12AX7
12AX7 (also known as ECC83) is a miniature dual-triode 6AV6 vacuum tube with high voltage gain. Developed around 1946 by RCA engineers in Camden, New Jersey, under developmental number A-4522, it was released for public sale under the 12AX7 identifier on September 15, 1947.


12AX7
The 12AX7 was originally intended as replacement for the 6SL7 family of dual-triode amplifier tubes for audio applications. As a popular choice for guitar tube amplifiers, its ongoing use in such equipment makes it one of the few small-signal vacuum tubes in continuous production since it was introduced.


12AX7, History
The 12AX7 is a twin triode basically composed of two of the triodes from a 6AV6, a double diode triode. The 6AV6 is a miniature repackaging (with just a single cathode) of the triode and twin diodes from the octal 6SQ7 (a double-diode triode used in AM radios), which itself is very similar to the older type 75 triode-diode dating from 1930.


12AX7, Application
The 12AX7 is a high-gain (typical amplification factor 100), low-plate-current triode best suited for low-level audio voltage amplification. In this role it is widely used for the preamplifier (input and mid-level) stages of audio amplifiers. It has relatively high Miller capacitance, making it unsuitable for radio-frequency use.


12AX7, Application
Typically a 12AX7 triode is configured with a high-value plate resistor, 100 kohms in most guitar amps and 220 kΩ or more in high-fidelity equipment. Grid bias is most often provided by a cathode resistor. If the cathode resistor is unbypassed, negative feedback is introduced and each half of a 12AX7 provides a typical voltage gain of about 30; the amplification factor is basically twice the maximum stage gain, as the plate impedance must be matched. Thus half the voltage is across the tube at rest, half across the load resistor. The cathode resistor can be bypassed to reduce or eliminate AC negative feedback and thereby increase gain; maximum gain is about 60 times with a 100k plate load, and a center biased and bypassed cathode, and higher with a larger plate load.


12AX7, Application
Av{\displaystyle A_{v}} = μ * Rtot / ( rP + Rtot + ( RK * ( μ + 1 )))


12AX7, Application
Where Av{\displaystyle A_{v}} = voltage gain, μ is the amplification factor of the valve, rP is the internal plate resistance,RK is the cathode resistor and Rtot is the parallel combination of RP (external plate resistor) and Rload. If the cathode resistor is bypassed, use RK = 0.


12AX7, Application
The initial “12” in the designator implies a 12-volt heater requirement; however, the tube has a center-tapped heater so it can be used in either 6.3-V or 12.6-V heater circuits.


12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs
The 12AX7 is the most common member of what eventually became a large family of twin-triode vacuum tubes, manufactured all over the world, all sharing the same pinout (EIA 9A). Most use heaters which can be optionally wired in series (12.6V, 150 mA) or parallel (6.3V, 300 mA). Other tubes, which in some cases can be used interchangeably in an emergency, include the 12AT7, 12AU7, 12AV7, 12AY7, and the low-voltage 12U7, plus many four-digit EIA series dual triodes. They span a wide range of voltage gain and transconductance. Different versions of each were designed for enhanced ruggedness, low microphonics, stability, lifespan, etc.


12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs
Those other designs offer lower voltage gain (traded off for higher plate current) than the 12AX7 (which has a voltage gain or Av{\displaystyle A_{v}} of 100), and are more suitable for high-frequency applications.


12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs
Although commonly known in Europe by its Mullard–Philips tube designation of ECC83, other European variations also exist including the low-noise versions 12AX7A, 12AD7, 6681, 7025, and 7729; European versions B339, B759, CV492, CV4004, CV8156, CV8222, ECC803, ECC803S, E2164, and M8137; and the lower-gain low-noise versions 5751 and 6851, intended for avionics equipment.


12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs
In European usage special-quality valves of some sort were often indicated by exchanging letters and digits in the name: the E83CC was a special-quality ECC83. In the US a "W" in the designation, as in 12AX7WA, designates the tube as complying with military grade, higher reliability specifications.


12AX7, Similar twin-triode designs
The 'E' in the European designation classifies this as having a 6.3 volt heater, whereas the American designation of 12AX7 classifies it as having a 12.6 volt heater. It can, of course, be wired for operation off either voltage.


12AX7, Manufacturers
As of 2018 versions of the 12AX7/ECC83 are available from the following manufacturers:


12AX7, Gallery
Various brands of 12AX7, with measuring tape to indicate size


12B
12B is a 2001 Indian Tamil-language romance film that was directed and written by cinematographer Jeeva; it is his directorial debut. The film stars Shaam in his debut, Simran and Jyothika. Hindi actors Suniel Shetty and Moonmoon Sen play cameo roles, and the music was composed by Harris Jayaraj. The film was released on 28 September 2001 to above-average reviews. Critics praised the new concept but criticised the narrative, which they found confusing.


12B
The plot of 12B is loosely based on the 1998 British-American romantic drama film Sliding Doors. The film introduced the use of dual narrative to Tamil cinema; it depicts events in a man's life that depend on whether he catches a bus. The film gained attention for its casting of Simran and Jyothika, who were two of the leading female actors of Tamil cinema; it is also the first Tamil film in which Shetty and Sen appear.


12B, Plot
One morning, Shakthivel alias Shakthi leaves his house for a job interview when he sees a beautiful woman, Jyothika alias Jo, walking down the street. Shakthi is distracted by Jo and begins to follow her. He misses his bus and gets mugged. The film then pauses as a voice-over tells the audience they are about to examine the impact of missing the bus on Shakthi's life.


12B, Plot
Shakthi the bank manager arrives on time for the job interview and is offered the job of a bank manager, and a beautiful young colleague Priya falls in love with him. Shakthi, however, is still in love with Jo but something repeatedly prevents him from meeting her. The obstacle turns out to be his alternate self (the mechanic). Shakthi the bank manager is well-off in life but is miserable because he cannot win the affections of Jo.


12B, Plot
The Shakthi who missed the bus arrives late at the interview and is thrown out. On his way home, he passes by a junkyard, where he meets his friend Madhan, who gives him a job as a mechanic. The next day, while crossing the street, he sees Jo and again follows her. He gains her attention and they begin a relationship. One day, Jo's uncle Aravind visits, and it is revealed he too is in love with Jo and wants to marry her, much to Jo's dislike.


12B, Plot
Due to a misunderstanding, Jo and Shakthi the mechanic separate. Priya expresses her love for the Shakthi the bank manager who, while reciprocating his love for Priya, has an accident. At the same moment, Shakthi the mechanic is also seriously hurt in the same accident while he tries to repair his relationship with Jo. Both Shakthis are admitted to the hospital. While Priya is crying over the death of Shakthi the bank manager, she glimpses Shakthi the mechanic making up with Jo. The film ends with a voice-over concluding the film.


12B, Production
"It's been a big thrill, directing a film, being captain of the ship. Having been a cinematographer definitely helped, I could execute the film faster. And also, I've drawn a lot of inspiration from the directors I've worked with, like Shankar, Surya, and my all-time favourite, Priyadarshan".


12B, Production
12B marked the directorial debut of cinematographer Jeeva and is narrated in a dual narrative format, one if Shakthi (the main hero) catches the 12B bus to his job interview and one if he misses the same bus. Jeeva said the film would be titled 12B after a bus he used to take during his college days. The basic premise of the film was taken from the 1998 English film Sliding Doors by Peter Howitt, which also follows the lead character's alternate timelines. Film producer Vikram Singh opted to make his first foray into Tamil film production after being encouraged to by director Priyadarshan.


12B, Production
Madhavan was initially considered for the lead role, but the actor was busy with other projects. Newcomer Srikanth also auditioned for the role, but fellow rookie actor Shaam was selected to play the lead role. Shaam had worked as a model in Bengaluru for four years before model coordinator Biju Jayadevan introduced him to director Jeeva, who was auditioning a debutant actor for his debut venture, 12B. Shaam had unsuccessfully auditioned for the lead role in Kadhalar Dhinam (1999); he said during his first meeting with Jeeva, he handed over his portfolio and introduced himself in English. Jeeva said: "Repeat what you just said, in Tamil". Shaam did so and was signed on next day after a meeting with producer Vikram Singh. In 12B, Shaam's voice was dubbed; an uncommon practice for male actors in Tamil cinema at that time.


12B, Production
Simran and Jyothika, two of the leading Tamil female actors at the time, were cast in the other lead roles; Jyothika got more screen time. National Film Award winner Thotta Tharani worked as the art director for the film. The promos of the film were critically praised; Shaam signed on to appear in several projects before 12B was released. The film also featured Jeeva's assistant director, Srinath, in a supporting role. After the first filming schedule, another actor tried to fill the lead role but Jeeva insisted on retaining Shaam. Parthiban provided a voiceover for the film.


12B, Production
A leading Hindi actor was revealed to play a cameo in the film. The actor was later revealed to be Sunil Shetty, who was cast to play Jyothika's uncle. Bengali actor Moon Moon Sen, mother of Riya Sen, was signed on to play Jyothika's mother in the film. The appearance of Sunil Shetty in a prominent role led the filmmakers to release it in Hindi. Shiva, who later starred in Chennai 600028 (2007), made his acting debut with this film in a minor role. Chennai-based model Manish Borundia made a cameo appearance in the film. Deepak Bhojraj, edited the trailer in four days, which was the fastest trailer editing in Tamil cinema at the time.


12B, Soundtrack
The soundtrack of 12B was composed by Harris Jayaraj. The soundtrack gained recognition upon release, although the film was made on a moderate budget. The songs became popular before the film was released. A critic from New Straits Times said; "Since [Jeeva] is also the cameraman of this movie, all of the songs are colourful". He also said Jothi Niranjava is the best song but criticised the placement of songs in the film. A critic from The Hindu stated "'Poovae Vai Pesum...' is a melodious number that has traces of a couple of songs you've heard before".


12B, Reception
The film received pre-release publicity because it brought together Simran and Jyothika, two of the Tamil film industry's leading female actors of the period.


12B, Reception
12B opened to above-average reviews; a critic from The Hindu said the film is like "moving through a maze, because for many it could be confusion confounded, at least for the most part of the first half". The critic added; "Shyam in the hero's garb is an apt choice and looks more like a Madhavan clone and for a newcomer, Shyam is absolutely at ease in dance and fights" and "Simran does a commendable job in the climax". New Straits Times wrote; "The presence of Jyotika, Simran and Shyam saves this movie from boredom".


12B, Reception
Rediff concluded its review; "full marks to the intention – considerably less for the execution", praised the film's performances and technical aspects and said a "drawback would be the languid pace—there is not enough tension built into the film and, for large chunks of time, the story remains static, with the result that you do not empathise with the characters". The reviewer said  Simran's portrayal "continues with her policy of shifting gradually from glam roles to the more sedate, serious ones and proves to have what it takes". Sify wrote; "Ultimately it is very difficult for the audience to understand this superficial tale, as they cannot follow the thin line between reality and imagination. It is total confusion". The reviewer praised the Jayaraj's music for the film.


12B, Reception
12B  performed modestly at the box office with average collections reported. Jeeva later stating he felt the film had not been properly promoted and could have done better business if it had been. The film was dubbed and released in Hindi as Do Raaste 12B and in Telugu under the same name in October 2005.


12B, Legacy
12B introduced the concept of dual narrative to Tamil cinema. The film also helped establish Shaam as a chocolate boy; he acquired a fan following after the film's release.


12B, Legacy
Shaam was cast in the lead role in S. P. Jananathan's debut film Iyarkai before 12B was released and later received further film offers including Vasanth's Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke! and Priyadarshan's Lesa Lesa (2003). He was also set to work with K. Balachander after Paarthale Paravasam (2001) but the project did not materialise. Shaam and the producer of 12B collaborated again on Lesa Lesa (2003). Shaam considers Jeeva as his mentor. Jeeva went on to make other films in the romance genre including Ullam Ketkumae (2005) with Shaam in the lead and Unnale Unnale (2007), both of which were successful at the box office.


12B, Legacy
In a scene in Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey! (2002), Subbu (Vivek) tells Hari (Shaam) to take any bus but 12B. In Thirumalai (2003), Palani (Vivek) enroute to his interview falls in a drain and tells a man that he is waiting for the 12B bus. In 2009, a film titled Sariya Thavara based on the song of the same name with Faisal Saif as the director and starring Shaam was announced but the film was later abandoned. The storyline of the film Oh My Kadavule (2020) contains an alternative version of the story that is similar to that of 12B.


12BET
12BET (also known as 壹贰博) is an online gaming brand that specialises in providing Sports Betting and Casino products and services in multiple languages across European and Asia Pacific markets. 12BET is well-known brand in Asia while it ranking 17th globally according to eGaming Review Magazine's Annual Power 50Ranking.


12BET, History
12BET, a brand that is run by Pacific Sea Invests, started its full operation in 2007. It is licensed and regulated by Cagayan Economic Zone Authority of the Philippine Government. First Cagayan Leisure and Resort Corporation also owns a remote UK license under PACIFIC SEA MARKETING INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company, managed and regulated by the Gambling Commission in Great Britain.


12BET, Sponsorship
12BET started in 2007 and since then, they have been well known brand with a rich history of sponsoring reputed sports events and various Football clubs as follows:


12BET, Awards
In the prestigious eGaming Review Magazine's Power Ranking, 12BET have moved up to 17th Best Online Gaming Operator in the world from their previous ranking of 28th because of its best and competitive odds and extensive coverage of the world's biggest sporting events.


12BET, Controversy
Shortly after signing a stadium sponsorship deal with Crystal Palace, talks about renaming Selhurst Park to 12BET Stadium spread and ignited different reactions from its supporters. However, Crystal Palace's management appeased its fans by stating that the stadium's name will not be changed.


12BET, Controversy
Following the 2016 Cheltenham Horse Racing festival, 12BET voided a large number of winning Cheltenham bets and closed the accounts of customers. 12BET argued that they had been subject to widespread bonus abuse by customers opening multiple accounts and claiming bonuses. However, after a furious response on social media, the bookie brand apologised and agreed to refund 75% of the affected customers. While ruling out a criminal investigation, the Isle of Man Constabulary continues to monitor allegations of withheld funds.


12BV7
The 12BV7, 12BY7, 12BY7A, and equivalents were a class of medium-low gain, pentode vacuum tube amplifiers using the Noval socket configuration. Although originally marketed as pentode tubes for use in early television receivers, they found additional uses in audio and radiotelephone equipment. The series shares the EIA 9BF pinout with a number of other miniature pentode tubes of the era.


12BV7
The most successful tube in this series, 12BY7A was introduced by General Electric in June 1955 as a demodulated video signal amplifier for television receivers. Its design specifications called for linear gain along a wide bandwidth (approximately 4 MHz) with low transconductance (13 Millimhos (Millisiemens)) and high sensitivity. This combination of sensitivity, bandwidth and price lead to its popularity in audio amplification systems during the tube era.


12BV7, Functional Equivalents
Like other vacuum tubes of US and Japanese manufacture, the RETMA tube designation system was used to designate identical tubes across different manufacturers. Any variations from the original electrical design specifications required a change to the tube designation code. As a result, a number of cross-reference resources exist. In some cases, multiple tube designation numbers were marked on the tube itself.


12BV7, Functional Equivalents, 12BY7
12BY7 was an immediate successor to the 12BV7 and provided the same overall amplification values, but had slightly higher screen dissipation and voltage ratings. The tube exhibited slightly lower transconductance ratings (11 mS vs the original specification of 13 mS) as a result of this change.


12BV7, Functional Equivalents, 12BY7A
The most popular variant from the original 12BV7 was the 12BY7A. In this case, the A suffix is used to indicate a backwards-compatible revision to the original specification. Specifically, the heater filament had been redesigned to further protect it from the potentially damaging voltage spikes which were known to occur when the tube heater circuits were wired in series rather than parallel. All of the other design specifications, including warmup time, were identical to the 12BY7.


12BV7, Functional Equivalents, 12DQ7
The 12DQ7 was the final backwards compatible update to the 12BV7. It offered higher maximum screen and plate voltages of 330VAC. The transconductance value was further reduced from 11 mS to 10.5 mS.


12BV7, Functional Equivalents, 7733
The 7733 is listed as a premium version of the 12BY7A variant suitable for industrial or instrument service.


12BV7, Functional Equivalents, EL180
This is the European Mullard–Philips tube designation number for the 12BY7A variant. The code breakdown is as follows:


12BV7, Usage Outside of Television Reception, High-Fidelity Audio Equipment
Although intended for video signal pre-amplification, the relatively high Mu to bandwidth ratio of the 12BY7 and 12BY7A variants lead to their adoption in audio amplification equipment during the Hi-Fi era. There is some dispute in the audio community as to whether the 12DQ7 and 12BV7 variants are acceptable substitutes when discussing the psychoacoustics of various amplifiers.


12BV7, Usage Outside of Television Reception, Radio Transceivers
The tube series' wide-bandwidth characteristics lead a number of manufacturers to utilize later variants, such as the 12BY7A as a transmit exciter and/or receive preamplifier in the RF stages of their radios. This RF design remained in use throughout the 1970s and early 1980s even as the other stages were replaced with Solid State components. Equipment using mixed tube & solid-state technologies came to be known as "Hybrid" or "Hybrid Solid State".


12BV7, Usage Outside of Television Reception, Radio Transceivers, Partial List of Amateur Radio Equipment Manufacturers Using the 12BV7, 12BY7A or Equivalents
Gonset Communicator GC-105, G28Trio (later Kenwood) - TS-520, TS-820, TS-530, TS-830, R-820R.L. Drake Company - TR4, 2-NTYaesu Musen (later Yaesu) - FT-101, FT-200 (Also resold as the Henry Tempo One)Side-Band Engineers - SBE-34Hallicrafters - HT-37


12BV7, Usage Outside of Television Reception, Electronic Test Equipment
The Tektronix 555 Modular Oscilloscope utilized a total of six 12BY7 and 12BY7A tubes. Four 12BY7s were specified for the main chassis as vertical amplifiers for the CRT beams (V1014, V1024, V2014, V2024), and one 12BY7A each in the Type 21 and Type 22 time-base modules (V145)


12P/Pons–Brooks
12P/Pons–Brooks is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 71 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years). The next perihelion passage is 20–21 April 2024, with closest approach to Earth being 1.54 AU (230 million km) on 2 June 2024.


12P/Pons–Brooks
12P/Pons–Brooks may be the parent body of the December κ-Draconids meteor shower.


12P/Pons–Brooks
Comet Pons-Brooks was discovered at Marseilles Observatory in July 1812, and then later recovered in 1883.


12P/Pons–Brooks
On 10 June 2020 Pons–Brooks was recovered at apparent magnitude 23 by the Lowell Discovery Telescope when the comet was beyond the orbit of Saturn at 11.9 AU (1.78 billion km) from the Sun. The uncertainty in the comet's heliocentric distance is roughly ±10000 km.


12P/Pons–Brooks, Discovery
Comet 12P/Pons–Brooks was discovered on July 12, 1812, by Jean-Louis Pons. Independently, this comet was later found by Vincent Wisniewski on August 1, and Alexis Bouvard on August 2 the same year. At the time no-one had brought these observations together.


12P/Pons–Brooks, Discovery
In 1883 a (faint) comet was accidentally discovered by William Robert Brooks and later identified with the comet of 1812. Shortly after its initial discovery it was found to have an orbital period of about 70 years with an error of about 5 years. Johann Franz Encke determined a definitive orbit with a period of 70.68 years. This orbit was used to generate an ephemeris for the 1883-4 return, but searches were unsuccessful, until it was rediscovered by Brooks. This year it traveled from Scheat and Markab in western Pegasus, 13 January 1884; southward (through Pisces) to reach perihelion below Iota and Beta Ceti (~RA 0h, Dec. -10°) around 24 January.


12P/Pons–Brooks, Orbit
Libration is locked at a 6:1 resonance with Jupiter. The Tisserand invariant with respect to Jupiter (J) is 0.60. Aphelion (furthest point from the Sun) is just beyond the orbit of Neptune at 33 AU (4.9 billion km).


12P/Pons–Brooks, Orbit
With a steep orbital inclination of 74.2° this comet does not spend a lot of time near the ecliptic. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) website shows that between the years 1900 and 2200, that the comet was and will be most significantly perturbed by Saturn on July 29, 1957. At that point it passed within 1.6AU of the giant planet's influence; even this approach had negligible effect. The comet's orbit appears to be stable between 1740 and 2167, with no strong perturbations by any of the planets.


12P/Pons–Brooks, Orbit
Kirkwood in 1884 noticed that Pons-Brooks shares elements with De Vico's comet of 1846. He suggested that the latter had calved off Pons-Brooks some centuries prior. Later he identified the two comets' capture into their elliptical orbits (or their parent body's capture) with their shared aphelion close to Neptune 991 CE.


12P/Pons–Brooks, Speculations, Bonilla's comet
On August 12-13th of 1883, Mexican astronomer José Bonilla observed 447 bodies cross the solar disc, from an observatory in Zacatecas. Mexican astronomers in 2011 suggested that a comet may have split into several pieces. These objects were estimated to have had a size of between 46 and 1022 meters, and to have passed only 538 to 8062 km from the Earth. They raised Pons-Brooks as one possibility, in which case Earth barely avoided multiple Tunguska events or even a mass extinction. This was reported in the media October 2011.


12P/Pons–Brooks, Speculations, Bonilla's comet
But the source of these objects could also have been comet C/1883 D1 (Brooks-Swift) or even a third, unknown comet that year. The event also coincided with the annual Perseids meteor shower. Even migrating birds cannot be ruled out.


12P/Pons–Brooks, Speculations, Ancient times
Chinese historiography records, although long after the fact, its first comet around 1500 BCE. This "broom-star" is said to have heralded the sweeping-away of the as tyrannically described Xia dynasty (and its replacement with the Shang dynasty).


12P/Pons–Brooks, 1954
Pons–Brooks came to perihelion on May 22, 1954 when it was 1.7 AU from Earth. On 10 December 1954, the meteor stream of comet Pons–Brooks passed about 0.12 AU (18 million km) from Earth, resulting in potential meteors impacting Earth`s atmosphere at relative velocity 45 km/s. The comet was recovered in June 2020, and perihelion passage is in April 2024.


12P/Pons–Brooks, 1954
Other comets with a similar orbital period include 13P/Olbers, 23P/Brorsen-Metcalf, 122P/de Vico and 1P/Halley.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral
12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral is a visual novel video game developed by KID, CyberFront, and SDR Project, and released on March 13, 2008, for the PlayStation 2 and April 16, 2009, for the PlayStation Portable. There is a regular edition, and a special edition which included  the game's original soundtrack. KID are known for producing the Memories Off series, and the Infinity series which includes Never 7: The End of Infinity, Ever 17: The Out of Infinity, and Remember 11: The Age of Infinity. When KID declared bankruptcy in November 2006, production on the game was halted until CyberFront took over and resumed production.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral
The game had two different PC releases on April 4, 2008. It was released as a standalone product and as a part of the Infinity Plus pack (which includes PC versions of Never 7: The End of Infinity, Ever 17: The Out of Infinity, Remember 11: The Age of Infinity and 12Riven). A port for Android and iOS was announced by Cyberfront in 2012 but was ultimately not released as Cyberfront was dissolved in 2013.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Gameplay
12Riven is a visual novel in which the player makes progress by reading the game's story. At certain points during conversations with other characters, the player is given a set of choices. Depending on what the player chooses, the story diverges into different branches, eventually leading to different endings; there is only one "true ending".


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Plot, Story
The story of 12Riven takes place on May 20, 2012, with high school student Renmaru Miyabidō biking his way speedily towards the abandoned Integral (インテグラル, Integuraru) building after receiving a message on his cellphone that Myū, an old friend of his, would die at the building's top level today at noon. When he gets there, he checks his wristwatch and sees that it is 11:24 AM.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Plot, Story
Elsewhere, police detective Narumi Mishima is on her motorcycle heading towards the same location. She has received a request from a friend and coworker asking her to help save a girl named "Myū" at Integral. Narumi must save Myū to prevent the execution of the "Second Eclipse Plan" (第弐エクリプス計画, Daini Ekuripusu Keikaku). Narumi has never heard of this phrase before, moreover, the message was sent with the "XXX Lv6" marking. This was a rating scale for the severity of a situation and a level 6 marking has never been used. Even a large scale terrorist threat was set at level 5. The message also indicated to Narumi that someone named Renmaru may be there, that he will be on her side.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Plot, Story
Renmaru finds nothing at the observation deck of the building, but when he goes outside onto the opening of the building, he finds Myū injured on the ground. Renmaru also finds her attacker there but is unable to defeat him because every time Renmaru tries to connect a blow, he is thrown onto the ground himself by some unknown force. At this point, Myū's attacker draws out a gun, he takes Myū and threatens Renmaru to leave the place quietly after he counts to ten with his eyes closed. Renmaru does not know what to do and stands there hopelessly. Right as the attacker counts down to one, Narumi arrives at the scene and points her gun at him.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Development and release
The game was developed by KID and SDR Project. 12Riven and Memories Off 5: Encore, another game that was under development by KID, were originally in danger of not being released when KID filed for bankruptcy in 2006. Both games were resurrected in 2007 by Cyberfront when they acquired KID's intellectual properties.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Development and release
The game's music was composed by Takeshi Abo. Both the game's opening theme, "Third Bridge", and ending theme, "Process" (プロセス, Purosesu), are performed by Kaori. Both theme songs were included in a CD single that was sold on April 23, 2008, and debuted on Oricon at 144th place. Chomaru Shikura composed and wrote the lyrics to both tracks and Kōji Ueno handled their arrangements. For the release on PSP, new opening and ending themes sung by Yui Sakakibara were recorded. The opening theme is named "Toki no Nai Sekai" (時のない世界) and the ending theme is named "Distance".


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Development and release
12Riven was originally set to be released on December 6, 2007, but it was delayed to February 14, 2008. It was once again delayed further to its final release date on March 13, 2008. Both the standalone PC version and the bundled version with the Infinity Plus package was released on April 4, 2008.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Reception
On its first week of release, 12Riven was the thirteenth best selling video game in Japan, and the third best selling PlayStation 2 game. By the end of 2009, the PlayStation Portable version was the 908th best selling video game of the year in Japan, with 4,745 copies sold.


12Riven: The Psi-Climinal of Integral, Reception
Neal Chandran at RPGFan said that the Infinity series' atmosphere, story, setting, and themes had gotten progressively more sophisticated, dark, and deep with each installment. He felt that the music had followed this progression, and that 12Riven's music was among the most sophisticated music Abo had ever composed; he said that while there was nothing that stepped outside of Abo's comfort zone, the music was "highly refined".


12Stone
12Stone Church (also known simply as "12Stone") is an American multi-site church with multiple locations in Gwinnett County, Georgia. Kevin Myers is the founder and senior pastor of 12Stone.


12Stone
As of September 2021, there are seven physical 12Stone campuses located in Gwinnett County, Georgia, and Hall County along with several home churches called "12Stone Home". 12Stone was listed in late 2010 as the #1 fastest growing church in America and as the fortieth largest church in the United States with an attendance of 9,636. 12Stone is the daughter church of Kentwood Community Church.


12Stone, History
1987 - On November 1, 12Stone Church was founded as Crossroads Community Church by Kevin Myers, his wife Marcia, and three other couples that relocated from Michigan to Greater Gwinnett County to plant a church that would be relevant, fun, challenging and impacting for generations.


12Stone, History
1993 – After 5 years of worshiping in several temporary facilities, 12Stone relocated to 1625 Collins Hill Road, in Lawrenceville, GA. The Collins Hill worship center allowed 12Stone to put down roots and serve hundreds in the community.


12Stone, History
1995 – Doug Edwards, who did not attend 12Stone Church, donated 13 acres on the corner of Calvin Davis Circle and Highway 20. 800 people relocated onto the new campus and attendance doubled in size within months of moving in.


12Stone, History
1999 – 12Stone purchased 69 acres (280,000 m2) adjacent to the donated property.


12Stone, History
2001 – 12Stone built a new 1,000 seat worship center, renovated the original building into a Children's Ministry Center, and paid off the $2.6M mortgage on the adjacent 69 acre property.


12Stone, History
2003 - 12Stone opened the Edwards Center and renovated the Collins Hill building into a Student Center for the expanding High School, Middle School and College Ministries.


12Stone, History
2007 – In March, 12Stone opened their first satellite campus in the Hamilton Mill community. The 350 seat worship center, with video teaching and a live worship band brings a small church feel to big church.


12Stone, History
2007 – The church is officially renamed from Crossroads Community Church to 12Stone. Additionally, 12Stone took possession of their Highway 20 Campus and their expanding mission.


12Stone, History
2008 – In January, 12Stone opened their Central Campus at the Highway 20 location. The campus includes five worship environments: a 2,600 seat worship center for the adults, a 450 seat high school worship center, a 300-seat middle school worship center, and two additional worship centers for younger children.


12Stone, History
2010- The online campus launched. The online campus experience includes worship music, teaching notes, a live chat feature, and prayer opportunities to connect with a pastor.


12Stone, History
2011 – Average weekly attendance surpassed 10,000, making 12Stone the first Wesleyan Church to surpass this milestone.


12Stone, History
2012- In January 2012, 12Stone opened the Sugarloaf campus in a temporary location - Peachtree Ridge High School. In May 2012, the church broke ground on the permanent Sugarloaf location, and home of the John Maxwell Leadership Center. Also in 2012, 12Stone broke ground  on a new Hamilton Mill location.


12Stone, History
2013- May 17, 2013 12Stone celebrated its 25th anniversary at the Gwinnett Arena, and announced plans to launch 5 new campuses in 5 years.


12Stone, History
2014- The Sugarloaf location opened doors in February. The location has a 1,000-seat worship center and large spaces for children's and student ministries. In March 2014 the John Maxwell Leadership Center officially opened. In April, the Hamilton Mill campus opened doors to its new facility while converting the old facility into a space for offices and a student center.


12Stone, History
2015- In January, 12Stone simultaneously launched 5 campuses. The campuses, in Bethlehem, Buford, Braselton, and Snellville, are housed in local schools in each of the areas, with fully functioning adult, student, and children's worship areas at each service.


12Stone, History
2016- In September 2016 12Stone opened permanent facilities in Braselton & Snellville.


12Stone, History
2018- In August 2018 12Stone opened permanent facilities in Buford.


12Stone, Worship
12Stone features a casual dress code, with many attendees wearing jeans and casual attire. The worship service includes coffee before and after the services, the music style is pop-rock and praise-worship, with the performances amplified concert style and lyrics shown on projector. The worship team writes and records their church's music and released their album "Greater Than Life" on November 16, 2012 www.worship.12stone.com. The lobby of the Central Campus has a Phoenix Roasters Coffee cafe.


12Stone, Locations
There are currently six physical 12Stone campuses in Gwinnett and Hall counties and 2 temporary locations in Gwinnett and Barrow counties.


12Stone, Affiliation
12Stone is a congregation of the Wesleyan Church and its pastors are licensed/ordained under Wesleyan, Lutheran, Baptist, and Independent denominations and their spiritual authority.


12Stone, Affiliation
12Stone is aligned in ministry style and philosophy with the Willow Creek Association, which is an umbrella organization of churches who are dedicated to turning irreligious people into fully devoted followers of Jesus Christ.


12Stone, Controversies
In 2014, 12Stone church was involved in the arrest and false conviction of David Justin Freeman, who had been a volunteer minister at the church. Freeman was arrested after 12stone pastor Jason Berry claimed Freeman had given him the middle finger, but Berry's testimony was impeached at trial. Freeman's conviction was ultimately overturned in 2017 on free speech grounds.


12Stone, Controversies
In 2016, 12Stone church was struck by vandals (whom the church reports did $10,000 worth of damage). The vandals left behind pamphlets describing their displeasure with the church's operations, and spray-painted scripture references suggesting that 12Stone church had turned God's house into a "market."


12Twelve
12Twelve is a post-rock band from Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) formed by Jaume L. Pantaleón (guitar), Javier García (doublebass), José Roselló (drums) and Jens Neumaier (sax and keyboards).


12Twelve, History
Formed in 1998, they recorded their first demo in December 1998 with David from Beef as a producer.


12Twelve, History
In June 2001, they released the first album, called Tears, Complaint and Spaces, published by BOA Music. It was a big surprise in Spain and the band played with bands like 90 Day Men, Do Make Say Think, and Mogwai.


12Twelve, History
In 2002, they recorded a split album with the Bilbao band Ya te digo. The album was released by Astro Discos.


12Twelve, History
In 2003, the band went to Chicago to record their new album with Steve Albini, after winning the best band prize in the prestigious Villa de Bilbao Contest. They recorded the album in June, and released it in October.


12Twelve, History
In 2006 they released their fourth album with the label Acuarela. With this album, the band played in the same year in all the important festivals in Spain: Festival Internacional de Benicàssim, Sónar, Primavera Sound and Metrorock. They were cover of Rockdelux Magazine in March 2006.


12Twelve, History
In November 2006, they made an Italian tour with a great success.


12Twelve, History
On December the 10th 2008, before playing on the Primavera Club Festival at Apolo concert hall, they announced it was the last concert in Barcelona and confirmed the band is officially splitting up after 10 years of being together.


12Twelve, History
Members of the band were working on several projects as AtletA, Rebuig, and Gambardella. In 2019, the band reencountered for AMFest for a unique concert. However, they announced more concerts after the reencounter. On March 21st, they participated in the Basque festival MAZ Basauri and launched a live video of its track Leroy, recorded in the AMFest 2019. They also were in Barcelona's festival BAM (Barcelona Acció Musical).


12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate, NADPH, and H+.


12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 12alpha-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 12-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 12alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, 12alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, NAD+-dependent 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and NADP+-12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This enzyme is involved in a metabolic pathway that degrades bile acids into cholesterol.


12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a 12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3alpha,7alpha,12beta-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate, NADPH, and H+.


12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 12beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 12-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 12beta-hydroxy steroid (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), and dehydrogenase.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada
The 12e Régiment blindé du Canada (a translation of its former name, the "12th Canadian Armoured Regiment") is a Canadian Army armoured regiment based in CFB Valcartier, on the outskirts of Quebec City. The regiment has both a Regular Force and a Primary Reserve unit. The 12e Régiment blindé du Canada's abbreviation is 12e RBC.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada
In the Regular Force regiment, all three Squadrons are based on the LAV family of vehicles and are designated as light armoured cavalry squadrons. Each squadron is currently organized into troops of four vehicles each. C Squadron, 12e RBC is equipped with the Leopard 2 tank, and is located at CFB Gagetown as part of C Squadron, the Royal Canadian Dragoons.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Operational history, The Great War
The 178th Battalion (Canadien-Français), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Britain on 3 March 1917, where, on 16 March 1917, its personnel were absorbed by the 10th Reserve Battalion, CEF to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 21 May 1917.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Operational history, The Great War
The 259th Battalion, Canadian Rifles, CEF (Siberia) was authorized on 1 November 1918 and embarked for Russia on 22 and 26 December 1918. There, it served with the 16th Infantry Brigade as part of the Allied Forces in eastern Russia until 19 May 1919. The battalion disbanded on 6 November 1920.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Operational history, The Second World War
The regiment mobilized  as The Three Rivers Regiment (Tank), CASF, for active service on 1 September 1939. It was redesignated as The Three Rivers Regiment (Tank), CAC, CASF, on 13 August 1940. It was converted to armour on 23 November 1940, and to an army tank battalion on 11 February 1941, designated as the 12th Army Tank Battalion (The Three Rivers Regiment (Tank)), CAC, CASF. It was redesignated as the 12th Army Tank Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment (Tank)), CAC, CASF, on 15 May 1942; as the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment), CAC, CASF, on 26 August 1943; and as the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment), RCAC, CASF on 2 August 1945.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Operational history, The Second World War
On 21 June 1941 it embarked for Britain. The regiment landed in Sicily on 10 July 1943 and in Italy on 12 September 1943 as part of the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade. On 8 March 1945 the regiment moved with the I Canadian Corps to North-West Europe as part of OPERATION GOLDFLAKE. There it fought until the end of the war. The overseas regiment disbanded on 30 November 1945.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Operational history, Post-war
The Regular Force regiment served on peacekeeping duty in CYPRUS as part of OPERATION SNOWGOOSE from August 1990 to March 1991.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Operational history, Afghanistan
The Regular regiment provided several reconnaissance squadrons and troops and tank troops to the Canadian Task Forces that served in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, History
Its origins are in The Three Rivers Regiment, a militia (Reserve Force) regiment based in Trois-Rivières, a town halfway between Montreal and Quebec City. It originally formed in 1871 as the Three Rivers Provisional Battalion of Infantry. This was a new battalion headquarters that united four previously independent infantry companies that had been formed in 1869 at Trois-Rivières, Rivière-du-Loup-en-Haut, Berthier-en-Haut and Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon. The battalion was given a number in 1880 (86th "Three Rivers" Battalion of Infantry) and raised to regiment status in 1900 (86th Three Rivers Regiment).


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, History
In the First World War, the Canadian militia infantry units were not mobilized, but instead new units were formed from volunteers from the militia and new recruits. The militia units generally became organizations for recruiting, induction and preliminary training. The 86th Regiment recruited the 178th "Overseas" Battalion, CEF, in 1916. The 178th Battalion was broken up in England in 1917, but enough of its former members fought at the Battle of Amiens (1918) that the battalion qualified for a battle honour, which the 12e RBC perpetuates.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, History
The regiment also perpetuates the 259th Battalion, Canadian Rifles, Canadian Expeditionary Force (Siberia).


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, History
In the post-war reorganization of the Militia, the 86th Regiment lost its number, becoming simply The Three Rivers Regiment. In the 1936 reorganization, it became an infantry tank unit, The Three Rivers Regiment (Tank).


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, History
In the Second World War, the regiment mobilized an armoured regiment, which sailed to England in 1941. After two years of training, the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment) landed in Sicily, where it supported 1st Canadian Infantry Division throughout Operation Husky almost exclusively and gained a reputation for tenacity and courage. The 12th CAR was the first Canadian armoured regiment to destroy panzers in battle; a Panzer III and one of the Mark IV "Specials" were destroyed by its men at Grammichele on July 15.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, History
The regiment also took part Operation Baytown, landings on the Italian mainland in September 1943, as well and were often called upon to support British infantry battalions based on their quiet professionalism. Though the formation it was part of was originally known as 1st Tank Brigade, the name was changed to 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade later on.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, History
After the war, the regiment was given a (partially) French name: Le Régiment de Trois-Rivières (24th Armoured Regiment).


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, History
In 1968 the regiment was renamed and expanded to include a new Regular Force regiment in addition to the original Militia regiment. The Regular Force unit is called 12e Régiment blindé du Canada, and the Militia unit is named 12e Régiment blindé du Canada (Militia) (or in French, 12e Régiment blindé du Canada (Milice)). The number in the regimental title commemorates the Second World War unit, 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment).


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Battle honours
In the list below, battle honours in capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Those battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regimental guidon.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Trois-Rivières Military Museum
The museum collects, preserves, researches, interprets and exhibits artifacts which reflect the military history of Trois-Rivières, the 12th Armoured Regiment (Three Rivers Regiment) story and the history of the Canadian Militia. The museum serves as a training medium to teach regimental history, and to stimulate and foster within the general public an ongoing interest in the regiment, its activities and accomplishments. The Museum is affiliated with: CMA,  CHIN, OMMC and Virtual Museum of Canada.


12e Régiment blindé du Canada, Order of precedence, Regular Force
While the regiment is the oldest of the Regular Force armoured regiments, its Regular Force component takes its precedence from its date of entry into the Regular Force (1968). The Reserve Force component continues to take its precedence from 1871 within the Reserve Force.


12ft Skiff
The 12 ft Skiff is a development dinghy class dating back to the early 20th century. It is sailed in Australia and New Zealand. It is 12 ft (3.7 m) in length, hence the name, and is a two-man boat. Both the crew and the helm are able to use the trapeze at the same time. It has an asymmetrical spinnaker and a jib, in addition to the mainsail.


12ft Skiff, History
The origin of the 12 ft Skiff is dubious, but it is thought to have roots in the smaller skiffs sailed on Sydney Harbour in the late 1800s. The skiff became a class in its own right in 1926 when, at a meeting between Lane Cove 12ft Sailing Skiff Club, Greenwich 12 ft Flying Squadron, The Spit 12 ft Skiff Sailing Club and Vaucluse Amateur 12 ft Sailing Skiff Club,  the 12 ft Sailing Skiff Council was formed.


12ft Skiff, History
At this time the skiff was manned by a crew of five, but around the 1940s it changed to a three-man boat, and then became the two man boat that is used today. In 1947 the Council changed its name to the NSW 12 ft Sailing Skiff Association. After the 1940s the skiff went international.


12ft Skiff, Sailing and Racing
Today the 12 ft Skiff is primarily sailed in Australia and New Zealand.


12ft Skiff, Sailing and Racing
Campaigning a 12 requires a range of skills, including boat handling, tuning, boat maintenance, organisation and training. However, with recent equipment developments, and the introduction of carbon masts, 12 ft Skiffs are very manageable boats and any sailor with relative experience, such as Cherubs or Moths, would quite easily adapt.


12ft Skiff, Performance
The 12 ft Skiff is similar to the larger and better known 18ft Skiff. Of all skiffs the 12 footer is known for being the most difficult to sail, primarily due to its short and narrow hull relative to its large sail area. A 12 ft Skiff is capable of sailing at speeds of up to 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph).


12ft Skiff, Performance
The 12 ft Skiff generates considerable power by having two persons on the trapeze wire, suspended from the mast of the boat. This adds leverage to the crews' weight, allowing the larger areas of sail to be carried.


12ft Skiff, Performance
The modern 12 ft Skiffs also have fixed bowsprits to from which they carry their spinnakers. This is a relatively recent innovation, with the older style of skiff having an 'end to end' spinnaker pole which would need to be positioned by the crew, and would be stored against the skiff's boom when it was not being used.


12k
12k is an American independent record label, based in Pound Ridge, New York, United States. It was founded on January 1, 1997, by Taylor Deupree. The label focuses on experimental electronic music, specifically on digital minimalism and contemporary forms; as of January 2007, it released over 40 CDs and became one of "the most consistent, and consistently excellent, record companies in the electronic music world." Notable artists appearing in the label's catalogue include Alva Noto and Frank Bretschneider (co-founder of the Raster-Noton label).


12th & Delaware
12th & Delaware is a documentary film set in a crisis pregnancy center (named Pregnancy Care Center) and an abortion clinic (named A Woman's World Medical Center) across the street from it in Fort Pierce, Florida. The film was produced and filmed by Rachel Grady and Heidi Ewing and covers the center and its patients over the period of a year. The film shows interviews of staff at both facilities, as well as pregnant women who are going to them. 12th & Delaware premiered on January 24, 2010 at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival in the U.S. Documentary Competition. It won a Peabody Award that same year "for its poignant portrait of women facing exceedingly difficult decisions at a literal intersection of opposing ideologies."


12th & Delaware
One of the interviewees was president of the Pregnancy Care Centre, Father Thomas J. Euteneuer. In January 2011, Euteneuer issued a statement disclosing that he had "violat[ed] the boundaries of chastity with an adult female ... I take full responsibility for my own poor judgment, my weakness and my sinful conduct that resulted from it". and then in June 2012, it was reported that a woman had filed a lawsuit accusing Euteneuer of sexual abuse during what were supposed to be exorcisms.


12th & I station
12th & I is a light rail stop on the Sacramento Regional Transit District's Blue Line. It is located at the intersection of 12th and I Streets in Downtown Sacramento, California. Nearby are a variety of downtown offices and the Sacramento Convention Center Complex. Due to the revenue tracks running in both directions on a one-way thoroughfare (12th Street is one-way southbound), wheelchair users can only access northbound trains from the adjacent curbside platform. The stops are located adjacent to the former Sacramento Union Station, where Sacramento Northern Railroad interchanged with Central California Traction Company interurban services.


12th & Imperial Transit Center
12th & Imperial Transit Center is a San Diego Trolley station in Downtown San Diego, California. It is located in the East Village neighborhood of the city and serves the high-density residential developments that surround the stop. It is one of two stations from which Petco Park can be reached (the other being Gaslamp Quarter station). The station has historically been used as a major transfer point between the various Trolley lines and is the only station that is directly served by all four Trolley lines.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley
The Blue Line and the Orange Line are served by the station's island platforms, and the two lines split just south of this station to serve South Bay and East County, respectively. To the north, both lines run parallel to each other through downtown on Park Boulevard and turn west at City College to run along C Street towards America Plaza and the Courthouse Station, respectively.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley
The Bayside Terminal platform of the 12th & Imperial station marks the western terminus of the Green Line, which upon departing from 12th & Imperial goes through the Gaslamp Quarter, Convention Center and Seaport Village stations to the Santa Fe Depot, and then on to the Old Town Transit Center and its destination at Santee.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley
The Silver Line uses the platform directly adjacent to the 1255 Imperial Avenue building as the start of its clockwise circular route around Downtown San Diego.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley
This station was renovated in two stages  as part of the Trolley Renewal Project: in summer 2011 for the Bayside Terminal platform, and from late October 2012 until June 2013 for the main station platforms.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, San Diego Trolley
Prior to September 2, 2012, Orange Line trolleys used to loop around Downtown San Diego to terminate at the Bayside Terminal platform of this station until a system redesign rerouted the western terminus of the line to Santa Fe Depot and extended the Green Line's terminus from Old Town Transit Center to the Bayside Terminal.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, Bus service
San Diego MTS bus routes 4, 12, 901, and 929 stop at the 12th & Imperial Transit Station. The bus stops are to the east of the northbound Blue Line/Orange Line Trolley platform, on the west side of National Avenue.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Service, Bus service
The San Diego station used by Greyhound Bus Lines is currently located adjacent to the southeast corner of the station, at 1313 National Avenue.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Location
The 12th & Imperial Transit Center is built into the James R. Mills Building, a 10-story office tower that houses the headquarters of the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System. It is also located approximately two blocks east of Petco Park, just south of the San Diego Central Library that opened in 2013.


12th & Imperial Transit Center, Location
This station is directly adjacent to the San Diego Trolley maintenance yard,  thus, it is usually where the trolleys from the yard start their trips for the day.


12th & Midtown
12th and Midtown is a four-block commercial real estate development project in Midtown Atlanta along Peachtree Street and Crescent Avenue between 11th and 13th Streets. The development currently contains three of the tallest buildings in Midtown, with more buildings planned in the coming years.


12th & Midtown
Ground was broken in 2006. The developer, Selig, had an original plan for nine towers and 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of residential and commercial space. The project was to be an anchor in the "Midtown Mile", a 2007 ambitious plan for upscale development along Peachtree Street in Midtown. The plan was scaled back significantly in 2011.


12th & Midtown
As of January 2013 the project includes the following buildings:


12th & Midtown
In late 2012, developers Daniel and Selig acquired an additional 4 acres (approx. )within a five-block radius of 12th & Midtown, including tracts along Peachtree Street, West Peachtree Street and Crescent Avenue. In January 2013, Selig announced that it expects the amount of retail space in the development to increase from the existing 130,000 square feet (12,000 m2) to 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2)


12th & Midtown
In August 2014, C AND J ATLANTA LLC, an entity controlled by Florida real estate investor John Joyce, acquired 77 12th Street, the apartment tower at 12th & Midtown. The purchase price was $121 million, or $367,000 a unit.


12th (Eastern) Division
The 12th (Eastern) Division was an infantry division raised by the British Army during the First World War from men volunteering for Kitchener's New Armies. The division saw service in the trenches of the Western Front from June 1915 to the end of the war.


12th (Eastern) Division, Formation and First World War
The 12th (Eastern) Division, was one of the first Kitchener's Army divisions raised from volunteers by Lord Kitchener. It was formed within Eastern Command as a result of Army Order No. 324 of 21 August 1914, as part of the K1 wave of divisions. It fought on the Western Front for the duration of the First World War. One of its most notable actions was the Battle of Épehy where there is a memorial cross to the 12th Division.


12th (Eastern) Division, Formation and First World War
In the First World War, the division's insignia was the Ace of Spades, which has since been adopted by the present 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division
The 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army, which fought briefly in the Battle of France during the Second World War. In March 1939, after the re-emergence of Germany as a European power and its occupation of Czechoslovakia, the British Army increased the number of divisions within the Territorial Army by duplicating existing units. The 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was formed in October 1939, as a second-line duplicate of the 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division
It was intended that the division would remain in the United Kingdom to complete training and preparation, before being deployed to France within twelve months of the war breaking out. The division was dispersed to defend Kent and guard strategically important and vulnerable locations. In France, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was suffering from a manpower shortage among rear-line units.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division
To boost morale, provide additional labour for the rear echelon of the BEF, and acquire political capital with the French Government and military, the division was sent to France in April 1940, leaving behind most of its administration and logistical units as well as its heavy weapons and artillery. The men were assigned to aid in the construction of airfields and pillboxes. Edmund Ironside, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, secured a promise from the BEF that the division would not be used in action owing to it being untrained and incomplete.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division
When Germany invaded the Netherlands and advanced into northern Belgium, the BEF and French armies moved to meet the attack, leaving  the 12th Division behind. The main German attack came through the Ardennes, in southern Belgium beyond the main Allied armies, and then rapidly advanced into France. This move intended to cut off the British and French forces in northern France and Belgium, from other formations along the Franco-German border as well as the Allied supply centres.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division
With no other reserves available, the 12th Division was ordered to the front line to defend several towns blocking the way between the main German assault and the English Channel. This resulted in the division being widely spread out. A brief skirmish occurred on 18 May, in which one of the division's battalions repulsed the German vanguard. However, on 20 May, three German panzer divisions  attacked the division in several isolated actions. Without the means to stop the attacking Germans, the division was overwhelmed and destroyed. The survivors were evacuated to England, and the division was broken-up. Its assets were transferred to other formations to help bring them up to strength.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, Background
During the 1930s, tensions increased between Germany and the United Kingdom and its allies. In late 1937, German policy towards Czechoslovakia became hostile. During 1938, Germany demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland, the border areas of Czechoslovakia that were primarily inhabited by German-ethnic people. These demands led to an international crisis. To avoid war, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with German chancellor Adolf Hitler in September and brokered the Munich Agreement. The agreement averted a war and allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland. Although Chamberlain had intended for the agreement to further a peaceful resolution of issues, relations between the two countries soon deteriorated. On 15 March 1939, Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupying the remnants of the Czech state.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, Background
On 29 March, British secretary of state for war Leslie Hore-Belisha announced plans to increase the Territorial Army (TA) from 130,000 to 340,000 men and double the number of TA divisions. The plan was for existing TA divisions, referred to as the first-line, to recruit over their establishments (aided by improved pay and conditions) and then form a new division, known as the second-line, from cadres around which the new divisions could be expanded. This process was dubbed "duplicating".


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, Background
The 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division provided cadres to create a second line "duplicate" formation, which became the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division. Despite the intention for the army to grow, a lack of central guidance on the expansion and duplication process and a dearth of facilities, equipment and instructors complicated the programme. In April 1939, limited conscription was introduced. At that time 34,500 men, all aged 20, were conscripted into the regular army, initially to be trained for six months before being deployed to the forming second line units.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, Background
The War Office had envisioned that the duplicating process and recruiting of the required number of men would take no more than six months. The process varied widely between the TA divisions. Some were ready in weeks while others had made little progress by the time the Second World War began on 1 September.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Formation
On 7 October, the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division became active. The division took control of the 35th, the 36th, and the 37th Brigades, as well as divisional support units, which the 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division had administered previously. Because of the lack of official guidance, the newly constituted formations were at liberty to choose numbers, styles, and titles. The division adopted the number of their First World War counterpart: the 12th (Eastern) Division. The division did not use their predecessor's divisional insignia, adopting a plain white diamond instead, which was painted on the division's vehicles but not worn on uniforms.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Formation
The 35th Brigade consisted of the 2/5th, the 2/6th, and the 2/7th Battalions, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey). The 36th Brigade comprised the 2/6th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment (2/6th Surrey), and the 6th and the 7th Battalions, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (6th RWK and 7th RWK). The 37th Brigade had the  5th Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) (5th Buffs), and the 6th and the 7th Battalions, Royal Sussex Regiment (6th and 7th Sussex). On 25 October, the 2/6th East Surrey Regiment and the 5th Buffs were exchanged between the 36th and the 37th Brigades. The division was assigned to Eastern Command, and Major-General Roderic Petre became the General Officer Commanding. Petre's prior experience included commanding the Sudan Defence Force during the inter-war period before being made commandant of the Senior Officers' School in 1938.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France
The war deployment plan for the TA envisioned its divisions being sent overseas, as equipment became available, to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that had already been dispatched to Europe. The TA would join regular army divisions in waves as its divisions completed their training, the final divisions deploying one year after the war had begun. In October 1939, Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, General Walter Kirke, was tasked with drawing up a plan, code named "Julius Caesar", to defend the United Kingdom from a potential German invasion. As part of this plan, the division was assigned to defend northern Kent. In addition, its forces were dispersed to guard strategically important locations known to be vulnerable points.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France
In early 1940, the division became caught up in an effort to address manpower shortages among the BEF's rear-echelon units. More men were needed to work along the line of communication, and the army had estimated that by mid-1940 it would need at least 60,000 pioneers for engineering and construction tasks. The lack of such men had taxed the Royal Engineers (RE) and the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps (AMPC), and had also impacted frontline units that had to divert men from training to help construct defensive positions along the Franco-Belgian border.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France
To address this issue, it was decided to deploy untrained territorial units as an unskilled workforce, thereby alleviating the strain on the existing pioneer units and freeing up regular units to complete their training. As a result, the decision was made to deploy the 12th (Eastern), 23rd (Northumbrian), and the 46th Infantry Divisions to France. Each division would leave their heavy equipment and most of their logistical, administrative, and support units behind. In total, the elements of the three divisions that were transported to France amounted to 18,347 men.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France
The divisions were to aid in the construction of airfields and pillboxes. The intent was that by August their job would be completed and they could return to the United Kingdom to resume training before being redeployed to France as front-line soldiers. The Army believed that this diversion from guard duty would also raise morale. Lionel Ellis, the author of the British official history of the BEF in France, wrote that while the divisions "were neither fully trained nor equipped for fighting ... a balanced programme of training was carried out so far as time permitted". Historian Tim Lynch commented the deployment also had a political dimension, allowing "British politicians to tell their French counterparts that Britain had supplied three more infantry divisions towards the promised nineteen by the end of the year".


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Initial service and transfer to France
General Edmund Ironside, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, opposed this use of these divisions. He reluctantly caved to the political pressure to release the divisions, having been assured by General Sir John Gort (commander of the BEF) that the troops would not be used as frontline combat formations. The 12th left the United Kingdom on 20 April 1940, arrived in France two days later, and was placed under the direct command of the BEF.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, German invasion of France
On 10 May 1940, the Phoney War—the period of inactivity on the Western Front since the start of the conflict—ended as the German military invaded Belgium and the Netherlands. As a result, the majority of the BEF along with the best French armies and their strategic reserve moved forward to assist the Belgian and Dutch armies. While these forces attempted to stem the tide of the German advance, the main German assault pushed through the Ardennes Forest and crossed the River Meuse. This initiated the Battle of Sedan and threatened to split the Allied armies in two, separating those in Belgium from the rest of the French military along the Franco-German border.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, German invasion of France
Once the Allied commanders realised that the German crossing of the Meuse had turned into a breakthrough, the BEF and French armies began a fighting withdrawal from Belgium back to France. On 17 May, the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was ordered to assemble around Amiens. The next day, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Bridgeman, in charge of the BEF's rear headquarters, requested that Petre take command of an ad hoc force that included his 36th Brigade, a makeshift garrison in Arras and the 23rd (Northumbrian) Division. This collection of troops was dubbed Petreforce.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, German invasion of France
Petreforce, along with the 12th Division, were the only troops blocking the German route to the sea and the defeat of the BEF. On being appointed to this command, Petre was provided with an over-optimistic report that he then passed on to his subordinates: the French were resilient on either side of the German breakthrough, and that only small German units had penetrated deep into French territory. With this information, it was expected that Petreforce could handle the German incursion. However, the 12th Division was woefully under-equipped for the task assigned to it.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, German invasion of France
On average, there were only four Boys anti-tank rifles and one ML 3-inch mortar per each of the divisions nine battalions. In comparison, a fully equipped division was to have 361 anti-tank rifles and 18 three-inch mortars spread over these units. Some units were issued with training rounds for the anti-tank rifles, which were not effective against tanks. Within the 35th Brigade, there was only five such rifles and a total of 35 rounds. At the platoon level, there was an average of one Bren light machine gun instead of three.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division
The 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was widely dispersed across four areas, unable to support each other, and this further eroded the division's limited fighting power. The 35th Brigade took up positions along the eastern side of Abbeville. The 36th Brigade dispatched the 6th RWK and the 5th Buffs to Doullens. The 7th RWK, supplemented by four field guns obtained from a Royal Artillery training school, occupied Cléry-sur-Somme to block the exits from Péronne, which had a bridge across the Canal du Nord. French troops were supposed to hold it, but they never arrived.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division
The 37th Brigade was caught-up in a German bombing raid on Amiens, which resulted in between 60–100 casualties. It then dispatched the 6th Sussex and the 7th Sussex to take up positions south of the town. The 2/6th Surrey's were ordered to move south to join the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, but ended up being allocated to an ad hoc composition called Beauforce.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division
The German 1st Panzer Division reached Péronne during the evening of 18 May. They crossed the canal and attempted to carry on their advance, but the 7th RWK and their four field guns stopped them. Fighting continued until dark, when the Germans fell back into Péronne and the 7th RWK fell back to Albert. The next day saw no German activity along the division's front. On 20 May, the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was engaged in a series of isolated battles. The 1st Panzer Division advanced on Albert and overran the 7th RWK.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division
It then moved towards Amiens and destroyed the 37th Brigade's 7th Sussex in the process. The 6th Panzer Division reached Doullens and was held up by the 36th Brigade for two and a half hours, before they overwhelmed the brigade. The 2nd Panzer Division arrived at Abbeville and occupied the town after defeating the 35th Brigade. Ellis wrote that the 12th Division "had practically ceased to exist", as a result of the fighting that saw the "whole tract of country between the Scarpe and the Somme" fall into German hands, and left the way to the English Channel open.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division
The German XXXXI Panzer Corps war diary reported that the 6th Panzer Division was "only able to gain ground slowly and with continual fighting against an enemy who defended himself stubbornly". Historians have praised the division for delaying the German advance for several hours, despite being under-equipped, un-prepared and fighting against unfavourable odds. The historian Gregory Blaxland was more critical, and wrote "it was both tragic and wasteful to have committed these men of little training but great spirit to battle at such hopeless disadvantage."


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division
Both Blaxland and the historian Julian Thompson cited the praise delivered upon these battalions by the Germans, in their war diaries. However, they argued that the British Army had not heeded the lessons of the invasion of Poland nor given enough thought into how infantry should counter tanks. They believe had the battalions been concentrated and placed in more defensible positions, such as behind the Canal du Nord, they would have held greater tactical value and delayed the Germans longer than they achieved.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division
The BEF had intended to deploy the 12th Division behind this canal, but this intention was not acted upon prior to the division being dispersed. Blaxland highlighted that the overall lack of training within the territorial soldiers should not have been an issue, as all levels of command were held by regular soldiers who should have been able to impress their greater experience upon the recruits. Thompson noted, however, "it has to be borne in mind that a delay of even one hour was of huge benefit" to the BEF.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Demise of the division
Most of Petreforce suffered a similar fate. The 23rd (Northumbrian) Division was overrun by the 8th Panzer Division on 20 May. Meanwhile, the 5th Infantry Division and the 50th (Northumbrian) Motor Division had taken up positions in Arras, and the 5th Division took command of the garrison. On 25 May, Petreforce was officially abolished. The remnants of the 12th Division were evacuated back to England. The 36th Brigade evacuated via Dunkirk, and the rest of the division was largely evacuated via Cherbourg during Operation Aerial. Divisional casualty information is sparse. The 35th Brigade started the campaign with 2,400 men, and was reduced to 1,234 after their encounter with the 2nd Panzer Division. Within the 36th Infantry Brigade, the 6th RWK was reduced from 578 men to 75, and the 605 strong 5th Buffs was reduced to 80.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Disbandment
As soon as the Allied troops returned from France, the British Army began implementing lessons learnt from the campaign. This involved the decision to abandon the two-brigade motor division concept and for the basic infantry division to be based around three brigades. This entailed the break up of four second-line TA divisions to reinforce depleted formations and aid in transforming the Army's five motor divisions into infantry divisions. Consequently, the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was disbanded on 11 July, and its units dispersed.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Disbandment
The 35th Infantry Brigade (along with the 113th Field Regiment and the 67th Anti-Tank Regiment) were transferred to the 1st London Division, a motor formation. The arrival of the brigade was part of the division's re-organisation into an infantry division. With little change to the composition of the brigade, it would fight in the Italian Campaign between 1943 and 1945. The 36th Infantry Brigade was briefly attached to the 2nd London Division (another motor formation), before becoming an independent infantry brigade directly under the command of either the War Office or as a corps-level asset.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Disbandment
It was eventually transferred to the 78th Infantry Division, and the brigade (with some changes) fought in the North African Campaign in 1942, the invasion of Sicily in 1943, and in the Italian Campaign from 1943 through to the end of the war. The 37th Infantry Brigade became an independent formation under corps level command. It was re-designated the 7th Infantry Brigade in 1941, before being assigned to a variety of divisions based in the United Kingdom throughout the rest of the war.


12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, History, Disbandment
The 114th Field Regiment also joined the 2nd London Division and stayed with the division until the end of 1941. It was then transferred to India and attached to the 20th Indian Infantry Division and fought in the Burma Campaign. The 118th Field Regiment was transferred to the 18th Infantry Division, to bring it up to strength in artillery. They would fight and surrender following the Battle of Singapore in 1942. The division's engineers became the XII Corps Troops, Royal Engineers, and served as part of the Second Army in the North-West Europe campaign in 1944–1945. The survivors of the divisional signals unit were allocated to signal units based within the United Kingdom, Sudan, and units in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre.


12th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery
XII (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery which served in the First World War.


12th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery
It was originally formed with 43rd, 86th and 87th (Howitzer) Batteries, each equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers, and attached to 6th Infantry Division. In August 1914 it mobilised and in September was sent to the Continent with the British Expeditionary Force, where it saw service with 6th Division until broken up. 86th Battery was withdrawn in May 1915, and assigned to 127th (Howitzer) Brigade.


12th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery
In May 1916, the artillery brigades of infantry divisions were reorganised; the pure howitzer brigades were disbanded, and their batteries attached individually to field brigades, in order to produce mixed brigades of three field batteries and one howitzer battery. Accordingly, the brigade was broken up and the batteries dispersed; 43rd to 24th Brigade, and 87th Battery to 2nd Brigade.


12th (Otago) Mounted Rifles
The 12th (Otago) Mounted Rifles was formed 17 March 1911. During World War I they formed part of the Otago Mounted Rifles Regiment and saw service during the Battle of Gallipoli, afterwards they were withdrawn to Egypt and later were the only New Zealand Mounted troops to serve in France with the New Zealand Division.


12th (Otago) Mounted Rifles, Between the wars
They amalgamated with the 5th Mounted Rifles (Otago Hussars) and the 7th (Southland) Mounted Rifles to become the 5th New Zealand Mounted Rifles in 1921.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own)
The 12th (Service) Battalion (Bristol's Own) of the Gloucestershire Regiment (the 'Glosters') was a 'Pals battalion' of 'Kitchener's Army' raised immediately after the outbreak of World War I through the initiative of the City of Bristol. It saw action at the Somme, Arras and Ypres, before moving to the Italian Front. It returned to the Western Front to fight in the German spring offensive and the victorious Allied Hundred Days Offensive.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Recruitment
On 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army, and the newly-appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'. A flood of volunteers poured into the recruiting offices across the country and were formed into 'Service' battalions of the county regiments.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Recruitment
However, the Bristol Chamber of Commerce considered that the city's response was inadequate and formed a Bristol Citizens' Recruiting Committee under the leadership of the former Lord Mayor, Sir Herbert Ashman, to encourage enlistment. The city's Colston Hall was opened as a recruiting centre on 14 August, and 2274 men enlisted by 2 September. Eighty men calling themselves the Weston Comrades Company also joined from Weston-super-Mare. It was clear that many of these men wanted to serve together in a special Bristol battalion, similar to other 'Pals battalions' being formed around the country.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Recruitment
The War Office (WO) gave the committee authority to form the Bristol Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, on 30 August. Later in the year it became part of Kitchener's Fifth New Army (K5) and was officially numbered as the 12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol), but the subtitle was usually rendered as 'Bristol's Own'. The recruiting committee encouraged 'mercantile and professional' men to apply, both through reasons of social exclusiveness and with a view to Kitchener's directive that workers in vital industries could not be spared.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Recruitment
The first commanding officer (CO) was William Burges, who had retired from command of the 3rd Militia Battalion of the Gloucestershire Regiment some years before. Several of the other officers appointed had experience in the Regular or Auxiliary forces, and a number of junior officers had been members of their school or university Officer Training Corps.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training
The rush of recruits had overwhelmed the Army's ability to absorb them, so the Pals Battalions of K5 were left for some time in the hands of the recruiting committees. Initially the Bristol men lived at home and drilled by squads at Colston Hall in their civilian clothes, distinguished only by a lapel badge bearing the words 'New Bristol Battalion Gloucestershire Regt'. They then began battalion drills at the Artillery Grounds in Whiteladies Road, the headquarters of the I South Midland (Gloucestershire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery of the Territorial Force.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training
But in late September the recruiting committee persuaded the WO to buy up the site of the abandoned Bristol International Exhibition in Greville Smyth Park, the buildings of which were converted into barracks by the Royal Engineers and Army Service Corps. The 'Weston Comrades' joined the rest of the battalion here in November and were posted to D Company.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training
Some of the battalion's best men were already being posted away, for officer training for example, and on 30 November the WO authorised the recruiting committee to raise a fifth, reserve company (E Company); F Company was raised as a further reserve in April 1915. Old rifles had been issued to the battalion for drill purposes, with just a few modern Lee-Enfield .303 SMLE rifles for musketry training. Uniforms were finally received in December 1914. In March 1915 the battalion began field training by companies at Chipping Sodbury.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training
The locally raised units to form K5 were assigned to brigades on 10 December 1914: the Bristol Battalion was brigaded with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Birmingham Pals (later 14th, 15th and 16th (Service) Battalions, Royal Warwickshire Regiment). The brigade wasinitially numbered 116th Brigade in 39th Division, but in April 1915 the WO decided to convert the K4 battalions into reserve units to train reinforcements for the K1–K3 units, and on 27 April the K5 divisions were renumbered to take up the designations of the K4 formations. The short-lived 39th Division thus became 32nd Division and 116th Brigade became 95th Brigade.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training
In May 1915 the brigade was to have gathered in Shropshire, but the ground selected at Prees Heath proved unsuitable for brigade training and on 23 June the 12th Gloucesters left Bristol to join 95th Brigade at Wensley, North Yorkshire. The two reserve or depot companies joined those of the Birmingham Pals at Sutton Coldfield to continue training. Brigade training started in earnest at Wensley, and 12th Gloucesters was finally adopted by the WO on 23 June 1915.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training
Previously, most of the shooting had been on miniature ranges with .22 ammunition; now the men began weekly musketry courses (12th Gloucesters at Whitburn) although many of the rifles were worn and defective. In August 32 Division gathered on Salisbury Plain to begin final battle training, with 12th Gloucesters in camp at Codford.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Training
The battalion's strength at this time was about 1550, or more than 50 per cent over establishment; during August a large number of skilled men were transferred to other arms, others went to officer cadet training units, and older or unfit men were sent to the 15th (Reserve) Battalion at Sutton Coldfield into which the depot companies had been absorbed. Now that the battalion was almost ready to go overseas, the 59-year-old Lt-Col Burges was ordered to remain in the UK. He was succeeded in command by Lt-Col Martin Archer-Shee, DSO, a former Regular Army officer who was now Member of Parliament for Finsbury Central.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service
On 11 November 1915 32nd Division was ordered to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front and 12th Gloucesters landed at Boulogne on 21 November. By 28 November the division had concentrated round Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher, north of the River Somme. For its initiation into trench warfare with experienced units of 5th Division, 12th Gloucesters moved into a section of trenches thick with mud at Maricourt on 6 December. A Company was with 1st Bn East Surrey Regiment for instruction, and B Company with 2nd Bn Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service
95th Brigade was exchanged with a brigade from 5th Division on 26 December as part of a policy to even-up experience levels between formations. The Pals battalions were scattered among 5th Division's brigades; although 12th Gloucesters remained with 95th Brigade, it was now brigaded with three Regular Army battalions that had been fighting since the beginning of the war.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
5th Division moved to the Arras sector in mid-February 1916, and 12th Gloucesters took over dry, well-made trenches with deep dug-outs, and lived in cellars in Arras when out of the line. Steel helmets began to be issued to British troops early in 1916, but there were great shortages: Lt-Col Archer-Shee used his position as an MP and own observations in the trenches to ask embarrassing questions of the Under-Secretary of State for War.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
The battalion's first real taste of offensive warfare came during the Battle of the Somme. The offensive had begun on 1 July, and 5th Division took over part of the line in the Delville Wood sector near Longueval between 18 and 20 July, where 95th Brigade was to deal with German strongpoints in the orchards. When the commander of 95th Brigade, Brigadier-General C.R. Ballard, was wounded on 20 July, Lt-Col Archer-Shee took temporary command until Brig-Gen Lord Esme Gordon-Lennox arrived to take over.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
From 23 to 26 July the battalion was in the front line and was heavily shelled, with high explosive, shrapnel and gas, suffering many casualties. It went back into Longueval on 28 July, when the line was advanced to 'Duke Street' without opposition, but shelling was heavier than ever. At 15.30 next day 95th Brigade attacked to complete the capture of Longueval in support of the main attack (the Battle of Delville Wood). 12th Gloucesters put in two companies on the left of the brigade after a half-hour bombardment, and they successfully advanced the line some 500 yards (460 m) beyond Duke Street. The battalion held these positions until relieved next day.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
The phase of the offensive that began on 22 July culminated in the Battle of Guillemont. The village of Guillemont had withstood repeated British attacks, but 5th Division made a new attempt on 3 September. The bombardment began at 08.30 and the attack began at 12.00, with the men advancing behind a Creeping barrage (a recent innovation) moving at 50 yards (46 m) a minute; the men were instructed to keep within 25 yards (23 m) of the bursting shells.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
However, a flanking position at Falfemont Farm, which should have been captured in the morning, was still in enemy hands and threatened 95th Brigade's advance. The two leading companies of 12th Gloucesters took their first objective, a sunken lane, and found the dugouts beyond to be unoccupied. But then they came under enfilade fire from a machine gun off to the right in the Falfemont direction, which caused numerous casualties before A Company eliminated it.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
At 12.50 the battalion moved on to its second objective, the German line between Wedge Wood and the south of Guillemont village, which was taken without too much trouble. It then moved on at 14.50 to the third objective, a sunken lane running north from Wedge Wood towards Ginchy. Amidst the devastation of the battlefield C Company mistook Leuze Wood for Wedge Wood, got too far ahead and were caught by their own artillery fire. Although no enemy could be seen at Leuze Wood, the battalion was ordered to halt and consolidate its position rather than push into an awkward salient.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
The 12th Gloucesters was now only 300 strong and took no active part in the Flers-Courcelette (18–22 September) though the battalion was later awarded it as a Battle honour. Although the battalion had been told that it would not have to go back into the line, it received a draft of 116 reinforcements and was given a role in 95th Brigade's next attack, the Battle of Morval on 25 September. The battalion was in support while 1st Bn Devonshire Regiment and 1st Bn East Surreys suffered heavy casualties taking the first and second objectives. 12th Gloucesters and 2nd King's Own Scottish Borderers then moved through the village of Morval itself and dug in on the far side. The battalion's casualties were 12 killed and 61 wounded. The next night the battalion was relieved and went into camp in Happy Valley.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
According to Lt-Col Archer-Shee, of the 950 members of 12th Gloucesters who entered the Battle of the Somme, 736 became casualties. After the end of the Somme offensive the battalion continued to do duty in the appalling trenches in the area, alternating with tents in devastated Mametz Wood. 5th Division moved to the Béthune sector in October and spent the next six months in this quieter area.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Somme
On 22 October Lt-Col Archer-Shee returned to the UK for treatment to an old wound and was succeeded on 20 November by Lt-Col Robert Rawson, a Regular officer of the Gloucesters who had commanded 6th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders for two years. Rawson also acted as 95th Brigade's commander during the winter. Archer-Shee returned to the battalion in January 1917, but resigned his command on 10 February 1917 to devote himself to his parliamentary duties. Rawson returned from Brigade HQ on 18 March and took over full command.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Arras
12th Gloucesters was in reserve to the Canadian Corps for the Battle of Vimy Ridge on 9 April. Then on the night of 4/5 May, as the Arras Offensive continued, 95th Brigade relieved a Canadian Brigade that had captured Fresnoy. Because of casualties, 12th Gloucesters was reduced to three companies, so it had two companies of 1st Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI) under its command in order to hold the wood north of the town. During 7 May the British trenches were heavily bombarded, then that night two successive attacks came in.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Arras
12th Gloucesters repulsed the first at 03.45 (which may have been an unplanned clash as the German storm troops moved into position) but the battalion was overwhelmed by the second attack at 05.45, which completely broke through the British lines and recaptured Fresnoy. Rawson sent up D Company DCLI and his own C Company to try to restore the situation, followed later by D Company 12th Gloucesters, but all they could do was hold a sunken lane behind the lost positions until relieved at 10.00. The battalion lost 389 casualties, including 94 dead; A and B Companies had completely disappeared, killed or captured, and there were no officers left in the frontline companies.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Ypres
The battered battalions were slowly built up to strength and trained hard, but 12th Gloucesters did not see major action again until the latter stages of the Third Ypres Offensive. 5th Division moved into X Corps' area on the night of 2/3 October during the Battle of Polygon Wood, then attacked on 4 October (the Battle of Broodseinde). Launched at 06.00, 95th Brigade advanced 500 yards (460 m) with the help of a tank to deal with German pillboxes.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Ypres
12th Gloucesters had been in reserve to the attacking battalion, 1st East Surreys, and moved three companies up into the Surreys' forming-up trenches 40 minutes after Zero hour, where they suffered badly from the German counter-barrage. Later in the morning C Company was sent up to help 1st Devons. The following day the battalion held the captured line, under continuing artillery fire. In preparation for the next attack (the Battle of Poelcappelle on 9 October), 12th Gloucesters was in Sanctuary Wood, where it was under observation and artillery fire from the enemy and movement was restricted to duckboard tracks.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Ypres
On 8 October the battalion was split, with two companies providing carrying parties and the other two in the support line behind 1st Bn Cheshire Regiment. When the attack was delivered, the companies in Sanctuary Wood provided carrying and burial parties, while the two in the support line were pinned by artillery and could not be relieved until 10/11 October. Despite not actually attacking itself, 12th Gloucesters lost 359 casualties (150 from gas), of whom 88 died, in the period 1–12 October.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Ypres
While 5th Division continued to attack (the Second Battle of Passchendaele), 12th Gloucesters remained out of the line after Poelcapelle, resting, absorbing a few reinforcements, and training. It spent two short spells holding the line, suffering only light casualties, and then the whole division was pulled out. At the end of October Lt-Col Rawson left the battalion for a six-month tour of duty in the UK and the second-in-command, Maj H.A. Colt, was promoted to succeed him.


12th (Service) Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Bristol's Own), Service, Italy
Following the Austro-German breakthrough at the Battle of Caporetto, the BEF was required to release divisions to reinforce the Italian Army. On 23 November, 5th Division was warned that it would be moved to the Italian Front. Entrainment began at Hesdin on 27 November, but after A and C Companies were got away, B and D were held back under orders to move at a moment's notice to the Cambrai sector, where the German counter-attack following the Battle of Cambrai threatened to break through. The fighting died down after 3 December, and the two companies were released.