13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Division splits
While 9/28 was fighting near Vukosavci, a number of units, consisting mainly of artillery, were temporarily detached for duty with other formations of Second Panzer Army fighting Soviet troops within the German-occupied territory of Serbia. The division was not re-united until January 1945.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Division splits
After a request from Army Group F to Himmler, a decision was made to move IX SS Mountain Corps and the division to perform road and railway security duties near Zagreb. This would relieve LXIX Army Corps from those duties so that it could reinforce a defensive line along the Drina facing the advancing Red Army. The 28th Regiment, I/27 and III/AR 13 were to remain behind at the Brčko bridgehead to keep the Sava river bridge open.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Division splits
The heavy desertions from the division were the main reason for the move from north-east Bosnia to northern Croatia, but it made matters worse: the Bosnians were very reluctant to leave Bosnia and the already serious desertion rate became a flood when the move began on 16 October 1944. Many took their weapons with them and hundreds joined the Partisans. In mid-October, 700 members of the division stationed at Orašje joined the Partisans, and were distributed between the 17th Majevica Brigade and 21st East Bosnian Brigade.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Operation Herbstlaub
On 20 October, the Red Army and Partisan forces captured Belgrade and the following day the divisional staff imam, Abdulah Muhasilović, incited a mutiny and led 100 men back to Bosnia. Himmler finally agreed to the disarming of the "unreliable" Bosnians under Operation Herbstlaub (Autumn Leaves) on 25 October. Between 900 and 1,000 Bosnians in the Brčko bridgehead and over 2,300 in Zagreb were allocated to labour battalions and similar non-combatant auxiliary duties, although the disarming operation was not completed in the Zagreb area until mid-November.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Operation Herbstlaub
By the beginning of November the division, which had been ninety five percent non-German in January 1944, became fifty percent German. The plans to re-organise the division were abandoned and Sauberzweig was relieved of command. In addition, Sauberzweig's IX SS Mountain Corps staff was dissolved and the remnants were placed under the command of LXVIII Army Corps, under which they remained for the rest of the war.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops
Meanwhile, the advance of the Red Army through Belgrade and north into the formerly Hungarian-occupied Yugoslav region of Baranja made holding the line of the Danube critical for the Germans. In early November the Soviet troops established a bridgehead over the Danube from Apatin (in modern-day Serbia). From 9 November onward, the division was committed in several stages to the Eastern Front, starting with the reconnaissance battalion which went into action at Dárda west of the Apatin bridgehead on 10 November.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops
They were followed by a grouping of three battalions (I/27, II/28 and II/28), an artillery battalion (III/AR 13) and pioneer support. Known as Kampfgruppe Hanke after their commander Hans Hanke, they moved from the Brčko bridgehead and joined a blocking position at Pélmonostor on 14 November south-west of a second Soviet bridgehead that had been established at Batina (in modern-day Croatia). As a result, the last Muslim SS troops left Bosnia. Within a week they were joined by the reconnaissance battalion, which had acquitted itself well in fighting west of Apatin.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops
By 20 November, the Red Army was across the Danube in force at Batina. The following day Kampfgruppe Hanke was driven out of its positions, when the remaining 200 troops withdrew. By 25 November the rest of the division was on its way from the Zagreb area. The remnants of Kampfgruppe Hanke were placed under command of Reichsgrenadier Division Hoch und Deutschmeister, withdrawing as far as Siklós in southern Hungary by 29 November.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops
Within days Kampfgruppe Hanke was withdrawn from the front line to rejoin the division and re-fit, and they were moved to Barcs on the Drava river for that purpose. On 2 December the division was reunited, except for the rest of the pioneer battalion, which remained stranded in Bosnia by damaged bridges and railways. As a result of continued desertions and the catastrophic casualties suffered by Kampfgruppe Hanke, the division retained little of its original Bosnian character. Despite the return of disarmed Bosnians from labour units, the attachment of Hungarian infantry and artillery units and arrival of German replacements meant the division looked little different from any other unit in the Second Panzer Army.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops
After a short break, the division was allocated to a sector of the Margarethe Line, a series of fixed defensive works south of Lake Balaton which held up the Soviet advance. After several Red Army assaults were repulsed, static trench warfare developed between December 1944 and January 1945. In early March 1945, a few units took part in Operation Frühlingserwachen (Spring Awakening), which was to be Germany's last major offensive. Meanwhile, from December 1944 to March 1945, the rest of the division remained at Barcs rebuilding.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Fighting Soviet troops
In February, they had been joined by the divisional pioneer battalion, which had finally managed to withdraw from Bosnia. On 16 March, the Soviets launched the Vienna Offensive, bypassing the Barcs area. That night, the division attacked the flanks of the Soviet drive at Heresznye, where it undertook its last offensive operation of the war.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Retreat to the Reich
On 29 March, the Soviet 57th Army and the Bulgarian First Army assaulted the entire Second Panzer Army front, quickly breaching the line near Nagybajom. The division, holding positions just south of the penetration, began to withdraw to the north-west. It fell back to the Mura and barely managed to cross under constant air and ground attacks, with grievous casualties. Unable to take up effective positions, the division crossed the Reich frontier on 6 April and took up positions at Pettau in the so-called "Reich Defence Line", where it remained until 5 May. Its last fighting was around Kiesmanndorff on 19 April.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Retreat to the Reich
On 5 May, the division's remaining men, both German and Bosnian, began to retreat northwards towards Austria. On 8 May, an order was sent to retreat to Wolfsberg, Carinthia. On learning of the orders, unit imams of the 28th Regiment "approached their commander, Hans Hanke and requested that they and their men be discharged and be allowed to attempt to return to their homeland ... Soon, all of the Bosnians remaining in the division were asked if they wished to remain." There are two reports of large-scale reprisal killings of these members of the division by the Partisans, one of which included the mass shooting of 1,400 soldiers.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), August 1944 – May 1945, Retreat to the Reich
The retreat continued until 11 May. On 12 May, Hampel carried out surrender negotiations with the British Army at Sankt Veit an der Glan. On 15 May most of the men were transported to Rimini in Italy, where they were incarcerated with other prisoners of war from 7th SS Division and 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS. Scattered remnants did not surrender until 18 May and many attempted to obliterate their SS blood group tattoo. Hampel escaped from a prisoner-of-war camp in Fallingbostel.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath
While it achieved successes and proved itself competent in counter-insurgency operations against the Partisans in eastern Bosnia, the division earned a reputation for brutality and savagery, not only during combat operations, but also through atrocities committed against Serb and Jewish civilians in the security zone. Its reprisal attacks in northern and eastern Bosnia left many hundreds and possibly as many as several thousand Serb civilians dead by the spring and summer of 1944.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath
The post-war Nuremberg trials made the declaratory judgement that the Waffen-SS was a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the killing of prisoners-of-war and atrocities committed in occupied countries. Excluded from this judgement were those who were conscripted into the Waffen-SS and had not personally committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath
Thirty-eight members of the division were extradited to Yugoslavia to face trial following the war. Some committed suicide, including Generalleutnant Sauberzweig on 20 October 1946 and SS-Obersturmführer Hans König. Trials took place at a military court in Sarajevo between 22 and 30 August 1947. Only seven of the 38 defendants were charged with specific offenses, although the indictment accused the division of murdering some 5,000 people. The accused were defended by three Yugoslav lawyers: two civilian and one military officer. All were found guilty; 10 were sentenced to death, and 28 received prison terms of between five years and life.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath
SS-Obersturmführer Imam Halim Malkoč had already been executed in Bihać on 7 March 1947. All of those who were executed were junior officers and non-commissioned officers. Almost all the prisoners were released early and by 1952 all had been freed, except for one who had died. Having escaped, Hampel never faced trial and lived in Graz, Austria until his death on 11 January 1981.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Aftermath
Hundreds of members of the 13th and 23rd SS Divisions volunteered to fight in the 1948–1949 Arab–Israeli War. The Syrian government made a request for the transfer of 8,000 Bosnian Muslim refugees to Syria, many for recruitment into the Syrian Armed Forces. Iraq sent representatives to Europe and invited 2,500 Bosnian Muslims to settle there. Frantzman and Culibrk estimate that approximately 1,000 former Bosnian Muslim SS members fought in Palestine. Many of the volunteers served in the Arab Liberation Army's Ajnaddin Battalion.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Commanders
The following officers commanded the division. The first two raised and trained the division in its early stages of development and Sauberzweig and Hampel commanded it on active operations against the Partisans and later against the Red Army and Bulgarians:


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Awards
Several members were decorated with high German military awards, with five awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (including Hampel and Hanke), five awarded the German Cross in Gold (including Hanke) and one awarded the German Cross in Silver. All five presentations of the Knight's Cross to members of the division are disputed and cannot be verified at the German National Archive. According to Gerhard von Seemen, Hampel, Karl Liecke and Hanke presumably received the Knight's Cross on the same day from the commander of the 2nd Panzer Army, General der Artillerie Maximilian de Angelis.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Order of battle
From 24 September 1944, the supply and logistics battalions were combined to form the 13th SS Service Support/Supply Regiment.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Uniform and divisional song
The uniform was regular SS M43 field-jacket issue, with a divisional collar patch showing an arm holding a scimitar over a swastika. On the left arm was a Croatian armshield (red-white chessboard) and on the right an Edelweiss flower patch. The chessboard armshield was controversial, especially with the imams, who, after crossing the Sava river, removed them. Former SS personnel serving in the division were entitled to wear a Sig Rune badge that was attached to the left breast pocket of the tunic.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Uniform and divisional song
Headgear was either the SS M43 fez which was to be worn by all ranks, while German officers had the option to wear the mountain cap (Bergmütze). The fez was chosen by Himmler because it had been worn by the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry regiments of the Austro-Hungarian army from 1894 to 1918, as well as by the Austro-Hungarian Albanian Legion from 1916 to 1918. There were two versions of the fez: a field gray model to be worn in combat and while on duty and a red model for parades, marching exercises and while off duty. Both the fez and mountain cap bore the death's head and eagle of the SS. The mountain cap was also adorned with an Edelweiss flower patch, worn on the left side of the cap.


13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), Uniform and divisional song
The divisional song was set to the melody of "Wir fahren gegen Engelland" by Herms Niel.


13th Ward of New Orleans
The 13th Ward or Thirteenth Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans. The Ward was formerly part of the old Jefferson City annexed by New Orleans in 1870.


13th Ward of New Orleans, Boundaries
The roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Napoleon Avenue, across which is the 12th Ward. The upper boundary is Jefferson Avenue, across which is the 14th Ward, which also abuts the 13th's back boundary of South Broad. The 13th Ward includes a section of Uptown New Orleans and part of the Broadmoor neighborhood.


13th Ward of New Orleans, Landmarks
Landmarks include the Academy of the Sacred Heart, De La Salle High School on St. Charles Avenue, Isidore Newman School, the New Orleans Academy of Fine Arts on Magazine Street, and Ochsner Baptist Medical Center on Napoleon Avenue. The Latter Branch of New Orleans Public Library is in an old mansion on St. Charles Avenue. The section of Freret Street in the 13th Ward is a vibrant commercial district, and home to events including the annual Freret Street Festival.


13th Ward of New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina and the Federal Flood of Aug. 29, 2005
Much of the 13th Ward on the lake side of St. Charles flooded badly in the aftermath of the failure of the Federal levee system during Hurricane Katrina in 2005.


13th Ward of New Orleans, Notable residents
Notable 13th Warders have included The Neville Brothers, Joe Simon, B.G., VL Mike, Percy Humphrey, Willie Humphrey, Idris Muhammad, and Leon Roppolo. The Wild Tchoupitoulas were established in the 13th Ward. Lee Harvey Oswald had an apartment here for some time.


13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment
The 13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service
The 13th West Virginia  Infantry Regiment was organized at Point Pleasant and Barboursville in western Virginia in October, 1862, and mustered out on June 22, 1865.


13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The 13th West Virginia Infantry Regiment suffered four Officers and 57 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and one officer and 108 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 170 fatalities.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment
The 13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 13 Pułk Ułanów Wileńskich) was a unit of the Polish army during the interwar period and the Polish Defence War of 1939.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Origins
The ancestral units to the regiment were created mainly as means of defending the Polish interest and the interest of the ethnic Poles living in Kresy at the end of World War I. Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Belarusians, and even Anarchists competed for the sovereignty over the area.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Formation
The 13th Regiment was formed out of the cavalry units of the Lithuanian and Belarusian Self-Defence on December 27, 1918, on the estate of a Mr. Pośpieszek. On December 28, the regiment was moved to the garrison at Vilnius and was stationed in the barracks in the Antokol district. Władysław Dąbrowski, nom-de-guerre 'Dąb', lit. 'Oak', was the regiment's first commander. The regiment was the first in newly independent Poland, and was originally called the 1st Regiment of Wilno Uhlans. It became officially part of the Polish Armed Forces in June 1919, receiving its name and number.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Formation
The regiment was nationally famous because its commander, Major Władysław Dąbrowski, was a Zagończyk. In the official Polish Army documents, the phrase "Wilenskich" ("of Vilnius") was omitted; the official name was the 13th Regiment. In spite of this, the officers, soldiers and public persisted in calling it the "13th Wilno Regiment".


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Formation, Lipka Tatar Tradition
Since the joining, the regiment had been following dual tradition of the afore-mentioned Lithuanian and Belarusian Self-Defence and of the 7th Lithuanian Tatar Regiment, which used to be stationed in Janów, the same place where over century later, the 13th Regiment fought its very first battle.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Polish-Soviet War
The 13th Regiment participated in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920 and became known for many flanking manoeuvres and raids behind Soviet lines. It protected the retreat of General Żeligowski's troops. On 25 February 1920, while it was stationed in Vilnius, the regiment mutinied, because it refused to fight against Lithuanians.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Polish-Soviet War
On June 29, 1919, in Vilnius, General Edward Rydz-Śmigły handed over the regiment's new banner to a small delegation from a combat area. After a failed attempt at seizing territory in the Ukraine beyond Kiev, many soldiers from the disbanded Tatar Uhlan Regiment, (named after Colonel Mustafa Achmatowicz, a renowned eighteenth-century Lithuanian Tatar cavalryman), joined the "Wilno Regiment".


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Interwar period
In late 1921, the regiment patrolled the Polish border with Lithuania and was stationed for a brief period in Głębokie, at present Hlybokaye in Belarus. The regiment was moved to Nowa Wilejka near Vilnius in 1922, where it stayed until the Invasion of Poland in 1939.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Interwar period
In 1936, a Tatar unit was created within the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans. By the order of the Polish Minister of Defence, issued on June 9, a troop within the regiment was renamed the 1st Tatar Squadron, to which all new recruits of Tatar ethnicity were directed. Captain Michał Bohdanowicz was the original commander. The unit was led for a short time by Captain Bazyli Marcisz and podpułkownik Jan Tarnowski. Captain Aleksander Jeljaszewicz became its last commander from November 25, 1938.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Interwar period
During the Regiment's Holiday on July 25, 1937, the squadron (or mounted infantry battalion) received a buńczuk made according to the old Tatar traditions and funded by the entire Tatar community of Poland. During the symbolic ceremony of the burial of the heart of Marshal Józef Piłsudski in the Rasos cemetery in Vilnius, a detail from the 1st Tatar Squadron fired a three-volley salute.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Interwar period, Banners and markings
The regiment's lances initially bore pennons, but after 1936 these were only issued by personal request, when all cavalry units were transformed into mounted infantry units and were in the process of becoming fully mechanized divisions. However, progress was slow, only two fully mechanized units fought in the Invasion of Poland in 1939 besides armoured units, heavy artillery units, AA artillery units, Polish Air Force's ground units, and most of the tabors. Uniforms were adorned with miniature banners, pink in colour, with a slim cornflower-coloured stripe in the middle. Each trooper's rogatywka (hat) was adorned with a pink stripe running around the crown. The 1st Tatar Squadron also wore on the small banners, a golden Crescent Moon and star. The regiment's holiday was July 25 (in memory of the Battle of Janow in 1920).


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Invasion of Poland
In 1939, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Józef Szostak, the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans fought as a part of the Wileńska Cavalry Brigade under the command of Colonel Konstanty Drucki-Lubecki. Between September 2 and 5, the brigade took part in heavy fighting near Piotrków Trybunalski. On September 9 and 10, the brigade lost many men and much equipment while retreating across the Vistula river near Maciejowice. The brigade fought in Lubelszczyzna near the city of Lublin, before being crushed near Tomaszow Lubelski.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Invasion of Poland
The largest remnant of the regiment became part of the Independent Operational Group Polesie under the command of Major General Franciszek Kleeberg.


13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, Home Army
Subdivisions of the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans AK were recreated in 1944 in the Wilno District of the Home Army as a mounted infantry division in Rudnicka Forest, a mounted infantry battalion attached to the Home Army 3rd Wilno Brigade, a mounted infantry platoon attached to the Home Army 4th Wilno Brigade and a mounted infantry platoon operating within Kampinos Forest.


13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
The 13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service
The 13th Wisconsin was raised at Janesville, Wisconsin, and mustered into federal service October 17, 1861.


13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was mustered out on November 24, 1865, at San Antonio, Texas.


13th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The 13th Wisconsin  suffered 5 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 188 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 193 fatalities.


13th Wisconsin Legislature
The Thirteenth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 11, 1860, to April 2, 1860, in regular session.


13th Wisconsin Legislature
Senators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 8, 1859. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 2, 1858.


13th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate
Members of the Wisconsin Senate for the Thirteenth Wisconsin Legislature:


13th World Festival of Youth and Students
The 13th World Festival of Youth and Students (WFYS) was held from 1–8 July 1989 in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, and was organized by the World Federation of Democratic Youth. It was described as the largest international event staged in North Korea of the time.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students
The event took four years of preparation by the North Korean government, which effectively spent a quarter of the country's yearly budget (US$4.5 billion) on it. The government built elaborate stadiums, shipped in Mercedes-Benz vehicles to tote around foreigners, and undertook other expensive architectural projects. Ultimately declared as the largest ever World Festival of Youth and Students, about 22,000 people from 177 countries took part in the festival, including 100 people from the United States. For eight days starting on 1 July 1989, the students participated in political discussions, sports competitions, and other activities. Many accounts described the festival as a reaction to Seoul's hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics, which North Korea boycotted.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students
This event was the last festival held during the Cold War era as the waves of unrest began to occur throughout Central and Eastern Europe for the remainder of 1989.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Leading up to the event
North Korea went through years of planning and building in preparation for the event. The Rungrado May Day Stadium was commissioned to serve as the festival's main venue, its construction officially completed in time for the festival on 1 May 1989. At the time it was the largest stadium in Asia, capable of seating 150,000 people.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Leading up to the event
The North Korean government also worked with a South Korean student organization, the National Council of Student Representatives (Jeondaehyeop), which was organized on 19 August 1987. The organization concentrated its efforts on getting South Korean participation in order to express its anti-US and pro-reunification commitment. The group secretly sent one of its members, Lim Su-kyung, to the festival.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event
On 1 July 1989, about 22,000 young people from 177 countries gathered in the May Day Stadium to inaugurate the festival. For eight days, the participants took part in social, cultural, sports and political activities. The slogan of the festival was "For Anti- Imperialist Solidarity, Peace and Friendship".


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event
The Thirteenth festival held in North Korea was the first festival held in Asia and the first time the United States Department of Treasury allowed a group to travel to North Korea since the Korean War. Throughout this delegation's and others' time in Korea however, the North Korean government imposed boundaries and restrictions on foreigners' movements and behavior, as well as constant surveillance over its own population.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event
Danish activists caused a stir during the opening ceremony of the festival when they unfurled a banner criticizing North Korea's human rights abuses. Two of the three activists were taken into custody but soon released.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event
At the festival, well over 1,000 events took place, from round-table political discussions, solidarity rallies, and plenary sessions, to sports matches, artistic performances, film showings and visits around Pyongyang and beyond. The political events of the festival primarily focused on anti-imperialist discussions as well as subjects such as peace and disarmament, nonalignment, human rights, and rights for youth and others. There were also frequent bilateral meetings arranged for two countries at a time to talk over issues of economic and political concern.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event
Each of the eight days of the festival was devoted to a specific theme:


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event
Pyongyang declined Seoul's offer to contribute resources to festival events, particularly electronic equipment for the opening ceremony at the May Day Stadium. Three officials of the South Korean government did attend the festival, although their presence there was a secret at the time.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event, Lim Su-kyung's participation
The North Korean government greatly publicized South Korean student Lim Su-kyung's presence at the festival. The South Korean government, then dominated by hardline anti-communists, banned the trip but Lim Su-kyung's student association ignored the ban. Upon her arrival in Pyongyang, and throughout her time in North Korea, the public treated Lim like a celebrity: asking her questions about her ideology and broadcasting her activities during and after the visit. Dubbed the "Flower of Reunification", Lim was hailed by the North Korean government as a hero who sacrificed herself at the altar of Korean reunification.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event, Lim Su-kyung's participation
However, Lim's public appearance also revealed the positive elements of being a South Korean youth. In contrast to the North Koreans' understanding that South Koreans lived a repressed life ridden with unhappiness and starvation under the colonial rule of the United States, they observed a healthy and well-spoken youth who expressed a willingness to give unscripted political statements to high officials.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event, Lim Su-kyung's participation
After the festival, Lim Su-kyung crossed the border back into South Korea, and the Southern government, as forewarned, imprisoned her. The North Korean government then broadcast an interview with Lim Su-kyung's family in Seoul to its general population. Instead of portraying the harshness of the South Korean regime, the North Korean government showed the family in a nice home. To the puzzlement of the North Korean viewers, the family of a "political criminal" was not imprisoned and even allowed to stay in their home and keep their jobs.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Event, Lim Su-kyung's participation
Some historians have concluded that North Korea failed to represent the superiority and popularity of its ideology through Lim Su-kyung. She interacted with North Koreans and gave her opinions on controversial matters, ultimately to the chagrin of North Korean officials, since she unexpectedly demonstrated the positive aspects of living in a US-backed nation.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Reception
Contemporary news reports in the Western world in general saw the Thirteenth Festival of Youth and Students as a failed effort on the part of Kim Il-sung, and the North Korean government, to increase their standing in the international community. Through constant surveillance of the population and other restrictions, the North Korean government attempted to shield its population from foreign influence, but inevitably the festival had an external impact on the home population.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Reception
Twenty journalists from the United States attended the festival. Nicholas Kristof recounted that "native North Koreans seem willing and happy to talk to foreigners, but conversations often sound exceedingly unnatural and fake and that it is rare for a minute to pass without a Korean offering praise to the 77-year-old 'great leader'."


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Reception
Some historians, however, posit that reporters rhetorically reduced the coverage of the Festival of Youth and Students to the North Korea / South Korea issue and the regime of North Korea, failing to discuss the actual content of the festival. From this perspective, reporters reducing the festival to a mere manipulation device for North Korea were guilty of the same qualities they sought to criticize. Some claim this journalistic bias gave a skewed international perception of the true meaning of the festival.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance
Hosting the Youth Festival had long lasting consequences for the North Korean government and its worldwide standing. After funneling billions of dollars into the festival's production, North Korea ended up owing five billion dollars in foreign debt and was considered bankrupt by creditor nations. This damaged the country's economy and external status. The extravagant expenditures put North Korea into a hole it could not get out of, exacerbated by unfavourable economic conditions in the next decade with the fall of the Soviet Union and concurrent famine.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance
Also, Lim Su-kyung as well as other representations of the outside world had unintended effects on the North Korean public. Contrary to some Western predictions that the inflow of foreign influence would contribute to North Korea's openness, after the festival Pyongyang tightened its control over its population in order to "wipe out all the remnants of 'foreign culture'". Historians such as Induk Kang believe North Korea reasserted its isolationism because its survival depended on the control of information into the country.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance
Historian Andrei Lankov has concluded that even though the country increased information control after the festival, "this was the beginning of major changes" in the infiltration of foreign influence into North Korea, which led to a negative impact on the regime's political legitimacy. In the subsequent decade, advances in media technology and loosening of border controls with China caused further change in North Koreans' perception of the outside world.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance
The Pyongyang Youth Festival is widely considered North Korea's competitive reaction to the Seoul Olympics, and ultimately the festival strained relations with South Korea. Yet prior to the festival, the media portrayed an optimistic outlook on Korean relations, largely due to the 7 July (1988) Declaration in which the South Korea president Roh Tae-woo regarded North Korea as a co-partner for achieving mutual prosperity. However, following the Pyongyang festival, "these confrontational feelings between the north and south began spreading widely among the masses of both sides," according to Induk Kang.


13th World Festival of Youth and Students, Historical significance
After the festival, the South Korean president increased the stakes for reconciliation by demanding that the North change its political structure as a precondition to reunification, something usually only presented by the northern side. Therefore, the festival undermined previous reconciliation efforts between North and South Korea and caused them both to raise more uncooperative demands.


13th World Science Fiction Convention
The 13th World Science Fiction Convention, also known as Clevention, was held on September 2–5, 1955, at the Manger Hotel in Cleveland, Ohio, United States.


13th World Science Fiction Convention
The chairmen were Nick and Noreen Falasca. The guests of honor were Isaac Asimov (pro) and Sam Moskowitz (mystery GoH). Total attendance was approximately 380.


13th World Science Fiction Convention
This was the first convention at which the Hugo Awards were established as an annual feature; the first awards had been given out two years before, at Philcon II in 1953.


13th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards
The Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named "John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.


13th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards
The 11th Worldcon was the first one in which Hugo Awards were awarded. The 12th convention did not continue the tradition, but since the 13th convention, Hugo Awards have been a permanent fixture of Worldcons.


13th World Scout Jamboree
The 13th World Scout Jamboree (第13回世界スカウトジャンボリー, dai-jūsan-kai sekai sukauto jamborii) was held August 2 to 10, 1971, on Asagiri Heights on the western side of Mount Fuji, in Fujinomiya, Japan, approximately 80 miles southwest of Tokyo.


13th World Scout Jamboree
The Jamboree was interrupted by Typhoon Olive in which 16,000 of the participating Scouts were evacuated to shelters in the countryside for 48 hours.


13th World Scout Jamboree
The Jamboree site was served from the south by Japan National Highway 139 and a turnpike from Fujinomiya. Arriving Scouts were met at the Haneda International Airport in Tokyo and transported by coach to the Jamboree site, or to the Olympic Village in Tokyo as an intermediate stop.


13th World Scout Jamboree
The American contingent was divided up. A code was given to the troops. Some might be JKT, which meant Jamboree, Kyoto, then Tokyo, before returning to the United States. Some others might tour Tokyo, then go to the Jamboree, then tour Kyoto.


13th World Scout Jamboree
The site itself covered an area of grassy sandbank of about 4 km2, sloping gently from east to west. The Jamboree Camp headquarters, Subcamp #11 Chūō, in the center of the site, was roughly rectangular in shape.


13th World Scout Jamboree
Medical facilities at the Jamboree were operated by the United States Army and Air Force. Other facilities at the Jamboree were a Skill-o-Rama and Exhibits service center and a large Trading Post.


13th World Scout Jamboree
In the opening days of the jamboree the Scouts played a 'wide game' in which each Scout was given a hiragana on a colored card worn around the neck. At a signal the Scouts would fan out over the jamboree site looking for the other characters which would spell out the jamboree theme, 'For Understanding'—no two character cards could be the same color. The Scouts who accomplished this feat then proceeded to a station to have their cards validated with a stamp.


13th Writers Guild of America Awards
The 13th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1960. Winners were announced in 1961.


13th Yokohama Film Festival
The 13th Yokohama Film Festival (第13回ヨコハマ映画祭) was held on 8 March 1992 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.


13th Youth in Film Awards
The 13th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film and television for the 1990–1991 season, and took place on December 1, 1991, at the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in North Hollywood, California.


13th Youth in Film Awards
Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.


13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture, Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Motion Picture
★ Daniel Newman – Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (Warner Bros)


13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Movie or Special, Best Young Actress Starring in a Cable Special
★ Sarah Sawatsky – The Girl From Mars (Atlantic Films)


13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actor Starring in an Off-Prime Time or Cable Series
★ Richard Ian Cox – The Adventures of the Black Stallion (Family Channel)


13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Prime Time or Cable Series
★ Melissa Joan Hart – Clarissa Explains It All (Nickelodeon)


13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Television Series, Outstanding Voice-Over in an Animation Series
★ Joshua Wiener – Back to the Future: The Animated Series (CBS)


13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Ensemble Performance, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture
★ Boyz n the Hood (Columbia) – Desi Arnez Hines II, Baha Jackson and Donovan McCrary


13th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Hosts for a Variety or Game Show, Outstanding Hosts for a Youth Variety or Game Show
★ Wild and Crazy Kids (Nickelodeon) – Omar Gooding, Jessica Gaynes and Donnie Jeffcoat


13th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, The Michael Landon Award, A Tribute
★ Michael Landon, Producer (Posthumous) – Accepted by Christopher Landon


13th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Young Actor in a Foreign Film
★ Julien Ciamaca (France) – My Father's Glory & My Mother's Castle


13th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Best Family Foreign Film
★ My Father's Glory & My Mother's Castle (France) – Directed by Yves Robert


13th ZAI Awards
Presenter(s) Union of Authors and Performers (ZAI) Hudba.sk (online poll-based awards only)


13th ZAI Awards
The 13th ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 2013, took place on February 13, 2014 at the V-klub music club in Bratislava. The annual ceremony held in association of the National Public Center (NOC), was hosted by Martin Sarvaš, the chairman of the ZAI union.


13th ZAI Awards
The first round preceding the final nominations, presented 144 nominations and 127 nominees in total. 17 of these included music performers, 21 new artists, 15 albums, 18 radio stations and radio hosts respectively, 17 music festivals, 20 music clubs and 18 music presenters.


13th ZAI Awards
The event also included online poll-based Hudba.sk Awards, given by the local music portal, which is part of the Slovak search engine Zoznam.sk.


13th ZAI Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories
★ Hlasy – Richard Müller • Fragile Všetko najlepšie – Hex St. Mary Huana Ganja – Horkýže Slíže Moruša Biela – Jana Kirschner Momenty 2003-2013  – Zuzana Smatanová


13th ZAI Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories
★ Dušan Drobný – Agentúra Duna, Piešťany Rudolf Hošna – Ateliér Babylon, Bratislava Tibor Zelenay – Blue Note, Nové Mesto nad Váhom


13th arrondissement of Marseille
The 13th arrondissement of Marseille is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 14th arrondissement, with which it forms the 7th sector of Marseille.


13th arrondissement of Paris
The 13th arrondissement of Paris (XIIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as treizième.


13th arrondissement of Paris
The arrondissement, called Gobelins, is situated on the left bank of the River Seine. It is home to Paris's principal Asian community, the Quartier Asiatique, located in the southeast of the arrondissement in an area that contains many high-rise apartment buildings. The neighborhood features a high concentration of Chinese and Vietnamese businesses.


13th arrondissement of Paris
The current mayor is Jérôme Coumet (Socialist), who was re-elected by the arrondissement council on 29 March 2008 after the list which he headed gained 70% of the votes cast in the second round of the 2008 French municipal elections, and was again re-elected on 13 April 2014 and in 2020.


13th arrondissement of Paris
The 13th arrondissement also hosts the Bibliothèque François Mitterrand and the newly built business district of Paris Rive Gauche.


13th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics
The 13th arrondissement is still growing in population, mainly because of an influx of Asian immigrants. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the first wave of Vietnamese refugees from the Vietnam War settled in the arrondissement, largely concentrated near Masséna Boulevard. Later waves of refugees and Asian immigrants transitioned from being exclusively ethnic Vietnamese to include ethnic Chinese from Vietnam, Laotians and Cambodians. These migrants largely settled in the southern area of the arrondissement, creating an Asian quarter and establishing a commercial district and community institutions. Teochew, Cantonese, Vietnamese, Lao and Khmer are spoken by many residents in the community.


13th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics
At the last census in 1999, the population was 171,533. The 13th arrondissement is also rapidly growing in business activity, thanks to the new business district of Paris Rive Gauche. In 1999, the arrondissement contained 89,316 jobs, and it is believed to contain more today.


13th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics, Immigration
2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.


13th arrondissement of Paris, Economy
The head office of Accor, including the company's executive management, is in the Immeuble Odyssey in the 13th arrondissement. This facility is the company's registered office.


13th arrondissement of Paris, Education
The 13th arrondissement is home to engineering graduate schools, Arts et Métiers ParisTech and Télécom ParisTech. The teaching and learning center is settled at the number 151.


13th arrondissement of Paris, Cityscape, Streets and squares
Public housing built in the first half of the 20th century


13th arrondissement of Paris, Cityscape, Streets and squares
A large section of the 13th arrondissement was rebuilt in modernist style in the 1970s


13th arrondissement of the Littoral Department
13th arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Littoral department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cotonou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 63,572.


13th century
The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The term is almost synonymous with "the 1200s", the century between January 1, 1200, and December 31, 1299.


13th century
The Mongol empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of the House of Wisdom and the weakening of the Mamluks and Rums which, according to historians, caused the decline of the Islamic Golden Age. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji.


13th century
In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. In North America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to being equal to or larger than the population of 13th-century London. In Peru, the Kingdom of Cuzco begins. The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reaches its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom are founded. In the history of Maya civilizations, the 13th century marks the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. In the periodization of Precolumbian Peru, the 13th century is part of the Late Intermediate Period.


13th century BC
The 13th century BC was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC.


13th century BC in architecture, Buildings and structures, Buildings
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13th century in South Africa, Events
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13th century in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the century 1201–1300 to Wales and its people.


13th century in Wales, Princes of Wales
(Also Madog ap Llywelyn, proclaimed prince during revolt of 1294–95)


13th century in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of the 13th century.


13th century in music
12th century in music – 13th century in music – 1300s in music


13th century in philosophy
This is a list of philosophy-related events in the 13th century.


13th district of Budapest
13th District (Hungarian: XIII. kerület) is the 13th district of Budapest, Hungary. The main parts are Angyalföld, Népsziget, Újlipótváros and Vizafogó (and until 2013 Margaret Island).


13th government of Turkey
The 13th government of Turkey (9 July 1942 – 9 March 1943) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called first Saracoğlu government.


13th government of Turkey, Background
The government was formed after the previous prime minister Refik Saydam died. Şükrü Saracoğlu of Republican People’s Party (CHP), who was a minister in Saydam’s cabinet, was appointed as the new prime minister.


13th government of Turkey, The government
In the list below, the cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column "Notes".


13th government of Turkey, Aftermath
The government ended because of the general elections held on 28 February 1943.


13th legislature of the French Fifth Republic
The 13th legislature of the French Fifth Republic was the parliamentary cycle started in June 2007 and lasted until June 2012. It was created after the 2007 legislative election that took place on 10 and 17 June 2007. The parliamentary majority belonged to the conservative Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), and supported the François Fillon government.


13th meridian east
The meridian 13° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


13th meridian east
The 13th meridian east forms a great circle with the 167th meridian west.


13th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 13th meridian east passes through:


13th meridian west
The meridian 13° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


13th meridian west
The 13th meridian west forms a great circle with the 167th meridian east.


13th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 13th meridian west passes through:


13th parallel north
The 13th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean.


13th parallel north
At this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours, 53 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 22 minutes during the winter solstice.


13th parallel north, Around the world
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 13° north passes through:


13th parallel south
The 13th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.


13th parallel south
Part of the border between Angola and Zambia is defined by the parallel.


13th parallel south, Around the world
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 13° south passes through:


13th root
Extracting the 13th root of a number is a famous category for the mental calculation world records. The challenge consists of being given a large number (possibly over 100 digits) and asked to return the number that, when taken to the 13th power, equals the given number. For example, the 13th root of 8,192 is 2 and the 13th root of 96,889,010,407 is 7.


13th root, Properties of the challenge
Extracting the 13th root has certain properties. One is that the 13th root of a number is much smaller:  a 13th root will have approximately 1/13th the number of digits. Thus, the 13th root of a 100-digit number only has 8 digits and the 13th root of a 200-digit number will have 16 digits. Furthermore, the last digit of the 13th root is always the same as the last digit of the power.


13th root, Properties of the challenge
For the 13th root of a 100-digit number there are 7,992,563 possibilities, in the range 41,246,264 – 49,238,826. This is considered a relatively easy calculation. There are 393,544,396,177,593 possibilities, in the range 2,030,917,620,904,736 – 2,424,462,017,082,328, for the 13th root of a 200-digit number. This is considered a difficult calculation.


13th root, Records
The Guinness Book of World Records has published records for extracting the 13th root of a 100-digit number. All world records for mentally extracting a 13th root have been for numbers with an integer root.


13th/18th Royal Hussars
The 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed by the amalgamation of the 13th Hussars and the 18th Royal Hussars in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars to form the Light Dragoons in 1992.


13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Second World War
The regiment was created, as part of the reduction in cavalry in the aftermath of the First World War, by the amalgamation of the 13th Hussars and the 18th Royal Hussars on 9 November 1922. It was renamed as the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own) after Queen Mary, who was Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment, in December 1935. The regiment transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps in April 1939.


13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Second World War
During the Second World War, the regiment served as a reconnaissance unit with the 1st Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade, part of 1st Infantry Division, during the Battle of France. It then served with the 27th Armoured Brigade. Having been equipped with Sherman DD tanks, it took part in the D-Day Landings at Sword Beach, and fought during Operation Overlord, taking part in the landings at Sword Beach, and continuing fighting with the 27th Armoured Brigade until late July 1944 when it transferred to the 8th Armoured Brigade.


13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war
The regiment was posted to Northampton Barracks in Wolfenbüttel in March 1946 and returned to the United Kingdom to its new base at Willems Barracks in Aldershot Garrison in October 1947. It was deployed to Libya in February 1948, to Egypt in April 1950 and to Malaya, for service as an armoured car regiment during the Malayan Emergency, in June 1950. It returned to Wolfenbüttel in November 1953 and then moved to McLeod Barracks at Neumünster in April 1956 from where it deployed a squadron to Aden. It returned to Malaya and was posted to Ramillies Camp at Ipoh in July 1958.


13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war
The regiment joined 7th Armoured Brigade Group and moved to Wessex Barracks at Bad Fallingbostel in February 1961. It transferred to 4th Guards Brigade Group and relocated to Barker Barracks at Paderborn in February 1964 and then returned to the United Kingdom in a tank role at Cachy Barracks at Perham Down in December 1966; from there it continued to deploy troops to Aden. It returned to West Germany where it joined 4th Armoured Brigade and located to Swinton Barracks in Munster in January 1968. It became the garrisoned regiment at Long Kesh in January 1972, following the introduction of internment of Provisional Irish Republican Army suspects.


13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war
After this tour, the regiment moved to Bovington Camp as RAC Centre Regiment in August 1972 and then returned to West Germany where it rejoined 7th Armoured Brigade with its base at Caen Barracks in Hohne in August 1974. It was deployed to Lisanelly Camp in Omagh in November 1977 and then moved to Carver Barracks in Wimbish in May 1979; from there it deployed units to Cyprus on peace keeping duties.


13th/18th Royal Hussars, History, Post-war
The regiment was re-equipped with the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) range of vehicles, together with the Swingfire Wire-guided missile, and relocated to Harewood Barracks in Herford becoming part of 1st British Corps in November 1982. From there it deployed a squadron on guarding duties at the Maze Prison in September 1985. The regiment returned to the United Kingdom and joined 1st Armoured Infantry Brigade with its new base at Assaye Barracks in Tidworth Camp in November 1986 from where it again deployed squadrons to Cyprus. It went back to Northampton Barracks in Wolfenbüttel as recce regiment for 1st Armoured Division in May 1991. The regiment amalgamated with the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars to form the Light Dragoons on 1 December 1992.


13th/18th Royal Hussars, Regimental museum
The regimental collection is held by the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.


13th/18th Royal Hussars, Battle honours
Combined battle honours of the 13th and 18th Hussars plus:


13ème Rue
13ème Rue is a television channel specialising in action and suspense shows and movies. It is owned by NBCUniversal.


13ème Rue, History
The channel began broadcasting on 13 November 1997 at 20:13 on Canal Satellite channel 13, after several days of broadcasting hook-ups. After a welcome trailer, the broadcast of the first episodes of two unpublished series New York Undercover and American Gothic began.


13ème Rue, History
On November 12, 2007, 13e Rue HD began broadcasting. Since 2 September 2013, 13e Rue broadcasts in 16:9.


13ème Rue, Audience share
In 2011, 13ème Rue receives 0.6% audience on cable, ADSL and satellite. 13ème Rue is the first cable and satellite channel in terms of viewing time per viewer and is maintained in the five most watched channels, all targets combined.


13ème Rue, Distribution
In December 2016, SFR announced that it had signed an exclusivity agreement with NBCUniversal and resumed exclusive distribution of Syfy and 13ème Rue, available exclusively on Canal offers.


13ème Rue, Distribution
Since then, the channels have arrived at SFR, and were removed of Canal on 26 September 2017. Canal+ replaced 13e Rue by Polar+.


14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, History
Formed in 1965 when the Canadian Armed Forces amalgamated, the Combat Service Support units were formed into Service Battalions. The 14 Service Battalion was initially formed with the following elements:


14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, History
While initially titled Calgary Service Battalion, in 1975 it assumed the name of 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion. The Battalion would serve in this role until its amalgamation with 15 (Edmonton) Service Battalion and Area Support Unit Calgary to form 41 Service Battalion in 2010.


14 (album)
14 is a studio album by German violinist David Garrett. It was released on April 2, 2013, by Deutsche Grammophon GmbH in Berlin. 14 is under exclusive license to Deutsche Grammophon & Decca Classics, U.S., a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.


14 (novel)
14 is a 2013 science fiction novel by American author Peter Clines.


14 (novel), Plot
14 follows Nate Tucker, who lives in Los Angeles, is stuck doing data entry and doesn't know what he's doing with his life. Just as he needs to move out of his old place, Nate hears of an apartment building with extremely low rent at an after work get-together, and once Nate signs his lease for 565 dollars a month (including utilities) at the Kavach building, the mysteries of the old Los Angeles brownstone begin to unravel.


14 (novel), Plot
Nate discovers that his building manager Osker Rommel is reluctant to tell him much about the building. He also discovers that there is a colony of bright green, seven-legged cockroaches that skitter around his apartment, his kitchen light is a black light no matter what kind of bulb he puts in, and the four massive padlocks that are on apartment 14. In addition to discovering the visible oddities of his building, Nate also encounters his neighbors Veek, Roger, Xela, Clive, Debbie and the newly moved-in Tim. Together, they slowly unveil the deeper hidden secrets of the Kavach building.


14 (novel), Plot
Over the course of the novel, the group, with Nate at the lead, discover that the building is not hooked into the Los Angeles power grid and instead pulls its power from a series of Westinghouse generators that draw from a fault line almost a mile underneath Kavach. They also discover writing on all of the walls of various apartments that includes scientific formulas, population growth algorithms and a letter from one of the men who created Kavach, Aleksander Koturovich, which helps answer the mysterious questions about the nature of the building.


14 (novel), Plot
Aleksander Koturovic along with Whipple Van Buren Phillips and Nikola Tesla helped finance and construct the Kavach building as a protective barrier around our reality, meant to guard against a species of multi-dimensional predators that appear in our world once the total population of the planet reached a critical point, consuming everything in their path before returning to their home dimension to await the next turn of the cycle.


14 (novel), Plot
Nate and the others also discover that beneath the paneling of Clive and Debbie's apartment is a series of knobs and switches that are meant to act as the controls for the building. As Nate and the others break into apartment 14 to discover the last of the mysteries of their building, they realize that a pocket of space is within the apartment which acts as a counterbalance for the power of the building.


14 (novel), Plot
The apex of the story occurs when Andrew, another resident of Kavach who is also a member of the Family of the Red Death (a doomsday cult that worships Koturovic's alpha predators), deactivates the building, causing the barrier to fail and the creatures to emerge. Nate and the other residents of the Kavach building hurriedly work to change the switches and dials on the control panel in Clive and Debbie's apartment. Oskar gets captured by a flying creature, they fail to get him back and in the process of trying, Tim dies. Nate and the other residents of Kavach, save for Andrew, Oskar and Tim, fixes the control room and returns the creatures back to their dimension and the building itself back to Los Angeles. The novel ends with Nate succeeding Oskar as the new building manager of Kavach


14 (novel), Reception
For the novel 14, NerdsonEarth.com reviewer Joseph Robinson praised the work for the mysterious build-up that occurred during the novel as it was something that defied his own expectations for the piece. Robinson also comments that the characters in the novel are not completely fleshed out and only really make decisions that further the plot of the book.


14 (novel), Origins
In the afterword to 14, Peter Clines reveals that the debut of 14 started as an advanced readers edition copy that Clines sold at the 2012 Crypticon in Seattle prior to the actual publication of the book.


14 (number)
14 (fourteen) is a natural number following 13 and succeeded by 15.


14 (number)
In relation to the word "four" (4), 14 is spelled "fourteen".


14 (number), In religion and mythology, Mythology
The number of pieces the body of Osiris was torn into by his fratricidal brother Set.


14 (song)
"14" is a song by American singer Paula Cole, from her fourth studio album, Courage. It was released on April 3, 2007.


14 (song), Background
"14" was released as the first single from her fourth studio album, Courage. The song consists of genres like rock. The song never entered the Billboard charts.


14 - Diaries of the Great War
14 - Diaries of the Great War (titled Great War Diaries when aired on the BBC) is a 2014 international documentary drama series about World War I. It uses a mix of acted scenes, archive footage, and animation. All episodes were directed by Jan Peter, series authors were Jan Peter and Yury Winterberg. In a dramatic advisory capacity, Dutch producer and screenwriter Maarten van der Duin and BBC-author Andrew Bampfield worked on the film's development. The series is based on an idea by Gunnar Dedio, producer at the film company LOOKSfilm and Ulrike Dotzer, the Head of Department ARTE at Norddeutscher Rundfunk.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Synopsis
The individual episodes of the series tell the story of the First World War, not from the perspective of politicians and the military; but from the perspective of soldiers, housewives, factory workers, nurses and children. In total there are 14 main characters. Meaningful scenes from their lives are re-enacted and intertwined. The result is not only a political or military history of the First World War, but a story that poignantly captures the feelings and moods of the people.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production
The series was produced by LOOKSfilm Leipzig, Les Films d’ici Paris und Filmoption International Montreal. The series is one of the most elaborate docudrama formats ever co-produced in Germany and was already sold in more than 25 countries worldwide before broadcast. The budget for the German version alone was around 6 million euros, for all the international versions together the budget was closer to 8 million euros.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production, Development
The scripts are based on quotes from diaries and letters from men and women who experienced World War I in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia and the United States, who wrote during the period from 1914 to 1918. More than 1,000 journals and collections of letters were examined and 14 stories of World War I were selected from this compilation. Overall, the selection of the diaries and subsequent development work took four years.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production, Archive footage
The series uses cinematic and photographic archive material from a total of 71 archives in 21 countries. Most material came from British Pathé (United Kingdom), Gaumont Pathé (France), Krasnogorsk (Russia), Bundesfilmarchiv (Germany), Österreichisches Filmmuseum, the National Archives and Records Administration (USA) and the Imperial War Museum.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production, Filming
The series was filmed in France, Canada and Germany. Filming took place over a total of 50 days. The French part of the shoot took place in and around Strasbourg. Among the location were the historical baths, an abandoned brewery and the chateau of Frœschwiller. The Canadian part of the shoot took place in the province of Québec. Among the locations were an old quarry north of Montreal, where a trench system, complete with accompanying No-Man's-Land was constructed.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Production, Music
The score was created by the French composer Laurent Eyquem. Choir pieces were recorded in Prague.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Release, Broadcast
Arte began broadcasting the eight-part series on 29 April 2014 in Germany and France, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the start of World War I. Additional partners of the series are SWR, NDR and WDR in Germany; ORF in Austria; and the BBC in the United Kingdom. ARD and ORF broadcast the series as four episodes of 45 minutes each. The BBC broadcast the series under the title Great War Diary in three episodes of 60 minutes.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Release, Broadcast
Dutch broadcasters NTR and VPRO produced an additional episode about the situation in the Netherlands which aired on 5 April 2014, on Nederland 2. The remaining eight "international" episodes aired in the Netherlands between 12 April and 7 June.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Release, Broadcast
Sweden's SVT had several additional segments produced for their airing of the series which included introductions to each episode by historian and author Peter Englund and dramatisations of diaries from six Swedes to tell the story of Sweden during the Great War. These were edited into the original eight episodes which meant they ended up with a running time of sixty minutes. This version of the series premièred on SVT1 on 26 June.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Release, Home media
The German edition of the series was released on 14 May 2014, on DVD and Blu-ray Disc.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, In other media, Radio feature
Beginning on 9 March 2014 the WDR broadcast a six-part, eponymous Radio Documentary by Christine Sievers and Nicolaus Schröder. This series is based and created in collaboration with the TV series.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, In other media, Print
The series is accompanied by a coffee table book, which was published by BBC Books in the United Kingdom, and Bucher Verlag in Germany. In eight chapters, the book presents high resolution photographs, which were colorized prior and during World War I. Each photo is accompanied by a diary quote. The foreword is written by Peter Englund. The book "14 - Der große Krieg" by Oliver Janz was published in October 2013 by Campus Verlag.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, In other media, Exhibition
The Military History Museum Dresden shows in a special exhibition "14-Menschen-Krieg" from 01. August 2014 until 24. February 2015 all 14 biographies and their perspectives on World War I. The exhibition focuses on the eve of the war and furthermore shows the dimension and forms of sufferings of both, soldiers and civilians. The exhibition draws a conclusion of World War I and ends with a forecast on the soon to follow World War II.


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Reception, Critical response
The series received very positive reviews. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung called it "Gripping, emotional, and real. A milestone for European television.". Süddeutsche Zeitung describes the series as "A story of the destruction and the future of television.". Stuttgarter Zeitung calls it "Woven together like a modern television series.". Neue Zürcher Zeitung says that "the program manages to fascinate by combining different observations, in different locations, and managing to condense these into a coherent mood.". Le Monde ascribes to the series "a never before seen virtuosity", while Direct Matin calls it "of exceptional quality."


14 - Diaries of the Great War, Reception, Critical response
The Dutch version of the series was described as follows by NRC Handelsblad: "Phantastic Television Making… We ride a rollercoaster of emotions, as if we are not supposed to understand history but rather to live it ourselves." After watching the series on Netflix, William F.B. O'Reilly called the series "superbly done" and said "unlike other Netflix programming that escapes the mind moments after consumption, "14" lingers. It consumes its viewers rather than the other way around."


14 Andromedae
14 Andromedae, abbreviated 14 And, also named Veritate /ˌvɛrɪˈteɪtiː/, is a single, orange-hued giant star situated approximately 247 light-years away in the northern constellation of Andromeda. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.22. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −60 km/s. In 2008 an extrasolar planet (designated 14 Andromedae b, later named Spe) was discovered to be orbiting the star.


14 Andromedae
This is a red clump giant with a stellar classification of K0 III, indicating it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has 1.12 (or 2.2) times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10.5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 60.3 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,743 K. This is thought it was formerly an A- or F-type main-sequence star earlier in its life, prior to evolving into a giant.


14 Andromedae, Nomenclature
14 Andromedae is the star's Flamsteed designation. Following its discovery the planet was designated 14 Andromedae b.


14 Andromedae, Nomenclature
In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names were Veritate for this star and Spe for its planet.


14 Andromedae, Nomenclature
The winning names were based on those submitted by the Thunder Bay Centre of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada); namely 'Veritas' and 'Spes', Latin for 'truth' and 'hope', respectively. (Veritas was also the Roman goddess of truth and Spes was the Roman goddess of hope.) The IAU substituted the ablative forms 'Veritate' and 'Spe', which mean 'where there is truth' and 'where there is hope', respectively. This was because 'Veritas' is the name of an asteroid important for the study of the solar system.


14 Andromedae, Nomenclature
In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. In its first bulletin of July 2016, the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This star is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.


14 Andromedae, Planetary system
In 2008, a planet was announced to be orbiting the star. The planet was found to have a minimum mass of 4.8 Jupiter masses and orbiting in a circular orbit that takes 186 days to complete. The planet is one of the few known planets to be orbiting an evolved intermediate-mass star and one of the innermost (such planets have only been discovered in clump giants).


14 Andromedae b
14 Andromedae b (abbreviated 14 And b), formally named Spe /ˈspiː/, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years away in the constellation of Andromeda.


14 Andromedae b
The 186-day period planet orbits about 83% the Earth-Sun distance from the giant star 14 Andromedae. It has a minimum mass 4.8 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet orbits with an eccentricity of 0.0094, which means the orbital distance over the course of its revolution varies by only 0.02 AU.


14 Andromedae b, Nomenclature
In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the name Spe for this planet. The winning name was based on that submitted by the Thunder Bay Centre of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada); namely 'Spes', Latin for 'hope'. (Spes was also the Roman goddess of hope.) The IAU substituted the ablative form 'Spe', which means 'where there is hope', to match that given to the host star at the same time.


14 Andromedae b, Discovery
The preprint announcing 14 Andromedae b was submitted to the arXiv electronic repository on July 2, 2008, by Bun'ei Sato and collaborators, who discovered it using the Doppler Spectroscopy method, during the Okayama Planet Search radial velocity survey of G and K giants at Okayama Astrophysical Observatory.


14 Apo Ta Oreotera Tragoudia Mou
Marinella - 14 Apo ta oreotera tragoudia mou (Greek: Μαρινέλλα - 14 Από τα ωραιότερα τραγούδια μου; English: Marinella - 14 From my most beautiful songs) is a compilation of recordings by popular Greek singer Marinella, under the PolyGram Records - Philips series "14 Apo Ta Oreotera Tragoudia Mou" or "16 Apo Ta Oreotera Tragoudia Mou". This album is part of the compilation. It was released in 1987 in Greece and includes 14 recordings by Marinella from 1976 - 1985 for the PolyGram Records.


14 Aquarii
14 Aquarii (abbreviated 14 Aqr) is red giant star. 14 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the variable star designation IW Aquarii. It is a semiregular variable with an amplitude of less than a tenth of a magnitude, and shows variations on a timescale of just one day.


14 Aquilae
14 Aquilae is a probable spectroscopic binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 14 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation g Aquilae. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.42, and it is located at a distance of approximately 500 light-years (150 parsecs) from Sun. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −39 km/s, and may come as close as 136 light-years in around 3.5 million years.


14 Aquilae
The visible component is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A1 V. It has 3.25 times the mass of the Sun and  about twice the Sun's radius. The projected rotational velocity is relatively low at 23 km/s. The star is radiating 214 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,908 K.


14 Arietis
14 Arietis (abbreviated 14 Ari) is a star in the constellation of Aries. 14 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.98, which means it is visible to the naked eye. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 11.30 mas, is it located at a distance of approximately 290 light-years (89 parsecs), give or take a 30 light-year margin of error.


14 Arietis
This is an astrometric binary system. The primary has a stellar classification of F2 III, suggesting that it is a giant star. Despite being an evolved star with four times the radius of the Sun, it is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 139.6 km/s. This is causing a pronounced equatorial bulge, with the radius of the star along the equator being 24% greater than the radius at the poles. The star shines at 32 times the luminosity of the Sun, with this energy being radiated from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 6,761 K. This heat gives it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star.


14 Aurigae
14 Aurigae is a quadruple star system located 269 light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Auriga. It has the variable star designation KW Aurigae, whereas 14 Aurigae is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.01. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of −9 km/s.


14 Aurigae
The magnitude 5.08 primary member, designated component A, is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system in a circular orbit with a period of 3.7887 days. The visible member has a stellar classification of A9 IV or A V, depending on the source, and is a Delta Scuti variable with an amplitude of 0.08 magnitude and a period of 2.11 hours. It is 609 million years old with 1.64 times the mass of the Sun.


14 Aurigae
Component B lies about 10″ to the north of the primary and is merely a visual companion. However, component C, an F-type main sequence star of magnitude 7.86, shares a common proper motion with component A and thus they form a system. This member is also a single-lined spectroscopic binary, having a period of 2.9934 days. The final member of the system, now designated component Cb, is a white dwarf star that is separated from the C, or rather Ca pair by 2″. If it is indeed bound to Ca, its orbital period is around 1,300 years.


14 BC
Year 14 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Lentulus (or, less frequently, year 740 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 14 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


14 Bagatelles
14 Bagatelles, Sz.38, BB 50; 3rd Set, Op. 6 (Hungarian: 14 Bagatell) is a set of pieces for solo piano by Hungarian composer Béla Bartók, written in the spring of 1908 and first performed by the composer June 29, 1908, in Berlin. The work was published the following year in Budapest by Rozsnyai Károly. Composed the same year as Ten Easy Pieces, 14 Bagatelles was experimental and signified Bartók's departure from the tonality of 19th century composition. The work borders on atonality, and Bartók adopted some techniques of Debussy and Schoenberg.


14 Bagatelles, Background
Bartók along with composer Zoltán Kodály had researched Hungarian folk music in 1905, and Bartók believed that the most interesting folk traditions in music existed in a multicultural environment with an active exchange of ideas between cultures. The first Bagatelle may reflect some of Bartók's view of multicultural folk music, with different key signatures for left and right hands.


14 Bagatelles, Background
During Bartók's study of folk music in Transylvania in 1907, he met and fell in love with Stefi Geyer, a 19 year old violinist who did not return his affection. Author Music critic for The New Yorker Alex Ross had suggested that Bartok's "fenced-off soul opening itself to the chaos of the outer world," and he attributed "rusty shards of folk melody" was a response to Geyer's rejection of Bartók.


14 Beaufort Square, Chepstow
14 Beaufort Square in Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales, is a townhouse of medieval origins. The present building was mainly constructed in the early 19th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.


14 Beaufort Square, Chepstow, History
The origin of the building is medieval. Its basement, which also runs under No.13, Raglan Lodge, has a vaulted medieval roof which may have been the roof of a 14th-century moot hall. The building above the basement is 19th century. In the 20th and 21st centuries, No.14, which is also known as Richmond House, has been used predominantly for commercial purposes and the building until recently housed a tattoo parlour on the ground floor and commercial offices and flats above.


14 Beaufort Square, Chepstow, Architecture and description
The house is of three storeys, with an attic and basement. The building is in a Regency style, of a similar date to the adjoining Raglan Lodge. A balcony originally on the first floor has been removed. The roof of the medieval basement incorporates "two carved stone heads". The house is Grade II* listed.


14 Bis (São Paulo Metro)
14 Bis will be one of the future stations of São Paulo Metro and will belong to Line 6-Orange, which is under construction. In its first phase, with 15.9 km (9.9 mi) of extension, Line 6 should connect Brasilândia, in the North Side, to São Joaquim station of Line 1-Blue. Later, the line should connect Rodovia dos Bandeirantes to the borough of Cidade Líder, in the East Side.


14 Bis (São Paulo Metro)
The station will be located in the confluence between Avenida 9 de Julho, Rua Doutor Lourenço Granato, Rua Cardeal Leme and Rua Manuel Dutra, next to Praça 14 Bis, in the district of Bela Vista.


14 Bis (São Paulo Metro)
The construction of the station began in 2016, when the opening date was estimated to mid-2020. Later, Governor Geraldo Alckmin promised the opening of the first phase of the line to 2020, time which was discarded due to a year of delay in the financing of the Federal Savings Bank, which would be used for the expropriations. In June 2016, the opening of the line was estimated for 2021, time kept in October 2017, when the resume of the construction was announced for the beginning of 2018.


14 Bis (São Paulo Metro)
Currently, the construction is suspended, due to the involvement of the construction companies of the Move São Paulo consortium (Odebrecht, Queiroz Galvão, UTC Participações) in Operation Car Wash, which caused them to not get the financing of R$ 5.5 billions (US$ 1,575,344,427.58) with the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) for the continuity of the construction. The State Government of São Paulo is currently in negotiations with international companies, including Spanish Acciona and Chinese China Railway Construction Corporation.


14 Bis (São Paulo Metro), Characteristics
Buried station with side platforms, structure with apparent concrete and support rooms at-grade. It will have access for people with disabilities.


14 Bis (band)
14 Bis is a Brazilian pop-rock band. The band took its name from Santos-Dumont's 14 Bis airplane.


14 Bis (band)
The band was formed in 1979 in the state of Minas Gerais, when the members of two bands, O Terço and "Bendegó" decided to merge. Flávio Venturini and Vermelho, two founding members of 14 Bis, were also members of the Clube da Esquina band.


14 Bis (band)
Música popular brasileira is a strong element in many of 14 Bis compositions. The influence of progressive rock and caipira (hillbilly) is evident in many of its compositions, such as in their use of analog keyboards and complex vocal arrangements.


14 Bis (band)
The group reached the peak of their success during the 1980s with notable compositions and performance of popular Brazilian songs. Due to the mild, often happy and soothing theme of many of its compositions, the band was quite popular among children.


14 Blades
14 Blades (Chinese: 錦衣衛) is a 2010 wuxia film directed by Daniel Lee and starring Donnie Yen, Zhao Wei, Sammo Hung, Wu Chun, Kate Tsui, Qi Yuwu and Damian Lau. The film was released on 4 February 2010 in China and on 11 February 2010 in Hong Kong.


14 Blades, Plot
During the late Ming dynasty, the imperial court is plagued by corruption and the reigning emperor is incompetent. The Embroidered Uniform Guard (jinyiwei) consists of orphans trained in cruel, clandestine combat since childhood and they serve as the Ming government's secret service. Qinglong, a jinyiwei commander, is given a mechanical box of 14 blades to help him in his duties. Jia Jingzhong, an imperial eunuch close to the emperor, secretly plots a rebellion with the emperor's uncle, Prince Qing, who has been exiled after an unsuccessful rebellion.


14 Blades, Plot
Jia Jingzhong orders Qinglong to retrieve a safe box in the possession of the imperial councillor, Zhao Shenyang, whom he accuses of planning a revolt; Qinglong is told that the box contains proof of the councillor's treason. However, Qinglong soon discovers that the box actually contains the Imperial Seal, a symbol of the emperor's authority, which Jia Jingzhong needs to legitimise Prince Qing's authority. Qinglong is betrayed by his fellow jinyiwei and his brother-in-arms, Xuanwu, who has secretly pledged allegiance to Jia Jingzhong.


14 Blades, Plot
Prince Qing's adoptive daughter, Tuo-Tuo, a deadly warrior, arrives to lend her assistance on receiving news of Qinglong's escape. Qinglong, now a fugitive and unable to leave the city until his wounds heal, finds his way to the Justice Security Service, a private security company whose fortunes are dwindling. The owner eagerly accepts Qinglong's offer to pay him handsomely for safe passage in hopes of revitalising his business. By coincidence, the owner's daughter, Qiao Hua, is engaged to be married, and the security service hides Qinglong within her wedding carriage as a means of getting past the checkpoints and leaving the city.


14 Blades, Plot
When another group of jinyiwei arrives to arrest Qinglong, he fights and kills them but unknowingly reveals his identity as a former jinyiwei himself. Fearing more trouble than they bargained for, the owner offers to return Qinglong's money and asks to be left in peace. However, Qinglong is determined to fulfil his duty to the emperor so he takes Qiao Hua as a hostage. The pair arrive at Yanmen Pass, where Qinglong hopes to gather information. He discovers that his enemies intend to sell three provinces to fund their cause.


14 Blades, Plot
While Qinglong investigates and plots his next move, the duo encounters the Heaven's Eagles Gang, a group of bandits led by the self-proclaimed "Judge of the Desert". The leader is a strong warrior who fights Qinglong, proving that they are evenly matched. Qinglong proposes an alliance to raid the outpost at Yanmen Pass; the gang will get their full cut of the booty while Qinglong gets to satisfy his personal objectives. Standing in Qinglong's way are Jia Jingzhong's henchmen and his former jinyiwei, who have come to broker a deal with the gang. Before the raid is executed, Jia Jingzhong is betrayed and killed by Xuanwu, who intends to directly serve under Prince Qing.


14 Blades, Plot
Qinglong and the Heaven's Eagles Gang successfully raid the outpost and kill most of the soldiers. Qinglong overcomes Xuanwu in combat, but the latter escapes by yielding the Imperial Seal. Tuo-Tuo kidnaps Qiao Hua and demands the seal in return for freeing her. Qiao Hua is doubtful that Qinglong will make the trade, but Qinglong gives up the seal. However, he also makes it clear that he intends to take Qiao Hua to her fiancé. Duty-bound to recover the seal, Qinglong leaves Qiao Hua. Qinglong fights Tuo-Tuo at a tavern and he witnesses her striptease tactic. Qinglong reunites with the Justice Security Service and they catch up with Qinglong, offering to assist with their superior knowledge of the roads. Separately, the Judge of the Desert realises the importance of the Seal and leaves his gang to pursue the seal on his own.


14 Blades, Plot
Intercepting Tuo-Tuo, Xuanwu and Prince Qing's men arrive at the ruins of the ancient Sky Wolves City. Qinglong draws Tuo-Tuo into chasing a disguised Qiao Hua. Subsequently, Xuanwu and Prince Qing's men are split up and lured into an ambush set by the Justice Security Service and are defeated by Qinglong and the service. Xuanwu plays on Qinglong's guilt and mercy to escape execution but then attempts to kill Qinglong when his back is turned, forcing his hand.


14 Blades, Plot
Tuo-Tuo eventually catches up with Qiao Hua and tells her Qinglong set her up to die for him, but the Judge of the Desert intervenes. Realizing he is no match for Tuo-Tuo, the Judge sacrifices himself in combat to enable Qiao Hua to escape. After reuniting with Qinglong, he gives the seal to her and instructs her to bring it to the authorities to alert them of Prince Qing's conspiracy.


14 Blades, Plot
Qiao Hua tells Qinglong she has declined her wedding proposal, suggesting she wants to be with Qinglong, but he believes he is likely to die; he tells her they will meet again if she rings a bell bracelet he had previously given her. Qinglong and Tuo-Tuo duel to the death in an abandoned temple. The fight intensifies and Tuo-Tuo strips down to her last robe. After Tuo-Tuo stabs Qinglong, Qinglong grabs hold of Tuo-Tuo and uses his box of 14 blades to kill both Tuo-Tuo and himself.


14 Blades, Plot
In the aftermath, Prince Qing's rebellion fails. He mourns Tuo-Tuo's death and commits suicide before being brought to trial. Qiao Hua's father passes away and she inherits the Justice Security Service. During her travels, she frequently detours along the desert roads to remember her adventures with Qinglong. On one such foray, while looking across the desert with her spyglass and ringing her bell, she sees a man who appears much like Qinglong in the distance.


14 Blades, Production
14 Blades was scheduled to start filming on 14 May 2009 in Ningxia, China. Donnie Yen stated that he took the role of a villain in the film as he "wanted to tackle the role of a villain who discovers his humanity."


14 Blades, Release
14 Blades premiered in China and Singapore on 4 February 2010 and in Hong Kong on 11 February. The film premiered at the seventh place in the Hong Kong box office, grossing US$317,975 in its first week. It grossed a total of US$984,711 at the Hong Kong box office. The film was successful in Singapore where it was first in the box office on its second week, grossing a total of US$1,126,692 on its theatrical run. The film grossed a total of US$3,676,875 worldwide.


14 Blades, Reception
14 Blades was nominated for Best Action Choreography and Best Sound Design at the 29th Hong Kong Film Awards. The China Post praised Donnie Yen's acting ability and stated that the film was generally entertaining but criticised the action scenes, saying that "you never actually clearly see even one of the 14 blades. Unlike a really decent martial arts film, in which the battle scenes are well choreographed and you see the majority of the action, this film's fight scenes were only dynamic."


14 Blades, Reception
Many reviewers also criticised the film's heavy use of technology, including Kate Tsui's clothes-shedding technique. Film Business Asia gave the film a six out of ten, stating that 14 Blades has a  "script that becomes increasingly incoherent and restless editing that grows more and more distracting" and that the action scenes were "largely dependant on wire-fu and CG...when [Donnie] Yen is allowed to show his skills properly...14 Blades starts to look like the film it could have been."


14 Blades, Reception
Variety called 14 Blades an "above-average martial-arts actioner that reinforces Donnie Yen's "Man with No Name" ambience... Despite the circumstances, Qiao Hua falls in love with her captor, a development made believable by Zhao's warm and affecting perf. [ sic] Yen's Eastwood-like poise is used to good effect here, and the romantic tension keeps the narrative effectively taut between the battle sequences."


14 Blades, Reception
The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film "would have ended a mediocre film if not for the inventively designed and utilized weaponry (especially the titular 14 blades with different functions)" and had mixed reaction to the acting in the film, asserting that Donnie Yen's "stiff and steely demeanor actually works to his role's favor. The love interest with Qiao Hua is lame, especially with Zhao sleepwalking through another typecast role as playful, tomboyish heroine."


14 Boötis
14 Boötis is a possible binary star system located 110 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Boötes. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.53. This system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −40 km/s. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.260 arc seconds per annum.


14 Boötis
The component of this system remain unresolved as of 2002; Eggleton and Tokovinin (2008) listed an angular separation of 0.2″. The visible component is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of  F8 V There are enhanced barium lines in the star's spectrum, but these are likely caused by  regions of photospheric activity rather than being a barium star. It is 2.6 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 5.6 km/s, giving it a rotation period of 26 days.


14 Boötis
14 Boötis has 1.46 times the mass of the Sun and 2.1 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 5.9 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,169 K. The metallicity is near solar, based on the abundance of iron in the stellar atmosphere.


14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka)
14 CBRN Regiment (Chemical Biological Radiology and Nuclear Regiment), Sri Lanka Engineers (Sinhala: 14 වන රසායනික ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක විකිරණශීලී හා න්‍යෂ්ටික රෙජිමේන්තුව, romanized: 14 vana rasāyanika jīva vidyātmaka vikiraṇaśīlī hā nyaṣṭika rejimēntuva) is a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that focuses on countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in the country. The Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force also maintain CBRN units in addition to the Army's CBRN regiment. The regiment evolved from the first CBRN squadron that Major General Jagath Gunawardena, the current colonel-commandant of Sri Lanka Engineers, established.


14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), History
As the Wanni Humanitarian Operation was gaining momentum against the LTTE, the Sri Lanka Army embarked on the task of raising additional battalions in support of the operation. In the process, 14 Sri Lanka Engineer Regiment was raised on 15 July 2016 at Thrikonamadu as a reinforcement (RFT) battalion after the completion of battalion training at Infantry Training Centre, Minneriya in June and July 2008. At the inception, 9 officers and 356 other ranks were posted to the unit from other units of the Corps of Engineers and Major S. R. Dias RSP SLE (later Lieutenant Colonel) assumed duties as the first Commanding Officer.


14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), History
On 16 July 2006, the unit was airlifted to Wanni and placed under the command of the 571 Brigade in the elite 57 Division. The Battalion Headquarters was located at Periyamadu and the unit strength was increased with the arrival of new recruits. Due to operational requirements, within a very short period of time the unit was assigned to several formations including 571, 572, 574 and 573 Brigades respectively, before being assigned to Task Force 3 in November 2008.


14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), History
In December 2008, the unit was again placed under command of the 573 Brigade before being transferred to 53 Division for a short period. Meanwhile, unit headquarters was shifted to Maankulam. During the period, troops from the unit actively engaged in Small Group Operations alongside the infantry. The initial confrontations provided valuable experience from which the regiment's troops gained confidence, enabling them to contribute to the final success of the operation.


14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), History
In establishing a CBRN regiment Major General Jagath Gunawardena, the current colonel-commandant of Sri Lanka Engineers, played a major role. He established the first CBRN squadron of the Sri Lanka Army, which later became the 14 CBRN Regiment, Sri Lanka Engineers. The regiment also contributed personnel to the Sri Lanka Army Rescue Operations Contingent that responded to the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.


14 CBRN Regiment (Sri Lanka), Training
The Sri Lanka School of Military Engineering conducts basic and advanced CBRN courses for Army and Navy personnel. Personnel receive local and foreign training from the National Authority for the Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The regiment provides personnel to support the Basic Training Course on Emergency Response at Chemical Incidents.