115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.


115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
Terrace was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


115-121 Kent Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 908 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.


1150
Year 1150 (MCL) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1150 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1150 kHz: 1150 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency, according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.


1150 Achaia
1150 Achaia (/əˈkaɪə/); prov. designation: 1929 RB) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 2 September 1929. The S-type asteroid has a notably long rotation period of hours 61 hours and measures approximately 7.8 kilometers (4.8 miles) in diameter. It is named for the Greek region of Achaia.


1150 Achaia, Discovery
Achaia was discovered on 2 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Ten nights later, it was independently discovered by Friedrich Schwassmann and Arno Wachmann at Bergedorf. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, five days after its first and official discovery observation.<


1150 Achaia, Orbit and classification
Located in the orbital region of the Flora family, one of the largest, yet disputed families of the main-belt, Achaia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,184 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1150 Achaia, Naming
This minor planet is named for the region Achaea (or "Achaia") in Western Greece. It is located in the northern part of the Peloponnese peninsula and borders on the gulfs of Patras and Corinth. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).


1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Achaia is a common, stony S-type asteroid, while in the survey's SMASS (Bus–Binzel)-like taxonomic variant, it is an Sl-subtype, which transitions from the S-type to the uncommon L-type asteroid.


1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics, Photometry
A rotational lightcurve of Achaia was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory in October 2007. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 60.99 hours with a brightness variation of 0.72 magnitude (U=3).


1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics, Photometry
Published in 2016, two additional lightcurves were derived from modeled photometric data using various sources. They gave a sidereal rotation period of 61.071±0.001 and 61.072±0.005 hours, as well as a spin axis of (5.0°, −65.0°) and (20.0°, −69.0°) in ecliptic coordinates, respectively.


1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics, Photometry
While not being a slow rotator, Achaia has a notably longer period than the vast majority of asteroids, which typically rotate every 2 to 20 hours once around their axis. Also, the body's changes in brightness are relatively high and indicate that it has a non-spheroidal shape.


1150 Achaia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Achaia measures between 7.689 and 8.16 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.234 and 0.251. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – taken from 8 Flora, the Flora family's principal body and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 7.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.


11509 Thersilochos
11509 Thersilochos /θərˈsɪləkəs/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 November 1990, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The dark Jovian asteroid belongs to the 100 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 17.4 hours. It was named after the Trojan warrior Thersilochus from Greek mythology.


11509 Thersilochos, Orbit and classification
Thersilochos is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.4–5.9 AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,306 days; semi-major axis of 5.18 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic.


11509 Thersilochos, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1989 SN7 at Palomar Observatory in September 1989, just two months prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.


11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics
Thersilochos is an assumed C-type asteroid, while the majority of the larger Jovian asteroids are D-types.


11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In July 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Thersilochos was obtained from a total of six nights of photometric observations by Italian astronomer Stefano Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.367±0.015 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=3).


11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Follow-up observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in November 2013, and by Daniel Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies in December 2014, gave two concurring periods of 17.329 and 17.389 hours (U=3/2).


11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Thersilochos between 49.96 and 56.23 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.065 and 0.051, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 53.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.


11509 Thersilochos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


11509 Thersilochos, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Thersilochus, who fought with Hector at the battle for the dead body of Patroclus and was later slain by Achilles. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47299).


1150s
The 1150s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1150, and ended on December 31, 1159.


1150s BC
The 1150s BC is a decade which lasted from 1159 BC to 1150 BC.


1150s in art
The decade of the 1150s in art involved some significant events.


1150s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1150s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1150s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1151
Year 1151 (MCLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1151 Ithaka
1151 Ithaka, provisional designation 1929 RK, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in 1929, and later named for the Greek island of Ithaca.


1151 Ithaka, Discovery
Ithaka was discovered on 8 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Five nights later, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Only the first discoverer is acknowledged by the Minor Planet Center. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1151 Ithaka, Orbit and classification
Ithaka is a non-family asteroid from the background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.1 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,364 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.


1151 Ithaka, Physical characteristics
Ithaka is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, untypical for inner-belt asteroids.


1151 Ithaka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 2011, three rotational lightcurves of Ithaka were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period between 4.93115 and 4.932 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 to 0.15 magnitude (U=3/3/3).


1151 Ithaka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ithaka measures between 8.97 and 20.46 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.02 and 0.13. A collaboration of Italian and American photometrists estimate a diameter of 14±3 kilometers, and the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 14.37 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.94.


1151 Ithaka, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Greek Ionian Island of Ithaca located in the Ionian Sea. In Greek mythology, the legendary hero Odysseus was the King of Ithaca (also see 1143 Odysseus). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).


1151 in Ireland, Events
The Battle of Móin Mhór was fought in 1151 between the kingdoms of Leinster and Thomond in Ireland. The Kingdom of Leinster was victorious.


1152
Year 1152 (MCLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1152 Pawona
1152 Pawona, provisional designation 1930 AD, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was named in honor of astronomers Johann Palisa and Max Wolf.


1152 Pawona, Discovery
Pawona was discovered on 8 January 1930, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. It was independently discovered by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin on 19 January 1930, and by Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 21 January 1930. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer.


1152 Pawona, Discovery
The asteroid was first identified as A924 QA at Vienna Observatory in August 1924. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1926 AK at Heidelberg in January 1926, almost 4 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1152 Pawona, Orbit and classification
Pawona is a supposed member of the stony Vesta family (401), named after 4 Vesta and the main belt's second-largest asteroid family by number. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,381 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1152 Pawona, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Pawona is an Sl-subtype, that transitions from the common stony S-type to the rare L-type asteroids.


1152 Pawona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Pawona have been obtained from photometric observations since 2002. Analysis of these lightcurves gave a well-defined rotation period between 3.415 and 3.425 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 to 0.26 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3/3).


1152 Pawona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pawona measures between 15.69 and 18.826 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1529 and 0.2167.


1152 Pawona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2782 and a diameter of 15.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.


1152 Pawona, Naming
This minor planet was named after astronomers Johann Palisa and Max Wolf, two prolific discoverers of minor planets, in recognition of their cooperation. The name was proposed by Swedish astronomer Bror Ansgar Asplind. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).


1152 Pawona, Naming, Feminization of names
Pawona is a combination of "Palisa" and "Wolf" (Pa, Wo) joined with a Latin feminine suffix. The custom of adding the female endings  "a" or "ia" to male names had only faded out by World War II and was finally abolished in 1947, when the Minor Planet Center took over responsibility of numbering and naming asteroids.


1153
Year 1153 (MCLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1153 Wallenbergia
1153 Wallenbergia, provisional designation 1924 SL, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1924, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after German mathematician Georg Wallenberg.


1153 Wallenbergia, Orbit and classification
Wallenbergia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,189 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1153 Wallenbergia, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1930 HH at Johannesburg Observatory in April 1930, almost six years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1153 Wallenbergia, Physical characteristics
Wallenbergia has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey.


1153 Wallenbergia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 1989, the first rotational lightcurve of Wallenbergia was obtained from photometric observations by Polish astronomer Wiesław Z. Wiśniewski at University of Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.096 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=3). Observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in 2014, gave a period of 4.116 and 4.12 hours with an amplitude of 0.25 and 0.23 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).


1153 Wallenbergia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Wallenbergia measures 8.02 and 8.037 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.37 and 0.433, respectively.


1153 Wallenbergia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – taken from 8 Flora, the parent body of the Flora family – and derives a diameter of 9.36 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.31.


1153 Wallenbergia, Naming
This minor planet was named after German mathematician Georg Wallenberg (1864–1924). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 107).


1153 papal election
The 1153 papal election followed the death of Pope Eugene III and resulted in the election of Pope Anastasius IV.


1153 papal election, Election of Anastasius IV
Pope Eugenius III died on 8 July 1153 at Tivoli. On 12 July the cardinals elected as his successor cardinal Corrado Demetri della Suburra, bishop of Sabina and dean of the College of Cardinals, who was 80 years old. He took the name Anastasius IV and was crowned on the same day, probably in Rome.


1153 papal election, Cardinal-electors
There were 35 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in July 1153, but it seems that no more than 30 (perhaps even fewer) participated in the election:


1153 papal election, Cardinal-electors
Six electors were created by Pope Innocent II, five by Pope Celestine II, six by Pope Lucius II, twelve by Pope Eugenius III and one by Pope Paschalis II.


1154
Year 1154 (MCLIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1154 Astronomia
1154 Astronomia, provisional designation 1927 CB, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory on 8 February 1927. The asteroid was named for the natural science of astronomy.


1154 Astronomia, Orbit and classification
Astronomia is a background asteroid, that is, not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2–3.6 AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,281 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1154 Astronomia, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as A911 RA at Heidelberg in September 1911. The body's observation arc begins the night after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1154 Astronomia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Astronomia has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to a carbonaceous F-type and somewhat similar to that of an X-type asteroid. Its spectrum has also been flagged as unusual and of poor quality (FXU:).


1154 Astronomia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 2016, the first rotational lightcurve of Astronomia was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18.1154 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 magnitude (U=3-).


1154 Astronomia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Astronomia measures between 55.4 and 64.20 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.028 and 0.04.


1154 Astronomia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0296 and a diameter of 61.08 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.51.


1154 Astronomia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the natural science of astronomy, a study of celestial objects, observations and phenomena in the night sky. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).


1154 papal election
The 1154 papal election followed the death of Pope Anastasius IV and resulted in the election of Pope Adrian IV, the only Englishman to become pope.


1154 papal election, Election of Adrian IV
Pope Anastasius IV died on 3 December 1154 in Rome, at a very advanced age. The College of Cardinals assembled in the Vatican Basilica on the next day to elect his successor. On 4 December 1154 the cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal-Bishop of Albano Nicholas Breakspeare, former legate in Scandinavia (1152-1153). He took the name Adrian IV and was crowned on 5 December 1154 in the Vatican Basilica. He is the only English pope in history.


1154 papal election, Cardinal-electors
There were probably 30 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals at the beginning of December 1154, but it seems that no more than 25 (perhaps even fewer) participated in the election:


1154 papal election, Cardinal-electors
Five electors were created by Pope Innocent II, four by Pope Celestine II, five by Pope Lucius II, eleven by Pope Eugenius III.


1154 papal election, Absentees
At least five cardinals did not participate in this election. Cardinal Giacinto Bobone is known to have been in Spain at that time; he served there as papal legate from the spring of 1154 until the end of 1155. Cardinal Odone Bonecase was employed as legate in France in 1154/55. Gerard de Namur was legate in Germany, while Ildebrando in Lombardy. Abbot Rainaldo of Montecassino was not a resident of Roman Curia:


1155
Year 1155 (MCLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1155 Aënna
1155 Aënna, provisional designation 1928 BD, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It is named for the astronomy journal Astronomische Nachrichten.


1155 Aënna, Orbit and classification
In the SMASS taxonomy, the X-type asteroid is classified as a Xe-type, an intermediary that transitions to the bright E-type asteroids. The spectra of a Xe-type contains an absorption feature near 0.49 μm, which is thought to be related with the presence of the iron sulfide mineral troilite, typically found in lunar and Martian meteorites. Aënna orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,413 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation in 1928.


1155 Aënna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
French amateur astronomer René Roy obtained a rotational lightcurve of Aënna from photometric observations taken in December 2015. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.07 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=2+).


1155 Aënna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Aënna measures between 9.28 and 14.09 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.225 and 0.356. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees best with Akari, and derives an albedo of 0.2169 with a diameter of 11.36 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 12.0.


1155 Aënna, Naming
This minor planet was named after Astronomische Nachrichten, one of the first international journals in the field of astronomy. The constructed name "Aënna" contains the German pronunciation of the initials "A" and "N" followed by the mandatory feminine ending used for asteroids. The naming was proposed by the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut and mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).


11552 Boucolion
11552 Boucolion /baʊˈkoʊliɒn/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 53 kilometers (33 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 January 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the CERGA Observatory in Caussols, France. The dark D-type asteroid is one of the 90 largest Jupiter trojans and has a long rotation period of 32.4 hours. It was named from Greek mythology after the Boucolion, who lost his sons in the Trojan War.


11552 Boucolion, Orbit and classification
Boucolion is a dark Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.5–6.1 AU once every 12 years and 1 month (4,418 days; semi-major axis of 5.27 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic.


11552 Boucolion, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as 1975 NP1 at Crimea–Nauchnij in July 1973. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Caussols in January 1993.


11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics
In the SDSS-based taxonomy, Boucolion is a D-type asteroid, the most common type among the larger Jupiter trojans. It has also been characterized as a D-type by Pan-STARRS' survey, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Boucolion was first obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.150 and 16.177 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.23 and 0.25 magnitude in the R- and S-band, respectively (U=2/2).


11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A more refined, alternative period solution of 32.44±0.05 hours with an amplitude of 0.21 magnitude was measured by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in January 2015 (U=2). The result seems to be a 1:2 alias, i.e. twice the period, of the previously obtained lightcurve at the PTF. While not being a slow rotator, Boucolion has one of the longest periods among the larger Jupiter trojans (see table below).


11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Boucolion measures 51.136 and 53.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.062 and 0.035, respectively. CALL assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 53.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.


11552 Boucolion, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


11552 Boucolion, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Boucolion, father of the two Trojan warriors Pedasos and Aesopos, who both were slain near the River Scamander during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47299).


1156
Year 1156 (MCLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1156 Kira
1156 Kira, provisional designation 1928 DA, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 February 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.


1156 Kira, Orbit and classification
Kira is not a member of any known asteroid family and belongs to the main belt's background population. At the present epoch, however, it orbits within the region of the Flora family.


1156 Kira, Orbit and classification
This asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.3 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1156 Kira, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Kira have been obtained from photometric observations since 2007. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 2.7910 and 2.79113 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 to 0.26 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2+).


1156 Kira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kira measures between 6.83 and 10.83 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.165 and 0.455.


1156 Kira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.


1156 Kira, Naming
This minor planet was named by astronomer Max Mündler, staff member at Heidelberg Observatory. Any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.


1156 Kira, Naming, Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Kira is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).


1157
Year 1157 (MCLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1157 (album)
1157 is the first and only live album by Australian country rock music group Stars. The album was recorded at Bombay Rock in Melbourne in October 1979 and released in July 1980, following band member Andrew Durant's death on 6 May 1980. The album peaked at number 46 on the Australian charts, remaining on the chart for 8 weeks.


1157 Arabia
1157 Arabia, provisional designation 1929 QC, is an asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany on 31 August 1929. The asteroid was named for the Arabian Peninsula.


1157 Arabia, Orbit and classification
Arabia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,073 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic.


1157 Arabia, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in December 1930, more than a year after its official discovery observation.


1157 Arabia, Physical characteristics
Arabia is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while the measured albedos are rather typical for a stony composition (see below).


1157 Arabia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In June 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Arabia was obtained from photometric observations by Peter Caspari at the 	BDI Observatory (E18) near Sydney, Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.225 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.37 magnitude (U=3-).


1157 Arabia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arabia measures 29.01 and 29.113 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.211 and 0.247, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a much larger diameter of 55.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.


1157 Arabia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Arabian Peninsula, also known as "Arabia", in Western Asia. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).


1157 Hama earthquake
The 1157 Hama earthquake occurred on 12 August after a year of foreshocks. Its name was taken from the city of Hama, in west-central Syria (then under the Seljuk rule), where the most casualties were sustained. In eastern Syria, near the Euphrates, the quake destroyed the predecessor of the citadel al-Rahba, subsequently rebuilt on the same strategic site. The earthquake also affected Christian monasteries and churches in the vicinity of Jerusalem.


11573 Helmholtz
11573 Helmholtz, provisional designation 1993 SK3, is a Zhongguo asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 September 1993, by German astronomers Freimut Börngen and Lutz Schmadel at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. It is one of few asteroids located in the 2:1 resonance with Jupiter. The asteroid was named for German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz.


11573 Helmholtz, Orbit and classification
Helmholtz is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It is a member of the small group of Zhongguo asteroids, located in the Hecuba gap (2:1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter) near 3.27 AU. Contrary to the nearby unstable Griqua group, the orbits of the Zhongguos are stable over half a billion years.


11573 Helmholtz, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4–4.1 AU once every 5 years and 11 months (2,148 days; semi-major axis of 3.26 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1982 YN4 at Crimea–Nauchnij in December 1982. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar Observatory in January 1989.


11573 Helmholtz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Helmholtz measures 13 kilometer in diameter for an absolute magnitude of 13.2 and an assumed albedo of 0.057, which is typical for carbonaceous asteroids. If the body was of stony rather than carbonaceous composition, its estimated diameter would be less than 7 kilometer.


11573 Helmholtz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Helmholtz has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


11573 Helmholtz, Naming
This minor planet was named after German physiologist and physicist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), a prolific naturalists of the 19th century. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 March 2000 (M.P.C. 39658). The lunar crater Helmholtz as well as the crater Helmholtz on Mars are also named in his honor.


1158
Year 1158 (MCLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1158 Luda
1158 Luda, provisional designation 1929 QF, is a stony asteroid from the middle regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1929, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after Ludmilla Neujmin, the sister of the discoverer.


1158 Luda, Orbit and classification
Luda orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,499 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first used observation at Johannesburg Observatory, one month after its official discovery observation at Simeiz. Luda is a stony S-type asteroid.


1158 Luda, Orbit and classification
Based on its orbital elements, Luda is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of stony asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt, while Argentine astronomer Alvarez-Candal from the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba groups it into the smaller Maria family, which is named after 170 Maria (the same discrepancy exists for 9175 Graun and 2429 Schürer).


1158 Luda, Physical characteristics, Photometry
Several rotational lightcurves of Luda were obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurves obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi, American astronomer Brian Warner, and an international group lead by Korean astronomers, gave a well-defined rotation period between 6.86 and 6.87 hours with a brightness variation between 0.13 and 0.22 magnitude (U=3/3-/3). Photometric observations also gave a period of 6.9 and 7.44 hours, but these were derived from a fragmentary and ambiguous light curve, respectively. (U=1/2).


1158 Luda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Luda measures between 18.63 and 20.59 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.20 and 0.25. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.232 and a diameter of 19.06 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.8.


1158 Luda, Naming
This minor planet was named for Ludmilla Neujmin, the sister of the discoverer. "Luda" is a diminutive of Ludmilla. Astronomer Lutz Schmadel, who compiled this naming citation, based it on a private communication with "N. S. Samojlova-Yakhontova", as neither the Minor Planet Circulars nor The Names of the Minor Planets give any information about this asteroid's name.


1159
Year 1159 (MCLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1159 Granada
1159 Granada, provisional designation 1929 RD, is a dark background asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 September 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the Spanish city and province of Granada.


1159 Granada, Orbit and classification
Granada is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins nine days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1159 Granada, Physical characteristics
Although Granada is an assumed S-type asteroid, it has a notably low albedo (see below) for an asteroid of the inner main-belt, even below that of most carbonaceous asteroids.


1159 Granada, Physical characteristics, Slow rotation
In September 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Granada was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=2). In October 2010, photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 72.852 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Granada's period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours measures for most asteroids.


1159 Granada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Granada measures between 27.839 and 34.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.028 and 0.0471.


1159 Granada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0439 and a diameter of 29.94 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.63.


1159 Granada, Naming
This minor planet was named after Granada, city and province in Andalusia in southern. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 108).


1159 papal election
The 1159 papal election (held 4–7 September) followed the death of Pope Adrian IV. It resulted in a double papal election. A majority of the cardinals elected Cardinal Rolando of Siena as Pope Alexander III, but a minority refused to recognize him and elected their own candidate Ottaviano de Monticelli, who took the name Victor IV, creating a schism that lasted until 1178.


1159 papal election
The schism was a result of the growing tensions inside the Sacred College of Cardinals concerning the foreign policy of the Holy See. The Papal States in the 12th century were a buffer between the Holy Roman Empire and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.


1159 papal election
After the Concordat of Worms in 1122, the Papacy allied with the Empire rather than with the Normans, but during the pontificate of Adrian IV (1154–59) this alliance broke up because Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa did not fulfil the terms of the treaty of Constance (1153) that obliged him to help the Papacy to restore its authority in Rome and in other territories controlled by the king of Sicily. In these circumstances Adrian IV decided to break the alliance with the Emperor and to make peace with William I of Sicily by signing the Treaty of Benevento (1156).


1159 papal election
In the following years there were growing tensions between the papacy and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (e.g. a dispute at the diet of Besançon in 1157). Frederick tried – with significant success – to strengthen his influence on the Church in Germany. The change of direction of the papal foreign policy resulted in the division of the Sacred College into supporters and opponents of the new policy, who were unable to achieve a compromise after the death of Adrian IV.


1159 papal election
The election of 1159 had also significant legal consequences. Up to that time, the election of the new Pope required unanimity among the electors, which led to the schism when the existence of factions in the Sacred College made the unanimity impossible. To avoid such schism in the future, the Third Lateran Council in 1179 promulgated the decree Licet de evitanda discordia, which established the rule that the Pope is elected with a majority of two thirds of the cardinals participating in the election.


1159 papal election, Death of Adrian IV
Pope Adrian IV died on 1 September 1159. Fearing a possible schism, shortly before his death he recommended to the cardinals the election of Cardinal Bernard of Porto as his successor.


1159 papal election, List of participants
There were thirty-one cardinals in September 1159. One of them seems not to have participated in the election, leaving thirty electors:


1159 papal election, List of participants
Five electors were created by Pope Innocent II, two by Pope Celestine II, four by Pope Lucius II, eight by Pope Eugenius III and eleven by Pope Adrian IV.


1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College
The College of Cardinals was divided into two factions: the so-called "Sicilian" party and the Imperial faction. The "Sicilian" party, led by chancellor Rolando of Siena and Camerlengo Boso, supported the pro-Sicilian policy of Adrian IV. The Imperial faction was led by Ottaviano of S. Cecilia.


1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College
It is known that the "Sicilian" party counted thirteen cardinals. They were chancellor Roland of S. Marco, camerlengo Boso of SS. Cosma e Damiano, cardinal-bishops Bernard of Porto, Ubaldo of Ostia, Walter of Albano and Gregorio of Sabina, as well as cardinals Odone of S. Giorgio, Ubaldo of S. Croce, Ottone of S. Nicola, Ardicio of S. Teodoro, Giovanni of S. Anastasia, Ildebrando of SS. Apostoli and Pietro of S. Eustachio.


1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College
The Imperial party may have counted as many as nine cardinals. but only six can be identified as its members: Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, Giovanni of SS. Silvestro e Martino, Guido of S. Maria in Trastevere, Imar of Tusculum, Raymond of S. Maria in Via Lata and Simeone of S. Maria in Domnica Guglielmo of S. Pietro in Vincoli was probably the seventh one. Perhaps Cardinal Cinzio of S. Adriano also belonged to this faction. The remaining ten cardinals were neutral.


1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College
It is believed that both factions made some preparations to the election in the last months of the pontificate of Adrian IV, although these attempts are known only from the hostile accounts produced for the polemical purposes during the subsequent schism and it is impossible to verify their accuracy. Both sides accused each other of illegal conspiracies. The adherents of Victor IV accused "Sicilians" of receiving the bribes from the king William I of Sicily and the anti-Imperial cities of Brescia, Milan and Piacenza. They ostensibly made an oath not to vote for any candidate outside their circle.


1159 papal election, Divisions in the Sacred College
On the other hand, "Sicilians" accused imperialists of hatching a plot with the imperial envoy Otto von Wittelsbach, who was present at Rome at the time of the election and gave the significant support to Victor IV in taking control over the Patrimony of St. Peter. It is known that the secular adherents of Cardinal Ottaviano de Monticelli, who was related to the powerful family of the counts of Tusculum, were prepared for the armed confrontation in Rome. Evidently, neither party was prepared for compromise.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Alexander III
The cardinals assembled in the Vatican Basilica on 4 September, three days after the death of Adrian IV. They had decided that, according to the custom, the election should be unanimous to be valid. It seems that the candidature of Bernard of Porto, recommended by Adrian as acceptable for both factions, had never been even advanced. Both parties put forward candidates mutually unacceptable: the imperial party proposed Ottaviano de Monticelli, while "Sicilians" proposed chancellor Rolando. The cardinals discussed for three days without achieving a compromise.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Alexander III
However, the "Sicilian" party was able to join all the neutral cardinals and probably detached also some members of the imperial faction. On the fourth day (7 September), Cardinal Rolando of Siena was proclaimed pope by them and took the name Alexander III, although the unanimity had not been achieved and some cardinals still opposed his candidature. According to the manifest of Alexandrine party of October 1159 and an account of Cardinal Boso, on that day Rolando received the votes of all cardinals assembled except three: those of Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, Giovanni of SS.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Alexander III
Silvestro e Martino and Guido of S. Maria in Trastevere. Then supporters of Rolando recognized that “It seemed inappropriate that ... the apostolic see ... should remain any longer without a ruler because of the contentiousness of the aforesaid [three] men”. On the other hand, the opposite party claimed that Ottaviano had still nine votes, and that the "Sicilian" party, having majority, simply broke the rule that required unanimity for the valid election.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Alexander III
However, the version of the imperial cardinals is believed to be less reliable than the version of the Alexandrine party, even if the latter may be also not fully accurate; based on the subscriptions of the manifests of both parties issued shortly after the election, it is possible to assume that at least twenty-three electors voted for Rolando, and no more than six opposed him.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Victor IV
The electors of Cardinal Rolando, immediately after proclaiming him Pope, attempted to place upon him the purple mantle which symbolized the assumption of the papal office, but then the election entered the tumultuous stage. Cardinal Ottaviano Monticelli snatched the mantle from Alexander’s back and his armed bands burst into the basilica. Alexander III and his supporters fled to the citadel of St. Peter, which was in the hands of Cardinal Boso. In their absence, the few cardinals who remained in basilica elected Ottaviano of S. Cecilia to the papacy and enthroned him as Victor IV.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Election of Victor IV
The exact number of his electors is not known, but there are good reasons to believe that it was six, including Ottaviano himself, since only five cardinals signed the manifest in his favour in the following month. However, it is possible that some additional cardinals participated in the election of Victor IV but very quickly joined the obedience of Alexander III.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Consecration of Alexander III
Pope Alexander III remained in the citadel for a week until he was rescued and escorted from Rome by Odo Frangipane, and on September 18 he was eventually bestowed with the purple mantle. On 20 September at the small village of Ninfa, south-east of Velletri, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and crowned by Cardinal Odone Bonecase, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. On 27 September he excommunicated Victor IV and his adherents.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Consecration of Victor IV
Victor IV was consecrated on 4 October in the abbey of Farfa by Cardinal-Bishop Imar of Tusculum, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, assisted by the bishops Ubaldo of Ferentino and Riccardo of Melfi. With the armed assistance of Otto von Wittelsbach and his own armed groups in relatively short time he took control over the City of Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter, while Alexander III took refuge in the territory of the Kingdom of Sicily, and later in France.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Manifests of both factions in October 1159
Both rivals together with their adherents defended the legality of their elections. In October 1159 cardinals of both obediences produced the manifests to the Emperor Frederick in favour of their elects. The “Alexandrine” manifest was subscribed by twenty three cardinals, while that of Victorine faction only by five. Supporters of Victor IV, admitting that they were in minority, justified their action by the fact that the opposite faction broke the rule of unanimity and – in consequence – the election of Rolando was invalid. The opposite party claimed that the principle of unanimity had been breached by the obstructive conduct of merely three cardinals of the Imperial faction, who stubbornly refused to recognize the candidate desired by the rest of the Sacred College.


1159 papal election, Proceedings, Final division of the Sacred College of Cardinals in October 1159
Simeone Borelli joined the obedience of Alexander III already at the end of 1159. Raymond of S. Maria in Vi Lata did the same between February and April 1160. Besides, at the end of 1159 Victor IV created at least three new cardinal-deacons: Bernard of SS. Sergio e Bacco, Giovanni of S Maria in Aquiro and Lando of S. Angelo, while Alexander III appointed on February 18, 1160 cardinal-deacon Milo of S. Maria in Aquiro.


1159 papal election, Schism
Both popes sent their legates to the Catholic kingdoms in order to secure their recognition. At the council of Pavia in February 1160 Emperor Frederick I declared himself in favour of Victor IV, and the episcopate of the Empire followed him, with the significant exception of archbishop of Salzburg Eberhard I von Hilpolstein-Biburg and his suffragans. King Valdemar I of Denmark also gave his support to Victor IV, but the primate of Denmark archbishop Eskil of Lund became partisan of Alexander III. It seems that Poland also supported Victor IV.


1159 papal election, Schism
The rest of Europe, namely France, England, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Scotland, Hungary, Sicily and the Latin territories in Outremer, recognized Alexander III as true Pope, even if in some of these countries there were a significant Victorine minorities in episcopates or among feudal rulers. The papal schism in Europe was now a fact.


1159 papal election, Schism
The unity of the Church had been restored only after eighteen years, when Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and Pope Alexander III signed a Treaty of Venice (1 August 1177); shortly thereafter the pro-imperial pope Callistus III (successor of Victor IV) abandoned his claims to the papacy and submitted to Alexander III (29 August 1178). Victor IV and his successors Paschal III (1164–68) and Callistus III (1168–78) are now regarded as antipopes by the Catholic Church, while Alexander III is recognized as legitimate successor of St. Peter the Apostle.


1159 papal election, Aftermath
The election of 1159 and the subsequent schism showed the necessity of amending the rules concerning papal elections. The decree Licet de evitanda discordia issued by the Third Lateran Council in 1179 abolished the rule of unanimity in favour of the rule of the majority of two thirds. The decree confirmed also that all three orders of the College of Cardinals (bishops, priests and deacons) are equal in the papal elections. Although the practice allowing the participation of cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons on equal rights with cardinal-bishops had been introduced no later than in the papal election, 1118, the decree In Nomine Domini (1059) conferring the special electoral rights on the cardinal-bishops had never been formally revoked up to that time.


115P/Maury
115P/Maury, is a periodic Jupiter-family comet, discovered on August 16, 1985, from the Palomar Observatory by Alain Maury. When the comet was first announced on 1985 September 6, the confirmation came quickly from other observers located at the Palomar Observatory. To the initial announcement of the comet, several confirmations were announced in multiple different reports were compiled by S. Singer-Brewster, D. Schneeberger, and M. Gallup that found the 15th-magnitude trail of the comet on a plate exposed with the 0.46-m Schmidt telescope. These came from the staff at Palomar Observatory, who used the 1.5-m reflector and a CCD to detect the comet. The comet was continued to be followed and detected, leading to Scientist giving the comet a 8.6 to 8.8 orbital period.


115man Kilo no Film
"115man Kilo no Film" (115万キロのフィルム, lit. "1.15 Million Kilometres of Film") is a song recorded by Japanese band Official Hige Dandism from their first studio album Escaparade, released on April 11, 2018. The song was featured as a theme song for live-action film adaptation of the manga Love Me, Love Me Not. It peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.


115man Kilo no Film, Composition and lyrics
"115man Kilo no Film" is composed in the key of E-flat major, 97 beats per minute with a running time of 5 minutes and 24 seconds. Written and composed by vocalist/pianist Satoshi Fujihara, the song is described by the band as the desire to not forget the time to live with the people we care about as much as possible while sharing any minor anxiety and happiness together.


115man Kilo no Film, Music video
The live version video of the song was released on April 5, 2019 and directed by Akitaka Deguchi. It is taken from Higedan Acoustic One-Man Live 2018 –Autumn– Live DVD. As of September 2021, it has over 43 million views on YouTube. On July 11, 2020, the short version video of the song was released by Toho YouTube channel, contains scenes of the female protagonist Akari Yamamoto from live-action film of the manga Love Me, Love Me Not.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
The 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA), raised as part of the Territorial Army (TA) just before the outbreak of World War II. It served in the Battle of France and the Burma Campaign, and in the postwar TA.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin
The TA was doubled in size after the Munich Crisis in 1938, with many existing units forming duplicates of themselves. The 60th (North Midland) Field Regiment, RA, achieved this by separating its 239th (Leicestershire) and 240th (Nottinghamshire RHA) Batteries to form a new 115th Field Regiment, RA. Prior to joining the 60th in 1921 these batteries had been the Leicestershire Royal Horse Artillery and Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery respectively. The new unit established its Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) at Leicester on 5 May 1939 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Maurice Simpson, who had previously been the commander of 239 Fd Bty.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin
It took on the role of an Army Field Regiment in Northern Command. (For some reason the new regiment initially took the battery numbers 238 and 240, even though the original 238 had been a Lincolnshire battery based at Grimsby. The logical numbering was only restored by an order of the Adjutant-General's office on 11 August 1941.)


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin
The establishment of a field regiment at this time was two batteries each of three troops of four guns, giving a total of 24 guns. These were still World War I 18-pounders re-equipped with pneumatic tyres and towed by motor tractors.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
When the TA was mobilised in late August 1939, 115th Army Field Regiment was at its annual training camp at Bridlington; it returned to Leicester to mobilise, 238 Bty at the Brazil Street Garage and 240 Bty at Avenue Road School, shortly afterwards moving to the Leicestershire County Cricket Club ground at Aylestone Road. After six weeks the regiment had grown to a strength of 31 officers and around 620 other ranks (ORs), and on 13 October it moved to Quebec Barracks at Bordon Camp.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
On 2 March 1940 the regiment, with its Light Aid Detachment (LAD) of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) and Signal Section of the Royal Corps of Signals, began moving by road to Southampton to embark for France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The guns and vehicles were loaded into the SS Clan MacAlister, which sailed on 4 March while the advance party of personnel boarded the SS Ben-my-Chree.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
The rear party went by train to Southampton to embark on the SS Ulster Prince on 8 March, and by 10 March the whole regiment was concentrated in billets at Yvetot. It then moved by stages to Mesnil-Martinsart where it joined the BEF and began intensive training, moving to Bapaume in mid-April.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
As an army regiment, 115th Fd Rgt was part of the General Headquarters (GHQ) Reserve, attached to 2nd Division in I Corps from 24 April. When the 'Phoney War' ended with the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May, the regiment had just moved up to the Belgian frontier and been given an anti-tank (A/T) role, for which it was digging defences.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
The BEF abandoned the frontier defences and followed the pre-arranged Plan D, advancing into Belgium to take up positions along the Dyle. 115th Army Fd Rgt crossed into Belgium on 15 May with 48th (South Midland) Division, the reserve formation for I Corps, via Waterloo and Denderwindeke. By dawn on 18 May it was deployed alongside 18th Fd Rgt of 2nd Division to cover Enghien. However the collapse of the Dutch forces and the German Army's rapid breakthrough in the Ardennes soon threatened the BEF's positions and it began to withdraw to the Escaut. Early on 19 May the regiment crossed back across the Escaut and the guns were dug in near St Maur to support 48th (SM) Division, which had been working on the Escaut defences.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
The German Army Group B began its attacks on this position on 20 May. 115th Army Fd Rgt came under fire from 07.00, one gun position of A Troop quickly receiving a direct hit and suffering casualties, 240th Fd Bty replying in support of 7th and 8th Battalions Royal Warwickshire Regiment of 143 Bde from 11.00. The regiment established a joint Observation Post (OP) with 1st Heavy Regiment in the church steeple of St Maur.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
The guns of 48th Division and its neighbour, 2nd Division, were heavily engaged, breaking up several attempts to cross the river, though by nightfall the enemy had driven the Royal Warwicks out of Calonne. Enemy firing went on all day, by the end of which B and C Troops had each lost two guns, and F Trp one. During the night the area was taken over by troops of 2nd Division, though 8th Royal Warwicks remained in the line. 2nd Division grouped 115th Army Fd Rgt with its own 10th Fd Rgt.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
Next morning the full German attack began as they established small bridgeheads near Calonne. Lieutenant-Colonel Simpson gathered stragglers from the Royal Warwicks and sent them to join a company of 2nd Dorsetshire Regiment, the support battalion positioned next to his D Troop. The regiment received urgent messages from the infantry that all possible fire was needed to suppress the German mortars and machine guns.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
Despite the church tower coming under fire the OP successfully picked out specific targets: one machine gun position was destroyed by just four rounds, while an enemy OP in a chimney was engaged with Shrapnel shell by D Troop. The bridges between Calonne and Antoing were targeted, and enemy infantry concentrating for an attack were dispersed by shellfire. One infantry unit sent back a message to the gunners, 'Thank God for you', and the Commanding Officer (CO) was congratulated on the regiment's shooting by the CO of the 1st Royal Scots. However, by the end of the day the ammunition position was very bad, many vehicles had been put out of action by enemy fire, and F Troop had lost all its guns. The regiment was ordered to withdraw in the dark to previously-chosen positions in the rear.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
By now the German forces to the south had reached the coast and the BEF was cut off from the rest of France. On 22 May 2nd Division and 115th Army Fd Rgt were switched to the 'Canal Line' facing southwest. All the regiment's remaining vehicles were packed, many of the men riding on the roofs and trailers. Next day the regiment was established in A/T positions, with 238 Bty (6 serviceable guns) covering the La Bassée Canal and 240 Bty (7 serviceable guns, including 2 borrowed from 238 Bty) defending I Corps HQ at Armentières.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
On 24 May, 238 Bty was switched to Mont Kemmel, but two guns went missing in the confusion. The four remaining guns were deployed facing north and west to hold off enemy tanks; there were no infantry present, but that day and the next were quiet. The gunners dug their guns in, established motor patrols, manned infantry posts and prepared Molotov cocktails to use against enemy tanks, while the retreating BEF streamed past its positions.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
By now the decision had been made to evacuate the BEF through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo) where a bridgehead was being organised, and the 'pocket' began to shrink as units were pulled back to the port. On 28 May RHQ and 238 Bty were ordered to abandon their guns after removing the sights and breech blocks and make their way to Dunkirk. Not being formally part of any formation, the army field regiments largely had to fend for themselves during the retreat. Once within the perimeter the men of 115th Fd Rgt immobilised their vehicles and joined the throngs awaiting evacuation.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
They were taken off the Dunkirk Mole early on 29 May on various ships that landed at different ports in Southern England, one party even being taken to Cherbourg before crossing safely to England. On arrival in Dover, Lt-Col Simpson volunteered to return to Dunkirk to help organise the evacuation, but permission was refused.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
Meanwhile, the detached 240 Bty had taken over positions at Armentières from 115th Fd Rgt's parent 60th (NM) Fd Rgt. The town was being bombed and on 26 May the battery pulled back with I Corps HQ, reaching Uxem by the end of 27 May, where it took up A/T positions. On 29 May it was ordered to join 1st Division at Bray-Dunes. It drove through enormous traffic jams, having to leave two guns bogged down by floodwater at the Canal de Bergues.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
The remaining guns were dug in to defend the Dunkirk perimeter and all personnel not required at the guns were sent to the beach for embarkation. The battery positions were heavily shelled on 31 May. As the pocket shrank, three guns were ordered back to new positions, the other three were destroyed and the crews evacuated. Early on 1 June it was reported that 1st Division had  withdrawn past the gun positions towards Dunkirk and the remaining men of 240 Bty were evacuated that morning, reaching Dover at 09.50.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
The two missing guns from C Trp, under 2nd Lieutenants E.B. Loveluck and John Caven, had found themselves at Merville bridge, north of Béthune, with 6th King's Own (a GHQ pioneer battalion). Cavan emplaced his 18-pounder in a garden covering the approach to the village. A column of tanks appeared, with crews dressed in French uniforms. But they were Germans who opened fire on the gun positions, setting fire to the gun tractors. However, the first shot from the 18-pounder in the garden destroyed the leading Panzer.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France
When two more appeared the gunners blew the turret off one and the second crashed into it and caught fire. In the smoke and confusion another two Panzers appeared, but the gun crew set the first of these on fire and achieved a hit on the second. Three men of the 18-pounder crew were wounded in the engagement and one died; Cavan was captured while evacuating them to a Casualty Clearing Station. Meanwhile, Loveluck's gun was in a nearby woodyard, where he organised some of the King's Own to cover the guns. This gun prevented anyone crossing the canal. The Commander, RA, of 2nd Division believed that this section's action with the King's Own had saved the situation. Loveluck and Caven were awarded the Military Cross (MC).


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
After evacuation the men were scattered at reception centres all over England and Wales – 240 Battery HQ reached the Anti- Aircraft training camp at Aberporth – but by mid-June most of the regiment and its signal section had concentrated at the Showground Camp at Okehampton in Devon, from which it moved to Leicester and was billetted in the Highfields area. Equipment was very scarce, particularly field guns, so I Corps artillery was to be deployed as lorry-borne infantry to counter possible paratroop attacks, but  the corps artillery was abolished shortly afterwards and 115th


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
Fd Rgt was sent to North Cave in East Yorkshire to form an A/T battery and a static beach defence battery in Northern Command. Detachments were then sent to man old static and mobile guns in Eastern Command at London (A Trp at C1 Bty) and at Chatham (B Trp at C2 Bty), Ashford (C Trp at C4 Bty)  and the Isle of Sheppey (E and F Trps at C6 Bty) in Kent while the rest of the regiment was reduced to a training cadre of 5 officers and 100 ORs to train reinforcement drafts. In mid-July this group was sent to form two infantry units based at Godinton Park in Kent and Gatwick Aerodrome in Sussex. As the regiment left North Cave the band was presented with new instruments by the CO's mother to replace those lost at Dunkirk.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
RHQ with the Signal Section and LAD were established at Godington Park, where C4 and C6 mobile batteries were also based, and the regiment sent a detachment to take over X Static Bty at Whitstable, Pegwell Bay and Kingsdown on the Kent coast. It came under the command of 1st London Division, holding the vital East and South-East corner of England in Eastern Command. The regiment had to exchange some of its BEF veterans with inexperienced men from 148th (Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Fd Rgt, and in September the Signal Section was posted away to 147th (Essex Yeomanry).


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
Meanwhile, RHQ and the cadre moved to Horsmonden and Maidstone and continued training large intakes of recruits and constructing defences. The Battle of Britain was being fought overhead, and some casualties were suffered from bombing. In the beginning of November most of the recruits had completed at least four weeks' training, and large numbers were drafted to form 910, 911, 912 and 913 Home Defence Btys in a new 3rd Defence Rgt RA, others went to 1st and 2nd Defence Rgts, while drafts of 20–30 men went to each of 1st London Division's artillery regiments. 115th Fd Rgt took on two more large intakes of recruits, who were posted to the same regiments after a month.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
At the beginning of December, 115th Fd Rgt was able to begin reforming its original batteries and troops as men returned from detachment to the defence batteries. It moved to Seaford, East Sussex, and then to Great Yarmouth in Norfolk on 31 December, where it was attached to the newly-formed Norfolk County Division in II Corps, with the CO acting as Commander RA (CRA) for the division and establishing HQRA for the division at Norwich. The regiment took over from 148th Fd Rgt in beach defences and positions covering Royal Air Force airfields at Horsham St Faith and Swanton Morley.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
It finally received eight field guns, even though these were US-built French 75mm guns of World War I vintage with four Portee lorries and four 15-hundredweight towing trucks. RHQ was established at Loddon, 238 Bty at Gt Yarmouth and 240 Bty at Gorleston, later at Drayton. RHQ also had 902 Defence Bty and D Bty of 57th (Newfoundland) Heavy Rgt. Once in position, the regiment was ordered by HQRA to 'dig like badgers'.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
It had been planned for some time that field regiments would adopt an organisation of three eight-gun batteries, but shortages meant that in most units this reorganisation was not completed for many months. In February 1941, 115th Field Regiment organised itself into 238 (239 from August 1941), 240 and 480 Fd Btys, with 75 men drafted from 902 Defence Bty to make up the numbers required. Training continued throughout the spring and summer of 1941 as equipment slowly arrived.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
In October 1941 the regiment changed from a static role in the Norfolk Division to a mobile one in the Lincolnshire County Division in I Corps: in the event of invasion the batteries were to support the reserve battalion of each brigade in a counter-attack role. RHQ moved to Louth and later to Sleaford, and the batteries attended a practice camp at Redesdale Camp. When the county divisions were disbanded in December, 115th Fd Rgt transferred to the command of 48th (SM) Division, supporting 143 Bde once more. Then on 22 February 1942, 115th Fd Rgt mobilised with its Signal Section and LAD as part of the War Office Reserve, preparatory to proceeding overseas  It sailed for India shortly afterwards, and disembarked at Bombay on 19 May 1942.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Home Defence
During 1942 the regiment gained the subtitle 'North Midland' held by its parent unit, 60th (NM) Fd Rgt.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, India and Ceylon
On arrival in India the regiment moved to Bangalore and joined 19th Indian Division, but within a month transferred to 20th Indian Division and moved with that formation to Ceylon, where it stayed in garrison for over a year.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, India and Ceylon
On 27 November 1943 the regiment returned to Bangalore in India, where it soon rejoined 19th Indian Division, which had been assigned to South East Asia Command (SEAC) for the forthcoming Burma Campaign 1944–45. It spent the early part of 1944 in divisional artillery practice shoots and combined operations exercises in preparation for planned amphibious landings (Operations Bullfrog and Culverin). These were scrapped, and 19th Indian Division was made available for the land campaign to reconquer Burma after the Battles of Imphal and Kohima.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, India and Ceylon
On 6 June 1944 Lt-Col Simpson left the regiment to go to 50th RA Reserve Regiment (Field), and was succeeded by Lt-Col Ronald Nicholson, who had previously been chief instructor of the Officer Cadet Wing of the School of Artillery at Deolali. Nicholson had experience of jungle fighting in the Arakan Campaign 1942–43, and concentrated on training the regiment for close shooting at ranges of 150 yards (140 m) or so.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
It was not until 26 September 1944 that the regiment began the move to the Burma frontier, the vehicles and guns driving 2,400 miles (3,900 km) across India, with the remaining personnel going by train. It was concentrated at the Manipur Road by 26 October. Operation Capital to clear Japanese forces from Northern Burma began in November, and as 19th Indian Division marched towards Indaw it was supplied by air to reduce the reliance on inadequate lines of communication through the malarial jungles. The divisional artillery had to lend its vehicles to help the infantry forward.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
By mid-December the division's leading brigades had seized Pinlebu and crossed the Chindwin River, followed by the divisional artillery, who had to repair the track (renamed 'Artillery Way') before they could get their guns forward and then cross the river by a single heavy raft. From there Japanese resistance stiffened as the division advanced south towards Shwebo. On 26 December Lt-Col Nicholson reported that 239 Fd Bty had fired the regiment's first rounds in anger since leaving Dunkirk.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
The regiment then pushed on in support of 98th Indian Infantry Brigade, leapfrogging forward by batteries, constantly in action against Japanese rearguards, but having to conserve ammunition because it all had to be air-dropped. Often the OPs had to climb trees to get any view. On 3 January the CO was leading the OP parties forward when they got in front of the leading infantry and his jeep came under fire.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
Protected by an improvised armoured windscreen of teak and bricks, Nicholson and Driver Bennett returned fire with Sten guns (which both jammed) and grenades while Nicholson's batman, Gunner Francis Alderson, unhooked the trailer so that the jeep could reverse out of the ambush (for which Gnr Alderson was awarded the Military Medal (MM)). The OPs then called down a fire mission from 240 Field Battery that completely smashed the Japanese position before the infantry arrived.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
19th Indian Division pushed on to seize the airfields round Shwebo and prepared to cross the Irrawaddy River. 98th Indian Bde, accompanied by 115th Fd Rgt and some anti-tank and light anti-aircraft guns and mortars, established its own bridgehead across the river at Thabeikkyin, with the gunners digging in and arranging booby-traps to defend the gun area perimeter while rafting a few guns across. The brigade then organised a striking force including 240 Fd Bty to destroy the Japanese bridgehead at Kabwet.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
Although restricted to eight rounds per gun per day, the 25-pounders were used effectively in a direct fire ('bunker-busting') role. The gunners also conducted deep patrols in an attempt to locate enemy gun positions. By the end of January the whole Japanese force was behind the Irrawaddy and its efforts to destroy the British bridgeheads were failing.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
On 25 February 19th Indian Division broke out of its bridgeheads with the task of advancing to Mandalay. It made rapid progress and by 5 March was deployed along the Chaungmagyi Chaung. Here the commander, Maj-Gen Thomas 'Pete' Rees, formed 'Stiletto Force' to strike across the chaung as soon as the engineers had bridged it; 240 Fd Bty formed part of this force. Stiletto Force made rapid progress, scattering surprised Japanese troops, and by 06.15 on 8 March 240 Fd Bty opened fire on Mandalay Hill.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
The rest of the regiment followed, fighting a 'spirited' infantry battle as it came into action 4,000 yards (3,700 m) from the city. The artillery reconnaissance parties attacked Japanese rearguards while RHQ engaged them with rifles and 25-pounder airburst shells as they fled. Stiletto Force soon captured the northern slopes of Mandalay Hill, while 98 Bde and 480 Fd Bty cleared Madaya and then moved fast to join Stiletto force. The Japanese on Mandalay Hill fought on until 13 March; the first British officer to reach the summit was Captain D. Hine of 480 Fd Bty.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
Meanwhile, the rest of the divisional artillery had been bombarding Fort Dufferin, and although the 23 feet (7.0 m) high wall was breached on 9 March the first assault was repulsed, as were repeated attempts over successive days, despite bombardment by guns and aircraft. Eventually, during the night of 19/20 March the surviving members of the garrison broke out into the town, where most were killed or captured, a FOO of 240 Bty being killed in the hand-to-hand fighting. 115th Field Rgt's Tactical HQ captured some abandoned Japanese tanks.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
Once Mandalay was secured, 19th Indian Division was released to reinforce the British forces fighting round Meiktila. Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholson left on 14 April under the 'Python' scheme of home leave for personnel who had been in the theatre for long periods, he was succeeded in command by Maj Denham Foxon, one of the regiment's original officers who had been second-in-command since July 1942. Nicholson was awarded an 'immediate' Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his leadership at the ambush, the Irrawaddy bridgehead and the capture of Mandalay.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
19th Indian Division began to clear the Toungoo–Mawchi road, but the fighting was tough and it took seven days to capture 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of road. 115th Field Regiment was pulled out for rest from 19 May to 3 June, when it was ordered back to the Mawchi road. It came into action alongside 62nd Indian Infantry Brigade in a very open position on a ridge, with the guns wheel to wheel. The exposed regiment came under enemy shellfire and an ammunition lorry was hit.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
Battery Sergeant Major Norman Brummell led a party to clear the ammunition, which they did despite being surrounded by bursting charges. Just as they completed the job, BSM Brummell and others were hit by a Japanese shell and were killed. Later, BSM Leonard Hayes dragged a blazing limber full of ammunition away from the tightly-packed gun position of 480 Bty. Both Hayes and (posthumously) Brummell were awarded the MM.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Burma Campaign
The regiment was pulled back to Kywebwe on 8 July to take part in the final battle of the attempted Japanese break-out: the regiment's 'FOOs in Air OP aircraft did immense execution, which turned to slaughter'. When the Surrender of Japan occurred on 15 August, 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment was still at Kywebwe. Shortly afterwards 19th Indian Division was amalgamated with another division and disbanded. At the end of September, 115th (NM) Fd Rgt moved down to Rangoon. It was then placed in suspended animation and the men boarded the SS Jan de Witt for home.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment was reformed at Leicester as 315 (North Midland) Medium Regiment in 86 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar
In 1950 it was amalgamated into 350 (South Notts Hussars Yeomanry) Heavy Rgt, RA. That unit in turn amalgamated in 1955 with 528 (West Nottinghamshire) Light Anti- Aircraft Rgt and 577 (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Light Anti- Aircraft/Searchlight Rgt to form 350 (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Light Rgt, RA.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar
When 350 Light Rgt was converted into Royal Engineers (RE) on 1 May 1961, the Leicester elements (R Bty) separated from the Nottinghamshire elements and regained their old number to become 115 (Leicestershire) Field Park Squadron, RE, in 140 Corps Engineer Regiment, RE.


115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar
The TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) on 1 April 1967, when 115 Fd Park Sqn was absorbed into The Royal Leicestershire Regiment (Territorials).


115th Airlift Squadron
The 115th Airlift Squadron (115 AS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard 146th Airlift Wing located at Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Oxnard, California. The 115th is equipped with the C-130J Hercules.


115th Airlift Squadron
The 115 AS is the oldest unit in the California Air National Guard, having almost 90 years of service to the state and nation. It is a descendant organization of the World War I 115th Aero Squadron, established on 28 August 1917. It was reformed on 16 June 1924, as the 115th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
The 115th Airlift Squadron traces its origins to the 115th Aero Squadron, organized at Kelly Field, Texas on 28 August 1917. It was formed from three groups of recruits, one from Fort McDowell, Santa Rosa, California, made up of men from the Pacific Coast States. The second group came from Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas, made up of men from Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. The third, and largest group reported from Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri, and with it came recruits from the Mississippi Valley.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
At Kelly Field, the recruits were indoctrinated into the ways and means of the Army. Orders for the unit to serve overseas were received on 14 October, and with five other squadrons, the 115th departed on 31 October for the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island, arriving on 31 October. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
On 3 December, orders were issued for the 115th to move to the New York Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey, where the men boarded the SS Huron, an impressed German ship that was used as a troop transport. After an uneventful cross-Atlantic voyage, the squadron arrived at St. Nazarire, France, on 20 December. The squadron was moved to a troop train and headed immediately for Tours Aerodrome, in central France.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
At Tours, the 115th was assigned to the 2d Air Instructional Center as a Supply Squadron. The men were assigned to warehouse duties, storing new equipment and all manner of supplies that arrived at the Center, and issuing and delivering the necessities of operating the Center to the various units and divisions of the station. The squadron was tasked in maintaining accurate inventory records and advising the Commander of shortages and ordering additional or new equipment from Depots in France. The 115th was also responsible for the operation of the various mess halls, with squadron members acting as cooks, bakers and performing dish washing duties.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
After the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November, some men of the squadron were assigned to transportation and convoy duty, driving trucks performing collection of equipment from front-line units and also moving personnel back from the lines. The 636th Aero Squadron (renamed 1 February 1918) returned to the United States in late March 1919. It arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California National Guard
Established by the Militia Bureau on 5 April 1924, which authorized the immediate organization of the 115th Observation Squadron, 40th Division of Aviation, California National Guard. Initially the Unit held its meetings at Clover Field, Santa Monica, using Reserve Equipment planes for flying. Later on, the Squadron met at the National Guard Armory and also at the University of Southern California. In 1925, several months after its organization, the Squadron moved to permanent quarters at Griffith Park Aerodrome in Los Angeles.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California National Guard
On 3 June 1931, the 115th Squadron participated in the National Air Corps maneuvers. Each airplane of the 115th Squadron that participated in the maneuvers had flown approximately one hundred hours including time from Griffith Park Aerodrome to Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, and return. Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General Douglas MacArthur, commended the officers of the Aviation unit of the California National Guard, for the efficient manner in which they performed the work that was assigned to them during the National Air exercises at Dayton. The unit demonstrated a high degree of training and morale which placed them on an equal footing with the National Air Corps.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
In 1941, the Guard's 115th Observation Squadron was federalized into the United States Army Air Corps, assigned to the Fourth Air Force and sent to Sherwood Field, Paso Robles in northern San Luis Obispo County. The field was named for Captain George Sherwood, the first commander of the Guard's 115th Observation Squadron. Sherwood was killed in 1935 while flying civilian mail near Burbank, ironically crash-landing in a cemetery. The squadron was the first military group to occupy Sherwood Field. The 115th included many photographers from southern California, some associated with the movie industry in civilian life. Sometimes Hollywood starlets would be brought to Paso Robles to entertain the troops. After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, the 115th flew antisubmarine patrol missions along the California coastline from several airfields in Southern California.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Moved to Laurel Army Airfield, Mississippi in November 1942 and began training for combat reconnaissance duties, later becoming an Operational Training Unit (OTU). Deployed to the China-Burma-India Theater (CBI), becoming part of Tenth Air Force in India during November 1944. Re -designated as the 115th Liaison Squadron, performed liaison and light reconnaissance flights over eastern India and Burma for American and British ground forces, then being reassigned to Fourteenth Air Force in China during July 1945. Continued flights over western China until the Japanese surrender in August, remained in China until October 1945 when the 115th returned to India and was demobilized.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard
A few months after being demobilized, the 115th Liaison Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 115th Bombardment Squadron (Light). It returned to California state control, in the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Van Nuys Airport, California on 16 September 1946. The 115th Bombardment Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 115th Liaison Squadron. The squadron was equipped with A-26 Invaders and was assigned to the 146th Fighter Group, also at Van Nuys Airport by the National Guard Bureau.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard
As part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the squadron trained for tactical bombing missions and air-to-air combat. The unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951 for duty in the Korean War. It was sent to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, and became a Tactical Air Command training squadron for pilots flying the B-45A Tornado jet bomber. It was released from active federal duty and returned to California state control on 11 December 1952.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Air Defense
After the Korean War, the squadron was equipped with the long-range F-51H Mustang and became a part of Air Defense Command. In February 1954, it was equipped with F-86A Sabre jet interceptors. By July 1955 the transition from the F-51H Mustang to the F-86A Sabre was complete. The squadron was re-designated a Fighter Interceptor unit with an air defense mission for the Los Angeles area. During the 1950s, the squadron received newer F-86F Sabres in 1957 and later F-86H Sabre day interceptors in 1959.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Strategic Airlift
In 1960, the 115th parent 146th Airlift Wing was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engine C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was re-designated the 146th Air Transport Wing (Heavy). During the Berlin Crisis the Wing, including the 115th, were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Van Nuys, the 115th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to California state control on 31 August 1962. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
The C-97s were retired in 1970 and the unit was transferred to Tactical Air Command. It transitioned to the C-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1973 the C-130A models were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and they were replaced by the C-130B. During this period, both the 115th and its sister squadron, the 195th Tactical Airlift Squadron shared the same pool of aircraft.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
With the end of the Vietnam War, the California National Guard bureau decided to downsize the 146th Tactical Airlift Wing. With C-130s units being transferred to Military Airlift Command, the junior 195th TAS was inactivated on 30 September 1974. The personnel, equipment and aircraft of the 195th TFS were reassigned to the 115th TAS.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In the early 1970s, USAF's "Total Force" policy brought the wing into full partnership with its Air Force counterparts by mandating co-operation and teamwork between Air Guard and active duty Air Force units in all phases of military airlift operations. As a result, in succeeding years the wing's C-130s traveled to all corners of the world, airlifting troops, passengers, and cargo during training missions, exercise deployments, and real-world military operations to support Federal and State military airlift requirements.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
The 146th is one of only four C-130 Air Guard and AF Reserve units whose contribution to the nation's aerial fire fighting capability includes equipment and techniques for efficient, effective suppression of large wildland fires from the air.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
Since 1974, using the Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System (MAFFS) units supplied by the U.S. Forest Service and mounted in four C-130s, the wing's aerial fire fighting crews have been credited with saving many lives and countless millions of dollars worth of structures, forests, and brush land in California, and many other States and countries as well, taking part in over 5,000 aerial firefighting missions in California and across the Western United States saving valuable property, natural resources, and lives. The fire seasons of 1993 and 1994 were the worst on record.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
The Malibu fires of 1993 literally burned to the edge of the 146th AW's base. But it was in 1994, with over 55,000 wildfires raging throughout the western States, that the 146th, along with three other MAFFS-equipped guard and reserve units flew nearly 2,000 missions, dropping fifty-one million pounds of fire retardant.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
The 146th TAW and its subordinate units participated in numerous Cold War military exercises such as Team Spirit, Volant Oak, Red Flag, and Reforger. Other Joint Chief of Staff exercises included "Ember Dawn IV" in Alaska and "Brave Shield" in Europe. In 1979, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve assumed full responsibility for airlift operations in Panama, which recently moved to Puerto Rico, a commitment still fulfilled.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In mid-December 1989, and continuing for several weeks, wing aircraft, air crews, and support personnel on deployment for exercise Volant Oak at Howard AFB, Canal Zone, Panama, flew combat airlift missions for U.S. Southern Command during Operation "Just Cause" in Panama. More than 100 combat sorties were flown by 146th aircraft and crews, with no casualties or damage to aircraft.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift
In December 1988, after more than six decades of Air National Guard flying tradition in the San Fernando Valley, the 146th Airlift Wing began moving from Van Nuys to a brand new facility, built on Federal land leased to the State of California, adjacent to the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, an active duty Navy flying installation. The 146th operates from the military airfield at the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, along with Navy and other Federal aviation activities. By March 1990, all but a small remnant of wing personnel had transferred operations to Channel Islands ANG Station. Shortly thereafter, the old Van Nuys facility was closed and turned over to the City of Los Angeles. On 30 April 1990, the flag at Van Nuys ANG Base was lowered for the last time during a special ceremony.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
In August 1990, the world was moving swiftly toward armed confrontation in the Persian Gulf. By late January 1991, the 146th Airlift Wing had provided U.S. Central Command and U.S. Air Forces in Europe more than 650 personnel, voluntarily and involuntarily activated, who participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Aircraft and air crews from the 115th Airlift Squadron flew two-month-long tours of duty in Operation Volant Pine, a backfill of military airlifters to Europe by Air National Guard C-130s.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, California Air National Guard, Modern era
In 1997, wing members deployed in excess of 10,000 days supporting State and Federal missions. During the period the unit played critical roles in support of DoD missions deploying to Oman and Saudi Arabia in support of Southern Watch, and in peacetime humanitarian airlift and aerial fire fighting, among the many missions accomplished by the wing during the award period.


115th Airlift Squadron, History, Lineage
* * This unit is not related to another 115th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in March 1918 at Kelly Field, Texas.


115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF
The 115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force.