130 mm air defense gun KS-30
The KS-30 is a Soviet 130mm anti-aircraft gun that appeared in the early 1950s, closely resembling the German wartime 12.8 cm FlaK 40 antiaircraft gun. The KS-30 was used for the home defense forces of the USSR and some other Warsaw Pact countries. Recognition features are the heavy dual-tire carriage, a firing platform which folds up to a 45 degree angle when the piece is in travel, and the long clean tube without a muzzle brake. The breechblock is of the semi-automatic horizontal sliding-wedge type, and the piece is fitted with a power rammer and an automatic fuze setter. Fire control is provided by the PUAZO-30 director and the SON-30 radar. The ammunition is of the fixed-charge, separated type. It is not interchangeable with that of the 130mm field or coastal guns. The KS-30 is now held in war reserve since it was replaced by surface-to-air guided missiles.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)
The 130 mm towed field gun M-46 (Russian: 130-мм пушка M-46) is a manually loaded, towed 130 mm artillery piece, manufactured in the Soviet Union in the 1950s. It was first observed by the west in 1954.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)
For many years, the M-46 was one of the longest range artillery systems around, with a range of more than 27 km. (16.7 mi)


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Design history
The order was given in April 1946 to design a "duplex" artillery system to replace the obsolete 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) and other World War II era field guns, such as 122 mm Model 1931, 152 mm Model 1910/30, 152 mm Model 1935 (BR-2). The new systems, designed by the factory No 172 (MOTZ), shared the same carriage and were given the designators M-46 (130 mm) and M-47 (152 mm). The respective GRAU designators are 52-P-482 and 52-P-547. The development phase was finished in 1950 and one year later series production started. Many M-46s were exported.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Design history
A second "duplex" artillery system was subsequently designed by FF Petrov's design bureau at Artillery Factory No 9. This comprised a 122 mm Gun and a 152 mm Howitzer. The 122 mm Gun D-74 was a competitor to the M-46; and while many were produced, the M-46 became the only long range Gun in Soviet service until new 152 mm Guns in the 1970s.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description
The M-46 was developed from the M-36 130 mm naval gun used on ships and for coast defence. It is a true gun, being unable to fire much above 45° and having a long barrel and a single propelling charge. In contrast, most Western field guns of this period had a dual high and low angle fire capability, a gun-howitzer.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description
It has a 39 calibre barrel with a tied jaw horizontal sliding-block breach and 'pepperpot' muzzle brake. The latter is not notably efficient, but subjective reports suggest that it is quite effective in reducing muzzle flash. The hydro-pneumatic recoil system comprises a buffer below the barrel and a recuperator above the barrel. The long barrel enables a substantial propelling charge by providing more length in which to achieve 'all-burnt' and hence projectile acceleration space and thus achieve its 930 m/s muzzle velocity.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description
The barrel is mounted on a split-trail carriage, with deep box section trails and foam filled road wheels on the ground when firing and 50° of top traverse. The small shield protects little more than the sights, possible including from the effects of muzzle blast, and some protection from machine gun fire in anti-tank engagements. The gun has long and robust trails to provide stability when firing, a large detachable spade is fitted to the end of each when the gun is brought into action.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description
Non -reciprocating sights are standard Soviet pattern, designed for one-man laying. Included are a direct fire anti-tank telescope, a panoramic periscopic indirect-fire sight (a dial sight) in a reciprocating mounting, an angle of sight scale, and a range drum engraved with the range (distance) scale, coupled to a mounted elevation levelling bubble. The range drum enables the standard Soviet technique of semi-direct fire when the piece is laid visually on the target and the range set on the range drum. An APN-3 was later provided for direct fire at night in place of the day telescope.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description
For travel, the gun is towed via a two-wheeled limber fitted to the end of the closed trails, with the spades removed and carried on each trail. Simple jacks on the trails just behind the main wheels are used to lift and support the closed trails so that the limber can be connected. The barrel and recuperator are pulled back between the closed trails and locked in a travelling position.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description
There is a large bicycle chain arrangement on the right trail for this, and a compressed air cylinder, charged by the gun firing, is used to bring the barrel forward when the gun is brought back into action. It takes about four minutes to bring the gun into action, the normal detachment is eight strong.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Description
Propelling charges are in metal cartridge cases and loaded separately from the projectile. Projectiles originally included HE fragmentation, Armour Piercing solid shot, smoke, illuminating and chemical. HE shells weigh some 33 kg. Illuminating shells have a substantially lower muzzle velocity. APHE and extended range shells were introduced later. Maximum rate of fire is probably 6-7 rounds/minute, and about 70 rounds/hour. The standard Soviet unit of fire was 80 rounds.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history
The M-46 was first seen openly at the 1954 May Day Parade in Moscow. It initially replaced the 100 mm BS-3 field and anti-tank gun. However, its long range made it well suited for counter-battery actions – some western troops on its receiving end have reported poor fragmentation, and large fragments would be consistent with the counter-battery purpose. Its Soviet use with an integrated fire-control system including SNAR-2 radars has also been reported. In Soviet service, M-46 battalions were in Army and Front artillery brigades.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history
It is or has been in service with at least 25 countries and has been license manufactured in China as the Type 59. It was replaced in Soviet/Russian inventory by the 2A36 Giatsint-B and the self-propelled 2S5 Giatsint-S. Several companies, like Soltam and RDM Technology BV, have presented upgrade packages for the gun. These include, for instance, an upgrade to a 45 caliber 155 mm gun. Its long range made it especially useful in the Vietnam War.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history
The M-46 saw extensive combat service with the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. From the mid to late 1970s Angolan M-46s were deployed with some success in the counter-battery role against South African artillery units, which possessed comparatively short-ranged BL 5.5-inch Medium Guns. South Africa later acquired six M-46s from Israel for evaluation purposes; this likely influenced its development of the G5 howitzer, which was adopted to counter the range and effectiveness of the FAPLA field guns.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history
Cuba also deployed M-46 batteries of its own in support of FAPLA operations during its lengthy military intervention in Angola. Cuban and FAPLA M-46s were used most notably during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, where individual guns were deployed in ones or twos rather than concentrated in single positions to reduce the threat posed by counter-battery fire from South African G5s. Cuban tacticians were able to repeatedly stall a South African mechanized and armored offensive by using minefields to channel the attackers into bottlenecks where the M-46s could concentrate their fire.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history
Tanzania People's Defence Force fielded some M-46 guns during Uganda–Tanzania War in 1978–1979.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Operational history
A version of this gun, possibly the Chinese-manufactured Type 59-1, is suspected to have been used by North Korea for shelling the South Korean island of Yeonpyeong in the Yellow Sea on 23 November 2010.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Variants, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
The US Defense Intelligence Agency has reported the existence of a number of locally designed self-propelled artillery systems, including the SPG 130 mm M1975, the SPG 130 mm M1981 and the SPG 130 mm M1991. Details are not available, but they appear to be M-46/Type 59s mounted on a tracked chassis “Tokchon”.


130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), Variants, Romania
Type 59-1 was manufactured by Arsenal Resita under the designation A412 Model 1982 between 1982 and 1989. A maximum range of 33 kilometers was reached Using NORINCO's Base Bleed ammunition. The A412 cannon can fire a 7-8 rounds per minute. The A412 was exported to four other countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cameroon, Guinea, and Nigeria.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936
The 130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936 was a 130 mm (5.1 in) 50 caliber Soviet naval gun. The gun was used as a standard destroyer weapon during World War II, and it was also used as a coastal gun and railway gun. The gun was produced in three different versions which all had incompatible ammunition and range tables. Mountings for the weapon included single open mounts and twin turrets. Besides the Soviet Union, the gun was used on ships sold or donated to Poland, People's Republic of China, Egypt and Indonesia. Finland captured five guns during Continuation War and used them until the 1990s.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Background
In 1929 design work began in the Soviet Union for a new 130 mm 45 caliber submarine deck gun that would have the same external ballistics as the older 130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913 gun. It was intended for the gun to use a wedge lock and fixed ammunition, but the plans were changed already before the prototype was ordered. Blueprints and a prototype was ordered from Bolshevik Plant no. 232 in 1930. The design bureau director was N. N. Magdasijev and project leader G. N. Rafalovits.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Background
Others involved in the design were S. A. Morozov, S. A. Zalazaev, B. A. Lever, V. M. Rosenberg and V. I. Kudrjashov. The gun design was changed from submarine to destroyer weapon using separate instead of fixed ammunition and in 1932 new specifications included a change from 45 to 50 calibers and a screw breech block instead of wedge block. During test firing in 1934—35 several shortcomings were found in the gun design, particularly with the breech and loading mechanism. Because the Leningrad-class destroyers that were supposed to use the guns were already under construction the 130 mm B-13 gun was accepted for mass production in 1935 and the first twelve guns were finished during the same year.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models
In order to match the performance of the longer barreled 130 mm/55 Pattern 1913 gun it was necessary to use a higher barrel pressure in the 130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936. This led to such a rapid barrel wear that the Leningrad and Gnevny class destroyers using the first gun versions could not even empty their magazines a single time before needing to change out the barrel. The solution to the excessive barrel wear was found to be deeper rifling grooves.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models
The original design had 1.0 millimetre (0.039 in) deep grooves and a barrel life of 130 rounds; a modified version with 2.7 millimetres (0.11 in) deep grooves had a barrel life of 1100 rounds. Additionally there existed a model with 1.95 millimetres (0.077 in) deep grooves. The gun had 40 grooves with a constant twist. All three gun models with different groove depths had different, mutually incompatible, ammunition, sights and range tables. A loading platform that could be rotated next to the gun barrel was used to deliver the shell to a pneumatic loading mechanism. The gun could be loaded on any elevation angle, but the rate of fire was reduced on elevations higher than +25°. A modified dual-purpose model with 55 caliber barrel suitable for anti-aircraft fire was planned but the project was stopped due to the war.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings
Early destroyers and coastal guns used single open mountings protected by a Gun shield. An enclosed twin turret was developed for later destroyer classes and monitors.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings
B-13 was the earliest mounting. This was a single mounting open from the rear and protected by a 13-millimetre (0.51 in) gun shield against shrapnel and bullets. This mounting was used in the destroyers constructed the before Second World War and in coastal and railway guns. The weight of the mount was 12 metric tons (11.8 long tons) and it was equipped with indicators for a central fire control system, but had hand-operated training and elevation. To fire the gun, a string would be attached to a hole at the end of the gun, as was the standard system at the time.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings
B-2LM was a twin turret used in later destroyer classes. It was intended to use this turret to arm the Soviet destroyer Opytny, but the ship was equipped with B-13 mounts instead. The destroyer leader Tashkent was initially equipped with B-13 mounts, but received the planned B-2LM turrets during a refit. Additionally the lead ship of the  Storozhevoy-class destroyers, Storozhevoy, was also refitted with a single B-2LM turret forward. The turret was used to arm the post-war  Ognevoy-class and  Skoryy-class destroyers. The weight of the turret was 49 metric tons (48.2 long tons).


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings
B-2LMT twin turret was used as the armament on the monitors Sivash and Perekop and with Shilka-class monitors. Weight 90.9 metric tons (89.5 long tons).


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings
B-28 twin turret was used on the monitor Khasan, weight 83.7 metric tons (82.4 long tons).


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Models, Mountings
B-2-U was a planned dual-purpose universal twin turret (U = Universal'naya) that could have been used effectively also as an anti-aircraft weapon. This turret was planned to use a new 55-caliber model of the B-13 gun and to have a maximum elevation of 85° with a weight of 48.4 metric tons (47.6 long tons). Due to the war the project was stopped and neither the turret nor the guns were produced.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Soviet Union
130 mm/50 B13 gun was the standard armament of the newest destroyers of Soviet Union during World War II and it was used to arm the destroyers built in Soviet Union until 1954. The destroyers classes armed with 130 mm/50 B-13 gun were the Leningrad-class (project 1 and modified project 38 Minsk class), Tashkent, Gnevny class, Soobrazitelny class, Opytny, Ognevoy class and Skoryy class. The mass production of the gun resulted in more than one thousand guns being built, and the gun was also used to arm smaller warships and as a coastal gun. The coastal guns remained in use until the fall of the Soviet Union, and in the 1970s 90 guns in 20 batteries were installed in Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula to protect Vladivostok from a possible Chinese attack.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Finland
Finland captured several 130 mm/50 B13 guns during the Battle of Hanko. The captured guns were known in Finland as 130/50 N or 130 mm 50 kaliiperin merikanuuna mallia N (130 mm 50 caliber coastal gun model N). Soviet Union had four batteries of B-13 guns in Hanko, but they were damaged or blown up when the Russians evacuated Hanko. Valtion Tykkitehdas (State Artillery Factory) and Helsinki Naval Base ordance personnel succeeded in repairing five guns. Only a few hundred rounds of ammunition were captured, so Finns began manufacturing suitable ammunition domestically.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Finland
Captured Russian ammunition included modern high explosive fragmentation shells with point and base fuzes and semi-armour piercing shells, while the Finnish produced ammunition were older style high explosive shells. Three captured guns were used for short periods of time in Pihlajasaari and Miessaari forts by Uusimaa Coastal Brigade. Two guns were used to arm the auxiliary gunboats Aunus and Viena.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Finland
Three guns were converted into railway guns 130/50 NRaut (Raut = rautatietykki, railway gun) in 1964 in the Hanko Coastal Artillery Battalion. The railway wagon was attached to rails with clamps and supported from the sides by wooden planks and support beams on track sides. In 1972 the three guns were converted back to static coastal guns and installed on Glosholma fort of the Suomenlinna Coastal Artillery Regiment.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in Finland
Three spare gun shields were used on 152/46 VLo guns installed in Sommarö fort on Replot and two other gun shields as armoured observation posts on the test fire sites at Puolustusvoimien Tutkimuskeskus (Finnish Defense Forces Research Facility) and Keuruun Pioneerivarikko (Keuruu Engineering Depot). In the 1980s it was attempted to convert the ammunition of the 130/50 N guns as sea target shells for 130 TK turret guns, but the project failed. The three guns in Glosholma were removed from service in the 1990s, but left on their positions. Additionally two spare guns were in storage. One gun was placed on display in Kuivasaari in 2005. The origin of the designation N (also Nl or NI) is uncertain, but most likely stood for Neuvostoliittolainen (from Soviet Union). The gun had a nickname Nikolajev in Finland.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Service in other countries
Two Skoryy class destroyers were transferred to the Polish Navy in the late 1950s. Additionally 130 mm B-13 guns were used as coastal guns in Hel Fortified Area. Skoryy-class destroyers were also sold to Egypt (six ships) and Indonesia (seven ships). Four Gnevny-class destroyers were donated by Soviet Union to People's Republic of China as Anshan-class destroyers.


130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936, Modifications
In the early 1940s an attempt was made in the Soviet Union to mount the 130 mm B-13 gun on a tank chassis. After Winter War one of the T-100 tank prototypes was refitted with a hull mounted 130 mm B-13 gun. This vehicle was known as SU-100Y and the prototype was used in action during the Battle of Moscow. The prototype survived the war and is now on display in Kubinka Tank Museum.


130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913
The 130mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913 naval gun  was a 5.1-inch naval gun used predominantly on ships of the Imperial Russian Navy and later by the Soviet Navy. It was manufactured mainly by the Obukhov State Plant (OSP) in St. Petersburg, as well as under licence by Vickers Limited in Great Britain. The gun was used as medium artillery on several Russian dreadnoughts and as main artillery on cruisers, as well as coastal artillery. It was succeeded by the 130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936 naval gun, which became the standard destroyer gun of the Soviet Navy during World War II.


130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History
In 1911 OSP received an order to design a semi-automatic 130 mm/60 caliber naval gun for the Main Shipping Administration. The order asked for two prototypes, one for cartridges, one for rounds. On 12 July 1912 the cartridge-version with a 55 caliber barrel was approved. In September 1912 it was decided to go with the hydro-spring rather than the hydro-pneumatic recoil system. Earlier an OSP designed semi-automatic breech mechanism was rejected in favor of a Vickers design.


130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History
In 1913 an initial order of 471 guns was placed with OSP. By 1 January 1917 143 guns had been delivered, with 96 due until the end of that year. The remaining 282 guns were supposed to be delivered in 1918. The first charge of guns was used to equipped the cruiser Svetlana and the Imperatritsa Mariya-class battleships of the Black Sea Fleet.


130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History
Another order of 100 guns was placed in 1913 with Vickers Ltd., of which 24 were ready for delivery by 16 September 1914. Of these 7 were shipped to Arkhangelsk in October 1914. A further 12 guns destined  for Russian cruiser Varyag were delivered to Russia on the same route as the repairs of Varyag were delayed, where they were put to the defense of Saaremaa island.


130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History
The Soviet Navy retained the 130mm/55 Pattern 1913 naval gun and produced additional guns under the designation B-7, as the OSP had been renamed Works No. 232 "Bolshevik" in 1922.


130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History
In 1923, 12 guns had been placed in four coastal batteries, one in Odessa and three along the Caucasian coast.


130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913, History
In 1930 a minor modernizations were made to a few guns at the "Bolshevik" works, improving the loading mechanism and enhancing elevation to +40°.


130 mood: TRBL
130 mood : TRBL is the debut extended play by South Korean singer Dean. It was released by Joombas and Universal Music Group on March 24, 2016.


130 mood: TRBL, Background and release
On March 21, Dean released a music video for "Bonnie & Clyde", the first track from 130 Mood : TRBL, in which he plays the role of Clyde in a reenactment of Bonnie and Clyde. On March 23, a music video for another track, "D (Half Moon)" featuring Gaeko was released and a showcase was held in Gangnam, Seoul. The seven-track EP was released the following day, its title named after the racing number '130', which James Dean had painted on his car, and which embodies the same experimental spirit he feels about music. The 'TRBL' portion of the title is a stylisation of 'trouble'. The album is intended to narrate a love story through its consecutive tracks and was written and produced by Dean along with collaborators, with several of the tracks previously released as singles.


130 mood: TRBL, Critical reception
Billboard K-Town columnist Jeff Benjamin described the chart position on the Heatseekers Albums chart uncommon for a K-pop act, and especially for a debut release. He said that the album was an "impressive debut creatively that pushes R&B ahead into the future with its compositions and collaborations – notably the woozy "Pour Up" featuring Zico of Block B, the Weeknd-recalling "21" and "What 2 Do" with Korean R&B star Crush and L.A. singer Jeff Bernat." The album was picked number 5, as one of the 10 Best K-Pop Albums of 2016 by Billboard.


130 mood: TRBL, Critical reception
The Star gave the album 8 stars out of 10, and praised the album, saying it "soothes and tantalises", and is an "impressive debut album." Bandwagon gave the album a positive review, "His songwriting in 130 Mood: TRBL shows. His future R&B production is top-class, and his ability to write memorable hooks and sultry, resonant melodies is on full display through the short seven-track record." IZM praised Dean's vocals and melody of the album, especially the track "21", noticing that his talent reaches its peak on that track.


130 mood: TRBL, Commercial performance
The EP charted at No. 10 on the Gaon Album Chart, No. 3 on the Billboard World Albums chart, and No. 22 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, while "Bonnie & Clyde" entered Billboard's World Digital Songs chart at No. 12.


130 nm process
The 130 nm (0.13 µm) process refers to the level of MOSFET (CMOS) semiconductor process technology that was commercialized around the 2001–2002 timeframe, by leading semiconductor companies like Fujitsu, IBM, Intel, Texas Instruments, and TSMC.


130 nm process
The origin of the 130 nm value is historical, as it reflects a trend of 70% scaling every 2–3 years. The naming is formally determined by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS).


130 nm process
Some of the first CPUs manufactured with this process include Intel Tualatin family of Pentium III processors.


130 nm process, Background
Their first MOSFET demonstrated by Egyptian engineer Mohamed Atalla and Korean engineer Dawon Kahng in 1960 had a gate length of 20 μm and a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm. In 1984, a MOSFET based on NMOS logic was fabricated with a 100 nm channel length by Toshio Kobayashi, Seiji Horiguchi and K. Kiuchi at Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Japan.


130 nm process, Background
In 1990, a 100 nm CMOS process was demonstrated by an IBM T.J. Watson Research Center team led by Iranian engineers Ghavam G. Shahidi and Bijan Davari and Taiwanese engineer Yuan Taur. In 2001, 100 nm CMOS nodes were commercialized by Fujitsu and IBM.


1300
Year 1300 (MCCC) was a century leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1300th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 300th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1300s decade. The year 1300 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.


1300 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1300 kHz: The Federal Communications Commission classifies 1300 AM as a Regional broadcast frequency. See List of broadcast station classes.


1300 Corporals
1300 corporals (Serbian Cyrillic: 1300 каплара) is the name for the 1300 untrained officers that were sent as a reinforcement to the Serbian First Army at the Battle of Kolubara.


1300 Corporals
At the start of the war, many young men from both Serbia and Austria-Hungary left school and made themselves available to the High Command of the Serbian army. They were sent to the military school in Skopje. Even though their training wasn't yet completed, the development of the events forced the High Command to dispatch them to battle.


1300 Corporals
The Serbian army was in retreat, demoralized, in shortage of ammunition, Belgrade was in the enemy's hands, so the world already came to terms with the complete breakdown of Serbia. All available forces were needed for the crucial battle, which is why the corporal ranks were distributed to the youngsters in Skopje (hence the name), and were sent for Kolubara and Suvobor the next morning. There, the Serbian army, led by Živojin Mišić, pulled off one of the most important victories in World War I.


1300 Corporals
During 1916 and 1917, a group of around 500 corporals were in Jausiers, France, for a military training, from where they returned to the front.


1300 Corporals
1300 corporals symbolize a battle for freedom of their country and people, mainly because most of them were youngsters who went into the battle on their own initiative.


1300 Lafayette East Cooperative
The 1300 Lafayette East Cooperative is a large, 336 unit luxury housing cooperative in the Lafayette Park neighborhood of the near-east side of Detroit, Michigan. The building is notable for its address "1300" displayed in giant numerals on the North and South sides of the roof which are visible for miles in Detroit and Windsor.


1300 Lafayette East Cooperative, History
Constructed in 1961 and completed in 1964, 1300 Lafayette East stands at 30 floors. The building incorporates a ground floor with 2 story marble lobby,  meeting rooms, conference room, and offices. A mezzanine houses a fitness center and commercial offices, and above it rise 28 residential floors. The building is constructed atop a two-floor underground parking garage. Apartments in the building have unobstructed views of the surrounding cityscape, downtown, the Detroit River and Windsor, Ontario. Designed by Gunnar Birkerts, the building incorporates a number of innovative and elegant construction and modern architectural design elements in its reinforced concrete construction.


1300 Lafayette East Cooperative, History
Thirteen Hundred was originally designed as the first phase of a two building complex, with the second phase twin apartment building facing Earned Street at the corner of Rivard, immediately south of Lafayette Boulevard. However, market conditions existing at the time of completion resulted in the cancellation of the second project. Eventually this site was developed as the Carlton Apartments.


1300 Lafayette East Cooperative, History
Thirteen Hundred has always had an impeccable reputation which has attracted a number of notable residents, among them the singer Diana Ross. The building's owners fell on hard times in the 1970s due to a declining city population and a mixture of extremely spacious studio to four bedroom apartments, which were not favorable in the rental market at the time. After a mortgage default by the owner, the building briefly became the property of the U.S. in an unusual manner - without the involvement of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, who had insured the mortgage. In 1979 the building was subsequently converted to co-op ownership - on the initiative of the tenants, who organized to avoid a sale to commercial interests or to the City of Detroit.


1300 Lafayette East Cooperative, Zoned schools
The community is zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Residents are zoned to Chrysler Elementary School, Duffield K-8 for middle school, and Martin Luther King High School.


1300 Marcelle
1300 Marcelle, provisional designation 1934 CL, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 February 1934, by French astronomer Guy Reiss at the North African Algiers Observatory in Algeria.


1300 Marcelle, Orbit and classification
Marcelle orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.8–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,694 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.01 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory, four days after its official discovery at Algiers, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1300 Marcelle, Physical characteristics
Marcelle is a dark C-type asteroid. On the SMASS taxonomic scheme, it is classified as a Cg-subtype, an intermediate to the rather rare G-type asteroids.


1300 Marcelle, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
The so-far only rotational lightcurve of Marcelle was obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer René Roy in January 2008. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 12 hours and a low brightness variation of 0.05 magnitude (U=2).


1300 Marcelle, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Marcelle measures between 27.84 and 33.92 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.010 (ignoring preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0637 and a diameter of 27.64 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4.


1300 Marcelle, Naming
This minor planet was named for Marcelle Reiss, the third daughter of the discoverer. He also named his discoveries 1237 Geneviève and 1376 Michelle, after his two other daughters, Geneviève and Michelle, respectively. The official naming citation was also mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).


1300 Oslo
1300 Oslo (active from 1979 in Oslo, Norway) was a Norwegian jazz band originally called Oslo 13 (1979–93), founded and operated the first two years by Bror Hagemann and continuated by Jon Balke. In 1994 the band got a joint leadership with Trygve Seim, Morten Halle and Torbjørn Sunde, and changed their name.


1300 Oslo
The band's first release was the album Anti-therapy (1981). Oslo 13 was awarded Spellemannprisen in 1988 for the album Off balance. The follow up Nonsentration (1992) also was an acclaimed album. The last album from Oslo 13 was a live album from 1992.


1300 in Italy
Events which occurred in Italy or Italian territory in 1300:


13003 Dickbeasley
13003 Dickbeasley, provisional designation 1982 FN, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station on 21 March 1982. The asteroid was named in memory of American NAU administrator Dick Beasley.


13003 Dickbeasley, Orbit and classification
Dickbeasley is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,495 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 27° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


13003 Dickbeasley, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of American Richard "Dick" E. Beasley (1934–1992), a teacher and administrator at Northern Arizona University. He was also a multi-media artist and a preeminent figure in the calligraphic world. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 February 2009 (M.P.C. 65122).


13003 Dickbeasley, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Dickbeasley was obtained from photometric observations made at the Phillips Academy Observatory (I12). It gave a rotation period of 3.502 hours with a brightness variation of 0.44 magnitude (U=3-). One month later, in May 2015, observations at Texas Tech's Preston Gott Observatory gave a concurring period of 3.4999 hours with an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3-).


13003 Dickbeasley, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
These results supersede the first obtained lightcurve at the Palomar Transient Factory from September 2012, which gave a period of 3.4992 hours and an amplitude of 0.42 (U=2).


13003 Dickbeasley, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dickbeasley measures 8.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.07, while he Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.7.


13006 Schwaar
13006 Schwaar, provisional designation 1983 AC1, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 January 1983, by American astronomer Brian Skiff at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff, Arizona. The asteroid was named after amateur astronomer Pierre–Yves Schwaar.


13006 Schwaar, Orbit and classification
Schwaar is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a rather small group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after its largest member, 25 Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,252 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 29° with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken. The asteroid's observation arc begins 20 days after its discovery.


13006 Schwaar, Physical characteristics
Schwaar has been characterized as a S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


13006 Schwaar, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
A rotational lightcurve of Schwaar was obtained from photometric observations made at the Hunters Hill Observatory (E14), Australia, and collaborating stations in December 2006. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of 6.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 in magnitude (U=3-).


13006 Schwaar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Schwaar measures 5.3 and 5.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.182 and 0.185, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for members of the Phocaea family of 0.23, and calculates a diameter of 5.0 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.7.


13006 Schwaar, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory amateur astronomer Pierre–Yves Schwaar (1946–2000), member of the Saguaro Astronomy Club (SAC), telescope maker, and photographer of the night sky. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 January 2001 (M.P.C. 41939). The native Swiss amateur astronomer and immigrant to the U.S. was also an inventor and master craftsman, a model rocketeer, an USAF aircraft mechanic, a Vietnam veteran, and an eclipse chaser.


1300s (decade)
The 1300s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1300, and ended on December 31, 1309.


1300s BC (decade)
The 1300s BC is a decade which lasted from 1309 BC to 1300 BC.


1300s in England, Incumbents
Monarch – Edward I (to 7 July 1307), Edward II


1300s in art
The decade of the 1300s in art involved some significant events.


1300s in art, Works
Duccio The Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew (from the Maestà) 1308


1300s in music
The 1300s in music was a decade involving some events.


1300s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1300s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1300s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State
The 1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State was a yearlong celebration in 1981 when the Bulgaria celebrated the 1300th anniversary of the establishment of the first Bulgarian state in modern history. There were 23,000 events connected with the 1300th anniversary.


1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State, The military parade
The parade took place on Sofia's September 9th Square. The parade inspector was the Minister of People's Defence of Bulgaria, General of the Army Dorbri Dzhurov. The parade commander was Colonel General Hristo Dobrev, the Commander of the Land Forces of the Bulgarian People's Army. Attending the parade was the General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party Todor Zhivkov.


1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State, The military parade, Full order of the march past
Other units present included: the National Guards Unit of Bulgaria and the Central Brass Band of the Bulgarian People's Army.


1300th Anniversary of the Bulgarian State, Commemorative coins and awards
At least 20 commemorative coins were made in 1981 honoring the anniversary. An award, the Order "13 Centuries of Bulgaria", and a medal, Medal "1300th Anniversary Of Bulgaria" were issued on October 16, 1981 in honor of the anniversary.


1300–1400 in European fashion
Fashion in fourteenth-century Europe was marked by the beginning of a period of experimentation with different forms of clothing. Costume historian James Laver suggests that the mid-14th century marks the emergence of recognizable "fashion" in clothing, in which Fernand Braudel concurs. The draped garments and straight seams of previous centuries were replaced by curved seams and the beginnings of tailoring, which allowed clothing to more closely fit the human form. Also, the use of lacing and buttons allowed a more snug fit to clothing.


1300–1400 in European fashion
In the course of the century the length of male hem-lines progressively reduced, and by the end of the century it was fashionable for men to omit the long loose over-garment of previous centuries (whether called tunic, kirtle, or other names)  altogether, putting the emphasis on a tailored top that fell a little below the waist—a silhouette that is still reflected in men's costume today.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs
Wool was the most important material for clothing, due to its numerous favourable qualities, such as the ability to take dye and its being a good insulator. This century saw the beginnings of the Little Ice Age, and glazing was rare, even for the rich (most houses just had wooden shutters for the winter). Trade in textiles continued to grow throughout the century and formed an important part of the economy for many areas from England to Italy. Clothes were very expensive, and employees, even high-ranking officials, were usually supplied with, typically, one outfit per year, as part of their remuneration.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs
Woodblock printing of cloth was known throughout the century, and was probably fairly common by the end;this is hard to assess as artists tended to avoid trying to depict patterned cloth due to the difficulty of doing so. Embroidery in wool, and silk or gold thread for the rich were used for decoration.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs
Edward III established an embroidery workshop in the Tower of London, which presumably produced the robes he and his Queen wore in 1351 of red velvet "embroidered with clouds of silver and eagles of pearl and gold, under each alternate cloud an eagle of pearl, and under each of the other clouds a golden eagle, every eagle having in its beak a Garter with the motto hony soyt qui mal y pense embroidered thereon."


1300–1400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs
Silk was the finest fabric of all. In Northern Europe, silk was an imported and very expensive luxury. The well-off could afford woven brocades from Italy or even further afield. Fashionable Italian silks of this period featured repeating patterns of roundels and animals, deriving from Ottoman silk-weaving centres in Bursa, and ultimately from Yuan Dynasty China via the Silk Road.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs
A fashion for mi-parti or parti-coloured garments made of two contrasting fabrics, one on each side, arose for men in mid-century, and was especially popular at the English court. Sometimes just the hose would be different colours on each leg.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs
Checkered and plaid fabrics were occasionally seen; a parti-coloured cotehardie depicted on the St. Vincent altarpiece in Catalonia is reddish-brown on one side and plaid on the other, and remains of plaid and checkered wool fabrics dating to the 14th century have also been discovered in London.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs
Fur was mostly worn as an inner lining for warmth; inventories from Burgundian villages show that even there a fur-lined coat (rabbit, or the more expensive cat) was one of the most common garments. Vair, the fur of the squirrel, white on the belly and grey on the back, was particularly popular through most of the century and can be seen in many illuminated manuscript illustrations, where it is shown as a white and blue-grey softly striped or checkered pattern lining cloaks and other outer garments; the white belly fur with the merest edging of grey was called miniver.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Fabrics and furs
A fashion in men's clothing for the dark furs sable and marten arose around 1380, and squirrel fur was thereafter relegated to formal ceremonial wear. Ermine, with their dense white winter coats, was worn by royalty, with the black-tipped tails left on to contrast with the white for decorative effect, as in the Wilton Diptych above.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, doublet and hose
The innermost layer of clothing were the braies or breeches, a loose undergarment, usually made of linen, which was held up by a belt. Next came the shirt, which was generally also made of linen, and which was considered an undergarment, like the breeches.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, doublet and hose
Hose or chausses made out of wool were used to cover the legs, and were generally brightly colored, and often had leather soles, so that they did not have to be worn with shoes. The shorter clothes of the second half of the century required these to be a single garment like modern tights, whereas otherwise they were two separate pieces covering the full length of each leg. Hose were generally tied to the breech belt, or to the breeches themselves, or to a doublet.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Shirt, doublet and hose
A doublet was a buttoned jacket that was generally of hip length. Similar garments were called cotehardie, pourpoint, jaqueta or jubón. These garments were worn over the shirt and the hose.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie
A robe, tunic, or kirtle was usually worn over the shirt or doublet. As with other outer garments, it was generally made of wool. Over this, a man might also wear an over-kirtle, cloak, or a hood. Servants and working men wore their kirtles at various lengths, including as low as the knee or calf. However, the trend during the century was for hem-lengths to shorten for all classes.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie
However, in the second half of the century, courtiers are often shown, if they have the figure for it, wearing nothing over their closely tailored cotehardie. A French chronicle records: "Around that year (1350), men, in particular, noblemen and their squires, took to wearing tunics so short and tight that they revealed what modesty bids us hide. This was a most astonishing thing for the people". This fashion may well have derived from military clothing, where long loose robes were naturally not worn in action.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie
At this period, the most dignified figures, like King Charles in the illustration, continue to wear long robes—although as the Royal Chamberlain, de Vaudetar was himself a person of very high rank. This abandonment of the robe to emphasize a tight top over the torso, with breeches or trousers below, was to become the distinctive feature of European men's fashion for centuries to come. Men had carried purses up to this time because tunics did not provide pockets.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie
The funeral effigy and "achievements" of Edward, the Black Prince in Canterbury Cathedral, who died in 1376, show the military version of the same outline. Over armour he is shown wearing a short fitted arming-coat or jupon or gipon, the original of which was hung above and still survives. This has the quartered arms of England and France, with a rather similar effect to a parti-coloured jacket. The "charges" (figures) of the arms are embroidered in gold on linen pieces, appliquéd onto coloured silk velvet fields. It is vertically quilted, with wool stuffing and a silk satin lining.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie
This type of coat, originally worn out of sight under armour, was in fashion as an outer garment from about 1360 until early the next century. Only this and a child's version (Chartres Cathedral) survive. As an indication of the rapid spread of fashion between the courts of Europe, a manuscript chronicle illuminated in Hungary by 1360 shows very similar styles to Edward's English version.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie
Edward's son, King Richard II of England, led a court that, like many in Europe late in the century, was extremely refined and fashion-conscious. He himself is credited with having invented the handkerchief; "little pieces [of cloth] for the lord King to wipe and clean his nose," appear in the Household Rolls (accounts), which is the first documentation of their use. He distributed jeweled livery badges with his personal emblem of the white hart (deer) to his friends, like the one he himself wears in the Wilton Diptych (above).


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie
In the miniature (left) of Chaucer reading to his court both men and women wear very high collars and quantities of jewelry. The King (standing to the left of Chaucer; his face has been defaced) wears a patterned gold-coloured costume with matching hat. Most of the men wear chaperon hats, and the women have their hair elaborately dressed. Male courtiers enjoyed wearing fancy-dress for festivities; the disastrous Bal des Ardents in 1393 in Paris is the most famous example. Men, as well as women, wore decorated and jewelled clothes; for the entry of the Queen of France into Paris in 1389, the Duke of Burgundy wore a velvet doublet embroidered with forty sheep and forty swans, each with a pearl bell around its neck.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Tunic and cotehardie
A new garment, the houppelande, appeared around 1380 and was to remain fashionable well into the next century. It was essentially a robe with fullness falling from the shoulders, very full trailing sleeves, and the high collar favored at the English court. The extravagance of the sleeves was criticized by moralists.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Headgear and accessories
During this century, the chaperon made a transformation from being a utilitarian hood with a small cape to becoming a complicated and fashionable hat worn by the wealthy in town settings. This came when they began to be worn with the opening for the face placed instead on the top of the head.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Headgear and accessories
Belts were worn below waist at all times, and very low on the hips with the tightly fitted fashions of the latter half of the century. Belt pouches or purses were used, and long daggers, usually hanging diagonally to the front.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Men's clothing, Headgear and accessories
In armour, the century saw increases in the amount of plate armour worn, and by the end of the century the full suit had been developed, although mixtures of chain mail and plate remained more common. The visored bascinet helmet was a new development in this century. Ordinary soldiers were lucky to have a mail hauberk, and perhaps some cuir bouilli ("boiled leather") knee or shin pieces.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Underwear
The innermost layer of a woman's clothing was a linen or woolen chemise or smock, some fitting the figure and some loosely garmented, although there is some mention of a "breast girdle" or "breast band" which may have been the precursor of a modern bra.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Underwear
Women also wore hose or stockings, although women's hose generally only reached to the knee.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Underwear
All classes and both sexes are usually shown sleeping naked—special nightwear only became common in the 16th century—yet some married women wore their chemises to bed as a form of modesty and piety. Many in the lower classes wore their undergarments to bed because of the cold weather at night time and since their beds usually consisted of a straw mattress and a few sheets, the undergarment would act as another layer.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Dresses and outerwear
Over the chemise, women wore a loose or fitted dress called a cotte or kirtle, usually ankle or floor-length, and with trains for formal occasions. Fitted kirtles had wide skirts made by adding triangular gores to widen the hem without adding bulk at the waist. Kirtles also had long, fitted sleeves that sometimes reached down to cover the knuckles.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Dresses and outerwear
Various sorts of robes were worn over the kirtle, and are called by different names by costume historians. When fitted, this garment is often called a cotehardie (although this usage of the word has been heavily criticized) and might have hanging sleeves and sometimes worn with a jeweled or metalworked belt. Over time, the hanging part of the sleeve became longer and narrower until it was the merest streamer, called a tippet, then gaining the floral or leaflike daggings in the end of the century.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Dresses and outerwear
Sleeveless dresses or tabards derive from the cyclas, an unfitted rectangle of cloth with an opening for the head that was worn in the 13th century. By the early 14th century, the sides began to be sewn together, creating a sleeveless overdress or surcoat.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Dresses and outerwear
Outdoors, women wore cloaks or mantles, often lined in fur. The houppelande was also adopted by women late in the century. Women invariably wore their houppelandes floor-length, the waistline rising up to right underneath the bust, sleeves very wide and hanging, like angel sleeves.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses
As one might imagine, a woman's outfit was not complete without some kind of headwear. As with today, a medieval woman had many options- from straw hats, to hoods to elaborate headpieces. A woman's activity and occasion would dictate what she wore on her head.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses
The Middle Ages, particularly the 14th and 15th centuries, were home to some of the most outstanding and gravity-defying headwear in history.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses
Before the hennin rocketed skywards, padded rolls and truncated and reticulated headdresses graced the heads of fashionable ladies everywhere in Europe and England. Cauls, the cylindrical cages worn at the side of the head and temples, added to the richness of dress of the fashionable and the well-to-do. Other more simple forms of headdress included the coronet or simple circlet of flowers.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses, Northern and western Europe
Married women in Northern and Western Europe wore some type of headcovering. The barbet was a band of linen that passed under the chin and was pinned on top of the head; it descended from the earlier wimple (in French, barbe), which was now worn only by older women, widows, and nuns. The barbet was worn with a linen fillet or headband, or with a linen cap called a coif, with or without a couvrechef (kerchief) or veil overall. It passed out of fashion by mid-century. Unmarried girls simply braided the hair to keep the dirt out.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses, Northern and western Europe
The barbet and fillet or barbet and veil could also be worn over the crespine, a thick hairnet or snood. Over time, the crespine evolved into a mesh of jeweler's work that confined the hair on the sides of the head, and even later, at the back. This metal crespine was also called a caul, and remained stylish long after the barbet had fallen out of fashion. For example, it was used in Hungary until the beginning of the second half of the 15th century, as it was used by the Hungarian queen consort Barbara of Celje around 1440.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Headdresses, Italy
Uncovered hair was acceptable for women in the Italian states. Many women twisted their long hair with cords or ribbons and wrapped the twists around their heads, often without any cap or veil. Hair was also worn braided. Older women and widows wore a veil and wimple, and a simple knotted kerchief was worn while working. In the image at right, one woman wears a red hood draped over her twisted and bound hair.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Women's clothing, Style gallery
9 - Hungarian fashion (Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary and her children. Chronicon Pictum)


1300–1400 in European fashion, Footwear
Footwear during the 14th century generally consisted of the turnshoe, which was made out of leather. It was fashionable for the toe of the shoe to be a long point, which often had to be stuffed with material to keep its shape. A carved wooden-soled sandal-like type of clog or overshoe called a patten would often be worn over the shoe outdoors, as the shoe by itself was generally not waterproof.


1300–1400 in European fashion, Working class clothing
Images from a 14th-century manuscript of Tacuinum Sanitatis, a treatise on healthful living, show the clothing of working people: men wear short or knee-length tunics and thick shoes, and women wear knotted kerchiefs and dresses with aprons. For hot summer work, men wear shirts and braies and women wear chemises. Women tuck their dresses up when working.


1301
Year 1301 (MCCCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1301 Yvonne
1301 Yvonne (prov. designation: 1934 EA) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the background population of the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers (13 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1934, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The asteroid was named for the discoverer's sister, Yvonne Boyer


1301 Yvonne, Orbit and classification
Yvonne is a non-family of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,682 days; semi-major axis of 2.77 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 34° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in March 1934.


1301 Yvonne, Naming
This minor planet was named after Yvonne Boyer, sister of discoverer. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).


1301 Yvonne, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Yvonne is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. PanSTARRS photometric survey also characterized the asteroid as a C-type.


1301 Yvonne, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
Between 2003 and 2017, four rotational lightcurves of Yvonne have been obtained from photometric observations. Analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 7.320 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.52 and 0.90 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3). In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a concurring period 7.31968±0.00005 hours, as well as a spin axis of (39.0°, 41.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1301 Yvonne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Yvonne measures between 18.693 and 22.77 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.10 and 0.201.


1301 Yvonne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1054 (which is untypically high for a carbonaceous body) and a diameter of 22.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.


1301PE
1301PE is a gallery in Los Angeles founded by Brian D. Butler in 1992.


1301PE, Brain Multiples
Butler began Brain Multiples in 1991 to finance, edit, publish and distribute artists’ editions. Rather than representing artists, Butler collaborated with them on projects in which he found interest. Artists who have produced Brain Multiples with Butler include John Baldessari, Rachel Khedoori, Paul McCarthy, Jorge Pardo, Philippe Parreno, Jason Rhoades, Katy Schimert, Diana Thater and Rirkrit Tiravanija, among others.


1301PE, 1301
The original incarnation of 1301PE was as 1301, which was located at Butler’s apartment, 1301 Franklin Street, Santa Monica, CA. The founding principle was to present world class exhibitions of artists primarily based in Los Angeles. The first show at 1301 was Raw Material by Kate Ericson and Mel Ziegler, which opened on 29 April 1992. Shows at 1301 featured work by artists Jamey Bair, Angela Bulloch, Meg Cranston, Sarah Seager and Thaddeus Strode, as well as a group show called Into the Lapse which presented video work by artists General Idea, Sean Landers, Jim Shaw, Diana Thater, Bruce and Norman Yonemoto and others.


1301PE, 1301
In 1996, 1301 became 1310PE, standing for Projects and Editions. For a period 1301PE had no permanent location, and Butler curated exhibitions in other galleries, such as an exhibition of the artist Angela Bulloch at the gallery owned by Marc Foxx. Other projects curated during this time included a collaboration between an Iranian carpet weaver and the artist Mike Kelley, the work Ranch by Jorge Pardo and Jason Rhoades, and Diana Thater’s presentation of The best animals are the flat animals and The best space is the deep space at MAK Center for Art and Architecture.


1301PE, 1301
In 1998, 1301PE reopened in its current location on the Miracle Mile in Los Angeles. Since its reopening, 1301PE has continued to exhibit the work of Los Angeles-based as well as internationally acclaimed artists. In addition to established artists whom the gallery has represented, such as Fiona Banner, Uta Barth, Charline von Heyl, Jack Goldstein, Ann Veronica Janssens, Judy Ledgerwood, Philippe Parreno, John Reynolds, Jessica Stockholder, Pae White, and Paul Winstanely, 1301PE also works with young artists including Jan Albers, Fiona Connor, Kirsten Everberg, Jorge Mendez Blake, Blake Rayne, SUPERFLEX,, Petra Cortright, and Kerry Tribe.


1302
Year 1302 (MCCCII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1302 Werra
1302 Werra, provisional designation 1924 SV, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named for the river Werra in central Germany.


1302 Werra, Orbit and classification
Werra is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after its parent body 24 Themis.


1302 Werra, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,006 days; semi-major axis of 3.11 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation in September 1924.


1302 Werra, Physical characteristics
Werra is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which is the overall spectral type for members of the Themis family.


1302 Werra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2009, a fragmentary lightcurve of Werra was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a poorly constraint rotation period of 2 days with a brightness amplitude of less than 0.1 magnitude. The result was later retracted at the Lightcurve Data Base (U=n.a.). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.


1302 Werra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Werra measures between 24.35 and 35.041 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0710 and 0.102.


1302 Werra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 31.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1302 Werra, Naming
This minor planet was named after the river Werra in central Germany. It confluences with the Fulda in Hannoversch-Münden, Lower Saxony, to form the river Weser. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955  (H 119).


13025 Zürich
13025 Zürich, provisional designation 1989 BA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1989, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, and later named for the Swiss city of Zürich.


13025 Zürich, Orbit and classification
The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a rather small group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after its largest member, 25 Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,343 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was obtained at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in 1975, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 14 years prior to its discovery.


13025 Zürich, Lightcurve
In November 2006, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained a rotational lightcurve from photometric observations taken at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. The lightcurve showed a rotation period of 18.53±0.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.24 in magnitude (U=2+).


13025 Zürich, Diameter and albedo estimates
According to the survey carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 4.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.32, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 and hence calculates a somewhat larger diameter of 5.3 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.


13025 Zürich, Naming
The minor planet is named after Zürich, Switzerland's largest city and economic center, located at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. It was founded by the Romans in the 1st century BC on the rivers Sihl and Limmat and was then called Turicum. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 November 2001 (M.P.C. 43762).


1303
Year 1303 (MCCCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1303 Crete earthquake
The 1303 Crete earthquake occurred at about dawn on 8 August. It had an estimated magnitude of about 8, a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and triggered a major tsunami that caused severe damage and loss of life on Crete and at Alexandria.


1303 Crete earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Hellenic arc, the most likely location for this earthquake, is an arcuate tectonic feature related to the subduction of the African Plate beneath the Aegean Sea Plate. It is one of the most active seismic zones in western Eurasia and has a history of large earthquakes that also affect Egypt.


1303 Crete earthquake, Damage
The earthquake and the tsunami are recorded as having a devastating impact on Heraklion, Crete. Detailed information is available from reports made by representatives from Heraklion (then Candia) to the controlling Venetian administration, written on the day of the earthquake and twenty days later. They describe the extent of damage to the main public buildings of Candia and castles over the whole island. The reports also mention that most of the victims were women and children, without giving numbers. There was also massive flooding at Alexandria. Many ships were destroyed, some of them carried up to 2 miles (3.2 km) inland. The port city of Acre, on the Levantine coast, was also affected; buildings were destroyed and people swept to their deaths.


1303 Crete earthquake, Damage
In Egypt the earthquake caused severe damage in Cairo, dislodging much of the Great Pyramid's white limestone casing and toppling minarets on many mosques. In Alexandria the city walls were mostly destroyed and the lighthouse was badly damaged.


1303 Crete earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
Although the precise location of the epicenter is uncertain, it is generally agreed that the earthquake ruptured the eastern segment of the Hellenic arc somewhere between Crete and Rhodes. The earthquake caused damage over a wide area including Crete, the Peloponnese, Rhodes, Cairo, Acre, Damascus, Antioch, and Cyprus and was felt as far away as Constantinople (1,000 km, 620 mi) and possibly Tunis (1,500 km, 930 mi). The exact magnitude is unknown but is estimated to have been about 8.0.


1303 Crete earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami
Modelling of the tsunami predicts a maximum 9 m run-up at Alexandria, with about a 40-minute delay from the time of the earthquake to the arrival of the first wave in Egypt.


1303 Hongdong earthquake
The 1303 Hongdong earthquake occurred in Yuan China of the Mongol Empire, on September 25. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.6 and it had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). With catastrophic damage, it was one of the deadliest recorded earthquakes of all time.


1303 Hongdong earthquake, Geology
Because of the time period in which it struck, very little is known about the nature of the earthquake. However, its epicentre was almost certainly located somewhere in what is now Shanxi (山西) province, near the present-day towns of Hongdong (洪洞) and Zhaocheng (赵城). The earthquake likely occurred on the Taigu fault zone in Shanxi, and several scarps and uplifts of local faults were seen as evidence of this; the Taigu fault zone has not experienced any measurable activity since the 1303 earthquake. The magnitude was calculated by modern seismologists to be 8.0 on the moment magnitude scale, though it is impossible to say for sure due to lack of accurate geological data.


1303 Hongdong earthquake, Damage and casualties
Devastation was widespread throughout the area struck by the earthquake. In the nearby towns of Zhaocheng and Hongdong, every major temple and school building collapsed and over half the towns' populations perished. Every building in Huo county, Shanxi was destroyed. In Taiyuan and Pingyang, nearly 100,000 houses collapsed and over 200,000 people died from collapsing buildings and loess caves in a similar manner to the situation that would be experienced 253 years later in the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake (陕西). Cracks in the ground turned into miniature rivers, and many canals in Shanxi Province were destroyed, along with city walls.


1303 Hongdong earthquake, Damage and casualties
Some reports stated that the earthquake even levelled mountains and hills, altering the topographic makeup of the region. Landslides and soil subsidence and liquefaction triggered by the shaking were a likely root cause of these large-scale environmental changes. Rebuilding was generally slow, owing to the destroyed infrastructure of Shanxi and was interrupted by several other earthquakes in the following years.


1303 Hongdong earthquake, Damage and casualties
The 1303 Hongdong earthquake, though currently the last to have occurred on its fault system, marked the start of a centuries-long episode of heightened earthquake activity throughout China, the first of several to occur up to the end of the twentieth century. It was also the first of many examples of earthquakes that demonstrated the tendency of earthquakes in China to strike near loess plateaus.


1303 Luthera
1303 Luthera, provisional designation 1928 FP, is a dark asteroid and the parent body of the Luthera family, located in the outermost regions of the asteroid belt. It measures approximately 90 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 16 March 1928, by astronomer Friedrich Schwassmann at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, and later named after German astronomer Robert Luther.


1303 Luthera, Orbit and classification
Luthera is the parent body of the Luthera family (904), a smaller asteroid family of less than 200 known members. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,120 days; semi-major axis of 3.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic.


1303 Luthera, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as A917 KC at Simeiz Observatory in May 2017. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1928, or one month after its official discovery observation at Bergedorf.


1303 Luthera, Physical characteristics
Due to its low geometric albedo, Luthera is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type for members of the Luthera family is that of an X-type.


1303 Luthera, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Luthera was obtained from photometric observations by Mexican astronomer Pedro Sada at the University of Monterrey, Mexico. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 5.878 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.05 magnitude, indicative for a nearly spherical shape (U=3). A lower-rated lightcurve with a period of 7.92 hours and an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude was obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in May 2009 (U=2).


1303 Luthera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Luthera measures between 81.685 and 112.74 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.024 and 0.059.


1303 Luthera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0387 and a diameter of 85.08 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.5.


1303 Luthera, Naming
This minor planet was named after German astronomer Karl Theodor Robert Luther (1822–1900), who was a discoverer of minor planets himself, most notably 17 Thetis, 90 Antiope (binary) and 288 Glauke (slow rotator). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119). The lunar crater Luther has also been named after him.


1303 papal conclave
The 1303 papal conclave elected Pope Benedict XI to succeed Pope Boniface VIII.


1303 papal conclave, Proceedings
Pope Boniface VIII was buried at St. Peter's Basilica on 12 October 1303, in a tomb which he had prepared for himself. The manhandling of Boniface VIII by the forces of France and the Colonna family before his death gave the cardinals second thoughts about electing anyone hostile to the interests of Philip IV of France.


1303 papal conclave, Proceedings
The Conclave took place at the Vatican Palace next to St. Peter's, where Pope Boniface VIII had died on 11 October 1303. The Conclave began with the Mass of the Holy Spirit on 21 October, and voting began the next morning. A Dominican, and the Order's former Master General (1296-1298), Niccolò Boccasini was unanimously elected Pope Benedict XI on the first scrutiny.


1303 papal conclave, Proceedings
Niccolò Boccasini and Pedro Rodriguez were the only cardinals, of the seventeen or eighteen, who had stayed with Boniface VIII at Anagni when the papal residence was invaded by the French and the Colonna, and the Pope seized and imprisoned. Benedict's choice of numbering indicates that Antipope Benedict X was considered a legitimate pope at that time. Benedict XI was crowned at the Vatican Basilica on Sunday, 27 October 1303 by Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini, the prior Diaconorum.


1303 papal conclave, Proceedings
The new pope, Niccolò Boccasini of Treviso, was Italian but not Roman, and thus considered neutral in the disputes between the Roman clans, and the international struggle between Charles II and Philip IV. Benedict XI refused to excommunicate Philip IV or the Colonna, but also refused to restore to the Colonna their properties that had been seized by Boniface VIII.


1303 papal conclave, Proceedings
Pope Benedict left a detailed account of the conclave that elected him, describing how it closely adhered to the procedures mandated in the papal bull Ubi periculum.


1303 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
Two other cardinals, Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (uncle and nephew), had been deposed by Pope Boniface VIII and were thus ineligible to participate in the election.


1304
Year 1304 (MCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1304 Arosa
1304 Arosa, provisional designation 1928 KC, is a metallic asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 May 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It was named after the Swiss mountain village of Arosa.


1304 Arosa, Orbit and classification
Arosa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,089 days; semi-major axis of 3.20 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A908 YC at the discovering observatory in 1908, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery.


1304 Arosa, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, Arosa is classified as a generic X-type asteroid. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) groups it into the metallic M-type asteroid subcategory.


1304 Arosa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations between 2002 and 2006. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.74 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.32 and 0.38 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2).


1304 Arosa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's WISE space telescope with its NEOWISE mission, Arosa measures between 31.47 and 57.443 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.1961 and 0.409. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2125 and a diameter of 41.67 kilometers, using an absolute magnitude of 9.2.


1304 Arosa, Naming
This minor planet was named for the Swiss mountain village of Arosa, a summer and a winter tourist resort in the Swiss Alps. The official naming citation was also mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).


1304–1305 papal conclave
The 1304–1305 papal conclave (from July 10 or 17, 1304, to June 5, 1305), held in Perugia, was the protracted papal conclave that elected non-cardinal Raymond Bertrand de Got as Pope Clement V. This immediately preceded the beginning of the Avignon Papacy.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
Rome was in disorder due to the ongoing conflict between the Colonna and the Orsini. As soon as Holy Week was over, to escape the violence, Benedict XI withdrew to Perugia, where he died that summer, probably of dysentery. As the Curia had accompanied the Pope, the conclave was held in the city where he died.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
Of the 19 living cardinals, only 15 were present in the conclave. Exactly 10 of these, constituting the minimum two-thirds necessary, voted for Bertrand de Got, who became Clement V. Two other cardinals, Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (uncle and nephew), had been deposed by Pope Boniface VIII and were thus ineligible to participate in the election; their cardinalates were subsequently restored by Clement V.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absentee cardinals
All four cardinals left early as a result of illness.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Politics
The Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into two factions: pro-French and anti-French ("Bonifacians"). The smaller, pro-French party counted six cardinals under the leadership of cardinals Napoleone Orsini Frangipani and Niccolò Alberti. They looked for the reconciliation with France and Colonna. The larger party, anti-French, led by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso and Francesco Caetani, cardinal-nephew of Boniface VIII, demanded atonement for the outrage committed on the person of Boniface VIII by French Chancellor Nogaret at Anagni, and rejected any concessions towards Philip IV of France. It counted 10 electors.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Politics
At the beginning of the conclave the cardinals arbitrarily decided to annul the most restrictive rules of the Constitution Ubi periculum about the conclave, which made it possible to prolong the proceedings. During the first months of the conclave both parties voted mainly for their leaders: Matteo Orsini and Napoleone Orsini. But old Matteo Orsini (aged 74) fell ill and couldn't take an active part in the conclave. Lack of effective leadership eventually led to division in the anti-French party. Some of its members, looking for a compromise, proposed archbishop Bertrand de Got of Bordeaux.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Politics
Napoleone Orsini initially was sceptical about this candidature but finally he had accepted it. His opinion was decisive for the result, because an alliance of pro-French party with the "Bonifacian dissidents" gave exactly the required majority of two thirds. On June 5, 1305, after 11 months of deliberations, Bertrand de Got was elected to the Papacy.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Politics
At the time of his election de Got was Archbishop of Bordeaux, and thus a subject of Edward I, King of England (who had recently conquered Normandy), although he was a childhood friend of Philip IV of France ("the Fair").


1304–1305 papal conclave, Sources
One eyewitness to the conclave was Florentine historian Giovanni Villani (Hist. Florent., VIII, 80, in Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, XIII, 417; cf. Raynaldus, Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici, 1305, 2-4).


1304–1305 papal conclave, Aftermath
The cardinals besought de Got upon his election to join them in Perugia and thereafter to travel to Rome for his papal coronation; however, he ordered them to travel to Lyon for his coronation on November 4, 1305, at which Philip IV of France ("the Fair") was present. During the ensuing public procession a collapsing wall knocked Clement V from his horse (resulting in the loss of a carbuncle from the Papal Tiara) and killed both the brother of Clement V and the aged Matteo Orsini Rosso (a participant in twelve conclaves). The next day, another brother of Clement V was killed in a dispute between his servants and the retainers of the College of Cardinals.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Aftermath
Philip IV immediately demanded of Clement V that the memory of Pope Boniface VIII be condemned, that his name be stricken from the list of popes, that his bones be disinterred and burned, that his ashes be scattered to the wind, and that he be declared a heretic, blasphemer, and immoral priest.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Aftermath
Clement V delayed such an action without explicitly refusing it and in the meantime made several important concessions to Philip IV: he extended the absolution granted by Benedict XI, created nine French cardinals (a mix of crown-cardinals and cardinal-nephews), restored the cardinalates of Giacomo and Pietro Colonna (which had been deprived by Boniface VIII), gave Philip IV a five-year title to a variety of church property, withdrew the papal bull Clericis laicos (1296) and limited the bull Unam sanctam (1302, both of Boniface VIII), granted some church revenues to Charles of Valois, pretender to the Byzantine throne, and made concessions weakening the Knights Templar.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Aftermath
However, Philip IV wanted to a see a process similar to the Cadaver Synod initiated against Boniface VIII, which Clement V seemingly yielded to, setting a date of February 2, 1309; however, as this process proved to be dilatory and likely favorable to the deceased pontiff, Philip IV moved to cancel it in February 1311; by the time the Council of Vienne (which ultimately sided with Boniface VIII) had been called, Philip IV demanded only that he be absolved of responsibility for the various processes against Boniface VIII, which he was.


1304–1305 papal conclave, Aftermath
Between 1305 and 1309, Clement V moved from Bordeaux to Poitiers to Toulouse before taking up residence as a guest in the Dominican monastery of Avignon (at the time, a fief of Naples, and part of the Comtat Venaissin, a territory directly subject to the Holy See since 1228). Clement V's decision to relocate the papacy to France was one of the most contested issues in the papal conclave, 1314–1316 following his death, during which the minority of Italian cardinals were unable to engineer the return of the papacy to Rome. Avignon remained a territory of Naples until Pope Clement VI purchased it from Joan I of Naples for 80,000 gold gulden in 1348.


1305
Year 1305 (MCCCV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1305 Pongola
1305 Pongola, provisional designation 1928 OC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 July 1928, by English astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named for the South African Pongola River.


1305 Pongola, Orbit and classification
Pongola is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,910 days; semi-major axis of 3.01 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1305 Pongola, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1927 FD at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1927, or 16 months prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1305 Pongola, Physical characteristics
Pongola is a suspected carbonaceous C-type asteroid. The space-based survey gave an albedo (see below) that is not in-line with a carbonaceous spectral type.


1305 Pongola, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurve of Pongola have been obtained from photometric observations since 1984. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 8.335 hours and a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.19 magnitude (U=3-).


1305 Pongola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pongola measures between 24.110 and 25.124 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.157 and 0.169.


1305 Pongola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a much lower standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently derives a much larger diameter of 41.45 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.64.


1305 Pongola, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after the Pongola River (Pongola; Pongolarivier) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).


1305 in Ireland, Deaths
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1305 in Scotland
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 11:10, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1305 in Scotland
Events from the year 1305 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


13058 Alfredstevens
13058 Alfredstevens, provisional designation 1990 WN3, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Northern Chile, on 19 November 1990. The asteroid was named for Belgian painter Alfred Stevens.


13058 Alfredstevens, Orbit and classification
Based on its orbital elements, Alfredstevens is a member of the Vesta family, a group of asteroids that originated from a massive impact on the Southern Hemnisphere of 4 Vesta, the family's namesake. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,324 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


13058 Alfredstevens, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins just five days prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory on 14 November 1990.


13058 Alfredstevens, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In January 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Alfredstevens was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.2993 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 magnitude (U=2).


13058 Alfredstevens, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Alfredstevens measures 2.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.34, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a larger diameter of 3.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.93.


13058 Alfredstevens, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Belgian painter Alfred Stevens (1823–1906), known for his paintings of elegant modern women. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 2010 (M.P.C. 68446).


1306
Year 1306 (MCCCVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1306 Scythia
1306 Scythia, provisional designation 1930 OB, is a dark Ursula asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 72 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 July 1930, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for the historic region of Scythia.


1306 Scythia, Orbit and classification
Scythia is a member of the Ursula family (631), a mid-sized asteroid family in the outer main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,041 days; semi-major axis of 3.15 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz in July 1930.


1306 Scythia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Scythia is a stony S-type asteroid, unlike the overall spectral type of the Ursula family which is that of a C- and X-type.


1306 Scythia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Scythia was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.05 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2). In August 2008, Pierre Antonini measured a better period solution of 7.525 hours (or half the period) and an amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=3).


1306 Scythia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Scythia measures between 66.780 and 83.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.034 and 0.052.


1306 Scythia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0512 and a diameter of 67.14 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.71.


1306 Scythia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the ancient region of Scythia, located east of the Black Sea. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).


1306 in Scotland
Events from the year 1306 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1306 in Scotland, Events
The killing of Comyn in the Greyfriars church in Dumfries, as imagined by Felix Philippoteaux, a 19th-century illustrator a highly inaccurate imagining as it shows them in kilts which were not worn by medieval Scots.


1306 in Scotland, Events
Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, crowning Robert the Bruce at Scone in 1306; from a modern tableau at Edinburgh Castle


13062 Podarkes
13062 Podarkes /pəˈdɑːrkiːz/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 29 kilometers (18 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 April 1991, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory, California. The dark Jovian asteroid is the principal body of the proposed Podarkes family. It was named after Podarkes from Greek mythology.


13062 Podarkes, Orbit and classification
The orbit of this Trojan asteroid is unstable. It is orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.1–5.2 AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,283 days; semi-major axis of 5.16 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.01 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The first used precoveries were taken by Spacewatch of the Steward Observatory at Kitt Peak, extending the asteroid's observation arc by just two weeks prior to its discovery.


13062 Podarkes, Orbit and classification, Podarkes family
Fernando Roig and Ricardo Gil-Hutton identified Podarkes as the principal body of a small Jovian asteroid family, using the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which looks for groupings of neighboring asteroids based on the smallest distances between them in the proper orbital element space. According to the astronomers, the Podarkes family belongs to the larger Menelaus clan, an aggregation of Jupiter trojans which is composed of several families, similar to the Flora family in the inner asteroid belt.


13062 Podarkes, Orbit and classification, Podarkes family
However this family is not included in David Nesvorný's HCM-analysis from 2014. Instead, Podarkes is listed as a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population on the Asteroids Dynamic Site (AstDyS) which based on another analysis by Milani and Knežević.


13062 Podarkes, Naming
This minor planet is named after the Greek warrior Podarkes from Greek mythology, who took 40 ships to the Trojan War. He is the son of Ares and brother of Protesilaos, after whom the Jupiter trojan, 3540 Protesilaos, is named. Protesilaos was the first Greek to set foot on the shores of Troy and to die in the war. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41386).


13062 Podarkes, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Podarkes measures 28.96 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.084, while a generic diameter estimate, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1 and an albedo at 0.05 gives a larger diameter of approximately 40 kilometers. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Podarkes has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


13062 Podarkes, Physical characteristics
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1307
Year 1307 (MCCCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1307 Cimmeria
1307 Cimmeria, provisional designation 1930 UF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1930, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and later named after the Cimmerians, the ancient people of Crimea.


1307 Cimmeria, Orbit and classification
Cimmeria orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The first unused observation was made at the Lowell Observatory the night before its discovery. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, the night after its official discovery observation.


1307 Cimmeria, Physical characteristics
On the Tholen taxonomy, Cimmeria is a common stony S-type asteroid.


1307 Cimmeria, Physical characteristics, Rotation and pole
In September 2004, the best rated rotational lightcurve of Cimmeria was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-define rotation period of 2.820 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=3). Astronomer Daniel Klinglesmith obtained a similar period of 2.821 hours with an amplitude of 0.29 magnitude.


1307 Cimmeria, Physical characteristics, Rotation and pole
In addition a modeled lightcurve, using photometric data from various sources, gave a period of 2.820723 hours, as well as a spin axis of (63.0°, n.a.) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).


1307 Cimmeria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Cimmeria measures between 7.85 and 10.058 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2218 and 0.371, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.54 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.25.


1307 Cimmeria, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Cimmerians, ancient inhabitants of the Crimea peninsula expelled by the Scythians in the 7th century B.C. (also see the preceding asteroid 1306 Scythia). The official naming citation is based on a private communications between the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel, and Soviet–Moldavian astronomer Alexander Deutsch.


1307 in Scotland
Events from the year 1307 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


13070 Seanconnery
13070 Seanconnery, provisional designation 1991 RO2, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 September 1991, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at Haute-Provence Observatory, St. Michael, in southeast France. The asteroid was named after actor Sean Connery.