1390 Abastumani, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Abastumani is a primitive, carbonaceous P-type asteroid, a common spectral type in the outer main-belt and among the Jupiter trojan population.


1390 Abastumani, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Abastumani was obtained from photometric observation by astronomer John Gross at the U.S. Sonoran Skies Observatory (G94) in Benson, Arizona. It gave a rotation period of 17.100±0.005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 in magnitude (U=2).


1390 Abastumani, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures between 98.3 and 107.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a very low albedo between 0.026 and 0.033. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, i.e. a diameter of 101.5 kilometers and an albedo of 0.0298.


1390 Yellow River flood
The 1390 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng, China, during the early Ming dynasty.


1390s
The 1390s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1390, and ended on December 31, 1399.


1390s BC
The 1390s BC is a decade which lasted from 1399 BC to 1390 BC.


1390s in England, Incumbents
Monarch – Richard II (to 30 September 1399), Henry IV


1390s in art
The decade of the 1390s in art involved some significant events.


1390s in music, Events
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the 1390s.


1390s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1390s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1390s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1391
Year 1391 (MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1391 Carelia
1391 Carelia (prov. designation: 1936 DA) is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 16 February 1936, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.9 hours and measures approximately 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) in diameter. It was named for the Northeast European region of Karelia.


1391 Carelia, Orbit and classification
Carelia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,485 days; semi-major axis of 2.55 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 2 days prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.


1391 Carelia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the northeastern European region of Karelia, located between the Gulf of Finland and the Russian White Sea. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 126). Since the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939–40, most of the regions belongs now to Russia. A large part of Yrjö Väisälä's discoveries have names that are in some form or another related to that war about Karelia.


1391 Carelia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomy, Carelia is a stony S-type asteroid, the most common type in the inner main-belt. The asteroid is also an S-type in the SDSS-based taxonomy.


1391 Carelia, Physical characteristics, Rotation and pole
In 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Carelia was published using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.87822±0.00001 hours (U=n.a. ), as well as two spin axes at (21.0°, −79.0°) and (208.0°, −43.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1391 Carelia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Carelia measures 11.079 and 11.570 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.1972 and 0.214, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.07.


1391 Yellow River flood
The 1391 Yellow River flood was a major natural disaster during the early Ming dynasty in China.


1391 Yellow River flood
The river flooded from Kaifeng to Fengyang in Anhui and shifted course, with the old route past Xuzhou becoming known as the "Little Yellow River" and the new main artery running into the Huai River becoming the "Big Yellow River".


1392
Year 1392 (MCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1392 Pierre
1392 Pierre, provisional designation 1936 FO, is a dark, dynamical Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers (16 mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 March 1936, by astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid was named after the discoverer's nephew, Pierre.


1392 Pierre, Orbit and classification
Pierre is a dynamical member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. Pierre's spectral type is different from that of the Eunomia family (see below) and possibly an interloper rather than a true family member. When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, Pierre is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population.


1392 Pierre, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,538 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A917 UB at Simeiz Observatory in October 1917. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in March 1936.


1392 Pierre, Naming
This minor planet was named after Pierre, a nephew of the discoverer Louis Boyer. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 126).


1392 Pierre, Physical characteristics
Pierre has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. In the Tholen classification, the asteroid's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a dark D-type and somewhat similar to a generic X-type asteroid. Conversely, the Eunomia family consists of S-type asteroids.


1392 Pierre, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 1984, a first rotational lightcurve of Pierre was obtained from photometric observations with the ESO 1-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude (U=2). A poorly rated lightcurve by Pierre Antonini in Januar 2007, gave a period of 24 hours with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitude.


1392 Pierre, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pierre measures between 26.16 and 28.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.054. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0519 and a diameter of 26.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.72.


1393
Year 1393 (MCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1393 Sofala
1393 Sofala, provisional designation 1936 KD, is a Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 May 1936, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the province of Sofala in Mozambique.


1393 Sofala, Orbit and classification
Sofala is a member of the Vesta family (401), the second-largest asteroid family of the main-belt by number of members. However, it is also considered to be a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,387 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


1393 Sofala, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1928 FB at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1928. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1936.


1393 Sofala, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
The asteroid has an ambiguous lightcurve. While a lightcurve, obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013, gave a rotation period of 108.259 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.48 magnitude (U=2), another lightcurve modeled from combined dense and sparse photometry gave a sidereal period of 16.5931 hours.(U=2). If the first result were correct, Sofala would be one of few hundred known slow rotators with a period above 100 hours. The Lightcurve Data Base, however, adopts the shorter period from the modeled lightcurve. A third lightcurve with a period of 7.8 hours by René Roy from 2008 has received a poor rating.


1393 Sofala, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sofala measures between 11.21 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.223.


1393 Sofala, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


1393 Sofala, Naming
This minor planet was named after Sofala Province in central-eastern Mozambique. It is the country's largest province. Its capital city is Beira after which the Mars-crosser 1474 Beira, another discovery by Cyril Jackson, is named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).


1394
Year 1394 (MCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1394 Algoa
1394 Algoa, provisional designation 1936 LK, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 June 1936, by English-born South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after the historical Algoa Bay.


1394 Algoa, Orbit and classification
Algoa orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,391 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. Prior to its discovery observation in 1936, Algoa was identified as 1929 TT and 1933 UY1 at Lowell Observatory and Uccle Observatory, respectively. These observations, however, remained unused to extend the body's observation arc.


1394 Algoa, Physical characteristics
In 2012, two rotational lightcurves of Algoa were obtained at the U.S. Etscorn Observatory, New Mexico, and at the Riverland Dingo Observatory, Australia. They gave a well-defined, concurring rotation period of 2.768 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 and 0.21 magnitude, respectively (U=3-/3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony S-type asteroids of 0.20, and calculates a diameter of 14.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.6.


1394 Algoa, Naming
This minor planet was named after the historical Algoa Bay, located approximately 700 kilometers east of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).


1394th Transportation Brigade
The 1394th Transportation Brigade is a United States Army unit subordinate to the 377th Theater Sustainment Command.


1394th Transportation Brigade
As of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 1394th Transportation Brigade Command:


1395
Year 1395 (MCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1395th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 395th year of the 2nd millennium, the 95th year of the 14th century, and the 6th year of the 1390s decade.


1396
Year 1396 (MCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


13963 Euphrates
13963 Euphrates (/juːˈfreɪtiːz/), provisional designation 1991 PT4, is a resonant Griqua asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1991, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory site in Chile. The asteroid was named after the Euphrates River in the Middle East.


13963 Euphrates, Orbit and classification
Euphrates is one of very few bodies located in the 2:1 mean motion resonance with the gas giant Jupiter and belongs to the "marginally unstable" Griqua group.


13963 Euphrates, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–4.2 AU once every 6 years and 1 month (2,220 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1971, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.


13963 Euphrates, Physical characteristics
Based on an absolute magnitude of 13.9, it measures between 4 and 10 kilometers in diameter, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since asteroids in the outer main-belt are mostly of a carbonaceous rather than of a silicaceous composition, with low albedos, typically around 0.06, its diameter is likely to be between 8 and 10 kilometers.


13963 Euphrates, Physical characteristics
As of 2017, Euphrates' effective size, its composition and albedo, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.


13963 Euphrates, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Euphrates river, that flows through northern Syria and Iraq.


13963 Euphrates, Naming
It is one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. The Tigris–Euphrates river system, a major river system, is formed when the two rivers combine at Al Qurnah. The minor planet 13096 Tigris is named after the other river of this system. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 August 2003 (M.P.C. 49280).


1397
Year 1397 (MCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1397 Umtata
1397 Umtata, provisional designation 1936 PG, is an asteroid from the background population of the asteroid belt's central region, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg on 9 August 1936. The asteroid was named after the South-African town of Mthatha, formerly known as Umtata.


1397 Umtata, Orbit and classification
Umtata is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,603 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.


1397 Umtata, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1931 GK at the Lowell Observatory in April 1931. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1397 Umtata, Physical characteristics
The asteroid's spectral type is unknown. The Lightcurve Data Base assumes an S- or C-type to be equally likely, using an average albedo of 0.10 (see below).


1397 Umtata, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Umtata was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 30 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.13 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.


1397 Umtata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Umtata measures between 20.35 and 22.895 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0794 and 0.112.


1397 Umtata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous asteroid's, both abundant in the main belt's central region – and derives a diameter of 20.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.57.


1397 Umtata, Naming
This minor planet was named after South-African town of Mthatha, formerly known as Umtata. It is the capital town of the OR Tambo District Municipality and the King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).


1398
Year 1398 (MCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1399
Year 1399 (MCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


139P/Väisälä–Oterma
139P/Väisälä–Oterma is a periodic comet in the Solar System. When it was discovered in 1939 it was not recognized as a comet and designated as asteroid 1939 TN.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It was one of the first 'Mixed' regiments in which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated into the unit's personnel. It defended West Yorkshire and the North Midlands against aerial attack until it became the first Mixed anti-aircraft (AA) unit to serve overseas, defending Brussels against V-1 flying bombs.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
By 1941, after almost two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
With the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
The first of these new batteries took over an operational gun site in Richmond Park, south-west London, in August 1941, and complete regiments soon followed, including 139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, whose regimental headquarters formed at Rotherham, West Yorkshire, on 1 December 1941. It was then joined on 15 December by the following batteries:


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
In January 1942 the new regiment was assigned to 62 AA Brigade, responsible for the defence of Leeds and Sheffield in West Yorkshire under 10th Anti- Aircraft Division. In February, the regiment was joined by two additional batteries:


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
In the Spring of 1942 a new phase in the air campaign began with the so-called Baedeker Blitz mainly directed against undefended British cities. In 10th AA Division's area, York was accurately hit on 28 April, Hull on 19 May and 31 July, and Grimsby on 29 May, but the strongly defended towns of West Yorkshire were not attacked.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
139th (M) HAA Regiment sent a cadre to 7th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry where it formed 582 (M) HAA Bty on 27 July 1942; this battery served with 172nd (M) HAA Rgt. As new units joined AA Command, more experienced ones were being posted away to train for service overseas, particularly for the planned invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch). 62 AA Brigade HQ was one such, transferring to First Army in August, while its AA Command commitments were taken up by other formations: 139th (M) HAA Rgt came under the command of 65 AA Bde.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
In the summer of 1943, the Luftwaffe made a few raids against East Coast towns including Hull and Grimsby, and 5 AA Group, which was now responsible for the region, shuffled some of its units. This included 139th (M) HAA Rgt, which by August came under 32 (Midland) AA Bde covering Derby and Nottingham. It was joined by 668 (M) HAA Bty from 172nd (M) HAA Rgt on 28 August.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
In the autumn of 1943 AA Command was asked to make cuts to free manpower for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord), and some AA sites in the Midlands were abandoned. In February 1944, 139th (M) HAA Rgt was switched to the command of 63 AA Bde and 668 (M) HAA Bty was disbanded. Shortly after Operation Overlord was launched on D Day, the Luftwaffe began launching V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', against London from Northern France.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment
AA Command had planned for this and Operation Diver was put into effect, with large numbers of AA units moving to South East England. 139th (M) HAA Regiment came under the temporary command of 41 AA Bde, which took over additional responsibilities for units left in the North Midlands until 63 AA Bde HQ returned. The first 'Diver' offensive ended when the launching sites in Normandy were overrun by 21st Army Group. A second campaign of air-launched missiles coming in from the North Sea led to a second redeployment by AA Command to East Anglia, but again 139th (M) HAA Rgt was unaffected by the moves.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
Once 21st Army Group had liberated Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. The missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled static Mk IIC 3.7-inch HAA gun, which had power traverse and automatic fuze-setting, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer), were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment. 139th (M) HAA Regiment was the first Mixed unit sent from AA Command to reinforce the Brussels 'X' defences.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
The regiment was still deployed around Nottingham in early November 1944 when it was ordered to move overseas at war establishment. This meant leaving behind one battery (518, which became independent) and finding 200 ATS reinforcements to bring the other three up to the required strength. Fortunately there was no shortage of volunteers from other units. The regiment's advance parties arrived in Antwerp on 18 November and spent an uncomfortable week in temporary accommodation under V-1 attack before moving on to Brussels. Here they reconnoitred six new 4-gun sites for occupation by 16 December.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
These sites lacked all provision for a static HAA gun position: there were no gun platforms, access roads, water supply, drainage or accommodation. The Royal Canadian Engineers erected a few huts for the ATS, while the men slept in tents despite the cold weather. The gun platforms required 2000 tons of rubble to be tipped onto soft ground, with another 800 tons for hardstandings, although the access roads were built as single tracks that were blocked by the gun transporters. On arrival the 15-ton static guns had to be lowered precisely onto holdfasts dug into the ground.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
All other facilities, including cookhouses and latrines, had to be built from scratch. The Brussels city authorities helped with telephone lines, transport and bathing facilities. Two gun positions were ready for action on 22 December and on 28 December 484 (M) HAA Bty fired its first rounds at incoming missiles. Several other Mixed HAA regiments followed over succeeding weeks.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
The Brussels 'X' defences under 101 AA Brigade involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64 km) to 50 miles (80 km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles. Finally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000 m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. Unlike the anti-Diver guns firing over the English Channel or North Sea, VT Proximity fuzes could not be employed by the HAA batteries at Brussels because of the risk of casualties to troops and civilians under the missiles' flightpath. The success rate of the Brussels X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. (101 AA Bde handed over command to 50 AA Bde for the last few weeks.) The number of missiles launched at Brussels dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Brussels 'X' deployment
By 27 April, 139th (Mixed) HAA Regiment had been stood down, and on 3 May its personnel were back at Ticknall, near Derby, where the regiment and its three batteries were disbanded, five days before the war in Europe ended on VE Day.


139th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia
While the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.


139th (Northumberland) Battalion, CEF
The 139th (Northumberland) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Cobourg, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Northumberland County. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 3rd and 36th Reserve Battalions on October 6, 1916. The 139th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .


139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade
The 139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War with the 46th (North Midland) Division. Later designated the 139th Infantry Brigade, the brigade also saw service with the 46th Infantry Division in the Second World War.


139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Origins
When Volunteer Infantry Brigades were introduced in 1888, the Volunteer Battalions of the Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) formed part of the North Midland Brigade, although from 1901 to 1906 they formed a separate Sherwood Foresters Brigade. When the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, a new Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Brigade was formed, as part of the North Midland Division. The brigade was composed of four Volunteer battalions of the Sherwood Foresters: the 5th (Derbyshire), 6th, 7th (Robin Hood Rifles) and 8th.


139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, First World War
King George V inspected the division on 19 February 1915, shortly before its departure for France, and gave permission for the Notts & Derby Brigade to change its title to Sherwood Foresters Brigade. (However, its 2nd Line duplicate, formed in January 1915, remained the 2/1st Notts & Derby Brigade throughout the war.) In May, when the TF formations were numbered, the brigade became 139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade in the 46th (North Midland) Division.


139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, First World War
The brigade saw service with the 46th Division throughout the First World War in the trenches of the Western Front from 1915 to 1918.


139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Between the wars
Disbanded after the war in 1919, the brigade was reformed as the 139th (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Infantry Brigade in the Territorial Army and again assigned to the 46th (North Midland) Division. However, in 1936 the division was disbanded and its HQ was redesignated 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. The 6th and 7th Sherwood Foresters were both transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into anti-aircraft searchlight battalions. The 5th and 8th Sherwood Foresters were both transferred to the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. With all of its battalions posted away, the 139th Infantry Brigade was disbanded.


139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade number was reactivated again when the Territorial Army was doubled in size in spring and summer 1939, in order to meet the threat of Nazi Germany. The 139th Infantry Brigade, formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of 148th Infantry Brigade, was assigned to the 46th Infantry Division, which itself was formed as a duplicate of the 49th Division.


139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade saw service with the 46th Division throughout the Second World War, which began in September 1939. Sent to France with the rest of 46th Division in April 1940 to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), the brigade was both poorly equipped and trained and lacked any of their signals, artillery, engineer or other support units. The division was sent, along with the 12th and 23rd divisions, to complete their training and to help construct defences and airfields. As a result, the division was battered when facing the German Army's blitzkrieg during the Battle of France in May 1940 and was forced to retreat to Dunkirk had to be evacuated to England.


139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade, Second World War
After being evacuated, the brigade and division spent the next few years on home defence and training to repel an expected German invasion which never arrived. In late 1942 the 46th Division was sent to North Africa where it became part of British First Army and saw action in the final stages of the Tunisia Campaign. The division did not see service in Sicily but landed at Salerno in September 1943 as part of the US Fifth Army during the initial invasion of Italy. The brigade saw service in Italy until late 1944, transferring to Greece to help calm the Greek Civil War, and returning to Italy in April 1945 for the final offensive, but did not take part in any actual fighting.


139th Aero Squadron
The 139th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.


139th Aero Squadron
The squadron was assigned as a day pursuit (fighter) squadron as part of the 2d Pursuit Group, First United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and performed close air support and tactical bombing attacks on enemy forces along the front lines.


139th Aero Squadron
The squadron was very successful in combat, having half a dozen air aces including David Putnam, Karl Schoen, Robert Opie Lindsay, and future Brigadier General Harold H. George.


139th Aero Squadron
After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized. There is no current United States Air Force or Air National Guard unit that shares its lineage and history.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The 139th Aero Squadron was organized at Kelly Field, Texas on 21 September 1917. After a period of indoctrination training, orders were issued for the squadron to proceed to Toronto, Quebec, Canada for technical training under the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC). However, these orders were countermanded and the squadron remained at Kelly Field until 28 October 1917, when it was ordered to proceed to Barron Field, Everman, Texas for training under the RFC. One week later it moved again to Hicks Field, Saginaw Texas for further training. During the squadron's training at Hicks Field, numerous transfers of personnel were made and the squadron was brought to a strength of 204 men.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
Upon completion of training by the RFC, the 139th received orders to move to the Aviation Concentration Center at Camp Mills, Garden City, New York on 12 February 1918. The following day, 25 flying officers selected from cadets who trained with the squadron were assigned. The squadron left Fort Worth, Texas on 14 February, and arrived at Camp Mills on the 19th. After a short period at the concentration center, the squadron left New York Harbor on 26 February on the RMS Olympic. It arrived in Liverpool, England on 5 March.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
It was transferred by train to Winchester, England, where it awaited further orders at the Romney Rest Camp. On 17 March orders were received to move to France. The squadron left for Le Havre on the 17th and arrived on the 18th. It then proceeded to the 2d Aviation Instruction Center, (2d AIC) American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) at Tours Aerodrome, arriving on 21 March.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France
During its assignment at the 2d AIC, the squadron engaged in station duties until being ordered to proceed to the 3d Aviation Instruction Center (3d AIC) at Issoudun Aerodrome to complete training for combat duties. It arrived at Issodun on 29 March. At Issodun, the flying officers commenced training in Nieuport 28s a few days after the arrival of the men. The enlisted personnel were trained as mechanics for the various types of French aircraft that were in use at the front.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France
Training was completed at the 3d AIC on 24 May 1918, and the 139th was ordered to proceed to the 1st Pursuit Organization and Training Center at Epiez Aerodrome. Orders, however, were again changed and its destination was changed to Vaucouleurs Aerodrome. The squadron arrived at Vaucouleurs on 28 May 1918.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France
The squadron's first plane, a SPAD VII, was assigned on 10 June, and the remaining planes arrived within a week. As the squadron pilots and mechanics had no experience with the SPAD VII, the mechanics were sent to a French aerodrome where they remained for about ten days. With their return, two French mechanics, along with two representatives from the Hispano-Suiza factory arrived at Vaucouleurs. Language difficulties, however, negated the benefit of these representatives and they returned to their home bases while the mechanics worked out on-the-job training for maintaining the SPAD VIIs.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France
The month of June was devoted to training flights and reconnaissance along the front lines. A major difficulty was the lack of supplies and equipment necessary to keep the SPAD VIIs operational. Many times it was necessary to appeal to the French for these items, and they assisted in every way possible.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat
On 30 June, the squadron was reassigned to the 2d Pursuit Group and moved to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul. The 139th was the first squadron assigned to the new group. Later, the 13th, 22d and 49th Aero Squadrons were assigned to the group at Toul.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat
The first combat between the 139th and enemy aircraft took place on 30 June, and Lt. David E. Putnam shooting down a German biplane. The squadron began flying regular patrols between Pont-à-Mousson and Saint-Mihiel. However, during its first weeks in combat, the sector was relatively quiet and only a few German aircraft were encountered. Six combats were reported during July, and the squadron received confirmation that it had destroyed two enemy aircraft. One pilot, Lt. MacLure, was lost on 17 July when he was forced to land behind enemy lines, however, he was later reported as a Prisoner of War. During August, the Toul Sector was far more active, as the Germans moved more aircraft into the area. In August the squadron engaged in twelve combats, with the squadron receiving four official victories, and several unofficial ones, including the shooting down of several German observation balloons.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat
The buildup of First Army infantry units was proceeding through August and into September. On 12 September, the St. Mihiel Offensive began with a massive artillery barrage. Orders were received to engage in low-altitude flights in front of the infantry and to machine-gun enemy fortifications, troop concentrations and to attack movements of enemy troops, convoys and railroad lines. However, adverse weather limited flight operations. Very few enemy aircraft were seen, however, but as the day progressed the weather cleared to some extent. Eight enemy aircraft were seen and a combat began. Lt


139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat
. Putnam destroyed one enemy plane, however he was later killed in action during another combat near Limey. The next day, ten 139th planes engaged in a free-for-all combat with German aircraft in the region of Bayonville, in which four enemy planes were destroyed and two more were claimed (but not confirmed) without loss.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat
With the success of the St. Mihiel offensive, the squadron was moved from Toul to Belrain Aerodrome on 24 September. On the 25th regular patrols began in the region south of Verdun, and on 26 September, First Army began the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Aerial activity by the 139th again became very intense, with the squadron flying aircraft from before dawn until after dusk. On the first day of the offensive, one enemy observation aircraft was shot down, and the unit performed several road strafing and bombing missions against enemy infantry forces. At Belrain, the squadron began to be re-equipped with SPAD XIIIs, that were equipped with bomb racks carrying two twenty-pound bombs. During the next few weeks a marked increase of enemy aircraft were seen and attacked. On 28 September three enemy aircraft were shot down.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat
Bad weather limited operations during early October. However, on the 10th, a massive combat free-for-all resulted with six squadron aircraft engaged with about a dozen German Fokkers. The squadron shot down nine enemy aircraft. The remainder of October was quite active and eleven more successful combats were fought, twenty enemy aircraft were destroyed. The squadron lost Lt Schoen when he was killed in action on 29 October near Esnes-en-Argonne.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front combat
Poor weather limited the number of patrols flown in early November, although on 5 November, three squadron aircraft attacked an enemy Fokker and pursued it to its Aerodrome, shooting it down directly over its own airfield. The squadron moved to Souilly Aerodrome on 7 November. However, talk of peace had begun and although regular combat patrols were flown, few enemy aircraft were seen. All offensive operations over the lines ceased at 11:00am on 11 November.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
The American Expeditionary Forces was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Souilly Airdrome until 29 January 1919 when it moved Grand Aerodrome, France, to help construct a new airfield.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
On 18 April orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at Le Mans. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. It moved to its base port at Brest on 22 May 1919 for transport to the United States. The 139th Aero Squadron (Pursuit), returned to New York City on 14 June, its personnel were returned to civilian life, and the squadron demobilized at Hazelhurst Field, Long Island, on 17 June 1919.


139th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel
DSC: Distinguished Service Cross; DSM: Army Distinguished Service Medal; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: Killed in Action; POW: Prisoner of War


139th Aero Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


139th Airlift Squadron
The 139th Airlift Squadron (139 AS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 109th Airlift Wing Stationed at Stratton Air National Guard Base, Schenectady, New York. The 139th is equipped with the specialized ski-equipped LC-130H Hercules for polar operations.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Activated at Morris Field, North Carolina, receiving its initial cadre from the 20th Fighter Group. Initially Operated as an operational training squadron (OTU), flying P-39 Airacobras and P-43 Lancers with a mission to train newly graduated pilots from Training Command in single-engine fighter aircraft. Beginning in mid-1943 switched to replacement training (RTU), of pilots. Equipment upgraded to P-47 Thunderbolts and lastly P-40 Warhawks. Was disbanded in May 1944 with reorganization of training units, personnel and equipment absorbed by "Squadron B", 336th AAF Base Unit (Replacement Training Unit, Fighter).


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard
The wartime 303d Fighter Squadron was reconstituted and redesignated as the 139th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Schenectady County Airport, Schenectady, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 18 October 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 139th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 303d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was initially assigned to the New York ANG 52d Fighter Wing, later to the 107th Fighter Group in November 1948.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard
The mission of the 139th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of eastern and northern New York. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 139th was retained by the State of New York to maintain the air defense mission. In 1951, the Thunderbolts were replaced by Very Long Range F-51H Mustangs with were capable of extended air defense flights over all of New York State.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The air defense mission remained after the Korean War armistice and the unit resumed normal peacetime training and drills. In 1954, the Mustang was ending its service life and Air Defense Command was re-equipping its fighter-interceptor squadrons with jet aircraft. The 139th received F-94B Starfires, however the F-94 required a two-man aircrew a pilot and an air observer to operate its radar equipment. Trainees for the radar assignment had to attend regular Air Force Training Schools, and required virtually the same qualifications as the pilot trainees. The additional recruitment of guardsmen led to the units having a manning and capabilities problem that lasted for some time until the unit was returned to full readiness.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
In 1956, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized and redesignated as the 107th Air Defense Wing. As a result, the 139th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 109th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 139th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 109th Headquarters, 109th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 109th Combat Support Squadron, and the 105th USAF Dispensary. The F-86H Sabre replaced the F-94B Starfires in 1957.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
A major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 109th being redesignated as a Tactical Fighter Group; and 139th also being redesignated. The new assignment involved a change in the Group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 139th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission
With air transportation recognized as a critical need, the 109th was redesignated the 109th Air Transport Group (Heavy) on 2 January 1960 and was transferred from TAC to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 139th Air Transport Squadron was equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter intercontinental transports, with an Aeromedical Flight as a secondary mission. With the C-97s, the 109d augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force’s needs in Europe.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission
During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 139th ATS was federalized on 1 October 1961. From Schenectady, the 139th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force’s needs. It returned again to New York state control on 31 August 1962.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission
During the 1960s, the Group flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America. On 8 January 1966, Military Air Transport Service became Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the units were redesignated as the 109th Military Airlift Group and 139th was redesignated as the 137th Military Airlift Squadron.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission
With the retirement of the C-97 in 1971, the 109th became a Tactical Airlift Group and the 139th Tactical Airlift Squadron received eight C-130A Hercules transports and was transferred from MAC to Tactical Air Command.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Airlift mission
The first major mission of the C-130s was in June 1972 when the squadron provided relief assistance to storm victims of Tropical Storm Agnes. 109th crews gave around-the-clock support to relief efforts. Operating mainly from the Broome County Airport at Binghamton, 109th crews provided the lion's share of airlift into stricken areas, particularly Elmira, where surface transportation was cut off. On 1 December 1974, the unit was transferred back to Military Airlift Command when MAC took over the tactical airlift mission from TAC, USAFE and PACAF air force wide.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
In 1975 the 107th was given a new mission for resupply of the Greenland Icecap's radar stations. The 109th was re-equipped with 5 C-130D Hercules, assuming responsibility for the Volant DEW Line resupply mission to the DYE-1, 2, 3 and DYE-4 stations. The 109th assumed the mission from the Air Force's Alaskan Air Command receiving their eleven C-130s, five of which were ski-equipped for landings on packed snow runways. In October 1984, the C-130D aircraft were replaced by eight new C-130H models, of which four were LC-130s (ski equipped).


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
In 1988 the 109th had been notified that, almost overnight, one of the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line radar sites that it supported in Greenland was going to be shut down. The other sites would soon follow and the 109th would be largely out of business because its main mission had ended. The last flight to radar site DYE-3 in December 1989 marked the end of the DEW Line mission. The 107th assumed jurisdiction of the landing strip at the DYE-2 station for pilot training for practicing Antarctic takeoffs & landings (called Ice Station Ruby); a.k.a. the Raven Ski-way Training Facility.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
After the closure of the Greenland stations, the experienced gained by the unit was transferred to its new mission; the airlift support to National Science Foundation's South Pole research program and the U.S. Navy's VXE-6 unit. The 109th continued to augment the Navy's Antarctic flying operations for the next eight years.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
The 109th was not mobilized during the 1990 Gulf Crisis, however 109th AW members called to duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Operation Desert Storm. In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 109th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was redesignated as the 109th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force "One Base – One Wing" policy, the 109th Airlift Wing was established and the 139th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the new 109th Operations Group. In September 1994 139th Aeromeds deployed to Rwanda in support of Operation Support Hope.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
Early in 1996, it was announced that the 109th Airlift Wing was slated to assume that entire Antarctic mission from the U.S. Navy in 1999. The Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the NSF. On 20 February 1998, responsibility for airlift support to the United States Antarctic Program (USAP) was passed over to 109 AW from VXE-6, during a ceremony at Christchurch International Airport, Christchurch, New Zealand.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
With the assumption of the support mission from the Navy, the 109th established an operating location at Christchurch and a forward location at Williams Field, on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Williams Field consists of two hard-packed snow runways located on approximately 8 meters (25 ft) of compacted snow, lying on top of 80 meters (262 ft) of ice, floating over 550 meters (1,800 ft) of water. Williams provides support to the United States McMurdo Station and New Zealand’s Scott Base.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
During October 1999 the 109th AW aided in the rescue of Dr. Jerri Nielsen, a doctor with breast cancer symptoms and based at isolated Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
The 109th Wing's high operational tempo increased dramatically with the surprise attack on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001. The 109th provided immediate support deploying 49 Civil Engineers, Services and Public Affairs personnel to Ground Zero within the first 24 hours. Since that time, the men and women of the 109th AW have continued to voluntarily deploy in support of military operations in Southwest Asia and around the world.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 109th Airlift Wing by transferring four C-130H aircraft to the 189th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB, AR. The LC-130 aircraft (ski-equipped) would remain at Schenectady.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
The 139th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron deployed to Afghanistan in June 2007, marking the first time since Vietnam that aircraft from the unit flew their own aircraft in a combat theater of operations.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
During the 2011–2012 season, crews flying six LC-130H Ski-Herk transports carried out 359 missions between McMurdo Station, Antarctica, and eighteen inland Antarctic destinations, transporting more than seven million pounds of cargo and fuel and more than 1,600 passengers. The LC-130H crews were also called on to provide aerial reconnaissance and communication links to a disabled Russian vessel, allowing for a Royal New Zealand Air Force C-130 crew to later airdrop three parcels on an ice floe next to the ailing ship


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
Currently, Aircrews and maintainers from the 109th Airlift Wing took off on 18 October 2013 to begin the unit’s annual support of the National Science Foundation in the Antarctic. Seven LC-130s are on the ice since October through February 2014. The wing has deployed 479 Air National Guardsmen to Antarctica since the season began in October, with an average of 150 on duty at any one time. The Airmen deploy for 30–60 days each, working two 12-hour shifts six days each week, running supplies and people to field camps across the continent and the South Pole station.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
This year, the wing has already completed 38 more missions than the 181 which the Airmen had planned to execute. In addition to the routine support the 109th AW gives each year, this season the 109th AW will also support U.S. Antarctic research efforts by flying 1,100 researchers and support staff, and 43 tons of cargo, from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, to New Zealand.


139th Airlift Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Modern era
When the squadron is the primary force provider, the 139th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron is the designation of the forces deployed as part of an Air and Space Expeditionary unit after June 1996.


139th Airlift Squadron, Attribution
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


139th Airlift Wing
The 139th Airlift Wing (139 AW) is a unit of the Missouri Air National Guard, stationed at Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, St. Joseph, Missouri. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


139th Airlift Wing, Overview
The 139th Airlift Wing provides the State of Missouri and the nation with immediately deployable, combat-ready C-130H2 Hercules model aircraft. The 139th remains globally engaged in continuing operations.


139th Airlift Wing, History
On 14 April 1962, the Missouri Air National Guard 180th Air Transport Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 139th Air Transport Group was established by the National Guard Bureau, the 180th ATS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 139th Headquarters, 139th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 139th Combat Support Squadron, and the 139th USAF Dispensary.


139th Airlift Wing, History
The 139th Air Transport Group was assigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), equipped with 4-engined C-97 Stratofreighter transports. From St. Joseph, the 180th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Europe, Alaska, the Caribbean, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. With the realignment of MATS to Military Airlift Command (MAC), the squadron was re-designated as a Military Airlift Squadron on 8 January 1966.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Air Refueling
In 1969, military requirements resulted in a change in mission when the group was reassigned from MAC transport duties to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). Under SAC the group became an Air Refueling unit, being with the air refueling version of the C-97 transport, the KC-97 Stratotanker. Familiarity with the aircraft led to a smooth transition from MAC to the new refueling mission. It supported the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) flying aerial refueling missions in the KC-97 supporting missions of deploying aircraft to NATO for tactical exercises.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
In 1976 the KC-97s were retired by SAC and the unit was returned to MAC. The 139th was re-equipped with C-130A Hercules tactical airlifters and returned to its transport mission. With the C-130s the 180th supported Operation Volant Oak and Operation Coronet Oak at Howard Air Force Base, Panama.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
During a 180th deployment to Howard AFB in November, 1978, they were caught up in a "real world" situation when the world began to learn of the events unfolding in Jonestown, Guyana. The 180th, flying the C-130, was the first US military aircraft landing at Timehri International Airport, Guyana with US embassy officials that they had picked up in Venezuela as well as food and supplies meant for the survivors the Americans hoped to take out of Guyana. That, of course, was before it became apparent that most of the more than 900 Peoples Temple members were lying dead in Jonestown.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
In December, 1989, the 180th was once again deployed at Howard AFB when Operation Just Cause began. The 180th flew combat mission in support of the Operation. In late 1980 and through 1983, members of the 180th embarked on a special project to enhance survivability of C-130 aircrews while flying in a hostile environment. The need for this type of training became apparent after C-130 units from the Military Airlift Command (MAC) began to participate in Red Flag at Nellis AFB.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
It was obvious that the C-130's were not doing well against the ground and air threats posed in the Red Flag exercise. After approval from the National Guard Bureau and tacitly from Military Airlift Command (MAC), they began service test to validate the training program. After more than three service test, the program proved it worth and the Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center was approved and instituted on 4 February 1984.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
In March 1987, the 180th began to receive brand new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft replacing the C-130A model aircraft they had flown for the past ten years. In October 1987, the 180th deployed two C-130H2 aircraft supporting a United States Army Special Forces (SF) and the Royal Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SAS) in a joint personnel airdrop exercise called Badge Anvil 1987 at RAAF Learmonth, Australia. The exercise provided high altitude low opening and high altitude high opening parachute training. Since all of the airdrops occurred above 10,000 feet and as high as 24,500 feet, the 15th Physiological Training Flight, USAF, also supported the exercise and provided supplemental oxygen equipment, training and support for the training missions. Each flight was like going to the altitude chamber.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
In 1989, the 180th with four C-130H2 aircraft deployed to Kimhae International Airport, Republic of Korea in support of Operation Team Spirit 1989. During the exercise, the 180th flew challenging missions including tactical resupply, fuel bladder missions, assault landings on short runways including landing on highway landing strips, numerous airdrop missions including both visual, high altitude and radar drop scenarios.


139th Airlift Wing, History, 1991 Gulf War
The 180th Tactical Airlift Squadron was ordered to the active service on 28 December 1990, as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait to support Operation Desert Shield. For some unit members, this would be a return to the Persian Gulf as they had volunteered and deployed with 2 C-130H aircraft, aircrews, maintenance and support personnel, to form the first Air National Guard provisional airlift squadron in September 1990.


139th Airlift Wing, History, 1991 Gulf War
On 2 January 1991, the 180th TAS and its 8 C-130H aircraft and personnel departed Rosecrans Air National Guard Base for Al Ain Air Base, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and were redesignated as the 1632nd Tactical Airlift Squadron (Provisional) as part of the 1630th Tactical Airlift Wing (Provisional) which was under the 1610th Airlift Division (Provisional). The unit remained at Al Ain Air Base through the air war and the ground war flying combat and combat support missions in support of the allied operations.


139th Airlift Wing, History, 1991 Gulf War
Beginning on 22 March 1991, the 180th TAS redeployed to Al Kharj Air Base, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The 180th TAS departed Al Kharj Air Base on 28 May 1991, and returned to Rosecrans Air National Guard Base on 30 May 1991. When the aircraft arrived home, they had "nose art" on each courtesy of the crew chiefs. The nose art was 391 "Connie Kay", 392 "Desert Possum", 393 "Spirit of St. Joe", 394 "The Hog", 395 "Chief", 396 "Buzzard", 397 "Riders on the Storm" and 398 "Fike's Filly". The 180th TAS was relieved from active duty and released back to state control on 24 June 1991.


139th Airlift Wing, History, 1991 Gulf War
During the 1990s, the 180th provided airlift support to the United States Air Forces Europe during the airlift operations into Bosnia and Herzegovina. These operations were named Operation Provide Promise, Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Joint Guard and Operation Joint Forge. Members of the 180th along with operations support and maintenance personnel would deploy to Rhein-Main Air Base and, after it closed, to Ramstein Air Base and assigned to "Delta Squadron". The Air National Guard would generally be responsible for a 90- or 120-day period and guard members would typically volunteer for duty for a minimum of a two- to three-week period although some would volunteer for longer periods.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
Following the attacks on 11 September 2001, the 180th served in a support role flying missions transporting personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.


139th Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
The 180th Airlift Squadron was notified in February 2003 that it would be partially mobilized as a result of the impending conflict in Iraq which would later be known as Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit deployed in March 2003 to the Iraqi theater and later supported Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and was released from active duty in March 2006 and reverted to state control. This was a historic partial mobilization that lasted three years. The 180th remained in a state of partial activation for three years until it was released from mobilization in March 2006 and reverted to state control.


139th Delaware General Assembly
The 139th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 1997, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.


139th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


139th Delaware General Assembly
In the 139th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


139th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


139th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


139th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (→top: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


139th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 139th Division (第139師団, Dai-hyakusanjūkyū Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Formidable Division (不屈兵団, Fukutsu Heidan). It was formed on 10 July 1945 in Dunhua as a triangular division. It was one of eight simultaneously created divisions, together with the 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th,  148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for its formation were the 77th, 79th, and 80th transport guard units.


139th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
At the end of July 1945, the men detached from 79th division were used to form the assault (raiding, airborne) battalion. The 139th Division was disarmed on 22 August 1945 without having seen any action during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.


139th Georgia General Assembly
The 139th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 12, 1987, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 139th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 138th and served as the precedent for the 140th General Assembly in 1989.


139th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives
*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1987-88 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.


139th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 139th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.


139th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 139th Illinois Infantry was organized at Peoria, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on June 1, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. It departed for St. Louis by steamboat on June 8, arriving there on the 10th. From there it moved to Columbus, Kentucky, for a week, and from thence to Cairo, Illinois, where it performed garrison duty.


139th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
Around August 1, the regiment was directed by General Payne, commanding the Department of Northern Kentucky, to raid several nearby farms owned by Confederate sympathizers, to seize horses and cattle to make up for livestock stolen by guerillas. The raid was successful, resulting also in the capture of two of the raiders. The regiment returned to Cairo until September 25, when it was returned to Peoria to be mustered out of service.


139th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
Although its initial term of enlistment had expired, the regiment was asked by President Abraham Lincoln to assist Federal efforts against General Sterling Price during his Raid into Missouri. When the men agreed to go, Lincoln sent them a letter, thanking them for their patriotism and willingness to serve. The 139th marched toward Franklin, Missouri, as part of the Union pursuit of Price in October of that year, but the Battle of Westport on 23 October forced Price to retreat southward and ended the need for the 139th Regiment's service. The Regiment mustered out two days later, and did not lose any men in action.


139th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment suffered 16 enlisted men who died of disease.


139th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 139th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between June 5, 1864, and September 29, 1865, during the American Civil War.


139th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in on June 5, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1865. The regiment was mustered out on September 29, 1865. During its service the regiment lost eleven men to disease.


139th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 139th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, North Carolina Army National Guard. In its past, it was a combat infantry regiment, but now it is known as the 139th Regiment, and manages North Carolina's Regional Training Institute (RTI) at Fort Bragg.


139th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 139th Infantry Regiment claims history from three different states. The regiment was originally formed for service in World War I from Kansas and Missouri troops. On 1 October 1917, the 3rd Kansas and 4th Missouri Infantry were consolidated to create the 139th U.S. Infantry Regiment, assigned to the 35th "Santa Fe" Division. The regiment arrived in England on 7 May 1918 and began training and transit for combat in France. The regiment made its first combat action on 26 September 1918 in the Sommedieue sector. As part of the 70th Brigade, it attacked alongside the 140th Infantry Regiment.


139th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
After taking their objectives here, the regiment advanced to the Argonne Sector and assaulted the German positions. By 1 October, the 139th was relieved by elements of the 1st Infantry Division and they had suffered 65% casualties. The regiment was deactivated on 8 May 1919 at Camp Funston, Kansas. In 1954, the 139th was reorganized in North Carolina from elements of the 119th and 120th Infantry Regiments and began its service at the North Carolina RTI in 1958 by training Officer Candidates. On 1 April 1959, the 3rd Battalion of the regiment was reflagged as the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron of the 252nd Armor Regiment, North Carolina Army National Guard. As of 2012, the 139th Regiment has begun training Non-Commissioned Officers on artillery operation.


139th Intelligence Squadron
The 139th Intelligence Squadron (IS) is the newest unit of the Georgia Air National Guard, focusing on intelligence operations. The commander of the 44-member intelligence squadron is Lt. Col. Kimberly Chatfield, and the detachment commander is Lt. Col. Jeff L. Thetford, both former members of the 116th Air Control Wing. The unit will employ 37 traditional and seven full-time Guardsmen.


139th Intelligence Squadron, History
The 139th Intelligence Squadron was officially activated on May 29, 2008, at Fort Gordon, Georgia, becoming the ninth Air Guard unit in the state and the first new Georgia Air Guard unit in more than 30 years. The leadership was composed of an all-woman team, the Commander, the Superintendent and the First Sergeant.


139th Intelligence Squadron, History
Originally activated in February 1942 as the 139th Signal Radio Intelligence Company with a cadre of 13 intercept and traffic analysis operators, the unit was designated the 2nd Radio Signal Mobile in 1944, and a year later deployed to France with the 9th Air Force. The unit was later transferred to the Department of the Army where it operated under the Army Security Agency (ASA) while in Germany. In 1983, the unit was called to duty again during the Cold War and combined with the 6911th Electronic Security Squadron and re-designated as the 402nd Intelligence Squadron. In 2000, the 402nd was inactivated until it was reactivated as part of the Georgia Air National Guard.


139th Intelligence Squadron, Mission
The mission of the 139th Intelligence Squadron is the executing of cryptologic intelligence operations to satisfy strategic, operations and tactical intelligence requirements of national decision makers, combatant commanders and combat operations. The 139th IS enhances preexisting intelligence capabilities at Fort Gordon. As home of the U.S. Army Signal Corps, Fort Gordon is the largest communications electronics facility in the world. The Distributed Common Ground Systems for the Air Force also resides at Fort Gordon. In addition, it has an important state mission of providing a trained and equipped force to assist the citizens of Georgia in times of emergency.


139th Intelligence Squadron, Emblem
Ultramarine blue and Air Force yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The Cerberus symbolizes the three-fold nature of the unit’s National, Air Force and State intelligence missions. The gray ring represents the intellectually stimulating and changing nature of intelligence operations. The red key signifies that intelligence provides the key to Air Force operations.


139th Medical Brigade
The 139th Medical Brigade, a subordinate command of the 807th Medical Command (Deployment Support), is headquartered in Independence, MO.


139th New York Infantry Regiment
The 139th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of Union Army in the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in 1862 in Brooklyn, New York. Volunteers were mostly recruited from Brooklyn, with some men being recruited from the surrounding areas.


139th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Duty at Camp Hamilton, Va., September 20, 1862, to April, 1863. Action at Whittaker's Mills, Williamsburg and Fort Magruder April 11, 1863. Moved to Yorktown, Va., April, and duty there, at Williamsburg and in the District of the Currituck till April, 1864. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7, 1863. Expedition from White House to Bottom's Bridge July 1–7. Baltimore Cross Roads July 2. Crump's Cross Roads, Bottom's Bridge, July 2–8. Expedition from Williamsburg to Charles City Court House December 12–14. Near Chickahominy River December 11. Forge Bridge December 12. Charles City Court House December 18.


139th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Scouts from Williamsburg January 19 and 24, 1864. Wistar's Expedition against Richmond February 6–8. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4-28. Occupation of City Point and Bermuda Hundred May 5. Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church May 9-10. Operations against Fort Darling May 12–16. Battle of Drury's Bluff May 14–16. Bermuda Hundred May 16–27. Moved to White House, thence to Cold Harbor May 28–31. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1-12. Before Petersburg June 15–18. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.


139th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
In trenches before Petersburg and on the Bermuda Hundred front till September 27, 1864. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (Reserve). Battle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28–30. Assault and capture of Fort Harrison September 29. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27–28. Duty in lines before Richmond till April, 1865. Occupation of Richmond April 3. Provost duty at Richmond and Manchester, Va., till June. Mustered out June 19, 1865. Veterans and Recruits transferred to 98th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment.


139th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
By the time the regiment was mustered out, 5 Officers and 66 Enlisted men were killed and mortally wounded and 1 Officer and 79 Enlisted men died by disease, a total of 151 dead.


139th New York State Legislature
The 139th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to April 20, 1916, during the second year of Charles S. Whitman's governorship, in Albany.


139th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


139th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.


139th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1915, was held on November 2. No statewide elective offices were up for election. The voters rejected all amendments proposed by the Constitutional Convention of 1915.


139th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1916; and adjourned on April 20.


139th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Thaddeus C. Sweet (R) was re-elected Speaker, with 94 votes against 45 for Joseph M. Callahan (D).


139th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On February 8, the Legislature elected three Regents of the University of the State of New York: William Berri to fill the vacancy caused by the death of St. Clair McKelway, for a term to end on April 1, 1917; James Byrne to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Andrew J. Shipman, for a term to end on April 1, 1920; and Walter Guest Kellogg for a term of twelve years, beginning on April 1, 1916.


139th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature enacted a new apportionment of Senate districts, and the number of assemblymen per county, which became law with the approval by the governor on May 1. The new apportionment was declared unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals in July 1916, and the New York state election, 1916, was held under the apportionment of 1907.


139th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


139th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


139th New York State Legislature, State Assembly
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


139th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 139th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 139th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 139th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 11, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Jacob Lloyd Wayne Jr..


139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 20, then moved to Point Lookout, Md., June 1, and was assigned to prison guard duty there August 22.


139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 139th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 26, 1864.


139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


139th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 14 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 139th Pennsylvania was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The 139th was formed at Camp Howe, near Pittsburgh, on September 1, 1862. Frederick H. Collier was the first colonel. After burying the dead on the field of Second Battle of Bull Run, the regiment was attached to Howe's Brigade of Couch's Division of the IV Corps  of the Army of the Potomac where it replaced De Trobriand's 55th New York, Gardes Lafayette regiment on September 11, 1862. The composition of this brigade remained unchanged from this point until the war's end and included the 62d NY, 93d PVI, 98th PVI and the 102d PVI.


139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
During this time Couch's Division was detached from the Army and was occupied with guarding the fords on the Potomac. The 139th along with its brigade and division spent the next week marching from Poolesville to Sandy Hook, Maryland, from where on September 17, 1862, it was forced marched to the Battle of Antietam where it was placed in line of battle but did not see any significant combat. The next day, the regiment pursued the Confederate army and fought in a skirmish at Williamsport.


139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The 139th was transferred in October 1862 to the VI Corps. In the Battle of Fredericksburg, it suffered minor casualties from artillery fire, but didn't get a chance to fight. Five months later, however, it did participate in the 2nd Battle of Fredericksburg. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July, it helped defend the left flank of the Union army.


139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Throughout the spring and into early summer of 1864, the 139th fought in Grant's Overland Campaign and the early stages of the Siege of Petersburg. In July, it was transferred to Washington, D.C. with the rest of the VI Corps to defeat Lt. Gen. Jubal Early's attack on the city. Then they fought under Philip Sheridan in the Valley to ensure that no more Confederate armies would invade again. (See the article on the campaign). By December 1864, they were back in the siege lines of Petersburg.


139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The 139th supported Sheridan in the Appomattox Campaign and fought in the Battle of Sailor's Creek. After the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, it was ordered to the North Carolina border to support William T. Sherman, but the Confederate surrender there made further support unnecessary. The regiment was mustered out June 21, 1865.


139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
The 139th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed three times during World War II, in 1939 and twice in 1941.


139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation
Its First Formation was established at Kozelsk in September 1939, on the basis of a regiment of the 81st Rifle Division. It fought in the Winter War with Finland. It initially consisted of the 718th, 609th, and 364th Rifle Regiments. Fighting as part of 8th Army, it was defeated at the Battle of Tolvajärvi on 12 December 1939. It was serving with 37th Rifle Corps, 6th Army, Kiev Special Military District, on 22 June 1941. It was wiped out during the Battle of Uman in August 1941.


139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation
It was recreated (II formation) from 9th Moscow People's Militia Rifle Division (In 1941, residents of Zamoskvorechye formed the Twelfth Militia Division of Kirovsky District (дивизия народного ополчения Кировского района) (Zamoskvorechye District). It was destroyed again at Vyazma in October 1941.


139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation
It was recreated (III formation) at Cheboksary in January 1942. Fought at Kursk and Gdynia. It received a large number of volunteers from Siberia before participating in the Battle of Kursk. A popular song was written about a platoon of the division "Na Bazimyannoy Visote" (Russian: "На безымянной высоте") (On a nameless height) featured in the film "Tishina" (Silence) that documented the events of a defence of a height at the village of Rubezhenka, Kuybyshevsky rayon, Kaluga Oblast, when the platoon defended against an attack by a German battalion estimated at a strength of 200 on 14 September 1943. There were only two survivors from the platoon, but the height was held. It was serving with the 49th Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front in May 1945.


139th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation
The division appears to have disbanded "in place" with the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany during the summer of 1945.


139th meridian east
The meridian 139° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


139th meridian east
The 139th meridian east forms a great circle with the 41st meridian west.


139th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 139th meridian east passes through:


139th meridian west
The meridian 139° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


139th meridian west
The 139th meridian west forms a great circle with the 41st meridian east.


139th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 139th meridian west passes through:


13: Fear Is Real
13: Fear Is Real is an American horror reality competition series which premiered on January 7, 2009. It follows a group of 13 contestants as they are trying to survive in a setting inspired by horror movies.


13: Fear Is Real
On May 27, 2009, The CW canceled the series after one season.


13: Fear Is Real, About the show
13: Fear Is Real was produced by Magic Molehill Productions, Inc. and Warner Horizon Television Inc. in association with Jay Bienstock Productions and Ghost House Pictures with executive producers Jay Bienstock (Survivor, The Apprentice), Sam Raimi (the Spider-Man films, the Evil Dead films) and Robert Tapert (the Evil Dead films, The Grudge films).


13: Fear Is Real, About the show
The show involved 13 people competing against each other to avoid elimination in situations utilising their "deepest fears". The 13 will face shocking surprises, psychological scares and many "beware of the dark" moments, all designed by a "mastermind" of terror. In addition to frightening them, he will also entice individuals to work in concert with him and against the others, creating a situation in which the 13 will not only look over their shoulders but will also never be certain who is real before them. Each week, one or two unlucky victims will be "killed off" via frightening challenges and game-playing until only one person is left to win the grand prize of—fittingly—$66,666.


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges
Each round of the game consisted of two challenges: a "ritual" and an "execution ceremony."


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Rituals
"Rituals" were challenges designed to prey on players' deepest fears. They were played either as two-player teams or as individuals. In team rituals, if there is an odd number of players, one sits out and is granted immunity for that round.


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Rituals
The ritual was set up so that either one team or two individual players would fail the challenge. The two players that failed the challenge were "condemned" to the "execution ceremony."


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Execution Ceremonies
The "execution ceremony" was an elimination challenge normally played between the two players that failed the "ritual." If the current "killer" was successfully accused, they would also participate in the execution ceremony, as would any player who falsely accused another player of being the "killer."


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Execution Ceremonies
Normally, the execution ceremony would consist of the players racing to escape a death trap of some sort. If a player successfully escaped, they would return to the game. The last player still in the death trap will be "killed" and eliminated from the game.


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, Challenges, Execution Ceremonies
Prior to the execution ceremony, players would record "last words" on video as a farewell to the group in case they lost. The player who was "killed off" would have their video viewed by the rest of the group.


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, The Death Box
The death box was introduced the day after the contestants arrived. It was able to kill off a total of three players. Whoever had the death box became the "killer" and could kill off any other player at any time other than during a challenge. Any player who was killed off by the death box was eliminated from the game immediately, without any chance to give any last words. A bloody glove would be left on the bed of any player who was killed off by the death box.


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, The Death Box
Possessing the death box posed a risk to the killer. If another player believed that a particular player held it, they could accuse that player of being the killer. In that situation, all of the remaining players had to decide whether they agreed with the accusation. If so, the accusation would stand, and if correct, the killer would have to surrender the death box and would be sent to the execution ceremony.


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, The Death Box
Accusing another player of being the killer itself carried a risk. If the accusation was false, the accuser would then be sent to the execution ceremony.


13: Fear Is Real, About the show, The Death Box
If a player was killed off while in possession of the death box and it still had one or more uses remaining, it would be re-introduced to the game prior to the next ritual.


13AD (band)
13AD was a prominent classic and hard rock band from Kochi, India.


13AD (band), History and formation
13AD was one of India's topmost rock bands from the 1980s to the mid-1990s. The band was formed in 1977. The line up at that time was Stanley Luiz on vocals, Eloy Isaacs on guitar and vocals, Ashley Pinto on guitars and vocals, Anil Raun on bass guitar, and Petro Correia on drums. 13AD used to play in hotel Sea Lord in Kochi, Kerala, India.


13AD (band), History and formation
They released two albums, Ground Zero and Tough on the Streets in the 1990s. George Thomas Jr. (Viju), who used to jam with the band, urged them to write their own songs. Thomas wrote the songs "Ground Zero" and "Revelations". The song "Ground Zero" from the album Ground Zero was a hit during the 1990s.


13AD (band), History and formation
With the release of their debut album Ground Zero (1989), the band grabbed the attention of young India. After relentless travelling, the band brought out another album Tough on the Streets (1992).


13AD (band), History and formation
In 1993, they got the opportunity to perform overseas at a few high-end restaurants in Muscat, Oman. They played at Pavo Real, a Mexican Restaurant, where the band gained further fame and popularity among fans in the Middle East. This line up included the extremely talented George Peter, Pinson Correia and lady crooner Sunita Menon.


13AD (band), Reunion and recent happenings
After a break, the band had announced a reunion in 2008. During the reunion concert, they announced the release of their third album City Blues.


13AD (band), Reunion and recent happenings
The next mission of 13AD is to bring forth a new bilingual album.


13D Research
13D Research is an independent institutional global research firm founded by Kiril Sokoloff in 1983. The company derives its name from Schedule 13D, an SEC form that must be submitted to the US Securities and Exchange Commission within 10 days, by anyone who acquires beneficial ownership of more than 5% of any class of publicly traded securities in a public company.


13D Research
13D research publishes English-language and Mandarin Chinese international weekly newsletters and is headquartered in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.


13D Research, Publications
What I Learned This Week (WILTW) is 13D Research's flagship publication. WILTW began as an English-language international weekly newsletter in 2001, although today the newsletter is also published in Mandarin Chinese. The newsletter developed a global following of institutional investors, political leaders, and corporate executives. The publication covers a wide range of investing themes, including commodities, currencies, central bank policies, technology, demographics, political and social trends, energy markets, food security, credit markets, cyber security, climate change, and country-specific analyses of China, Japan, India, et al. It also covers a breadth of topics outside of the financial sector, such as literature, history, and personal health.


13D Research, Publications
13D Research also publishes What Are The Markets Telling Us (WATMTU), a weekly compilation of chart analysis focused on intermediate- and long-term market trends.


13Hrs
13Hrs, also known by the name Night Wolf, is a 2010 British horror film directed by Jonathan Glendening. The film stars Isabella Calthorpe as the main female lead, and also features Gemma Atkinson, John Lynch, Joshua Bowman, Antony De Liseo and Tom Felton.