113390 Helvetia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Helvetia measures 2.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.23, which is typical for stony asteroids. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family – and calculates a diameter of 2.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.6.


1134
Year 1134 (MCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1134 Kepler
1134 Kepler, provisional designation 1929 SA, is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser from the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 September 1929, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It is named after Johannes Kepler.


1134 Kepler, Orbit and classification
Kepler orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.4–3.9 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,601 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.47 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, the night after its official discovery observation.


1134 Kepler, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, Kepler  is a stony S-type asteroid.


1134 Kepler, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Its diameter has not been estimated by any of the prominent space-based surveys such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS (1982), the Japanese Akari satellite (2006), NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (2009) or its subsequent NEOWISE mission (2013). Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Kepler's diameter is between 3 and 8 kilometer for an absolute magnitude of 14.2 and an assumed albedo in the range of 0.25 to 0.05. Since its spectral type falls into the class of stony asteroids, which have an averaged standard albedo around 0.20, Kepler's generic diameter is close to 4 kilometers, as the higher a body's albedo (reflectivity), the shorter its diameter at a fixed absolute magnitude (brightness).


1134 Kepler, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Kepler's rotation period is 0.1148 day, a pretty common value for asteroids of this size.


1134 Kepler, Naming
This minor planet was named on the commemoration of the 300th death anniversary of astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), best known for his laws of planetary motion. Kepler is also honored by a lunar and Martian crater, by Kepler Dorsum – a mountain ridge on the Martian moon Phobos, and by Kepler's Supernova.


1134 Kepler, Naming
Naming citation was first published in 1930, in the astronomy journal Astronomical Notes (AN 240, 135). The space observatory Kepler and its many discovered exoplanets also bear his name (see also Kepler (disambiguation)).


1134nyc
1134NYC was an art collective based in Brooklyn, New York City. The 1134nyc bomb logo was created by Mint and Hek. The name 1134 was chosen due to some members from the collective being in a graffiti crew titled 1134. The NYC was added to the logo in order to separate the newly formed art collective from the graffiti crew. It began as a collective of artists and designers including MINT&SERF (MIRF), GOAL, HEILS, BOO, CH, CECS, VYELS, KEVS and OUCH (RIP).


1134nyc
Over the years more artists and musicians joined and collaborated with 1134NYC on different art related projects in galleries, clubs and streets. The logo has appeared on a plethora of art object; shirts, street signs, stickers and canvases. 1134NYC has also been referenced in China Doll, a Team Facelift song off Manhattan album to be released on Duck Down records.


1134nyc
They are known for their public art, graffiti, laser-cut stickers and stencils.


1134nyc
The stencils, which feature the number 1134 and a bomb, were mistaken for a terrorist threat in 2004. "Some theorized the '1134' referred to November 3, 2004, the day after Election Day, while others postulated it was a Europeanization of the date of the Madrid bombings on March 11, 2004. All thought that the “NYC” appearing in the bomb was a reference to a planned attack, communicated by the stenciled logo they spotted on the city streets."


1134nyc
They have also contributed to Mass Appeal Magazine, a special edition of the book, Autograf by Peter Sutherland (ISBN 1-57687-203-3), and foreign magazines and books.


1134nyc
Mikhail Sokovikov and Jason Aaron Wall are New York based visual artists. With financial backing from Red Bull N.A. they launched The Canal Chapter in 2005, a multi-disciplinary art gallery in SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, that created a platform for many emerging artists such as Team Facelift, Lance de los Reyes, Jordan Seiler, Harif Guzman, Victor Timofeev and many others. After the success of The Canal Chapter, they launched The Stanton Chapter in May 2008, a gallery in Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Mikhail Sokovikov and Jason Aaron Wall have exhibited extensively throughout the United States and abroad. They have created commissioned work for Ace Hotel, Nike, Red Bull, Ogilvy & Mather, Adidas, Yahoo, Boost Mobile, PowerHouse Books among other clients.


1134nyc
Mint&Serf curated  original art work for the Ace Hotel in New York City. They invited some of their friends to create original pieces for the project. Artists include: Brian Procell, Enjoy Banking, Faust, Machine (Team Facelift), Mosco, PegLeg, Pork, Pablo Powers, Jordan Seiler, Stephen Holding, Sean Vegezzi and Tristan Eaton.


1135
Year 1135 (MCXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1135 Colchis
1135 Colchis (/ˈkɒlkɪs/); prov. designation: 1929 TA) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 3 October 1929, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of hours 23.5 and measures approximately 49 kilometers (30 miles) in diameter. It was named for the ancient Kingdom of Colchis.


1135 Colchis, Orbit and classification
Colchis is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,589 days; semi-major axis 2.67 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A911 MJ at Johannesburg Observatory in June 1911. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in September 1929, or four days prior its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1135 Colchis, Naming
This minor planet was named after the ancient Kingdom of Colchis, bordering on Black Sea south of the Caucasus mountains, in what is now part of Georgia. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).


1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Colchis is a Xk-subtype that transitions between the X- and K-type asteroids. Conversely, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer characterizes it as a primitive P-type asteroid.


1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2001, a rotational lightcurve of Colchis was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 23.47 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 magnitude (U=2). In September 2016, French amateur astronomer Patrick Sogorb measured an identical period and an amplitude of 0.46 magnitude (U=2). A similar period of 23.41 hours with an amplitude of 0.33 magnitude was obtained by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in January 2014.


1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics, Poles
In 2016, two modeled lightcurves using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources, gave a concurring period of 23.4827 and 23.4830 hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two spin axis of (139.0°, −58.0°) and (330.0°, −81.0°), as well as (7.0°, −54.0°) and (168.0°, −56.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β), respectively.


1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Colchis measures between 45.341 and 50.64 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.068.


1135 Colchis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0437 and a diameter of 50.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.


11351 Leucus
11351 Leucus /ˈljuːkəs/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It is a target of the Lucy mission, scheduled for a fly by in April 2028. The assumed D-type asteroid is an exceptionally slow rotator with a rotation period of 466 hours. It was discovered on 12 October 1997 by the Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program (SCAP) at Xinglong Station in the Chinese province of Hebei, and later named after the Achaean warrior Leucus from Greek mythology.


11351 Leucus, Orbit and classification
Leucus is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.


11351 Leucus, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0–5.6 AU once every 12 years and 2 months (4,440 days; semi-major axis of 5.29 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in July 1982, more than 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Xinglong.


11351 Leucus, Lucy mission target
Leucus is planned to be visited by the Lucy spacecraft which will launch in 2021. The fly by is scheduled for 18 April 2028, and will approach the asteroid to a distance of 1000 kilometers at a velocity of 5.9 kilometers per second.


11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics
Leucus is an assumed D-type asteroid, which is the dominant spectral type among the Jovian asteroids, with the remainder being mostly carbonaceous C-type and primitive P-type asteroids.


11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
During spring 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Leucus was obtained from photometric observations made by astronomers Robert Stephens and Daniel Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies (CS3), California, using a 0.35/0.4-meter Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. The lightcurve showed an exceptionally slow rotation period of 513.7 hours with a brightness variation of 0.53 in magnitude (U=2+). No evidence of a non-principal axis rotation (NPAR) was found. It is one of the slowest rotators known to exist.


11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
In preparation for the planned visit by the Lucy spacecraft, Leucus was once again observed by astronomers Marc Buie at SwRI and Stefano Mottola at DLR in 2016. The obtained bimodal lightcurve gave a somewhat shorter period of 440 hours and an amplitude of 0.7 magnitude.


11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Leucus has a low albedo of 0.06 and 0.08, with a diameter of 42.1 and 34.2 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a lower albedo of 0.05 and a diameter of 42.1 kilometers, in accordance with the result obtained by IRAS.


11351 Leucus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


11351 Leucus, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology, after the Achaean warrior Leucus in Homer's Iliad. He was a companion of Odysseus. Leucus was killed during the Trojan War by Antiphus, one of the fifty sons of King Priam of Troy. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 February 2016 (M.P.C. 98711).


1136
Year 1136 (MCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1136 Mercedes
1136 Mercedes, provisional designation 1929 UA, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1929, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. The asteroid was named for the sister-in-law of the discoverer.


1136 Mercedes, Orbit and classification
Mercedes is not a member of any known asteroid family and belongs to the belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.9–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,501 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory in March 1931, more than a year after its official discovery observation at Fabra.


1136 Mercedes, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
The asteroid has an ambiguous rotation period. A lightcurve of Mercedes obtained in 1998, gave a period of 6.448 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 magnitude (U=2), while another lightcurve from 2007, gave a much longer period of 24.64 hours with an amplitude of 0.15 (U=2). A third period of 15.6 hours is considered of poor quality (U=1).


1136 Mercedes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mercedes measures between 25.296 and 33.19 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.103.


1136 Mercedes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1007 and a diameter of 25.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.


1136 Mercedes, Naming
This minor planet was named by Josep Comas i Solà for his sister-in-law, Mercedes. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).


1136 in Ireland, Deaths
This year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1137
Year 1137 (MCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1137 Raïssa
1137 Raïssa (prov. designation: 1929 WB) is a stony background asteroid and slow rotator, approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter, located in the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory in 1929, and named in memory of Raïssa Maseeva, who worked at the Pulkovo Observatory.


1137 Raïssa, Discovery
Raïssa was discovered on 27 October 1929, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. In the following month, it was independently discovered by German Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 21 November 1929. The Minor Planet Center only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid's observation arc begins at the United States Naval Observatory in December 1903, almost 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz. Its first identification as A908 BB was made at Heidelberg in January 1908.


1137 Raïssa, Orbit and classification
Raïssa is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,378 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.


1137 Raïssa, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of Raïssa Izrailevna Maseeva (1900–1930), a scientific collaborator who worked at the Pulkovo Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).


1137 Raïssa, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
In October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Raïssa was obtained from photometric observations at the Bigmuskie Observatory (B88), Italy, and the Etscorn Campus (719) and Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 142.79 hours with a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude (U=3-). Previous observations with a shorter period were superseded.


1137 Raïssa, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
With a rotation period of close to six Earth days, Raïssa is a slow rotator as most asteroids have periods of 20 hours or less. Collaborations of observers located on different longitudes, e.g. in the U.S. and Europe are especially important for asteroids with very long periods. The observers can follow the bodies brightness variation at different starting points and thereby cover parts of the lightcurve that were missed by other observers during their daytime.


1137 Raïssa, Physical characteristics, Poles
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources gave a concurring period of 143.644±0.005 hours and two spin axis of (222.0°, −66°) and (40.0°, −77.0°) in ecliptic coordinates.


1137 Raïssa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Raïssa measures between 19.421 and 23.69 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1592 and 0.228. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1538 and a diameter of 23.66 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.78.


1138
Year 1138 (MCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1138 (number)
1138 is the natural number following 1137 and preceding 1139.


1138 (number), George Lucas references
Filmmaker George Lucas places the number 1138 into many of his Lucasfilm productions and LucasArts games. It was first referenced in Lucas' college short film Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB, later remade into the 1971 feature film THX 1138.


1138 (number), Other references
Even in media unrelated to Lucasfilm, the number is occasionally featured (generally without the prefix THX), sometimes to popularize the injoke or to tribute Lucas and/or Lucasfilm media.


1138 Aleppo earthquake
The 1138 Aleppo earthquake was among the deadliest earthquakes in history. Its name was taken from the city of Aleppo, in northern Syria, where the most casualties were sustained. The quake occurred on 11 October 1138 and was preceded by a smaller quake on the 10th. It is frequently listed as the third deadliest earthquake in history, following on from the Shensi and Tangshan earthquakes in China. However, the figure of 230,000 deaths reported by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the large seismic event of 30 September 1139 in the Transcaucasian city of Ganja.


1138 Aleppo earthquake, Background
Aleppo is located along the northern part of the Dead Sea Transform system of geologic faults, which is a plate boundary separating the Arabian plate from the African plate. The earthquake was the beginning of the first of two intense sequences of earthquakes in the region: October 1138 to June 1139 and a much more intense and a later series from September 1156 to May 1159. The first sequence affected areas around Aleppo and the western part of the region of Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey). During the second an area encompassing north-western Syria, northern Lebanon and the region of Antioch (modern Antakya, in southern Turkey) was subject to devastating quakes.


1138 Aleppo earthquake, Background
In the mid-twelfth century, northern Syria was a war-ravaged land. The Crusader states set up by Western Europeans, such as the Principality of Antioch, were in a state of constant armed conflict with the Muslim states of Northern Syria and the Jazeerah, principally Aleppo and Mosul.


1138 Aleppo earthquake, Description
A contemporary chronicler in Damascus, Ibn al-Qalanisi, recorded the main quake on Wednesday, 11 October 1138. He wrote that it was preceded by an initial quake on 10 October and there were aftershocks on the evening of 20 October, on 25 October, on the night of 30 October–1 November, and finishing with another in the early morning of 3 November. However, Kemal al-Din, an author writing later, recorded only one earthquake on 19–20 October, which disagrees with al Qalanisi's account. Given that al Qalanisi was writing as the earthquakes occurred and that accounts from other historians support a 10 or 11 October date, his date of 11 October is considered authoritative.


1138 Aleppo earthquake, Description
The worst hit area was Harem, where Crusaders had built a large citadel. Sources indicate that the castle was destroyed and the church fell in on itself. The fort of Atharib, then occupied by Muslims, was destroyed. The citadel also collapsed, killing 600 of the castle guard, though the governor and some servants survived, and fled to Mosul. The town of Zardana, already sacked by the warring forces, was utterly obliterated, as was the small fort at Shih.


1138 Aleppo earthquake, Description
The residents of Aleppo, a large city of several tens of thousands during this period, had been warned by the foreshocks and fled to the countryside before the main earthquake. The walls of the citadel collapsed, as did the walls east and west of the citadel. Numerous houses were destroyed, with the stones used in their construction falling in streets. Contemporary accounts of the damage simply state that Aleppo was destroyed, though comparison of reports indicate that it did not bear the worst of the earthquake.


1138 Aleppo earthquake, Description
Further damage is recorded at Azrab, Bizaah, Tell Khalid and Tell Amar. The main earthquake and its aftershocks were felt in Damascus, but not in Jerusalem. Accounts of men being swallowed by holes opening in the ground at Raqqa were erroneously attributed to the Aleppo earthquake, and based on the confused late twelfth-century account of Michael the Syrian.


1138 Attica
1138 Attica, provisional designation 1929 WF, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 November 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It was named after the Attica Province in Greece.


1138 Attica, Orbit and classification
Attica orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,037 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1138 Attica, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Attica measures 23.681 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.105. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, its diameter is between 13 and 32 kilometer for an absolute magnitude of 11.4 and an assumed albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since asteroids in the outer main-belt are typically of carbonaceous rather than stony composition, with averaged standard albedos of 0.057, Attica's diameter can be estimated to measure close to 30 kilometers, as the lower a body's albedo (reflectivity), the larger its diameter at a fixed absolute magnitude (brightness).


1138 Attica, Physical characteristics
As of 2017, Attica's spectral type, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown. This is rather unusual, as both spectral type and rotation period have been determined for most larger and low-numbered asteroids (also see minor-planet lists from 1 up to 2000).


1138 Attica, Naming
This minor planet is named after the province of Attica in eastern Greece with the capital Athens. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).


1138 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1138 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Koblenz on 7 March.


1138 Imperial election
Conrad III of Germany was named Holy Roman Emperor as a result of the election.


1138 Imperial election
This Holy Roman Empire–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1138th Military Police Company
The 1138th Military Police Company (MP Co) was a military police company of the Missouri Army National Guard. It was federally recognized in January 1968. The company headquarters was located at West Plains, Missouri and a detachment was located at Springfield, Missouri. Since federal recognition, the company was activated in Panama and deployed to the Middle East to support combat actions and has also performed humanitarian and security missions within the United States.


1138th Military Police Company, History
The 1138th Military Police Company (MP Co) was federally recognized and assigned to West Plains, Missouri with a detachment in Doniphan, Missouri on 15 January 1968. Company headquarters, one platoon, and the machine gun section were located at West Plains and the detachment at Doniphan was made up of the remaining two platoons.


1138th Military Police Company, History
On 1 July 1993 the platoons at Doniphan were realigned to the 735th Support Battalion at Poplar Bluff, Missouri. The 1138th then added a detachment at Springfield, Missouri. Although it was planned to move the 1135th MP Co to West Plains to replace the 1138th in connection with this reorganization, the plan was cancelled and the West Plains company kept its 1138th number. On 1 October 1996, a second detachment of the company was assigned at Mountain Grove, Missouri. In 1998 the Mountain Grove detachment was inactivated.


1138th Military Police Company, History
The 1138th MP Co was reorganized as a combat support military police company on 1 October 1996. On 1 October 1998, the 1138th MP CO was once again organized as an Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) Company; the only EPW Company in the state of Missouri.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Support for civilian emergencies
On 20 June 1993 the company was mobilized for state emergency (Flood) duty. While mobilized, the unit served in northeast Missouri for approximately three months maintaining law and order.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Support for civilian emergencies
After the attacks of 11 September 2001, the 1138th was mobilized as part of Operation Noble Eagle, a military operation providing military support for increased security at potential terrorist targets. The company served on active duty from 1 October 2001 through 21 September 2002, performing law and order duties at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Support for civilian emergencies
On 31 August 2005, the company deployed with the 175th MP Bn to Jefferson Parish, Louisiana to support relief operations after Hurricane Katrina. While deployed in Louisiana, the 1138th performed law and order operations and area security missions, returning on 21 September 2005.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Support for civilian emergencies
In 2009, while preparing for yet another active duty deployment to Iraq, the Ozarks region of rural Missouri was hit by a harsh wave of winter weather and in January, the unit deployed a contingent to aid winter storm victims in Southeast Missouri for Operation January Ice.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments
In December, 1989, the company was called into active service for Operation Just Cause (Panama). It was the first Army National Guard unit to be activated since the Vietnam War. As part of its traditional internment and resettlement mission, the 1138th established a detainee camp at Empire Range, Panama where it handled both civilian and military detainees.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments
On 15 November 1990, the unit was mobilized and deployed to Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Storm. It remained in Saudi Arabia for five months guarding prisoners of war.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments
The 1138th deployed for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, serving on active duty from 10 February 2003 through 21 December 2003. Upon arrival in the Middle East, the unit conducted customs, physical security, and law and order missions throughout Kuwait and in Doha, Qatar.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments
After Operation January Ice concluded in 2009, the company began its preparation for a detainee operations mission in Baghdad, Iraq. While preparing for deployment, nearly fifty 1138th soldiers were transferred to the 1140th MP Co, another Missouri Army National Guard unit preparing to deploy to Afghanistan. The 1138th backfilled its ranks with "In-Lieu-Of" military policemen from twenty-three other Missouri Army National Guard units. On 21 May 2009, the unit reported to Camp Clark, Missouri for pre-mobilization training. The unit then reported for post-mobilization Training at Fort Bliss, Texas and after completing a twenty-day-long mission evaluation exercise, deployed to Iraq, to support Operation Iraqi Freedom 09-10.


1138th Military Police Company, History, Combat support deployments
The 1138th Military Police Company at West Plains was inactivated in January 2019 and replaced by the 1142nd Engineer Company of the 1140th Engineer Battalion, activated in September of that year.


1139
Year 1139 (MCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1139 Atami
1139 Atami, provisional designation 1929 XE, is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser, as well as a synchronous binary system near the innermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 December 1929, by Japanese astronomers Okuro Oikawa and Kazuo Kubokawa at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (389) near Tokyo. It was named after the Japanese city of Atami. It has the lowest Minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) to Mars of any asteroid as large as it, its orbit intersecting only 0.03 astronomical units from the planet.


1139 Atami, Classification and orbit
Atami is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5–2.4 AU once every 2 years and 9 months (993 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Tokyo in 1929.


1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
Atami is a common stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification. It has also been characterized as a S-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Binary system
In 2005, two rotational lightcurves obtained at the U.S. Antelope Hills Observatory in New Mexico and by a collaboration of several European astronomers gave a rotation period of 27.56±0.01 and 27.446±0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 and 0.40 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Binary system
Photometric and Arecibo echo spectra observations in 2005 confirmed a 5 kilometer satellite orbiting at least 15 kilometers from its primary. Due to the similar size of the primary and secondary the Minor Planet Center lists this as a binary companion.


1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Atami measures 8.24 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.258, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.51.


1139 Atami, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
This makes Atami one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065 Amundsenia (9.75 km), 1474 Beira (8.73 km), 1011 Laodamia (7.5 km), 1727 Mette (est. 9 km), 1131 Porzia (7.13 km), 1235 Schorria (est. 9 km), 985 Rosina (8.18 km), 1310 Villigera (15.24 km) and 1468 Zomba (7 km), but far smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132 Aethra, 323 Brucia, 1508 Kemi, 2204 Lyyli and 512 Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.


1139 Atami, Naming
The minor planet was named after Atami, a Japanese city and harbor near Tokyo, Japan. The naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 106).


1139 Ganja earthquake
The 1139 Ganja earthquake is one of the worst seismic events in history. It affected the Seljuk Empire and Kingdom of Georgia; modern-day Azerbaijan and Georgia. The earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.0 or greater and 7.7 on the surface wave magnitude scale. A maximum intensity of IX (Violent) to XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale was assigned to this earthquake. The strong shaking triggered massive landslides off the sides of mountains and canyons in the Caucasus Mountains region. Parts of Kapaz Mount collapsed, with the resulting landslide blocking the Kürəkçay River, forming the  lake Göygöl.


1139 Ganja earthquake
It was also perceived as far as Aleppo where the felt intensity was II. The estimated death toll from this earthquake is somewhere between 230,000 and 300,000 making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. The death toll remains controversial with some authors stating that it is an exaggeration considering the population of the area at the time of the disaster, or that this was a conflation with the 1138 Aleppo and 1137 Jazira earthquakes.


1139 Ganja earthquake
Mkhitar Gosh, an Armenian scholar and writer, quoted Job 9:6 and Psalm 103:32 from the Holy Bible to describe the earthquake. He described tremendous damage in the P'ar'isos and Xach'e'n districts of Syunik. The city of Ganzak also suffered devastation, leaving many of the townspeople buried under ruins. Many structures including monasteries and churches castles and villages in the mountainous region were totally destroyed. The number of people who died in the mountains is not known, described as "incalculable".


1139 in Italy
The Second Council of the Lateran is believed to have been the Tenth Ecumenical Council by Roman Catholics. It was held by Pope Innocent II in April of the year, and was attended by close to a thousand clerics. Its immediate task was to neutralise the after-effects of the papal schism, which had arisen after the death of Pope Honorius II in February 1130 and the setting up of Petris Leonis as the antipope Anacletus II.


1139 in Italy
The Treaty of Mignano of 1139 was the treaty which ended more than a decade of constant war in the Italian Mezzogiorno following the union of the mainland duchy of Apulia and Calabria with the County of Sicily in 1127. More significantly, in 1130, Antipope Anacletus II had crowned Roger II king.


1139 in Italy
The legitimate pope, Innocent II, did not recognise this title and many of Roger's peninsular vassals took exception to his exercising royal authority over them. Over the decade of the 1130s, Roger defeated his vassals one by one until in 1137, the Emperor Lothair II came down with the pope and conquered most of the south. Lothair's death deprived the southern barons of their support, however, and Roger quickly reconquered his territories and in 1139 the papal-imperial duke of Apulia, Ranulf of Alife, died.


11395 Iphinous
11395 Iphinous, provisional designation: 1998 XN77, is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp approximately 66 kilometers (41 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1998, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The dark asteroid has a rotation period of 17.4 hours and possibly a spherical shape. The body is one of the 50 largest Jupiter trojans. It was named from Greek mythology after the Achaean soldier Iphinous who was killed by Glaucus in the Trojan War.


11395 Iphinous, Orbit and classification
Iphinous is a Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.6 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,345 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic.


11395 Iphinous, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in February 1991, nearly 8 prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.


11395 Iphinous, Naming
This minor planet was numbered on 31 August 1999 (M.P.C. 35589). On 14 May 2021, the object was named by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN) after Iphinous from Greek mythology. An Achaean soldier who participated in the Trojan War, Iphinous was killed by Glaucus in hand-to-hand combat during the siege of Troy.


11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics
Iphinous is a generically assumed C-type asteroid. Many if not most Jupiter trojans show an even darker D or P-type spectrum.


11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 2009 and 2010, two fragmentary lightcurves of Iphinous were obtained from photometric observations by Stefano Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 13.696 and 13.70 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 and 0.06 magnitude, respectively (U=2-/1+).


11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
During 2015–2017, three additional photometric observation were made at the Californian Center for Solar System Studies by Robert Stephens, Daniel Coley and Brian Warner in collaboration with Linda French from Illinois Wesleyan University. The two best-rated lightcurves gave a period of 17.383 and 17.44 with an amplitude of 0.08 and 0.11 magnitude, respectively, indicating that the body has a nearly spherical shape (U=3-/3-).


11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Iphinous measures between 64.71 and 68.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.067.


11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0510 and a diameter of 64.51 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.


11395 Iphinous, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1139th Engineer Combat Group
The 1139th Engineer Combat Group (1139th Engr C Gp) was a technical United States Army Headquarters Unit providing administration and supervision support to Combat Engineers on bridge building and other construction activities during World War II. The 1139th Engineer Combat Group was part of the Third Army and was attached for operations to the XX Corps in direct support of the 7th Armored Division. The 1139th Engineer Combat Group fought from northern France to Austria in World War II, supporting General George Patton's Third Army's rapid movements during the war.


1139th Engineer Combat Group
The 1139th Engineer Combat Group is credited with opening routes for the advancement of troops which included building 119 tactical bridges, of which 39 were 200 feet or longer, including the 1,896 foot "longest floating tactical bridge constructed in the European Theater of Operations." The Group was first formed in December 1943 and deactivated in December 1946.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, Development of the Engineer Combat Group Concept
Starting with WWII, the United States Army defined a "group" to be similar in concept to a regiment, the unit type from which the group was evolved. In general, a regiment is composed of a fixed number of assigned battalions, whose personnel and equipment are likewise fixed. The battalions have only the minimum administrative personnel, with the result that administrative details are handled by the regimental headquarters. In warfare as mobile and on as vast a scale as the European campaign was, it was felt regiments were sometimes not sufficiently agile for achieving maximum effectiveness. Therefore, the group was designed as a flexible organization set up to efficiently meet rapidly changing tactical requirements. The group would consist of a small headquarters and a varying number of separate companies and battalions which could be attached to and detached from the group headquarters as the situation demanded.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, Development of the Engineer Combat Group Concept
The Engineer Combat Group had many duties: construction, repair and dismantling of various bridge types; clearing of obstacles; road repair and construction; ferrying troops in river crossings; laying smoke screens; detecting, removing, and laying of mines and demolitions, in addition to offensive and defensive infantry functions.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, Development of the Engineer Combat Group Concept
In the instance of the 1139th Engineer Combat Group, there were as many as five battalions and three separate companies under their command at one time, and at other times the group headquarters controlled as little as a single company. The job of the 1139th was twofold. Primarily, they were responsible for the administration of the units under their command, and secondarily, they acted in a supervisory capacity for all work assigned to the group.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, Development of the Engineer Combat Group Concept
In addition to the combat engineer battalions, the group could have separate battalions and companies that specialized in constructing specific types of bridges such as heavy and light pontoon bridges, treadway bridges, Bailey bridges, or other specialized support functions such as area lighting or smoke generation. The units under control of the group headquarters were used to support divisions' engineer operations, providing special equipment which the division engineers did not carry, and augmenting the engineer personnel strength of the divisions' engineer battalions.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, 1139th Engineer Combat Group Training and Deployment
The 1139th Engineer Combat Group was activated on August 25, 1943 at Camp Beale, California. Many of the troops that would eventually make up the 1139th Engineer Combat Group received their initial training at Camp Ellis, Illinois, an Army Services Training Center for the Corps of Engineers located southwest of Peoria, Illinois. Most were not career soldiers, and were consigned to "the duration plus six months" of service. From there they were sent to Camp Beale, California, to join the 1139th and complete training as a unit. In addition to their basic training courses, the men of the 1139th received courses in camouflage, mine field clearing, mapping, reconnaissance, bridge building, and road construction. The 1139th was commanded by Colonel John S. Niles, with Lt. Colonel George H. Walker as the Executive Officer.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, 1139th Engineer Combat Group Training and Deployment
On July 1, 1944, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group, consisting of 16 officers and 66 enlisted men, left Camp Shanks by train to the New York Port of Embarkation and began loading on to the USAT Thomas H. Barry. Early the next morning the ship joined a convoy heading to Scotland. They arrived at the town of Greenock, Firth of Clyde, Scotland on July 12, 1944. The next day they disembarked and traveled via a twelve-hour train trip to Doddington, Nantwich, England, where they organized their men and supplies, and drew vehicles, trailers and other T/E equipment (equipment specified for their specific operations) as required.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, 1139th Engineer Combat Group Training and Deployment
On August 1, 1944, they traveled via truck convoy from Doddington to Bournemouth, England; a large troop marshaling area in preparation of movement to Continental Europe. On August 5, 1944, they left England sailing on the USAT George Custer and arrived on Utah Beach just two months after the D-Day landings there. Over the next two days, the unit disembarked and bivouacked in the Utah Beach area.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
On August 8, 1944, they proceeded in motor convoy across the Cherbourg Peninsula moving north to Bricquebec, France, and at that point they began to work as an operational unit taking its position in the line of advance, with the First Army on its left flank and the XII Corps on the right flank. The 1139th Engineer Combat Group was assigned to the Third Army and attached for operations to the XX Corps in direct support of the 7th Armored Division. (When a unit is "assigned", it becomes a permanent part of the headquarters to which it is assigned. When the unit is "attached", it comes under the administrative and operational control of that unit to which it is attached.)


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
It was at that point that their Executive Officer, Lt. Col. George H. Walker, outlined their responsibilities; as part of General Patton's army the mission of the 1139th Engineer Combat Group was to travel directly behind the armor and remove mines, build bridges, fight as infantry and perform other engineering activities that allowed the rapid advancement of the XX Corps.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
(The XX Corps played a measurable role in Patton's dash across France in August and early September 1944, earning the nickname "Ghost Corps" for the speed of its advance; starting in Bricquebec, France, they traveled 600 miles in their first 30 days). The XX Corps armored divisions typically traveled many miles ahead of the main body of the army, which resulted in many enemy positions being overrun before alarm could be given.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The 1139th Engineer Combat Group arrived in the vicinity of Saint Jean sur Erve, France, on August 10, 1944, and was joined by their first battalions; the 135th, the 179th, and the 206th Engineer Combat Battalions. The initial activity of the Group was to support the 80th Infantry Division in its thrust north against the enemy near Sainte-Suzanne, France.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
On August 13, 1944, while en route during this advance, the Group removed landmines from roads and shoulders, and the first of the 1139th's bridges were constructed; two 60 foot Bailey Bridges built at St. Mars and St. George, France, on the sites of two bridges that had been blown up by the enemy. (A Bailey Bridge is a temporary pre-fabricated, truss bridge, quickly assembled from prefabricated, standardized parts, assembled on land and then launched across an opening). Two days later they constructed two Treadway Bridges M2 across the Huisne River at La Ferté-Bernard, and at Nogent-le-Rotrou, France.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
(A Treadway Bridge is a floating bridge, using pontoons to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel). In his European campaign, General Eisenhower recognized that the Treadway bridge was an essential piece of equipment to the campaign, easy to transport, quickly installed, and capable of sustaining heavy military loads.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
On August 17, 1944, the 1139th meet stiff resistance as they were trying to enter Chartres, France, requiring the 1139th Engineer Combat Group to take on their infantry role. They engaged in firefight operations by cleaning out machine-gun and anti-tank gun nests in Bonville, France, suffering 6 dead and 12 wounded. They constructed two short Treadway bridges at Luce, France, west of Chartres and removed twelve large bombs from bridges in Chartres. By the next day they were joined by the 7th Armored Division, and the city was finally liberated.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The Group then moved north to the vicinity of Treon, France, in support of the 7th Armored Division. There they were tasked with clearing the roads of mines, removing booby-trapped vehicles from roads, de-booby-trapping the Railroad station at Dreux, France, and filling in road craters in the routes of the advancement. They continued to move rapidly forward, and the Seine River was reached on August 23, 1944, where they bivouacked in an open field near Melun, France.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
At Sainte Sauveur, France, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group supported the 7th Armored Division in its initial crossing of the Seine River at Tilly, France by manning assault boats, by establishing a beachhead and constructing a 504-foot Treadway Bridge while under direct fire, and by constructing a 204-foot footbridge across the canal at Melun, France. The construction of the foot-bridge was carried on under heavy small arms and 88mm fire. An 88mm shell blew out 50 feet of the bridge during construction, which had to be replaced while under intense enemy fire.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
Over the next few days, the Seine was bridged in three more places by the 991st and the 994th Engineer Treadway Bridge Companies, the 537th Engineer Light Ponton Company, and the 135th, 179th, and 206th Engineer Combat Battalions. These crossings consisted of multiple span continuous Bailey bridges, a 210-foot Bailey at Vulaines-sur-Seine, Frances, and a 420-foot Bailey at Champagne, France. Most of the construction was carried out at night, and took place under enemy fire, resulting in several lives lost. When the bridges were completed, they were guarded and maintained while under considerable fire.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
Arriving at Montmiral, France on August 28, 1944, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group underwent a leadership change with Executive Officer Lt. Col. Walker leaving to become the commanding officer of the 1103rd Engineer Combat Group, and Lt. Col Robert Eininger replacing him.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The next major objective of the Third Army was Verdun, France and the Moselle Valley, which offered a natural gap in Germany's frontier line. Early in the morning of September 2, 1944, the XX Corps arrived 5 miles west of Verdun. Within a matter of hours, the city fell to the armored division, and on September 4, 1944, the 509th Engineer Light Ponton Company had built a 200-foot Baily bridge over the Meuse River and a bridgehead was established on the eastern side of the river.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
At this point, the Third Army's Armored Divisions had outpaced the Redball gasoline supply column, and although emergency supply convoys were rushed south, the Germans had time to reinforce their positions at Metz, Germany. The American bridgehead had to be withdrawn from across the Meuse. While awaiting gasoline reinforcements the 1139th Engineer Combat Group completed a considerable amount of repair on the railroads in the vicinity. Repairs were made by filling in bomb craters in the yards east of Verdun, and by rehabilitation of the track and roadbed from Conflans to Verdun, France, including construction of a 280-foot single track bridge at Conflans.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
On September 15, 1944, when adequate supplies had finally reached the Third Army, they moved on toward Thiacourt, France. The 135th Engineer Combat Battalion working with the 180th Engineer Heavy Ponton Battalion constructed a 260-foot Heavy Pontoon bridge at Pagny, France. Because of a shortage of Engineer troops, it was necessary to form a provisional platoon from the Group Headquarters Company to assist in the construction. Then working with the 509th Engineer Light Ponton Company, they constructed two 80 foot Bailey bridges across the Moselle River.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The bridge building units worked under constant heavy mortar and artillery fire at these crossings, but were aided by the 161st Chemical Smoke Generating Company laying down a heavy smoke screen from hundreds of smoke generators and pots. The cost in lives was high, but it helped pave the way towards taking the heavily defended city of Metz. Despite the pressure of the continued rapid advance of the Group, morale among the troops remained at a high level.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
During the month of October 1944, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group grew to one of the largest tactical engineer groups in the United States Army. Over 5000 troops were under their command, including the 5th, 83rd, 90th, and 95th Infantry Divisions, the 179th and 206th Engineer Combat Battalions, the 991st Engineer Treadway Company, the 509th Engineer Light Ponton Company, and the 623rd Engineer Light Equipment Company. This concentration of men and equipment was in preparation of supporting the crossing of the Moselle River by the 10th Armored Division and the 90th and 95th Infantry Divisions. In preparation for this, the troops were instructed in crossing techniques using Assault Boats, and the Group experimented with building a rapid bridge-launching-device constructed on a tank frame. (While functional, this vehicle was unfortunately found to be so heavy that it was not practical to move for any real distance).


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The month of November 1944, was of extreme importance to the XX Corps because the crossing of the Moselle River and advancement eastward depended upon the success by the 1139th Engineer Combat Group in bridging the River. Eight bridges were constructed across the Moselle River by the 1139th Engineer Combat Group during the month; two Treadway M2s of 350 and 396 feet in length, one 630 foot Treadway M1, two Floating Baileys of 530 and 440 feet in length, one Baily DS, and two Heavy Pontoon bridges of 730 and 675 feet in length.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
These crossings were unusually difficult because the Moselle River was in a state of 30-year flood, and the enemy was continually making the bridging difficult with heavy artillery, machine gun and small arms fire. The enemy fire at Cattenom, France, was so intense that the 440 foot Floating Bailey Bridge was eventually lost. In most of these crossings the engineers had to first resort to ferrying operations in order for the infantry to clear a beachhead on the eastern shore so that the bridges could be constructed. Numerous troop losses occurred during these crossings.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
After the successful crossing of the Moselle River by the 90th and 95th Infantry Divisions and the 10th Armored Division, studies of aerial photographs revealed the need for all the engineers in the Group to help overcome the obstacles left by the enemy; extensive antitank ditches, craters, pill boxes, blown bridges, and numerous mine fields (one minefield alone was estimated to contain 10,000 mines).


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The burden of this work was so great that the 135th Engineer Combat Battalion was reattached to the 1139th Engineer Combat Group for the purpose of taking over the work in the rear of the division, including filling craters and ditches, destroying pill boxes, constructing fords, marking minefields, posting road signs, changing town signs, and removing the dead to Graves Registration. Because of the large number of bridges under construction during November, it was also necessary to utilize the 88th Engineer Heavy Ponton Bridge Battalion to haul Bailey bridges from Army Supply Point No. 8 to Thionville, France, and to maintain the Group Bridge Dump there.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
In December 1944, while planning the crossing of the Saar River, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group was stationed at Niedaltdorf, France. On December 6, 1944,  the 90th Infantry Division, located near Wallerfangen, France, was ready to make the assault crossing. The 20th Engineer Combat Battalion began ferrying operations in Assault and storm boats. They ferried across two Battalions and part of a third battalion of the 38th Infantry Regiment, while the 179th Engineer Combat Battalion ferried the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 357th Infantry Regiment. Following these operations the storm boats continued to evacuate wounded and to deliver supplies.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
Although all operations of the river were carried out under continuous heavy artillery and small arms fire day and night, there was no letup in the steady flow of materials and supplies by the storm boats. However, the incoming fire was so heavy that power boats could not be brought down to the river for launching.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
After several unsuccessful attempts, a ferry was constructed on December 8, 1944 for ferrying vehicles, anti-tank guns and tanks across the river at Wallerfangen, with additional ferries at Pachten-Dillingen and Rehlingen-Siersburg, France, which made it possible to ferry all the vehicles and tanks of the 90th Infantry as rapidly as they were needed to secure a beachhead on the eastern shore. This was of importance since a floating bridge was not able to be constructed, since sections were shot away as rapidly as they were placed into the water.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The Saar across from Dillingen, Germany, continued to prove difficult to cross because of heavy fire from a large number of occupied German pill boxes on the eastern side of the river where the Siegfried Line had been most heavily constructed. As a result, a bridgehead was not expanded there to any great depth, although ferrying operations continued until December 20, 1944.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
These activities were interrupted as Germany made its last major offensive campaign; the Battle of the Bulge (also known as the Ardennes Counteroffensive). When General Patton learned of the attack, he quickly repositioned six full divisions of his army from their locations along the Saar River to launch a counterattack north to relieve the U.S. 101st Airborne Division which had been trapped at Bastogne. To replace the repositioned defensive divisions along the Saar River, the 90th Infantry Division withdrew from their eastern beachhead at Dillengen to join the 95th Infantry Division in defending the western side of the River. The 1139th Engineer Combat Group supported both divisions in constructing defensive barriers consisting of mine fields, roadblocks, and bridges prepared for demolition, as well as guarding many of these deterrents.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
During January 1945, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group continued to support defensive operations on the west bank of the Saar River, consisting of barrier zone and roadwork maintenance, installation of an anti-mine boom at Maimühle, Germany, roadway snow-plowing and sanding, guarding displaced German citizens at Niedaltdorf, removing mines and booby traps at Thionville, and patrolling the banks of the Moselle River.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
By February, the Germans were in full retreat from the Ardennes. During the first three weeks of February 1945, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group was engaged in miscellaneous engineer activities in support of the 94th Infantry Division and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment. Because of sudden thaws supplemented by heavy rains, the Moselle River was swollen to flood heights again. As a result, great ice floes were swept down the river with such force that it necessitated the removal of all floating bridges.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The salvaged materials were removed and placed in the storage dumps, and as soon as possible the bridges were reconstructed to allow traffic over the Moselle again. On February 20, 1945, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group was given the mission of assisting the 94th Infantry Division in its assault crossing of the Saar River. Under heavy enemy fire coming from strategically located pill boxes on the east bank, three successful assault crossings were made between the 21st and 23 February at Taben, Serrig, and Ayl, Germany.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The first bridge crossings of the Saar River under the direction of the 1139th occurred February 24 and 26, 1945. The 135th Engineer Combat Battalion installed a 240-foot Treadway bridge at Taben, Germany, and a 286' Heavy Pontoon Bridge at Saarburg, Germany, and the 993rd Engineers Treadway Bridge Company built a 320-foot Treadway Bridge at Serrig, allowing the 94th Infantry Division to cross the Saar River and established a vital bridgehead at Serrig, Germany.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
This, in turn, allowed a 286-foot Heavy Pontoon bridge and a 336-foot Treadway bridge to be built across the Sarr at Niederleuken and Schoden, Germany, so that both Infantry and Armor could cross and reduce the enemy on the eastern side of the Saar. On March 6, 1945, an additional 336-foot Treadway M2 C1 bridge was then established at Konz Karthaus, Germany by the 179th and the 206th Engineer Combat Battalions.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
During the first part of March 1945, the 1139th Group was engaged in engineering work necessary for the rapid advancement of the XX Corps from the Saar to the Rhine Rivers. In addition to construction of many Bailey Bridges and small fixed bridges, they were tasked with supervising civilian labor on road work, preparing gun emplacements for artillery pieces, constructing camouflage screens and anti-mine booms at bridges, removing dead animals from minefields, hauling prisoners, demolishing buildings to widen roads, painting town signs, and destroying enemy tanks and artillery pieces.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
In quick secession the American Armies were converging on the enemy in the Rhine-Moselle triangle; the 4th Armored Division from the North, the 10th and 6th Armored Divisions from the South, and the 3rd and the 7th Armies from various locations. Lieutenant Colonel Omar Bradley told General George S. Patton, whose U.S. Third Army had been fighting through the Palatinate to "take the Rhine on the run."


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The Third Army did just that on the night of March 22, 1945, crossing the river with a hasty assault south of Mainz at Oppenheim by the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion on a 1,152 foot long Treadway M2 Bridge. It was there on March 24, 1945, that Patton showing his contempt for the enemy, made good on his pledge to "piss in the Rhine" , which he did from a pontoon bridge in full view of his men and news cameras.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
Then on March 25, 1945, while in the area of Ober-Hilbersheim, Germany, the 1139th received orders to make a major river crossing over the Rhine River at Mainz, Germany. Extensive studies were made by the 1139th Engineer Combat Group to determine the best site for crossing. Study of all available maps and photos determined that the downtown area of Mainz, Germany, was the best site, even though the Rhine was wider at that point.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
Profiles were prepared for the entire area, showing which terrain areas had to be captured or neutralized by artillery fire, and hydraulic data and river bed materials were studied to understand the types and sizes of anchors necessary for the bridge. Finally, site reconnaissance at the river's edge by Group personnel determined the exact location for the bridge. This crossing required two assault operations led by the 80th Infantry Division with support from the 135th Engineer Combat Battalion.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The first infantry crossing (using assault boats) incurred a high casualty rate, so the two battalions were then crossed by the 1139th Engineer Combat Group supported Naval units. Once the infantry was ashore, ferrying operations were carried on by Navy operated boats, using 6 LCMs and 6 Higgens Boats. During the launching there was heavy artillery fire, 20mm and small arms fire on the site, knocking out a bulldozer and killing a naval officer.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
However, the 997th Engineer Treadway Company with assistance from the 160th Engineer Combat Battalion was able to construct a Treadway M2 Bridge across the Rhine 1,896 feet long; the Longest Tactical Bridge built in the European Theater of Operations. This bridge served the entire XX Corps in crossing the Rhine and marked the end of the assault phase of the Rhine in the Third Army area.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
Once across the Rhine, they found the enemy largely routed and in full retreat. On March 31, 1945 the Third Army started its run towards Berlin, from Mainz, Germany, traveling north-east through Frankfurt to Friedberg, to Alsfeld, then crossing the Fulda River with a 312-foot Treadway M2 Bridge, on to Reichensachsen, Germany.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
Then traveling eastward they next bridged the Werra River and traveled to Langensalza, Germany, and after bridging the Helme River on April 11, 1945, they traveled along the Autobahn for two days constructing Bailey Bridges where needed to repair sections of the highway that had been destroyed by allied bombardment. While traveling the Autobahn, they came across an area where the median strip had been paved as a landing airstrip and painted green, and on it sat an unusual-looking plane with no propeller. It turned out to be one of the German Jet planes that had been abandoned during the rapid retreat of the German Army.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The 1139th stopped in Weimar, Germany, on April 13, 1945. Here they were situated in the most luxurious barracks that they had stayed in; formerly used by German Anti-aircraft troops. However, it was also here that they saw their most horrible of all sights; the Buchenwald Concentration Camp. The Third Army had liberated the camp just two days earlier.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
At the urging of General Patton, many of the 1139th troops visited the camp and saw the walking skeletons, stacks of withered corpses, and incompletely burned bodies, pits of lime covered bodies, and all saw emaciated inmates from the camp walking along the road towards Weimer, and heard firsthand accounts about the horrors from a former Captain of the Dutch army, who was taken in from the camp to act as an interpreter.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
On April 16, 1945, the Third army continued moving eastward until it arrived just outside of Chemnitz, Germany. At this point, they were only 135 miles from Berlin. However, with the threat of a National Redoubt (potential reorganization and resistance by the remainder of the German army), Eisenhower ordered Patton's army southward toward Bavaria and Czechoslovakia, anticipating a last stand there by Nazi German forces. The XX Corps raced south-westward to Lichtenfels, Germany; bridging the Saale and the Weisse rivers, arriving April 18, 1945.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
Then turning southeast they bridged the Main River and traveled to Pegnitz, Germany, and after spanning the Naab River with a 240-foot Treadway M2 Bridge arrived in Burglengenfeld, Germany on April 25, 1945. On April 27, 1945, they traveled to Regensburg where they stopped to develop plans for crossing the Danube River. Then continuing into southern Bavaria, they constructed a 516-foot Treadway M2 Bridge to cross the Danube, arriving in Straubing, Germany on April 30, 1945.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
On May 2, 1945, they left Straubing and constructed a 288-foot Treadway M2 bridge to cross the Isar River at Landau an der Isar, Germany, and arrived in Ortenburg on May 3, 1945. On May 4, 1945, the 1139th constructed a 560-foot Heavy Pontoon Bridge over the Inn River at Passau, Germany, and the next day they left Ortenburg, Germany and moved southeastward to Lambach, Austria, where contact was made with the Russian forces.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
This was the furthest they traveled in search for the National Redoubt by the German Army. It was here, on May 7, 1945, that the troops heard that finally Germany would officially surrender the next day. The same day General Walton H. Walker, commander of the XX Corps, received the unconditional surrender of Generaloberst Lothar Rendulic, commander of German Army Group South.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th in the European Theater of Operations
The 1139th constructed a 516-foot Treadway M2 Bridge across the Isar River at Plattling, Austria, and on May 9, 1945, they constructed their final bridge, a 755-foot Heavy Pontoon Bridge over the Inn River at Schaerding, Austria. On May 10, 1945, the 1139th left Lambach, Austria and began their return home moving north-eastward to Ried im Innkreis, Austria.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany
After VE Day, the 1139th was involved in assisting the German people rebuild their state as part of the U.S. Army of Occupation in Germany. Initially, the 1139th Engineer Combat Group expected to be broken up following VE Day, with some troops destined for the Pacific, while others moved to fill in personnel gaps in other units.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany
However, General Eisenhower felt that rehabilitation of the Ruhr area in Germany was vital to rebuilding the German economy, because nowhere else in Europe were there coal deposits of that quality and ease of access. This coal was key to allowing Germany to rebuild its industries and in turn to feed its own population.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany
Colonel Niles and the 1139th Engineer Combat Group were given this duty. The 1139th was assigned to get the Bavarian and Saar coal mines back in operation. This included clearing and preparing the mine sites for return to operations, and because there were few returning coal miners, the 1139th's Engineers were also required to providing training and education to the surviving populous on running the mine. The 1139th worked on the mine projects for many months. During these activities the 1139th was experiencing a slow reduction in troop size as the GIs with 45 VE Day points or more were discharged and returned home to the states.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, The 1139th as part of the Army of Occupation in Germany
The 1139th Engineer Combat Group returned to the United States at Boston, Massachusetts on October 26, 1945, and was inactivated the next day at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts.


1139th Engineer Combat Group, Further reading
Route Timetable for the 1139th Engineer Combat Group, July 1, 1944 – May 10, 1945


1139th Engineer Combat Group, Further reading
Route map of the 1139th Engineer Combat Group 1944 - 1945.


113P/Spitaler
Comet Spitaler is a periodic comet in the solar system discovered by Rudolf Ferdinand Spitaler (Vienna, Austria) on November 17, 1890, while attempting to observe Comet Zona (C/1890 V1).


113P/Spitaler
Spitaler, together with G. M. Searle, J. F. Tennant, and J. R. Hind, calculated orbits based on the observations, but despite predictions of a return in 1897, it was lost and remained so for the next few decades.


113P/Spitaler
On October 24, 1993, the comet was rediscovered by J. V. Scotti (Spacewatch, Kitt Peak Observatory, Arizona, United States), it was confirmed as Spitaler's comet when Brian G. Marsden connected the 1890 and 1994 apparitions.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron
The 113th Air Support Operations Squadron is a unit of the Indiana Air National Guard 181st Intelligence Wing located at Terre Haute Air National Guard Base (Hulman Field), Indiana.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron
The squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 113th Aero Squadron, established on 26 August 1917. It was reformed on 1 August 1921, as the 113th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History
Unit was formed as 113th Aero Squadron in August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas and then assigned as an aviation unit with the Pennsylvania National Guard, however apparently performed support duties as a supply unit. Redesignated the 634th Aero Squadron in 1918 Did not deploy to France as part of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). Squadron was demobilized in March 1919.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana National Guard
Re -formed and its honors and lineage was combined (in 1936) with those of the 137th Squadron, Indiana NG, which had activated at Fagley Field, Indiana during August 1921 (equipped with Curtiss Jennies). Redesignated the 113th Observation Squadron on 25 January 1923, the unit relocated to Schoen Field and then Stout Field (formerly Mars Hill), Indianapolis in October 1926.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana National Guard
The squadron, or elements thereof, called up to perform the following state duties: aerial surveillance of labor troubles in Vanderburg and Warwick Counties 22 February-23 March 1926; flood relief duties at Hazelton-Vincennes, IN, during the Wabash River flood 15–21 January 1930; aerial mapping survey of the state of Indiana in 1930; aerial surveillance of labor troubles during a coal miners' strike at the Dixie Bee Mine August–October 1932; flood relief efforts along the Ohio River in southern Indiana during January–February 1937. Supported the training of the 7th Cavalry Brigade at various times 1934–36. Conducted summer training at Wright Field, OH, or Godman Field, 1922–40.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, World War II
The 113th was operating Douglas O-38Bs and North American O-47A/Bs when called to active duty on 17 January 1941 as part of the build-up of the Army Air Corps after the Fall of France. Ten days later the unit transferred to Key Field, Mississippi and began flying (assigned to the 67th Observation Group, 3d Air Force) Anti - Submarine patrols with O-47s, O-49s and O-52s over the Gulf of Mexico. Between 1942 and disbandment at Birmingham Army Airfield, Alabama on 30 November 1943 the 113th performed Operational Training for combat reconnaissance pilots in Bell P-39 Airacobras and other light reconnaissance aircraft.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard
The wartime 113th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was reconstituted on 21 June 1945. It was then redesignated as the 113th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Indiana Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Stout Field, Indianapolis, Indiana, and was extended federal recognition on 9 December 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 113th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 113th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and all predecessor units. The squadron was assigned to the 122d Fighter Group, Indiana Air National Guard and equipped with F-51D Mustang fighters.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard
The 113th and the 163d Fighter Squadron at Stout Field, Indianapolis were the operational squadrons of the 122d Fighter Group. Its mission was the air defense of Indiana. The 113th flew training missions primarily over the northern part of Indiana, while the 163d operated from Indianapolis south to the Ohio River border with Kentucky.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard
During the postwar years, the Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, these units also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score better than full-time USAF units.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1960, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 113th Fighter Squadron and its parent 122d Fighter Group were federalized on 10 February 1951.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization
The 113th initially remained at Stout Field, Indianapolis, and the 122d Fighter Group established headquarters at Stout Field, Indianapolis along with the 163d Fighter Squadron at Baer Field, Fort Wayne, under Air Defense Command. ADC established the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Wing with the 122d Fighter-Interceptor Group as its operational unit with a mission for the air defense of Indiana and the upper midwest as part of the Eastern Air Defense Force. Both squadrons were re-equipped with very long range (VLR) F-51H Mustangs that were developed during World War II for long distance B-29 Superfortress bomber escort missions in the Pacific Theater.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Korean War Federalization
On 1 May the 113th FIS was dispersed to Scott AFB, Illinois and the 163d FIS to Sioux City MAP, Iowa; the 122d FIW being transferred to the ADC Central Air Defense Force. Now assigned for the air defense of the Central United States, the squadrons flew interception missions for ADC. The 122d FIW/FIG were inactivated on 6 February 1952, the squadron being reassigned to the 4706th Air Defense Wing. It was later transferred to the 33d Air Division on 1 April. Its period of federalization ended, the squadron was returned to Indiana State Control on 1 November 1952.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The unit was re-formed at Stout Field and continued to fly the F-51H Mustangs, returning to its pre-federalization air defense mission of Indiana. With the end of the line for the Mustang in USAF service, the United States Air Force, in an effort to upgrade to an all jet fighter force, required Air National Guard Air Defense Command units to upgrade to jet-powered aircraft.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
However, the facilities at Stout Field were inadequate for jet interceptor fighters and as a result the squadron was moved to Hulman Field, at Terre Haute, on 1 January 1954. In July 1954 the Mustangs were retired and the squadron was re-equipped with F-80C Shooting Star jets that had seen combat in the Korean War. In March 1956, conversion to refurbished and reconditioned F-86A Sabres commenced, and in April 1958 new F-84F Thunderstreaks were received.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Fighters
In July 1959, the 113th was designated as a Tactical Fighter Squadron (Special Delivery), with a mission of the delivery of Tactical nuclear weapons. Although the 113th trained for the delivery of tactical nuclear weapons, it never had any actual nuclear weapons on hand, nor did the base at Terre Haute ever had nuclear weapon storage facilities. In 1959 and 1960 the squadron participated in exercises Dark Cloud and Pine Cone III, the latter taking place at Congaree AFB, South Carolina. In the exercises, the squadron practiced delivery of tactical nuclear weapons in the fictitious country of "North Saladia". In 1960, the unit performed extremely well during the annual "Ricks's Trophy Race" between Turner Air Force Base, Georgia and Hamilton Air Force Base, California.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis
On 1 October 1961 the 113th and the 122d Tactical Fighter Wing was federalized and ordered to active service as part of Operation Tack Hammer, the United States response to the 1961 Berlin Crisis. Due to DOD budget restrictions, the 122d was instructed to deploy only a portion of its total strength and only the 163d Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed to Chambley-Bussières Air Base, France, with the other two squadrons being on active duty at their home stations, ready to reinforce the 163d if necessary.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis
On 6 November, twenty-six F-84F Thunderstreaks arrived at Chambley, with the wings support aircraft (C-47 and T-33A's) arriving by mid-November. Due to its reduced force structure, the wing was designated the 7122d Tactical Wing while in France. By 1 December the ground support units arrived and the 7122d prepared for an estimated overseas deployment of 10 months.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis
Rotations of Air National Guard pilots from the stateside squadrons in Indiana was performed to train them in local flying conditions in Europe. This allowed the 163d to maintain 100 percent manning and also to relieve the boredom of the national guard pilots on active duty in CONUS and kept them connected to the overseas part of the Wing.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis
The mission of the 7122d was to support Seventeenth Air Force and various NATO exercises in Europe, flying up to 30 sorties a day exercising with Seventh Army units in West Germany. NATO exchanges with the West German 32d Fighter-Bomber Wing occurred in April 1962 to increase understanding of NATO air integration and terminology.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis
By April, the Berlin Crisis appeared to be settled and the Kennedy Administration was interested in saving money on this emergency call-up of national guard units. On 7 June the 163d was directed to return to CONUS with all personnel, however the aircraft and equipment were to remain at Chambley.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin crisis
The support C-47 and T-33s were flown back to Indiana, and in July the Air National Guardsmen of the 122 TFW/163 TFS returned to CONUS. On 16 July the 7122nd Tactical Wing was discontinued with its F-84F aircraft being turned over to the new 366th Tactical Fighter Wing. The Guardsmen were released from active duty and returned to Indiana state control, 31 August 1962.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
After the Berlin Federalization, the 113th transferred its 25 F-84Fs to the active-duty USAF to fill gaps in TAC Wings; the aircraft being temporally replaced by RF-84Fs from the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Shaw AFB, South Carolina that was upgrading to the RF-101 Voodoo. The squadron flew the RF-84F until May 1964 to maintain proficiency but did not train in photo-reconnaissance.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
On 1 October 1962, the 113th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 181st Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 113th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 181st Headquarters, 181st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 181st Combat Support Squadron, and the 181st USAF Dispensary.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
Re -equipped with F-84Fs, in 1965, the 181st TFG deployed to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for Tropic Lighting I, an exercise designed to assist in the training of Army ground units prior to their deployment to South Vietnam. This deployment required two over-water air refuelings in either direction. In addition, the 113th deployed to Vincent AFB, Arizona for extensive gunnery, rocketry and special weapons delivery training.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The F-84F remained with the 181st until December 1971, when they were retired to AMARC and replaced by North American F-100C/D Super Sabres following their withdrawal from the Vietnam War. The F-100 remained with the squadron until 1979 and participated in numerous deployments and exercises. In April 1976, the squadron deployed to RAF Lakenheath, England as part of Cornet Prize, and was awarded an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period October 1975 to May 1976. The unit had the honor to fly the last active United States Military F-100 mission when it flew F-100D 56-2979 to MASDC (now AMARC), Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, in November 1979.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In the summer of 1979 the unit had begun conversion to the F-4C Phantom II (actual aircraft were Vietnam War EF-4C Wild Weasel aircraft which had been de-modified). By 1 April 1988 the unit had completed its conversion to more the advanced F-4E version of the Phantom II. However, the squadron was not assigned the specialized Wild Weasel mission, and it operated its F-4Cs in the conventional strike role. With the receipt of the Phantoms in 1979, the 113th began using Tactical Air Command Tail Code "HF" on their aircraft (Hulman Field).


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The 113th initially operated the F-4Cs in a tactical role. In addition, they served in the air defense role as part of the Air National Guard taking over the mission of the inactivated Aerospace Defense Command for continental air defense. In the air defense role, the squadron operated under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a named unit that operated at the numbered air force level of TAC.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
Beginning in April 1991 the unit started its conversion to ex USAFE 50th Tactical Fighter Wing Block 25 F-16C/Ds (the last Phantoms left in October 1991) and completed this on 1 July 1992 when the last F-16 left Hahn Air Base prior to its closure. With the changeover to the F-16, the squadron changed its Tail Code to "TH" (Terre Haute).


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In 1992, the unit designation changed to 113th Fighter Squadron, 181st Fighter Group (15 March 1992) and in June its gaining command changed from Tactical Air Command to Air Combat Command (1 June 1992). On 1 October 1995 the 181st Fighter Group was changed in status to a Wing, this being part of the Air Force's One-Base, One-Wing requirement.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
Since equipping with F-16s the Racers (The 113th's nickname coming from the proximity of Terre Haute to the Indianapolis 500 racetrack) have participated in a humanitarian deployment to Romania, provided security for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and have deployed in support of Operation Southern Watch (operating from Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait) and Operation Northern Watch (from Incirlik Air Base, Turkey). Additionally, the Unit received exceptional ratings on a number of higher headquarters evaluations.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
The 113th swapped their Block 25 F-16C/Ds for Block 30s in July/August 1995 and flew those aircraft until 2008. The units vipers were equipped with the LITENING targeting pod, a precision targeting pod system designed for Air Force Reserve's and Air National Guard's F-16 Block 25/30/32 Fighting Falcons. This precision targeting system significantly increases the combat effectiveness of the F-16 during day, night and under-the-weather conditions in the attack of ground targets with a variety of standoff weapons.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Global war on terrorism
On 11 September 2001, the 181st Fighter Wing wasted no time in joining the War on Terrorism as it responded after the attack on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in less than four hours to the task of flying Combat Air Patrols over the Midwest as part of Operation Noble Eagle.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Global war on terrorism
The 181st Fighter Wing drastically increased its operations tempo during the early 2000s to guard America's skies and protect freedom. The 181st deployed members and equipment to 19 countries to simultaneously support seven different military operations, including: Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Joint Forge, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Deep Freeze, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air support operations
In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure commission mandated the end of the flying era for the 181st. On 8 September 2007, the 181st Fighter Wing flew their last training mission out of Hulman Field International Airport. The Block 30 F-16 aircraft were reassigned to the 177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base in September 2007.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air support operations
A realignment was directed with two new Air Force missions: a Distributive Ground Station (DGS) and an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS). On 3 May 2008 the 181st Fighter Wing was redesignated as the 181st Intelligence Wing.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air support operations
The DGS is an intelligence based mission, monitoring near real time video feed from Predators, Global Hawks and other unmanned aerial vehicles hovering the skies over any military area of operation. The servicemembers will process, exploit, and disseminate the video feed, providing actionable intelligence to the ground commanders and war-fighting forces.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Indiana Air National Guard, Air support operations
The ASOS will bring unity to joint forces fighting in the Global War on Terrorism. Their mission is to advise the ground commanders on the best way to utilize U.S. and NATO assets for close air support.


113th Air Support Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
The 113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 113th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 as part of a recruiting drive in which men from the same region could enlist and serve together.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
The battalion trained on the Lethbridge exhibition grounds in 1915.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
The rank-and-file soldiers were not issued Highland kit, but the battalion did raise three pipes and drums bands who were. Basic training in the CEF involved rifle training, bombing or hand grenade practice, route marches, rifle drill and many inspections. Inspections were very popular for the 113th as many wished to hear their three bands.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
In late May 1916, the battalion moved to Sarcee Camp outside Calgary for further training that lasted until September. During the time spent at Sarcee the battalion used painted rocks to construct their battalion number on nearby Signal Hill in Calgary. This bold white stone is still visible and preserved in Battalion Park. In early September 1916 orders came for the battalion to entrain for the east and by September 19 the battalion was on its way.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
On September 26, 1916, the 113th embarked along with the 111th and 145th Battalions on SS Tuscania, a transport ship. The trip across the Atlantic took ten days and upon arriving in England the battalion was taken to a holding camp at Sandling near Shorncliffe. It was at Sandling that Lieutenant-Colonel Albert Westhead Pryce-Jones, the commanding officer, learned that the 113th would be broken up for replacements and would not see action as a unit after all. One can only imagine the disappointment of these men as they learned the fate of the 113th, their battalion, after 10 months training together.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
The 113th was transferred to the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF, the Nova Scotia Highlanders, affiliated with the Scottish Seaforth Highlanders. The 17th was at Bramshott Camp located South of London. On October 12, 1916, most of the old 113th proceeded to France arriving at a camp near Le Havre France. Almost immediately 300 men of the old 113th were assigned as replacements to one of the most famous battalions in the CEF, the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish). An idea of the casualties suffered by the 16th in the Somme fighting of the fall of 1916 till 1917 can be understood by this reinforcement. This would mean that roughly 30% of the 16th were new transfers from the 113th.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
The battalion recruited in, and was mobilized at, Lethbridge, Alberta.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
The battalion was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Albert Westhead Pryce-Jones from 6 to 8 October 1916.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
The battalion was awarded the battle honour The Great War, 1916.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF
The perpetuation of the 113th Battalion was assigned in 1920 to the 3rd Battalion, the Alberta Regiment. When the Alberta Regiment was split in 1924, the perpetuation was passed to the 2nd Battalion, the South Alberta Regiment. The South Alberta Regiment is now incorporated (through amalgamations) with the South Alberta Light Horse, which carries on the perpetuation.


113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF, Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962


113th Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 113th Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of  the British Army active in both the First and the Second World Wars.


113th Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War
The 113th Brigade was originally raised in the First World War from men volunteering for Lord Kitchener's New Armies, and was assigned to the 38th (Welsh) Division. The brigade, composed entirely of four battalions of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers, served in the trenches of the Western Front throughout the war.


113th Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War, Order of battle
The 113th Brigade was constituted as follows during the war: