1492: Conquest of Paradise, Reception, Box office
It opened in France on 12 October 1992, grossing $1.46 million for the weekend from 264 screens. In its second week in Europe, it was the highest-grossing film with a gross of over $7.7 million, including $1.77 million in its opening week in Germany from 213 screens. It did not open well in Italy with $261,800 in its opening weekend from 33 screens. By the end of 1992, it had grossed $40 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $47 million. It went on to gross $59 million.


1492: Conquest of Paradise, Reception, Critical response
Overall, the film received mixed reviews from critics, with the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes giving the film a 32% rating based on 22 reviews with the critical consensus: "Historically inaccurate and dramatically inert, Ridley Scott's retelling of Christopher Columbus' exploits is an epic without grandeur or insight". However, film critic Roger Ebert said that the film was satisfactory, and that "Depardieu lends it gravity, the supporting performances are convincing, the locations are realistic, and we are inspired to reflect that it did indeed take a certain nerve to sail off into nowhere just because an orange was round." Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on scale of A+ to F.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album)
1492: Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 music score to the film of the same name by Greek electronic composer and artist Vangelis. The film, a recount of the voyage to America in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, was directed by Ridley Scott, for whom Vangelis had previously composed the music score for Blade Runner, in 1982. The album and the single "Conquest of Paradise" enjoyed a revival in 1995 for various reasons and broke many sales records.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album)
Due to the soundtrack's success, Vangelis won an Echo Award as "International Artist Of The Year", and RTL Golden Lion Award for the "Best Title Theme for a TV Film or a Series" in 1996. The album was nominated for "Best Original Score - Motion Picture" at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Track listing
A number of pieces can be identified in the film, but it is clear that Scott preferred "Hispañola" (track 9) to set the tone of the film, rather than "Conquest of Paradise" (track 2).


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Track listing
The CD was released in each market with one of two different covers.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Track listing
A Single disc was released with four tracks, two of which were not included in the album:


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation
On this soundtrack, Vangelis plays together with a number of performers, including two Flamenco guitarists and vocalists, violin, mandolin and flutes. As on a number of previous albums by Vangelis, the English Chamber Choir, directed by Guy Protheroe, performs the choral parts.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation
The sound engineering was done by Philippe Colonna and coordination by French musician Frederick Rousseau (also known for his collaborations with Jean-Michel Jarre), who has been Vangelis's studio partner since the 1980s till the recording of the Alexander soundtrack.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation
Vangelis plays all synthesizers, using mainly string patches but also several ethnic ones, to reflect the character of the film, and electric piano and harp patches. Some calmer, atmospheric pieces (tracks 3, 7, 11 and 12) are entirely performed by Vangelis, using pianos, strings and harp.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation
For the ethnic music, Vangelis consulted with French specialist Xavier Belanger, who has advised other artists on similar issues, including Jean-Michel Jarre.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Instrumentation
A video clip was shot in Paris with Vangelis in his Epsilon Studios (since dismantled), with the choir performing.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Lyrics
Three tracks of this album contain lyrics. In "Monastery of La Rabida" and "Deliverance", the choir sings Latin hymns ("De Profundis" and "Dies Irae, respectively"). In "Conquest of Paradise" Vangelis used a pseudo-Latin invented language.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Revival and popular culture
Both the album and the EP had poor sales upon their release in 1992, but success came three years later, in 1995, for disparate reasons: In Germany, local boxer Henry Maske used the album-track "Conquest of Paradise" as his introduction theme during boxing bouts. When he became the IBF world title holder in the light heavyweight category, the piece received wide coverage and a single was hastily released.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Revival and popular culture
In Portugal, the local Socialist Party also used "Conquest of Paradise" as its theme for the general election campaign (it won). The song has also been used as a theme for the Crusaders, a Super Rugby team based in Christchurch, New Zealand, for English rugby league team the Wigan Warriors, for the 2011 Cricket World Cup, and for the 2010 and 2014 cricket World Twenty20 championships.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Charts and sales
The soundtrack album charted very well, and went on to be certified gold and platinum in over 17 countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Holland, Italy, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, and the U.K., culminating with over million copies in Germany.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Charts and sales
The single "Conquest of Paradise" also topped the charts in a number of countries, including 10 weeks at No. 1 in the Netherlands and Germany, where it sold 1.5 million copies, 8 weeks at No. 1 in Belgium and Switzerland.


1492: Conquest of Paradise (album), Certifications
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.


1493
Year 1493 (MCDXCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1493 Sigrid
1493 Sigrid, provisional designation 1938 QB, is a dark Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 August 1938, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. It was named after Sigrid Strömgren, wife of astronomer Bengt Strömgren.


1493 Sigrid, Orbit and classification
Sigrid is a member of the Nysa family (405), the largest asteroid family of the main belt, consisting of stony and carbonaceous subfamilies. The family, named after 44 Nysa, is located in the inner belt near the Kirkwood gap (3:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter), a depleted zone that separates the central main belt.


1493 Sigrid, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,383 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A908 WA at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1908. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in August 1938.


1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
In the Tholen classification, Sigrid is an F-type asteroid (which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Polanian subgroup). In the SMASS classification, it is a Xc-subtype, which transitions between the X- and C-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).


1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Photometry, Rotation period an amplitude
In August 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Sigrid was obtained from photometric observations at the Mount Tarana and Cecil Observatory in NSW, Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 43.296 hours with a brightness variation of 0.6 magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, Raymond Poncy found a period of 22.68 hours (or half the previous period solution) and an amplitude of 0.38 magnitude (U=2-). While not being a slow rotator, the body's period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours seen among the majority of asteroids.


1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Photometry, Spin axis
The asteroids lightcurve has also been modeled, using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources. Modelling gave a concurring period of 43.179 and 43.1795 hours, as well as two spin axis of (183.0°, 69°) and (350.0°, 69°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Sigrid measures between 22.111 and 28.905 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.034 and 0.05.


1493 Sigrid, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0489 and a diameter of 24.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.99.


1493 Sigrid, Naming
This minor planet was named after Sigrid Strömgren, wife of the Danish-American astronomer Bengt Strömgren, after whom the asteroid 1846 Bengt was named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 134; RI 2297).


1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created is a nonfiction book by Charles C. Mann first published in 2011. It covers the global effects of the Columbian Exchange, following Columbus' first landing in the Americas, that led to our current globalized world civilization. It follows on from Mann's previous book on the Americas prior to Columbus, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus.


1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
In his book, Mann argues that Columbus paved the way to the homogenocene, a particular feature of the anthropocene that is marked by a global homogenization of (agricultural) species, diseases, and tools brought about by the migration and transport that set in with the discovery of the new world. Modern global food production largely relies on "invasive species" (crops, livestock) that existed only regionally before establishment of the new trade and transport paths.


1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
In the United Kingdom, the book is published by Granta Books and is titled 1493: How the Ecological Collision of Europe and the Americas Gave Rise to the Modern World.


1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
The book was adapted for younger readers by Rebecca Stefoff and published by Seven Stories Press in 2015 as 1493 for Young People: From Columbus's Voyage to Globalization.


1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Reception
Ian Morris, in his review in The New York Times, appreciates the interesting tales Mann tells, writing: "He makes even the most unpromising-sounding subjects fascinating. I, for one, will never look at a piece of rubber in quite the same way now that I have been introduced to the debauched nouveaux riches of 19th-century Brazil, guzzling Champagne from bathtubs and gunning one another down in the streets of Manaus." Gregory McNamee in The Washington Post finds 1493 "fascinating and complex, exemplary in its union of meaningful fact with good storytelling."


1494
Year 1494 (MCDXCIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1494 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1494 kHz:


1494 Savo
1494 Savo, provisional designation 1938 SJ, is a stony background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Finnish region of Savonia.


1494 Savo, Discovery
Savo was discovered on 16 September 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory near Turku, Finland. Two nights later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Arno Arthur Wachmann at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg. However, the Minor Planet Center only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as 1925 RL at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory in September 1929, or nine years before its official discovery observation.


1494 Savo, Orbit and classification
Savo is an asteroid of the main belt's background population that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,184 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in September 1938.


1494 Savo, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Savo is an Sa-subtype that transitions from the stony S-type to the A-type asteroids.


1494 Savo, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Savo was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.35011 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.52 magnitude (U=3), indicative for a non-spherical shape. Follow up observations at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) in 2007 and 2008, gave three nearly identical periods of 5.35020, 5.35031 and 5.35062 hours with an amplitude between 0.44 and 0.63 (U=3/3/3-).


1494 Savo, Physical characteristics, Poles
The asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled twice. In 2011, the first modelling used photometric data from the AstDyS database and the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, and found two spin axis of (248.0°, −68.0°) and (83.0°, −66.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β). A refined modeling in 2016, using the Lowell Photometric Database gave two poles of (50.0°, −65.0°) and (233.0°, −68.0°) in ecliptic coordinates. Also, both studies found a concurring period of 5.35059 hours.


1494 Savo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Savo measures between 7.80 and 9.23 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.173 and 0.349. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.


1494 Savo, Naming
This minor planet was named after Finnish historical province of Savonia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).


1494 Yellow River flood
The 1494 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster in China during the Ming dynasty.


1494 Yellow River flood
Flood relief was directed by the grand eunuch Li Xing, who founded the city of Anping and established temples to the river god there and at Huanglinggan. He shifted the channel of the Yellow River past Xuzhou and Huaian, limiting the severity of the river's floods over the next few decades and establishing the general course of the river until the floods of the 1850s.


1495
Year 1495 (MCDXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1496
Year 1496 (MCDXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1496 Turku
1496 Turku, provisional designation 1938 SA1, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1938, by astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku, Finnland. The asteroid was named for the Finnish city of Turku.


1496 Turku, Orbit and classification
Turku is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It is, however, a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements.


1496 Turku, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,197 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1928 QN at Johannesburg Observatory in August 1928, more than 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.


1496 Turku, Physical characteristics
Turku is an assumed S-type asteroid, which is also the Flora family's overall spectral type.


1496 Turku, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Turku was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.47 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.51 magnitude, indicative of a non-spherical shape (U=3-).


1496 Turku, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 6.47375 hours, as well as a spin axis of (75.0°, −75.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1496 Turku, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Turku measures between 7.47 and 7.973 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1930 and 0.347.


1496 Turku, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 8.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.6.


1496 Turku, Naming
This minor planet was named after Finnish city of Turku, location of the discovering observatory and home of the discoverer Yrjö Väisälä. In ancient times, Turku was the capital of Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1956 (M.P.C. 1350).


14968 Kubáček
14968 Kubáček, provisional designation 1997 QG, is a stony background asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 23 August 1997, by Slovak astronomers Adrián Galád and Alexander Pravda at Modra Observatory, Slovakia. It was named for Slovak astronomer Dalibor Kubáček.


14968 Kubáček, Orbit and classification
Kubáček orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,501 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


14968 Kubáček, Orbit and classification
Its observation arc begins 10 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification as 1987 DG3 at the French Caussols Observatory in February 1987.


14968 Kubáček, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Kubáček was obtained from photometric observations made by the discovering astronomer Adrián Galád at Modra Observatory in April 2008. The lightcurve showed a rotation period of 4.89 hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 in magnitude (U=3-).


14968 Kubáček, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kubáček measures 4.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.21, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.7 kilometers.


14968 Kubáček, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of astronomer Dalibor Kubáček (born 1957), who explored the coma of comets at the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. He readily instructed the peculiar methods of image processing to students and friends, as well as to the discoverers of this minor planet. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 April 2002 (M.P.C. 45339).


1497
Year 1497 (MCDXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


14974 Počátky
14974 Počátky, provisional designation 1997 SK1, is a stony background asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Czech astronomer Miloš Tichý at Kleť Observatory in the Czech Republic on 22 September 1997, and named for the Czech town Počátky.


14974 Počátky, Classification and orbit
Počátky is a stony S-type asteroid, that orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.4–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,559 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1991, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 6 years prior to its discovery.


14974 Počátky, Physical characteristics
Two rotational lightcurves for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S Palomar Transient Factory, California, in August 2010 and February 2012. The lightcurves gave a rotation period of 21.7277±0.0320 and 21.7079±0.0320 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.57 and 0.68 in magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).


14974 Počátky, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Počátky measures 4.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.23, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes an untypically low albedo for stony asteroids of 0.10, and thus calculates a larger diameter of 4.9 kilometers.


14974 Počátky, Naming
This minor planet was named after the south Bohemian town of Počátky, Czech Republic. It is the birthplace of the discoverer Miloš Tichý. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 November 2000 (M.P.C. 41572).


1498
Year 1498 (MCDXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1498th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 498th year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th year of the 15th century, and the 9th and pre-final year of the 1490s decade.


1498 Meiō earthquake
The 1498 Meiō earthquake (明応地震 Meiō Jishin) occurred off the coast of Nankaidō, Japan, at about 08:00 local time on 20 September 1498. It had a magnitude estimated at 8.6 Ms and triggered a large tsunami. The death toll associated with this event is uncertain, but between 5,000 and 41,000 casualties were reported. The tsunami caused by the Meiō Nankaidō earthquake washed away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in in Kamakura, although the statue itself remained intact.


1498 Meiō earthquake, Tectonic setting
The southern coast of Honshū runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1,300 years.


1498 Meiō earthquake, Tectonic setting
Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case, the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. In the 1498 event, the earthquake is thought to have ruptured segments C, D and E and possibly A and B. If both parts of the megathrust ruptured, the events were either simultaneous, or close enough in time, to not be distinguished by historical sources.


1498 Meiō earthquake, Characteristics
Severe shaking caused by this earthquake was recorded from Bōsō Peninsula in the northeast to Kii Peninsula in the southwest. A tsunami was recorded in Suruga Bay and at Kamakura, where it destroyed the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in, although the statue itself survived and has remained outdoors ever since. There is also evidence of severe shaking from records of ground liquefaction in the Nankai area. Tsunami deposits attributed to this earthquake have been described from the coastal plains around the Sagami Trough and the Izu Peninsula.


1498 Meiō earthquake, Characteristics
Uplift of the seafloor of up to 4 m has been estimated for this earthquake, with a much smaller subsidence near the coast. Lake Hamana became a brackish lake because the tsunami broke through low-lying land between the lake and the Pacific Ocean (Enshū Nada); this formed a channel to the sea, which remains today.


1499
1499 (MCDXCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1499 Pori
1499 Pori, provisional designation 1938 UF, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Turku Observatory in southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after the Finnish city of Pori.


1499 Pori, Orbit and classification
Pori is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.2–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,594 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku in October 1938.


1499 Pori, Physical characteristics
Pori is an assumed S-type asteroid which corresponds to the Eunomia family's overall spectral type.


1499 Pori, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Pori have been obtained from photometric observations since 2003.


1499 Pori, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2003, photometric observations made by Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory (646) in California, gave a synodic rotation period of 3.36 hours. The lightcurve shows a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude (U=3). In August 2016, another lightcurve by Maurice Audejean gave a refined rotation period of 3.3557 hours with an amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=3).


1499 Pori, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pori measures between 13.37 and 14.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.240 and 0.330.


1499 Pori, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.21 – derived from 15 Eunomia, the largest member and namesake of the Eunomia family – and calculates a diameter of 15.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.


1499 Pori, Naming
This minor planet was named after the city of Pori, located near the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).


149th (Northumberland) Brigade
The Northumberland Brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force of the British Army with four battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers. The brigade was numbered as 149th (Northumberland) Brigade in 1915 and served with the 50th (Northumbrian) Division on the Western Front throughout World War I. Due to losses suffered in the Ludendorf Offensive in 1918, it had to be comprehensively reorganized. Reformed as the Northumberland Brigade post-war, it was broken up before the outbreak of World War II.


149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, Formation
Under the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9), the Northumberland Brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It was Headquartered in Newcastle upon Tyne and consisted of four infantry battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers and a Transport and Supply Company:


149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, World War I
The brigade was mobilized on the outbreak of the war and posted to the Tyne Defences. The battalions were given fractional designations (e.g. 1/4th Battalion) with the formation of the 2nd Line battalions in 1914. In April 1915, the brigade was posted to France and on 14 May was redesignated as 149th (Northumberland) Brigade (the division became 50th (Northumbrian) Division).


149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, World War I
The brigade served with the 50th Division on the Western Front for the rest of the war. In 1915, it took part in the Second Battle of Ypres and the Battle of the Somme in 1916. In 1917, it took part in the Battle of Arras and the Third Battle of Ypres. As a result of the losses suffered in the Ludendorf Offensive (First Battle of the Somme and Battle of the Lys), the brigade had to be comprehensively reorganized.


149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, World War I
On 15 July 1918, the Northumberland Fusiliers battalions were reduced to cadre and transferred to Lines of Communication duties; they were replaced by two battalions from Salonika (3rd Royal Fusiliers ex 85th Brigade, 28th Division and 13th Black Watch ex 81st Brigade, 27th Division) and another (2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers) that had been in France since August 1914. Thereafter, it took part in the Battles of the Hindenburg Line and the Final Advance in Picardy.


149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, Post-war
The 50th Division had crossed the Sambre and reached Solre-le-Château on 10 November 1918 when it was relieved. Demobilization started in December and by 19 March 1919 the division had ceased to exist in France.


149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, Post-war
The Northumbrian Division was reformed again in England on 1 April 1920 with the same composition as pre-war. The four original battalions were reformed in the Territorial Army on 7 February 1920.


149th (Northumberland) Brigade, History, Post-war
Before the outbreak of the Second World War, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division was reorganized as a Motor Division which saw a reduction from three to two brigades.


149th Armored Regiment
The 149th Armored Regiment was an armored regiment that was part of the California Army National Guard. Its lineage dates back to a cavalry unit organized in 1895 in Salinas. As Troop C, the unit's first major action occurred when it deployed to help in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. In 1916, still as Troop C, the unit served along the Mexico–United States border near Nogales, Arizona to deter further border incursions, due to events surrounding the Pancho Villa Expedition. The following year, Troop C was activated then reorganized and redesignated as Company B, 145th Machine Gun Battalion upon the United States' entry into World War I; as part of the 40th Division, the battalion deployed to France in 1918, and returned to the United States in 1919.


149th Armored Regiment
In 1924, the unit converted from cavalry into armor, receiving its first tanks, and becoming the 40th Tank Company. In 1934, the company deployed again to San Francisco due to the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike. In February 1941, as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion, the unit was activated for training at Fort Lewis, Washington; later that year in September, the battalion was deployed to the Philippines. When the United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, from December 1941 until April 1942, the battalion fought against Japanese forces.


149th Armored Regiment
The company conducted a fighting withdrawal in Southern Luzon; then it fought on Bataan until they were ordered to surrender. As prisoners of war (POW), soldiers of the unit suffered through the Bataan Death March, and were later sent individually to various POW camps throughout the territories controlled by Japan; following the surrender of Japan, surviving soldiers returned to the United States in mid-September 1945.


149th Armored Regiment
In 1946, the unit was inactivated, before being redesignated as the 199th Tank Battalion. It was redesignated as the 149th Tank Battalion in 1949, but became the 149th Armor Regiment a decade later. In 1965, the regiment was sent to Los Angeles in response to the Watts Riots. The unit returned to Los Angeles later in the 20th century, in response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Following the September 11th attacks, the unit was activated for Operation Noble Eagle in 2003. Then in 2005, it deployed to Europe for peacekeeping in the Kosovo Force. The regiment was deactivated in 2007, as the 149th Armored Regiment.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I
Troop C of cavalry, the first unit on the Central Coast region of the National Guard of California, a state militia, was organized on 5 August 1895. The troop's first activation was when it was called up to provide law and order in San Francisco following the earthquake in 1906, using Golden Gate Park as its base of operations. In 1911, the troop was incorporated into the 1st Squadron of Cavalry.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I
In the early 1910s tensions between Mexico and the United States were high, due to the impact the Mexican Revolution had on the border; this resulted in several events which led to loss of life of citizens of both nations. These tensions came to a head in March 1916, with the attack on Columbus, New Mexico by Mexicans under Pancho Villa. As a result, a punitive expedition by the United States Army was sent into Mexico, and National Guard units were activated in neighboring border states for federal service.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I
With the regular United States Army busy pursuing Pancho Villa, being unable to defend the rest of the border with Mexico, the National Defense Act of 1916 was passed in June, allowing for the activation of additional National Guard units throughout the United States for federal service. In June, the unit was activated for federal service on the Mexican border near Nogales, Arizona. As the threat of cross border hostility abated, the troop was deactivated later that year.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I
Before, and while the troop was serving on the Mexican border, World War I was being fought. After the United States entered into World War I, the troop was activated into federal service in August 1917 at Camp Kearny in San Diego. There it was redesignated as Company B of the 145th Machine Gun Battalion, as an element of the 40th Division. During this period the battalion was part of the 80th Infantry Brigade of the 40th Division.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Cavalry and World War I
The brigade departed for France in August 1918, where it spent the majority of the time training replacements. In late October 1918, the machine gun battalion was sent to Saint-Dizier, then to Baudonvilliers in November. During November 1918, the battalion supported First Army, when it was moved to Marne for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Beginning in mid-December, the 40th Division began the process of returning to the United States, ultimately embarking through Bordeaux. In May 1919 it was demobilized at the Presidio of San Francisco.


149th Armored Regiment, History, 40th Tank Company
The unit was reorganized as the 40th Tank Company for the 40th Division in 1924 and it was equipped with eight French Renault light tanks (M1917); it was California's first tank unit. It conducted its first annual training at Camp Del Monte in 1925. On Thanksgiving Day 1927, two of the units tanks were tasked to respond to a riot at the Folsom State Prison. The company was first activated in response to the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike of longshoremen during which it was sent to San Francisco for eight days. M2A2 light tanks replaced the Renaults in 1937.


149th Armored Regiment, History, 40th Tank Company
During the 1930s, training with the unit's tanks did not involve ammunition, and utilized Ford Model T automobiles to simulate enemy tanks. Training was often conducted in association with the 159th Infantry Regiment. April 1937, the company participated in activities on Crissy Field at the Presidio of San Francisco. In August 1937, along with other units of the Fourth Army, the tank company was assigned to the brown force (national guard units) that simulated combat against the blue force (regular army units) in the area between Morro Bay and San Luis Obispo.


149th Armored Regiment, History, 194th Tank Battalion
In 1940, the company was designated as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion; other tank companies in Brainerd, Minnesota (Company A, formerly the 34th Tank Company), and Saint Joseph, Missouri (Company B, former 35th Tank Company), formed the rest of the battalion. A large number of men in Company C were Salinas High School graduates from the classes of 1938 and 1939. The battalion was mustered into federal service on 10 February 1941, and began training at Fort Lewis, Washington; there, on 22 February, the battalion finally assembled as an entire unit. Rated among the best tank battalions in the Army, the battalion was equipped with 54 new M3 Stuart light tanks.


149th Armored Regiment, History, 194th Tank Battalion, Deployment
Company B was detached from the battalion and sent to Alaska; the rest of the battalion boarded the USAT President Coolidge in San Francisco on 8 September, bound for Manila. It was the first U.S. armored unit to deploy overseas, during World War II. On 26 September 1941 the 194th, along with the 17th Ordnance Company, arrived in Manila, and was then assigned to Fort Stotsenburg, in Sapangbato, Angeles City.


149th Armored Regiment, History, 194th Tank Battalion, Deployment
There the unit found supplies to be unavailable, especially gasoline and spare parts; worse, ammunition for the tank's 37-millimeter (1.5 in) main gun was never shipped to the Philippines causing the tankers to improvise ammunition in the following campaign. The ammunition would only be armor-piercing, with high-explosive being unavailable.


149th Armored Regiment, History, 194th Tank Battalion, Deployment
The 192nd Tank Battalion arrived in the Philippines on 20 November; joining with the 194th and the 17th, they formed the 1st Provisional Tank Group, under the command of Brigadier General James Weaver; this unit would go on to become the first organization of the United States to engage enemy tanks in combat.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
When the United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Company C was in defensive positions around Clark Field, where on 8 December the first Japanese attacks occurred leading to the destruction of half of the Far East Air Force; of the nine Japanese fighters shot down that day, Private Earl G. Smith of Company C was credited with downing one of them. Due to this action, the unit became the first California National Guard unit to see combat.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
Initially, General Douglas MacArthur was confident that the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) would be able to defend the entire archipelago under war plan Rainbow Five. Detached from the rest of the battalion on 12 December, Company C was attached to the South Luzon Force. On 13 December, Company C moved to Tagaytay Ridge, attempting to apprehend fifth columnists who had been launching flares near ammunition dumps at night; this would continue until Christmas Eve. On 23 December, with the advances of Japanese forces after landing at Lingayen Gulf dashing his confidence, General MacArthur ordered a reversion to War Plan Orange, ordering all forces to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
Company C was assigned to the area east of Mount Banahao and attached to the Philippine Army 1st Infantry Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division. The commanding general of the South Luzon Force, Brigadier General Albert M. Jones, heard from a motorcycle messenger from Company C on Christmas Day that the 1st Infantry Regiment had prematurely moved westward away from their position at Sampaloc. He then instructed Company C to engage the Japanese who had landed at Mauban.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
He decided to conduct a reconnaissance himself using a half-track from Company C, and they were engaged by a Japanese patrol north of the town of Piis. During the engagement the half-track became immobilized in a ditch, however the crew was able to disperse the patrol allowing Jones and the crew to carry the half-track's machine guns back to friendly lines. For their action, Jones recommended the crew members receive the Distinguished Service Cross; by the April 1946, when the recommendation was finally processed, the awards were downgraded to Silver Stars and only one of the five crew, Sergeant Leon Elliot, was still alive.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
The next day the second platoon of the company was ordered by a Major Rumbold, senior American instructor of the Philippine Army 1st Infantry Regiment, to attack the Japanese, who were in Piis, down a narrow mountain trail. The platoon leader, Second Lieutenant Robert F. Needham, suggested that a reconnaissance be done before the attack but was told it was unnecessary. Due to the firefight the night before, a roadblock had been prepared by the Japanese, consisting of anti-tank guns, artillery, and several machine guns.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
The Americans advanced as a column and the lead tank, commanded by Needham, was hit first. The second tank, commanded by Staff Sergeant Emil S. Morello, drove around Needham's disabled tank and ran over a roadblock and an antitank gun behind it, firing upon other Japanese positions before his tank was disabled; in the end five tanks, an entire platoon, were immobilized and lost and five tankers were killed.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
The Japanese settled in around the tanks that night, believing all the Americans to be dead; as the front moved past them, with the Japanese advancing away from them, which allowed Morello to gather the wounded. Having collected them, he escaped with the help of Filipino guides to Manila, where he left one wounded tanker in a Catholic hospital; with the remainder of the wounded he was able to reach Corregidor by the end of the month. In 1983, Morello was awarded the Silver Star for his actions; he later rejoined the company in Bataan. This action also led the War Department to change from rivets to welding in new tank production.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
Another platoon of Company C was attached to the Philippine Army's 51st Infantry Division, and became part of a covering force for the division's withdrawal. The platoon prepared defensive lines near Sariaya, then Tiaong where it rejoined the rest of the South Luzon Force, minus the Philippine Army's 1st Infantry Division which rejoined the rest of the South Luzon Force at Santiago. From there the force bypassed Manila, which had been declared an open city, withdrawing northward to join the rest of the American-Filipino forces heading to Bataan. However, due to unfamiliarity with the geography, Company C passed through the city, with one of the tanks becoming immobile after hitting the Rizal Monument in the darkness; the crew of the immobilized tank eventually departed the city on Bren Gun Carriers driven by Filipino soldiers.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
At Calumpit there were important bridges over the Pampanga River, which connected Bataan to the forces that were now north of Manila. To defend these bridges the 194th took up positions at Apalit, covering the west bank of the river, thus ensuring the path of withdrawal to Bataan for the units defending the bridges. To the south Company C covered the southern front at Bocaue. While there, they observed empty trucks departing Manila for Bataan. The battalion organized the shipment of 12,000 US gallons (45,000 L) of aviation gasoline and six truckloads of canned food from Manila.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
Even with those additional supplies sent to Bataan, a significant amount of supplies were either destroyed or left behind, which led to immediate rationing, which reduced the fighting ability of those on Bataan later on. With the bridges having been successfully defended by other units (including the 192nd), Company C became the last unit to cross the bridges before they were demolished to slow down the Japanese advance.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
Moving northward on the first days of 1942, the 194th took up position east of San Fernando and south of town on the banks of the Pampanga River. The rest of the Provisional Tank Group covered the withdrawal of the remaining American-Filipino forces into Bataan. While in defensive positions, the first tank-on-tank combat occurred for the 194th, when five Japanese Type 89A tanks approached; the Japanese unit, having not conducted reconnaissance prior to their movement, was destroyed by the 194th in an open field. With the rest of the forces passing through the town, the tankers destroyed the bridge over the San Fernando River and withdrew to Guagua.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
Ten days after the American-Filipino forces began withdrawing, the 1st Provisional Tank Group conducted their final delaying actions, while the rest of the force prepared the defenses in Bataan, giving those troops three additional days. The first unit to conduct a delaying action was Company C, as it serving as an advance force of the mainline, north of Guagua. There they held for three and a half hours. Guagua was not held for long, less than two days, and Company C covered the retreat of the remainder of the battalion.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
While Company C was covering the flank of the forces retreating south from Guagua, a large enemy force of 500 to 800 Japanese soldiers approached behind three Philippine Constabulary officers waving a white flag; the covering force, consisting of two tanks and two half-tracks, opened fire upon the constabulary officers and the enemy behind them, killing them in the open.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
Following some additional combat which led to significant Japanese losses in the Tanaka Detachment, Company C and the rest of the 1st Provisional Tank Group joined the 26th Cavalry, and the Philippines' 11th and 21st Divisions, to form a defense along the Gumain River. Without contact with Japanese forces, the defense line along the Gumain River was abandoned, and new defenses which involved the entirety of the 1st Provisional Tank Group were formed at Layac Junction. That was the final defensive line before Bataan; which was worked on and completed on the morning of 6 January 1942.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Clark Field and withdrawal
Following combat on 6 January, which included the action which resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Jose Calugas, the 1st Provisional Tank Group began to withdraw into Bataan ahead of the rest of the units assigned to the defenses at Layac Junction. They were was the last U.S. unit to enter the Bataan Peninsula. Upon withdrawing behind the defensive lines to an area south of Pilar, the soldiers of the 1st Provisional Tank Group were finally able to rest, eating from their own kitchens for the first time since the beginning of combat operations, albeit at half rations.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan
On 10 January 1942, the 194th was called on to support the 57th Infantry Regiment near Abacay. On 23 January, Company C was called upon by Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright (later promoted to general), commander of I Philippine Corps (the renamed North Luzon Force), to fight a battalion of Japanese infantry to the west, near Mount Silanganan. Two tanks were damaged by anti-tank mines during the initial attack.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan
Yet after that setback, with the support of elements of the 26th Cavalry, and a battalion of the Philippines' 72nd Infantry Regiment, the forces were able to reverse the gains of the Japanese. In late January, it was decided that the defensive line would be withdrawn down to Bogac and through to Orion. The 194th covered some of the last units to withdraw, which included the 31st and 45th Infantry Regiments; By 26 January, the 194th was the last to withdraw, breaking from contact while being attacked by artillery and mortar fire. While withdrawing, additional pressure was placed on the 194th, as air attacks harassed the unit along the way.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan
Major combat on Bataan came to a halt as Japanese force withdrew northward in February, maintaining a line of control at Balanga, and the Japanese 14th Army awaited reinforcements. By March 1942, rations were reduced from the meager half rations to quarter rations; this was accompanied by soldiers getting sick from dengue fever, malaria and other diseases. Company C was assigned to defending the coast along the eastern half of Bataan.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan
During the final Japanese attack on the defending American and Filipino forces on Bataan, Company A of the 194th was assigned to coastal defense, firing upon Japanese barges and keeping them from coming ashore. On 4 April, Company C of the 194th, along with the 45th Infantry Regiment, were assigned to attack northward along Trail 29; commencing the attack on 7 April, they advanced northward, surprising a Japanese defensive position.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan
In advancing, they had lost contact with friendly forces to their east and west; receiving new orders, and being informed of rapid Japanese advances, they were ordered southeast towards the junction of Trails 6 & 8 in hopes of establishing a new defensive position. Reversing their advance towards their new objective, with Company C leading the movement, the fire of Japanese anti-tank guns revealed that they had been flanked to the south by Japanese forces of the 65th Brigade. To the rear of their new movement and to the north, on Trail 29, Company C came into contact with elements of the Japanese 7th Tank Regiment which were attempting to advance southward along the trail, the ensuing combat lead to the destruction of two Japanese Type 89A tanks.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Bataan
By 8 April, Company C was ordered to regroup to the south with the rest of the Provisional Tank Group, who were involved in attempting to provide defense against the Japanese attack along Trail 10. That evening all of the tank battalions were pulled off the line, and on the morning of 9 April, with the Company C tanks finally joining the rest of the group, received orders to destroy their equipment. By the time of surrender, Company C had lost 10 of its tanks, and had six soldiers killed in action.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Surrender and occupation
Following the surrender of the forces on Bataan by Major General Edward P. King, officers of the tank units were questioned by the Japanese; during the questioning, the officers learned that the tanks had kept away an invasion across Manila Bay, and that the American tanks were feared by the Japanese. When the Japanese finally arrived on 10 April, they began to loot the soldiers of anything of value. Following the looting, the Japanese began to force march them northward towards San Fernando, in what became known as the Bataan Death March.


149th Armored Regiment, History, World War II, Surrender and occupation
Some of the soldiers chose not to comply with orders and surrender, instead becoming guerrillas, resisting the Japanese occupation; one was Technician Fifth Grade Eugene Zingheim of Company C, a radio operator, who would later be executed after being caught by the Japanese due to malaria in 1943. Over time, the soldiers of Company C were spread across the areas occupied by Japan at various POW camps. Six were awarded the Silver Star, some posthumously, and each soldier of the company was awarded a Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart. In mid-September 1945, after the Surrender of Japan, the surviving members of the 194th Tank Battalion embarked for the United States at Yokohama.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II
After World War II, the 194th Tank Battalion was inactivated in April 1946, then redesignated as the 199th Tank Battalion in June of that same year; it was federally recognized in 1947, with a leadership team made up of survivors of the 1941–1942 Philippines campaign. Two years later in 1949, the unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 149th Heavy Tank Battalion, as an element of the 49th Infantry Division. Then upon being consolidated with the 170th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, the unit was elevated to a parent regiment within the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) in 1959.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II
In 1960, annual training for the regiment was held at Camp Irwin. By 1962, M48 Patton tanks were being used during annual training at Camp Roberts. In 1963, the regiment was reorganized again and expanded to consist of 1st, 3rd, and 4th battalions, with 2nd squadron becoming the 170th Cavalry Regiment.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II
During a weekend drill in 1965, the unit was called up to man roadblocks created in response to the Watts Riots; while there the tankers were fired upon. The regiment's 1st, 3rd, and 4th battalions were called up during the Watts Riots, with the regimental headquarters operating out of the 118th Street School. In 1968, the regiment was reorganized to consist only of its 1st Battalion; the regiment was detached from the 49th, and was no longer associated with a division. Later, in 1974, the regiment became an element of the 40th Infantry Division.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II
During the 1970s and 1980s the regiment continued to conduct its regular cycle of monthly weekend drills and annual training; one of these sent the regiment's lone battalion to Camp Ripley, Minnesota, for winter training in 1982. During the 1980s, the regiment was authorized a strength of 501 Soldiers. In 1989, the regiment was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized in the United States Army Regimental System; by that same year the regiment was equipped with M60A3 Patton.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II
In response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, Operation Garden Plot was initiated, leading to the regiment returning to riot control duties in Los Angeles. During the 1990s, the regiment was part of the 3rd Brigade of the 40th Infantry Division. In 1996, the regiment's headquarters moved to the Presidio of Monterey.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II
Due to the force reduction in other units, as part of a post-Cold War peace dividend which included Base Realignment and Closure, in 1997 the regiment saw an increase in its size;  this increase in size coincided with the regiment transitioning from the M60A3 to the M1IP Abrams.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II
In May 1998, a training center was established at Watsonville, and named after Chief Warrant Officer Ero "Ben" Saccone, who was the First Sergeant of Company C, 194th Tank Battalion in 1941; within the training center was the 40th Tank Company's guidon, which dated back to June 1924 (and survived combat overseas, and being hidden by unit members while they were POW). A year later, the regiment's headquarters was moved once again to Seaside.


149th Armored Regiment, History, Post World War II
The battalion was activated for Operation Noble Eagle I & II, providing security at potential targets and airports in the United States, in 2003. Then in 2005, it was activated to conduct NATO peacekeeping duties as part of the Kosovo Force. Following redesignation of the regiment from armor to armored in 2005, it was consolidated with another unit, which retained the name 340th Brigade Support Battalion in 2007, a part of the 65th Fires Brigade. Prior to the regiment being consolidated into another unit, almost 90% of the soldiers of the regiment had already seen combat in the War on Terror, as strained resources led to more national guardsmen serving in overseas conflicts.


149th Armored Regiment, Awards
The regiment, and its subordinate units are authorized the following awards and streamers: Presidential Unit Citations


149th Armored Regiment, Legacy
During the Bataan Death March, Salinas had the unfortunate distinction of having the highest number of soldiers per capita in the march, of any city in the United States. Of the 105 soldiers who left Salinas, who made up a large part of the 114 men who were part of Company C, 46 or 47 survived the war.


149th Armored Regiment, Legacy
In October 2011, Sergeant Roy Diaz was reported to be the last surviving Salinas member of Company C; he was the subject of an Emmy Award winning story produced by KTEH, and in February 2012, it was proposed that an access road off Airport Boulevard in Salinas, leading to Salinas Municipal Airport, be named for Diaz. In fact, Diaz was not the lone survivor, but was one of three. By June 2013 all had died, with the last survivor of Company C being Manny Nevarez; he had been a private, and spent time on Mindanao and in Japan as a POW.


149th Armored Regiment, Legacy, Memorials
In 2006, a memorial was erected at the Boronda History Center to commemorate the soldiers of Company C 194th Tank Battalion. This follows a memorial located at Camp San Luis Obispo depicting the actions of Morello's tank on 26 December 1941. In Salinas, a triangular park was named Bataan Memorial Park.


149th Armored Regiment, Legacy, Popular media
In July 1918, some of the soldiers that were part of Troop C, were already in France and participated in the Second Battle of the Marne; one of these soldiers (Martin Hopps) died during the battle, becoming the first soldier from Salinas to die during World War I; he is mentioned in John Steinbeck's book East of Eden.


149th Armored Regiment, Legacy, Popular media
Tanks of the 40th Tank Company were used during the filming of The Big House.


149th Armored Regiment, Legacy, Popular media
In the film Bataan, Desi Arnaz depicts a California National Guardsman in a multi-racial unit fighting a delaying action.


149th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 149th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.


149th Battalion (Lambtons), CEF
The 149th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Watford, Ontario, the unit began recruiting throughout Lambton County in late 1915. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th and 25th Reserve Battalions on April 8, 1917. The 149th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Major W. W. Macvicar.


149th Battalion (Lambtons), CEF, Bibliography
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149th Combat Communications Squadron
The United States Air Force's 149th Combat Communications Squadron (149th CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at North Highlands Air National Guard Station, California.


149th Combat Communications Squadron, History
The 149th CBCS deployed five IC4Us to support Hurricane Katrina's recovery effort. The task force was based at Belle Chasse Naval Air Station, Louisiana supporting Task Force Pelican—which includes three sub-task forces delivering a balanced mix of engineer, aviation, logistical, communication, security, and evacuation support to New Orleans' disaster strickenresidents.


149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 149th Division (第149師団, Dai-hyakuyonjūkyū Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Inflexible Division (不撓兵団, Fugyo Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in Qiqihar as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 274th infantry regiment taken from the 125th division.


149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Initially, the 149th division was mostly garrisoning Qiqihar. One battalion of the  386th infantry regiment was in Yi'an County, two other battalions of the 386th infantry regiment - in Bei'an. Also, one platoon of the 274th infantry regiment was deployed in Nehe.


149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 149th division was ordered to Harbin 11 August 1945, arriving in parts 12–15 August 1945. The fortifications of Qiqihar were then taken over by the 136th Independent Mixed Brigade.


149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Although the division was relatively well equipped by rifles, the heavy weapons were deficient. In particular, it had absolutely no artillery. Kwantung Army has estimated combat efficiency of the 149th division to be 15% of the nominal.


149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 149th division was disarmed 23 August 1945 without seeing any action during Soviet invasion of Manchuria. Majority of soldiers have then deserted or were hastily discharged before remainder of 4480 were taken prisoner in Hailin 27 August 1945 and sent to Siberian labour camps. Some officers have returned to Japan in 1947.


149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references
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149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references
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149th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references
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149th Fighter Squadron
The 149th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Virginia Air National Guard's 192d Fighter Wing located at Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Virginia. The 149th is the first Air National Guard fighter squadron to fly the F-22 Raptor.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Formation and training in the United States
The squadron was activated at Mitchel Field, New York, although its formation occurred at Bradley Field, Connecticut. and it trained with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts at various bases in the northeast United States. While training, the squadron also served in the air defense of the northeast as part of the New York Fighter Wing. In mid-June 1943, the squadron moved to Camp Kilmer and sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth for England on 1 July.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Combat in the European Theater
The squadron flew its first combat mission on 9 September 1943. It concentrated on flying escort missions for VIII Bomber Command heavy bombers participating in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. From 20 February to 25 February 1945, it flew cover for bombers involved in the Big Week campaign against the German aircraft manufacturing industry.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Combat in the European Theater
In April 1944 the squadron began to replace its Thunderbolts with longer range North American P-51D Mustangs. On 8 May, the squadron was escorting bombers on a raid on Braunschweig. It routed an attack by a numerically superior force of German interceptors, continuing the fight until most planes had used all their ammunition and were running short on fuel, requiring the unit to return to base. For this action, the squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation. In addition to escort missions, the squadron flew counter air missions. Returning from its escort missions, it often engaged in air interdiction attacks.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Combat in the European Theater
As the German Army launched the counteroffensive known as the Battle of the Bulge, a detachment of the squadron that included all of its air echelon deployed to Asch Airfield on  23 December 1944 to reinforce Ninth Air Force flying air support missions. On 1 January the detachment earned the squadron the French Croix de Guerre with Palm, when its airfield was attacked by 50 Luftwaffe fighter aircraft, just as its planes were taking off for an area patrol. In the ensuing aerial battle, about half the attacking German aircraft were destroyed with no loss to the squadron. The detachment moved to Chievres Airfield, Belgium in late January 1945, where it was joined by the rest of the squadron, coming under the control of Eighth Air Force again. From Chievres, it provided cover for Operation Varsity, the airborne assault to establish a bridgehead across the Rhine.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Combat in the European Theater
In April 1945, the squadron returned to England, flying its last mission on 3 May. It was credited with the destruction of 142.5 enemy aircraft in combat. Following V-E Day, many of the squadron personnel transferred for early return to the United States. The remaining personnel sailed on the RMS Queen Mary on 4 November 1945. After arriving in the United States, the squadron inactivated on 10 November 1945.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
The wartime 328th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 149th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Virginia ANG, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Byrd Field, Richmond, Virginia and was extended federal recognition on 21 June 1947. The 149th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 328th. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was allocated to the Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command by the National Guard Bureau.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
The unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951. This activation temporarily resulted in the dissolution of the Virginia Air National Guard, as members were sent to various places, including for many, duty in the Korean War. The squadron was sent to Turner AFB, Georgia where it was assigned to the federalized 108th Fighter-Bomber Group with a mission to provide fighter escorts to Strategic Air Command B-50 Superfortress bombers on training missions. In December 1951 it was moved to Godman AFB, Kentucky where it replaced a unit deployed to England. It was released from active duty and returned to Virginia state control on 10 November 1952.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
Upon return to state control, the squadron was reorganized as a B-26 Invader light bombardment squadron and allocated to Tactical Air Command. In June 1957 a jurisdictional tug-of-war began between Air Defense Command and Tactical Air Command occurred for control of the squadron. The unit was redesignated the 149th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and was scheduled to get F-86E Sabre jets. However, later that year, the unit became the Tactical Air Command-gained 49th Tactical Fighter Squadron, and F-84F Thunderstreaks began replacing the obsolescent B-26s.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
At the height of the Cold War in 1961, the squadron was federalized as a result of tensions concerning the Berlin Wall. Part of the squadron remained at Richmond in an active-duty status for about a year before being released. Twenty-two Virginia ANG members were sent to Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France, in December 1961 to support the USAFE 7108h Tactical Wing, a deployed unit of the 108th Tactical Fighter Wing, New Jersey ANG. They spent eight months in Europe.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
On 15 October 1962, the 149th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 192d Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 149th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 192d Headquarters, 192d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 192d Combat Support Squadron, and the 192d USAF Dispensary.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
During 1971, the squadron was assigned the F-105D Thunderchief, a battle-hardened supersonic fighter-bomber that was the backbone of America's fighter element during the Vietnam War. The group's special tasking during the next 10 years included several deployments to Red Flag live-fire exercises at Nellis AFB, Nevada and a Crested Cap NATO deployment to RAF Lakenheath, England, in 1976.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
In 1981, the unit transitioned to the Vought A-7D Corsair II, a subsonic jet designed primarily for close-air support. The 10-year A-7 era included several deployments, to Ecuador, Norway, and to Panama, in support of the defense of the Panama Canal. A Virginia contingent competed in Gunsmoke '85, the Air Force's tactical fighter competition, and the 149th was named the world's "Best A-7 Unit." The squadron also earned the General Spruance Safety Award and was recognized as having had the best Operational Readiness Inspection in the Ninth Air Force during 1985. That string of accomplishments helped the squadron earn its first USAF Outstanding Unit Award, which was presented in 1987.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
On 20 December 1989, the United States unleashed Operation Just Cause – the emergency dispatch of U.S. forces to Panama to try to oust Panamanian Dictator Manuel Noriega, break up his army and pave the way for democratic elections. The Virginia Air Guard flew 59 Guardsmen and five A-7s to Howard AFB, near Panama City, on 20 January 1990 for its turn in the rotation. The 149th replaced the Ohio ANG's 180th Tactical Fighter Group, whose A-7 pilots had flown 76 sorties in support of Operation Just Cause.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
Virginia was to send a similar contingent two weeks later to replace its first group. The Virginia Guard's mission differed from previous ones. Some elements of the Panamanian Defense Forces and the Dignity Battalions were suspected to be at large in provinces, and the squadron pilots supplied air cover for field operations and air reconnaissance of areas where enemy activity was suspected.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
The unit soared into a new era of aviation technology in 1991, when it became the first Air National Guard unit to receive the Air Force's upgraded F-16 Fighting Falcon, the F-16C/D block 30. The 149th designation shortened somewhat during 1992 from 149th Tactical Fighter Squadron to 149th Fighter Squadron. This change reflected the adoption of the Objective Wing concept. The unit was initially assigned 24 single-seat F-16C models and two F-16D models. By early 1994, defense cutbacks had reduced the unit's assigned inventory to 18 F-16s, and eventually to only 15 fighter jets.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
After the 149th FS became fully operational with the F-16, it was chosen as the lead unit in a four-state Air National Guard F-16 "rainbow" detachment deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, to support Operation Provide Comfort II.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
During that operation between 1 December 1993, and 15 January 1994, ANG pilots patrolled the no-fly zone over northern Iraq to prevent Iraqi forces from inflicting damage on the villages of Kurdish minorities. This was the first time Air National Guard units had been called to active duty to serve in a peacekeeping role in the Mideast, following Iraq's defeat in 1991. The unit returned to Incirlik AB in February 1996 for another round of patrols over Iraq.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
During October 1995, the parent 192d's designation was again modified to reflect unit restructuring within the Air Force and Air National Guard. This time the unit designation was changed from 192d Fighter Group to 192d Fighter Wing. The 149th was assigned to the new 192d Operations Group.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
In December 2000, the squadron deployed to Southwest Asia and other locations in support of Operation Southern Watch. In addition to Turkey and Kuwait, they were deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan Village, Saudi Arabia; Aviano Air Base, Italy; and Qatar.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
Also in December 2000, elements of the squadron were deployed on its first Aerospace Expeditionary Force assignment. A 130-person detachment went to Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles as part of Operation Nighthawk, an effort to stop drug smuggling into the United States. Aside from strictly operational matters, the fighter wing also focused on community support, humanitarian assistance and military heritage.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
In October 2005, Lt. Col. Phillip Guy became the first VANG pilot to transition to Langley AFB and fly the new F-22A Raptor in training missions and sorties alongside active duty Air Force pilots stationed there. The first two ship flight of VANG piloted F-22A's taking off from Langley AFB was successfully completed by 192nd FW pilots Lt. Col. Guy and Maj. Patrick DeConcini on 18 February 2006. Later in May, active duty personnel and Virginia guardsmen successfully completed tasking of a first ever joint-exercise requirement.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
The last Unit Training Assembly was held in Richmond in September 2007. Remaining base personnel solemnly attended the 'Stand-down' ceremony in the main hangar and watched as the unit flag was rolled-up by Col. Jay Pearsall and then put away. Afterwards a single F-16 took off, turned and passed over the flight deck. The pilot dipped the wings of his jet and made a final fly-by, then continued on to bring the aircraft to its new location. This marked the closing chapter for an era of excellence as the 192d FW began its future with Langley's 1st Fighter Wing.


149th Fighter Squadron, History, Virginia Air National Guard
On 13 October 2007, the 192d FW was reactivated in a ceremony held at the 27th Fighter Squadron, Langley AFB. Integration with the active duty 1st FW allows the Air National Guard to be at the forefront of the latest design of fighter craft. Set-up as a classic 'associate wing' the 192nd FW works directly with the 1st FW yet maintains its own unit identity and command structure. It shares in the support of mission requirements for the F-22A Raptor, but does not own any of the aircraft on station.


149th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


149th Fighter Wing
The 149th Fighter Wing (149 FW) is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard, stationed at Kelly Field Annex, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command.


149th Fighter Wing
The wing traces its history to the establishment of the 149th Fighter-Interceptor Group in 1961, through the wing itself only was established in 1995. It is an F-16 flying training unit that includes a support group with a worldwide mobility commitment. The cornerstone of the 149th’s flying mission is the 182nd Fighter Squadron, whose role is to take pilots, either experienced aircrew or recent graduates from USAF undergraduate pilot training, and qualify them to fly the F-16 Fighting Falcon.


149th Fighter Wing, History
In August 1961, as part of an Air Defense Command re-organization, the 182d Fighter Interceptor Squadron's assignment to 136th Air Defense Wing was terminated with 136th being transferred to Tactical Air Command. As a result, the 182d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 149th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 182d Fighter Interceptor Squadron became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 149th Headquarters, 149th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 149th Combat Support Squadron, and the 149th USAF Dispensary. The 149th was directly assigned to the Texas Air National Guard, being operationally gained by the Air Defense Command 33d Air Division.


149th Fighter Wing, History
Equipped with the F-102 Delta Dagger interceptor, as with many other ANG squadrons the 182d temporally operated two TF-102 twin-seat trainers for ANG F-102 pilots while remaining on runway alert status. Also, the squadron operated T-33A Shooting Star jet trainers and a Convair VT-29 transport for courier duties.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support
In 1968, the Air National Guard began to retire its F-102s and the 182d was ordered to send their aircraft to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage at AMARC. In July, as part of the drawdown of continental fighter air defense, the 149th FIG was transferred from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with the Group and 182d being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group and Squadron.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support
As an interim measure, the 182d Tactical Fighter Squadron was re-equipped with obsolescent F-84F Thunderstreak by TAC. The squadron was the second-to-last ANG squadron to fly the F-84F. During the summer of 1971 the 182d began to receive F-100D/F Super Sabre tactical fighter bombers. The 182d was one of the first ANG squadrons to receive the Super Sabre, as most were being operated in South Vietnam at the time. The F-100s received by the squadron were aircraft being withdrawn from the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Wethersfield, England, when Wethersfield was being closed for flight operations, and the wing being re-equipped with the new General Dynamics F-111 at a new base, RAF Upper Heyford.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support
The Super Sabre was dedicated fighter-bomber, with no concession being made to a secondary air-superiority role and the squadron trained in using the fighter for ground support. Beginning in 1975, the 182d began a NATO commitment, with squadron aircraft and personnel deploying to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) for Autumn Forge/Cold Fire/Reforger exercises.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support
By 1979, the Super Sabres were being retired, and were replaced by McDonnell F-4C Phantom IIs, largely Vietnam War veteran aircraft, that were made available to the Air National Guard. With the Phantom, the 182d continued their tactical fighter mission with the more capable aircraft. The squadron also continued its NATO deployments, exercising at USAFE bases in West Germany, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support
In 1986, the Phantoms were reaching the end of the operational service, and they were replaced by the F-16A Fighting Falcon. The F-16s were transferred from the 347th Tactical Fighter Wing, Moody AFB, Georgia. Initially the squadron began to receive Block 15 single-seat F-16As, and a few twin-seat F-16Bs. The Block 15 was the major production model of the F-16A. The F-16s received were modified the Air National Guard's new priority in the 1980s, when it was assigned the primary responsibility of the aerial defense of the continental United States.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support
The aircraft received were the F-16A Air Defense (ADF) variant, being equipped with HF radio and an improved APG-66 radar that was compatible with the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-120 AMRAAM radar-guided missiles for air-to-air interceptor missions. A spotlight was installed on the side of the nose to aid in the identification of nighttime intruders. At its peak, the ANG ADF force equipped a defensive chain which surrounded the entire perimeter of the continental United States.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support
Higher-performance Block 25 F-16C/D aircraft replaced the Block 15 A/B model aircraft in 1996. Although similar in appearance to the earlier models, the Block 25 aircraft were a considerable advancement with the Westinghouse AN/APG-68(V) multi-mode radar with better range, sharper resolution, and expanded operating modes. The planar array in the nose provides numerous air-to-air modes, including range-while-search, uplook and velocity search, single target track, raid cluster resolution, and track-while-scan for up to 10 targets. The radar was capable of handling the guidance of the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile. Upgraded engines made the aircraft capable of Mach-2 performance.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Support
However, the Block 25 aircraft were all powered by the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 turbofan, which were prone to engine stalls. In 1998, the squadron received Block 30 aircraft, with wider intakes and the General Electric F-110 engine. However, by the mid-1990s and with the end of the Cold War, there appeared to be no longer any threat to America's homeland from bombers or cruise missiles.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Twenty-first century
In 1999, the mission of the 149th Fighter Group was changed from Air Combat operations to becoming a Formal Training Unit (FTU) for Air National Guard F-16 pilots under Air Education and Training Command. The 182d provides combat training for active duty, Air National Guard, and Reserve F-16 pilots, including recent graduates from USAF Undergraduate Pilot Training making them combat ready upon graduation of a 9-month course. Almost all instructor pilots within the unit are former active duty F-16 pilots.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Twenty-first century
In its 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 178th Fighter Wing, Ohio Air National Guard to an MQ-1 Predator ISR mission and transfer six additional Block 30 F-16 aircraft to the 182d Fighter Squadron. This recommendation was made because Lackland (Kelly Annex) (47) had higher military value than Springfield-Beckley AGB (128). This recommendation also would optimize the squadron size of the 182d, the only ANG F-16 Flying Training Unit.


149th Fighter Wing, History, Twenty-first century
The squadron's Block 30 aircraft, manufactured between 1987 and 1989 are currently reaching the end of their service life. They have been certified by Boeing though at least 2015, however it is unclear what aircraft or what the mission of the unit will transition to in the future.


149th Fighter Wing, Notes
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


149th Georgia General Assembly
The 149th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia first met in 2007, succeeding the 148th General Assembly, and was the precedent of the 150th General Assembly in 2009.


149th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 149th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


149th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 149th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on February 11, 1865, for a one-year enlistment. The 149th served in garrisons in Tennessee and Georgia.


149th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was mustered out of service on January 27, 1866.


149th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment suffered 31 enlisted men who died of disease for a total of 31 fatalities.


149th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 149th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 1 and September 27, 1865, during the American Civil War.


149th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was recruited from the 7th district, and was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, with a strength of 1,041 men and mustered in on March 1, 1865. It left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee on March 3. It was then ordered to Decatur, Alabama for guard and garrison duty until late September. Whilst at Decatur, the regiment received the surrender of Generals Roddey and Polk. The regiment was mustered out at Nashville, on September 27, 1865. During its service the regiment incurred thirty-eight fatalities, and another twenty-seven men deserted.


149th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 149th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army, provided by the Kentucky Army National Guard. It was originally constituted 22 May 1846 in the Kentucky Militia as the 1st Kentucky Cavalry and the 2d Kentucky Volunteer Infantry. After a year of Federal service (June 1846 to June 1847), it was reorganized on 15 June 1860 in the Kentucky State Guard as the Lexington Battalion (which included the Lexington Rifles). It was then expanded in November 1860 to comprise the Lexington Battalion and the Kentucky River Battalion. The Lexington and Kentucky River Battalions, antecedents to the 149th Infantry, are especially notable in military history in that they were some of the few military units to ever be split between two different countries for the duration of a war.


149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, American Civil War
In 1861, after the outbreak of the American Civil War, the 149th Infantry Regiment (at the time part of the Kentucky State Militia and comprising the Lexington Battalion and the Kentucky River Battalion), was split between the Union and the Confederacy by the Kentucky General Assembly. The reason for this was the Kentucky State Government had declared neutrality in the war. They were officially recognized as part of both countries, and, although Kentucky never officially seceded from the United States, many soldiers within the state militia held Confederate sympathies.


149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, American Civil War
This was made more complicated when President Abraham Lincoln began drafting soldiers to fight the Confederacy, as they needed military units to join. To prevent the collapse of the Kentucky State Militia, the General Assembly voted to split the entire militia in half. This included the antecedents of the 149th Infantry Regiment. Between April–June 1861, soldiers with Union sympathies were reorganized as the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Kentucky Infantry regiments, while soldiers with Southern sympathies were reorganized into the 1st Kentucky Brigade (The Orphan Brigade).


149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, American Civil War
The two halves of the Kentucky Militia only fought each other once, at the Battle of Shiloh.


149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, World War I
The history of the unit designated the 149th Infantry goes back to April 28, 1917. But the History of the 149th Infantry correctly states that, as the 2nd Kentucky, the regiment had many years of service before 1917.


149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, World War I
The 38th Division deployed to Europe in October 1918, where it landed in France at the height of the German "Peace Offensives". Because the division was not combat ready, it was largely stripped of officers and men, who served as replacements for units already in combat. The 149th Infantry Regiment was broken up in this way to provide replacements.


149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, World War II
The 149th Infantry Regiment was in federal service from 7 January 1941, to 9 November 1945.


149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, Status today
The military unit has been active in the Louisville, Kentucky area since the 149th Infantry Regiment Combat Team was activated after World War II. The U.S. Army Center for Military History attributes lineage and honors to the Louisville unit further back than that.


149th Infantry Regiment (United States), Service career, Status today
It has the Special Designation 'Second Kentucky', commemorating its previous state designation. The numerical designation, but not the lineage or honors, is now carried on in the 149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade.


149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
The 149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade is a maneuver enhancement brigade of the Kentucky Army National Guard, headquartered at Richmond.


149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
Constituted Jan. 21, 1839 in the Kentucky Militia as the Louisville Legion and organized at Louisville. The unit mustered into federal service May 17, 1846 as the first Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment and mustered out of federal service May 17, 1847 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Four years after coming out of the federal service, the unit reorganized June 30, 1851 in the Kentucky Volunteer Militia in Louisville as the Louisville Legion. The Kentucky State Guard re-designated as the Kentucky National Guard in 1912, and the unit mustered into federal service once again at Fort Thomas in February 1917.


149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
The 149th Armored Brigade traces its recent history to the activation of Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, XXIII Corps Artillery from Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 138th Field Artillery Group on 1 October 1959. The corps artillery headquarters for the Kentucky Army National Guard had been formed in 1953 due to the quantity of field artillery battalions in the state and given the designation of XXIII Corps Artillery, although the corresponding corps headquarters did not exist. In this reorganization, the Louisville unit swapped designations with the Lexington unit, which ultimately became the 138th Field Artillery Brigade headquarters.


149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
The Louisville unit was then converted and redesignated HHC 149th Armored Brigade on 1 November 1980. The '149' number came from the former 149th Infantry Regiment. When activated, the 149th included the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 123rd Armor, 1st Battalion, 149th Infantry, 2nd Battalion, 138th Field Artillery, Troop A of the 240th Cavalry, the 103rd Support Battalion, and the 207th Engineer Company.


149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
On 1 November 1985 the 149th joined the newly reactivated 35th Infantry Division (Mechanized) and became the 149th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division. The 35th had been reformed after the Department of Defense decided to add another National Guard mechanized division and also included the 67th Brigade from Nebraska and the 69th Brigade from Kansas. As a result of losing its status as a separate brigade, the brigade armored cavalry reconnaissance troop (Troop A, 240th Cavalry) was eliminated. The 149th MEB also contains a Military Police Battalion known as the 198th MP BN. This battalion has several combat support units, and one law and order detachment.


149th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
The unit's headquarters changed 1 October 2013 to Richmond, Kentucky.


149th Mixed Aviation Division
The 149th Mixed Aviation Division was an aviation division of the Russian Air Force.


149th Mixed Aviation Division
It traced its history from the 149th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division, which arrived in Poland in May 1955 from China. became the 149th Bomber Aviation Division in July 1982 with 4th Air Army at Szprotawa in Poland. Had the 3, 42nd Guards, and 89th Bomber Aviation Regiments (Su-24), Renamed 149th Mixed Aviation Division 1992. Served for several years with the 76th Air Army in the Leningrad Military District.


149th Mixed Aviation Division
In 1998, according to Holm/Feskov et al. 2013., the division comprised the 67th and 722nd (Smuravyevo) Bomber Aviation Regiments, 98th Guards Independent Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Monchegorsk).


149th Mixed Aviation Division
Possibly disbanded 2009. The Smuravyevo airfield was closed circa 2010.


149th Mixed Brigade
The 149th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Deployed on the fronts of Madrid, Aragon and Catalonia, the brigade did not play a relevant role in the war.


149th Mixed Brigade, History
The unit was created in May 1937, on the Madrid front, from one of the battalions of the 75th Mixed Brigade. Command of the unit initially fell (during the training period) to the infantry commander Enrique García Villanueva, who was replaced shortly after by the militia major Santiago Tito Buades; For his part, the chief of staff fell to the infantry captain Juan Bautista Piera Reus. The 149th Mixed Brigade, which was made up of anarchist elements, was assigned to the 6th Division of the II Army Corps. For months the brigade remained located in front of Madrid, without participating in military operations.


149th Mixed Brigade, History
In March 1938, after the beginning of the Aragon Offensive, the 149th Mixed Brigade was sent to reinforce the threatened sector. On March 24, however, it lost the town of Velilla de Ebro to enemy pressure and had to retreat. On March 26, it was defending the sector between Fraga and the Ebro river. Briefly added to the subgroup  commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Jesús Liberal Travieso, came to participate in the battle of Lleida. With the fall of the city, all its troops crossed to the other side of the Segre River. Later, it was added to the 16th Division of the XII Army Corps.


149th Mixed Brigade, History
The brigade came to take part in the Battle of the Ebro. On July 27, it crossed the river, relieving elements of the 35th International Division in the Gandesa sector. On July 31, it was located in front of Villalba de los Arcos, being relieved of this sector on August 3; it was then assigned to cover the entrances to La Fatarella. In mid-August, during one of the nationalist counterattacks, the 149th Mixed Brigade fell back in disorder — despite the fact that the unit was located in the rear. It was later withdrawn from the Ebro front along with the rest of the units of its division and destined for the reserve, being subjected to a reorganization.


149th Mixed Brigade, History
In December 1938, at the beginning of the Catalonia Offensive, the 149th Mixed Brigade constituted the reserve for the sector facing Serós. During the enemy attack, the unit abandoned its positions almost without fighting, partly dragged away by the disbandment of the 179th Mixed Brigade. The commander of the unit, militia major Eduardo Pérez Segura, was suddenly dismissed and replaced by the militia major Filemont. The remains of the 149th Mixed Brigade joined the general retreat towards the border.


149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The 52nd Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第52师) was activated in May 1965 from the Tibet Unit 419 (Chinese: 藏字419部队).


149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In August 1969, the division swapped its designations and positions with the 149th Army Division from the 50th Army Corps, and became the 149th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第149师)(2nd Formation). All its regiments were re-designated as the 445th, 446th and 447th Infantry Regiments. Its 309th Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 149th Army Division.


149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The division then stationed in Leshan, Sichuan province and attached to the 50th Army Corps.


149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
From February to March 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the war the division inflicted heavy losses to the confronting PAVN 316A Division, eliminating a total of 2338 Vietnamese combatants.


149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1985 the division was renamed as the 149th Motorized Infantry Division (Chinese: 摩托化步兵第149师) as a southern motorized infantry division. The division attached to 13th Army following 50th Army Corps' disbandment.


149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1989 the division took part in the forced martial law in Lhasa.


149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1998 the 447th Infantry Regiment merged with the Mechanized Infantry Regiment, 3rd Tank Division as the Armored Regiment, 149th Motorized Infantry Division. Since then the division was composed of:


149th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In April 2017 the division was split into two brigades: the 149th Medium Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 中型合成第149旅) and the 150th Light Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 轻型合成第150旅).


149th New York Infantry Regiment
The 149th New York Infantry Regiment  was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


149th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 149th New York Infantry was organized at Syracuse, N.Y., and mustered in September 18, 1862.


149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The regiment, under the command of Henry A. Barnum, left Syracuse on September 23, 1862, and within a short time joined General McClellan's army. It was assigned to the Third Brigade, Geary's Division, Twelfth Corps, in which command it fought at Chancellorsville, losing there 15 killed, 68 wounded, and 103 captured or missing.


149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
At Gettysburg the regiment participated in the famous defense of Culp's Hill, made by Greene's Brigade, in which the One Hundred and Forty-ninth, fighting behind breastworks, lost 6 killed, 46 wounded, and 3 missing, but inflicted many times that loss on its assailants.


149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
With the Twelfth Corps, it was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and the Onondaga boys fought as bravely in Tennessee as in Virginia or at Gettysburg. At Lookout Mountain, Tenn., they captured five flags while fighting under Hooker in that memorable affair, their casualties amounting to 10 killed and 64 wounded.