118 WallyPower, Popular culture
The 118 WallyPower has appeared in popular UK car programme Top Gear - where it was compared with a Pagani Zonda S Roadster - as well as the movie The Island.


1180
Year 1180 (MCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1180 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1180 kHz: 1180 AM is United States clear-channel frequency; Class A status is held by WHAM in Rochester, New York.


1180 AM
1180 AM is the frequency used by Radio Martí, reportedly operating with 100,000 watts from a transmitter in Marathon in the Florida Keys. Because it is owned and operated by the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors, Radio Martí is not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission, and has no call letters. It is subject to jamming from Cuba where its directional antenna is pointed. As a consequence, other stations on 1180 in North America may experience interference at night from the jamming stations of Cuba.


1180 Peachtree
1180 Peachtree, commonly known as the Symphony Tower, is a 41-story skyscraper located at 1180 Peachtree Street in the Midtown district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Rising to a height of approximately 657 feet (200 m), the building includes office and retail space in its 624,996 sq ft (58,064 m2) of floor area as well as a 1,200 space parking deck. Construction was completed in 2006.


1180 Peachtree
Designed by architectural firm Pickard Chilton of Connecticut, 1180 Peachtree incorporates various environmental innovations that achieved the prestigious U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold certification. This building is marked on the skyline by two sweeping glass fins extending upwards from the north and south walls. These fins are illuminated from inside at night for a dramatic skyline presence, giving what is considered to be a Gothic feel.


1180 Peachtree
Kendall/Heaton Associates, Inc., Houston, TX served as the Architect of Record for 1180 Peachtree. Turner Construction was the construction manager for the project.


1180 Peachtree
Over 60% of the tower's leasable space is occupied by Atlanta-based law firm King & Spalding as its international headquarters. The firm was previously located in downtown's 191 Peachtree Tower.


1180 Peachtree
The building is intended to be the campanile of the Woodruff Arts Center's proposed Atlanta Symphony Center, which is designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and was planned to occupy land adjacent to the structure along 14th Street. The $300 million Symphony Center will not begin construction until fundraising goals are met.


1180 Rita
1180 Rita, provisional designation 1931 GE, is a dark and spheroidal Hildian asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 97 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 April 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Any reference of its later name, Rita, is unknown.


1180 Rita, Orbit and classification
Rita belongs to the orbital Hilda group which is located in the outermost part of the main-belt. Asteroids in this dynamical group have semi-major axis between 3.7 and 4.2 AU and stay in a 3:2 resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Rita, however, is a background asteroid and not a member of the (collisional) Hilda family (101). Hildian asteroids are thought to have originated from the Kuiper belt.


1180 Rita, Orbit and classification
The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.4–4.6 AU once every 7 years and 12 months (2,906 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.


1180 Rita, Orbit and classification
It was first observed as A907 GG at Heidelberg in 1907. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in 1908, when it was identified as A908 KA, approximately 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1180 Rita, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomy, Rita is a dark and reddish P-type asteroid. The P-type asteroids are some of the darkest objects in the Solar System.


1180 Rita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Since 1983, several rotational lightcurves of Rita have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a wide range of divergent rotation periods between 9 and 20.5 hours. The Light Curve Data Base adopts a period of 13.090 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.06 magnitude. Bodies with such a low brightness variation are typically of a spherical rather than elongated shape. The lightcurve was obtained in January 2017, by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Center for Solar System Studies in California (U=2).


1180 Rita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Rita measures 97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.041 and 0.058. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous, outer main-belt asteroids of 0.057, and calculates a diameter of 82.72 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 9.14.


1180 Rita, Naming
Any reference of this minor planet's name to a person or occurrence is unknown.


1180 Rita, Naming, Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Rita is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).


1180s
The 1180s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1180, and ended on December 31, 1189.


1180s BC
The 1180s BC is a decade which lasted from 1189 BC to 1180 BC.


1180s in England, Incumbents
Monarch – Henry II (to 6 July 1189), Richard I


1180s in art
The decade of the 1180s in art involved some significant events.


1180s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1180s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1180s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1181
Year 1181 (MCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1181 Lilith
1181 Lilith (prov. designation: 1927 CQ) is a metallic asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 February 1927, by Russian–French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, Northern Africa, and named after French composer Lili Boulanger.


1181 Lilith, Classification and orbit
Lilith is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the middle asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,587 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. First observed as A914 BA at Simeiz Observatory in 1914, Lilith's observation arc begins 7 years after its official discovery observation, with its first used observation made at Konkoly Observatory in 1934.


1181 Lilith, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer for French composer Marie-Juliette Olga Lili Boulanger (1893–1918), younger sister of the noted conductor and composer, Nadia Boulanger. Her byname "Lili" originates from Lilith, Adam's first wife in Jewish mythology (H 110).


1181 Lilith, Physical characteristics
Lilith is an X-type asteroid in the Bus–Binzel SMASS taxonomy. It has also been classified as a P-type asteroid by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).


1181 Lilith, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Lilith was obtained by Italian astronomer Andrea Ferrero at the Bigmuskie Observatory (B88) in Mombercelli, Italy. The photometric observations rendered a period of 15.04±0.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 in magnitude (U=2).


1181 Lilith, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to NASA's WISE telescope with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lilith measures (20.492±0.276) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.106±0.011), while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10, and calculates a diameter of 24.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.2. The WISE team also published an alternative mean-diameter (22.133±0.254 km) and an albedo of (0.116±0.022).


1181 papal election
The 1181 papal election followed the death of Pope Alexander III and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius III. This was the first papal election celebrated in accordance with the decree Licet de evitanda discordia, promulgated in the Third Lateran Council in 1179, which established that the pope is elected by a majority of two thirds votes.


1181 papal election, Licet de evitanda discordia
The double papal election, 1159, which resulted in the election of Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164), created a schism in the Catholic Church that lasted almost twenty years (until 1178). The schism was a result of the rules concerning the papal elections, which required unanimity among the electors for a valid election. In 1159 the cardinals were unable to achieve compromise and divided into two parties, and each of them elected their own pope. In August 1178 Antipope Callixtus III, the successor of Victor IV, finally submitted to Alexander III.


1181 papal election, Licet de evitanda discordia
In the following year Alexander III celebrated the Third Lateran Council, which promulgated the decree Licet de evitanda discordia. To avoid schism in the future, the decree established that the pope is elected with the majority of two thirds, if unanimity cannot be achieved. It confirmed also that the cardinals are the sole electors of the pope. Both these rules are still in force today, with a two-thirds plus one provision added by Pope Pius XII to allow for a winning candidate voting for himself.


1181 papal election, Licet de evitanda discordia
The decree Licet de evitanda discordia was very successful – from 1179 there was no antipope for almost 150 years (until 1328).


1181 papal election, Election of Lucius III
Pope Alexander III died on August 30, 1181 in Civita Castellana. Two days later, on September 1, 1181, the cardinals assembled at Rome (probably at Lateran or Vatican Basilica) and unanimously elected the senior member of the Sacred College, Cardinal Ubaldo of Lucca, Bishop of Ostia and Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He took the name Lucius III. On September 6, 1181 he was crowned by Cardinal Teodino of Porto at Velletri.


1181 papal election, Cardinal-electors
There were probably 27 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1181. Based on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1181 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 19 cardinals participated in the election:


1181 papal election, Cardinal-electors
Thirteen electors were created by Pope Alexander III, four by Pope Adrian IV, one by Pope Innocent II and one by Lucius II.


1181st Forward Support Company
"Fenway Company" the 1181st Forward Support Company (later I Co, 250th SB) is the forward support company (FSC) for the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment. It provides transportation, maintenance and logistical support to the battalion operations. In the National Guard, companies sometimes have two histories. They share the history of the regiment to which they are assigned, but also have a unique company history and lineage. The 1181st FSC, for example, shares the history of the 181st Infantry Regiment.


1181st Forward Support Company
The company traces its history to the end of the Revolutionary War when it was first mustered as the 5th company of the 8th Regiment of Massachusetts Militia. It saw action in the Civil War as part of the 15th Massachusetts Infantry. It later served during the Spanish–American War, Mexican Border Campaign, World War I and World War II.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, Formation and Civil War
The company was first formed during the late Revolutionary War as the 5th Company, 8th Regiment of Mass. Militia.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, Formation and Civil War
The company served in the Civil War with the 15th Mass. Infantry. On July 12, the regiment was mustered into the United States service with under Major Charles Devens Jr. It was mustered out on 21 July 1864 in Worcester, MA.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, National Guard and overseas service
Mobilized for service in the War with Spain on 13 May 1898. The company served with in the United States and was mustered out of service on 21 January 1899.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, National Guard and overseas service
The land forces of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia were redesignated as the Massachusetts National Guard on 15 November 1907.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, National Guard and overseas service
In June 1916 the company was sent to the Mexican Border as part of the 5th Mass. Infantry. The 5th Mass. served on the Mexican Border at El Paso, Texas.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War I
On 22 August 1917 the company was mobilized as an element of the 101st Supply Train, a part of the 26th Division, at Camp Bartlett, Massachusetts. In France the Company served in all of campaigns of the Yankee Division


1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War I
The unit was demobilized 29 April 1919 at Camp Devens, Massachusetts. It was reorganized 15 March 1920 at Fitchburg, Massachusetts and reorganized 1 September 1920 as the 1st Supply Train.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War I
The unit was reorganized and redesignated 30 September 1921 as the 26th Division Train. The unit was reorganized and redesignated 26 May 1936 as Company C, 101st Quartermaster Regiment, an element of the 26th Division.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II
The company was mobilized in January 1941 for one year of training with the Yankee Division. The year of training ended in December 1941 but the company's service continued after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the Second World War.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II
The 101st Quartermaster Regiment reorganized 12 February 1942 as follows:


1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II
Company C, 101st Quartermaster Battalion was reorganized and redesignated 10 April 1943 as the 125th Quartermaster Company and assigned to the Americal Division, inactivated 10 December 1945 at Seattle, Washington.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II
The 114th Quartermaster Battalion was reorganized and redesignated as the 26th Quartermaster Company, an element of the 26th Infantry Division; inactivated 3 January 1946 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, World War II
The 26th and 125th Quartermaster Companies were consolidated, reorganized and redesignated 21 January 1947 as the 26th Quartermaster Company Framingham, Massachusetts, an element of the 26th Infantry Division. The Company served through the Cold War.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, Later service
The unit was reorganized and redesignated 1 March 1988 as Company B, 726th Support Battalion. It was reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1992 as Company B, 114th Support Battalion.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, Later service
The unit was reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1996 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 101st Quartermaster Battalion and consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 26th Infantry Division Support Command, redesignated as the 126th Support Battalion on 23 February 2007.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, Later service
In 2008 redesignated at the 1181st Forward Support Company and assigned in direct support to the 1st Battalion 181st Infantry Regiment.


1181st Forward Support Company, History, Later service
In 2019 redesignated as I Co 250th Support Battalion and assigned in direct support to the 1st Battalion 181st Infantry Regiment.


1182
Year 1182 (MCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1182 Ilona
1182 Ilona, provisional designation 1927 EA, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 3 March 1927, and later named Ilona. Any reference to its name is unknown.


1182 Ilona, Classification and orbit
Ilona orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,241 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A915 RD at Bergedorf Observatory in September 1915. The body's observation arc, however, begins at Heidelberg one night after its official discovery observation.


1182 Ilona, Naming
Any reference to a person or occurrence of this minor planet's name is unknown. The name was suggested by German astronomer Gustav Stracke.


1182 Ilona, Naming, Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Ilona is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).


1182 Ilona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and shape
Three rotational lightcurve of Ilona were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 29.8 hours (including an alternative period solution 14.938 hours, or half the period) with a brightness variation of 0.98 to 1.20 magnitude (U=2/2/2). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape.


1182 Ilona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ilona measures between 12.67 and 17.88 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.175 and 0.2957. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2039 and calculates a diameter of 14.09 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.


11824 Alpaidze
11824 Alpaidze, provisional designation 1982 SO5, is a stony background asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1982, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for Soviet General Galaktion Alpaidze.


11824 Alpaidze, Orbit and classification
Alpaidze is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,563 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1978 WV1 at Palomar Observatory in November 1978. The body's observation arc, however, begins with its official discovery observation.


11824 Alpaidze, Naming
This minor planet was named after Georgian-born Soviet Lieutenant General Galaktion Alpaidze (1916–2006), Hero of the Soviet Union and laureate of the USSR State Prize. He was the head of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the 1960s and 1970s, where space crafts were tested. During his supervision, the Cosmodrome became the world's most active launch site in the world. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59385).


11824 Alpaidze, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In September 2009, two rotational lightcurves of Alpaidze were obtained from photometric observations made by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory, California. The fragmentary lightcurves gave a rotation period of 4.1157 and 4.1146 hours with a brightness variation of 0.05 and 0.06 in magnitude, respectively (U=1/1).


11824 Alpaidze, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) albedos for unknown asteroids in the 2.6–2.7 AU region of the main-belt – and calculates a diameter of 4.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.7.


1183
Year 1183 (MCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1183 Jutta
1183 Jutta, provisional designation 1930 DC, is a dark Nysian asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 22 February 1930. Any reference of its name to a person is unknown.


1183 Jutta, Classification and orbit
This asteroid is a member of the Nysa family (405), the largest asteroid family that can be divided further into subfamilies with different spectral properties. Jutta orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,344 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, six days after its official discovery observation.


1183 Jutta, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
In March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Jutta was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens at his Santana Observatory (646) and Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 212.5±5.0 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude (U=2). During the same period, French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini obtained a provisional period of 36 hours, which is now considered incorrect.


1183 Jutta, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
While most asteroid have a rotation period between 2 and 20 hours, Jutta is a slow rotator, approximately among the Top 250 slowest ones known to exist. Also, no evidence of a tumbling motion has been found.


1183 Jutta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Jutta measures between 19.65 and 25.165 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.045.


1183 Jutta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a higher albedo of 0.0609 and consequently a shorter diameter of 17.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.


1183 Jutta, Naming
This minor planet is named after a common German female name. Any reference of this name to a person or occurrence is unknown. The name was suggested by Gustav Stracke.


1183 Jutta, Naming, Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Jutta is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).


1184
Year 1184 (MCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1184 (album)
1184 is the third studio album by Windir, released in 2001. Valfar  composed this album with the band Ulcus. Departing from the sound Windir is normally known for, it nevertheless kept its folk elements, albeit with inspiration from electronic music. This release provoked divided reactions, with some praising it as a great Windir album which reached new creative heights, while others felt consternation at the departure of the sound for which Windir was recognised and admired in black metal circles. The art used in the album cover is a painting by Norwegian artist Johan Christian Dahl called Winter at the Sognefjord.


1184 Gaea
1184 Gaea, provisional designation 1926 RE, is an Aerian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the goddess of Earth, Gaea (Gaia), from Greek mythology.


1184 Gaea, Orbit and classification
Gaea is a member of the small Aeria family (539), named after its parent body 369 Aeria. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,592 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.


1184 Gaea, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in November 1925, more than 2 months after its official discovery observation.


1184 Gaea, Physical characteristics
The asteroid's spectral type is unknown. The LCDB assumes a stony (S) or carbonaceous (C) composition to be equally likely, while the overall spectral type for members of the Aeria family is that of an X-type. The high albedo figures obtained from observations with the WISE telescope do not agree with neither of these spectral types (see below).


1184 Gaea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Gaea was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 2.94 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=2). A low brightness amplitude also indicates that the body might have a spheroidal rather than an irregular shape.


1184 Gaea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gaea measures 11.783 and 12.048 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.462 and 0.4512, respectively.


1184 Gaea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroids, both found abundantly in this region of the asteroid belt – and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 26.52 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.


1184 Gaea, Naming
This minor planet was named after Gaia (or Gaea), the goddess of Earth in Greek mythology. Her son and husband was Uranus, the god of the sky. Uranus and Gaia were the parents of the first generation of Titans (six males and six females), and the ancestors of most of the Greek gods. The asteroid's name was proposed by German ARI-astronomer Gustav Stracke after whom the asteroid 1019 Strackea was named.


118401 LINEAR
118401 LINEAR, provisional designation 1999 RE70, is an asteroid and main-belt comet (176P/LINEAR) that was discovered by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) 1-metre telescopes in Socorro, New Mexico on September 7, 1999. (118401) LINEAR was discovered to be cometary on November 26, 2005, by Henry H. Hsieh and David C. Jewitt as part of the Hawaii Trails project using the Gemini North 8-m telescope on Mauna Kea and was confirmed by the University of Hawaii's 2.2-m (88-in) telescope on December 24–27, 2005, and Gemini on December 29, 2005. Observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope have resulted in an estimate of 4.0±0.4 km for the diameter of (118401) LINEAR.


118401 LINEAR
The main-belt comets are unique in that they have flat (within the plane of the planets' orbits), approximately circular (small eccentricity), asteroid-like orbits, and not the elongated, often tilted orbits characteristic of all other comets. Because (118401) LINEAR can generate a coma (produced by vapour boiled off the comet), it must be an icy asteroid. When a typical comet approaches the Sun, its ice heats up and sublimates (changes directly from ice to gas), venting gas and dust into space, creating a tail and giving the object a fuzzy appearance.


118401 LINEAR
Far from the Sun, sublimation stops, and the remaining ice stays frozen until the comet's next pass close to the Sun. In contrast, objects in the asteroid belt have essentially circular orbits and are expected to be mostly baked dry of ice by their confinement to the inner Solar System (see extinct comet).


118401 LINEAR
It is suggested that these main-belt asteroid-comets are evidence of a recent impact exposing an icy interior to solar radiation. It is estimated short-period comets remain active for about 10,000 years before having most of their ice sublimated away and going dormant.


118401 LINEAR
Eight other objects are classified as both periodic comets and numbered asteroids: 2060 Chiron (95P/Chiron), 4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P/Wilson–Harrington), 7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P/Elst–Pizarro), 60558 Echeclus (174P/Echeclus), (323137) 2003 BM80 (282P/2003 BM80), (300163) 2006 VW139 (288P/2006 VW139), (457175) 2008 GO98 (362P/2008 GO98), and (248370) 2005 QN173 (433P/2005 QN173). As a dual-status object, astrometric observations of 118401 LINEAR should be reported under the minor planet designation.


118401 LINEAR
118401 LINEAR last came to perihelion on 2017 March 12.


1185
Year 1185 (MCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1185 East Midlands earthquake
The 1185 East Midlands earthquake happened in England. It is the first earthquake in England for which there are reliable reports indicating damage. The moment magnitude of the shock was estimated to be above 5.0 and its intensity was placed at VII (Damaging) on the European macroseismic scale.


1185 East Midlands earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake of 15 April 1185 in the region of East Midlands was one of the largest and most damaging earthquakes the British Isles had ever encountered. The magnitude has been estimated at around 5 Mw. Some think the epicentre of the earthquake was close to  Nottingham in East Midlands. The epicentre has also been suggested to be in or around Lincolnshire. However, it could possibly be anywhere from Dogger Bank to the East Midlands. Some references talk of the earthquake happening somewhere offshore in the North Sea east of northern England; its effects may have been felt as far away as Norway.


1185 East Midlands earthquake, Earthquake
The historian Matthew Paris did not report it as being felt in London. His history records show that the first major earthquake in England since 1133 was the one of 13 February 1247.


1185 East Midlands earthquake, Damage
There are reports of complete villages being totally demolished, including the villages of Raleigh and Danethorpe. The hamlet of Grimston, now referred to as Wellow, may also have suffered damage, but that is debatable as the land was used for expansion of Rufford Abbey, and there is confusion as to what actually happened to the small hamlet.


1185 East Midlands earthquake, Damage
Masonry houses were knocked down completely, which indicates an intensity of more than VII EMS at certain locations. Ralph of Diceto reported in writings done in London that it struck in northern England and that "in some places buildings were destroyed". There are also reports that stones were split ("petrae enim scissae sunt"); stone houses were knocked down; and that parts of Lincoln Cathedral were brought down. The damage to Lincoln cathedral has been a controversial issue because it cannot be determined to what extent the earthquake damaged it and what parts fell on their own due to poor construction. The city of Lincoln was reported to have been damaged by the earthquake.


1185 Nikko
1185 Nikko, provisional designation 1927 WC, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1927 by Okuro Oikawa at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Japan. The asteroid was named after the Japanese city of Nikkō.


1185 Nikko, Orbit and classification
Nikko orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. Nikko's observation arc begins with its first used observation taken at Johannesburg Observatory in 1930, or 3 years after its official discovery observation at Tokyo.


1185 Nikko, Physical characteristics
In both the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, Nikko is a common stony S-type asteroid.


1185 Nikko, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Between 2004 and 2011, several rotational lightcurves of Nikko were obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomers Laurent Bernasconi, Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa, John Menke, Robert Stephens, as well as at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 3.781 and 3.792 hours with a brightness variation between 0.26 and 0.50 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3-/2/2).


1185 Nikko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Nikko measures 8.347 and 12.56 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.370 and 0.164, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.35 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.09.


1185 Nikko, Naming
This minor planet was named for the Japanese city of Nikkō, located in the Tochigi Prefecture of central Japan. The tourist resort is known for its Shinto shrine and a UNESCO World Heritage Site Nikkō Tōshō-gū. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 110).


1185 papal election
The 1185 papal election (held November 25) was a convoked after the death of Pope Lucius III. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Uberto Crivelli of Milan, who took the name of Urban III.


1185 papal election, List of participants
There were probably 26 cardinals in the Sacred College at the death of Lucius III. Basing on the countersigning of the papal bulls between November 11 and December 16, 1185 the list of his electors is reconstructed as follows:


1185 papal election, List of participants
Ten electors were created by Pope Lucius III, five by Pope Alexander III and two by Pope Adrian IV.


1185 papal election, Absentee cardinals
Four absentees were created by Alexander III, three by Lucius III, one by Adrian IV and one by Pope Lucius II.


1185 papal election, Death of Lucius III and the election of Pope Urban III
Pope Lucius III died at Verona on November 25, 1185 at very advanced age. On that same day, eighteen cardinals present on his deathbed started proceedings to elect his successor. Majority of them came from Northern Italy and formed a radically anti-imperial faction, while more moderate cardinals (mostly Romans) were absent. In such circumstances, Northern Italian cardinals quickly secured the election of their candidate Uberto Crivelli of Milan. He was unanimously elected within a few hours after the death of Lucius III, and took the name of Urban III. He was crowned at Verona on December 1, 1185. After his election to the papacy, he retained the administration of the metropolitan see of Milan.


1186
Year 1186 (MCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1186 Turnera
1186 Turnera, provisional designation 1929 PL, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 August 1929, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was later named after British astronomer Herbert Hall Turner.


1186 Turnera, Classification and orbit
Turnera is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main-belt with nearly 10,000 known members. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. Turnera was first identified as 1919 SE at Simeiz Observatory in September 1919. This observation, however, remains unused and the body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg with its official discovery observation in 1929.


1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Turnera is a common, stony S-type asteroid. In the SMASS classification, it is a Sq-type that transitions to the Q-type asteroids. Generically, Eoan asteroids are also characterized as K-type asteroids with an albedo of 0.13.


1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In January 2016, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Turnera was obtained from photometric observations by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS, Observadores de Asteroids. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.085 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 magnitude (U=3). Previously, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained a similar period of 12.066 hours and an amplitude of 0.34	magnitude at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado (U=2+).


1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Other lightcurve observations were made by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi (15±2 hours; Δmag of 0.25; U=2+) in February 2006, and by Italian astronomer Maria A. Barucci (12.010 hours; Δmag of 0.20; U=2) in August 1987.


1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Turnera measures between 34.290 and 39.691 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.12 and 0.2919.


1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2919 and a diameter of 35.56 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.20.


1186 Turnera, Physical characteristics, Naming
This minor planet was named after British astronomer Herbert Hall Turner (1861–1930), director of the Radcliffe Observatory at University of Oxford. He is also credited with coining the term "parsec". The official naming citation was published in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 110).


1187
Year 1187 (MCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1187 Afra
1187 Afra (prov. designation: 1929 XC) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Germany astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 6 December 1929. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 14.1 hours and measures approximately 32 kilometers (20 miles) in diameter. The origin of the asteroid's name remains unknown.


1187 Afra, Orbit and classification
Afra is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,567 days; semi-major axis of 2.64 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in January 1930, seven weeks after its official discovery observation.


1187 Afra, Naming
It is not known to what person, group of persons, or occurrence the name "Afra" refers to.


1187 Afra, Naming, Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Afra is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).


1187 Afra, Physical characteristics
The lightcurve of Afra shows a periodicity of 14.09±0.02 hours, during which time the brightness of the object varies by 0.40±0.02 in magnitude.


1188
Year 1188 (MCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1188 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1188 kHz:


1188 Gothlandia
1188 Gothlandia, provisional designation 1930 SB, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was later named after the ancient name of the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia.


1188 Gothlandia, Discovery
Gothlandia was discovered on 30 September 1930, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. It was independently discovered by Soviet Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on 17 October 1930, and by K. Nakamura at Kyoto Observatory, Japan, on 18 October 1930. The Minor Planet Center, however, only credits the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as A917 SK at Simeiz in September 1917.


1188 Gothlandia, Orbit and classification
Gothlandia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,184 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Barcelona in 1930.


1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Gothlandia is a stony S-type asteroid, which corresponds to the overall spectral type for Florian asteroids.


1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
Several rotational lightcurves of Gothlandia have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1990s. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 3.4916 hours with a brightness variation of 0.81 magnitude (U=3). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates a non-spherical shape.


1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
Modeled lightcurves using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a concurring period 3.491820 hours. In 2013, another modeled lightcurve obtained form photometric data collected by the Catalina Sky Survey also determined a spin axis of (334.0°, −84.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gothlandia measures between 11.19 and 14.255 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2065 and 0.41.


1188 Gothlandia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2631 and a diameter of 12.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.59.


1188 Gothlandia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, by its ancient, per-medieval name Gothlandia ("Land of the Goths"). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 110).


1188 in Ireland, Deaths
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11885 Summanus
11885 Summanus (prov. designation: 1990 SS) is a dark asteroid and large near-Earth object of the Apollo group. It was discovered by astronomers with the Spacewatch programm at Kitt Peak Observatory on 25 September 1990. The object has a rotation period of 7.3 hours and measures approximately 1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles) in diameter. It was named after Summanus, the Roman deity of nocturnal lightning and thunder.


11885 Summanus, Discovery and naming
Summanus was discovered on 25 September 1990, by Spacewatch survey at the Kitt Peak Observatory, southwest of Tucson, Arizona, United States. It was the first fully automatic discovery of a near-Earth asteroid. The name Summanus is symbolic of the discovery of the asteroid by software running on a (lightning-fast) computer.


11885 Summanus, Orbit
The orbit is well-established with over 20 years of observations. Summanus orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 0.9–2.5 AU once every 2 years and 3 months (812 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.47 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic.


11885 Summanus, Orbit
The closest approach to the Earth in the years 1900–2200 is 0.102 AU (15,300,000 km; 9,500,000 mi) on 17 March 1991, and 17 March 2011. For comparison, the distance to the Moon is about 0.0026 AU (390,000 km; 240,000 mi).


11887 Echemmon
11887 Echemmon /ɪˈkɛmɒn/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 31 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 October 1990, by German astronomers Freimut Börngen and Lutz Schmadel at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 8.5 hours. It was named after the Trojan hero Echemmon from Greek mythology.


11887 Echemmon, Orbit and classification
As all Jupiter trojans, Echemmon is in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.


11887 Echemmon, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7–5.7 AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,309 days; semi-major axis of 5.18 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic.


11887 Echemmon, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in November 1954, nearly 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tautenburg.


11887 Echemmon, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan prince Echemmon, one of the many sons of King Priam of Troy. He was slain together with his brother Chromius by Diomedes, king of Argos, during the Trojan War. The name was suggested by the first discoverer, Freimut Börngen, and published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42361).


11887 Echemmon, Physical characteristics
Echemmon is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.


11887 Echemmon, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Echemmon was obtained over three nights of photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.47±0.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=2).


11887 Echemmon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Echemmon measures 31.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.095, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 38.51 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.


1189
Year 1189 (MCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In English law, 1189 - specifically the beginning of the reign of Richard I - is considered the end of time immemorial.


1189 Terentia
1189 Terentia, provisional designation 1930 SG, is a carbonaceous Terentian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 56 kilometers in diameter and the namesake of its family. The asteroid was discovered by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on 17 September 1930.


1189 Terentia, Classification
Terentia is the namesake of the Terentia family (618), a small asteroid family of less than a hundred known members of a carbonaceous C-type composition orbiting in the outer main-belt.


1189 Terentia, Orbit
Terentia orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.3 AU once every 5.01 years (1,832 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz, 5 days after its official discovery observation.


1189 Terentia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, is classified as a Ch-type, a hydrated subtype of the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.


1189 Terentia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Lidiya Terent'eva (1879–1933), female collaborator at the Simeis Observatory.


118P/Shoemaker–Levy
118P/Shoemaker–Levy (also known as periodic comet Shoemaker–Levy 4) is a comet discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy.


118P/Shoemaker–Levy
During the 2010 apparition the comet became as bright as apparent magnitude 11.5.


118P/Shoemaker–Levy
The comet nucleus is estimated to be 4.8 kilometers in diameter.


118P/Shoemaker–Levy
On December 3, 2015, comet Shoemaker–Levy 4 will pass 0.0442 AU (6,610,000 km; 4,110,000 mi) from asteroid 4 Vesta.


118P/Shoemaker–Levy
This comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (D/1993 F2) which spectacularly crashed into Jupiter in 1994.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF
The 118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. In the early months of the war, Canadians rushed to enlist for various reasons - patriotism, adventure, and to oppose German hostility. Battalions were quickly filled and local communities were proud of their enlisted men. But as the war progressed Canadian recruitment numbers declined. By 1916, all Canadian Battalions, not just the local 118th and 111th, were faced with enlistment challenges. Overseas casualties increased and Canadians began to realize the war would not end soon.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF
As the war progressed and Waterloo County came under more scrutiny, Waterloo North Member of Parliament William Weichel proposed to Sir Sam Hughes, the Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence, that Waterloo County could raise two overseas battalions. Colonel A.J. Oliver, commander of the 34th Battalion in nearby Guelph, was one of the few who opposed this idea, realizing that it would be a very difficult undertaking. Hughes agreed and in December 1915 the creation of two infantry battalions was authorized - one based in Berlin and one in Galt.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF
Based in Kitchener, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in the northern portion of Waterloo County. After sailing to England in January 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 25th Reserve Battalion on February 6, 1917.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF
The 118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant Colonel William Merton Overton Lochead.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF
The battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History
Waterloo County's first militia unit, the 29th Waterloo Battalion of Infantry, was formed in 1866. The battalion's headquarters was in Berlin, with six companies located throughout the County. In 1900 the battalion was reorganized as the 29th Waterloo Regiment of Infantry and its headquarters were moved to nearby Galt. Not to be outdone, Berlin's citizens campaigned for a city regiment of their own. It was not until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 that Berlin was finally allowed to form a city militia regiment: the 108th.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History
Neither the 29th nor the 108th were authorized to go overseas to fight in Europe. Instead, they encouraged recruits to join the newly created Canadian Expeditionary Force battalions, in particular the 34th being raised in Guelph, and the 71st in Woodstock. In March 1915, Galt's Colonel Andrew Oliver of the 29th Regiment was made the commander of the 34th Battalion in Guelph. Oliver had 19 years of military experience and took more than 140 men from Galt with him to join the 34th. He was the most experienced military leader in Waterloo County at the time.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History
The First World War created conflict among the citizens of Waterloo County. Not only were residents divided by ethnicity - German and British - but longstanding civic rivalries between Berlin (now Kitchener) and Galt (now Cambridge) increased the tension. This friction resulted in Waterloo Country attempting to raise two overseas battalions - the 118th in North Waterloo based in Berlin, and the 111th South Waterloo stationed in Galt.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Recruitment tactics
Both the 118th and 111th Battalions and local citizens' recruiting committees used various methods to attract new recruits: speeches and recruitment rallies were frequently held at local movie theatres; military parades and drills were held in public areas in the hope that civilians would be inspired to enlist; posters were hung throughout each recruitment area; ads and articles were run in local newspapers, and recruiters visited homes, work places and local businesses to encourage individuals to enlist. When none of that proved successful, aggressive tactics were used.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Recruitment tactics
Members of the 118th were known for harassing civilians on the street and for dragging men unwillingly to the local recruiting office, ultimately harming recruitment. Members of the Twin Cities Trade and Labour Council were so outraged by the actions of the 118th that in early 1916 they passed a resolution requesting that Berlin City Council stop payments to the recruitment fund. They also demanded that if the tax-payers are insulted, molested and interfered with in future, that Major General Sir Sam Hughes be requested to remove the 118th Battalion from Waterloo County.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Recruitment tactics
The 118th Battalion faced low enlistment rates because good paying factory jobs in Berlin and Waterloo were plentiful, and men did not want to give them up. Part of the battalion's recruitment area was rural, and farmers were essential to the war effort. A large population of Mennonites opposed to the war also lived in the recruitment district. Recruitment occurred in competition with other local units: the 111th, the 34th and the 71st Battalions. Yet, Lieutenant-Colonel Lochead managed to enlist about 700 men.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Recruitment tactics
After the 118th arrived in Carling Heights in London, Ontario, in May, 1916, further problems arose. Instead of proceeding overseas as expected, the soldiers of the 118th spent the summer of 1916 training at the newly built Camp Borden, just South-West of Barrie. In August, around half of the 118th's soldiers disappeared on "harvest furloughs". 92 of them did not return, and were classified as deserters. In September, 12 officers resigned from the 118th and the battalion was reduced from four to two companies - around 540 men. With more than 800 men, the 111th Battalion was moved overseas in September 1916. The 118th Battalion was sent overseas in January, 1917.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
Clashes between local citizens and soldiers in the 118th Battalion increased in early 1916. While recruiting in Berlin during early 1916, the 118th Battalion created problems for local citizens and city council. Local businesses and homes were vandalized, a policeman was injured and the mayor was assaulted. In February and March 1916, numerous soldiers of the 118th, plus a few civilians, held a series of raids in Berlin and Waterloo. Their targets were local businesses - Schultz's shoe repair, Ritzer's tailor shop and Doersam's bookstore, that had German-made items on display.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
A portrait of Kaiser Wilhelm I was "captured" at Schultz's store. It was later smashed over the head of a local civilian who protested the soldiers' actions. The homes of civilians were also broken into, with property destroyed by members of the 118th. Julius Luft received a letter of apology from Lieutenant-Colonel Lochead for the "unbecoming manner" is which his soldiers behaved after they broke into Luft's home. Four incidents in particular increased tensions in the city and created hostility toward the soldiers.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
1) Rev. Tappert: On March 5, 1916, Reverend C. Reinhold Tappert was dragged from his home and beaten by a group of soldiers from the 118th Battalion. Tappert, an American, was the pastor at Berlin's St. Matthew's Lutheran Church. His numerous pro-German remarks - "I am not ashamed to confess that I love the land of my fathers - Germany" - caused a great uproar in the city. Two soldiers, Sergeant Major Granville Blood and Private Schaefer - received suspended sentences for the assault. Tappert resigned from St. Matthew's and returned to the United States. During the first few months of the war, services and activities at Lutheran churches in Waterloo County continued on as they always had. However, as anti-German sentiment increased throughout Waterloo County, many of the churches decided to stop holding services in German.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
2) The Concordia Raid: The Condordia Singing Society was founded as a choral group in 1873 by German immigrants. The group was instrumental in organizing the Sangerfests or singing festivals for which Waterloo County had become famous in the late 1800s. In May 1915, members of the Concordia Club unanimously decided to close their doors for the duration of WWI. Stored in their hall was the bust of Kaiser Wilhelm I which had been retrieved after being thrown in the lake at Victoria Park in August, 1914.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
On the evening of February 15, 1916, members of the 118th Battalion broke into the club, stole the bust and smashed many of the club's possessions. Furniture, German flags, sheet music and pictures were all destroyed in a large bonfire on the street. On February 16, 1916, members of the 118th stole the medallions from the base of the Peace Monument in Victoria Park, where the bust of Kaiser Wilhelm I had previously been.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
3) Waterloo's Acadian Club: During the summer of 1916, the 118th soldiers were at it again. After a recruiting rally held in Waterloo's town square, about 30 members of the battalion broke into the Acadian Club on King Street in Waterloo. The Acadian was a social club for single and married men of German background. Once again, the club's possessions were damaged or destroyed. Club president, Norman Zick, seemed particularly shocked - by July 1916 roughly half of the club's members had already enlisted, many in the 118th. He also stated that the Club, since the beginning of the war has been very patriotic, always welcoming soldiers in their midst, and never giving cause for offense to anyone.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
Both raids on these local German clubs were investigated by military authorities. The clubs asked for damages - around $300 in each case - to be paid by the army. The court found that the Concordia club had not been closed as claimed and that conditions were allowed to prevail in Berlin that loyal British citizens found impossible to tolerate. It concluded that since both soldiers and civilians were equally responsible for damages, members of the 118th who participated in the raid would not be charged. The Acadian club did not receive much better news.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
The court found that the 118th soldiers were responsible for the damage but that the battalion should not pay in case further ill-feeling might be engendered. The bill for the damages was ultimately sent to the Department of Justice who replied that the claim cannot be entertained. Similar claims in Calgary, Winnipeg and others were also not entertained, as the Minister of Justice viewed that there is no legal responsibility on the part of the Crown.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
4) The final incident involving members of the 118th occurred during the newly named Kitchener municipal election held on January 1, 1917. The majority of the newly elected council had been opposed to the Berlin to Kitchener name change, and rumours spread that they would try to change "Kitchener" back to "Berlin". As a matter of patriotism, soldiers from the 118th championed the changing of Berlin to a new name. Soldiers from the 118th were in the city on Christmas leave during the election and did not take kindly to the rumour of reverting to the name Berlin.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
A riot broke out, led by Sergeant Major Blood. The Berlin News Record newspaper office was broken into and damaged. Two aldermen-elect - Nicholas Asmussen and H.M. Bowman - were beaten up. Members of the battalion were allegedly hunting for the new mayor, David Gross, throughout the city. Around 100 men from the 122nd Battalion stationed in Galt quickly arrived and stopped the riot. They escorted the 118th soldiers to the train station and remained on guard in Kitchener for the next few days as calm eventually returned.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
Even the local police had to be wary when dealing with the soldiers of the 118th. Police Constable Jim Blevins appeared at the barracks to serve a summons to Private Meinzinger for his assault on another citizen. Meinzinger punched Blevins, and rumours circulated that the policeman was not expected to live on account of a broken jaw bone. Blevins did survive; Meinzinger was charged and sentenced to 18 months in jail. Because of these and other incidents that occurred in Berlin, Mayor John Hett asked for a military investigation into the conduct of the 118th Battalion.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
This action made Mayor Hett very unpopular with the soldiers and with some city Councillors. The mayor was encouraged to avoid attending any rallies or other public engagements that involved the 118th Battalion. The soldiers did get their revenge by throwing sugar beets at Mayor Hett at the Kitchener train station. Two unidentified residents apparently had enough of the 118ths actions. On the evening of March 12, 1916, they took a shot at sentry Private J. Rich. The shot missed the private and the shooter took off in a waiting sleigh with another man. According to the city's Berlin News Record, everything possible is being done to run the thugs to earth.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, Hostility toward 118th Battalion soldiers in Berlin, Ontario, 1916-17
Not all interactions between the 118th soldiers and local citizens were negative. School children often visited the barracks and gave the soldiers oranges and eggs (Courtesy of the Mennonite Archives of Ontario/Gordon C. Eby Fonds).


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, The 118th in England, 1917
The 118th left for England in January, 1917. By all accounts, the voyage was uncomfortable, the food was awful and many soldiers suffered from seasickness. The threat from German U-boats - submarines - was a constant reminder of the dangers the soldiers were about to face. Beginning in 1917, Allied ships were painted with dazzle camouflage. Dazzle was designed to confuse the enemy about the size, shape and speed of the ship. Once in England, all new arrivals received a week's leave and a railway pass. Many chose to visit relatives in England. Others used the time to visit London's various attractions - the Houses of Parliament, museums, theatres and restaurants.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, The 118th in England, 1917
Once leave was over, the battalion was ready to complete its training. Poor barrack conditions, particularly the food, and strict British military discipline was a shock to the Canadian troops. Very few who enlisted in the CEF expected their battalions to be broken up and transferred to other units already in France and Belgium. This became common practice in late 1916, making the soldiers uneasy and negatively affecting morale. Of the more than 250 infantry battalions formed in Canada, only about 50 served in France, continually reinforced with soldiers from units newly arrived in England.


118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF, History, The 118th in England, 1917
Galt's 111th briefly served as a unit before being transferred to the 35th Reserve Battalion. The 118th never served as a group and the soldiers became part of the 25th Reserve Battalion in February, 2017. As such, Waterloo County soldiers were spread throughout various CEF units for the duration of the war.


118th Air Support Operations Squadron
The 118th Air Support Operations Squadron (118 ASOS) is a combat support unit of the North Carolina Air National Guard. it is located in Badin, North Carolina. The 118th ASOS provides Tactical Command and Control of air power assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations.


118th Air Support Operations Squadron, History
The 118th Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS) at the Stanly County Airport was originally formed as the 118th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (118th ACWS), of Charlotte, North Carolina. The Detachment of the squadron that would become the 118th ASOS was initially formed in Wadesboro, North Carolina, and designated Detachment A. While designated the 118th ACWS the unit was ordered to active duty during the Korean War with three squadrons of the Georgia Air National Guard on January 8, 1951.


118th Air Support Operations Squadron, History
On January 2, 1952, the 118th ACWS arrived in French Morocco, North Africa, and set up operations about 20 miles (32 km) from the city of Casablanca. Unit personnel calibrated numerous early warning radar sites for the Strategic Air Command in the Sahara, and in the Atlas mountains in Morocco. From October 8, 1952, until 1999 the unit functioned as a separate state of the art Communications Squadron. In 1999 the Air Force realizing a shortfall, chose to re-role the 118th Combat Communications Squadron into the 118th Air Support Operations Squadron. With this new mission the unit has gone from a front line communications unit to a unit in direct support of the Army war fighter. The 118th ASOS currently is tasked with supporting both the North and South Carolina Army National Guard units.


118th Airlift Squadron
The 118th Airlift Squadron (118 AS) is a unit of the Connecticut Air National Guard 103d Airlift Wing stationed at Bradley Air National Guard Base, Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The 118th is equipped with the C-21A Learjet and C-130H.


118th Airlift Squadron
The squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 118th Aero Squadron, established on 31 August 1917. It was reformed on 1 November 1923, as the 118th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
The 118th Airlift Squadron traces its origins to 1 September 1917 with the organization of the 118th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, Texas. The original members of the squadron had enlisted at Fort Slocum, New York. The men were placed into basic indoctrination training, with drill, fatigue duty, classroom training, and other things that are done in military training camps. During its time at Kelly Field, men were transferred in and out of the squadron, depending on their qualifications and the needs of other units in training.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
Once basic indoctrination training was completed, the 118th was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island on 3 January. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made. The stay at Garden City lasted ten days, when movement orders were received to report to the New York Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey. There, the squadron boarded the SS Kaiser Wilhelm II, on the 13th, a former German liner impressed into troop carrier duty by the United States.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
The crossing of the Atlantic was not without incident, as extremely heavy seas were encountered the fourth day at sea. The ocean was so rough that several sailors were thrown overboard. The ship was put about, but too sharply and the rudder jammed. Then followed several hours of terror for all aboard as the big ship wallowed about helpless in the rough ocean. The decks were ordered lighted for the first time and powerful searchlights swept the water for the men swept overboard.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
It was reported the next day that the ship was tossed about 41 1/2 degrees in the ocean. Trucks, furniture, loose equipment and men were thrown about and considerable damage was done. Finally, the rudder was repaired and the journey was resumed. Land was sighted on the morning of 24 January and a great sense of relief was felt by all when the French harbor of Brest was entered. However, four more days were spent on the ship before disembarkation was made, the squadron setting foot in France on 28 January.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
From Brest, the squadron traveled by train to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 29 January 1918. At St. Maixent, the 118th was re-organized according to the vocations of the men. As a consequence, many changes were made with transfers in and out of the squadron. Also, on 1 February, the squadron was re-designated as the 639th Aero Squadron and was classified as a transportation and supply unit.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
It was ordered to report to Ourches Aerodrome in the "Zone of Advance" (Western Front), and after several days on a very uncomfortable French troop train, the squadron arrived. It was met by the Commanding Officer, a Lieutenant, who explained that the 639th was the first squadron to arrive at the new Aerodrome. There was no place to be billeted except in some barns, and that its work (after the rain ended) would be to construct the base, including a flying field.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
It was a very cold, rainy winter's day, the streets were covered in slush, and the men were cold, wet and fatigued from the long train journey. After resting the next day (Sunday), the squadron started early on Monday morning. The construction of the new base was actually the first work of any value made by the squadron since leaving Kelly Field. The 465th Aero Squadron (Construction) arrived a few days later, along with Company B, 119th Machine Gun Battalion in a week to assist with the effort.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
However the 119th only stayed for a few days, with the 639th and 465th together performing the majority of the work. Barracks, mess halls, hangars, warehouses, were erected. Roads were laid out and graded, along with bomb dugouts and ditches for protection against air raids. Also an airfield was laid out.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
Towards the end of March, enough construction was completed that the squadron was able to move into the new barracks it helped to build, and in April, the camp and airfield was ready for the first combat squadron of airplanes to move in. The 1st Aero Squadron, the most senior squadron in the Air Service arrived with Spad observation planes and a full complement of motor transportation on 4 April, however construction work continued. Poor weather delayed the work, the men having to work in boots and raincoats. Flying was extremely limited, and at night, the sounds of German planes were heard in the skies.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
In early May, the 639th Aero Squadron was moved to Amanty Airdrome, about 20 miles from Ourches. Travel was by truck, and when it arrived, the squadron was pleased to see that most of the construction work was already completed. However, shortly after arrival, the squadron was hit by an epidemic of "Spanish flu". Despite the sickness, some of the men were able to help construct a few hangars and drive some trucks. Others were detailed to work in the machine shop and on a few airplanes. Also a few men were able to go into the air as passengers. After a month, the squadron was again ordered to move to the II Corps Aeronautical School at Châtillon-sur-Seine, France, arriving on 8 June.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
Upon arrival at Châtillon, it was announced that the 639th was to become a "Service Squadron", however its first four days were spent putting up barracks for the men to move into. Then the men were classified according to past experiences and place in various shops, the radio department, armory, and on the airfield as airplane crews. The men were paired in every case with the men of the 89th Aero Squadron, who acted as instructors.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
Since many of the men were mechanics in civil life, they picked up the skills very easily, and in about two months they worked on their own responsibility in whatever jobs needed to be accomplished. The squadron remained at Châtillon until after the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, then returned to the United States in late May 1919. It arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life. The Fleur-de-lis on the post World War II squadron insignia reflects its service in France during World War I.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard
The National Defense Act of 1921 provided for a number of National Guard Aviation Squadrons and the 43d Aero Squadron was re-designated as the 43d Division Air Service Squadron.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard
As a National Guard unit the squadron became a part of the 43d Division, I Corps, First Corps Area, at that time made up of National Guard Troops from Connecticut, Rhode Island and Vermont. Since there were no airfields in Connecticut capable of handling military type aircraft, the squadron was initially allocated to the Rhode Island National Guard.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard
However, after the opening of Brainard Field in Hartford in October 1922, efforts were immediately launched to secure the Air Service unit of the 43d Division for the State of Connecticut. Rhode Island, apparently without a great deal of argument, soon relinquished its claim and the squadron was reassigned to Connecticut as the 118th Observation Squadron, Connecticut National Guard.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard
When the squadron was officially organized on 1 November 1923, there were some 66 officers and enlisted men officially on board. During the 1920s and 30s, the 118th "grew and prospered". Originally issued with obsolete Curtiss JN-4 "Jennies" left over from World War I, the unit was later equipped with experimental Curtiss OX-12's with rotary engines and a swept-wing design. The squadron, or elements thereof, called up to perform the following state duties: riot control at the textile workers strike at Putnam, CT, in September 1934; and flood relief at Hartford, CT, 19 March-1 April 1936. Conducted summer training at Mitchell Field, NY, or Trumbull Field, CT. Detachments were sent some years to fly spotter missions during the summer training of the 192d Field Artillery Regiment.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut National Guard
The 118th entered the 1940s with war in Europe already a reality and eventual U.S. involvement becoming more and more likely. The 118th was preparing to meet that eventuality. In 1940 the squadron was detached from the 43rd Division to become a part of I Army Corps, Aviation. Simultaneously, plans were being drawn up "for the entire unit to move to Jacksonville, Florida for intensive training over a period of an entire year".


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
In March 1941 the 118th was activated and was assigned to Jacksonville Army Airfield, Florida where it flew antisubmarine patrols over the South Georgia and Florida Atlantic coastline. After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, it moved to Charleston, South Carolina and patrolled the approaches to the Charleston Navy Yard along with the South Carolina Atlantic coast.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
With the Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command taking over the coastal patrol mission, Third Air Force reassigned the squadron to Tullaholma AAF, Tennessee where it began training in combat reconnaissance and aerial photography and mapping. During 1943 the unit transitioned to combat aircraft (P-49, P-39, A-20, B-25, and finally, the P-51) and was re-designated as the 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The 118th trained with Army ground forces at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, Fort Benning, Georgia, Fort Jackson, South Carolina and Fort Polk, Louisiana as a combat observation squadron.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Deployed to the China Burma India Theater of operations as part of the 23d Fighter Group, the "Flying Tigers." The unit participated in security patrol, close air support, and ground attack missions as part of the 23d Fighter Group.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Following the conclusion of the war, the 118th was officially disbanded.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard
The wartime 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was redesignated as the 118th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine and was allotted to the Connecticut Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Bradley Field, Windsor Locks, Connecticut, and was extended federal recognition on 7 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 118th Fighter Squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and assigned to the Connecticut ANG 103d Fighter Group.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard
The mission of the 118th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Connecticut. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Korean War activation
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was called to active duty. The 118th was federalized on 10 February 1951 and assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), which redesignated it the 118th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and assigned its parent 103d Fighter-Interceptor Group to Eastern Air Defense Force. The squadron moved to Suffolk County Air Force Base, New York on 1 June 1951, flying air defense missions with their F-47D Thunderbolts.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Korean War activation
However, ADC was experiencing difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. It therefore reorganized on a regional basis and the 118th was assigned to the 4709th Defense Wing, located at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. During its period of federalization, the 118th FIS transferred many of its pilots and ground support personnel to Fifth Air Force, where they served in combat in Korea, while regulars and reservists were assigned to the squadron. On 1 November 1952, the 118th was returned to the control of the Connecticut Air National Guard and its mission, personnel and aircraft were assigned to the 45th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War
The Connecticut Air National Guard was re-activated on 1 November 1952 with the end of the unit's federalization period. The 103d was re-activated as a Fighter-Bomber Wing being Tactical Air Command-gained. However, Air Defense Command remained as a secondary mission.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War
Upon the 118th's return, the F-47s were sent to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage and the squadron was re-equipped with Very Long Range F-51H Mustangs by TAC with a close air support mission. In January 1953, the 103d received several F-84D Thunderjets for maintenance instruction, and the squadron was fully equipped with the Thunderjet during the summer of 1953.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War
In the spring of 1955, the F-84Gs were transferred to the Georgia ANG 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, and the 118th converted to F-94B Starfires. The F-94Bs, however, only remained with the 118th for about a year when they were replaced by F-86H Sabre Tactical Fighters in 1957.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War
The Sabres were then replaced by F-100A Super Sabres during the summer of 1960 and the Wing becoming fully ADC-gained. The F-100As gave way to F-102 Delta Daggers in January 1966 and standing a 24-hour air defense alert. then in 1971 transferred back to Tactical Air Command, becoming an F-100D Super Sabre Group.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War
From 1971–1979, the 103d flew the F-100 Super Sabres and its mission was close air support and began a NATO commitment, deploying frequently in the 1970s to bases in West Germany to reinforce United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). In 1979, the unit was assigned new A-10 Thunderbolt IIs as part of the "Total Force" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft. The USAFE commitment continued, deploying the "Warthog" to bases in West Germany and Italy.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1990 the 103d was programmed to receive the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. The 1990 Gulf Crisis, however, delayed this transition. During Operation Desert Storm, the F/A-16 was battle tested and it was discovered that the Close Air Support F-16 project proved to be a miserable failure. Subsequently, the conversion of the Wing was cancelled in 1993, and the 118th TFS remained an A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support squadron.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 103d adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 103d Fighter Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1995, in accordance with the Air Force "One Base-One Wing" directive, the 103d was changed in status back to a Wing, and the 118th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 103d Operations Group.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
Subsequently, in August 1996, the 118th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (EFS) deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy to assume the primary close air support mission of international forces in Bosnia. Other deployments of the 118th EFS were made to augment combat operations during Operations Deny Flight and Precise Endeavor.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Bradley International Airport Air Guard Station by distributing the 103rd's A-10s to the 104th Fighter Wing, Barnes Municipal Airport Air Guard Station, MA (nine aircraft) and retirement (six aircraft). The wing's expeditionary combat support (ECS) elements would remain in place at Bradley and Bradley would retain capability to support a Homeland Defense mission. By combining the two units into one squadron the Air Force would retain the trained A-10 pilots and maintenance technicians in the area and create an optimum-sized and more effective squadron.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission
In April 2008, the 103d became an Airlift Wing. Its new missions now include; a bridge mission flying C-21A Learjets supporting JOSAC VIP airlift, counter drug operations in the U.S., Central America, South America and the Caribbean, A Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility (CIRF) for TF-34 engines used on A-10 attack aircraft and an Air Operations Center (AOC) responsible for Command and Control operations during wartime.


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission
Sometime between FY 2012 and 2014, the 103d was programmed to receive the new Joint Cargo Aircraft, the C-27 Spartan. However, the Air Force has recently announced the end of the C-27 Spartan program, eliminating the aircraft from Air National Guards units. It was speculated that the 103d will transition to an MC-12W mission. The primary use of the MC-12W is providing intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, or ISR, support directly to ground forces however it is changing to the C-130


118th Airlift Squadron, History, Lineage
* * This unit is not related to another '118th Aero Squadron' that was assigned to Brooks Field, Texas in April 1918.


118th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


118th Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 118th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 39th Division.


118th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


118th Delaware General Assembly
The 118th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 4, 1955, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor J. Caleb Boggs and John W. Rollins as Lieutenant Governor.


118th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.


118th Delaware General Assembly
In the 118th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.


118th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.


118th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.


118th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


118th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 118th Division (第118師団, Dai-hyakujūhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Expansive Division (恵兵団, Kei Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1944 in Datong as a type-C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 114th, 115th and 117th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 9th independent infantry brigade. The division was initially assigned to the 13th army.


118th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
In April 1945, the 118th division was ordered to strengthen the garrisons in Central China and then in Shanghai area. Therefore, by the day of surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, the division was spread through  Tianjin and Zhangjiakou.


118th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
After the cessation of hostilities, the 118th division has sailed from Tanggu District 14 April 1946, landed in Sasebo 18 April 1956, and has completed dissolution 21 April 1946.


118th Field Artillery Regiment
The 118th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the Georgia Army National Guard. The regiment's 1st Battalion is the cannon battalion assigned to the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812.


118th Field Artillery Regiment, History
In September 2015, the battalion reactivated a third firing battery, Battery C, equipped with 155mm M777 howitzers as part of Army-wide restructuring.


118th Field Artillery Regiment, History
In 2016, Battery A, 1st Battalion, earned first place in the National Guard Small Unit category of the Army Award for Maintenance Excellence.


118th General Hospital (United States Army)
The 118th General Hospital was a U.S. Army military hospital built in 1942 at Riverwood, New South Wales. This was the largest military hospital in Australia, during World War II.


118th General Hospital (United States Army)
Known as the 118 General Hospital it was planned as a hospital centre of five hospitals consisting of 490 timber barracks-type buildings, which could house a total of 4,250 beds and accommodate up to 1,250 patients and 3,500 staff.


118th General Hospital (United States Army)
The hospital was formed by doctors and nurses from the Johns Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. The hospital staff arrived in Sydney during June 1942 and ran a 400-bed hospital from August 1942, with a section at the Hydro Majestic Hotel at Medlow Bath.


118th General Hospital (United States Army)
Mrs Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, visited the 118 General Hospital on 8 September 1943.


118th General Hospital (United States Army)
The US Army vacated the hospital in 1945 and the Royal Navy occupied many of the buildings in January 1945 and the Australian Army used the remainder of the other buildings.


118th General Hospital (United States Army)
After World War II the site passed to the New South Wales Housing Commission from March 1946  and the huts were used to ease the post-war housing shortage.


118th Guards Rifle Division
The 118th Estonian Guards Rifle Division was an elite infantry division of the Red Army and later the Soviet Army. It was formed following the German surrender in June 1945 from the 2nd wartime formation of the 7th Estonian Rifle Division. The division became a brigade in 1946 and became a division again in 1950. It was disbanded in 1956.


118th Guards Rifle Division, History
The division was formed on June 28, 1945 from the re-designated 7th Estonian Rifle Division. On the same date the entire 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was raised to Guards status as the 41st Guards Rifle Corps. On its formation the 118th Guards inherited the honorific title and decoration of the 7th, with its full title being 118th Guards Rifle Estonian, Tallinn, Order of the Red Banner Division. The division was commanded by Maj. Gen. Karl Adamovich Allikas, who had commanded the 7th Estonian Rifle Division since January 6, 1943.


118th Guards Rifle Division, History
This re-designation took place nearly two months after V-E Day, but before the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, so technically the 118th Guards can be considered a wartime formation, although it did not see combat in Manchuria. In February 1946 General Allikas was replaced in command by Maj. Gen. Johan Yakovlevich Lombak, who had previously commanded the 249th Estonian Rifle Division (later 122nd Guards Rifle Division).


118th Guards Rifle Division, History
The division was downsized into the 22nd Guards Separate Rifle Brigade in 1946. It was based at Pärnu.


118th Guards Rifle Division, History
The division was reformed from the 22nd Guards Separate Rifle Brigade in 1950, and served until 1956 with 4th Guards Rifle Corps (the 10th Guards Army previously), before being disbanded again on July 7, 1956 at Tallinn.


118th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 118th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. On June 10, 1863, the regiment was converted to mounted infantry.


118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 118th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler in Springfield, Illinois, August through October 1862 and mustered in for three years service on November 7, 1862, under the command of Colonel John G. Fonda.


118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 9th Division, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, December 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 9th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Department of the Gulf to September 1863. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to September 1864. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to February 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District of Baton Rouge, Department of the Gulf, to July 1865. Department of Texas to October 1865.


118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 118th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on October 1, 1865, returned to Camp Butler, October 2–10, and was discharged October 13, 1865.


118th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Duty at Camp Butler and guarding prisoners until December. Left Illinois for Memphis, Tennessee, December 1, 1862. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 2, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26–28, 1862. Chickasaw Bluffs December 29. Yazoo River January 2, 1863. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Arkansas, January 3–10. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman January 10–11. Moved to Young's Point, Louisiana, January 17–23, and duty there until March 9. Moved to Milliken's Bend, Louisiana, March 9. Operations from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage March 31-April 17. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25–30.