in accomplishing the mission. The host and associate each retain command authority of their own forces, separate organizational structures and chains of command but the active-duty Air Force owns the airframes.


144th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


144th Battalion (Winnipeg Rifles), CEF
The 144th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion on January 12, 1917. The 144th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .


144th Delaware General Assembly
The 144th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 9, 2007, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Democratic Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor John Carney from New Castle County.


144th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 2000 census. It resulted from a large number of memberships in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandon county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


144th Delaware General Assembly
In the 144th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


144th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


144th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representatives
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


144th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


144th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 144th Division (第144師団, Dai-hyakuyonjūyon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Osaka Protection Division (護阪兵団, Kosaka Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Osaka as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.


144th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Initially, the 144th division was assigned to the Second General Army. Later it was reassigned to 15th area army.


144th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 144th division headquarters was located at Osaka. It was tasked with the coastal defense. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.


144th Fighter Wing
The 144th Fighter Wing (144 FW) is a unit of the California Air National Guard, stationed at Fresno Air National Guard Base, California. As part of the Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force, the wing is operationally gained by the Air Combat Command.


144th Fighter Wing, Mission
The 144th Fighter Wing's primary federal mission under Title 10 USC is to provide air defense protection for California and the United States from the Mexican border to Oregon utilizing the F-15 Eagle jet fighter aircraft. In its state mission under Title 32 USC, the 144th also supports the nation's Counter Drug Program and responds to state emergencies when requested by the Governor of California.


144th Fighter Wing, Mission
The wing previously flew the F-16C and F-16D Fighting Falcon, having transferred the last F-16C aircraft to the Arizona Air National Guard in November 2013. The wing's current inventory of aircraft includes 21 F-15Cs and F-15Ds and consists of 18 Primary Aircraft Authorized (PAA) and 3 Backup Aircraft Inventory (BAI) that were previously assigned to the Montana Air National Guard, Missouri Air National Guard and Nellis Air Force Base. The wing also operates one C-26A transport.


144th Fighter Wing, Units
The 144th Fighter Wing is composed of the following units:


144th Fighter Wing, History, World War II
Activated in October 1943 as the 372d Fighter Group at Hamilton Field, California. During World War II, the squadron was an Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with second-line P-39 Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks. Its mission was to train newly graduated pilots from Training Command in combat tactics and maneuvers before being assigned to their permanent combat unit. Initially assigned to IV Fighter Command, then transferred to III Fighter Command in 1944, being re-equipped with P-51D Mustangs. It took part in air-ground maneuvers and demonstrations, participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers in the summer of 1944 and in similar activities in the US until after V-J Day.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard
The wartime 372d Fighter Group was re-activated and re-designated as the 144th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Naval Air Station Alameda, California, and was extended federal recognition on 2 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 144th Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 372d Fighter Group and all predecessor units. The Group was assigned to the California ANG's 61st Fighter Wing.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard
Upon activation, operational squadrons of the 144th Fighter Group were:


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard
The three squadrons were all re-designations of the 372d Fighter Group's operational squadrons during World War II. All were initially equipped with F-51D Mustangs, with a mission of air defense of their respective states.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, 144th Fighter Wing
In 1949, the 144th and its assigned 194th Fighter Squadron moved from NAS Alameda to the former Hayward Army Airfield, designated as Hayward Air National Guard Base. At the end of October 1950, the Air National Guard converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the 61st Fighter Wing was withdrawn from the California ANG and inactivated on 31 October 1950. The 144th Fighter Wing was established by the National Guard Bureau, allocated to the state of California, recognized and activated 1 November 1950, assuming the personnel, equipment and mission of the inactivated 61st Fighter Wing. The 144th Fighter Group was assigned to the new wing as its operational group with the three fighter squadrons.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the tactical air forces lack of readiness due to postwar force reductions and greater emphasis on the Strategic Air Command nuclear mission in the active Air Force, most of the Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty. The squadrons of the 144th Fighter Group were retained by the Air National Guard and not deployed, however numerous pilots from all three of the group's squadrons volunteered for combat duty.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission
The F-51Ds were exchanged for F-51H Mustangs in 1951, as the "D" model of the Mustang was needed for close air support missions in Korea. The F-51H was a Very Long Range version of the Mustang, which was developed to escort B-29 Superfortress bombers to Japan, but not considered rugged enough to be used in Korea. The increased range, however, was well-suited for air defense interceptor alert flights. During its years with the P-51H, the unit earned prominence as one of the Air Force's most respected aerial gunnery competitors. In June 1953, while still flying the Mustang, the unit qualified for the first all-jet, worldwide gunnery meet. Using borrowed F-86A Sabre jets, the 144th, which


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission
With the increased availability of jet aircraft after the Korean War, the squadron's aircraft were upgraded from the piston-engine, propeller driven F-51H to its first jet aircraft, the F-86A Sabre Day Interceptor in 1954. At the same time, the 194th relocated to Fresno Air Terminal, followed by the wing in 1957. On 7 July 1955, the 144th was re-designated as the 194th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, a designation kept by the squadron for the next 37 years. With the F-86A, the 144th began standing dusk-to-dawn alerts, joining its active duty Air Defense Command (ADC) counterparts, with ADC operationally gaining the 144th within the active U.S. Air Force under Title 10 USC.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission
The 194th continued to fly the F-86A until 31 March 1958. On 1 April 1958, the transition was made to the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, which was designed from the onset as an interceptor, had all-weather capability and was able to be used in all weather. In addition, the F-86L could be controlled and directed by the SAGE computer-controlled Ground Control Interceptor (Radar) sites which would vector the aircraft to the unidentified target for interception.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission
In 1958, the Nevada and Utah Air National Guard were authorized to expand to a Group level. The 152d Fighter-Interceptor Group, Nevada ANG, was federally recognized on 19 April 1958; the 151st Fighter-Interceptor Group, Utah ANG, on 1 July 1958. With Nevada and Utah forming their own command and control structure, command and control of the 191st and 192d FIS were transferred to their state organizations.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission
On 1 July 1964, the 194th began flying the F-102A Delta Dagger, a Mach 1.25 supersonic interceptor. In January 1968, Air Defense Command was renamed Aerospace Defense Command, and continued to maintain operational responsibility. On 25 July 1974, the 194th retired the F-102 and brought the improved F-106 Delta Dart into service, continuing to fly this aircraft until 31 December 1983.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Mission
On 1 October 1978 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated, its units being reassigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a sub-element of Tactical Air Command (TAC), with ADTAC being established as compatible to a Numbered Air Force under TAC. TAC later replaced the aging F-106s on 1 January 1984 with F-4D Phantom IIs for use in the air defense interceptor mission. On 6 December 1985, ADTAC was disestablished and its role and responsibilities assumed by the reestablished First Air Force, a TAC organization which assumed operational oversight for all Air National Guard fighter units assigned to the air defense role.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
The 144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing received their first F-16A Fighting Falcons in October 1989. These were of the block 15 type, replacing the F-4D in the air defense and attack roles. The block 15 aircraft were not ideally suited to the squadron's dedicated air defense mission. This was remedied when the aircraft received the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) upgrade in 1990.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
Effective 16 March 1992, the 144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was re-designated as the 144th Fighter Wing (144 FW), with all related Fighter Interceptor Groups and Squadrons becoming Fighter Groups and Fighter Squadrons. On 1 June 1992, following the disestablishment of Tactical Air Command (TAC), the 144 FW was reassigned to the newly established Air Combat Command (ACC) under First Air Force.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
During this time the 194th Fighter Squadron also had an alert detachment at George AFB in Victorville, California. George AFB was closed in 1992 due to BRAC action as part of the overall downsizing of the US military after the Cold War and the alert detachment moved to March Air Force Base, since renamed as March Air Reserve Base due to a later BRAC action. In 1995, the squadron transitioned to the more capable F-16C Fighting Falcon Block 25 aircraft.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
The 144th Fighter Wing was the busiest dedicated air defense wing in the country during 1999, with deployments to eight countries and more than a half-dozen states. Combat training had many highlights throughout the year. Fifty wing members deployed five F-16s to Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada, to participate in the Navy's annual joint combat training exercise. Members of the unit also traveled to Tyndall AFB, Florida for Combat Archer which provided an opportunity for live fire weapons training.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
To top off the year, six dozen members and six aircraft deployed to Nellis AFB, Nevada between 24 October and 7 November for Red Flag. During the opening minutes of the exercise, a 144th Fighter Wing four-ship flight executed a simulated kill against four actual MiG-29s. These were the first-ever MiG-29 kills in a Red Flag exercise.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
Also in 1999, the 144th Civil Engineering Squadron's Fire Department deployed to Sheppard AFB, Texas for training, and 44 members of the 144th Services Flight trained at Tyndall AFB, Florida. Fifty-five members of the 144th Medical Squadron received medical readiness training at Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
As the F-16 Block 25 aircraft came to the end of their operational lifespan, the 194th Fighter Squadron began to receive F-16C Block 32 aircraft in December 2006. All aircraft were replaced with Block 32 variants by the end of 2007.


144th Fighter Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
The 144th Fighter Wing started the conversion process to F-15C Eagles from the 120th Fighter Wing of the Montana Air National Guard with the arrival of the first of 21 F-15s on 18 June 2013. The last F-16 departed the 144th Fighter Wing on 7 November 2013, destined for 162nd Fighter Wing.


144th Georgia General Assembly
The first regular session of the 144th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia met from Monday, January 13, 1997, at 10:00 am, to Monday, March 28, 1997, at which time both houses adjourned sine die.


144th Georgia General Assembly
The second regular session of the Georgia General Assembly opened at 10:00 am on Monday, January 12, 1998, and adjourned sine die on Thursday, March 19, 1998.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division
The 144th Guards Yelnya Red Banner Order of Suvorov Motor Rifle Division (Russian: 144-я гвардейская мотострелковая Ельнинская Краснознамённая, ордена Суворова дивизия) is a motorized infantry division of the Russian Ground Forces, reestablished in 2016 with its headquarters at Yelnya.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division
The division traces its lineage back to the 32nd Rifle Division (First formation) of the Soviet Union's Red Army, first formed in 1922 and converted into the 29th Guards Rifle Division in 1942 for its actions in the Battle of Moscow during World War II. Postwar, it was stationed in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and redesignated as the 36th Guards Mechanized Division in 1946 and the 36th Guards Motor Rifle Division in 1957. To perpetuate the lineage of the disbanded 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division, the 36th Guards was redesignated as the former and adopted its history in 1960. When the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division was transferred to Central Asia in 1967, the 144th Motor Rifle Division was formed at Tallinn to replace it and redesignated as the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division to inherit the traditions of the 36th Guards later that year.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division
After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Baltics following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, the division became part of the Russian Ground Forces and was sent to Yelnya, where it was reduced to a storage base in 1993, which disbanded during the mid-2000s. As part of a Russian military buildup in the mid-2010s, the division was reformed as the 144th Motor Rifle Division in 2016 at Yelnya, and redesignated as the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division to become the official successor of the previous formation of the same name in 2018.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, World War II
The 32nd Division part in the battle of Moscow did not escape the notice of the Soviet high command and it was given the title 29th Guards Rifle Division and the 17th Rifle Regiment received the Order of the Red Banner. Its regiments were given new Guards unit numberings as the 87th, 90th, and 93rd Guards Rifle Regiments. The next appearance of the division in battle was in the Ukraine in January 1944 with the 37th Army. Later that year it was moved to the Baltic area and was the first Soviet division into Riga. It ended the war as part of 10th Guards Army still in the Baltic region.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Cold War
The 29th Guards Rifle Division was reorganised into the 36th Guards Mechanised Division, and then on 25 June 1957 the division became the 36th Guards Motor Rifle Division. Three years later, on 23 June 1960, the division was disbanded by being renamed the 8th Guards Rezhitskaya Order of Lenin Red Banner order of Suvorov Motorised Rifle Division "Major-General I.V. Panfilov". By this time, the 87th Guards Rifle Regiment had become the 282nd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment; it was dispatched to Kyrgyzstan with the division, and, many years later, eventually after the dissolution of the Soviet Union became a Kyrgyz motor rifle brigade.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Cold War
On 18 February 1967, the 144th Motor Rifle Division was formed in Tallinn, Estonian SSR, Baltic Military District, replacing the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division, which was about to transfer to Frunze, Kyrgyz SSR. Ten months later, on 23 December 1967, the division was given the traditions, honors and awards of the 36th Guards Motor Rifle Division, which had been disbanded in 1960. It was therefore renamed the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Cold War
Holm 2015 and Feskov et al. 2013 list the regiments of the division in 1970 as follows:


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Cold War
Holm writes that the division was maintained as a Not Ready Division - Cadre Low Strength (US terms: Category III) - manning was 15% (2000 men).


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Russian Ground Forces service
After the fall of the Soviet Union it was withdrawn to Yelnya, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast in the Moscow Military District and was reorganised as the 4944th Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment. It was planned that in a crisis it would be capable of being brought back to up to full division strength.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Russian Ground Forces service
The 4944th Guards Weapons and Equipment Storage Base was disbanded in 2007.


144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Russian Ground Forces service
The 144th Motor Rifle Division was reformed in 2016 as part of the 20th Guards Army. By a decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin on 30 June 2018, it inherited the lineage of the 29th Guards Rifle Division and its successors.


144th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 144th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


144th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 144th Illinois Infantry Regiment was organized at Alton, Illinois, and was mustered into Federal service on October 21, 1864, for a one-year enlistment. The regiment served in garrisons in the Saint Louis, Missouri, area and at the prisoner of war camp at Alton, Illinois. It never saw combat.


144th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was mustered out of service 3 months early on July 14, 1865, because the war had ended.


144th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment suffered 69 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 69 fatalities.


144th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 144th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 6 and August 5, 1865, during the American Civil War.


144th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,036 men and mustered in on March 6, 1865. The 144th was composed of companies raised in the 2nd district and it left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, on March 9. The regiment was attached to the 1st Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah. Duty was performed at Halltown and Charleston, West Virginia, prior to serving in Winchester, Stevenson's Depot and Opequon Creek, Virginia until early August. The regiment was mustered out on August 5, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred forty-six fatalities, another nineteen deserted and one unaccounted for.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 144th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War and again in the early stages of the Second World War before being reduced to a reserve brigade and remained in the United Kingdom for the rest of the war. In both world wars the brigade served with 48th (South Midland) Division.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation
The Gloucester and Worcester Brigade was first raised under the Haldane Reforms in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force, which was formed by amalgamating the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry, consisting of the 4th (City of Bristol) and 6th Volunteer battalions of the Gloucestershire Regiment and the 7th and 8th battalions of the Worcestershire Regiment. The brigade was assigned to the South Midland Division.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The South Midland Division was mobilised on 4 August 1914, a day after the outbreak of the First World War. Most of the men of the brigade, when asked, volunteered for overseas service. Those who did not were formed into 2nd Line duplicate battalions and brigade, forming the 2nd Gloucester and Worcester Brigade, part of the 2nd South Midland Division, later to become 183rd (2/1st Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade and 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. The 1st Line battalions were also assigned the '1/' prefix, becoming, for example, 1/7th Worcesters and the 2nd Line became 2/7th Worcesters.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
On 15 May 1915 the brigade was numbered the 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade and the division became 48th (South Midland) Division. In March 1915 the division was warned to prepare for overseas service on the Western Front to reinforce the Regulars of the British Expeditionary Force. The brigade served with the 48th Division throughout the war in the trenches of the Western Front in the Somme offensive of July 1916, pursuing the German Army in the retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917 and later in the Third Battle of Ypres. In late 1917 the brigade was transferred to the Italian Front from 1917, and ended the war in Italy.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars
Disbanded in 1919 after the war, the brigade was reformed in the Territorial Army in the 1920s as the 144th (Gloucester and Worcester) Infantry Brigade and again assigned to the 48th Division, again consisting of the two battalions of the Glosters and two of the Worcesters.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Between the wars
The brigade saw little change during the inter-war years, apart from the 6th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment being transferred to the 145th (South Midland) Infantry Brigade and replaced by the 5th Glosters, from 145th Brigade. In 1938 all British infantry brigades from reduced from four to three battalions and so the 4th (City of Bristol) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment was converted into the 4th Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment (66th Searchlight Regiment), later transferring to the Royal Artillery. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated 144th Infantry Brigade.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
The brigade and division were both mobilised on 1 September 1939, two days before the Second World War began, and when the war started, began training to eventually serve overseas.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
The 144th Infantry Brigade, commanded by Acting Brigadier James Melvill Hamilton, was sent, with the rest of 48th Division, overseas to France in early January 1940 to join the rest of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) which was stationed on the Franco-Belgian border. The 144th Brigade landed in France on 16 January 1940. Soon after arrival the 7th Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment was exchanged for the 2nd Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment from the 5th Infantry Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division, which was serving alongside 1st and 48th divisions in I Corps. This was due to BEF policy and the intention was to strengthen the Territorial divisions and give them vital experience.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
In May 1940 the brigade fought the German Army in the battles of Belgium and France and, along with the rest of the BEF, were forced to retreat to Dunkirk and be evacuated to England after the Germans nearly surrounded the entire BEF from the French Army, which would undoubtedly have seen the destruction of the BEF, and the nucleus of the British Army.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
During the retreat a large number of men from the 2nd Royal Warwickshire Regiment, alongside men from the 4th Cheshire Regiment and the Royal Artillery, were involved in the Wormhoudt massacre which resulted in the deaths of 80 men killed by the German SS. After returning to the United Kingdom, the brigade, with the rest of 48th Division, spent the next few years on home defence, absorbing replacements after heavy casualties in France and training to repel a German invasion, which never arrived.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
In late December 1942 the division was reduced to a Lower Establishment and eventually became a reserve training division with a draft finding role, in mid-1944, remaining in this capacity for the rest of the war. On 5 August 1944 the brigade was redesignated 144th Infantry (Reserve) Brigade, and became a training brigade for Scottish infantry regiments for the rest of the war, being disbanded in 1946 with the rest of the division and was not reformed in the Territorial Army reorganisation of 1947.


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle
The 144th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:


144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Commanders
The following officers commanded 144th Infantry Brigade during the war:


144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 144th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was attached to the 55th Division. The regiment participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, fighting in the Pacific during a number of battles including those at Guam, Rabaul, and Salamaua. It also participated in the invasion of Buna-Gona, the Kokoda Track campaign and the battle of Buna–Gona.


144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)
After being withdrawn to Rabaul, the regiment was transported to Burma to rejoin the 55th Division.


144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army), Sources
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144th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 144th Infantry Regiment (4th Texas) is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, Texas Army National Guard. It was formed in 1880 and served in several American wars including the present War on Terror. Currently, only the 3rd Battalion remains, and it is a part of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the 36th Infantry Division.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 144th Infantry Regiment was created in April 1880, when six volunteer militia companies of the Texas State Guard consolidated into the 4th Texas Infantry. The six companies were the Lamar Rifles from Dallas, the Fannin Light Guards from Bonham, the Frontier Rifles from Henrietta, the Gate City Guard from Denison, the Johnson County Guard from Cleburne, and the Queen City Guards from Dallas. In 1898, the 4th Texas Volunteers were mustered for federal service in the Spanish–American War, and they were redesignated as the Second Infantry, Texas Volunteers, but they never deployed or saw combat. In 1903, the regiment regained its 4th Texas moniker after a state military force reorganization.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Border War
In 1916, the 4th Texas mobilized for service along the Mexico–United States border during the Border War, and they were responsible for the Big Bend region of Texas. The regiment was distributed over approximately 600 miles of patrol territory, its detachments at one time covered 22 different stations. The 4th was recognized for their meritorious performance of this patrolling duty and was commended highly for its work by Major General Frederick Funston, who was at that time in command of the Southern Department. Some of the 4th Texas' stations were 90 miles from a railhead, meaning they had to travel by foot to reach their destinations. It was mustered out of Federal service in February 1917.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The regiment was recalled to federal service soon after, in March 1917, and was combined with elements of the 6th Texas Infantry at Camp Bowie to form the new 144th Infantry Regiment. They were going to fight in World War I. They were assigned to the 72nd Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division, alongside the 143rd Infantry Regiment. Arriving in France in July 1918, it trained in Bar-sur-Aube until September where they served as a reserve for the French Army.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
On 9 October 1918, the 144th relieved elements of the 2nd Infantry Division during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. By the time the Texans had reached the front, the Germans were engaging in a fighting retreat all along the front line. Enemy artillery, gas, and machine-gun, small arms fire hit the men of the regiment during their continuous advance, but they closed in on the Aisne River by 12 October. The next day, they swept south to clear out any stalwart defenders, and were moved off the line. They spent the rest of the war acting as a divisional reserve. They had lost 369 men in the Great War, the second largest toll of the infantry regiments in the division. The 144th was mustered out in July 1919 back at Camp Bowie.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar period
During the Interwar period, elements of the 144th performed state duty including storm relief in Dallas and Frost, Texas. They contained riots in Dallas and Sherman, and a strike in Texarkana. The regiment also assisted in the recovery efforts for the New London School explosion in 1937.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
While Germany and Fascist Italy were in the process of conquering most of Europe in 1939 and 1940, and the Empire of Japan grabbing territory in the Pacific and China in the beginning of the Second World War, the United States felt unprepared in the event war was necessary to combat the Axis Powers and began mobilizing its army in response. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 which allowed the government to draft US citizens, was passed, all available National Guard Divisions were inducted into Federal Service within a year.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 144th Infantry Regiment was mobilized on 25 November 1940, and trained at Camp Bowie. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, 8 December 1941, the regiment moved to Fort Lewis, Washington to guard the West Coast against possible Japanese attack under the Western Defense Command. Because of the restructuring of the US Army, the 144th was removed from the 36th Infantry Division command on 1 February 1942, was organized as a separate regiment, and assigned to GHQ.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The regiment moved to San Francisco, California 20 April 1942, and to Santa Rosa, California 7 May 1942 under the Western Defense Command. The regiment moved to Atlantic Beach, Florida 21 January 1943 for coastal patrol duty with the Eastern Defense Command, and then was assigned to Camp Van Dorn. Mississippi on 23 March 1944. The 144th was reassigned to the XXI Corps on 18 April 1944.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
From March 1944, the regiment provided an accelerated six-week course of infantry training (four weeks of familiarization, qualification, and transition firing, and two weeks of tactical training) to men who were formerly members of disbanded anti-aircraft and tank destroyer units or who had volunteered for transfer to the infantry from other branches of the Army, and men from the 144th served as replacements in 48 different Army divisions. The 144th moved to Camp Swift, Texas, on 5 January 1945, and then to Camp Rucker, Alabama, on 4 April 1945 under the Replacement and School Command, where it was deactivated on 19 September 1945.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, After 1945
When the 49th Armored Division was being created, the 144th Infantry was reactivated by battalion from April to November 1947. The 1st-4th Battalions were redesignated as Mechanized infantry in 1959. The 144th was later mobilized in response to the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and deployed to Fort Polk, Louisiana before returning home in May 1962. It was returned to state service in June. The regiment was briefly deactivated from 1968–1973, where it remained a component of the Texas National Guard.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
In 2006, as part of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Company B of the 3d Battalion, 144th Infantry Regiment deployed to Iraq after pre-deployment training at Fort Dix, New Jersey and were actively engaged in combat operations. They returned in late 2007. Five Army Commendation Medals with Valor Devices were awarded to soldiers of 1st Platoon, Second Squad in recognition of the defeat of an ambush on a State Department convoy in central Baghdad. On 7 May 2007, 3rd Battalion, 144th Infantry Regiment mobilized as Task Force Panther in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Task Force Panther trained at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, and, after validation, deployed to Kuwait, and then into combat operations in Iraq. The 3rd Battalion, 144th Infantry deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2012 as Task Force Bowie.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
In October 2017, the battalion deployed under Task Force Bayonet in support of Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa, with headquarters out of Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti. The Task Force’s organizational structure was 8 companies, to include one active duty company from the 10th Mountain Division, totaling nearly 1000 Soldiers. 3-144 Infantry redeployed to the United States in July 2018.


144th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
In 2016, the headquarters and headquarters company of the battalion were at Fort Worth, Company A at Greenville, Company B at Kilgore, Company C at Seagoville, and Company D at Palestine. By 2018 the battalion Headquarters and Headquarters Company had relocated to Wylie.


144th New York Infantry Regiment
The 144th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


144th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Delhi, N.Y., and mustered in September 27, 1862. Left State for Washington, D.C., October 11, 1862. Attached to 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, Defenses of Washington, to February, 1863. 3rd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Dept. of Washington, to April, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 7th Army Corps, Dept. of Virginia, to May, 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 4th Army Corps, to July, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 11th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August, 1863. 2nd Brigade, Gordon's Division, Folly Island, S.C., 10th Army Corps, Dept. of the South, to February, 1864.


144th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
1st Brigade, Ames' Division, District of Florida, to April, 1864. District of Florida, Dept. of the South, to June, 1864. District of Hilton Head, S.C., Dept. of the South, to October, 1864. 3rd Separate Brigade, Dept. of the South, to November, 1864. 1st Brigade, Coast Division, Dept. of the South, to January, 1865. 3rd Separate Brigade, District of Hilton Head, S.C., Dept. of the South, to May, 1865. Port Royal, Dept. of the South, to June, 1865.


144th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
The regiment first saw duty in the Defenses of Washington, D. C., until April, 1863. it was ordered to Suffolk, Va. on April 18. The regiment was besieged at Suffolk April 20-May 4 by Longstreet. Providence Church Road May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Ordered to Washington, D.C., July 10. Pursuit of Lee to Berlin, Md., July 13–22. Moved to Folly Island, S.C., near Charleston, S.C., harbor August 1–10.


144th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
During the fall and winter of 1863 the regiment was engaged at Folly and Morris islands, participating with Gillmore's forces in the siege of Fort Wagner and the bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston. Siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, Morris Island, S.C., and operations against Fort Sumter and Charleston August 11-September 7. Bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston August 17–23. Capture of Forts Wagner and Gregg September 7. Operations against Charleston and duty on Folly Island, S.C., until December 31. Bombardment of Fort Sumter October 27-November 9. Moved to Hilton Head, S.C., January, 1864.


144th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., February, and duty there until June. Expedition from Jacksonville to Camp Milton May 31-June 3. Moved to Hilton Head, S. C., June. Expedition to Johns and James Islands against Charleston July 2–10. Operations against Battery Pringle, Johns Island, July 9. Duty in District of Hilton Head, S.C., until November. Hatch's Expedition up Broad River November 28–30. Battle of Honey Hill, S.C., November 30. Demonstration on Charleston & Savannah Railroad December 6–9. Deveaux's Neck December 6. Tullifinney River December 9. Moved to Hilton Head, S.C., and duty in that district until June, 1865. Mustered out June 25, 1864. Veterans and Recruits transferred to 1st New York Engineers.


144th New York Infantry Regiment, Folly Island
The greatest numbers of casualties incurred by the regiment was during its service on Folly Island during the siege of Charleston, South Carolina. Contaminated drinking water caused severe illnesses amongst almost the entire regiment. So many men became ill with diarrhea that a board of surgeons was appointed to determine which men would be eligible for furloughs so that they could recover from the sickness. A convalescent camp was established at St. Augustine, Florida where many of the men spent their illness-caused furloughs.


144th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 217 men during service: 2 officers and 37 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 4 officers and 174 enlisted men by disease. The most frequent causes of death listed for the many members of the Regiment who died of disease included typhoid fever and chronic diarrhoea.


144th New York State Legislature
The 144th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to April 16, 1921, during the first year of Nathan L. Miller's governorship, in Albany.


144th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


144th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Farmer–Labor Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets. The Prohibition Party endorsed the "dry" candidates for the Legislature, mostly Republicans, and nominated own candidates only where the major parties' candidates where "wet". In most of the Socialist strongholds in New York City, Democrats and Republicans nominated fusion candidates.


144th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1920, was held on November 2. Nathan L. Miller and Jeremiah Wood were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor, both Republicans. The incumbent Governor Al Smith ran on the Democratic ticket for re-election, but was defeated by Miller with a plurality of about 75,000 votes out of more than two and a half million.


144th New York State Legislature, Elections
The other eight statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Republicans 1,335,000; Democrats 1,260,000; Socialists 172,000; Farmer-Labor 68,000; Prohibition 36,000; and Socialist Labor 5,000.


144th New York State Legislature, Elections
Only one woman was elected to the State Assembly: Marguerite L. Smith (Rep.), an athletics teacher, of Harlem, became the first woman to serve a second term in the Assembly.


144th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1921.


144th New York State Legislature, Sessions
H. Edmund Machold (Rep.) was elected Speaker with 114 votes against 25 for Charles D. Donohue (Dem.) and 2 for Charles Solomon (Soc. ).


144th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Clayton R. Lusk (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate with 38 votes against 8 for Jimmy Walker (Dem.) and one for Edmund Seidel (Soc. ).


144th New York State Legislature, Sessions
At the beginning of the session, resolutions were offered to expel Henry Jager, Samuel Orr and Charles Solomon from the Assembly for being Socialists and thus unfit to sit, which were referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. On January 12, another resolution was offered, contesting the eligibility of Henry Jager because he was alleged to be a resident of New Jersey.


144th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On March 29, the Assembly Committee on the Judiciary presented its final report in the matter of the eligibility of Henry Jager. The majority (Rowe, Lown, T. K. Smith and Everett) concluded that Jager was a resident of Maywood, New Jersey, and therefore was ineligible for office under the provisions of the Public Officers Law of New York. A minority—in one report by Bloch and McKee, and another by Stitt and Ullman—concluded that Jager was a resident of Brooklyn. On the next day, Jager's seat was declared vacant by a vote of 77 to 62.


144th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On April 4, the members who had offered the resolutions against Orr and Solomon attempted to call the resolutions up, which was voted down. Thus the resolutions remained on the table of the Committee on the Judiciary until the end of the session, without any action taken.


144th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. William T. Simpson, Martin G. McCue, Frank L. Wiswall, Warren T. Thayer, George R. Fearon, Allen J. Bloomfield and DeHart H. Ames changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


144th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


144th New York State Legislature, State Assembly
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


144th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 144th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 144th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.