14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Annex
Bankers Trust began land acquisition in 1919, acquiring the Astor Building that June and the building at 7 Pine Street two months later. The Hanover Bank Building was not acquired until 1929, a decade later. By that time, Bankers Trust owned the eastern half of the block bounded by Broadway and Wall, Pine, and Nassau Streets. Architect Richmond Shreve described the situation as "[falling] short of a true expression of the [company's] position". In January 1931, Bankers Trust announced plans for the new structure, which would cost $5.5 million. Shreve's firm, Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, was hired to construct the annex.


14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Annex
Staff at 14 Wall Street were moved to a temporary location when work began in May 1931, and the Hanover Bank, Astor, and 7 Pine Street buildings were subsequently razed. That November, the builders implemented two 5-hour daily shifts for workers instead of a single eight-hour shift, doubling the number of jobs for workers as well as increasing daily productivity. The new 25-story annex was completed in 1932 and the staff moved back into 14 Wall Street. The old building was also renovated with the addition of the third floor and the relocation of the main entrances. These renovations were completed in March 1933. The following month, Bankers Trust officially opened the annex and started moving into seven stories of the annex. The project tripled 14 Wall Street's rentable area.


14 Wall Street, History, Construction and early use, Annex
In January 1934, the First National Bank of New York (now Citibank) filed a lawsuit against Bankers Trust and the project contractors, alleging that the excavations had damaged its adjoining building at Broadway and Wall Street. Of the $881,500 that the First National Bank sought in damages, it was awarded about a quarter of that amount. That April, Bankers Trust was released from all liability for any damage caused during construction.


14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Bankers Trust occupancy
The Bankers Trust Company had assets of $1 billion by 1935. In a sign of the company's financial stability, in 1943, Bankers Trust bought the land under 14 Wall Street from the Sampson family, whose Stevens Building had been demolished to make way for the original tower. The building was outfitted with a modern air-conditioning system in 1955. During this era, the bank continued to grow through mergers. The bank's second headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, at 280 Park Avenue, opened in 1962, though Bankers Trust retained occupancy at 14 Wall Street.


14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Bankers Trust occupancy
The facade of 14 Wall Street was cleaned during the mid-1960s. When One Bankers Trust Plaza was completed in 1974, more employees were relocated out of 14 Wall Street and four other locations. Afterward, the eighth through 23rd floors of the Bankers Trust Building were vacant, representing 350,000 square feet (33,000 m2), though these floors were gradually rented to other tenants.


14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Bankers Trust occupancy
Bankers Trust retained ownership of 14 Wall Street until 1987, when the building was sold to 14 Wall Street Associates, who subsequently sold the building to 14 Wall Street Realty in 1991 and to General Electric Investment in 1992. After buying 14 Wall Street, General Electric Investment started to renovate the building for $7 million. Though Bankers Trust retained a lease through the building until 2004, with an option to cancel in 1995, the company vacated the space earlier, in 1992. Manufacturers Hanover and the Chemical Bank then occupied the space that Bankers Trust had formerly used.


14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Subsequent occupancy
Boston Properties agreed to buy 14 Wall Street for $320 million in August 1997. The tenant of the annex's banking room, Chase Bank, donated the space to the Skyscraper Museum for one year starting in 1998. During this time, the museum held an exhibition on the Empire State Building within the space. An investment group led by Laurence Gluck and Arthur Wrubel bought 14 Wall Street from General Electric Investment in 1999. The former banking room became an Equinox Fitness location in December 2000. The Rockwell Group designed a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) mezzanine for the room.


14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Subsequent occupancy
Gluck had sole ownership of 14 Wall Street by 2004, and the next year, Leviev Boymelgreen bought the building from Gluck for $215 million. Initially, the new owners wanted to convert the entire building from offices into luxury condominiums, but in 2006, dropped the plan for residential conversion. Instead, Leviev Boymelgreen ultimately converted the lower stories to condos. Early the following year, Leviev Boymelgreen agreed to sell the property to Cushman & Wakefield for $325 million.


14 Wall Street, History, Later use, Subsequent occupancy
Ultimately, 14 Wall Street was purchased by the Carlyle Group and Capstone Equities, who planned to renovate the building for $50 million, including $5 million for the restoration of the lobby. Five years later, majority control of the building was sold for $303 million in cash to Alexander Rovt, a Ukrainian fertilizer tycoon who paid off the building's outstanding debt as part of the deal. At the time of the purchase, it had 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2) of vacant space, and three potential tenants were in discussion to lease about two-thirds of that amount. After $60 million of renovations, the building was 90% leased by early 2016. Cushman & Wakefield handled leasing for 14 Wall Street until it was replaced by the CBRE Group in 2017.


14 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designations
At the time of its completion, 14 Wall Street was the world's tallest bank building and the city's third- or fourth-tallest skyscraper. 14 Wall Street and the nearby Singer Tower, as viewed from Manhattan's waterfront, resembled "the posts of the gigantic 'Gateway of New York.'" The building was seen as a symbol of the future. During the early 20th century, Bankers Trust used imagery of 14 Wall Street in its advertising to depict it as a "tower of strength". This iconography persisted even after the annex was constructed.


14 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designations
14 Wall Street's likeness became synonymous with capitalism and Wall Street, having been shown in Berenice Abbott's photos as well as the 1921 documentary film Manhatta, and Bankers Trust sent a miniature model of the building to the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915. Christopher Gray said that the massive height of 14 Wall Street posed a sharp contrast to the one-story 23 Wall Street, diagonally across Wall and Broad Streets, though both were designed by Trowbridge & Livingston and occupied by J.P. Morgan.


14 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designations
14 Wall Street's pyramidal roof inspired the design of several other buildings. Its completion was described as the "beginning of a vogue for the use of a temple or mausoleum" at the top of skyscrapers, utilizing enhanced details or a full depiction of a temple. Architecture magazine projected that such a roof "will be used a great many times more". Towers inspired by 14 Wall Street's design include 26 Broadway and the newer 60 Wall Street in the Financial District; the Metropolitan Tower in Chicago; and the Foshay Tower in Minneapolis.


14 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designations
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 14 Wall Street as an official city landmark in January 1997. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district.


14 Weeks of Silence
14 Weeks of Silence is the third album by Russian singer Zemfira which became her second best-selling album after Forgive Me My Love with sales around 1 million copies sold in Russia and 500,000 sold in Ukraine according to her label. In comparison with her earlier albums it showcases softer and more polished sound, with prominent use of keyboards, inspired by work of such bands as Radiohead.


14 Women
14 Women is a 2007 documentary film directed by Mary Lambert and narrated by Annette Bening. The film released on June 14, 2007 as part of Silverdocs, and focuses on several female Senators serving in the 109th United States Congress.


14 Women, Synopsis
The film examines the 109th United States Congress. When it convened, there were fourteen women in the Senate: Barbara Boxer, Maria Cantwell, Hillary Clinton, Susan Collins, Elizabeth Dole, Dianne Feinstein, Kay Bailey Hutchison, Mary Landrieu, Blanche Lincoln (Lambert’s sister), Barbara Mikulski, Lisa Murkowski, Patty Murray, Olympia Snowe, and Debbie Stabenow. The documentary features interviews with several people, including the Senators' family members, Delaware Senator Joe Biden, and singer Alanis Morissette.


14 Women, Reception
Politico.com and DVD Talk both gave positive reviews for 14 Women, with DVD Talk commented that while it was "far from definitive", the film has "admirable aims and will probably play well with schoolkids." Variety gave a more mixed response to the film, saying that "Political junkies, idealistic schoolgirls and everyone in between will be thrilled to vary-ing degrees" by the film but that it also felt like a "recruitment vid for public service".


14 Years
"14 Years" is a song by the American rock band Guns N' Roses, released in 1991 on their album Use Your Illusion II.


14 Years, Background
The song is one of the few Guns N' Roses tunes sung almost entirely by Izzy Stradlin with Axl Rose singing the chorus.


14 Years, Background
"14 Years" was only performed live when Stradlin was still in the band. It has been speculated to be about Rose's and Stradlin's friendship, with people pointing out that they had known each other for 14 years by the time the song was supposedly written. This has never been confirmed by the band.


14 Years, Background
An earlier demo had different lyrics with the first verse and the chorus slightly modified, while the second and third verses were given a complete makeover. Parts of the demo's second verse would be used in the third verse of the final version, while the third verse is a slightly modified version of the demo's first verse.


14 Years, Background
The song was part of the set list at a few live concerts in 2012 featuring Izzy Stradlin.


14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II
14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II is a various artists compilation album released on September 30, 1997 by COP International.


14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II, Reception
Steve Huey of AllMusic notes the presence of "veteran industrial/dance acts." Black Monday said "you may be familiar with these bands, but the songs found here are mostly unknown or rare mixes, showcasing the classic along with the new breed of electronic musicians" and "with this lineup, how could one not be impressed with 14 Years...?" Sonic Boom was negative in their reception of the collection, saying "anyone who has any experience with this music already would have acquired all of the tracks present here years ago" and that it "serves a single purpose, to entice first time listeners to the Electro-Industrial genre."


14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II, Personnel
Adapted from the 14 Years of Electronic Challenge Vol. II liner notes.


14 and 15 King Street, Bristol
14 and 15 King Street is the address of an historic warehouse building in King Street, Bristol, England.


14 and 15 King Street, Bristol
It was built around 1860 and is now occupied by a restaurant and offices.


14 and 15 King Street, Bristol
It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II listed building.


14 cm Minenwerfer M 15
The 14 cm Minenwerfer M 15 was a medium mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by Škoda Works as an alternative to a German design from Rheinische Metallwarenfabrik/Ehrhardt for which ammunition could not be procured. It was a rigid-recoil, rifled, muzzle-loading weapon that had to be levered around to aim at new targets. It was lifted onto a two-wheel cart for transport.


14 cm Minenwerfer M 15
The M 16 version added a central barrel ring and cutouts on the side of the carriage. Rotation within the barrel was improved, greatly increasing accuracy. It weighed an extra 20 kilograms (44 lb), but had a maximum range of 1,080 metres (1,180 yd). Its transport cart was also improved.


14 cm Minenwerfer M 15
The first batch of 100 mortars was ordered in May 1915 and a second batch in spring 1916, but deliveries were slow; only 88 of the second batch could be sent to the front by May 1916. A third batch of 300 was ordered in November 1916, but production was such that only 30 had been delivered by the spring of 1917.


14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun
The 14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun was the standard surface battery for Japanese submarine cruisers of World War II. Most carried single guns, but Junsen type submarines carried two. Japanese submarines I-7 and I-8 carried an unusual twin mounting capable of elevating to 40°. The appended designation 11th year type refers to the horizontal sliding breech block on these guns. Breech block design began in 1922, or the eleventh year of the Taishō period in the Japanese calendar. The gun fired a projectile 14 centimeters (5.5 in) in diameter, and the barrel was 40 calibers long (barrel length is 14 cm x 40 = 560 centimeters or 220 inches).


14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun, World War II
This gun was the weapon used by I-17 to sink SS Emidio and to later shell the Ellwood Oil Field near Santa Barbara, California. It was also used by I-25 for the Bombardment of Fort Stevens in Oregon near the mouth of the Columbia River and by I-26 to shell the Estevan Point lighthouse in British Columbia.


14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun, Similar weapon
A longer-barreled 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun was used aboard surface ships and for coastal defense. The 40 caliber/11th Year Type guns were intended for use against destroyers, and fired base-fuzed projectiles with thinner shell walls allowing a larger bursting charge than the 50 caliber/3rd Year Type guns for potential use against armored ships. The lower velocity 40 caliber gun had a useful life expectancy of 800 to 1000 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.


14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun
The 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun was a Japanese low-angle weapon introduced during World War I.


14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, History
It served as the secondary armament in a number of Japanese dreadnoughts and as the main armament in light cruisers and some auxiliary ships. It was also the most common Japanese coast-defense gun during World War II. "Third year type" refers to the Welin breech block on this gun. Breech-block design began in 1914, the third year of the Taishō period. This breech-block design was also used on Japanese 40 cm (16 inch), 20 cm (8 inch), 15.5 cm (6 inch), 12.7 cm (5 inch), and 12 cm (4.7 inch) naval guns.


14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, History
This gun was not mounted aboard submarines. Submarine cruisers used the shorter-barreled 14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun.


14 de abril. La República
14 de abril. La República (lit. '14 April. The Republic') is a Spanish period drama television series. Set in the Second Spanish Republic, it is a spin-off of La señora, featuring a number of characters from the latter show. Produced by RTVE in collaboration with Diagonal TV and created by Virginia Yagüe and Jordi Frades, the first season aired on La 1 in 2011. The already produced second season was put in the freeze during the seven years of rule of the People's Party, eventually airing from 2018 to 2019.


14 de abril. La República, Premise
The fiction starts with Ludi, a female servant, arriving to Madrid from Asturias. In the context of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931, the Spring of 1931 in the Spanish capital is bustling with those celebrating the advent of the Republic, while those against it prepare for armed struggle. The "De la Torre" family, a landowning family representative of the "stagnant, rancid bourgeoisie", is among those opposing the new government. The son of the family, Fernando de la Torre (Félix Gómez) is engaged to Mercedes León (Mariona Ribas).


14 de abril. La República, Premise
The members of the lower class "Prado" family work as rangers of the large estate owned by the De la Torre, showing feelings of submission towards their employers conflicted by their endorsement to the promises of agrarian reform brought by the Republic. The offspring of the Prado family are Jesús (Alejo Sauras) and Alejandra (Verónica Sánchez). The extremes of the ideological polarization in play are represented by characters such as Hugo de Viana (Raul Peña), a military officer opposing the Republic and Encarna (Lucía Jiménez), a strong Socialist woman.


14 de abril. La República, Premise
The series features a number of characters from La señora such as Encarna, Ventura and Hugo de Viana, played by the same performers.


14 de abril. La República, Production and release
Created by Virginia Yagüe and Jordi Frades, the first season started filming in October 2010. It premiered on 24 January 2011. The series subsequently received harsh criticism from the People's Party (PP), then the main opposition party. The 13-episode season ended on 18 April 2011 with good viewer ratings (18.2% share) and a cliffhanger.


14 de abril. La República, Production and release
The second season was produced by Endemol TV. Slated to air in 2012, the second season of the series was shelved indefinitely because of the arrival of Mariano Rajoy and the PP to government, as they preferred to bury a fiction set in the Republican period. Seven years after, in 2018, only once Pedro Sánchez became prime minister, the airing of the second season was programmed again. In the meantime two of the main cast actors (Héctor Colomé and Álex Angulo) had died. The opening episode of the second season premiered on 3 November 2018 in prime time. The broadcasting run was irregular, to the point the channel sometimes scheduled back-to-back two episodes.


14 de abril. La República, Production and release
Mired with problems and low viewership ratings, the series ended with the back-to-back broadcasting of the last two episodes aired on 26-27 January 2019.


14 km dorogi Kem-Kalevala
14 km dorogi Kem-Kalevala (Russian: 14 км дороги Кемь-Калевала) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Kemskoye Urban Settlement of Kemsky District, Russia. The population was 604 as of 2013.


14 km dorogi Kem-Kalevala, Geography
The settlement is located on the Kem River, on the bank of the Putkin Reservoir, 13 km west of Kem (the district's administrative centre) by road.


14 nm process
The 14 nm process refers to the MOSFET technology node that is the successor to the 22 nm (or 20 nm) node. The 14 nm was so named by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Until about 2011, the node following 22 nm was expected to be 16 nm. All 14 nm nodes use FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology that is a non-planar evolution of planar silicon CMOS technology.


14 nm process
Samsung Electronics taped out a 14 nm chip in 2014, before manufacturing "10 nm class" NAND flash chips in 2013. The same year, SK Hynix began mass-production of 16 nm NAND flash, and TSMC began 16 nm FinFET production. The following year, Intel began shipping 14 nm scale devices to consumers.


14 nm process, History, Background
The basis for sub-20 nm fabrication is the FinFET (Fin field-effect transistor), an evolution of the MOSFET transistor. FinFET technology was pioneered by Digh Hisamoto and his team of researchers at Hitachi Central Research Laboratory in 1989.


14 nm process, History, Background
14 nm resolution is difficult to achieve in a polymeric resist, even with electron beam lithography. In addition, the chemical effects of ionizing radiation also limit reliable resolution to about 30 nm, which is also achievable using current state-of-the-art immersion lithography. Hardmask materials and multiple patterning are required.


14 nm process, History, Background
A more significant limitation comes from plasma damage to low-k materials. The extent of damage is typically 20 nm thick, but can also go up to about 100 nm. The damage sensitivity is expected to get worse as the low-k materials become more porous. For comparison, the atomic radius of an unconstrained silicon is 0.11 nm. Thus about 90 Si atoms would span the channel length, leading to substantial leakage.


14 nm process, History, Background
Tela Innovations and Sequoia Design Systems developed a methodology allowing double exposure for the 16/14 nm node circa 2010. Samsung and Synopsys have also begun implementing double patterning in 22 nm and 16 nm design flows. Mentor Graphics reported taping out 16 nm test chips in 2010. On January 17, 2011, IBM announced that they were teaming up with ARM to develop 14 nm chip processing technology.


14 nm process, History, Background
On February 18, 2011, Intel announced that it would construct a new $5 billion semiconductor fabrication plant in Arizona, designed to manufacture chips using the 14 nm manufacturing processes and leading-edge 300 mm wafers. The new fabrication plant was to be named Fab 42, and construction was meant to start in the middle of 2011. Intel billed the new facility as "the most advanced, high-volume manufacturing facility in the world," and said it would come on line in 2013. Intel has since decided to postpone opening this facility and instead upgrade its existing facilities to support 14-nm chips. On May 17, 2011, Intel announced a roadmap for 2014 that included 14 nm transistors for their Xeon, Core, and Atom product lines.


14 nm process, History, Technology demos
In the late 1990s, Hisamoto's Japanese team from Hitachi Central Research Laboratory began collaborating with an international team of researchers on further developing FinFET technology, including TSMC's Chenming Hu and various UC Berkeley researchers. In 1998, the team successfully fabricated devices down to a 17 nm process. They later developed a 15 nm FinFET process in 2001. In 2002, an international team of researchers at UC Berkeley, including Shibly Ahmed (Bangladeshi), Scott Bell, Cyrus Tabery (Iranian), Jeffrey Bokor, David Kyser, Chenming Hu (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company), and Tsu-Jae King Liu, demonstrated FinFET devices down to 10 nm gate length.


14 nm process, History, Technology demos
In 2005, Toshiba demonstrated a 15 nm FinFET process, with a 15 nm gate length and 10 nm fin width, using a sidewall spacer process. It has been suggested that for the 16 nm node, a logic transistor would have a gate length of about 5 nm. In December 2007, Toshiba demonstrated a prototype memory unit that used 15-nanometre thin lines.


14 nm process, History, Technology demos
In December 2009, National Nano Device Laboratories, owned by the Taiwanese government, produced a 16 nm SRAM chip.


14 nm process, History, Technology demos
In September 2011, Hynix announced the development of 15 nm NAND cells.


14 nm process, History, Technology demos
In December 2012, Samsung Electronics taped out a 14 nm chip.


14 nm process, History, Technology demos
In September 2013, Intel demonstrated an Ultrabook laptop that used a 14 nm Broadwell CPU, and Intel CEO Brian Krzanich said, "[CPU] will be shipping by the end of this year." However, shipment was delayed further until Q4 2014.


14 nm process, History, Technology demos
In August 2014, Intel announced details of the 14 nm microarchitecture for its upcoming Core M processors, the first product to be manufactured on Intel's 14 nm manufacturing process. The first systems based on the Core M processor were to become available in Q4 2014 — according to the press release. "Intel's 14 nanometer technology uses second-generation tri-gate transistors to deliver industry-leading performance, power, density and cost per transistor," said Mark Bohr, Intel senior fellow, Technology and Manufacturing Group, and director, Process Architecture and Integration.


14 nm process, History, Technology demos
In 2018 a shortage of 14 nm fab capacity was announced by Intel.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
In 2013, SK Hynix began mass-production of 16 nm NAND flash, TSMC began 16 nm FinFET production, and Samsung began 10 nm class NAND flash production.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
On 5 September 2014, Intel launched the first three Broadwell-based processors that belonged to the low-TDP Core M family: Core M-5Y10, Core M-5Y10a, and Core M-5Y70.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
In February 2015, Samsung announced that their flagship smartphones, the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge, would feature 14 nm Exynos systems on chip (SoCs).


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
On March 9, 2015, Apple Inc. released the "Early 2015" MacBook and MacBook Pro, which utilized 14 nm Intel processors. Of note is the i7-5557U, which has Intel Iris Graphics 6100 and two cores running at 3.1 GHz, using only 28 watts.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
On September 25, 2015, Apple Inc. released the IPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, which are equipped with "desktop-class" A9 chips that are fabricated in both 14 nm by Samsung and 16 nm by TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company).


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
In May 2016, Nvidia released its GeForce 10 series GPUs based on the Pascal architecture, which incorporates TSMC's 16 nm FinFET technology and Samsung's 14 nm FinFET technology.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
In June 2016, AMD released its Radeon RX 400 GPUs based on the Polaris architecture, which incorporates 14 nm FinFET technology from Samsung. The technology was licensed to GlobalFoundries for dual sourcing.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
On August 2, 2016, Microsoft released the Xbox One S, which utilized 16 nm by TSMC.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
On March 2, 2017, AMD released its Ryzen CPUs based on the Zen architecture, incorporating 14 nm FinFET technology from Samsung which was licensed to GlobalFoundries for GlobalFoundries to build.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
The NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA processor, introduced in October 2017, uses a 16 nm FinFET process from TSMC and is designed for use with NEC SX supercomputers.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
On July 22, 2018, GlobalFoundries announced their 12 nm Leading-Performance (12LP) process, based on a licensed 14LP process from Samsung.


14 nm process, History, Shipping devices
In September 2018 Nvidia released GPUs based on their Turing (microarchitecture), which were made on TSMC's 12 nm process and have a transistor density of 24.67 million transistors per square millimeter.


14 nm process, 14 nm process nodes
Lower numbers are better, except for transistor density, in which case is the opposite. Transistor gate pitch is also referred to as CPP (contacted poly pitch), and interconnect pitch is also referred to as MMP (minimum metal pitch).


14 regions of Augustan Rome
In 7 BC, Augustus divided the city of Rome into 14 administrative regions (Latin regiones, sing. regio). These replaced the four regiones — or "quarters" — traditionally attributed to Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome. They were further divided into official neighborhoods (vici).


14 regions of Augustan Rome
Originally designated by number, the regions acquired nicknames from major landmarks or topographical features within them. After the reign of Constantine the Great, the imperial city of Constantinople was also divided into fourteen regiones, on the Roman example: the 14 regions of Constantinople.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, I: Regio I Porta Capena
Regio I took its name from the Porta Capena ("Gate to Capua"), a gate of the Servian Walls, through which the Appian Way enters the city. Beginning from this to the south of the Caelian Hill, it runs to the future track of the Aurelian Walls.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, III: Regio III Isis et Serapis
Regio III took its name from the sanctuary of Isis, in the area of the modern Labicana street, containing the valley that was to be the future site of the Colosseum, and parts of the Oppian and Esquiline hills.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, IV: Regio IV Templum Pacis
Regio IV took its name from the Temple of Peace built in the region by Vespasian. It includes the valley between the Esquiline and the Viminal hills, the popular area of the Subura, and the Velian Hill (the hill between the Palatine and the Oppian Hill, removed in the early 20th century to make way for the via dei Fori Imperiali, the street passing between the Forum Romanum and the Forum of Augustus).


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, V: Regio V Esquiliae
The name of Regio V derives from the Esquiline hill. It contains parts of the Oppian and Cispian (two minor hills close to the city center) and of the Esquiline, plus the plain just outside the Servian walls.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, VI: Regio VI Alta Semita
The name of Regio VI derives from the street (Alta Semita, "High Path") passing over the Quirinal Hill. It was a large regio that encompassed also the Viminal Hill, the lower slopes of the Pincian, and the valleys between these. Its major landmarks included the Baths of Diocletian, the Baths of Constantine, and the Gardens of Sallust; gardens (horti) covered much of its northern part. Temples to Quirinus, Salus, and Flora were also located in Regio VI, and the Castra Praetoria. The Aurelian Wall marked most of its eastern and northern edge, with the Argiletum and Vicus Patricius on the south and southeast.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, VII: Regio VII Via Lata
The name of Regio VII was derived from the via Flaminia, which runs between the Servian walls and the future Aurelian Walls. This was a wide urban street (Via Lata, "Broadway"), corresponding to the modern via del Corso. The regio contained part of the Campus Martius on the east of the street plus the Collis Hortulorum (Hill of the Hortuli), the Pincian Hill (modern Pincio).


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, VIII: Regio VIII Forum Romanum
The central region contains the Capitoline Hill, the valley between the Palatine and the Capitoline hills (where the Forum Romanum is located), and the area between Velian Hill and the Palatine up to the Arch of Titus and the Temple of Venus and Roma.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, IX: Regio IX Circus Flaminius
The name derives from the racecourse located in the southern end of the Campus Martius, close to Tiber Island. The region contains part of the Campus Martius, on the west side of via Lata.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XI: Regio XI Circus Maximus
Regio XI took its name from the Circus Maximus, located in the valley between the Palatine and the Aventine. It contained the Circus Maximus, the Velabrum (the valley between the Palatine and Capitoline), as well as the areas next to the Forum Boarium and the Forum Holitorium.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XII: Regio XII Piscina Publica
Regio XII took its name from the Piscina Publica, a monument that disappeared during the Empire. It had the high ground where the church of San Saba is at present, plus its ramifications towards the Appian Way, where Caracalla's baths were.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XII: Regio XII Piscina Publica
In the 180s, a bank and exchange for Christians operated in the area.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XIII: Regio XIII Aventinus
Regio XIII contained the Aventine Hill and the plain in front of it, along the Tiber. Here was the Emporium, the first port on the river.


14 regions of Augustan Rome, The 14 regions, XIV: Regio XIV Transtiberim
Regio XIV (the region "across the Tiber") contained Tiber Island and all the parts of Rome west beyond the Tiber. This is modern Trastevere.


14 regions of Medieval Rome
During the Middle Ages, Rome was divided into a number of administrative regions (Latin, regiones), usually numbering between twelve and fourteen, which changed over time.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, Evolution of the Regions
Originally the city of Rome had been divided by Augustus into 14 regions in 7 BC. Then sometime during the 4th century, Christian authorities instituted seven ecclesiastical regions, which ran parallel to the civil regions. With the collapse of Imperial authority in the Western Roman Empire, after the death of Julius Nepos in 480, much of the old imperial administrative structures began to fall into abeyance.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, Evolution of the Regions
After the destructive Gothic Wars of the 6th century, the city of Rome had become virtually depopulated. When the city began to recover it was inhabited in new parts and whole districts were in ruins. Consequently, the Augustan regions now had no relationship to the administration of the city, but they continued to be used as a means for identifying property. But as Rome slowly recovered from the disasters of the Gothic wars it became necessary to organize the city for the purpose of defence, and one theory contends that this was the origin of the twelve medieval regions.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, Evolution of the Regions
In particular, it is suggested that it was connected with the Byzantine military system (the scholae militiae) and was introduced into Rome in the 7th century, along with its implementation at Ravenna. This saw the creation of a new series of regions based upon a different principle from either of the older ones. However, this revision did not last much longer than two centuries after the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, Evolution of the Regions
Certainly, the division of the city according to the revised civil and ecclesiastical regions appears to have fallen out of use in the confusion of the 10th century. Local variations seem to have sprung up that were adopted, used and then discarded as the years progressed. It has been conjectured that the sack of Rome by Robert Guiscard in 1084 caused a displacement of the population which probably made a revision of the regions necessary. The district from the Lateran Palace to the Colosseum was engulfed and ruined by fire, and the Caelian and Aventine hills were gradually abandoned. The number of regions needed for the south and south-east of the city became smaller, while there emerged a greater need for the organization of the rapidly growing districts to the north-west and along the Tiber.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
During the Tenth Century, it appears that there were only 12 regions in use, and their names, locations and boundary divisions bear very little relationship to the subsequent revisions of the regions. Their locations within the city of Rome are as follows:


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The first region was called the Horrea, named after the granaries located within it. At that time it included all the Aventine Hill and it stretched across the Marmorata and the Ripa Graeca, butting up against the banks of the Tiber River.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The second region included the Caelian Hill, a section of the Palatine Hill, and stretched southward to the foot of the Aventine Hill. It incorporated the areas around Santi Quattro Coronati, the Aqua Claudia (between the Caelian and Palatine hills), the Circus Maximus, the Septizodium and the Porta Metronia. Both of these regions were merged during the twelfth century to form Ripe et Marmorate.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The third region largely corresponded to the old 5th Augustan Region (Esquiliae). It contained Porta Maggiore, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, the modern Via Merulana, the Arch of Pietas and the Porta Tiburtina.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The fourth region contained the church of Sant’Agata and most likely the Quirinal and Viminal hills. It also contained the Suburra and the Baths of Diocletian.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The fifth region contained the part of the Campus Martius which housed the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Column of Marcus Aurelius, the Via Lata and the church of San Silvestro in Capite. It probably also contained the Porta Pinciana and the modern Porta del Popolo.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The sixth region, called Biveretica, presumably named after the monastery of Saint Andrew known as Sant'Andrea de Biveretica, which was situated between the Santi Apostoli and the Column of Trajan, meaning it included at least part of the old Augustan seventh region, the Via Lata. This region included the church of Santa Maria in Trivio, so it was probably centered near the main output for the Aqua Virgo aqueduct, which is supported by the name of the region, a corruption of the Latin Bibere (to drink). This region was absorbed into the subsequent region of Trivii et Vie Late.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The seventh region contained the area around the Column and Forum of Trajan, and a part of the Suburra.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The eighth region was called Sub Capitolio, and it contained the area of the Roman Forum and the Colosseum, so this region corresponded to the old 8th Augustan region of Rome.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The ninth region was given the label ad Scorticlarios, named after the tanners quarter which was situated next to the Baths of Nero. Apart from the Baths, this region also contained the church of Sant'Eustachio, Piazza Navona, the Pantheon and San Lorenzo in Lucina. It also included most of the Campus Martius. It broadly corresponded to the later medieval region of Campi Martis et S. Laurentii in Lucina.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The tenth region was referred to as Regione Marcello (Region of Marcellus), meaning that this region was centered around the Theatre of Marcellus which had been part of the ninth region of Imperial Rome (the Circus Flaminius).


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The eleventh region is not identified. Given the geographic spread of the other regions, it is most likely identical to the largely depopulated 1143 region of Arenule et Caccabariorum.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century
• The twelfth region was known as the Piscina Publica and was identical to the old Augustan region. It contained the Baths of Caracalla.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143
The next major reform was after the revolution of 1143 and the establishment of the Commune of Rome, as the city was redivided into 14 regions. There was a minor adjustment made in the 13th century, bringing the total number down to thirteen, and it wasn’t until 1586 that another region was created, once again bringing the total number up to fourteen, and Rome kept these administrative divisions intact until the 19th century.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143
Unlike the Augustan regions of Rome, the medieval regions were not numbered, and few had any relationship to the ancient Roman divisions. They are numbered here merely for convenience.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, I Montium et Biberatice
By the 12th century, the older 10th century region of Biveretica had its name changed to Montium et Biberatice, before simply becoming Montium at the close of the 14th century. This change of name reflected the fact that the Esquiline and the Viminal Hills, and parts of the Quirinal and the Caelian Hills belonged to this rione during the Middle Ages. Like many of the regions during the Middle Ages, the parts on top of the hills were abandoned, as the population sought to remain close to the Tiber River, and so only the part of the region that contained the easternmost part of the Campus Martius was inhabited.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, I Montium et Biberatice
By 1143 this region also contained the Forum Romanum and the Colosseum, which was not a part of the older Montium et Biberatice. The Colosseum had at some point during the Middle Ages been fortified and for a time belonged to the area controlled by the Frangipani family.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, I Montium et Biberatice
In the beginning of the 16th century this region included part of the district in the neighbourhood of Forum of Trajan, and by the 19th century, the region then referred to as Monti had a boundary which passed between Trajan's Forum and the Santi Apostoli.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, II Trivii et Vie Late
A region that is believed took its name from absorbing part of the Via Lata, the old Seventh Region of Augustan Rome, while the Trivii described the three principal streets that led to the "piazza dei Crociferi", a square next to the modern Trevi square. The importance of this location in Medieval Rome is that it was the main output for the Aqua Virgo aqueduct, one of the few aqueducts which underwent frequent restoration works during the centuries. By its remaining active it enabled the region to survive well throughout the Middle Ages, although the change of its sources caused the water's properties (purity, taste, etc.) to become much worse than the original one, which was only restored during alteration works in 1562.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, II Trivii et Vie Late
During the Middle Ages, the higher reaches of the region (which included part of the Quirinal Hill) were abandoned, as the people chose to inhabit the parts of the region closer to the Tiber River, and during the 9th century, this region was the aristocratic quarter of Rome. Its name was transformed in modern times to become the region of Trevi.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, III Columpne et S. Marie in Aquiro
This region included parts of the city situated around its most prominent features, the Column of Marcus Aurelius, or Antonine Column (late 2nd century), now standing in Piazza Colonna and the Church of Santa Maria in Aquiro. It also contains the remains of the Temple of Hadrian, with its eleven columns also contributing to the name of the region. A prominent feature during the Middle Ages was the Mons Acceptorius, a small artificial embankment created by the pre-Roman inhabitants in order to drive stilts into the swampy ground, and build dry huts for housing. Prior to the 16th century, the region was never densely populated. It now forms part of the modern rione of Colonna.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, IV Campi Martis et S. Laurentii in Lucina
Included the parts of Rome around the Campo Marzio and San Lorenzo in Lucina.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, V Pontis et Scorteclariorum
Included the parts of Rome around Ponte. Unlike its modern counterpart, it included the area across the Tiber spanned by the Ponte Sant'Angelo. This bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian (and originally named after him Pons Aelius) in 134 to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, V Pontis et Scorteclariorum
In ancient Rome, the area belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circus Flaminius, that was a part of the Campus Martius. Nero built another bridge, that was called Neronianus or triumphalis because the Via Triumphalis, the Triumphal Way, passed over it: Starting with Titus, the victorious Emperors celebrating their Triumphs entered Rome marching through it.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, V Pontis et Scorteclariorum
Nero's bridge was also called Pons Vaticanus (meaning "Vatican Bridge" in Latin), because it connected the Ager Vaticanus to the left bank, later Pons ruptus ("broken bridge"), because it was already broken in the Middle Ages.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, V Pontis et Scorteclariorum
Pope Sixtus V eventually changed the rione limits so that the Ponte Sant'Angelo belonged to Borgo.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VI S. Eustachii et Vinea Teudemarii
Included the parts of Rome around the church of Sant'Eustachio and forms part of the modern rione of Sant'Eustachio.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VII Arenule et Caccabariorum
The name of the region stemmed from Arenula, (the name is present in the modern Via Arenula) that was the name given to the soft sand (rena in Italian) that the river Tiber left after the floods, and that built strands on the left bank. It included parts of the city around Regola.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VII Arenule et Caccabariorum
In Augustan Rome, the medieval region straddled both the Campus Martius and the IX region called Circus Flaminius. Here there was the Trigarium, the stadium where the riders of the triga (a cart with three horses) used to train. During the early Middle Ages, it belonged to the 4th of the seven ecclesiastic regions.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VII Arenule et Caccabariorum
The region was not widely inhabited due to the frequent flooding of the river Tiber, causing the whole area to be extremely unhealthy, especially during summer. It was only drained at the end of the Middle Ages, after which it was reclaimed by the city and reinhabited once again.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VIII Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso
During Antiquity, it belonged to the 9th Augustan region called Circo Flaminio. In this area Pompey built his curia, while Domitian built his stadium and an Odeon (Odeum in Latin), for musical and poetic competitions. During the early Middle Ages it included parts of the city around San Lorenzo in Damaso. From 1200 the population kept on increasing until the 15th century, when it increased in importance due to the paving of Campo de' Fiori, so that it soon became an important economic center.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VIII Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso
Under Sixtus IV (1471–1484) the rione lost much of its chaotic look, typical of the Middle Ages, for a cleaner and tidier one, in keeping with the changes brought about by the Renaissance. It saw the recovery of buildings, the enlargement of streets, and the rebuilding of the ancient Pons Aurelius into a new bridge, the "Ponte Sisto" connecting Trastevere and Parione. This activity improved the quality of the region.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VIII Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso
Thanks to this renewal, urbanization increased between the 1400 and 1500. In the same period, several artists were asked to renew the front of the most important of the buildings in the region. In 1500, most of the commercial activity slowly moved from Campo de' Fiori to Piazza Navona, due to the fact that it had more space for trading.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, VIII Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso
Today it is part of the modern rione of Parione.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, IX Pinee et S. Marci
At the beginning of the 10th century, this region was referred to as Pina before transforming into Pinee et S. Marci by the 12th century, and finally into Pigna by the 16th century. For many centuries this region has been reckoned as the ninth region, certainly parts of it, such as the Pantheon were included in the ninth region of Augustan Rome.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, IX Pinee et S. Marci
From at least the 16th century, and possibly much earlier, this region has been centered on the Basilica of San Marco, Santa Maria sopra Minerva and the Pantheon.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, X S. Angeli in Foro Piscium
Referred to as Regione Marcello in the tenth century, by the 12th century, its name had changed to indicate that it included parts of the city around the fish market, which had moved from the Forum Piscarium, located near the Forum Romanum, into the ruins of the Porticus Octaviae, though it still included the Theatre of Marcellus, which now housed the shops of smiths and coppersmiths inside the arcades of the theater.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, X S. Angeli in Foro Piscium
It also included the most important church of the rione, Sant'Angelo in Foro Piscium ("St. Angel in the Fish Market"). This church, erected in 770 inside the Propylea of the Portico of Octavia, had a great historical importance during the Middle Ages. From here, on the Whitsunday of 1347, the Romans, led by Cola di Rienzo, launched the assault on the Capitol, attempting to restore the Roman Republic.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, X S. Angeli in Foro Piscium
This region now forms part of the region of Sant'Angelo.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XI Ripe et Marmorate
Includes part of the city that bounded on the east bank of the old Port of Rome, the Ripa Grande ("Great Bank"), it was constructed after the Second Punic War, and was only abandoned in the 19th century. The area of the Marmorate referred to the river bank south of the Aventine Hill where, since the imperial age, rough blocks of different kinds of marble (marmora), shipped to Rome from the East, were stored in a large deposit area, called the emporium.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XI Ripe et Marmorate
During the period of the high empire, a number of rich mansions stood here but they were mostly destroyed during the barbarian invasions of the 5th century, resulting in the area being almost completely abandoned, with the exception of a few convents on the heights of the Aventine Hill, located on a safer spot. The district became again inhabited during the Renaissance, when sometime during the 16th century the river port called Ripa Grande was made operational once again.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XI Ripe et Marmorate
During the 13th century, the section where the Arch of Janus is located was included by the Frangipani family in their fortified estate, which stretched over the Palatine Hill and included the remains of the small Frangipani Tower at the southern end of the Circus Maximus, which was also within this region. The area also had the headquarters of the Knights Templar in Rome from the 11th to the 13th centuries.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XI Ripe et Marmorate
The region incorporated parts of today’s Via Marmorata, and forms part of the modern rione of Ripa.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XII Campitelli et S. Adriani
During the 10th century, this region was referred to as the Clivus Argentarii, and it contained the streets that now connect the Corso with the Forum Romanum (the old Via di Marforio). It includes parts of the city around the Piazza di Campitelli, near Santa Maria in Campitelli, and forms part of the modern rione of Campitelli. It also included the church of Sant'Adriano al Foro.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XIII  Trastevere
Originally a separate region in 1143 from the Tiber Island, these two regions were combined in the 13th century, bringing the total number of regions down to thirteen.


14 regions of Medieval Rome, List of the 14 regiones of 1143, XIV Insula Tiberina
The Tiber Island. After its amalgamation with the region of Trastevere, Rome did not get a fourteenth region until 1586 when Sixtus V added the old Leonine City, considered until then outside the city,  as a new administrative division, under the name of Borgo.


14+ (film)
14+ is a 2015 Russian coming-of-age romantic film produced by the Cinema Foundation of Russia. It was first shown at  the 2015 Berlin International Film Festival. It is about a teenage boy feeling infatuation for the first time.


14, rue de Galais
14, rue de Galais (English: 14 Galais Road) is a Canadian television series which ran from 1954 until 1957. Guggenheim Fellow and Montyon Prize winner André Giroux was credited with being a writer for the series.


14, rue de Galais
The series is about the Delisles, a middle class Montreal family.


14,000 Things to Be Happy About
14,000 Things to Be Happy About is a book by Barbara Ann Kipfer. Illustrated by Pierre Le-Tan. It was published in 1990 by Workman Publishing. The book is a list of about 14,000 random and sometimes abstract items, apparently compiled by the author over the course of 20 years. More than one million copies have been sold. It was ranked 11th on the 1990 paperback bestseller list. A revised version with 1,500 new entries was published in 2007. The 25th anniversary edition, revised and with 4,000 new entries was published in 2014.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point
14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed stone cottage located at 14-16 Merriman Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1837 to c. 1840. It is also known as Stone Cottage & Wall. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, History
Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. Merriman Street contains a substantial collection of Georgian style houses and terraces.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, History
Millers Point took its name in the early days of the colony from "Jack the Miller", who built his windmills there, while Lieut. Dawes established his observatory on the point. This precinct, positioned between Barangaroo, Observatory Hill and the Sydney Harbour Bridge, contains a variety of architectural styles from early Georgian houses and tiny workmen's cottages, to the grander 19th century Victorian terraces. With much of the area given over to public housing in the 20th century, recent changes in ownership are again breathing life into these early buildings, although the need to ensure any renovation is done sensitively remains imperative.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, History
This cottage was built c. 1840, first tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986. Important local history item, possibly residence for the supervisor of the A.A. Co. wharf.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Description
Georgian, two bedroom, stone cottage, single storey with gable ends. Corrugated iron verandah with timber posts. Storeys: One; Construction: Painted stone, face to gable ends. Corrugated galvanised iron roof. Painted timber joinery. Style: Georgian.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Description
Small, 1837 working man's cottage on the level crest of the sandstone cliff that forms its foundation on the site where Barangaroo meets Millers Point. Cr Clive Lucas, the principal of Clive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners, was commissioned to conserve the by-then severely dilapidated cottage and create an imaginative and comfortable home for modern living, which respects and retains elements of its early life as a blacksmith's cottage and workplace.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
As at 23 November 2000, 14-16 Merriman Street contains housing groups of the utmost historical importance. This stone cottage was possibly a residence for the supervisor of the A. A. Co. wharf.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of C19th adaptation of the landscape.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


14-16 Merriman Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 840 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.


14-18
14-18 (also known as Over There, 1914-18) is a 1963 French documentary film about World War I, directed by Jean Aurel. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.


14-18, the musical
14-18, the musical is a Flemish musical about the First World War with the music of Dirk Brossé. The original production by Gert Verhulst and Hans Bourlon opened in April 2014 at the Nekkerhal in Mechelen, directed by Frank Van Laecke and produced by Studio 100. The show closed on November 11, 2014, after being seen by more than 320,000 visitors.


14-18, the musical
The show is about a group of Flemish friends at the outbreak of World War I, as the war drags on longer than anyone expected.


14-18, the musical, History, Development
On June 24, 2011, Studio 100 announced that the creative team of Daens was brought together to create a new spectacle about the First World War. On October 30, 2013 Studio 100 announced that there would be English language shows with an alternate cast. On April 15, 2014, it was announced that 117,000 tickets were sold. On June 12, 2014, Studio 100 announced that more than 200,000 tickets were sold.


14-18, the musical, History, Platform
The musical played in the Nekkerhal in Mechelen. In this gigantic hall, it was possible to build a mobile platform so the audience could ride for 150 meters on a set that had a surface area of 2 football fields. The platform weighed 135 tons (exclulding the audience), rode over 350 wheels, and was 55 meters long and 22 meters wide.


14-18, the musical, History, Scenery
There were 11 gigantic setpieces (including 6 houses and a large tree) that moved using laser-guided technology. The cast consisted of 9 main actors, 23 ensemble members, 45 extras, 16 children and 6 horse riders.


14-18, the musical, Story
In 1914, Germany wants to attack France via Belgium. Belgium refuses and becomes involved in World War I. Jan, Kamiel, Albert and Fons are friends who have to fight to defend their country. But all of them want to be somewhere else: Jan wants to go home to his wife, who is pregnant with his son, Kamiel hates violence and does everything to escape it, Albert wants to return to his sweethearts.


14-18, the musical, Cast
The role of the general was alternated from September 5, 2014 between Jo De Meyere and Mike Verdrengh. On September 17, 2014, Maaike Cafmeyer was replaced by Marie Vinck. On October 1, Bert Verbeke, who took on the role of Albert, was replaced by James Cooke.


14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point
14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 14-22 Trinity Avenue, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, History
Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. This group of terrace houses was built late in the 1880s, as the long boom was nearing its end. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1982.


14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Description
Two storey late Victorian terrace with two bedrooms. Two-storey timber balcony with iron lace balustrading. French doors to upper storey balcony, sloping sill to ground floor window. False windows with shutters to upper storey. Storeys: Two Construction: Painted brick walls stone base, corrugated galvanised iron roof. Painted timber joinery. Style: Victorian Filigree.


14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing
As at 18 May 2017, this 1880s terrace house represents a significant streetscape element.


14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of C19th adaptation of the landscape.


14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing
Terrace was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


14-22 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 911 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.


14-3-3 protein
14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3-3 proteins have the ability to bind a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. More than 200 signaling proteins have been reported as 14-3-3 ligands.


14-3-3 protein
Elevated amounts of 14-3-3 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid may be a sign of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.


14-3-3 protein, Properties
There are seven genes that encode seven distinct 14-3-3 proteins in most mammals (See Human genes below) and 13-15 genes in many higher plants, though typically in fungi they are present only in pairs. Protists have at least one. Eukaryotes can tolerate the loss of a single 14-3-3 gene if multiple genes are expressed, however deletion of all 14-3-3s (as experimentally determined in yeast) results in death.


14-3-3 protein, Properties
14-3-3 proteins are structurally similar to the Tetratrico Peptide Repeat (TPR) superfamily, which generally have 9 or 10 alpha helices, and usually form homo- and/or hetero-dimer interactions along their amino-termini helices. These proteins contain a number of known common modification domains, including regions for divalent cation interaction, phosphorylation & acetylation, and proteolytic cleavage, among others established and predicted.


14-3-3 protein, Properties
14-3-3 binds to peptides. There are common recognition motifs for 14-3-3 proteins that contain a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue, although binding to non-phosphorylated ligands has also been reported. This interaction occurs along a so-called binding groove or cleft that is amphipathic in nature. To date, the crystal structures of six classes of these proteins have been resolved and deposited in the public domain.


14-3-3 protein, Properties
The motif sites are way more diverse than the patterns here suggest. For an example with a modern recognizer using an artificial neural network, see the cited article.


14-3-3 protein, Properties, Discovery and naming
14-3-3 proteins were initially found in brain tissue in 1967 and purified using chromatography and gel electrophoresis. In bovine brain samples, 14-3-3 proteins were located in the 14th fraction eluting from a DEAE-cellulose column and in position 3.3 on a starch electrophoresis gel.


14-3-3 protein, Properties, Function
14-3-3 proteins play an isoform-specific role in class switch recombination. They are believed to interact with the protein Activation-Induced (Cytidine) Deaminase in mediating class switch recombination.


14-3-3 protein, Properties, Function
Phosphorylation of Cdc25C by CDS1 and CHEK1 creates a binding site for the 14-3-3 family of phosphoserine binding proteins. Binding of 14-3-3 has little effect on Cdc25C activity, and it is believed that 14-3-3 regulates Cdc25C by sequestering it to the cytoplasm, thereby preventing the interactions with CycB-Cdk1 that are localized to the nucleus at the G2/M transition.


14-3-3 protein, Properties, Function
The eta isoform is reported to be a biomarker (in synovial fluid) for rheumatoid arthritis.


14-3-3 protein, Human genes
The 14-3-3 proteins alpha and delta (YWHAA and YWHAD) are phosphorylated forms of YWHAB and YWHAZ, respectively.


14-3-3 protein, In plants
Presence of large gene families of 14-3-3 proteins in the Viridiplantae kingdom reflects their essential role in plant physiology. A phylogenetic analysis of 27 plant species clustered the 14-3-3 proteins into four groups.


14-3-3 protein, In plants
14-3-3 proteins activate the auto-inhibited plasma membrane P-type H+ ATPases. They bind the ATPases' C-terminus at a conserved threonine.


14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone
14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone is the most potent example in a series of opiate analgesic drugs discovered in the 1960s, with > ×100 times the potency of morphine. It is a derivative of hydroxycodeinone, being the 14-cinnamate ester. In another paper, Buckett assigns the potency as 177 with a range (depending on animal and test) of  ×101 - ×310. It may be of interest to researchers that the allyl group in this compound and in allylprodine overlay very closely.


14-Ethoxymetopon
14-Ethoxymetopon is an opioid analog that is a derivative of metopon which has been substituted with an ethoxy group at the 14-position. It is a highly potent analgesic drug several hundred times more potent than morphine.


14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine
14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine (RAM-318) is an opiate analgesic drug, which is also an active metabolite of oxycodone and hydromorphinol. 14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine is not currently marketed in any developed country, but has been of interest to pharmaceutical companies looking for new analgesics and antitussives.


14-Methoxydihydromorphinone
14-Methoxydihydromorphinone is a semi-synthetic opioid related to 14-methoxymetopon (14-MM), an opioid with a Ki of 0.15 nM, and 14-O-methyloxymorphone (14-OMO) with a Ki of 0.10 nM. By contrast, oxymorphone has a Ki of 0.97 nM and morphine one of 6.55 nM (all at mu receptors). This suggests that both 14-OMO and 14-MM have a higher mu/kappa selectivity than oxymorphone.


14-Methoxymetopon
14-Methoxymetopon is an experimental opioid drug developed by a team led by Professor Helmut Schmidhammer at the University of Insbruck in the mid 1990s. It is a derivative of metopon in which a methoxy group has been inserted at the 14-position. It is a highly potent analgesic drug that is around 500 times stronger than morphine when administered systemically; however, when given spinally or supraspinally, it exhibits analgesic activity up to a million fold greater than morphine. It binds strongly to the μ-opioid receptor and activates it to a greater extent than most similar opioid drugs. This produces an unusual pharmacological profile, and although 14-methoxymetopon acts as a potent μ-opioid full agonist in regard to some effects such as analgesia, a ceiling effect is seen on other effects such as constipation and respiratory depression which is believed to involve interaction with the κ-opioid receptor


14-Norpseurotin A
14-Norpseurotin A is an alkaloid and a bio-active metabolite of Aspergillus, featuring an oxa-spiro-lactam core.


14-Phenylpropoxymetopon
14-Phenylpropoxymetopon (PPOM) is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of metopon which has been substituted with a γ-phenylpropoxy group at the 14-position. PPOM is a highly potent analgesic drug several thousand times stronger than morphine, with an even higher in vivo potency than etorphine. The 14-phenylpropoxy substitution appears to confer potent μ-opioid agonist activity, even when combined with substitutions such as N-cyclopropyl or N-allyl, which normally result in μ-opioid antagonist compounds.


14-Phenylpropoxymetopon
It has never been used in humans, but would be expected to produce effects similar to those of other potent opioid agonists, including strong analgesia, sedation, euphoria, constipation, itching and respiratory depression which could be harmful or fatal. Tolerance and dependence would be expected to develop rapidly based on the potency of the drug, as it is of a similar strength to the most potent of fentanyl analogues and so would most likely cause pronounced tachyphylaxis following repeated dosing.


14-X
The 14-X is a Brazilian hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) under development by the Aerothermodynamics and Hypersonics Laboratory Henry T. Nagamatsu of the Institute for Advanced Studies (IEAv) and the Brazilian Air Force, equipped with three liquid hydrogen powered scramjet engines, launched by a VSB-30 rocket, reaching 100,000 feet of altitude and a maximum speed of Mach 10. The name is a reference to the 14-bis, of the Brazilian inventor and aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont.


14-X
The 14-X is expected to make its first qualification test flight from Alcântara Space Center in 2022.


14-X, History
The project was conceived in 2007, when the engineer-captain of the Brazilian Air Force, Tiago Cavalcanti Rolim started a master's degree at the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA) and was approved with a thesis on the waverider configuration. The development of the project started with an experimental model by the Institute for Advanced Studies in the same year. Testing of the hypersonic engine started in October 2009.


14-X, Rocket
The 14-X use as launcher the VSB-30, a sub-orbital sounding rocket developed in early 2000s by the Brazilian defence company Avibras, which replaced the Skylark rocket in the Brazilian space program.


14-X, Purpose
The technology is considered  by Brazil as one of the most efficient means of accessing space in the near future, and could be used to place satellites in orbit and make suborbital flights. It can also be used in other areas such as the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles or in civil aviation.


14-inch M1920 railway gun
The 14-inch M1920 railway gun was the last model railway gun to be deployed by the United States Army. It was an upgrade of the US Navy 14"/50 caliber railway gun. Only four were deployed; two in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles and two in the Panama Canal Zone, where they could be shifted between the harbor defenses of Cristobal (Atlantic) or Balboa (Pacific).


14-inch M1920 railway gun, History
After the close of World War I, the US Army wanted to incorporate the lessons learned from other railway gun mounts and fulfill coastal artillery requirements for hitting a moving target. An effort to design a more universal mount for the Navy's Mk. IV 14"/50 caliber gun was undertaken.


14-inch M1920 railway gun, History
The primary difference from the earlier Navy versions lies in the M1920 carriage, which could be raised and lowered. Prepositioned fixed mounts were installed at the forts, and the gun's rail trucks could be taken out from under the frame. After the removal of the rail trucks, the gun was lowered and bolted onto a pivot point for rapid 360 degree movement, necessary for tracking ships in coast defense. The M1920 carriage made the gun much more flexible. It allowed for the standard practice of using a curved piece of rail to traverse the gun, and it enabled the gun to be used in a fixed position.


14-inch M1920 railway gun, History
Two guns were deployed to Fort MacArthur in the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles, with firing platforms at Fort MacArthur and Long Beach. The remaining two guns were deployed to Fort Grant and Fort Randolph in the Panama Canal Zone. The two guns deployed to the Panama Canal Zone could be moved to either coast on the Panama Canal Railway. After World War Two ended, the threat of a massive war was over and the United States scrapped these weapons as well.


14-inch M1920 railway gun, Fate
All four guns were cut up for scrap in 1946.


14-inch gun M1907
The 14-inch Gun M1907 (356 mm) and its variants the M1907MI, M1909, and M1910 were large coastal artillery pieces installed to defend major American seaports between 1895 and 1945. They were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Most were installed on single gun disappearing carriages; the only installation with four guns in twin turrets was built at the unique Fort Drum in Manila Bay, Philippines. All of the weapons not in the Philippines were scrapped during World War II.


14-inch gun M1907, History
In 1885, William C. Endicott, President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of War, was tasked with creating the Board of Fortifications to review seacoast defenses. The findings of the board illustrated a grim picture of existing defenses in its 1886 report and recommended a massive $127 million construction program of breech-loading guns, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine (underwater) minefields for some 29 locations on the US coastline. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented. Coast Artillery fortifications built between 1885 and 1905 are often referred to as Endicott period fortifications.


14-inch gun M1907, History
After the Spanish–American War, the government wanted to protect American seaports in the event of war, and also protect newly gained territory, such as the Philippines and Cuba, from enemy attack. A new Board of Fortifications, under President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of War William Taft, was convened in 1905. Taft recommended technical changes, such as more searchlights, electrification, and in some cases less guns in particular fortifications. The seacoast forts were funded under the Spooner Act of 1902 and construction began within a few years and lasted into the 1920s.


14-inch gun M1907, History
The defenses of the Philippines on islands in Manila Bay were built under this program. 14-inch guns were emplaced in the harbor defenses of Los Angeles, the Panama Canal, Honolulu, Hawaii, and Manila Bay, Philippines, all constructed under the Taft program. Except for Fort Drum, the guns were on disappearing carriages; when the gun was fired, it dropped behind a concrete and/or earthen wall for protection from counter-battery fire.


14-inch gun M1907, History, 14-inch gun M1907 and M1907MI
The M1907 was a wire-wound gun 34 calibers long. The M1907MI was a built-up gun (the usual US practice) of the same length. Twelve were deployed, all on M1907 disappearing carriages. Four were in Hawaii and eight were in the Panama Canal Zone.


14-inch gun M1907, History, 14-inch gun M1909
The M1909 was a wire-wound gun 40 calibers long designed specifically for the turrets of Fort Drum on El Fraile Island in Manila Bay, Philippines. An unusual design feature was that it was made without trunnions. The turrets were made by Newport News Shipbuilding. Fort Drum was built by razing the small island down to the water and building a massive concrete fort on it. The fort had four 14-inch M1909 guns in two twin M1909 turrets, with four 6-inch M1908 guns in casemates on the sides.


14-inch gun M1907, History, 14-inch gun M1909
Despite holding out against Japanese bombardment, the fort was surrendered after destroying the guns along with Corregidor on 6 May 1942. It was recaptured in April 1945 by Company F of the 2nd Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment, 38th Infantry Division, and a detachment of the 113th Engineer Combat Battalion of the same division. The engineers lowered a 500-pound TNT charge into the structure with a 30-minute time fuze. They then pumped in 3400 gallons of fuel consisting of 75% diesel and 25% gasoline.


14-inch gun M1907, History, 14-inch gun M1910
The M1910 was a wire-wound gun 40 calibers long. Eight were deployed, all on M1907 disappearing carriages. Locations included Fort Frank and Fort Hughes in Manila Bay (2 guns each) as well as Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, Los Angeles, CA (4 guns).


14-inch gun M1907, History, World War II
Along with other coast artillery weapons, the 14-inch guns in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. Since they were positioned against a naval attack, they were poorly sited to engage the Japanese. Except for Fort Drum's turrets, whose guns were in action until the surrender, the open mountings were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack; their only protection was camouflage nets. Destruction procedures were executed on all the guns prior to the surrender of US forces on 6 May 1942.


14-inch gun M1907, History, World War II
In 1940–44, 16-inch gun batteries were constructed at most harbor defenses, and all 14-inch guns not in the Philippines were scrapped in 1943–44.


14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples
Six 14-inch guns of this type remain in the Philippines.


14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples
1. Two 14-inch Guns M1909 (#4 & #3 Watervliet) in one Turret M1909 (#1 Newport News), Battery John M. Wilson, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines.


14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples
2. Two 14-inch Guns M1909 (#2 & #1 Watervliet) in one Turret M1909 (#2 Newport News), Battery William L. Marshall, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines.


14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples
3. One 14-inch Gun M1910 (#15 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1907MI (#20 Watervliet), Battery Gillespie, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines.


14-inch gun M1907, Surviving examples
4. One 14-inch Gun M1910 (#8 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1907MI (#17 Watervliet), Battery Woodruff, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines.


14-inch/45-caliber gun
The 14"/45 caliber gun, (spoken "fourteen-inch-forty-five-caliber"), whose variations were known initially as the Mark 1, 2, 3, and 5, and, when upgraded in the 1930s, were redesignated as the Mark 8, 9, 10, and 12. They were the first 14-inch (356 mm) guns to be employed with the United States Navy. The 14-inch/45 caliber guns were installed as the primary armament aboard all of the United States Navy's New York-class, Nevada-class, and Pennsylvania-class battleships. The gun also saw service in the British Royal Navy, where it was designated the BL 14 inch gun Mk II.


14-inch/45-caliber gun, History
The design of the 14-inch/45 caliber dates to about 1910. They entered service in 1914 aboard Texas and her sister ship New York shortly after. At the time of their introduction they were intended to fire 1,400 lb (640 kg) armor-piercing (AP) projectiles containing a bursting charge of explosive D. Propellant charge was four silk bags of smokeless powder, each of which weighed 105 lb (48 kg). At a 15-degree angle, the guns could fire a shell out to 23,000 yd (21,000 m). Each individual gun weighed 142,492 lb (64,633 kg) with the breech and measured 53 ft 6.5 in (16.32 m) in length.


14-inch/45-caliber gun, History
Each of the original Mark 1 built-up guns consisted of a tube without liner, jacket, eight hoops and a screw box liner. To compensate for the problem of gun drooping, four hoop-locking rings were added to the guns. The Mark 3 added three hoop locking rings and contained a longer slide, while the Mark 5 had five hoops total. Owing to the interchangeability of the guns, the battleships fitted with the 14-inch/45 caliber guns often had guns of various Marks installed on each turret.


14-inch/45-caliber gun, History
In the 1930s, the Mark 1, 2, 3, and 5 were upgraded to allow for increased charges and muzzle velocities, resulting in the Mark 8, 9, 10, and 12, respectively. All guns employed a Welin breech block and used a Smith-Asbury mechanism, and, in the case of the Mark 12, chromium plating was introduced to prolong barrel life. These improvements enabled the guns to fire heavier 1,500 lb (680 kg) shells, and increasing the gun mount elevation to 30 degrees extended the range of the guns to 36,000 yd (33,000 m). The New York-class did not have their turrets modernized because their shell hoists could not accommodate the longer AP and HC shells; instead, a shorter version of shells with windshields were produced for them.


14-inch/45-caliber gun, Naval action, United States Navy
The guns on the two battleships of the New York-class, New York and Texas, the first ship of the Nevada-class, Nevada and the first ship of the Pennsylvania-class, Pennsylvania, saw service in World War II in the role of shore bombardment. New York bombarded North Africa during landings in 1942, Pennsylvania took part in the Aleutian Islands Campaign and Texas and Nevada shelled Normandy during Operation Overlord in 1944. Throughout 1944 and 1945, Pennsylvania hit many different Pacific islands during their invasions, while New York, Texas and Nevada all took part in the invasion of Iwo Jima and the invasion of Okinawa in 1945.


14-inch/45-caliber gun, Naval action, United States Navy
Due to the attack on Pearl Harbor, both Oklahoma and Arizona never fired their main batteries in anger. However, three 14-inch/45 caliber guns formerly on Arizona and in the relining process at the time of Pearl Harbor were installed aboard Nevada in the fall of 1944 and were used in several shore bombardments in the Pacific. The aft turrets from Arizona (numbers 3 and 4) were moved to become United States Army Coast Artillery Corps Battery Arizona on the west coast of Oahu and Battery Pennsylvania on Mokapu Point.


14-inch/45-caliber gun, Naval action, Royal Navy
Eight US Navy standard 14-inch/45 caliber guns, complete with mountings, built by Bethlehem Steel, were supplied to the United Kingdom in World War I. They were mounted on Abercrombie-class monitors under the British service designation BL 14 inch gun Mk II.


14-inch/50-caliber gun
The 14"/50 caliber gun was a naval gun mounted on New Mexico and Tennessee-class battleships. These ships also featured the first "three-gun" turrets, meaning that each gun in each turret could be "individually sleeved" to elevate separately (however, they could be linked so they would elevate as a unit, similar to the triple turrets on other Navy ships). The 14"/50 caliber guns were designated as Mark 4 and 6, with later versions known as Mark 7, 11, and B. These guns were more powerful than the main gun mounted on the previous three classes of US battleships (the New York, Nevada and Pennsylvania classes), the 14"/45 caliber gun.


14-inch/50-caliber gun, History
The 14-inch (356mm), 50 caliber gun was the weapon chosen as the main armament on the Lexington-class battlecruiser when they were originally designed, but it was later switched to the 16"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun in a 1917 redesign. The ships were eventually canceled in 1922 after the Washington Naval Treaty was signed.


14-inch/50-caliber gun, History
The 14"/50 caliber gun was designed in 1916 and entered service in 1918 on the New Mexico-class battleships. The guns were capable of firing a 1,402 pounds (636 kg) armor-piercing (AP) projectile at an angle of 15 degrees, to a range of 24,000 yards (21,946 m). Each gun weighed approximately 179,614 pounds (81,472 kg), including the breech, and was 59.5 feet (18.1 m) long. The propellant charge used for the ammunition weighed 470 pounds (210 kg) and was contained in four bags.


14-inch/50-caliber gun, History
Each Mark 4 built-up gun consisted of a tube, liner, and a screw box liner with a separate screwed-on flange. Three hoops and two locking rings were also included. The Mark 6 was slightly different in that it contained a single step taper liner and uniform twist rifling. Downward-opening Welin breech blocks and Smith-Asbury mechanisms were used on both Mark 4 and Mark 6 types. The Navy encountered dispersion problems at extreme ranges with these guns in the 1920s. Several methods were used to correct these problems, including correction of range tables for errors, addition delay coils, reduction of chamber volume, and improvement of shot seating.


14-inch/50-caliber gun, History
The Mark 7 was designed in the 1930s and entered service in 1935. This gun included a smaller chamber, a shell-centering cone, a single-slope band seat, uniform rifling, and a tube locking ring. Mark 11 was introduced later, with chromium plating added to the bore. New Mexico- and Tennessee-class battleships were rearmed with 14"/50 Mark 11 guns, with the Tennessee receiving the upgrade in 1942. The dispersion problems that existed with Marks 4 and 6 were corrected with these guns.


14-inch/50-caliber gun, History
A newer version of the 14"/50 caliber gun, Mark B, was designed in 1937. It was the original gun intended for use on the North Carolina-class battleships. Although it was simpler and lighter than the older versions, the Mark B was the most powerful 14 inch weapon ever designed by the United States. However, the prototype of this gun was not completed because the 14 inch treaty limit was rescinded in 1937 which allowed the new battleships to be armed with 16 inch guns.


14-inch/50-caliber gun, Naval action
The 14"/50 caliber gun was installed on five battleships: New Mexico, Mississippi, Idaho, Tennessee, and California. Although both Tennessee and California were damaged during the attack on Pearl Harbor, both of these ships' guns, along with the other three, were used in the Second World War in shore bombardment duty. Mississippi, Tennessee, and California all participated in the last line battle to date: the Battle of Surigao Strait. As shore bombardment platforms, these five battleships participated in all phases of the war, such as the Aleutian Islands Campaign (Idaho, Tennessee), the Battle of Kwajalein (New Mexico, Mississippi, Idaho, Tennessee), and the Battle of Guam (New Mexico, Idaho, Tennessee, California).


14-inch/50-caliber gun, Railway artillery
During World War I, five of the 14"/50 caliber guns served as railway guns on the Western Front in France. Gun No. 119L2, a Mark 2 gun on a Mark 1 Railway Mount No. 148, is located at the US Navy Museum, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC. Gun No. 19, on an M1918 Railway Mount No. 9, built by the Marion Steam Shovel Company, is located at the US Army Ordnance School, Fort Lee, Virginia.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun
The 14"/50 caliber railway guns were spare US Navy Mk 4 14 inch/50 caliber guns mounted on railway cars and operated by US Navy crews in France in the closing months of World War I.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Background
In 1917 the Allies were losing an artillery duel against heavy German guns along the Flanders coast in Belgium, and the important French Channel port of Dunkirk was being shelled by 38 cm German guns sited in Belgium at a range of over 24 miles (39 km). There was also a need for the Allies to bombard strategic targets in the German rear areas to hinder German capability to stage attacks. The largest Allied guns in the area were British 12-inch Mk X guns which were outranged.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount
Upon its entry into the war, the US chose its largest and longest-ranged available naval gun to fill the gap—the 14"/50 caliber Mk 4 gun with a muzzle velocity of 2800 feet per second. The new 16-inch gun would have been preferable, but it was not yet available in numbers; spare 14-inch guns kept for the active fleet were used instead.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount
Baldwin Locomotive Works delivered five trains for the United States Navy during April and May 1918. Each train transported and supported a 14"/50 caliber Mk 4 gun mounted on a rail carriage with four 6-wheel bogies.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Arrival in France
There was some doubt as to whether the Flanders coast and French Channel ports were now safe Allied ports, following the German spring offensive successes in March and April 1918 which brought those areas within German artillery and attack range. The guns were therefore diverted from the British zone in the north to further south, to the port of St. Nazaire, to avoid the risk of having such valuable assets captured or destroyed.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Arrival in France
Each battery composed of a locomotive, gun car, ammunition cars, supporting equipment cars, and accommodation cars for the crew was under the command of a United States Navy lieutenant, and under overall command of Rear Admiral Charles Peshall Plunkett. After delivery by ship, these trains were assembled in St. Nazaire in August.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation
Before a gun arrived at a firing position, a curved length of track was laid at a position calculated suitable for firing at a specific target, and a pit 9 feet (2.7 m) deep, involving the removal of 103 cubic yards (79 m3) of earth was dug, between the rails into which the gun recoiled 44 inches (1.1 m).


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation
Supports were also embedded in this pit connected to the gun mounting, to transmit remaining recoil energy directly to the ground and avoid placing excessive vertical strain on the gun car (and, through it, the track) and prevent it from moving backwards. In fact, by late 1918 the French had already constructed many such curved spurs (épis) for their own guns and hence the US guns were often able to re-use these.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation
The gun car was positioned over the pit, the wheels were locked and the platform was locked into position with gun mount and car's weight shifted from the trucks (bogies) directly to the ground by jacks and lifting screws. The rails were removed from above the pit because the gun breech was too wide to pass between them. The gun could elevate up to 43°, which gave it a maximum range of 42,000 yards (23.8 miles/38.4 km), and could be traversed 2.5° left and right of center.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation
Any greater change of direction required the gun to be moved forward or backward along its curved track and a new recoil pit dug. The gun used the standard naval gun mounting and recoil system, with the addition of a pneumatic system to assist the runout springs to return the gun to firing position after recoil at the higher maximum elevation of 43° compared to maximum 30° in naval use.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Operation
A major disadvantage of the Mark I mount was that the weight was distributed forward, placing weight on the leading axles that was above the normally allowable weight for French railways, and also caused axle bearings to overheat at any speed over 5–10 mph. The armored enclosed gun house lacked ventilation and caused condensation to form, which promoted rusting. The necessity to excavate a recoil pit was also not acceptable as a long-term solution of recoil control. Hence the Mark I, while functioning as designed, was seen as only a compromise measure necessitated by wartime time constraints.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Combat service
The guns served to support General Pershing's army offensive in the Meuse-Argonne sector of the Western Front in France. They operated as single-gun batteries designated Battery 1 to Battery 5. Battery 2, commanded by Lieutenant (JG) E. D. Duckett, US Navy, had the distinction of being the first all-US gun (crew, gun, and ammunition) to fire in action on the Western Front. On 6 September 1918 they fired from the forest of Compiegne at the important German railway center of Tergnier in support of an Allied attack.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Combat service
The guns were used to target key infrastructure deep behind the German lines, such as railway junctions and other lines of communication and concentration, typically only opening fire after an Allied attack had begun to avoid giving the Germans any warning of Allied intentions.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Combat service
They fired 782 shells on 25 separate active days on the Western Front at ranges between 27 and 36 kilometers. This equated to an average of 156 rounds per gun, which was approximately half the 300 rounds expected life of these guns before they would need refurbishment. The guns were only fired for specific strategic purposes to conserve barrel life, with smaller guns being used whenever possible. Hence on many days they remained inactive or were being moved.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Navy railway mount, Combat service
The last shot was fired by Battery 4 at 10:57:30 a.m. on 11 November 1918, timed to land just before the scheduled Armistice at 11 a.m.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark I Army railway mount
The US Army ordered three units identical to the Navy Mark I mountings in May 1918 and another three in July 1918, also from Baldwin Locomotive Works. They were all completed by 20 September 1918 but the war ended before they were required to be shipped to France.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark II Navy railway mount
The new Mark II gun car developed during 1918 carried the same 14"/50 caliber Mk 4 gun but addressed the problem areas: it dispensed with the armored gun house, with gunners working in the open; the weight was more evenly spread over 20 axles instead of 12; the French system of rolling recoil was adopted, in which the gun was mounted higher to allow full recoil at maximum elevation without striking the ground and the car rolled back 30–40 feet after firing to absorb remaining recoil.


14-inch/50-caliber railway gun, Mark II Navy railway mount
This made it possible to fire the gun along any part of its curved track without any prior preparation, with elevation up to 40°. After firing, the gun car used a winch mounted at the front, connected to a strong point in the ground in front, to pull itself back to its firing position. World War I ended before the Mark II entered service, and it was used for coastal defense in the US.


14-pounder James rifle
The 14-pounder James rifle or James rifled 6-pounder or 3.8-inch James rifle was a bronze muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was employed by the United States Army and the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fired a 14 lb (6.4 kg) solid shot up to a distance of 1,530 yd (1,400 m) at 5° elevation. It could also fire canister shot and common shell. Shortly before the war broke out, the U.S. Army adopted a plan to convert M1841 6-pounder field guns from smoothbore to rifled artillery.


14-pounder James rifle
Rifling the existing 6-pounders would both improve the gun's accuracy and increase the weight of the shell (by elongating the round). There were two major types produced, both were bronze with a bore (caliber) of 3.8 in (97 mm) that would accommodate ammunition designed by Charles Tillinghast James. The first type looked exactly like an M1841 6-pounder field gun. The second type had a longer tube with a smooth exterior profile similar to a 3-inch Ordnance rifle. At first the rifles were quite accurate. However, it was discovered that the bronze rifling quickly wore out and accuracy declined. None of the rifles were manufactured after 1862, and many were withdrawn from service, though some artillery units employed the guns until the end of the war.


14-pounder James rifle, Background
Charles Tillinghast James invented cotton-mill machinery, then was elected Senator from Rhode Island in 1851–1857. He subsequently became a militia major general from Rhode Island and began creating projectiles suitable for rifled artillery. James was a close friend of James Tyler Ames, the owner of the Ames Manufacturing Company, so it followed that Ames forged most of the weapons that became known as James rifles. General James died in October 1862 when a new shell he was testing accidentally exploded.


14-pounder James rifle, Background
On 1 November 1860 a U.S. Army board recommended that half of the existing smoothbore cannons in forts and arsenals should be rifled according to the plan of General James. Accordingly, Secretary of War John B. Floyd wrote Lieutenant Colonel William J. Hardee on 14 December 1860, "I have to state that the results of trials of rifled cannon and projectiles, under the direction of this department, indicates a superiority of James expanding projectiles for such cannon. The regulation 6-pounder, with a rifled bore (weight 884 pounds), carries a James projectile of about 13 pounds." Floyd pointed out that rifling the older guns to accommodate the James shells would inexpensively double the weight of shell fired, since the shells were elongated. Floyd believed this could be done without putting too much stress on the gun barrel.


14-pounder James rifle, Background
The 3.8 in (97 mm) caliber gun was commonly known as the 14-pounder James rifle, while a 3.67 in (93 mm) caliber gun was often referred to as a 12-pounder James rifle or a rifled 6-pounder. At the time, people generally failed to differentiate between the two. Actually, the 3.8-inch artillery piece was manufactured with three different types of rifling, and more than one metal and profile. Because many of the U.S. Army's existing 3.67 inch caliber 6-pounders had worn-out bores, it was found that re-boring the guns to 3.8 inch caliber would make them a uniform size. On 15 December 1860, General James signed a contract that required him to rifle half of the cannons at United States arsenals and forts. Unfortunately, there is no surviving paperwork that shows to what extent this contract was carried out. Any records are supposed to have been lost.


14-pounder James rifle, Background
Late in 1861, the Ames Company received an order to produce several 6-pounder smoothbore guns and 3.8-inch rifles. These were to be called "new model" or Model of 1861. By this time, gun makers discovered that any irregularity on the exterior of a cannon was a possible source of fracture. Therefore, the "new model" guns were designed with a smooth exterior surface. Ten 6-pounder James smoothbores are known to exist. The 3.8-inch rifles became known as James rifles because they were designed to fire the James projectiles.


14-pounder James rifle, Background
It is important to note that when General George B. McClellan inquired about James rifles, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton responded by writing, "James is not known as a manufacturer of guns, and it is not known that he makes any pretense of having invented one. Ames, of Chicopee, manufactures guns, and is the manufacturer of James projectiles..."