130th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was converted to cavalry on July 28, 1863, and designated as the 19th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry. The 19th Cavalry was officially re-designated as the 1st Regiment New York Dragoons on September 10, 1863. The 130th New York had the distinction of being the only Union army volunteer regiment which was converted entirely from infantry to cavalry during the Civil War.


130th New York State Legislature
The 130th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to July 26, 1907, during the first year of Charles Evans Hughes's governorship, in Albany.


130th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


130th New York State Legislature, Background
On April 27, 1906, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts, increasing the number to 51. The apportionment was then contested in the courts.


130th New York State Legislature, Background
The Legislature also re-apportioned the number of assemblymen per county. Nassau County was separated from the remainder of Queens County; Albany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego and Rensselaer counties lost one seat each; Erie, Monroe and Westchester gained one each; and Kings and Queens counties gained two each.


130th New York State Legislature, Background
On August 13, 1906, the new Senate apportionment was upheld by Supreme Court Justice Howard.


130th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Democrats and the Independence League nominated a fusion ticket headed by William Randolph Hearst. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.


130th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1906, was held on November 6. Republican Charles Evans Hughes was elected Governor with about 749,000 votes against 691,000 for Hearst. The other six statewide elective offices were carried by the nominees on the Democratic/Independence League fusion ticket with about 720,000 votes against 710,000 for the Republican candidates. The approximate strength of the other parties was: Socialist 22,000; Prohibition 16,000; and Socialist Labor 5,000.


130th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1907; and adjourned on June 26.


130th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On April 3, 1907, the new Senate and Assembly apportionment was declared unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals.


130th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 8, 1907; and adjourned on July 26. This session was called to enact a new legislative apportionment.


130th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts, and re-enacted the 1906 Assembly apportionment.


130th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Dennis J. Harte, Otto G. Foelker, James A. Thompson, George B. Agnew, John P. Cohalan, William J. Grattan, H. Wallace Knapp, William W. Wemple, S. Percy Hooker changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


130th Ohio General Assembly
The One Hundred Thirtieth Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Columbus, Ohio on January 7, 2013 and adjourned December 30, 2014. This General Assembly coincided with the last two years of John Kasich's first term as Ohio Governor. The apportionment of legislative districts was based on the 2010 United States Census and 2011 redistricting. Both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were retained by the Ohio Republican Party.


130th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 130th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 130th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was originally organized as the 1st Ohio National Guard.


130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 130th Ohio Infantry was organized in Sandusky, Ohio, and mustered in May 13, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Charles B. Phillips.


130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James.


130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 130th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Toledo, Ohio, on September 22, 1864.


130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Performed guard duty at Johnson's Island, Sandusky Bay, until June 4. It then moved to Washington, D.C., June 4 and to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, June 8. Picket duty at Bermuda Hundred and at Point of Rocks until June 21. March to Deep Bottom June 21, and duty there until August 11. Duty in lines at Bermuda Hundred and at Fort Powhatan August 11 to September 16, 1864.


130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


130th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 23 men during service; 1 officer and 22 enlisted men, all due to disease.


130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 130th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 130th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in August 1862 and mustered in under the command of Colonel Henry I. Zinn.


130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac.


130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to Washington, D.C., August 18, and duty there until September 7. Marched to Rockville, Md., September 7-12. A Maryland Campaign. Battle of Antietam September 16-17. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Va., September 22, and duty there until October 30. Advance up Loudon Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12-15. Duty at Falmouth until April, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5.


130th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 92 men during service; 4 officers and 56 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 32 enlisted men died of disease.


130th Regiment of Foot
The 130th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794. After being raised it was sent to the West Indies, where it suffered heavy losses from tropical disease. The unit was disbanded at Santo Domingo in 1796, with the survivors drafted into other regiments.


130th Regiment of Foot, Background
The 130th Regiment of Foot was raised as part of a rapid expansion of the British Army from 1793 as a reaction to the French Revolutionary Wars, which had begun in 1792. More than 40 regiments of foot and cavalry were added to the establishment; many of these units were short lived. British Army regiments are given a number, according to the seniority in which they were raised, but the numbering of these units is somewhat erratic. The supposedly junior 131st Regiment of Foot was accepted onto the Army List a full 18 months before the 130th Regiment.


130th Regiment of Foot, Background
This probably represents differences in the speed of recruitment to individual regiments (units were not accepted onto the list until they had reached a certain "establishment" strength). The naming of the new units is also varied. Some were granted formal names but others were known by their commander's names or by number alone. Most of the new regiments disbanded by 1797.


130th Regiment of Foot, History
In 1794 Captain George Pigot, formerly of the 38th Regiment of Foot was promised promotion to lieutenant-colonel—and command of the new 130th Regiment of Foot if he could recruit the men to establish the unit. The 130th Regiment of Foot was formed at Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, in 1794 and was titled the "Loyal Staffordshire Volunteers". It was also known as "Pigot's" or "Meyrick's" Regiment. Pigot was appointed to command the 130th Regiment on 21 March 1795 and the unit was entered onto the Army List on 12 June.


130th Regiment of Foot, History
The 130th Regiment was posted to the West Indies in 1795, at a time when the British were fighting the Second Maroon War against the revolt of the Jamaican Maroons. The unit suffered badly from tropical disease. It numbered 166 fit men at Santo Domingo in November but by December numbered only 7 men fit and 11 sick. The regiment was disbanded at Santo Domingo in 1796 by drafting the survivors into other units.


130th Regiment of Foot, History
Shoulder belt plates bearing the insignia of the Stafford Knot and the inscription "Loyal Staffordshire Volunteers" found in Dominica and Haiti and sometimes identified as belonging to the 80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers), are instead probably associated with the 130th Regiment. Colonel Pigot was placed on half pay and afterwards rose, by a series of brevet promotions, to the rank of general.


130th Rescue Squadron
The 130th Rescue Squadron (130 RQS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard 129th Rescue Wing located at Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View, California. The 130th is equipped with the HC-130J Combat King II. If activated to federal service, the 130 RQS is gained within the United States Air Force by the Air Combat Command (ACC).


130th Rescue Squadron, Overview
The 130th flies four MC-130P Combat Shadows, a version of the C-130 specially modified for probe-and-drogue aerial refueling and combat search-and-rescue missions. These aircraft extend the range of the wing's HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters with an air refueling capability.


130th Rescue Squadron, Overview
Established on 1 October 2003 by the Air Force Special Operations Command as part of a re-organization of Air National Guard rescue units which created separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue elements of the 129th Rescue Wing. All three squadrons are assigned to the 129th Operations Group. The HH-60 helicopter flight became 129th Rescue Squadron; the HC-130P Hercules flight become the 130th Rescue Squadron, and the pararescue flight became the 131st Rescue Squadron. On 6 April 2018 the squadron received the first of four new HC-130J Combat King II aircraft.


130th Rescue Squadron, Operations
When in a theater of combat, squadron members operate at the direction of the overall theater combatant commander and the theater's commander of air forces. In these situations, the 130th is primarily assigned to conduct personnel recovery operations—rescuing downed airmen or other isolated personnel from enemy territory, for example. In addition to combat search-and-rescue missions like these, the 130th may also conduct collateral missions: noncombatant evacuation operations, inter- and intra-theater airlift, and support of special operations forces, for example.


130th Rescue Squadron, Operations
Back at home, the 130th Rescue Squadron furnishes trained personnel to respond to state emergencies, such as natural disasters, and to assist civil authorities in the enforcement of the law. Other 130th missions include non-combat search and rescue (SAR), emergency aeromedical evacuations, humanitarian relief, international aid, counter-drug activities, and support for NASA flight operations.


130th Rescue Squadron, Operations
The 130th RQS has been assigned to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq) and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan) in support of the Global War on Terrorism.


130th Street station
130th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station. It opened on September 17, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was 125th Street. The next northbound stop was 135th Street.


130th meridian east
The meridian 130° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


130th meridian east
The 130th meridian east forms a great circle with the 50th meridian west.


130th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 130th meridian east passes through:


130th meridian west
The meridian 130° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


130th meridian west
The 130th meridian west forms a great circle with the 50th meridian east.


130th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 130th meridian west passes through:


130th station
130th is a proposed rapid transit station for the Red Line as part of the Red Line Extension. The station is planned to open in 2029 if the CTA can get the funding for the $2.3 billion project. The station will be constructed in Chicago's Riverdale neighborhood. It will serve as the southern terminus of the Red Line.


130–136 Piccotts End
130–136 Piccotts End is a medieval timber framed building in Piccotts End in Hertfordshire, England. Originally a hall house, the structure has been divided into a row of cottages. Two of the cottages are of interest for the art they contain. Important 15th century murals were discovered, at 132, in 1953 and the entire building was listed Grade I the following year. Later murals have been recorded at 134.


130–136 Piccotts End, Location
Piccotts End is a village in the north of the parish of Hemel Hempstead. The original function of the building is not known. It has been suggested that the building was connected with Ashridge Priory, which was in existence from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century.


130–136 Piccotts End, Murals
Inside the house at number 132 are a number of fifteenth-century religious wall paintings, which are of particular interest to historians as a rare example of pre-Reformation English Catholic art. The paintings are thought to originate from around 1470–1500. Following the English Reformation, religious art came to be regarded as a form of idolatry and many works were obliterated or destroyed; for this reason, some of the faces in the Piccotts End murals were mutilated and the paintings subsequently covered over by whitewash. They remained hidden for over 400 years until they were uncovered in 1953 by a resident.


130–136 Piccotts End, Murals
The origins of the paintings are unknown. Historians surmise that the Piccotts End house may have served as a hospice for pilgrims, as it was located close to a pilgrim trail which went via the nearby Monastery of the Bonhommes at Ashridge. At Ashridge, pilgrims could venerate a phial of the Blood of Christ before proceeding to St Albans Abbey to venerate the holy relics of Saint Alban. The art historian E. Clive Rouse has noted that the murals exhibit a technique of woodcut illustration dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries, suggesting the influence of the artistic style of the Low Countries.


130–136 Piccotts End, Murals
The wall paintings consist of five panels, arranged in a type of iconostasis, resembling a large screen covered with icons, set in tiers. In the centre panel is Christ in Majesty, with the "IHS" Sacred Monogram in the halo. In the right panel is depicted the  Baptism of Jesus by Saint John the Baptist; in the background an archangel holds Christ's robes. On the extreme right is a badly damaged image of Saint Clement, the third Pope with a symbolic anchor on each shoulder and the Papal cross.


130–136 Piccotts End, Murals
The left panel contains a Pietà (the Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ), and on the far left is a representation of Saint Peter wearing the Papal Tiara, with a Papal cross and the Keys of Heaven. In the two lower panels are paintings of figures of St Catherine of Alexandria (with her Catherine wheel)  and Saint Margaret of Antioch emerging from the belly of a dragon. Many figures are depicted wearing typical Tudor dress. They are decorated with orange-red, grey and blue and white foliation with yellow fruit and flowers. A blank space in the lower wall suggests the former presence of an altar.


130–136 Piccotts End, Murals
It has been suggested that some of the symbolism contained in the wall paintings indicate connections with the doctrines of Catharism, a sect considered heretical by the Catholic Church.


130–136 Piccotts End, Hospital
In the 1820s the building was converted for use as a cottage hospital by the anatomist and surgeon Sir Astley Cooper. In the early 1830s the number of patients increased because of injuries to workers constructing the London to Birmingham railway. Accordingly, the hospital moved to larger premises at Cheere House in Hemel Hempstead in 1832.


130–136 Piccotts End, Access
In recent years there has been limited opening of No. 132, which is privately owned. The public has been able to visit under the Heritage Open Days scheme. In 2014 a local conservation charity, the Dacorum Heritage Trust, launched an appeal to raise funds to buy the property.


130–30 fund
A 130–30 fund or a ratio up to 150/50 is a type of collective investment vehicle, often a type of specialty mutual fund, but which allows the fund manager simultaneously to hold both long and short positions on different equities in the fund. Traditionally, mutual funds were long-only investments. 130–30 funds are a fast-growing segment of the financial industry; they should be available both as traditional mutual funds, and as exchange-traded funds (ETFs). While this type of investment has existed for a while in the hedge fund industry, its availability for retail investors is relatively new.


130–30 fund
A 130–30 fund is considered a long-short equity fund, meaning it goes both long and short at the same time. The "130" portion stands for 130% exposure to its long portfolio and the "30" portion stands for 30% exposure to its short portfolio. The structure usually ranges from 120–20 up to 150–50 with 130–30 being the most popular and is limited to 150/50 because of Reg T limiting the short side to 50%.


130–30 fund, The Mathematics of 130–30
The 130–30 funds also known as 1X0/X0 funds give ordinary investors a taste of an investing strategy that has been popular among hedge funds, lightly regulated investment pools for institutions and high-net-worth individuals. Like other "long-short" mutual funds, the 130–30 funds have traditional "long" holdings of stocks but also sell other stocks "short" in a bet that prices will fall. In a short sale, investors sell borrowed shares with the hope of repurchasing them later at a lower price.


130–30 fund, The Mathematics of 130–30
The 130–30 funds work by investing, say, $100 in a basket of stocks. They then short $30 in stocks that they believe to be overvalued. Proceeds from that short sale are then used to purchase an additional $30 in stocks thought to be undervalued. The name reflects the fact that the manager ends up with $130 invested in traditional long positions and $30 invested short. A common strategy is to use a traditional index, such as the S&P 500 or NASDAQ-100, and then rate the stocks comprising that index by a proprietary method; the top stocks would be held long, the bottom stocks short.


130–30 fund, What are 130–30 active-extension funds?
130–30 strategies share three investment techniques with hedge funds; they are allowed to use short selling, they are leveraged vehicles and they typically have a performance-linked compensation. There are also vast differences, firstly they do not seek absolute returns regardless of the performance of the market. Instead 130–30 strategies aim at outperforming an index or another benchmark just like a traditional investment fund. Johnson et al. (2007) argue that despite the similarities to hedge funds, a 130–30 strategy is more like a long-only strategy because it is managed to abenchmark and has a 100 percent exposure to the market.


130–30 fund, What are 130–30 active-extension funds?
Therefore, a 130–30 strategy’s performance should be evaluated similar to a long-only strategy and compared with its benchmark. Market exposure is also called beta, and 100 percent exposure equals a beta of one. For this reason both long-only and 130–30 are often referred to as beta-one strategies. In contrast, hedge funds with a market-neutral long-short strategy, by definition, have a beta of zero. Secondly, 130–30 funds are typically regulated under the jurisdiction of traditional investment funds, and for this reason they are allowed to market themselves to the general public. This, in combination with the fact that the risk andreturn profile of 130–30 structures is similar to the long-only framework, makes them suitable to attract long-only money.


130–30 fund, What are 130–30 active-extension funds?
The primary purpose of the 130–30 funds is to tap into the large pool of assets allocated to long-only managers, while the primary rationale of the strategy is to attempt to construct more efficient portfolios by allowing limited short selling. The world’s 500 largest long-only fund managers have a total of assets under management of $63.7 trillion. In comparison global hedge fund assets are estimated to $2.48 trillion, or 3.9 percent of that. It is obvious that the long-only funds manage a large chunk of money that everyone is interested in.


130–30 fund, What are 130–30 active-extension funds?
The global assets of 130–30 funds are in perspective very small, approximately $53.3 billion. Nevertheless, the fund segment is growing rapidly; assets increased with 78.5 percent over the first nine months of 2007. The fee structure of 130–30 funds is, as mentioned above, closer related to that of hedge funds than that of long-only funds. In general, the performance fee is on average very similar to the hedge fund average, while the management fee is typically lower, and in-between long-only and hedge funds.


130–30 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles
The trade-off between long-only, 130–30 and market neutral long-short funds depends on two factors: 1) If one has a neutral or negative market view and does not want any beta exposure, then one should invest into a market neutral long-short hedge fund. However, if one has a positive market view and wants beta exposure, then one should invest into either a long-only or 130–30 strategy. 2) If one believes that the fund manager can generate alpha from the short leg, then it is better to invest into a 130–30 strategy rather than a long-only strategy. However, if one believes, that the manager cannot generate alpha from short selling or that the higher gross exposure of a 130–30 fund is unbearable, then one should invest into a long-only strategy.


130–30 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles
The greater part of hedge funds describe themselves as market neutral long-short equity strategies. The purpose of all market neutral long-short funds is to run an absolute-return strategy. Consequently, the aim of the investment strategy is to produce profits regardless of market direction. Many hedge funds and market neutral long-short funds were started following the last bear market from 2000 to 2002, endorsed by a prolonged bear market that sparked interest in absolute returns and the separation of alpha and beta management.


130–30 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles
The worldwide growth in hedge funds was driven by three factors: the equity bear market; investor interest in absolute returns due to heavy losses and the flow of top talent into those hedge funds notching up absolute returns. Typically, market neutral long-short funds will have a beta exposure between 30 percent net longto 10 percent net short. Since market neutral long-short returns often move in a different direction from the overall market, it can help investors to diversify their portfolios. In neutral or bear market scenarios, the advantages of market neutral long-short are prevailing.


130–30 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles
In bull markets, market neutral long-short strategies tend not to be able to generate better returns than other investment strategies. In comparison, it would be advantageous to invest into a 130–30 fund in a strong bull market. The main obvious similarity between these strategies and 130–30 is that both strategieshave both long and short positions. Market neutral hedge funds typically charge a performance fee, inline with most 130–30 funds. On the other hand they are not managed to an index, but instead use the risk-free interest rate as their benchmark.


130–30 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles
The holy grail of alpha hunting and absolute returns is a zero-sum game, producing winners and losers. A fact that often seems to be overlooked is that performance fees, besides aligning the interest of fund managers with investors, also attain top talent. Since alpha is difficult to extract, the single most important factor of active management is the talent of the fund manager. According to a hedge fund survey in 2005, the three key risks for the fund segment is overcrowding, poor returns and mis-pricing.


130–30 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles
In effect, the argument is that due to overcrowding the alpha available for capture by hedge funds has tospread over more funds, resulting in lower returns. Furthermore, the study concluded that two in three pension funds believe that worldwide overcapacity will drive down the returns. One should underline that these risks are also noteworthy for 130–30 strategies. As an asset class hedge funds have recorded an annual return of 10.7 percent since 1994, according to CSFB/Tremont, which tracks about 400 hedge funds. That is marginally ahead of Standard & Poor’s 500 annual gains over the period of 10.4 percent.


130–30 fund, Comparison with other investment vehicles
In this perspective, beta seems to offer rather attractive risk-adjusted returns over time. Conclusively, one could argue that it might be desirable to invest in a strategy that can offer both beta and the potential upsides of long-short strategies in terms of alpha generation. Nevertheless, 130–30 is first and foremost not competing with market neutral long-short funds as an investment vehicle. Instead, they should be viewed as an alternative to long-only funds, where managers can use short selling as a possible additional source of alpha.


130–30 fund, ETF Available for 130/30 Strategy
Credit Suisse developed 130/30 index. In partnership with Professor Andrew Lo of MIT, Philip Vasan formerly of Credit Suisse and now BlackRock and Pankaj Patel formerly of Credit Suisse and now Cirrus Research  launched the first passive and investible 130/30 Equity index to compare performance of 130–30 fund. They also created first and only one 130/30 ETF in partnership with ProShares.


130–30 fund, ETF Available for 130/30 Strategy
ProShares Large Cap Core Plus that track the performance of the Credit Suisse 130/30 Large Cap Index (CSM). The performance of the index matches their study published in "The Journal of Portfolio Management. They have applied for patent for the 130/30 index. They received Jacobs Levy Award: The Tenth Annual Bernstein Fabozzi / Jacobs Levy Award Awards of Excellence for Outstanding Article 130/30: The New Long-Only , Appearing in The Journal of Portfolio Management, Winter 20008.


131 (album)
131 is the fourth studio album by American rock band Emarosa. The album was released on July 8, 2016 through Hopeless Records and was produced by Casey Bates. It is the band's first album to be released on this label. It is also the last album to feature founding keyboardist Jordan Stewart and the first to feature rhythm guitarist Matthew Marcellus, who has been touring with the band since 2014. The sculpture image featuring on the album cover and also on other merchandise to promote the album is made by artist Beth Cavener.


131 (number)
131 (one hundred [and] thirty-one) is the natural number following 130 and preceding 132.


131 (number), In mathematics
131 is a Sophie Germain prime, an irregular prime, the second 3-digit palindromic prime, and also a permutable prime with 113 and 311. It can be expressed as the sum of three consecutive primes, 131 = 41 + 43 + 47. 131 is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form 3n−1{\displaystyle 3n-1}. Because the next odd number, 133, is a semiprime, 131 is a Chen prime. 131 is an Ulam number.


131 (number), In mathematics
131 is a full reptend prime in base 10 (and also in base 2). The decimal expansion of 1/131 repeats the digits 007633587786259541984732824427480916030534351145038167938931 297709923664122137404580152671755725190839694656488549618320 6106870229 indefinitely.


131 AD Regiment
131 Air Defence Regiment is an Air Defence regiment of the Indian Army.


131 AD Regiment, Formation
The regiment was raised on 24 September 1968 as a territorial army regiment at Siliguri, West Bengal.


131 AD Regiment, History
At the time of its formation, the Regiment was equipped with Bofors 40 mm L-60 anti-aircraft guns, it had inherited from 106 Heavy Anti Aircraft Territorial Army. On 15 September 1973, the regiment was converted into a regular air defence regiment. In due course, it was equipped with the 40 mm L/70 gun and the Super Fledermaus radar. It presently also has the Flycatcher (KL/MSS-6720) radar system and the Tactical Control Radar (TCR).


131 BC
Year 131 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Mucianus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 623 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 131 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


131 Charles Street
131 Charles Street is a Federal style townhouse on Charles Street and near Greenwich Street in the West Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The red brick Federal two-story-over-raised-basement townhouse with a dormer attic was built in 1834 by David Christie, a stone cutter, for about $2,600. The brick is laid in the Flemish bond pattern.


131 Charles Street
"These residences of the 1820s were almost all builder's, carpenter's, or stonemason's homes, and there were several blocks of them at one time. in 1899 Montgomery Schuyler, the critic, wrote that they were 'the most respectable and artistic pattern of habitation New York has ever known.'" The house was listed April 19, 1966, as a New York City Landmark.


131 Charles Street
The structure retains all original window frames and lintels (except in the dormers) At least until 1971, when the property was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places, the trim was white and many original interior features of the house remained. Some minor exterior changes were made during the Victorian period. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 for its architecture.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers
131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers is an Army Reserve unit and part of 24 Commando Regiment Royal Engineers. It provides engineering support to 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines (3 Cdo Bde RM) and is the largest Army Reserve Commando unit. The squadron has deployed worldwide to provide combat engineer support to 3 Cdo Bde RM, often deploying in small sub-units. 131 was first raised in 1947 as an airborne engineer regiment, and reached a strength of over 1,000 trained parachute engineers by the early 1960s. Between 1 April 1978 and 1 October 2015, the unit was an independent Commando squadron under operational command of HQ 3 Cdo Bde RM. On 2 October 2015, it formally became the third squadron of 24 Commando Engineer Regiment.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1940s: Airborne Forces Role
With the reformation of the Territorial Army (TA) in 1947, the unit was raised as 131 Airborne Engineer Regiment in support of 16th Airborne Division. The division, taking its number from the wartime 1st and 6th Airborne Divisions, was commanded at first by Major-General Roy Urquhart (who had led 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem in 1944) and consisted of three TA parachute brigades (44, 45 and 46 Parachute Brigades), each of three parachute battalions.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1940s: Airborne Forces Role
With all volunteers going through 'P Company' to gain their Red Berets and earning their Parachute Wings at RAF Abingdon, the regiment provided a squadron of parachute engineers to support each brigade: 299 Airborne Field Squadron in Hull; 300 Airborne Field Squadron in Liverpool, later Glasgow; and 301 Airborne Field Squadron in Croydon. The regimental headquarters was in Pont Street in Knightsbridge, with 302 Airborne Field Park Squadron based in Hendon. Manning a regiment of this size presented no problems, with many recently demobilised World War II soldiers, including many former paratroopers, willing to join the regiment.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1940s: Airborne Forces Role
Indeed, it was one of the fullest of all units within the brigade. Experienced leadership was also readily available. 299 Squadron was raised by Major George Widdowson, previously of the Green Howards, who had fought at Arnhem as second-in-command of the decimated 10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, whilst at Surrey-based 301 Squadron Major Beverley Holloway became Officer Commanding and later regimental second-in-command. His World War II service included parachuting into Normandy on D Day as a troop commander with 3rd Parachute Squadron RE.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1950s
Territorial Army reorganisations took place in 1956, with 16 Airborne Division being disbanded and replaced by a single TA parachute brigade, 44 Independent Parachute Brigade Group. 131 Regiment was sufficiently well established to ensure that it was retained in size but redesignated as 131 Parachute Engineer Regiment, with all squadron titles replacing the term "Airborne" with "Parachute". RHQ moved half a mile to the Duke of York's Headquarters in the King's Road, Chelsea, co-located with Brigade Headquarters.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1950s
Troop locations evolved through the 1950s too, with 301 Squadron moving to Guildford and gaining a Birmingham based troop as a result of the demise of 18th Battalion The Parachute Regiment. The Liverpool-based troop also went on to become part of 299 Squadron, whilst 300 Squadron, gained troops in Edinburgh and Falkirk to become wholly Scottish. One final change saw 302 Squadron move from Hendon to nearby Kingsbury, with its Luton-based Plant Troop also relocating to Kingsbury, in 1959.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s
In the early 1960s, 131 fielded over 1,000 trained parachute engineers and was believed to have the largest number of men earning their annual bounty in the whole of the Territorial Army. Many of the unit's members were also members of the Emergency Reserve, giving them a higher call-out obligation. Basic training was only beginning to be introduced because, up until this time, almost all unit members were either ex-regulars, ex-WW2 volunteers or ex-National Servicemen.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s
Throughout this period of the regiment's existence, squadron-sized detachments served their annual camps in many overseas theatres, carrying out close support and construction engineer tasks as well as parachuting with United States, Canadian, French and Italian forces. A major regimental event during the 1960s was Exercise Sea Splash, during which its soldiers would parachute into the harbour in St Peter Port in Guernsey, awaited by a fleet of small boats and cheering islanders. 131's first Honorary Colonel, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Neame VC, KBE, CB, DSO, had initiated the regiment's involvement with the island when he served as its governor after the war, and the parachute foray was always treated as a celebration of the liberation from German control in 1945.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s
In 1965, the bulk of the regiment carried out its Annual Camp in Aden Protectorate and in 1966 elements of the regiment deployed to the country again. During the 1965 deployment ('Ex Jockey Club') on the night of 12 April, 300 Parachute Squadron was attacked by guerrillas whilst working with 24 Field Squadron on the construction of the Dhala Road at Al-Milah near the Yemen frontier.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s
Squadron Sergeant Major John Lonergan of 300 Squadron and Sergeant Atfield, the pay sergeant of 24 Field Squadron, were both killed during the action and are buried at the Ma-Allah Cemetery, now within the Republic of Yemen. Major Clive Samuel, the Regimental Medical Officer, was awarded the MBE for gallantry after he risked his life to attend to those wounded and rescued two badly wounded men caught out in the open. The incident became known as the Battle of Dhala. 131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers's base is named Lonergan Lines in honour of SSM Lonergan.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1960s
The second major post-war reorganisation of the TA in 1967 saw the regiment reduced to a single independent squadron of 250 personnel on 1 April 1967. 131 Independent Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers (Volunteers) maintained its role in support of the three parachute battalions of 44 Parachute Brigade (Volunteers). Squadron Headquarters and the Support Troop was based in Kingsbury in London, with Troops in Birmingham, Hull and Grangemouth. Troops took the names of the Squadrons they had replaced, with 299 Troop in Hull, 300 Troop in Grangemouth, 301 Troop in Birmingham and 302 Troop (Support Troop) in Kingsbury.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1970s
The three field troops each continued to support a TA parachute battalion, with 299 Troop linked to the 4th (Volunteer) Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 300 Troop to the 15th (Scottish Volunteer) Battalion and 301 Troop to the 10th (Volunteer) Battalion. Overseas travel, with associated opportunities for engineer support, construction and parachuting continued. At times, troops carried out annual camps in direct support of their battalions, such as 299 Troop's 1972 camp with 4 Para in Jamaica, whilst on other occasions the squadron exercised as a whole.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1970s
In 1973, the squadron undertook Exercise Sacristan in the United Arab Emirates, which saw 180 members of the squadron deploy for between two and six weeks, carrying out a variety of construction tasks and desert training exercises. Close ties with 9 Independent Parachute Squadron RE, then based at Church Crookham, also continued throughout the period.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1970s
On 28 September 1975, during Exercise Trent Chase, while the squadron was conducting its annual watermanship-based section competition on the River Trent in Nottinghamshire, an assault boat containing eleven Sappers of 300 Troop was swept over the Cromwell Weir near Newark. Ten of the eleven men were drowned, including two brothers, Sappers Stuart and Peter Evenden.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1970s
After the military funerals, which took place in various parishes around Scotland, a memorial service was held at the site of the accident, and a stone of Scottish granite bearing the names of those killed was laid in a small commemorative garden close to the lock. Another memorial was established near Grangemouth, at Falkirk Cemetery, and the men are also commemorated at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire. A bridge over the River Toscaig was built in their memory in 1996 at Toscaig near Applecross in Wester Ross.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1978: Commando Role
In 1977, reductions in the regular and TA Airborne Forces were announced and on 31 March 1978, 44 Parachute Brigade (Volunteers) was disbanded in a parade at Altcar Ranges, near Liverpool. Although the three parachute battalions were retained, support arms and services were to be disbanded. On 1 April 1978, the squadron was accepted into the order of battle of 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines. Exchanging Maroon Berets for Green, but retaining a significant parachute capability across its four locations, it was renamed 131 Independent Commando Squadron Royal Engineers (Volunteers).


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1980s and 1990s
In 1982, it was decided to raise a field troop in Plymouth to capitalise on the significant number of ex-regular Commando-trained personnel living in the area and the fact that 131's new sister-Squadron, 59 Independent Commando Squadron RE, was based within the town at Crownhill Fort (later Seaton Barracks). This sub-unit was to become the new 300 Troop, but whilst Grangemouth and Plymouth were both on the Squadron's order of battle, Plymouth used the old Support Troop number, 302 Troop, for a year.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 1980s and 1990s
Recruiting at Plymouth was buoyant, and the then-Permanent Staff Instructor was awarded the British Empire Medal for his leadership in helping to establish the new Troop. Finally, in 1983, at a ceremony in Grangemouth, the Scottish 300 Troop was re-roled as a Royal Marines Reserve Assault Engineer Troop, and Plymouth took on the 300 Troop title.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 21st Century
2001's annual training exercise took place in Oman (Ex Saif Sareea), setting the tone for more than a decade of operational activity by the squadron in the Middle East and Afghanistan. Fourteen personnel mobilised for service in Afghanistan with 3 Cdo Bde RM the following year (Op Jacana). The squadron was compulsorily mobilised in January 2003 and deployed in Iraq as part of Operation TELIC 1, returning to the UK in May. A significant proportion of the unit was mobilised for a second time in Autumn 2006 for service in Helmand Province in Afghanistan.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 21st Century
Following the end of this deployment in Spring 2007, the squadron has supported a further nine tours of the province. Tasks and responsibilities were wide and varied as befits the extensive range of skills held within the unit, ranging from reconstruction advice through to close support engineering by sections embedded within Royal Marines rifle companies. Small teams also deployed to Iraq on Operation TELIC 4 in 2004/5 and to the Bagh region of Pakistan during humanitarian operations (Op Maturin) following the Kashmir earthquake in 2005.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 21st Century
During 2006, the squadron effectively split in two to form 299 Parachute Squadron, centred on the very strongly recruited Hull-based 299 Troop, whilst retaining the three other locations within 131 and growing a new troop in Bath (302 Troop).


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, History, 21st Century
On 2 October 2015, 131 formally became the third squadron of 24 Commando Engineer Regiment the Squadron retained the three previous field troop locations and Squadron Headquarters at Kingsbury.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, Current role
As a Commando unit, the majority of the squadron's personnel have completed the Reserve Forces Commando Course, run by the Royal Marines at the Commando Training Centre at Lympstone. This demanding course is the foundation for all further training. As an engineer unit, the squadron trains for a variety of tasks from demolitions to construction.


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, Structure
The squadron consists of four troops based in the following locations around the UK:


131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, Structure
Hull-based 299 Troop, which was part of 131 until 2007, later become the heart of the re-formed 299 Parachute Squadron.


131 Ponce de Leon Avenue
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Liverpoolpics (talk | contribs) at 10:37, 17 December 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


131 Ponce de Leon Avenue
131 Ponce de Leon Avenue, also known as the Gulf Oil Building, is the name of a former building in Midtown Atlanta at the southeast corner of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Juniper Street, as well as the name of a mixed-use development which incorporates portions of the Pei building's façade, adding 321 apartments and 8,600 square feet (800 m2) of retail space.


131 Ponce de Leon Avenue
The building was architect I. M. Pei's first project, built in 1949, a 50,000 square feet (4,600 m2) two-story "box that invoked the lean rectilinearity of Mies van der Rohe".


131 Ponce de Leon Avenue
The mixed-use development incorporates the entire block bounded by Ponce de Leon Avenue, North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue and Juniper Street, except for St. Paul's church. A joint venture between real estate investment company Sereo Group Inc. and developer Faison Enterprises bought the 2.5-acre (10,000 m2) site in 2012.


131 Ponce de Leon Avenue
In 2008, the block had been proposed for redevelopment as the "Fountain on Ponce" complex, but that project did not go through.


131 Ponce de Leon Avenue
The building was demolished in February 2013, but the Atlanta Preservation Center stated that its understanding that a portion of the façade was to be "resurrected as a shell" and incorporated into the new complex. The demolition involved taking apart the building piece by piece. The front portion of the building was then reconstructed for use as the clubhouse and offices of the mixed use development.


131 Squadron (Israel)
The 131 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Yellow Bird Squadron, is a C-130E and KC-130H squadron based at Nevatim Airbase.


131 Vala
Vala (minor planet designation: 131 Vala) is an inner main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on 24 May 1873, and named after Völva, a prophetess in Norse mythology. One observation of an occultation of a star by Vala is from Italy (26 May 2002). 10-μm radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 34 km.


131 Vala
In the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as an SU-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as a K-type asteroid. Photometric observations of this asteroid during 2007 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico were used to create a "nearly symmetric bimodal" light curve plot. This showed a rotation period of 10.359 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.09 ± 0.02 magnitude during each cycle. The result is double the 5.18-hour period reported in the JPL Small-Body Database.


131 Vala
On 2028-Apr-05, Vala will pass 0.0276 AU (4,130,000 km; 2,570,000 mi) from asteroid 2 Pallas.


1310
Year 1310 (MCCCX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1310 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1310 kHz: The Federal Communications Commission classifies 1310 AM as a regional frequency.


1310 G Street
1310 G Street is a high-rise skyscraper building located in Washington, D.C., United States. Its construction was completed in 1992. With its completion, the building rose to 154 feet (47 m), and featured 12 floors with 59,652 m2 in total floor area. The architect of the building was Skidmore, Owings & Merrill who designed the postmodern architectural style of the building. The high-rise serves as an office building.


1310 G Street
1310 G Street is located in the East End neighborhood of Washington, DC. The East End has transformed over the last two decades into a hub for retail, hospitality, and public and private sector offices. It is also home to Capital One Arena, the home of the NBA's Washington Wizards and the NHL's Stanley Cup-winning Washington Capitals, as well as the region's premier concert venue.


1310 G Street
1310 G Street is just a 1/2 block from one of the Metro system's three major hubs, Metro Center. The neighborhood is also home to Gallery Place-Chinatown which combined provide access to every Metro line.


1310 Villigera
1310 Villigera, provisional designation 1932 DB, is a stony asteroid and large Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 February 1932, by German astronomer Friedrich Schwassmann at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The asteroid was named after astronomer Walther Villiger.


1310 Villigera, Orbit and classification
Villigera is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.5–3.2 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,352 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.36 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. The body's observation arc begins 10 days after its official discovery observation with its first used observation at Uccle Observatory.


1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics
Villigera is a common S-type asteroid on the Tholen taxonomic scheme.


1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In October 2001, a first rotational lightcurve of Villigera was obtained by astronomer Robert Koff at Thornton Observatory (713) in Colorado. Light curve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.830 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 magnitude (U=3).


1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Photometric observations by astronomers René Roy, Raoul Behrend and Pierre Antonini in February 2006, gave a concurring period of 7.834 hours and an amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3). In 2016, a modeled lightcurves using photometric data from various sources, rendered an identical period of 7.830 and a spin axis of (3.0°, 63°) in ecliptic coordinates.


1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Villigera measures 13.76 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.245. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 15.24 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 11.45. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Villigera measures between 13 and 30 kilometers for an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.


1310 Villigera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
This makes Villigera one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065 Amundsenia (9.75 km), 1139 Atami (9.35 km), 1474 Beira (8.73 km), 1011 Laodamia (7.5 km), 1727 Mette (est. 9 km), 1131 Porzia (7 km), 1235 Schorria (est. 9 km), 985 Rosina (8.18 km) and 1468 Zomba (7 km), but smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132 Aethra, 323 Brucia, 1508 Kemi, 2204 Lyyli and 512 Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.


1310 Villigera, Naming
This minor planet was named in honour of Swiss astronomer Walther Villiger (1872–1938), who himself discovered the main-belt asteroid 428 Monachia at Munich in 1897. The official naming citation was also mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120).


1310 in Scotland
Events from the year 1310 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1310s
The 1310s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1310, and ended on December 31, 1319.


1310s BC
The 1310s BC is a decade which lasted from 1319 BC to 1310 BC.


1310s in art
The decade of the 1310s in art involved some significant events.


1310s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1310s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1310s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1311
Year 1311 (MCCCXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1311 in Scotland
Events from the year 1311 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
In 1311, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji ordered a mass massacre of the "New Muslims" (Mongols who had recently converted to Islam), after some Mongol amirs of Delhi conspired to kill him. According to chronicler Ziauddin Barani, 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols were killed as a result of this order.


1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Background
The Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate was of Turko-Afghan ethnicity and had fought several wars against the Mongol invaders from Central Asia. In 1292, the Delhi Sultan Jalaluddin Khalji had permitted several thousand Mongols to settle in his empire after they converted to Islam. These Mongol converts were called New Muslims (or Neo-Muslims), and by 1311, more than 10,000 of them lived in the capital Delhi alone. Several of them served in the Delhi army, and during the 1299 Gujarat campaign of Jalaluddin's successor Alauddin, some of them had staged an unsuccessful mutiny.


1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Background
After facing three other rebellions (not by Mongols), Alauddin had taken several measures to prevent further rebellions, including prohibition and confiscation of wealth from his subjects. His administration had greatly reduced salaries and inams (feudal land grants) of the Mongol amirs, and some of them had lost their employment. All these factors caused discontent among the leading Mongols of Delhi.


1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Conspiracy against Alauddin
In 1310-1311, Alauddin had sent his general Malik Kafur on a campaign to the southern Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms. During Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom, his Mongol commander Abachi (or Abaji Mughal) conspired to betray the imperial forces and to kill Kafur. The plot failed, and Abachi was brought as a prisoner to Delhi, where Alauddin ordered him to be executed.


1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Conspiracy against Alauddin
Abachi's execution prompted the already-resentful Mongols to conspire against Alauddin. The conspirators made a plan to kill Alauddin when he would come out to fly his hawks, wearing a cloak without any armour. Alauddin's attendants at this time would be unarmed, so the Mongols thought that a contingent of 200-300 Mongol horsemen could easily overpower them. The conspirators planned to set up a government after killing Alauddin. They believed that the general public would support them for liberating the people from Alauddin's tyranny.


1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin's order
Before the Mongol amirs could put their plan into action, Alauddin's agents came to know about the conspiracy. Alauddin then issued a confidential order, instructing his royal officers to kill all the Mongol men in his empire on a specified day. The wives and children of the victims were to be handed over to the assassins. This event has been mentioned by the 14th century chroniclers Ziauddin Barani and Isami. The later chronicler Yahya also mentions the event in Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi, but he confuses it with the Mongol mutiny during Alauddin's Gujarat campaign.


1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin's order
A manuscript of Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi states that Alauddin's order was to kill the New Muslims who held jagirs (feudal land grants). However, the term jagir was not used in Barani's days, and seems to be a copyist's addition. Alauddin ordered all New Muslim men of Delhi Sultanate to be killed. According to Barani, 20,000 or 30,000 Mongol men were massacred as a result of Alauddin's orders. Their women and children were turned into destitutes. Most of the victims were unaware of the conspiracy against Alauddin.


1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin's order
According to historian Peter Jackson, the victims of this massacre may have included Ali Beg and Tartaq, the Mongol commanders who had led the 1305 Mongol invasion of India. Isami states that after being defeated and imprisoned, they had been recruited into Aluaddin's service (probably because of their high ranks), but they were later killed on Alauddin's orders.


1312
Year 1312 (MCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1312 Vassar
1312 Vassar, provisional designation 1933 OT, is a carbonaceous Alauda asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 July 1933, by Belgian–American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, United States. The asteroid was named for the American Vassar College.


1312 Vassar, Orbit and classification
Vassar is a member of the Alauda family (902), a large family of typically bright carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702 Alauda.


1312 Vassar, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,988 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1908, it was first identified as A908 CD at Heidelberg Observatory. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Yerkes in 1933.


1312 Vassar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In November 2011 American amateur astronomer David Higgins obtained a rotational lightcurve of Vassar from photometric observations taken at the Hunters Hill Observatory (E14) in Australia. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.932 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3). In 2016, two modeled lightcurves were derived using data from the Lowell photometric database and other sources, giving a concurring period of 7.93189 and 7.93190 hours and a spin axis of (104.0°, −50°) and (251.0°, −23.0°) in ecliptic coordinates, respectively (U=n.a. ).


1312 Vassar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vassar measures between 27.56 and 36.28 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.064 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.0703 and a diameter of 36.32 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.7.


1312 Vassar, Naming
This minor planet was named by American astronomer Maud Worcester Makemson (1891–1977) after the U.S Vassar College (formerly: Vassar Female College), located in New York state. Makemson, who computed the asteroid's orbit, was a teacher at the private elite school and director of its Vassar College Observatory. Naming citation was first published in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120).


1312 in Scotland
Events from the year 1312 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


13123 Tyson
13123 Tyson, provisional designation 1994 KA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on May 16, 1994, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker and Canadian astronomer David Levy at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named for Neil deGrasse Tyson, American astrophysicist and popular science communicator.


13123 Tyson, Orbit and classification
The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a rather small group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after its largest member, 25 Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,324 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Palomar's Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) in 1953, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 41 years prior to its discovery.


13123 Tyson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2015, a rotational lightcurve was obtained by astronomer Petr Pravec at the Astronomical Institute, Czech Republic. It showed a well-defined rotation period of 3.3303 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 in magnitude (U=3). A previous photometric observation in August 2009, at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, gave a lightcurve with a similar period of 3.329 hours and a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3-).


13123 Tyson, Physical characteristics, Satellite
Tyson is an asynchronous binary asteroid, with a minor planet moon, designated S/2015 (12123) 1 in its orbit. The satellite has a rotation period of 3.862 hours. No other physical properties for this binary system has been published.


13123 Tyson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 10.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.197, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 and calculates a smaller diameter of 8.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.64.


13123 Tyson, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of American astrophysicist and popular science communicator, Neil deGrasse Tyson (b. 1958). In 1996, he became director of New York's Hayden Planetarium and was the chief scientist for its complete renovation. At the time, Tyson was also a research affiliate at Princeton University. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 November 2000 (M.P.C. 41572).


1313
Year 1313 (MCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1313 (album)
1313  is the first album by Belgian RIO band Univers Zero released in 1977. The original vinyl release (and 2008 remix by Didier de Roos, with bonus live track) was simply titled Univers Zero – it acquired the name 1313 because of its original catalog number. The name stuck due to its connection with the later Present release entitled Triskaidekaphobie (fear of the number 13).


1313 (album), Track listing
All tracks are written by Daniel Denis, except where noted.


1313 Berna
1313 Berna, provisional designation 1933 QG, is a background asteroid and synchronous binary system from the Eunomian region in the central asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 August 1933, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The assumed S-type asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 25.5 hours and is likely elongated in shape. It was named for the Swiss capital of Bern. The discovery of an 11-kilometer-sized companion was announced in February 2004.


1313 Berna, Orbit and classification
According to modern HCM-analyses by Nesvorný, as well as by Milani and Knežević, Berna is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.


1313 Berna, Orbit and classification
Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, it is located in the region of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,584 days; semi-major axis of 2.66 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1911, Berna was first identified as A911 OA at Johannesburg. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1313 Berna, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Swiss capital city of Bern. The name was proposed by Sigmund Mauderli (1876–1962), astronomer and director of the Astronomical Institute at the University of Bern, after whom 1748 Mauderli is named. He computed the definitive orbit of the body, and also insisted to rename the minor planet to its current name, after it had been originally published as "Bernia". The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120).


1313 Berna, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
A network of astronomers at several observatories including Raoul Behrend at Geneva Observatory, Switzerland, obtained the so-far best rated rotational light-curve of Berna. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 25.464 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3). In November 2007, photometric observations at Cerro Tololo, Chile, using its 0.9-meter Prompt5 telescope in combination with the Spitzer Space Telescope gave a concurring period of 25.46 hours with an amplitude of 0.5 magnitude (U=n.a.). Other light-curves were also obtained by several amateur astronomers giving a period of 6, 25.4 and 25.45 hours, respectively (U=1/2-/3-).


1313 Berna, Physical characteristics, Asteroid moon
In February 2004, a satellite orbiting the asteroid was discovered. The moon, designated S/2004 (1313) 1, measures about 11 kilometers in diameter and orbits Berna at a distance of 35 kilometer once every 25 hours and 28 minutes. Since the lightcurve is synchronized with the eclipse events, at least one body of the binary system rotates synchronously with the orbital motion. It was identified based on light-curve observations taken in February 2004 by several astronomers, including Raoul Behrend at Geneva Observatory, Stefano Sposetti, René Roy, Donald Pray, Christophe Demeautis, Daniel Matter, Alain Klotz and others. Although the IAUC was released on 23 February 2004, the announcement was already made on 12 February 2004. There are several hundreds of asteroids known to have satellites (also see Category:Binary asteroids).


1313 Berna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Berna measures between 13.12 and 19.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.13 and 0.25. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 – derived from 15 Eunomia, the parent body of the Eunomia family – and calculates a diameter of 13.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.


1313 Mockingbird Lane
1313 Mockingbird Lane is an American garage rock band whose name was inspired by the fictional address of the Munster Mansion in the 1964–1966 television series The Munsters. The group formed in the late 1980s in Albany, New York, touring extensively, and releasing at least nine different 45 rpm records, LP records, and CD recordings. The band had a full-page narrative dedicated to them in Timothy Gassen's book The Knights of Fuzz, about the garage rock and psychedelic music phenomenon of 1980–1995. Of thousands of bands covered in the book, Gassen listed 1313 Mockingbird Lane on his "all time Hot 100" list, which also included The Chesterfield Kings and the Flamin' Groovies.


1313 Mockingbird Lane, History
The music of 1313 Mockingbird Lane was said to keep to the basics of fuzz guitar, Farfisa organ, and screaming. The original line-up featured Haunted Hausmann (guitar, vocals), Kim13 (organ), Jay "Robin Graves" Howlett (bass, vocals), and Steve E. Luv (drums). The first of several "must have 45s" was a debut single produced on Scarab Records in 1989, titled Hornets Nest b/w My Hearse Is Double Parked. With later songs like "Dig Her Up" and an anti-Beatles tune called "I Don't Wanna Hold Your Hand", the prominent lyrical themes of gloom and doom presented by the band were combined with a healthy dose of tongue-in-cheek garage humor.


1313 Mockingbird Lane, History
Drummer Steve E. Luv quickly departed and was replaced by former Link Wray Live In '85 drummer Marty Feier. The band's second release, the four-song EP The Second Coming Of 1313 Mockingbird Lane (Scarab Records 1989) was voted by both Schenectady Gazette and Albany's Metroland as one of the "top local recordings of 1989" and was distributed internationally.


1313 Mockingbird Lane, History
Shortly after the release of that EP, the band signed with Sundazed Records. Sundazed Records releases rare and previously unreleased tracks by different garage rock and surf music bands including The Knickerbockers and The Five Americans. The band's first full-length LP Have Hearse Will Travel was released by Sundazed in 1990. The vinyl was pressed in a distinct slime green color. The liner notes for the 13-song album were written by Blotto lead singer, Sergeant Blotto.


1313 Mockingbird Lane, History
From this point, the band line-up changed again with the eventual departure of both bassist Robin Graves and drummer Marty Feier, who was replaced by Rusty "Krusty" Nales, then by drummer OP, and replaced again by Dave Pollack. As organist Kim commented, "We go through more drummers than Spinal Tap". Feier departed the band for a full-time touring gig in The Cast of Beatlemania, which starred members of the Broadway show Beatlemania. 1313 Mockingbird Lane would perform multiple double bills with Boston-based garage rock legends, Lyres. In early 1994, the band caught some media attention by issuing a simultaneous triple release of their new recordings. In September 1994, Brian Goodman of Rochester, New York band The Projectiles replaced drummer Dave Pollack for the final two singles, released in 1996.


1313 Mockingbird Lane, History
The band split up in 1996, playing the last show at Pauly's Hotel in their hometown of Albany. That night, Susan Yasinski from Susan and the Surftones was in the crowd and recruited Brian Goodman to join her band, with Kim13 soon to follow.


1313 Mockingbird Lane, History
The band recently successfully completed a PledgeMusic campaign which resulted in the April 2015 Cacaphone Records re-release of the debut LP on vinyl, CD, and cassette, remastered with bonus tracks.


1313 in Scotland
Events from the year 1313 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1314
1314 (MCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1314th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 314th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th  year of the 14th century, and the  5th   year of the 1310s decade. As of the start of 1314, the Gregorian calendar was 8 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.


1314 in Scotland
Events from the year 1314 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1314–1316 papal conclave
The 1314–16 papal conclave (May 1, 1314 to August 7, 1316), held in the apostolic palace of Carpentras and then the Dominican house in Lyon, was one of the longest conclaves in the history of the Roman Catholic Church and the first conclave of the Avignon Papacy.


1314–1316 papal conclave
The length of the conclave was due to the division of the cardinals into three factions: Italian (Orsini, Alberti, Stefaneschi, Caetani, Longhi, Fieschi, and both Colonna), Gascon (de Pellegrue, de Fougères, Nouvel, Teste, de Farges, de Garve, Daux, du Four, Raymond, and Godin), and French/Provençal (both Fredol, de Bec, Caignet de Fréauville, de Mandagot, and d'Euse).


1314–1316 papal conclave
The Italian faction wished to return the papacy to Rome, the Gascon faction—mostly composed of the relatives of the previous pope, Clement V, wished to retain the privileges and powers they had enjoyed during his rule, and the French/Provençal opposed these aims of the Italian and Gascon factions.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
Among the cardinal electors there were an unusually high number of cardinal-nephews for two reasons: the previous pontiff, Clement V, had just set a record for the number of cardinal-nephews elevated by a single pontiff—soon to be surpassed by Pope Clement VI—and Clement V had reigned long enough that the only surviving Italian cardinals were those who were elevated at a younger age, who tended to be relatives of their elevator.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Procedure
Had the conclave taken place according to the rules prescribed by Clement V in Ne Romani (1312) and Pope Gregory X in Ubi periculum (1274), the cardinal electors would have had to meet in the diocese where the Curia was in residence (the place where letters and apostolic causes were heard), and the local magistrates would have had the authority to compel the departing cardinals to stay. Indeed, the election did begin in that location, the episcopal palace of Carpentras (north-east of Avignon), with 23 of the 24 eligible cardinals present (Fieschi was still in Italy).


1314–1316 papal conclave, Procedure
The Italian cardinals opened by conclave by attempting to gain the support of the Provençal cardinals, proposing the candidacy of Languedocian jurist and fellow cardinal Guillaume de Mandagot (who had promised to restore the papacy to Rome and end the Gascon domination), whom the Gascons were able to defeat because of the personal opposition of Languedocian cardinal Berenguer Fredol, seniore.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Procedure
An impasse thereafter formed quickly and disputes between the servants of the Italian and Gascon cardinals broke out in the streets, aggravated by mercenary bands hired by the Gascon cardinal-nephews of Clement V and by the body of Clement V, still lying in the town square. Once the mercenaries openly besieged the conclave and the home in which the Italian cardinals were living, the Italian cardinals fled on July 24, 1314, and the rest of the College of Cardinals dispersed to Avignon, Orange, and Valence.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Procedure
With both the Gascon and Italian cardinals threatening to hold their own elections (and thus begin another schism), Philip IV of France ("the Fair") convened a group of jurists to decide the matter, only to die on November 29, 1314. His son, Louis X of France sent a mission to disperse the Gascon cardinals and arranged for the cardinals to meet again in Lyon, through the emissary of his brother, Philip, Count of Poitiers (future Philip V of France), in March 1316.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Procedure
However, Louis X died, and Philip—forced to return to Paris to pursue his own interests—locked the cardinals in the Dominican convent of Lyon, leaving the Count of Forez to guard the conclave, on June 28, 1316 (previously, to get the cardinals to assemble, Philip had promised the cardinals that he would not lock them in, but he declared that the threat of schism annulled this promise).


1314–1316 papal conclave, Procedure
At this point, the Gascon faction put forward the candidacy of a moderate member of their ranks, Arnaud Fournier, whose candidacy was rejected by the Count on Philip's instructions. The conclave proceeded to deadlock around the candidacies of Pellegrue, Mondagout, and Fredol. After a falling out between Napoleone Orsini and Pietro Colonna, the latter threw his support behind the Gascons, breaking the deadlock. This conclave was the last in which a compromise committee was tasked with selecting a candidate to present to the assembled cardinals.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Procedure
They proposed Jacques d'Euse as a compromise candidate with the votes of some of the Italian faction (who had begun to fear the influence of the Colonna), some of the Gascons, the Count, and Robert of Naples. The vote was made unanimous after an accessus, that is, allowing electors to change their votes. A final point in d'Euse's favor with all factions was the fact that he was 72. When d'Euse was elected on 7 August, he took the name John XXII.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Aftermath
With Pope John XXII reopening the disputed cases before the curia on October 1 in Avignon, the location of the papacy within France appeared to be secured permanently, as the percentage of Italians within the College was only expected to decline further. Although John XXII had been expected to die quickly, he lived until 1334, reaching the age of 90.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Aftermath
John XXII's early disputes with the Franciscans, whom he persecuted due to their views on poverty, and Ludwig of Bavaria, whose claim to the Holy Roman Empire he disputed, merged when Louis proclaimed John XXII deposed in Rome and, with the assistance of an electorate of thirteen Roman clergy, chose a Franciscan Pietro da Corbara as Antipope Nicholas V on April 18, 1328. John XXII's standing in the Curia further diminished late in his papacy when he promoted the unpopular theological view that saints would not meet God until the Last Judgment.


1314–1316 papal conclave, Aftermath
While Clement V had lived as a guest in the Dominican monastery of Avignon, John XXII began the construction of the Palais des Papes on the bank of the Rhone in the Comtat Venaissin. Five more French popes were elected in succession—Benedict XII (1334–1342), Clement VI (1342–1352), Innocent VI (1352–1362), Urban V (1362–1370), and Gregory XI (1370–1378)—remaining in Avignon and growing the French super-majority within the College. When the papacy did revert to Rome after the return of Gregory XI to Italy to pursue his property claims in the Papal States during the War of the Eight Saints, the result was the Western Schism.


1315
Year 1315 (MCCCXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1315 in Italy
An incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in 1315:


1315 in Scotland
Events from the year 1315 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


13154 Petermrva
13154 Petermrva, provisional designation 1995 RC, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1995, by Slovak astronomers Adrián Galád and Alexander Pravda at the Modra Observatory in the Bratislava Region of Slovakia. The asteroid was named after Slovak amateur astronomer Peter Mrva.


13154 Petermrva, Orbit and classification
Petermrva is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,200 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Crimea-Nauchnij in 1972, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 years prior to its discovery.


13154 Petermrva, Physical characteristics
Two well-defined rotational lightcurves of Petermrva were obtained from photometric observations at the Modra and Ondřejov Observatory rendered a rotation period of 2.98502±0.00004 and 2.9848±0.0002 hours, with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 and 0.14 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).


13154 Petermrva, Physical characteristics
According to the thermal observation carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Petermrva measures 4.2 kilometer and has an untypically low albedo of 0.15.


13154 Petermrva, Naming
This minor planet is named after Slovak amateur astronomer Peter Mrva (born 1962) who participated in the construction the discovering Modra Observatory, after which the minor planet 11118 Modra is named. He was also one of the first observers at the newly installed observatory. The second discoverer, Alexander Pravda, is thankful for his explanation and inspiration in some fields of astronomy and computer graphics. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 April 2002 (M.P.C. 45338).


1316
Year 1316 (MCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1316 Kasan
1316 Kasan, provisional designation 1933 WC, is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1933, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for the city of Kazan, Russia, and its nearby Engelhardt Observatory (Kazan Observatory).


1316 Kasan, Orbit and classification
Kasan is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main-belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU.


1316 Kasan, Orbit and classification
The asteroid is on an eccentric orbit around the Sun, at a distance of 1.6–3.2 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,369 days; semi-major axis of 2.41 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.32 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory on 20 November 1933, three days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz Observatory.


1316 Kasan, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Kasan is an Sr-subtype that transitions from the common S-type to the uncommon R-type asteroids.


1316 Kasan, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Kasan was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.82 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3). Previously, a period of 5.83 hours with an amplitude of 0.26 magnitude was measured by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory in September 2004 (U=2+).


1316 Kasan, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kasan measures 6.86 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.216. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.1.


1316 Kasan, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
This makes Kazan one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065 Amundsenia (9.75 km), 1139 Atami (9 km), 1474 Beira (8.73 km), 1508 Kemi (17 km), 1011 Laodamia (7.5 km), 1727 Mette (est. 9 km), 1131 Porzia (7.13 km), 1235 Schorria (est. 9 km), 985 Rosina (8.18 km), 1310 Villigera (15.24 km) and 1468 Zomba (7 km), but smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132 Aethra, 2204 Lyyli and 512 Taurinensis.


1316 Kasan, Naming
This minor planet was named after the city of Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It was also named in honor of the nearby Kazan Observatory (Engelhardt Observatory). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120).


1316 in Scotland
Events from the year 1316 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1317
Year 1317 (MCCCXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1317 in Scotland
Events from the year 1317 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1318
Year 1318 (MCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1318 Nerina
1318 Nerina (/nɪˈraɪnɑː/), provisional designation 1934 FG, is a Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1934, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The possibly metallic X-type asteroid has a notably short rotation period of 2.5 hours. It was named for the flowering plant Nerine, also known as "Guernsey lily" or "Jersey lily".


1318 Nerina, Orbit and classification
Nerina is a core member of the stony Phocaea family (701), an asteroid family with nearly two thousand members, named after its largest member, 25 Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,280 days; semi-major axis of 2.31 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in March 1934.


1318 Nerina, Naming
This minor planet was named after the bulbous herb Nerine, native to South Africa (it is also known as Guernsey lily, spider lily or Jersey lily) a genus of flowering plants within the family Amaryllidaceae. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 120). Several asteroids were named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1318 Nerina, Physical characteristics
Derived from the Phocaea family's overall spectral type, Nerina is an assumed S-type asteroid, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterized it as a metallic M-type asteroid. In the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), however, Nerina is an X- and Xe-subtype that transitions to the bright E-type asteroids, respectively.


1318 Nerina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A large number of rotational lightcurves of Nerina have been obtained from photometric observations since 2004. The best-rated lightcurve by Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory (646) gave a rotation period of 2.5280±0.0005 hours and a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.06 and 0.32 magnitude (U=3). Notably for an asteroid of its size, Nerina is a near-fast rotator, which have periods below of 2.2 hours and are typically much smaller bodies (see List of fast rotators).


1318 Nerina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Nerina measures between 7.87 and 13.379 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1721 and 0.376. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1397 and a diameter of 12.91 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.


1318 in Scotland
Events from the year 1318 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


13184 Augeias
13184 Augeias /ɔːˈdʒiːəs/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile on 4 October 1996. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 11.9 hours. It was named after Augeas from Greek mythology.


13184 Augeias, Orbit and classification
Augeias is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.4 AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,288 days; semi-major axis of 5.17 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1992 GQ7 at La Silla in April 1992, or four and a half years prior to its official discovery observation.


13184 Augeias, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after King Augeas, father of Epicaste. The fifth Labour of Heracles was to clean the king's stables. Heracles solved the difficult and humiliating feat by rerouting two rivers to wash out the enormous amount of dung. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47300).


13184 Augeias, Physical characteristics
Augeias is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.


13184 Augeias, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A first rotational lightcurve of Augeias was obtained from by Linda French and Lawrence Wasserman in April 2014. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 50.54±0.05 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=2-). In August 2015, photometric observations by the Kepler space telescope during its K2 mission determined a refined period of 11.934±0.119 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2-). One week later, a second, lower-rated lightcurve by Kepler gave a concurring period of 11.96±0.10 hours with an amplitude of 0.16 (U=2).


13184 Augeias, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Augeias measures 33.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.067, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 35.12 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.


13184 Augeias, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1319
Year 1319 (MCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1319 Disa
1319 Disa, provisional designation 1934 FO, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 March 1934, by English-born, South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for the orchid Disa.


1319 Disa, Orbit
Disa orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,884 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A908 EA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1908. The body's observation arc begins in 1929, when it was identified as 1929 GE at the discovering observatory, 6 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1319 Disa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Disa was obtained by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in March 2006, and by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in February 2011, respectively. Analysis of both lightcurves gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.08 hours with a brightness variation of 0.26 and 0.27 magnitude (U=3/3).


1319 Disa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2013, photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a concurring lightcurve of 7.082 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (U=2).


1319 Disa, Physical characteristics, Diameter, albedo and spectral type
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and the 2014-results by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Disa measures 24.00 and 25.65 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.116 and 0.097, respectively.


1319 Disa, Physical characteristics, Diameter, albedo and spectral type
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 40.33 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.7. Preliminary results by NEOWISE also characterized the body as a dark and reddish P-type asteroid.


1319 Disa, Naming
This minor planet was named after Disa, also known as "African weed-orchid", a large genus of more than a hundred tropical orchids, common in southern Africa. In 1955, this naming citation was also published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 120).


1319 in Scotland
Events from the year 1319 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


131st Armored Division "Centauro"
The 131st Armored Division "Centauro" (Italian: 131ª Divisione corazzata "Centauro") was an armored division of the Italian Army during World War II. It was formed in February 1939, by upgrading the 1st armored Brigade (1ª Brigata Corazzata). It took part in operations in Albania, Greece and Yugoslavia before returning to Italy. Sent to North Africa in August 1942, it surrendered in Tunisia on 13 May 1943.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History
The 1st armored Brigade was formed in April 1937, and, along with the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete", formed an Armored Corps. The two divisions took part in the first corps-level exercises in the Po Valley in the late 1930s. In February 1939, Centauro was re-designated a division. It was initially and briefly attached to the reserve Army of the Po.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, World War II, Balkans Campaign
When Italy invaded Albania in April 1939, the Centauro was equipped with L3/33 and L3/35 tankettes. The division also participated in the Greco-Italian War in 1940, just before it received its first M13/40 tanks in December 1940, and deployed with them at Këlcyrë in January 1941, losing many of them to the Greek artillery fire. In April, the Centauro was deployed into Yugoslavia, together with the 4th Division "Littorio", where they performed well despite their outdated equipment. In June 1941 they were recalled to Italy to be re-equipped with german heavy and medium tanks.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, World War II, North Africa
With the experience obtained from fighting in the Western Desert Italian armored Divisions were now re-organized into a three tank, three infantry battalion structure, combined with a large artillery regiment which included two small battalions of self-propelled guns and one anti-aircraft battalion and organic reconnaissance and engineer battalions. In August 1942, the 131st were ordered to prepare to move to Libya.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, World War II, North Africa
The Centauro missed both the First and Second Battles of El Alamein, and arrived during the retreat from Egypt back into Libya in late 1942. On 13 December, during the Battle of El Agheila, the Centauro - along with a strong formation from the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete"-  forced the British 7th Armoured Division to retreat. Rommel gave significant praise of Italian conduct during this action.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, World War II, North Africa
They were involved in several actions in Tunisia and, according to US historian Brian John Murphy, overran a part of the US forces defending Highway 13 during the Battle of the Kasserine Pass: "Axis forces also made a breakthrough on Highway 13, where the Italians of the Centauro Division spearheaded the attack. In the early morning hours, the Italians pressed their offensive, broke through the remains of the American line, and continued up Highway 13." The Centauro remained in Tunisia as part of the Italian 1st Army until the end of the campaign, surrendering in May 1943.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, Post War, Reconstitution
The division was raised again after World War II on 1 April 1951. At first named Centauro Armored Brigade the division reached its full complement of troops in fall of 1952 and became the Armored Division "Centauro" on 1 November 1952. The division was based around Milan with the headquarters in the city of Verona. The division was initially part of the 4th Army Corps and consisted of the following units:


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, Post War, Reconstitution
In fall of 1955 the division moved its headquarters to Novara and joined 3rd Army Corps. The units of the Centauro moved to Milan and Bellinzago Novarese.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, Post War, Cold War
In 1963 all Italian divisions adapted their organization to NATO standards and thus added a brigade level to the divisions structure.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, Post War, Cold War
On 1 October 1968 the brigade headquarters were disbanded and the divisions returned to its former structure. The Armored Division "Centauro" was part of the 3rd Army Corps based in North-Western Italy. The 3rd Army Corps was tasked with defending Lombardy and Piedmont in case the 4th Alpine Army Corps and 5th Army Corps would have failed to stop attacking Warsaw Pact forces east of the Adige river.


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, Post War, Cold War
Before the major reorganization of 1975 the division consisted of the following units:


131st Armored Division "Centauro", History, Post War, Cold War
In 1975 the Italian Army undertook a major reorganization of it forces: the regimental level was abolished and battalions came under direct command of newly formed multi-arms brigades. The 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment became the 3rd Mechanized Brigade Goito and the 31st Tank Regiment became the 31st Armored Brigade Curtatone. The units of the 1st Armored Bersaglieri Regiment were transferred to the Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade in Rome. Thus on 21 October 1975 the Centauro took command of the two newly created brigades and additional units to bring it up to full strength.