14627 Emilkowalski, Orbit and classification
The first unused observation at Palomar Observatory (DSS) dates back to 1953. The first used precovery was taken at Siding Spring Observatory in 1975, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 years prior to its discovery.


14627 Emilkowalski, Orbit and classification, Emilkowalski family
Emilkowalski is the biggest member and namesake of a collisional group of asteroids, that resulted from the destruction of a larger parent body. The disruption happened approximately 220,000 years ago and it is one of the most recent asteroid breakups discovered in the main belt. The recently formed stony Emilkowalski family (family identification number: 523) consist of only 4 identified members. The other members are (126761) 2002 DW10, (224559) 2005 WU178 and (256124) 2006 UK337.


14627 Emilkowalski, Naming
This minor planet is named after American Emil Kowalski (1918–1994) from Syosset, New York, who inspired the discoverer of space science when he was still a child. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 August 2001 (M.P.C. 43192).


14627 Emilkowalski, Physical characteristics
Emilkowalski has been characterized as a rare DL-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. It has also been assigned a taxonomic type of a darker carbonaceous and a common stony asteroid, respectively.


14627 Emilkowalski, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Between January and March 2012, photometric observations for this asteroid were made by a team led by Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory, Czech Republic. The three obtained rotational lightcurves gave an identical period of 11.131 hours with a brightness variation of 0.55, 0.64 and 0.65 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/2+/3-). Previously, in 2008, a lightcurve was obtained from observations at the Simeiz Observatory and the Chuguev Observing Station (121) in Ukraine, as well as at Maidanak Observatory in Uzbekistan. It also gave a period of 11.131 hours with an amplitude of 0.85 in magnitude, which implies an elongated shape (U=n.a. ).


14627 Emilkowalski, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Emilkowalski measures between 6.98 and 7.84 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.09 and 0.201.


14627 Emilkowalski, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and hence calculates a larger diameter of 10.6 kilometers.


1463
Year 1463 (MCDLXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1464
Year 1464 (MCDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+50(L)+10(X)+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1464).


1464 papal conclave
The 1464 papal conclave (August 28–30), convened after the death of Pope Pius II, elected as his successor cardinal Pietro Barbo, who took the name Paul II.


1464 papal conclave, List of participants
Pope Pius II died on August 14, 1464, in Ancona during preparations for the crusade against the Ottoman Empire. At the time of his death, there were 29 living cardinals, but only 19 of them participated in the conclave:


1464 papal conclave, List of participants
Ten electors were Italian, four Spaniards, four French and one Greek. Six were created by Pius II, six by Eugenius IV, four by Callixtus III and three by Nicholas V.


1464 papal conclave, Absentees
Ten cardinals (over 1/3 of the whole Sacred College) did not participate in this conclave:


1464 papal conclave, Absentees
Of the absentee cardinals five were created by Pius II, two by Eugenius IV, one by Callixtus III and one by Nicholas V. Pierre de Foix was the last surviving cardinal of the Great Western Schism and was elevated by Pisan Antipope John XXIII.


1464 papal conclave, Absentees
Among them there were three French, two Italians, two Germans, two Spaniards and the one Hungarian.


1464 papal conclave, Candidates to the papacy
Bessarion, d'Estouteville, Trevisan, Carvajal, Torquemada and Barbo were mentioned as main papabili in the contemporary reports of the ambassadors and envoys of Italian Princes. Also Calandrini, Roverella and Capranica were referred to as possible candidates.


1464 papal conclave, The election of Pope Paul II
On the evening of August 28 all cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave in the Vatican, with the exception of ill Cardinal Torquemada, who joined the rest on the following day.


1464 papal conclave, The election of Pope Paul II
Initially, in order to secure to the cardinals a greater share of power than they had enjoyed under Pius II, a capitulation was prepared the conclave capitulation, and all except Ludovico Trevisan subscribed to it. The terms of the capitulation were the following:


1464 papal conclave, The election of Pope Paul II
The first scrutiny took place on August 30. Cardinal Pietro Barbo received eleven votes, while the remaining fell to Trevisan and d'Estouteville. On the following accessus Barbo received three additional votes and was elected Pope. He took the name Paul II, and a little bit later protodeacon Rodrigo Borgia announced the election to the people of Rome with the ancient formula Habemus Papam. On September 6 the new pope was solemnly crowned on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Niccolò Fortiguerra, priest of the title of S. Cecilia.


1465
Year 1465 (MCDLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1465 Moroccan revolution
The 1465 Moroccan revolution was a popular uprising in the city of Fez—then capital of Morocco—against Sultan Abd al-Haqq II, the last ruler of the Marinid dynasty, and his Jewish vizier Harun ibn Batash.


1465 Moroccan revolution
Morocco was in severe crisis in the mid-fifteenth century, including a progressive Portuguese invasion of the country. The theoretical rulers, the Marinids, had little power outside the city of Fez, with large parts of the country in the hands of the Wattasids, a dynasty of viziers. At the same time, new religious trends in Moroccan Islam increased the prestige of the sharifs, or descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In 1458, Abd al-Haqq regained power from the Wattasids. The sultan then appointed Jews to high-ranking positions in the state, despite opposition from the mostly Muslim citizens of Fez.


1465 Moroccan revolution
In most accounts, the actual revolution began in 1465 when a Jewish official abused a female sharif, which led to a pogrom against the Jewish community possibly led by Muhammad ibn Imran, the leader of the sharifs of Fez. Abd al-Haqq was either lynched or executed, and Muhammad ibn Imran became ruler of Fez.


1465 Moroccan revolution
The Wattasids attempted to return following the revolution but were opposed by Muhammad ibn Imran, leading to a war in which the Wattasid dynast Muhammad al-Sheikh conquered Fez in 1471 at the cost of ceding significant territory to the Portuguese. The Wattasids—who retained the Berber tribal structure of medieval Moroccan dynasties—were soon discredited by their incapability to stem the Portuguese advance, and were replaced in the sixteenth century by the Saadis, a non-tribal dynasty of sharifs. Morocco has been ruled by sharifs ever since. The 1465 revolution, while unsuccessful in bringing about lasting sharif rule, was thus an harbinger of the rule by sharifs that would come to define modern Moroccan history.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Background
By the mid-fifteenth century, the Marinid Sultanate of Morocco was in severe crisis. Its effective control was limited to the city of Fez, with large portions of the countryside being controlled by their vizier family, the Wattasids. The final sultan, Abd al-Haqq II, had been placed on the throne at the age of one in 1420 by his Wattasid vizier. He remained a puppet of successive viziers for thirty-eight years until a 1458 coup in which the sultan successfully took power after massacring most of the Wattasids. At the same time, the Portuguese began conquering significant parts of Morocco beginning with the capture of Ceuta in 1415. The Berber tribes whose warriors underpinned the Marinid kingdom proved itself incapable of defending the country. In 1462, Castile seized Gibraltar, the last Moroccan outpost in Europe.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Background
Morocco was also undergoing a religious transformation. Two Sufi brotherhoods, the Qadiriyya and especially the Shadhiliyya, expanded throughout the country and popularized the notion of hereditary barakah or sacredness. The renewed focus on inherited sanctity advanced the prestige of the sharifs: descendants of the prophet Muhammad by his great-great-great-grandson Idris I, the eighth-century founder of the Moroccan kingdom.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Background
The great popularity of the Shadhiliyya brotherhood led by Muhammad al-Jazuli, which included large numbers of sharifs in its ranks, contributed to the increased devotion accorded to the sharifs, as did the putative Wattasid discovery in 1437 of the tomb of Idris's son and their decision to build a sanctuary honoring him. In the face of the failure of the Marinids and their tribal backers against European invasion, the sharifs were increasingly looked up to as "symbols of disenchantment with tribal leadership and of the determination to resist the foreign enemies of the country and the faith."


1465 Moroccan revolution, Background
Meanwhile, large numbers of Spanish Jews had migrated to Fez since 1391 and became more and more important in the commercial life of the city.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
The earliest and most detailed account of the 1465 revolution in Fez, which ended two centuries of Marinid rule, comes from the diary of Abd al-Basit ibn Khalil, an Egyptian merchant who arrived in the Kingdom of Tlemcen in 1464 intending to visit the neighboring Moroccan realm. While at Tlemcen, he learned the news of the 1465 revolution first-hand and decided to avoid the turmoil, going to Granada instead. Abd al-Basit's narrative is consistent with the traditional Moroccan accounts first compiled centuries after the revolution. But as the Egyptian was not an eyewitness, his account may reflect the official, propagandistic narrative that Muhammad ibn Imran, the new ruler of Fez, desired to portray to his neighbors in Tlemcen. Historian Mercedes Garcia-Arenal notes that the story appears apologetic.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
According to Abd al-Basit, once Abd al-Haqq had massacred most of the Wattasids, he appointed a surviving Wattasid as a vizier in name, but with no real power, simply for the purpose of humiliating him. He then named the Jewish moneylender Harun ibn Batash as the de facto vizier, as Jews did not have independent power bases. Harun proceeded to give important government positions to his fellow Jews, which was very unpopular in the majority-Muslim city. In 1465, the sultan and Harun left Fez for a while, leaving Harun's relative Shawil ibn Batash to rule Fez. Shawil's rule was opposed by the citizens, and a riot began when he insulted and struck a female sharif.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
A khatib (preacher) who heard this began calling for a jihad against the Jews, and was joined by large numbers of the poorer citizens of Fez. The mob demanded that Muhammad ibn Imran, the head of the sharifs of Fez, give his sanction for a rebellion against the government. Ibn Imran refused, saying that the ulama or scholars should be consulted. The mob then went to the senior mufti of Fez, demanding that he write them a fatwa or juridical opinion approving of the rebellion.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
When the mufti refused, the mob threatened to kill him until he finally agreed that a massacre of the Jews and a rebellion against the sultan were religiously permissible. Having received the necessary clerical support, the urban mob then invaded the Jewish quarter and killed every Jew, then stormed the palace and killed Shawil. The sharif Muhammad ibn Imran was installed as ruler of Fez.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
The rebels then sent a letter to Abd al-Haqq, saying that they were willing to return his throne to him should he return. Harun opposed the idea, suggesting that they go to the town of Taza instead, but the sultan refused to listen. A Marinid prince then executed the vizier. When Abd al-Haqq did arrive at Fez, he was pulled off his horse by a gang of young men and lynched at a slaughterhouse on May 18, 1465, in the holy month of Ramadan. The surviving Wattasids attempted to return to power in Fez but were rebuffed by Muhammad ibn Imran's new regime, while pogroms of Jews occurred in other cities throughout Morocco as the news spread.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
The traditional Moroccan account, still presented in modern Moroccan textbooks, derives from the historian Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi in the 1590s. Al-Qadi's account is largely congruent with Abd al-Basit's account, certain details notwithstanding: Harun proposes Meknes and not Taza as a refuge, and the sultan is killed on May 23 and not May 18. But it removes the apologetic description of Muhammad ibn Imran being reluctant to take power and does not feature a mufti at all.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
Instead, the sharif is portrayed as leading the mob in both the attack on the Jewish quarter and the killing of Abd al-Haqq, which is not the work of a gang of youth but a public execution officiated by Ibn Imran himself, who strips the sultan of his regalia and puts him on a donkey before the citizens of Fez. Although Europeans had only a very cursory understanding of events in the Moroccan court, they also believed that the sharif had instigated the revolution.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
Meanwhile, a number of traditional Moroccan biographies of Sufi saints suggest that there was a group of ulama and other Muslim leaders who opposed the revolution in some capacity. One of the prominent leaders of the opposition was Ahmad Zarruq, who was forced to leave his hometown of Fez after facing opposition to the point of being accused of being a Jew. When Zarruq returned to Fez in 1474, he was met with a "social boycott" and was soon obliged to leave Morocco forever.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
A seventeenth-century account independent of traditional Moroccan historiography—a polemical tract condemning the Muhajirin, a group of merchants in Fez who were originally Jews but had long ago sincerely converted to Islam—gives a significantly different series of events. The Muhajirin had traditionally been barred from certain markets by the older Muslim merchants of Fez, including the sharifs. But because Abd al-Haqq, his Jewish vizier Harun, and other Jewish officials were hard-pressed for money, the government annulled the restrictions on the Muhajirin. They began to outcompete the sharif merchants until the 1465 revolution, after which they were all expelled from Fez. The account makes no mention of the abuse of a woman sharif or of a massacre of the Jews.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Revolution
No Jewish source from before the nineteenth century makes any mention of the massacre. As there is documentation of a thriving Jewish community in Fez in the 1470s, Garcia-Arena is skeptical that there was any pogrom against the Jews at all. Many of the Jews of Fez appear have temporarily converted to Islam to escape the pogrom before being allowed to return to Judaism by the Wattasids who took power in 1471. Other members of the Jewish community of Fez in the 1470s may have been refugees from the Portuguese invasion.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Legacy
As supporters of the sharifs, the surviving Wattasids may have naturally expected to be restored to power by the revolution, but Muhammad ibn Imran refused to allow them to enter the city. After a war of several years, the head of the surviving Wattasids, Muhammad al-Sheikh, conquered Fez in 1471 and eliminated the sharif's regime with the support of former Marinid retainers, but at the cost of losing the towns of Asilah, Larache, and Tangiers to the Portuguese.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Legacy
Over the next few decades, the Wattasids' traditional tribal form of monarchy was discredited by its utter incapability to curb the Portuguese invasion. They were eventually overthrown by the Saadi dynasty of sharifs from southern Morocco, who expelled the Portuguese and initiated a new trend in Moroccan history—of which the 1465 revolution was an early augur—of non-tribal sharif dynasties whose legitimacy was bolstered by their prophetic bloodline. The current ruling dynasty of Morocco, the Alaouites, remains a sharif dynasty.


1465 Moroccan revolution, Legacy
The Jewish community of Fez existed again by the 1470s, benefiting from Wattasid protection and patronage of the Jews; the Jewish historian Abraham ben Solomon calls Muhammad al-Sheikh a righteous man. However, they continued to suffer from prejudice, including another massacre in 1492.


1465 mystery eruption
The 1465 mystery eruption was a large volcanic eruption in the South Pacific identified from distant ice core records and historical accounts of atmospheric events around 1465. The exact location of the eruption is uncertain, but is likely the submerged caldera of Kuwae in the Coral Sea. The eruption is believed to have been VEI-7 and possibly even larger than Mount Tambora's 1815 eruption.


1465 mystery eruption, Ice core records
Ice cores taken from both the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets contain large amounts of sulfur, indicating that the 1465 mystery eruption was a global event, lasting up to 7 years. These volcanic particles were distributed via the large aerosol cloud produced by the eruption.


1465 mystery eruption, Historical records
Historical records, largely from Europe and Eastern Asia, report multiple years after 1465 with anomalous weather patterns. Smog and haze were seen in the sky and multiple records describe the sun as being blue in color and volcanic ash raining from the sky. There were severe increases in precipitation and decreases in temperature. These weather and climate changes would be the result of a large aerosol cloud produced by a volcanic eruption spreading across the earth; however, medieval records of atmospheric phenomenon are not always accurate.


1465 mystery eruption, Climate implications
The weather patterns caused by this eruption had an impact on the life of people globally. Freezing temperatures and excessive rainfall led to famine and low quality crops. The number of people who starved to death increased over these years, and the decreased quality of wine during the time period was noted in historical records. Freezing temperatures and flooding also lead to death and property damage. These factors put pressure on medieval governments and negatively impacted military efforts.


1466
Year 1466 (MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+50(L)+10(X)+5(V)+1(I) = 1466).


1466 Mündleria
1466 Mündleria, provisional designation 1938 KA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter.


1466 Mündleria
It was discovered on 31 May 1938, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and later named after German astronomer Max Mündler.


1466 Mündleria, Orbit and classification
Mündleria orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,339 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. Mündleria's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1938. It was first identified as 1923 GA at Heidelberg in 1923.


1466 Mündleria, Physical characteristics
The asteroid has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1466 Mündleria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mündleria measures between 22.13 and 24.95 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.037 and 0.061. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.055 and a diameter of 21.46 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


1466 Mündleria, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
As of 2017, no useful rotational lightcurve of Mündleria has been obtained. The body's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.


1466 Mündleria, Naming
This minor planet was named after German astronomer Max Mündler (1876–1969), staff member at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory where the body was discovered. The name was proposed by Heinrich Vogt after whom the minor planet 1439 Vogtia is named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 131).


1466 in France, Deaths
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1467
Year 1467 (MCDLXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1467 Mashona
1467 Mashona, provisional designation 1938 OE, is a rare-type carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 100 kilometers in diameter, making it one of the top 200 largest asteroids currently known to exist. It was discovered on 30 July 1938, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was later named after the native Shona people of Zimbabwe.


1467 Mashona, Classification and orbit
Mashona orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.8 AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,277 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic. It is a member of the Cybele asteroid group.


1467 Mashona, Classification and orbit
In February 1923, it was first identified as 1923 CB at Heidelberg Observatory in Germany. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, 5 days after its official discovery observation.


1467 Mashona, Classification and orbit
Mashona was the highest numbered asteroid used in calculating the future orbit of 101955 Bennu.


1467 Mashona, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Mashona is a rare GC-type, a spectral type that transitions between the common C and rare G-type asteroids.


1467 Mashona, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Until April 2010, three rotational lightcurves of Mashona have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period between 9.74 and 9.76 hours with a brightness amplitude varying from 0.24 to 0.31 magnitude (U=3/2/3).


1467 Mashona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mashona measures between 89.160 and 104.119 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.083. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 107.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.57. Among nearly half a million asteroids, Mashona belongs to the 200 largest bodies.


1467 Mashona, Naming
This minor planet was named for the Shona people (Mashona), natives of Mashonaland in Zimbabwe, then Rhodesia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).


1468
Year 1468 (MCDLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1468 Zomba
1468 Zomba, provisional designation 1938 PA, is a stony asteroid and large Mars-crosser near the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was named after the city of Zomba in the Republic of Malawi.


1468 Zomba, Discovery
Zomba was discovered on 23 July 1938, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was independently discovered by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory, Algeria, on 2 August 1938, who first announce the asteroid's discovery. The Minor Planet Center (MPC) only recognizes the first discoverer.


1468 Zomba, Orbit and classification
Zomba is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,188 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1468 Zomba, Physical characteristics
Zomba has been characterized as a Q-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The Lightcurve Data Base assumes it to be a common S-type asteroid.


1468 Zomba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Zomba have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 2.773 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.3 and 0.36 magnitude (U=3-/2/3/3).


1468 Zomba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Zomba measures 6.97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.302, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.57 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.


1468 Zomba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
This makes Zomba one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065 Amundsenia (9.75 km), 1139 Atami (9.35 km), 1474 Beira (8.73 km), 1011 Laodamia (7.39 km), 1727 Mette (est 9 km), 1131 Porzia (7.13 km), 1235 Schorria (est. 9 km), 985 Rosina (8.18 km) and 1310 Villigera (15.24 km), but far smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132 Aethra, 323 Brucia, 1508 Kemi, 2204 Lyyli and 512 Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.


1468 Zomba, Naming
This minor planet was named after the town of Zomba in the Republic of Malawi, known as Nyasaland, a British protectorate, at the time of naming. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).


1469
Year 1469 (MCDLXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1469 Linzia
1469 Linzia, provisional designation 1938 QD, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Austrian city of Linz.


1469 Linzia, Discovery
Linzia was discovered on 19 August 1938, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. Twelve nights later, the asteroid was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory, Crimea, on 31 August 1938. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as A916 QD at Simeiz in August 1916, or 22 years prior to its official discovery.


1469 Linzia, Orbit and classification
Linzia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,016 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering Heidelberg Observatory in May 1931, when it was identified as 1931 JD.


1469 Linzia, Physical characteristics
Linzia has been characterized as a dark and primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), while the Lightcurve Data Base assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1469 Linzia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Linzia was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens in collaboration with Vladimir Benishek. Lightcurve analysis gave a slightly longer-than average rotation period of 22.215 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=3). Other lightcurves which measured a period of 6.067, 12 and 15.2 hours, received a lower quality rating (U=1/1/2-).


1469 Linzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Linzia measures between 54.30 and 74.78 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.038 and 0.0734.


1469 Linzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0561 and a diameter of 58.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.


1469 Linzia, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the Austrian city of Linz, located on the Danube river. The name Name was proposed by A. Wersig (RI 2319), and the official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 132).


146th Air Refueling Squadron
The 146th Air Refueling Squadron (146 ARS) is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard 's 171st Air Refueling Wing located at Pittsburgh IAP Air Reserve Station, Pennsylvania. The 146th is equipped with the KC-135T Stratotanker.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was activated on 1 October 1942 at RAF Duxford, England as the 345th Fighter Squadron. It was initially assigned to VIII Fighter Command, but was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force in December and engaged in combat in the North African Campaign and was later based in Italy as part of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. It engaged in combat during Sicilian and Italian Campaigns. The squadron also flew combat missions from Sardinia and in the Rhone Valley of France from 1944.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard
The wartime 345th Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 146th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Greater Pittsburgh Airport and was extended federal recognition on 22 April 1949. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the 112th Fighter Group.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Defense
The 146th Fighter Squadron's mission was air defense over Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania. The unit was not activated during the Korean War. The squadron retired its F-47s in 1951 was re-equipped with long-distance F-51H Mustang interceptors, because jets which were being used by the active duty force and in Korea. After the Korean War ended, it was planned to convert the 146th Fighter-Bomber Squadron from its propeller-driven F-51Hs to F-86A Sabre jet daylight interceptors. However, after receiving four Sabres, the squadron began to receive new F-84F Thunderstreaks in October 1954. In December 1957, the 146th replaced their F-84Fs with all-weather F-86D Sabre Interceptors.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Defense
Beginning in 1960, Air Defense Command upgraded the 112th Fighter Interceptor Group to the supersonic F-102A Delta Dagger interceptor. Squadron pilots stood runway alert for 24 hours a day, seven days a week at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport ready to scramble regardless of the weather conditions to intercept any unidentified aircraft approaching southward from the Canada–US border or toward the United States from the Atlantic Coast. Their F-102A Delta Daggers were armed with two heat-seeking missiles and four radar-guided missiles as well as 2.75-inch rockets.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
With air defense becoming less critical, in 1975 the 146th ended its air defense mission, receiving its first A-7D Corsair II aircraft and its mobilization gaining command changed to Tactical Air Command. The principal mission of the squadron became the destruction of targets in support of ground forces. The A-7Ds were initially received from the 354th and 355th Tactical Fighter Wings, which were being upgraded with new A-10A Thunderbolt II aircraft. Beginning in 1976 and 1977, new A-7Ds were received directly from the manufacturer, and in 1980, the squadron received some A-7K two-seat trainers.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Refueling
By the end of the 1980s the A-7Ds were being retired from the Air Force inventory, and in 1991 the 146th traded in its ground support fighters. The 112th group's gaining command became Strategic Air Command as it became a KC-135 Stratotanker air refueling squadron. The 146th has continued this mission into the present day. The tankers were operated jointly with the 147th Air Refueling Squadron at Pittsburgh. The 147th's parent unit, the 171st Air Refueling Wing, had become an air refueling organization in October 1972.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Air Refueling
Strategic Air Command was inactivated in June 1992 and the 112th Air Refueling Group became a part of the Air Combat Command (ACC). On 1 October 1993, the assets of the 112th Air Refueling Group and the 171st Air Refueling Wing at Pittsburgh were combined and the 146th Air Refueling Squadron was reassigned to the 171st Operations Group. The 112th Air Refueling Group was inactivated. With the consolidation, The 171st Air Refueling Wing had 16 aircraft assigned to two squadrons, making it one of only three "Super Tanker Wings" within the Air National Guard.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In May 1999, the 171st activated over 500 members and fourteen aircraft to Budapest, Hungary and Frankfurt, Germany, in support of Operation Allied Force deterring ethnic aggression in Yugoslavia. The 146th became part of the 171st Expeditionary Operations Group that flew 411 sorties and refueled 2,157 receivers. All members returned home by the beginning of July 1999.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Post Cold War era
In November 2000, the 171st deployed 228 personnel to Istres AB, France in support of Operation Joint Forge, a NATO-led stabilization mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. During this deployment the crews flew 51 sorties in seven of our KC-135s, and offloaded 1.4 million pounds of fuel.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
The 171st found itself among the first units called to duty almost immediately after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York City, Washington D.C. and in its own backyard in southwestern Pennsylvania. At the time of the attacks, almost all of the wing's aircraft were in a stand-down mode, while nearly all of its assigned aircraft were being converted to with the new Pacer-Crag cockpit and navigation upgrade.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Within minutes of the first aircraft crashes, the 171st Air Refueling Wing was airborne with its only flyable KC-135E. Its mission was to provide air refueling to the fuel-thirsty jet fighter aircraft that were providing Combat Air Patrol (CAP) over the skies of the eastern United States as part of Operation Noble Eagle (ONE). On the ground back in Pittsburgh, the maintainers and aircrews made more aircraft airworthy and then keeping them flying. Almost seamlessly, the 171st went into a wartime footing. Within 24 hours after the first attacks, the 171st was flying round-the-clock CAPs support sorties with eight fully mission capable KC-135s. Before the continuous CAP missions were ended in early 2002, more than 13,000 combat missions were flown over U.S. soil.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
During the first decade of the 2000s, the 171st was engaged in combat operations in supporting Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, deployed to Guam, participated in the Hurricane Katrina Relief Effort, supported numerous Raven assignments, supported our Air Expeditionary Force cycles and other missions.


146th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In an effort to support the international response to the unrest in Libya and enforcement of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 of a no-fly zone over Libya, the 313th Air Expeditionary Wing, with the 171st as the lead unit, was stood up in March 2011 by a blend of active duty, guard and reserve airmen. A total of 1500 sorties, 11000 flying hours, and 70 million pounds of fuel transferred aircraft from more than ten countries was accomplished by this citizen-airmen volunteer militia force. Initially, the operation for the no-fly zone was called Operation Odyssey Dawn. As it transitioned to a full-fledged, NATO-led effort, it became Operation Unified Protector. This operation officially ended 31 October 2011.


146th Air Support Operations Squadron
The 146th Air Support Operations Squadron is an air support operations (air-ground liaison) squadron of the United States Air Force. The official title of the 146th ASOS is "Plains Warriors."


146th Air Support Operations Squadron, Overview
The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommendations began the process to redistribute the 137th Airlift Wing's eight C-130H aircraft from Will Rogers Air National Guard Base and implemented the process to stand up an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS); to be aligned with and provide close air support (CAS) to the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Oklahoma Army National Guard. In September 2007 the last of the C-130's departed Will Rogers.


146th Air Support Operations Squadron, Overview
As 2007 was the centennial year of the statehood of Oklahoma and one which marked the end of one era in its military history the squadron number was deemed to be a 100-series designation. As Oklahoma was the 46th state admitted to the Union, the soon-to-be established ASOS was officially given its designation of "146". One year later the squadron was officially activated in a ceremony presided over by the Adjutant General of Oklahoma MG Harry M. Wyatt III. Designated as the first commander of the 146th was Lt. Col. Bruce P. "Ham Fist" Hamilton; who served from 2008 to 2013. He was succeeded by Lt. Col. James B. Waltermire.


146th Airlift Wing
The 146th Airlift Wing (146 AW) is a unit of the California Air National Guard, stationed at Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Oxnard, California. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


146th Airlift Wing
The 115th Airlift Squadron assigned to the Wings 146th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the 115th Observation Squadron, established on 16 June 1924. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. It is the oldest unit in the California Air National Guard, having almost 90 years of service to the state and nation.


146th Airlift Wing, Mission
The 146th AW's primary mission is to provide global military airlift capability to a full spectrum of state and federal agencies. Flying the Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules aircraft, the 146th has provided humanitarian relief in the aftermath of hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and other disasters, in California, the United States and internationally.


146th Airlift Wing, Mission
The 146th is one of four C-130 ANG units whose contribution to the United States' aerial fire fighting capability includes equipment and techniques for efficient, effective suppression of large wildland fires from the air. Since 1974, using the Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System (MAFFS) units supplied by the US Forest Service and mounted in four C-130s, the wing's aerial fire fighting crews have been credited with saving many lives and countless millions of dollars worth of structures, forests, and brush land in California and other states and countries.


146th Airlift Wing, Mission
MAFFS II was used for the first time on a fire in July 2010, using the latest generation Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules aircraft. The 146th Airlift Wing was the first to transition to the MAFFS 2 system in 2008, and it remains the only unit flying the new system on the C-130J aircraft.


146th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
Formed at Westover Field, Massachusetts, in August 1943. During World War II the 373d Fighter Group was assigned to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), Ninth Air Force, in Western Europe. It was equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts.


146th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
The Group flew its first combat mission on 8 May 1944, a fighter sweep over Normandy. It then took part in pre-invasion activities (e.g., escorting B-26 Marauders to attack airdromes, bridges, and railroads in Occupied France). The Group patrolled the air over the beachhead when the Allies launched the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944, and hit troops, tanks, roads, fuel depots, and other targets in the assault area until the end of the month.


146th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
The Group moved to the Continent in July 1944 where it struck railroads, hangars, boxcars, warehouses, and other objectives to prevent reinforcements from reaching the front at St. Lo, where the Allies broke through on 25 July 1944. The Group bombed such targets as troops in the Falaise-Argentan area in August 1944. During the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – January 1945), the Group concentrated on the destruction of bridges, marshalling yards, and highways. It flew reconnaissance missions to support ground operations in the Rhine Valley in March 1945, hitting airfields, motor transports, etc. The Group continued tactical air operations until 4 May 1945.


146th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
Returned to the United States and prepared for transfer to the Pacific Theater during the Summer of 1945, the Japanese Capitulation in August led to the Group's inactivation in November 1945.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard
The wartime 373d Fighter Group was re-designated as the 146th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Van Nuys Airport, Los Angeles, California, and was extended federal recognition on 16 September by the National Guard Bureau. The 146th Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 373d Fighter Group. The Group was assigned to the California ANG 62nd Fighter Wing.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard
Upon activation, operational squadrons of the 146th Fighter Group were:


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard
The 196th, 197th, and 198th Fighter Squadrons were all re-designations of the 373d Fighter Group's operational squadrons during World War II. All of the fighter squadrons were initially equipped with F-51D Mustangs, with a mission of air defense of Southern California and Arizona. The 115th was equipped with B-26 Invader light bombers, gained by Tactical Air Command. Other components were the 146th Headquarters, 146th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 146th Combat Support Squadron, and the 1146th USAF Dispensary.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard
During World War II, Van Nuys Airport had been used as an Army Airfield and the organization moved into several buildings and hangars vacated just a few months previously by the 441st Army Air Force Base Unit.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, 146th Composite Wing
At the end of October 1950, the Air National Guard converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the 62d Fighter Wing was withdrawn from the California ANG and was inactivated on 31 October 1950. The 146th Composite Wing was established by the National Guard Bureau, allocated to the state of California, recognized and activated 1 November 1950; assuming the personnel, equipment, and mission of the inactivated 62d Fighter Wing.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, 146th Composite Wing
The 146th Composite Group was assigned to the new wing as its operational group with the three fighter squadrons. The 115th Bombardment Squadron (Light) at Van Nuys Airport was transferred from the 62d Fighter Wing to the new 144th Composite Wing. The 115th was a re-designation of the original California National Guard pre-war 115th Observation Squadron with origins dating to 1917.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 146th Fighter Wing was federalized on 1 March 1951 and assigned to Tactical Air Command. It was re-designated as the 146th Fighter-Bomber Wing and moved to Moody AFB, Georgia, where it was assigned two federalized ANG squadrons from Idaho and Montana and became a F-51D Fighter-Bomber training unit.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
The units were returned to California State control in November 1952, and on 1 January 1953, the 146th Fighter-Bomber Wing was reformed at Van Nuys Airport.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
With the end of combat in Korea, jet-propelled aircraft began to be made available to the Air National Guard. In 1953, the 195th at Van Nuys received F-86A Sabres, to be used in day-interceptor missions. The 195th's F-51Hs were reassigned to the 115th, now a Fighter-Bomber Squadron (FBS); the 115th was upgraded to F-86As in late 1953. In 1954, the 196th FBS at Norton AFB was equipped with F-86As, and the 197th at Luke AFB also being upgraded to F-86As. With the F-86A, the squadrons began standing dusk-to-dawn alerts, joining its Air Defense Command active-duty counterparts. On 1 January 1954, the 196th FBS was moved from the expanding Norton AFB to Ontario Municipal Airport. The 146th was re-designated the 146th Fighter-Interceptor Wing (FIW) on 1 July 1955.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
The 146th FIW continued to fly the F-86A until 31 March 1958. On 1 April 1958, the transition was made to the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, which was designed from the onset as an interceptor, had all-weather capability, and thus was able to be used in all weather. In addition, the F-86L could be controlled and directed by the SAGE computer-controlled Ground Control Interceptor (Radar) sites which would vector the aircraft to the unidentified target for interception.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
In 1958, the 196th Fighter-Bomber Squadron at Ontario Airport was authorized to expand to a group level. The 163d Fighter-Interceptor Group was federally recognized on 17 May; the 196th FBS was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and transferred to the new group under California ANG jurisdiction. On 2 October 1957, the 197th FBS at Luke AFB was expanded into the 161st Fighter-Interceptor Group, and came under Arizona ANG jurisdiction.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
In 1961, the 146th FIW was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 146th was re-designated the 146th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, both the Wing and squadrons were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Van Nuys, the wing augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to California state control on 31 August 1962. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and, during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa, and Thailand.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
The C-97s were retired in 1970 and the unit was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC). It transitioned to the C-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1973, the C-130A models were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and they were replaced by the C-130B. During this period, both the 115th and its sister squadron, the 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron shared the same pool of aircraft.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
With the end of the Vietnam War, the California National Guard bureau began to downsize the 146th Tactical Airlift Wing (TAS) as part of the post-war drawdown. With C-130s units being transferred to Military Airlift Command, the junior 195th TAS was inactivated on 30 September 1974. The personnel, equipment, and aircraft of the 195th TFS were reassigned to the 115th TAS.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
In the early 1970s, USAF's "Total Force" policy brought the wing into full partnership with its Air Force counterparts by mandating co-operation and teamwork between Air Guard and active duty Air Force units in all phases of military airlift operations. As a result, in succeeding years the wing's C-130s traveled to all corners of the world, airlifting troops, passengers, and cargo during training missions, exercise deployments, and real-world military operations to support Federal and State military airlift requirements.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
The 146th is one of only four C-130 Air Guard and AF Reserve units whose contribution to the nation's aerial fire fighting capability includes equipment and techniques for efficient, effective suppression of large wildland fires from the air.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
Since 1974, using the Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System (MAFFS) units supplied by the U.S. Forest Service and mounted in four C-130s, the wing's aerial fire fighting crews have been credited with saving many lives and countless millions of dollars worth of structures, forests, and brush land in California, and many other States and countries as well, taking part in over 5,000 aerial firefighting missions in California and across the Western United States saving valuable property, natural resources, and lives. The fire seasons of 1993 and 1994 were the worst on record.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
The Malibu fires of 1993 literally burned to the edge of the 146th AW's base. But it was in 1994, with over 55,000 wildfires raging throughout the western States, that the 146th, along with three other MAFFS-equipped guard and reserve units flew nearly 2,000 missions, dropping fifty-one million pounds of fire retardant.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
The 146th TAW and its subordinate units participated in numerous Cold War military exercises such as Team Spirit, Volant Oak, Red Flag, and Reforger. Other Joint Chief of Staff exercises included "Ember Dawn IV" in Alaska and "Brave Shield" in Europe. In 1979, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve assumed full responsibility for airlift operations in Panama, which recently moved to Puerto Rico, a commitment still fulfilled.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
In mid-December 1989, and continuing for several weeks, wing aircraft, air crews, and support personnel on deployment for exercise Volant Oak at Howard AFB, Canal Zone, Panama, flew combat airlift missions for U. S. Southern Command during Operation "Just Cause" in Panama. More than 100 combat sorties were flown by 146th aircraft and crews, with no casualties or damage to aircraft.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Channel Islands Air National Guard Station
In December 1988, after more than six decades of Air National Guard flying tradition in the San Fernando Valley, the 146th Airlift Wing began moving from Van Nuys to a brand new facility, built on Federal land leased to the State of California, adjacent to the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, an active duty Navy flying installation.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Channel Islands Air National Guard Station
The 146th operates from the military airfield at the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, along with Navy and other Federal aviation activities. By March 1990, all but a small remnant of wing personnel had transferred operations to Channel Islands ANG Station. Shortly thereafter, the old Van Nuys facility was closed and turned over to the City of Los Angeles. On 30 April 1990, the flag at Van Nuys ANG Base was lowered for the last time during a special ceremony.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Channel Islands Air National Guard Station
The addition of a C-130 flight simulator facility is planned. Construction was delayed in 2019 when the funds allocated by Congress were diverted to build the border wall due to a Declaration of National Emergency.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Persian Gulf
In August 1990, the world was moving swiftly toward armed confrontation in the Persian Gulf. By late January 1991, the 146th Airlift Wing had provided U.S. Central Command and U.S. Air Forces in Europe more than 650 personnel, voluntarily and involuntarily activated, who participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Aircraft and air crews from the 115th Airlift Squadron flew two-month-long tours of duty in Operation Volant Pine, a backfill of military airlifters to Europe by Air National Guard C-130s.


146th Airlift Wing, History, California Air National Guard, Persian Gulf
In 1997, wing members deployed in excess of 10,000 days supporting State and Federal missions. During the period the unit played critical roles in support of DoD missions deploying to Oman and Saudi Arabia in support of Southern Watch, and in peacetime humanitarian airlift and aerial fire fighting, among the many missions accomplished by the wing during the award period.


146th Battalion, CEF
The 146th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.


146th Battalion, CEF
Based in Kingston, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and the surrounding district. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 95th Battalion, CEF and the 12th Reserve Battalion on October 6, 1916. The 146th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. Charles Adamson Low.


146th Battalion, CEF
The last Canadian World War I veteran, John Babcock, joined the 146th Battalion, before being transferred to the Young Soldiers Battalion as he was underage.


146th Battalion, CEF, Music
"I'll miss the girl: the regimental song of the 146th overseas battalion" by John E. Harte (music & words) and Charles E. Millner (arrangement) was published in Winnipeg and Toronto by Whaley, Royce & Co., circa 1916. First line: "I'm going to fight for my country, dear" Chorus: "I'll miss the girl".


146th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 146th Division (Chinese: 第146师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 35th Division, 12th Column of the PLA Dongbei Field Army, formed in April 1947.


146th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division is part of 49th Corps. Under the flag of 146th division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War. In July 1952 the division was inactivated: the division HQ was converted as HQ, 5th Artillery Division, its 436th and 437th Regiment was transferred to Hainan Military District, and 438th Regiment moved to Korea as a replacement unit.


146th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 146th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第146师)(2nd Formation) formed in October 1968 in Hunan.


146th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division is under direct command of Guangzhou Military Region and was put under administrative control of 47th Army Corps. During its existence the division stationed in Hunan for agricultural production missions.


146th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
From 1970 the division was transferred to Hunan Provincial Military District's control.


146th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


146th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 146th Division (第146師団, Dai-hyakuyonjūroku Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Southern Protection Division (護州兵団, Konan Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Kumamoto as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.


146th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Initially, the 146th division was assigned to the 57th army. After the 40th army was transferred from Taiwan to Kyushu, the division was reassigned to it and sent to Kagoshima Prefecture


146th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 146th division was tasked with the coastal defense. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.


146th Division (Israel)
The Israel Defense Forces 146th Armor Division, also known as the Ha-Mapatz Formation ("Bang"), is a reserve-service armored infantry division in the IDF. It is subordinate to the Northern Regional Command.


146th Division (Israel)
Formed in 1954, it fought in the Suez Crisis and Six-Day War as the 38th Division. In the latter conflict, the division was led by Major General Ariel Sharon. During the Yom Kippur War, the division fought in the battles of the northern Golan under Major General Moshe Peled. It was known as 319th division from after the Yom Kipur War to September 2020 when it received its old number.


146th Field Artillery Regiment
The 146th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Army National Guard first Constituted in 1886 as the 1st, and 2nd Regiments of Infantry.


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Organized 9 March 1886 and 7 April 1887 from existing companies in the Washington Territorial Militia as the 1st (west of the Cascade Mountains) and 2d (east of the Cascade Mountains) Regiments of Infantry


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
(Washington Territorial Militia redesignated 28 January 1888 as the Washington National Guard)


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
2d Infantry Regiment reorganized and redesignated 23 July 1895 as the 1st Infantry Battalion


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
1st Infantry Regiment reorganized and redesignated in 1897 as the 2d Infantry Battalion


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Ten companies of the 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions mustered into federal service 6–13 May 1898 at Tacoma as elements of the 1st Regiment, Washington Volunteer Infantry and mustered out of federal service 1 November 1899 at San Francisco, California; two companies of the 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions mustered into federal service 2–15 July 1898 at Tacoma as elements of the Independent Battalion, Washington Volunteer Infantry, and mustered out of federal service 28 October 1898 at Vancouver Barracks, Washington


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Elements of the former 1st and 2d Infantry Battalions consolidated9 November 1899 with the 1st and 2d Infantry Regiments (organized in 1898 in the Washington National Guard) and consolidated unit reorganized and designated as the 1st Infantry Regiment


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Mustered into federal service 28 June 1916 at Camp Elmer M. Brown, Washington; mustered out of federal service 8 October 1916 at American Lake


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Consolidated 19 September – 20 October 1917 with elements of the 3rd Infantry Regiment (District of Columbia National Guard) to form the 161st Infantry, and assigned to the 41st Infantry Division (United States)


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Demobilized 1–8 March 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey, and Camp Dodge, Iowa


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Former 2d Infantry Regiment reorganized 1 January 1921 in the Washington National Guard as the 161st Infantry Regiment (United States), with headquarters at Spokane, and assigned to the 41st Division


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
1st Battalion and Headquarters and Supply Company, 161st Infantry, consolidated 10 May 1921 with the former Washington National Guard field artillery battalion (see ANNEX) to form the 146th Field Artillery, with headquarters at Seattle, and assigned to the 41st Division (remainder of 161st Infantry – hereafter separate lineage)


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
146th Field Artillery inducted into federal service 16 September 1940 at home stations


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Regiment broken up 17 February 1942 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
1st and 2d Battalions as the 146th and 167th Field Artillery Battalions, elements of the 41st Infantry Division


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
(Headquarters Battery as Headquarters and Service Company, 133d Engineers; Band as the Band, 41st Division Artillery  – hereafter separate lineages)


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
After 17 February 1942 the above units underwent changes as follows:


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Headquarters, 146th Field Artillery, reconstituted 25 August 1945 in the Washington National GuardReorganized and federally recognized 9 March 1948 at Seattle as Headquarters,      66th Field Artillery GroupOrdered into active federal service 11 September 1950 at Seattle; released from active federal service 10 July 1952 and reverted to state control;federal recognition withdrawn 1 August 1952


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
146th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated 31 December 1945 in JapanReorganized and federally recognized 13 May 1947 with headquarters at Seattle


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
167th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated 31 December 1945 in JapanReorganized and federally recognized 9 July 1947 at Vancouver


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Headquarters, 66th Field Artillery Group, and the 146th and 167th Field Artillery Battalions consolidated, reorganized, and redesignated 15 April 1959 as the 146th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Howitzer Battalion and 2d Rocket Howitzer Battalion, elements of the 41st Infantry Division


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Reorganized 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Reorganized 1 January 1968 to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 81st Infantry Brigade


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Withdrawn 1 June 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Olympia


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Redesignated 16 October 2005 as the 146th Field Artillery Regiment


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Ordered into active federal service 15 November 2003 at home stations; released from active federal service 12 May 2005 and reverted to state control(81st Infantry Brigade reorganized 1 September 2005 as the 81st Armored Brigade Combat Team)


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Transitioned from self-propelled howitzer battalion (Paladins) to a towed howitzer battalion (m777)


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex
Constituted in 1914 in the Washington National Guard as a field artillery battalionAssigned 18 July 1917 to the 41st Division


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex
Battery A organized and drafted into federal service 5 August 1917; remainder of battalion organized 25 September 1917 while in federal service at Camp Greene, North Carolina, from personnel recruited for the Washington National Guard field artillery


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex
Consolidated 19 September 1917 with Headquarters Company, Supply Company, and 1st Battalion, 2d Infantry (Idaho National Guard), and Battery A, Field Artillery (New Mexico National Guard), to form the 146th Field Artillery and assigned to the 41st Division


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
A gold color metal and enamel device 1+1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) in height consisting of the shield, crest and motto of the coat of arms.


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The divisions of the shield are three, indicating the service as follows: Chief – five fleurs-de-lis on a red field to indicate service as Field Artillery in France and participating in five battles. Base – scorpion on white field, to indicate service as Infantry on the Mexican Border. Fess – the colors of the Philippine flag, red and blue, embattled to indicate actual participation in combat. The crest is that of George Washington. The State of Washington is a part of the Oregon Territory whose American title was established in 1846.


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 146th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington National Guard on 9 October 1926. It was amended to revise the blazon of the shield on 16 February 1927. It was redesignated for the 146th Field Artillery Battalion, Washington National Guard on 25 August 1942. The insignia was redesignated for the 146th Artillery Regiment, Washington National Guard on 5 April 1961. It was redesignated for the 146th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington Army National Guard on 14 July 1972.


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon
Parti per fess Gules and Argent, a fess similarly divided embattled Azure and of the first fimbriated to chief Or, in chief five fleurs-de-lis of the last, in base a scorpion bendways Proper.


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Washington Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, a raven with wings endorsed issuing out of a ducal coronet all Proper. Motto ACTION FRONT.


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism
The divisions of the shield are three, indicating the service as follows: Chief – five fleurs-de-lis on a red field to indicate service as Field Artillery in France and participating in five battles. Base – scorpion on white field, to indicate service as Infantry on the Mexican Border. Fess – the colors of the Philippine flag, red and blue, embattled to indicate actual participation in combat.


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism
The crest is that of the Washington Army National Guard.


146th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Background
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 146th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington National Guard on 25 May 1925. It was amended to revise the blazon and description of the shield on 16 February 1927. It was redesignated for the 146th Field Artillery Battalion, Washington National Guard on 10 August 1942. The insignia was redesignated for the 146th Artillery Regiment, Washington National Guard on 5 April 1961. It was redesignated for the 146th Field Artillery Regiment, Washington Army National Guard on 14 July 1972.


146th Georgia General Assembly, Overview
The first regular session of the 146th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia met from Monday, January 8, 2001, at 10:00 am, to Friday, March 21, at 11:57 pm, at which time both houses adjourned sine die. 298 House bills and 97 Senate bills passed.


146th Georgia General Assembly, Overview
The second regular session of the Georgia General Assembly opened at 10:00 am on Monday, January 14, 2002, and adjourned sine die at 3:44pm on Friday, April 11, 2002.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
146th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery during World War II. After defending the UK against air attack as part of Anti- Aircraft Command, it went to Normandy shortly after D Day to defend the important fuel installations at Port-en-Bessin. Later in the campaign it moved to defend the port of Ostend.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
146th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment (HAA Rgt) was formed during a period of rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft Command, utilising batteries drawn from existing regiments. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was established on 26 January 1942 at Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, and during February the following batteries were regimented with it:


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home defence
The new regiment formed part of 30th (Northumbrian) Anti - Aircraft Brigade defending Newcastle and Sunderland in 7th AA Division, but initially 339 HAA Bty was attached to 12th AA Division in the West of Scotland, and 414 HAA Bty to 45 AA Brigade in South Wales. Before the end of May the whole regiment had concentrated in 5th AA Division, first under 47 AA Bde covering Southampton, then under 35 AA Bde in Portsmouth. Because of Luftwaffe 'hit-and-run' raids along the South Coast, there was considerable reorganisation of AA formations in the area during the summer of 1942. In September the regiment moved to 27 (Home Counties) AA Bde, still in the Portsmouth area. On 3 October, 339 HAA Bty transferred to 173rd HAA Rgt.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home defence
In November 1942 the regiment switched command again, this time to 5 AA Bde, which had air defence commitments in Southern England but had a high turnover of units, many of which were under training for deployment overseas. In May 1943 it was 146th HAA Rgt's turn: it left 5 AA Bde and had left AA Command altogether and joined the field forces before the end of the month. It was joined by 598 HAA Bty and a Troop of 600 HAA Bty from 177th HAA Rgt on 19 July 1943.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord
In April 1944, 146th HAA Rgt joined 76 AA Bde, one of the formations preparing for the Allied invasion of Normandy, Operation Overlord. 598 HAA Bty and the Trp of 600 Bty left to rejoin 177th HAA Rgt on 5 May 1944, reducing 146th HAA Rgt to the three-battery establishment (176, 414, 465) for overseas service. Units of 76 AA Bde landed with the assault waves on Gold Beach on D Day and then established AA defences over the beachhead.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord
146th HAA Regiment was given a follow-up role in the brigade's planning, with its batteries due to arrive on 11–13 June (D + 5 to D +7). In the event the first elements of 176 Bty reported to Brigade HQ at 14.30 on 12 June (D + 6). 414 and 465 Btys (less one Troop still on the road and the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers' workshop, which arrived on 16 June) had arrived by 11.00 next day and were ready for action before the end of the day.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord
146th HAA Regiment's task was to protect the British and US installations at Port-en-Bessin, where petrol storage depots were being built, fed by 'Tombola' buoyed pipelines from tankers moored offshore. The regiment's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A. Key, acted as AA Defence Commander (AADC) for Port-en-Bessin and as the brigade's liaison officer with the neighbouring US forces. The regiment established a sub-AA Operations Room (AAOR), and had 418 and 419 Btys of 125th Light AA Rgt under its command, while its own 414 HAA Bty was under operational command of 112th HAA Rgt.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord
Further protection for the little port and its vital installations was provided by 139th LAA Rgt on barges, Royal Air Force Barrage balloons, and Pioneer Corps companies operating smoke generators onshore and aboard Royal Navy trawlers. The HAA batteries were also given the secondary role of providing ground fire in support of XXX Corps.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Overlord
At Port-en-Bessin, the 3.7-inch guns of 146th HAA and Bofors 40 mm guns of 139th LAA Rgt were in action for 33 consecutive nights against high- and low-level bombing, employing visual, radar and barrage methods. The HAA guns fired 5563 rounds, scoring 11 'kills'. A subsidiary task was to establish radar stations on the cliffs above Arromanches and Port-en-Bessin using their Gun-laying radar to track Luftwaffe minelaying aircraft and plot the fall of the Parachute mines so that they could be cleared by the Royal Navy.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Ostend
Once the Allies had achieved a breakout from the Normandy beachhead in mid-August, 76 AA Bde prepared to move up in support, handing over its responsibilities, including Port-en-Bessin, and moving to Dieppe on 3 September. 146th HAA Regiment deployed at Dieppe, with Lt-Col Key acting as AADC once more. 76 AA Brigade HQ then moved on to Antwerp while 80 AA Bde HQ came up from the Seine to take over at Dieppe on 11 September, including command of 146th HAA Rgt. However, First Canadian Army's advance along the Belgian coast was proceeding rapidly, and on 14 September 146th HAA Rgt was ordered to move up to Ostend, which had just been liberated.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Ostend
At Ostend the regiment came under the command of 75 AA Bde, which had been moved up from Normandy to take over both AA and coast defence for the port. The re-opened harbour became an important supply point for stores and bulk petrol for 21st Army Group, the first tankers berthing on 30 September. Five HAA and two, later three, LAA regiments were devoted to its defence. 146th HAA Regiment also contributed a troop (4 guns) of its 3.7-inch guns to the coast defence role. There was no enemy air activity in the area at this stage of the campaign, but enemy torpedo boats attacked shipping in the anchorage.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Ostend
By November the LAA allocation to Ostend had been scaled back, but the HAA guns remained in place. Then the Germans launched their Ardennes offensive against the First US Army on 16 December, accompanied by major air strikes right across the Allies' front. These strikes extended as far as Ostend on 26 December when some 60 German aircraft made random attacks in mist and cloud. The early warning and reporting arrangements failed, and only two aircraft were shot down. The climax came on 1 January 1945 (Operation Bodenplatte) when over 900 fighters and fighter-bombers made surprise attacks on Allied airfields, including those close to Ostend. Despite the damage inflicted on the airfields, a high proportion of the attackers were shot down by fighters and AA guns.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Ostend
In January 1945, 5 Royal Marines AA Bde took charge of Ostend while 75 AA Bde moved to defend the Breskens–Zeebrugge channel leading to the Scheldt estuary and the port of Antwerp. 75 AA Brigade borrowed some troops of HAA guns from the regiments at Ostend to thicken up its defences against mine-laying aircraft, which were active up until 23 January.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment
With the war in Europe rapidly coming to an end after the crossing of the Rhine in March, 21st Army Group began to reorganise its surplus AA troops as infantry, garrison or transport troops. On 16 April 146th HAA Rgt was moved up to the Scheldt to rejoin 76 AA Bde, taking over gunsites from one of the HAA regiments that was converting. Next day the regiment received warning orders to be ready to move to 80 AA Bde and itself convert to garrison troops on the River Maas.


146th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment
It ceased fire on 19 April, but the warning order was cancelled the next day. As 76 AA Bde's war diary commented, 'It is most exasperating for the Regt to be left high and dry with no orders for its future employment'. On 27 Apr 1945, 146th HAA Rgt regiment was listed as one of several AA units still awaiting re-employment or disbandment, but the next day it left for its new duties. RHQ with the three batteries formally disbanded on 30 October 1945.


146th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 146th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


146th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 146th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on September 18, 1864, for a one-year enlistment. The 146th served in garrisons in Illinois.


146th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was mustered out of service on July 5, 1865.


146th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment suffered 38 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 38 fatalities.


146th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 146th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 9 and August 31, 1865, during the American Civil War.


146th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 979 men and mustered in on March 9, 1865. It left Indiana for Harper's Ferry, West Virginia on March 11. It was then attached to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah. It saw duty at Charleston and Summit Point, West Virginia and also at Winchester, Stevenson's Depot, Jordan Springs, Virginia, until July 27.


146th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
It was then ordered to Baltimore, Maryland, where it was assigned to duty in the Military district of Delaware. One company was detached for duty at each of the following: Hicks' general hospital, Baltimore. Havre de Grace, Dover. Wilmington, Delaware. Salisbury and Eastern Maryland. The regiment was mustered out on August 31, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred twenty-nine fatalities, another thirty deserted and seven unaccounted for.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 146th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army from 1920) with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The brigade saw active service during both the First and the Second World Wars, and during the early part of the Cold War. The brigade was active from 1908 until 1967 when it was finally disbanded. The brigade was reformed in 1983, though with a much smaller and insignificant role before finally disbanding again in 1993.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation
The brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force, formed by the amalgamation of the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry, as the 1st West Riding Brigade, composed of four Volunteer battalions of the Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment), including two of the Leeds Rifles. The brigade was assigned to the West Riding Division.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War
On the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914, the division was immediately mobilised and most men volunteered for overseas service.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War
In mid-May 1915 the brigade and division would become the 146th (1/1st West Riding) Brigade and 49th (West Riding) Division respectively. The battalions adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th West Yorks) to differentiate them from their 2nd Line duplicates, which were forming up as 185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade, of the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. The 2nd Line units were raised from those men who did not originally volunteer for overseas service, although many of them did end up seeing active service.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War
The brigade served on the Western Front from July 1915 to the end of the war in November 1918. Two men from the brigade were awarded the Victoria Cross: Corporal Samuel Meekosha of the 1/6th Battalion and Corporal (later Captain) George Sanders of the 1/7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar
Both the brigade and division were disbanded shortly the war when the Territorial Force was itself disbanded. However it was reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army and the brigade was reformed with all four battalions of the West Yorkshire Regiment and continued to serve with the 49th Division, now as the 147th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar
In the late 1930s, however, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were converted to anti-aircraft and searchlight units and so, in 1936, the 8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorks was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 66th (Leeds Rifles, The West Yorkshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery and was transferred to 31st (North Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division (2nd AA Division was itself formed by redesignation of the HQ of 46th (North Midland) Division). In 1937 the 6th Battalion was also converted to a different role.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar
Transferring to the Royal Engineers, they became 49th (The West Yorkshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers and became part of the 31st (North Midland) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, alongside the former 8th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorks. In April 1938 the 7th (Leeds Rifles) Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment was transferred to the Royal Tank Regiment and converted into 45th (Leeds Rifles) Royal Tank Regiment.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Interwar
In late 1936 the 4th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment joined the brigade from the 46th (North Midland) Division which had been converted into the 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. Later, the brigade also received the 4th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and the Hallamshire Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment which transferred in from the 148th (3rd West Riding) Infantry Brigade of the 49th Division. The 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, the only original battalion in the brigade, was transferred to 147th (2nd West Riding) Infantry Brigade in 1938 when all brigades were reduced from four to three battalions. In 1939 the brigade was redesignated as the 146th Infantry Brigade


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War
The brigade was mobilised between late August and early September 1939. Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War the brigade, with most of the 49th Division and 24th Guards Brigade (temporarily attached to the division), saw active service in the Norwegian Campaign in early 1940, which ended in disaster and evacuation.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War
After briefly returning to the United Kingdom, the brigade and division was later stationed in Iceland, and adopted as its insignia the Polar Bear on an ice floe. In April 1942 they were transferred back to the United Kingdom.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War
The brigade remained there, training in many different roles, until early June 1944 when they were sent to Normandy under command of XXX Corps, shortly after the initial landings on 6 June where they fought throughout Operation Overlord in the Battle for Caen during Operation Martlet, Second Battle of the Odon and later, after the breakout and now attached to First Canadian Army, in Operation Astonia, the capture of Le Havre, and the Battle of the Scheldt.


146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War
The brigade, with the rest of the 49th Division, saw their final battle in the Liberation of Arnhem in April 1945 and the fierce battles that led up to it. During the fighting on the Continent, the 49th Infantry Division was nicknamed "the Polar Bears" because of their divisional insignia. On 28 September 1944 Corporal John William Harper of the Hallamshire Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 146th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, Ohio National Guard. It was formed in 1917 from the old 8th Ohio Infantry Regiment and served in several American wars from 1898 to 1919.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 8th Infantry Regiment of the Ohio National Guard was organized at Massillon from new and existing units on 6 July 1876. It was consolidated with the 9th Infantry Regiment, which was organized on 21 February 1877 at Akron, on 13 August 1878; at the same time the regimental headquarters moved to Wooster. The 10th Infantry Regiment, organized on 6 July 1876 at Youngstown, was consolidated into the 8th on 27 June 1881.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War
On 25 April 1898, the United States declared war on Spain, beginning the Spanish–American War. The 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was mustered into service on 13 May 1898 in Columbus, Ohio, and had 48 officers and 838 enlisted men on its roster. They arrived at Camp Alger, Virginia on 20 May, and trained there until 5 July, when they received orders to deploy to Santiago, Cuba under the command of GEN Nelson A. Miles. The regiment arrived in Siboney, Cuba on 10 July and reinforced the V Army Corps under GEN William Rufus Shafter.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War
0600 on 11 July, the American lines were ordered to open fire on the Spanish defenses. The barrage was very effective and much damage was done to the defending force. The batteries opened upon the enemy from El Pozo Hill, and the American fleet fired its shells into the city of Santiago. Every preparation had been made for a combined assault both by land and sea.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War
Spanish General Toral had twice refused to make an unconditional surrender, and GEN Shafter, Commodore Winfield Scott Schley and Commodore William T. Sampson determined to give the Spaniards only one more chance and then destroy the city of Santiago with the batteries from the shore and on the war-ships. As the day progressed, the firing became heavier. From the sea, the bombardment was begun by the USS Newark with its 8-inch guns, and then the USS New York and USS Brooklyn followed.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War
The men of the 8th Ohio could see the men of the Signal Corps on a high ridge wigwagging to direct the shots to the ships. The first heavy volley fired from the American lines almost effectually silenced the Spanish soldiers in the trenches, and hardly a sign of life could be seen there. The Siege of Santiago ended shortly after, on 17 July 1898, and the remained on occupation duty in Cuba until 18 August. They returned to the US on 26 August, and mustered out of service on 21 November 1898. In Cuba, the 8th Ohio lost 4 officers and 68 enlisted men due to Yellow fever.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1900s
The regiment was disbanded on 14 April 1899 and its elements were reorganized as unattached companies for a brief period until it was reorganized on 21 July at Bucyrus. For service on the Mexico–United States border, it mustered into Federal service on 19 June 1916 at Camp Willis, and mustered out after its return on 22 March 1917 at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The National Defense Act of 1916 reorganized the US Military, and in time for World War I, the 8th Ohio was reorganized into the 146th Infantry Regiment, and was assigned to the 37th Infantry Division, the "Buckeye" division, at Camp Sheridan, Alabama in August 1917. The regiment trained together and expanded its size before arriving in France on 22 June 1918. The 146th was assigned to the 73rd Infantry Brigade alongside the 145th Infantry Regiment and trained under French Army tutelage in the Bourmont sector.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
On 4 August, the 146th went into the frontline in the Baccarat sector and continued to train under the French VI Corps. On 16 September, it was transported to Robert-Espagne where it remained for 4 days. The Ohioans were then sent to Récicourt, and then to Avocourt where they joined the V Corps' advance during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. After continuous fighting, the regiment was relieved on 1 October 1918 when they had reached Cierges. After resting behind the lines, the 146th was sent to Hooglede, Belgium in the Lys sector, arriving on the frontline on 22 October.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
Attached to the French XXX Corps, the regiment advanced on the Scheldt River until they were relieved on 5 November, and enjoyed some rest at Tielt before moving back into the fray on 8 November. Attached to the French XXXIV Corps, the 146th advanced on, and forced a crossing of the Scheldt River on the night of 10–11 November. The Ohioans resumed the advance on the morning of 11 November, but were halted at 1100 due to the Armistice of 11 November 1918. When the 146th Infantry Regiment returned home to Ohio in 1919, it was formally deactivated.


146th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The elements formerly part of the 8th Ohio were consolidated with those of the 5th Ohio in the Ohio National Guard to form the 3rd Ohio Infantry between 1919 and 1920, whose headquarters was Federally recognized at Cleveland on 1 July 1920. A year later, it became 145th Infantry of the 37th Division.


146th New York Infantry Regiment
The 146th New York Infantry Regiment, nicknamed Garrard's Tigers, was a Federal regiment which mustered on October 10, 1862, and mustered out on July 16, 1865. The regiment was raised and organized in Rome, New York, and was known as the 5th Oneida Regiment. Another nickname for this unit was the Halleck's Infantry, after New York-born general Henry Halleck.


146th New York Infantry Regiment, Uniform
This regiment at first wore the regular dark blue New York state jacket, light blue trousers, and dark blue forage cap, but when the veterans from 5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a famous Zouave unit, were transferred to the 146th New York, the regiment switched over to the colorful Zouave dress on 3 June 1863 at Falmouth, Va.


146th New York Infantry Regiment, Uniform
The zouave uniform consisted of large baggy trousers, blue in color, which were fastened at the knees; a fez cap, bright red in color, with red tassel; a long white turban which was wound around the hat, but worn only for dress parade; a red sash about ten feet long which was wound about the body and afforded a great comfort and warmth; and white cloth leggins (sic.) extending almost to the knees


146th New York Infantry Regiment, Uniform
The new uniform was not actually Zouave, but rather the colorful dress of the French-Turco style. Its most distinctive features were a sky blue zouave jacket with yellow trimming, a red fez with a yellow tassel, sky blue zouave pantaloons, and a red sash.


146th New York Infantry Regiment, Battle History
The 146th New York participated in the battles of: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Williamsport, Wilderness Tavern, Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna, Totopotomy Creek, Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, White Oak Ridge, Five Forks, Rappahannock Station, Bristoe Station, White Oak Swamp, Popular Springs Church, Hatcher's Run, and Appomattox Court House.


146th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The 146th New York suffered severe casualties by the end of the war. The regiment was nearly decimated at the battle of the Wilderness (Saunders Field) where many were cut off by the fires of the battle. Out of a number of 1,707 men, their losses were: 7 officers and 126 men killed in action and/or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 187 men who died of sickness and/or other things, and 1 officer and 87 men who died in captivity, many at the Andersonville prison camp.


146th New York State Legislature
The 146th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to May 4, 1923, during the first year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.


146th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


146th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party nominated a fusion ticket with the Farmer–Labor Party. The Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.


146th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1922, was held on November 7. Ex-Governor Al Smith (Dem.) unseated the incumbent Governor Nathan L. Miller (Rep.); and Mayor of Schenectady George R. Lunn (Dem.) was elected Lieutenant Governor. The other six statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 1,398,000; Republicans 1,012,000; Socialists/Farmer-Labor 108,000; Prohibition 10,000; and Socialist Labor 4,000.


146th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1923; and adjourned on May 4.


146th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Jimmy Walker (Dem.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.


146th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Philip M. Kleinfeld, Michael E. Reiburn, Benjamin Antin, Walter W. Westall, Seabury C. Mastick, J. Griswold Webb and Ernest E. Cole changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


146th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


146th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


146th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 146th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 146th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 146th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 12, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Harvey Crampton.


146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Charleston, West Virginia, May 17; then moved to Fayetteville, West Virginia, where it served garrison duty until August 27. Companies A and H were detached at Camp Chase, Ohio, to guard prisoners. The regiment then moved to Camp Platt, West Virginia, August 27.


146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 146th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 7, 1864, at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio.


146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
The 146th OVI was formed from the 31st regiment of the Ohio National Guard along with two companies from the 35th regiment of the Ohio National Guard.


146th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 8 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
The 146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (9th Duke of Wellington's Regiment) (146 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that served in India, Burma, and Sumatra during and after World War II. 146 RAC survived the war, and was still active in early 1947.