11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion
The Carabinieri Battalions had to be used only when the police and the territorial organization of the Carabinieri had been found insufficient, in order not to deprive the General Command of a valuable combat tool; in ordinary circumstances, the Battalion units were to be deployed on foot, lightly armed, with the armoured personnel carriers used only for troops transportation.p. 108


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion
In 1969, under the command of former partisan Brigadier General Pietro Loretelli,p. 532 Battalions framed within Carabinieri Regiments were reorganized. The new structure consisted of:


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion
According General Adamo Markert, as of 1969, the most prepared Carabinieri Battalions were headquartered in Gorizia, Bolzano, and Padua, ready for engagement in war.p. 519


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion
Between 1977 and 1978 all Carabinieri Battalions, with the exception of the 7th and 13th Carabinieri Battalions, were given the War Flag.


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Carabinieri Battalion
Overall, Carabinieri Battalions were divided into two groups, according to the main type (motorized or mechanized unit) of units deployed by the Battalion itself. Both VII and XIII Battalions were to be always maintained at their full wartime force. Within the VII Battalion, based in Laives, the Counter-terrorism Special Company was established in 1960s to counter South Tyrolean terrorism;p.  187 the security operations were also supported by several Trucked Units (which remained outside the Brigade).


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history
During the Years of Lead and the subsequent period most of the Battalions reduced their military training in order to deal with riot control activities. 7th and 13th Battalions maintained instead their military capabilities and were transferred under direct Army operational control. Each infantry company of each Battalion established, in this period, an "Intervention Platoon", in order to upgrade the responsiveness to serious riots.p. 191


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history
The XI Brigade participated to the repression of South Tyrolean terrorism in 1960s;p.  187 according to General Giancarlo Giudici, in 1964 the Carabinieri deployed a Command Company, two Mechanized Companies, a Tanks Company, a Mortars Company and 850 troops with very poor training.


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history
The 11th Carabinieri Brigade also intervened, through its subordinate units, in several natural disasters through the years. In the 1966 flood of the Arno, the XI Brigade provided 50 M-113 armoured vehicles and several tankers.p. 540 In the 1968 Belice earthquake, the XII Carabinieri Battalion "Sicilia", headquartered in Palermo, deployed its rescue unit and other troops, together with the IV Mounted Carabinieri Squadrons Group, under the leadership of the Carabinieri Legion of Palermo and under the guidance of the VI Carabinieri Brigade.pp. 549–551


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history
In the 1971 Lazio earthquake, the Rescue Unit of the VIII Carabinieri Battalion was deployed.p. 555 In the 1976 Friuli earthquake, the 13th Carabinieri Battalion "Friuli Venezia Giulia", 4th Carabinieri Battalion "Veneto" (75 troops, three Rescue Platoons, in the immediate aftermaths)p.  559 and 7th Carabinieri Battalion "Trentino Alto Adige" (31 troops, in the immediate aftermaths)p.  559 intervened paying rescue and providing police and utility services.pp. 203–204 In the immediate aftermaths, 93 vehicles of the Carabinieri Battalions were deployed.p. 562


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history
In the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, Carabinieri Battalions from Bari, Naples and Rome also intervened.pp. 203–204 In particular, in the early hours of the emergency the 11th Carabinieri Brigade deployed 1,500 troops and 180 vehicles, alongside several other Carabinieri assets.p. 53 Each of the rescue units provided from Carabinieri Battalions consisted of 120 troops with a field hospital, rescue vehicles and tools and field kitchens, as well as two physicians and paramedics.


11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, Operational history
The 11th Carabinieri Brigade was routinely employed against organized crime, especially in Calabria, Sicily and Sardinia. In 1988 additional reinforcements were deployed in Aspromonte, while in mid 1995 the Brigade provided reinforcements to the territorial police organization against the Sardinian banditry.


11th Cat
11th Cat (열한번째 고양이 Yeolhanbeonjjae Goyang'i) is a fictional fantasy/romance Korean manhwa written by Kim Mi-kyung. It follows Rika, a spunky, yet clumsy, and forgetful girl who hopes to become a wizard, and her friends on their adventures.


11th Cat, Storyline
Cute and charming, yet not so bright little Rika is training to become a real wizard. The first step is to find a magic staff. Ah, that can't be too hard, can it? As Rika and Eujen journey deep into the forest in search of this wonderful magic staff, Rika loses her way. She winds up in an unfortunate chance encounter with the dark sorcerer who kidnapped the princess! Will Rika be able to free the princess and become a real wizard? Follow this cute fantasy story with Rika and find out.


11th Cat, Characters
Spunky but clumsy Rika is a novice wizard in training. She lives with her aunts and uncles. Though her aunts and uncles aren't her real family, Rika loves them like her real family. It is also later revealed that her father is Arthur and her mother is Priscilla. The reason the Sword Master of Black Iron befriended Rika was to grain her trust so he could carry out his plan to sacrifice her to revive her dead father, Arthur. Arthur is revived, but Rika still lives due to her second life.


11th Cat, Characters
Rika had two lives, and only one died when she was sacrificed. Rika was only with her father for a short time, but the White Dragon mentioned that the day Rika met her father, she began to improve her skill day by day. Now Rika has set off to find her cat friend Nomi with the help of the White Dragon.


11th Cat, Characters
Nomi is a cute cat guardian spirit that came out from the Black Wishstone. He likes Rika since she's the first female owner of the Wishstone and travels alongside her. He's loud and obnoxious, but is quite powerful despite his appearance. It is said that he once served the Sword Master of Black Iron.


11th Cat, Characters
Arthur is the husband of Priscilla and the father of Rika. He is also the sword master of Black Iron best friend and the most powerful wizard that ever live. Though he is dead he is later revived by the Murika stone and his daughter's life, which the Sword Master of Black Iron used to revived him. Arthur deeply loves his daughter and wife, whom he cares for.


11th Cat, Characters
He didn't want to be brought to life again because he knew that he had broken every law of nature just to be alive and that he is an unnatural being that shouldn't exist because he was already dead. He has no more magic after being brought to life, it was explained that he knew that his friend, the Sword Master of Black Iron was going to ignore his wish to remain dead. He was not going to let his daughter be an ordinary wizard so he transferred all his powers to his daughter, Rika.


11th Cat, Characters
He knew all those powers were maintaining her other life, so when the Sword Master of Black Iron killed her to bring Arthur to life, Arthur knew that his daughter would survive. Arthur only lived for a while, but he was happy that he got to see his little daughter Rika grown up and his wife Priscilla one more time. He killed himself because he didn't want to carry the shameful existence clinging to his lifeless body.


11th Cat, Characters
Priscilla is the wife of Arthur and the mother of Rika. She loves both her daughter and husband. Although she was never there for Rika, she loves Rika and considers herself a bad mother because she never lifted a finger to help her daughter and because she couldn't take care of her. This is because Priscilla knew if she did she would sacrifice her own daughter life for Arthur as she dearly love him and wanted to see him again so she gave Rika to Louis who does care for and love Rika as if she was his daughter.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force)
The 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), is an armoured regiment of the Pakistan Army. It was previously known as the 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry and was a regular cavalry regiment of the old British Indian Army. It was formed in 1921 by the amalgamation of the 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) and the 23rd Cavalry.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse)
The 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse) was raised as the 1st Punjab Irregular Cavalry by Lieutenant Henry Daly at Peshawar on 18 May 1849. It was one of five regiments of Punjab Cavalry raised to guard the North West Frontier of India, which soon became famous as part of the legendary Punjab Frontier Force or the Piffers. Over the next decades, the regiment saw extensive service on the Frontier.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse)
During the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58, the regiment operated in North India and took part in the Siege of Delhi and the Relief of Lucknow, where Lieutenant John Watson won the Victoria Cross. During the Second Afghan War of 1878–80, it formed part of Kandahar Field Force and fought in the Battle of Ahmed Khel. In 1890, Prince Albert Victor, the Crown Prince of Britain was gazetted as their Colonel-in-Chief, giving his name to the regiment, which has endured to this day.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse)
During the First World War, the regiment served in the Mesopotamian Campaign as part of 6th Indian Cavalry Brigade. It fought on the Tigris Front and took part in the capture of Kut al Amara and Baghdad. It also fought in the Actions of Istabulat, Ramadi, Daur and Tikrit. Later it saw service in Kurdistan and took part in the capture of Kirkuk.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), 23rd Punjab Cavalry (Frontier Force)
The 23rd Cavalry was raised as the 3rd Punjab Irregular Cavalry by Lieutenant WG Prendergast at Lahore in 1849, and it too saw extensive service on the Frontier with the Punjab Frontier Force. During the Second Afghan War, it was part of the Kabul Field Force, and took part in Lord Roberts' famous march from Kabul to Kandahar and fought in the Battle of Kandahar. During the First World War, the regiment served in Mesopotamia as part of the 11th Indian Cavalry Brigade and was part of General Townsend's failed advance towards Baghdad. It then served on the Tigris Front. Later on, it moved to the Euphrates Front and fought in the Battles of Khan Baghdadi and Sharqat. One of its squadrons served in Persian Arabistan. On their return to Indian they saw service in the Third Afghan War of 1919.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Combined regiment
After the First World War, the number of Indian cavalry regiments was reduced from thirty-nine to twenty-one. However, instead of disbanding the surplus units, it was decided to amalgamate them in pairs. This resulted in renumbering and renaming of the entire cavalry line. The 21st and 23rd Cavalry were amalgamated in 1921 to form 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force). The uniform of PAVO Cavalry was blue with scarlet facings. The new regiment's badge consisted of the Kandahar Star representing the five rivers of the Punjab.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Combined regiment
Its class composition was one squadron each of Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Dogras. The regiment was mechanised in 1940. During the Second World War, it initially served in Syria and Iran, and then went on to North Africa, where it fought in the Battle of Gazala. It then moved to Burma, where it greatly distinguished itself against the Japanese. In 1946, the regiment was sent to the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) to pacify the country after the surrender of the Japanese.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Combined regiment
On Partition of India in 1947, PAVO Cavalry was allotted to Pakistan. The regiment was soon engaged in fighting the Indians in Kashmir. In 1956, Pakistan became a republic and all titles pertaining to British royalty were dropped. The regiment's new designation was 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force). During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, 11th Cavalry took part in Pakistan Army's advance towards Akhnur in Kashmir. It then fought in the Battle of Chawinda. In 1971, the regiment again served in the Chhamb Sector of Kashmir. It is the only armoured regiment of Pakistan Army to carry Battle Honours on its Regimental Colours for all three wars fought with India.


11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Combined regiment, Badge
The badge worn by 11 Cavalry (Frontier Force) since 1974 is an amalgamation of badges of 21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (Daly's Horse) and 23rd Punjab Cavalry (Frontier Force). It consists of the Kabul to Kandahar Star taken from the badge of 23rd Punjab Cavalry that participated in the Second Afghan War. The swords are taken from the badge of 21st PAVO Cavalry, however, Christian Swords were replaced by Muslim Swords. The Arabic Numerals "١١" replaced the English Numerals "11". Quranic Verse replaced "KABUL TO KANDHAR 1880" around the Numeral "١١". The bugle on top shows association of this regiment with PIFFERS.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)
The London Mounted Brigade (later numbered as the 8th Mounted Brigade) was a yeomanry brigade of the British Army, formed as part of the Territorial Force in 1908.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)
It served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign before being remounted to serve in the Salonika and Sinai and Palestine Campaigns in the First World War.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)
In April 1918, it was merged with elements of the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade to form 11th Cavalry Brigade. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation
Under the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column (provided by the Honourable Artillery Company), a transport and supply column and a field ambulance. The 2nd County of London Yeomanry was attached for training in peacetime.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation
As the name suggests, the units were drawn from London.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade
The brigade was mobilised on 4 August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War and concentrated in Berkshire. It joined 2nd Mounted Division on 2 September and moved with the division to East Anglia in November 1914.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade, Egypt
In April 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division moved to Egypt arriving at Alexandria on 27 April (City of London Yeomanry did not arrive until 6 May) and was posted to the Suez Canal Defences (near Ismaïlia) by the middle of May. In May 1915, the brigade was designated 4th (London) Mounted Brigade.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade, Egypt
It was dismounted in August 1915 and took part in the Gallipoli Campaign. Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli
The brigade landed at Suvla Bay on the morning of 18 August and moved into reserve positions at Karakol Dagh. It moved to "C" Beach, Lala Baba on 20 August. On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill under heavy fire and took part in the attack on Hill 112.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, London Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli
Due to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from the 3rd (Notts and Derby) and 4th (London) Mounted Brigades. The brigade formed a battalion sized unit 4th London Regiment. The brigade embarked for Mudros on 2 November and returned to Egypt in December 1915 where it was reformed and remounted.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 8th Mounted Brigade
The brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 January 1916 and was sent to Abbassia. It served as part of the Suez Canal Defences. On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence. As a consequence, the London Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 8th Mounted Brigade.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 8th Mounted Brigade
From November 1916 to June 1917, the brigade took part in the Salonika Campaign, serving as GHQ Troops with the British Salonika Army.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 8th Mounted Brigade
The brigade arrived back in Egypt from Salonika on 8 June 1917. The Machine Gun Squadron was formed in Egypt on 14 June. The brigade moved forward and joined the newly formed Yeomanry Mounted Division on 21 July 1917 at el Fuqari. From 31 October it took part in the Third Battle of Gaza, including the Battle of Beersheba and the Capture of the Sheria Position. It took part in the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 and 14 November and the Battle of Nebi Samwil for 17 to 24 November. From 27 to 29 November, it withstood the Turkish counter-attacks during the Capture of Jerusalem.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade
In March 1918, the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The British units (notably 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, 17th Lancers, 1/1st Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons and A, Q and U Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade
By an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was indianized and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division, the third distinct division to bear this title.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade
On 24 April 1918, the 8th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade:


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade
On 22 July 1918, the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the 4th Cavalry Division and the brigade as 11th Cavalry Brigade. The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade
The brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Battle of Megiddo and the Capture of Damascus.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 11th Cavalry Brigade
After the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and by May 1919 most of the British units had been repatriated. The division was finally broken up in 1921.


11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Commanders
The London Mounted Brigade / 8th Mounted Brigade / 11th Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:


11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)
The 11th Cavalry Corps of the Soviet Union's Red Army was a cavalry corps active during the Second World War.


11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)
It was created on 12 January 1942 at Kalinin Oblast. General Grigory Timofejev took command.


11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union), Second World War
On January 12, 1942, the 11th Cavalry Corps passed the breakthrough sector of 39th Army, raided the far rear of the German Army Group Centre alongside the west of the Rzhev-Sychevka-Vyazma traffic line. On January 26, 1942, the Cavalry Corps cut the Vyazma-Smolensk road on the west of Vyazma, kept contact with the 33rd Army, the pioneering of Western Front, on the south-west of Vyazma, completed its campaign mission to envelop the Vyazma City.


11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union), Second World War
From February to June 1942, the Cavalry Corps with 39th Army insisted defending the salient in the vicinity between Bely and Kholm-Zhirkovsky, which is nearly encircled by German troops, only a narrow corridor between Bely and Olenino to the main forces of Kalinin Front remained.


11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union), Second World War
On July 2, 1942, the 9th Army of Germany launched the Operation Seydlitz, which is called Holme-Zhirkovskaya defensive operation by the Soviet Union, to eliminate the salient in the vicinity between Bely and Kholm-Zhirkovsky and annihilate the 39th Army and 11th Cavalry Corps. Intense fighting carried on to July 17, and the last resistance extinguished on July 23. After that, the unit designation of 11th Cavalry Corps was annulled in August 1942.


11th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)
The 11th Cavalry Division (Russian: 11-я кавалерийская дивизия, 11-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.


11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in a 5-year session from 1977 to 1982. The 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party preceded it. It held seven plenary sessions in the 5-year period. It was formally succeeded by the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.


11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
It elected the 11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1977. It was the first Politburo elected after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. This politburo was the first to discuss China's wide economic reforms, from the preceding period of high economic control.


11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Members
In the 3rd Session in 1978, 9 persons were elected to the Central Committee: Huang Kecheng (黄克诚), Song Renqiong, Hu Qiaomu (胡乔木), Xi Zhongxun, Wang Renzhong (王任重), Huang Huoqing, Chen Zaidao (陈再道), Han Guang (韩光), Zhou Huijiu (周惠九).


11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Members
In the 4th Session in 1979, 12 persons were elected to the Central Committee: Wang Heshou (王鹤寿), Liu Lanbo (刘澜波), Liu Lantao (刘澜涛), An Ziwen (安子文), Li Chang (李昌), Yang Shangkun, Zhou Yang (周扬), Lu Dingyi (陆定一), Hong Xuezhi (洪学智), Peng Zhen, Jiang Nanxiang (蒋南翔), and Bo Yibo.


11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
The 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected at the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The 11th Central Committee elected the 11th Politburo and the 11th Secretariat.


11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
The 11th Central Committee was elected at the 11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party on 15 January 2021, and is composed of 71 ordinary members and ten substitutes. As an institution, the Central Committee is the party's highest decision-making body between convocations of the National Congress, which convenes every fifth year. Since the LPRP has a monopoly on state power in Laos, the Central Committees formulates policies which the state implements. In between plenary sessions of the 11th Central Committee the 11th Politburo, is the party's highest decision-making body.


11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
The numbers of members increased from 69 ordinary 8 substitutes in the 10th Central Committee to 71 ordinary and substitutes in the 11th. Of the 71 ordinary members, twelve are women. This is an increase from six in the 10th. Military representation increased by one spot, from seven (10th) to eighth (11th). Additionally, 36 members are aged 60 and over, that is 50,70% of members. The remaining 40,30%, the remaining 35 members, are aged 46 to 59 years. 19 members, accounting for 26,76%, who joined the LPRP during the Lao revolution. Education wise the majority of members have passed a test in Marxist–Leninist theory. Of the 71 members, 28 have a PhD (39,43%) and 27 who have a master's Degree (38,02%).


11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
Many members of the 11th Central Committee were related by blood to former LPRP leaders. Four members were the children of former LPRP Chairman Khamtai Siphandon (Sonexay, Viengthong, Viengsavath and Athsaphangthong) and another three were the children of former LPRP General Secretary Kaysone Phomvihane (Saysomphone, Santiphap and Thongsavanh). Of these, two of the term serve in the 11th Politburo (Saysomphone and Sonexay) and on in the 11th Secretariat (Viengthong)." Bounkham Vorachit, the daughter of outgoing LPRP General Secretary Bounnhang Vorachit, was also elected to the 11th.


11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
Lao analyst Martin Stuart-Fox opine that "These promotions serve as a reminder of the extent to which powerful families still determine political outcomes in Laos — just as they did during the previous Royal Lao regime." Assistant Professor Simon Creak noted that the 11th Central Committee is the first elected leadership body not dominated by the revolutionary generation. He also considered the possibility of there being a conflict between party leaders who've gained power through family patronage and those who rose through the party ranks by technocratic means.


11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
The former espouse more modern values, such as party discipline and socialist state-building Creak contends. However, Creak notes that "Speculation aside, talk of tension between patronage and technocratic socialism would be premature. Revolutionary family patronage networks are unlikely to fade anytime soon. Sonexay may have failed to leapfrog rivals, but the Siphandone family boosted its representation in the Central Committee, as did other influential families."


11th Chennai International Film Festival
The 11th Chennai International Film Festival took place in Chennai , Tamil Nadu, India from 12 to 19 December 2013. The event was organised by the Indo Cine Appreciation Foundation (ICAF) with support from the Government of Tamil Nadu. The festival was curated by actress-director Suhasini Maniratnam and inaugurated by Kamal Haasan and Aamir Khan. The Japanese drama Like Father, Like Son marked the beginning of the fest.


11th Chennai International Film Festival
Director Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra presided over the valedictory function and presented the awards. Thanga Meenkal, Haridas and Paradesi won the Tamil film competition and composer Anirudh Ravichander was awarded the newly instituted Amitabh Bachchan award for "Youth Icon of the Year".


11th Chennai International Film Festival, History
The Chennai International Film Festival (CIFF) was instituted in the year 2003 by the Indo Cine Appreciation Foundation (ICAF), a non-profit organisation. ICAF is a registered film society and works for the promotion of meaningful cinema by organising country centric festivals throughout the year by obtaining films from Embassies and Consulates, and has around 500 members, including film directors, cinematographers and technicians. In 2008, the Government of Tamil Nadu began supporting the event by sponsoring a part of it.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, History
The fest was reinvented in 2010 following the involvement of actor-director Suhasini which spiraled the direct involvement of film personalities in coordinating the fest. Later, when the funds raised through well-wishers were not substantial enough to support the event, the state government extended its support and financed the fest with a donation of ₹5 million (US$70,000). Since then, the government has been supporting the subsequent editions of the festival. The fest is conducted every year during the month of December.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, History
The festival awards the best of Tamil cinema through a Tamil Feature Film Competition where 12 shortlisted films compete every year for the prize money of ₹ 6 lakh. Apart from awards for the Best Feature Film and the Second Best Feature Film, there is a Special Jury Award and a Film Buff Award, which is a web-based award given to the person who watches the maximum number of films and gives his own personalized account of the films watched.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF
The 11th edition of the film festival was also organised by the ICAF. Emanadar Thangaraj, General Secretary of ICAF, invited actor-director Suhasini Maniratnam to curate the event. The fest was conducted between 12 and 19 December 2013 and a total of 165 films were screened in 8 screens across 5 venues. Presented by the national newspaper The Hindu and the Tamil satellite channel Pudhuyugam, the event saw the participation of 58 countries. The film festival celebrated the spirit of international cinema and the Centenary of Indian Cinema.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF
Though the festival was supported by the state government, the funds were raised mainly through sponsorship and donations by celebrity volunteers. A specially designed poster was unveiled on 6 November 2013. An anthem song was set to tunes by Prakash Nikki. The lyrics was written by Rohini and sung by Andrea Jeremiah, Vallavan and Yuki. The song was used for promotional purpose and was released a day before the fest began.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF
As is the norm, the fest has a Tamil Feature Film Competition. In a press conference held on 6 November 2013, Thangaraj made the official announcement while the registration for the same began in early June 2013 with the last date being extended from 30 September to 15 November. Producers of Tamil films censored between 16 October 2012 and 15 October 2013 were invited to apply for the competition. The 11th edition also saw the institution of a new award, the 'Amitabh Bachchan Youth Icon Award', as a token of respect to Bachchan who graced the closing ceremony of the fest the previous year. Ironically though, the CIFF Documentary Contest that took place the previous year was absent.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Inauguration
Actress Shabana Azmi, who was expected to be present for the inaugural following an invite by Thangaraj, could not make her presence. The event was set in motion at around 5:30 PM on 12 December 2013 at Sir Mutha Venkata Subba Rao Concert Hall. The fest was inaugurated by Tamil actor-director Kamal Haasan and Bollywood actor-director-TV anchor Aamir Khan in the presence of celebrities including Mohanlal. Khan who resides at Mumbai attended the event in Chennai at his own expense following the example set by Amitabh Bachchan the previous year.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Inauguration
A week prior to the inauguration, in a curtain-raiser interview to The Hindu, Khan emphasised the need for social commitment in films. Following the inauguration, in an open stage interaction with Suhasini, Haasan underlined the importance of script writing and was quoted saying "There are books, but books will not make cinema. Even Shakespeare will have to learn script-writing."


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Inauguration
In response to a question raised by singer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam on the need for qualified critics in censor board, Haasan also called for the film industry to take the responsibility of censoring films as he felt that those on the Censor Board were not qualified enough to do so. As part of his inaugural speech, Khan wished for a chain of theatres to showcase world cinema and Indian art-house films throughout the year claiming "these films do attract considerable audience."


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Inauguration
The inauguration was compered by actress Abhirami and Ramya of the CIFF. The event began with poetry reading of select Tamil film songs by actresses Rohini and Poornima Bhagyaraj followed by a music session with performances by vocalist Karthik and pianist Anil Srinivasan, who rendered songs of Ilaiyaraja. As part of the event, dancers Shobana, Swarnamalya and their students presented thematic dance performances.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Main Event
The main event of the fest constitutes the screening of 165 films that includes 12 Tamil films as part of the Tamil Feature Film Competition, 17 films of Indian Panorama, and three documentaries, one each on Ellis R. Dungan, Gemini Ganesan and K. Subramanyam. The film festival featured retrospectives of Goran Paskaljevic from Serbia (seven films), Claire Denis from France (five films) and Istvan Szabo from Hungary (three films). The event also included a special section showcasing six films from contemporary Turkey apart from a country focus on Taiwan and Iran. The fest had a special focus on award-winning films from international film festivals like Cannes, Berlin and Venice some of which were screened. The venues for the screening were the Woodlands Multiplex (2 screens), Inox (2 screens), Abhirami Mega Mall (2 screens), Casino Theatre and Rani Seethai Hall.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Main Event
Three documentary films were screened in a Special Section. An American in Madras is a documentary on American-Tamil film director Ellis R. Dungan. The documentary was the a result of a research by Karan Bali of Upperstall.com, a film website that focuses on classic and independent Indian cinema and its luminaries. The Tamil romantic-drama Kadhal Mannan is a documentary on veteran actor Gemini Ganesan, who was popularly known by the moniker 'Kadhal Mannan'. The third was a documentary on director K. Subramanyam titled He Swam Against the Colonial Current. The docu was made for the Public Service Broadcasting Trust (PSBT), New Delhi, by S. Krishnaswamy, Subrahmanyam's son.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Main Event
The fest got rolling with the screening of the Hirokazu Koreeda directed Like Father, Like Son, the English remake rights of which have been bought by Steven Spielberg. The red carpet screenings include The Hunt, Walesa: Man of Hope, The Past, Omar, The Great Beauty and Harmony Lessons. Claudia Lacotte of Eye on Films, a France-based distribution company, addressed the film industry and aspiring filmmakers on the importance of circulating feature films across film festivals around the globe.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Forum Discussions
The event conducted three Forum Discussions, two in English and one in Tamil. The first of the three held at Inox, 'How to crowd fund your movie?' was moderated by filmmaker Alphonse Roy. Director Pawan Kumar who had directed the Kannada hit Lucia completely through crowd-funding and documentary filmmaker Amudhan R.P., discussed the possibility and ways of crowd-funding a film project. Rohini and independent filmmaker-journalist-film critic Sudhish Kamath also participated in the lively discussion.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Forum Discussions
In another discussion on 'Women behind Cinema' moderated by Suhasini, the panel, including female producers and entrepreneurs Pushpa Kandasamy of Kavithalayaa Productions, Archana Kalpathi of AGS Cinemas, Sitara Suresh and Nivedha Priyadarshini discussed the difficulties faced by women filmmakers and technicians. The third forum also held at Inox titled 'Realising Novel Ideas Successfully' discussed bringing novel ideas to films. The team behind Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom along with writer-filmmaker Amshan Kumar, Gouthami and Sudhish Kamath took part where the question of 'why do we make films?' cropped up. Suhasini quoted Walt Disney saying "We don't make movies to make money. We make money to make more movies."


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Forum Discussions
Excluding the aforementioned, 'Cinema of Cruelty', a discussion on Tamil cinema, pondered over the excessive violence found in Tamil films and its influences, citing that Paruthiveeran and Subramaniapuram started the trend inspiring even acclaimed filmmaker Anurag Kashyap to make a film like Gangs of Wasseypur.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Reception
The Great BeautyParvizWalesa: A Man of HopeThe HuntBlue Is The Warmest ColourOmarMidhunamLike Father, Like Son


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Jury
The jury members for the Tamil feature film competition was introduced by Rohini. The jury was headed by producer-director R. V. Udayakumar and constitutes actor-director Sripriya and prominent writer S. Ramakrishnan. Twelve films were short listed from a total of 17 entries.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Closing ceremony
The 8-day film festival came to a close on 19 December 2013. The closing ceremony was held at Sir Mutha Venkata Subba Rao Concert Hall. While Mohanlal was reported to be one of the chief guests of the evening, he skipped it having made it to the inauguration. Director Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra was the sole chief guest. The closing was anchored by Karthi and Anu Hasan. Following a live concert by composer Anirudh Ravichander, the chief guest handed over the various awards.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, 11th CIFF, Closing ceremony
Thanga Meenkal and Haridas won the first and second place in the Tamil Competition while its child actors won the newly instituted award for Best Child Artistes. The Special Jury Award for Individual Excellence was presented to Adharvaa for his performance in Paradesi. Anirudh won the maiden Amitabh Bachchan award for Youth Icon of the year. The winner of the Online Film Buff Award was announced as Pavithran Sivam through their Facebook page.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, Promotion
The organisers decided to get the city involved in the event. Suhasini says, "That’s when we decided to stage a flash mob. This year, we also have Zumba. We have festival tees, student volunteers, more cinema halls, and several stars." In a move to publicise the fest among the public, the organisers held flash mob dances and Zumba by the beach. On 11 December 2013, a day before the event began, dancers from the professional dance group 'The S Community of Entertainment', created a flash mob at the atrium of Express Avenue.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, Promotion
They were joined by Vijay Sethupathi, Jayam Ravi, Suhasini, etc. for the five-minute performance. During the after-party following the inauguration, professional dancers who were rehearsing Zumba was joined by the Khan, Mohanlal, Suhasini and a few more who would perform later. On the morning of 15 December, a set was erected at the Schmidt Memorial, Besant Nagar Beach and Zumba was performed by celebrities including Suhasini, Anita Ratnam, Shanthanu Bhagyaraj, VJ Ramya Subramaniam, Ashok Kumar, Maanu and Abhirami.


11th Chennai International Film Festival, Sponsors
The event, jointly presented by The Hindu and Pudhuyugam, was sponsored by the South India Shelters Pvt Ltd (SIS) with Foams India being the associate sponsor. Other sponsors were Qube Cinema Network, Real Image Technologies (award sponsor), PVP Cinema, TVS, Madras Talkies, Indian Overseas Bank, The Savera, Gamesa, Hot Breads, Tripadam Logistics, Casino Theatre, Woodlands Multiplex, Inox, Abirami Mega Mall, Nithra, IndiaGlitz, Rani Seethai Hall, Fingrid, Deco aro, Ticket New, Reliance Entertainment, Institut Francais, Goethe Institut.


11th Chess Olympiad
The 11th Chess Olympiad, organized by the FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between September 4 and September 25, 1954, in Amsterdam, Netherlands.


11th Chess Olympiad
30 teams had applied, but only 26 took part. The most notable absentees were the United States, who couldn't afford the travelling expenses due to financial difficulties in the USCF.


11th Chess Olympiad
The Soviet team once again won the event, followed by Argentina and Yugoslavia. Unlike the previous Olympiad, however, they dominated this one completely and crushed all opposition, winning the final by an astounding seven points. Keres' amazing score of 96.4% was an all-time record; he drew his first game (against Nilsson of Sweden) and won the rest.


11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries
A total of 26 teams entered the competition and were divided into four preliminary groups of six or seven teams. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, and the rest to Final B. All groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments.


11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries
Group 1 was won by the Soviet Union, well ahead of the Dutch hosts and Iceland. Austria, Finland, and Greece finished in the bottom half.


11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries
Argentina took first place in group 2, ahead of Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. Canada, Italy, and Ireland made up the rest of the group.


11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries
Group 3 was won by Israel, ahead of Yugoslavia and Sweden. Denmark, Norway, France, and Saar had to settle for a place in the consolation final.


11th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries
Hungary clinched group 4, ahead of West Germany and England. Switzerland, Colombia, Belgium, and Luxembourg rounded up the group.


11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival
The 11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival was held from August 7–15, 2015 in Metro Manila, Philippines. This is the first time that only short films would be presented. Feature films would be  presented in next year's edition. Brillante Mendoza's Taklub opened the festival.


11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Entries
The winning film is highlighted with boldface and a dagger.


11th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards
The awards ceremony was held on August 15, 2015 at the Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino, Cultural Center of the Philippines.


11th Coast Artillery (United States)
The 11th Coast Artillery was a coast artillery regiment in the United States Army, first constituted in the Regular Army on 27 February 1924. It primarily served as the Regular Army component of the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound (HD Long Island Sound), New York from 1924 through 1944, when it was relieved and disbanded as part of an Army-wide reorganization.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage
Constituted 27 February 1924 as the 11th Artillery (CAC) and organized 1 July 1924 at Fort H.G. Wright, Fishers Island, New York from the following companies:


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage
The regiment was posted at Fort H.G. Wright and provided caretaking detachments for Fort Terry and Fort Michie, both on islands in the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound. The 242nd Coast Artillery was the Connecticut National Guard component of those defenses. Live fire practice with heavy guns for other coast artillery units in and near New England was carried out at Fort H.G. Wright, hence the relatively large number of batteries active in peacetime.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage
On 1 September 1935 the regiment was reorganized from Type A to Type B. Batteries G, H, I, and K were deactivated and personnel transferred to HHB 1st Battalion and A, B, and C batteries.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage
Regimental assets absorbed by HD Long Island Sound and HHB assigned to XXII Corps 23 February 1944. HHB transferred to Fort Leonard Wood 14 March 1944, inactivated 7 April 1944; regiment disbanded 14 June 1944. Personnel were reassigned to three field artillery battalions.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Gules a bend cottised Or between in sinister chief a triangle voided point up Argent and in dexter base a fleur-de-lis of the second. Attached above the shield on a wreath Or and Gules an osprey’s head of the third. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed "AUDAX ET VIGILANS" in Black letters.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The shield is that of the old 56th Artillery, C.A.C., of which three batteries of the 11th Coast Artillery were a part; Headquarters, A, and C Batteries. The silver triangle was the insignia for the 56th Artillery in France. The fleur-delis was taken from the coat of arms of the old Province of Ile de France, where the regiment first went into action. The crest is taken from the old Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound. The motto translates to "Daring and Vigilant" and is applicable to a Coast Artillery Regiment and is quite symbolic of the fish hawk or osprey, which is a very daring and vigilant bird.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 11th Coast Artillery Regiment on 11 November 1924. It was redesignated for the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 8 August 1951. The insignia was redesignated for the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion on 31 August 1956.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon
Gules a bend cottised Or between in sinister chief a triangle voided point up Argent and in dexter base a fleur-de-lis of the second.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon
On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, an osprey’s head erased Proper. Motto: AUDAX ET VIGILANS (Daring and Vigilant).


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism
The shield is that of the old 56th Artillery, C.A.C., of which three batteries of the 11th Coast Artillery were a part, Headquarters A and C Batteries. The silver triangle was the insignia for the 56th Artillery in France. The fleur-delis was taken from the coat of arms of the old Province of Ile de France, where the regiment first went into action.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism
The crest is taken from the old Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound. The motto is applicable to a Coast Artillery Regiment and is quite symbolic of the fish hawk or osprey, which is a very daring and vigilant bird.


11th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Background
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 11th Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 November 1924. It was redesignated for the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 8 August 1951. The insignia was redesignated for the 11th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion on 31 August 1956.


11th Coast Regiment RNZA
11th Coast Regiment RNZA was a coastal artillery regiment of the New Zealand Army based at Godley Head. It was formed June 1941. The regimental structure was:


11th Composite Aviation Regiment
The 11th Composite Aviation Regiment is a reconnaissance/bomber aviation unit of the Russian Air Force.


11th Composite Aviation Regiment
It traces its origins to 19 July 1942, when the 11th Independent Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment was formed at Goroshino airfield, 24 km west of Torzhok in the Kalinin Oblast. Holm states it was formed at Koplachki, Kalinin Oblast, from the 3rd independent long-range Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron and from parts of the 506th Bomber Aviation Regiment. Holm also says in November 1942 a third squadron was formed from the 320th independent Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron.


11th Composite Aviation Regiment
The regiment was equipped with the Pe-2 reconnaissance fighter/bomber and joined 3rd Air Army, fighting in the Vitebsk-Polotsk operation and the defence of Vitebsk, for which it received the honour title 'Vitebsk' on 11 July 1944. After its participation in the Shyaulyay Offensive Operation? Shyaulyay-Mitava operation, it received the Order of the Red Banner on 10 August 1944. In 1952, the regiment converted to the Ilyushin Il-28 'Beagle', based at Jekabpils and Krustpils in the Latvian SSR. It moved to Neu-Welzow in the German Democratic Republic in July 1954, joining 16th Air Army. In August 1968 it took part in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. In mid-1993 it was withdrawn from the former GDR to Marinovka in the North Caucasus.


11th Composite Aviation Regiment
The regiment was active until the mid 2000s, when it was swept up in the large-scale reorganisation of the Russian Air Force, and became an Aviation Base. Only a reconnaissance aviation squadron remained at the Marinovka airfield. But in December 2015, the 11th Composite Aviation Regiment was formed with a reconnaissance and a bomber squadron at Marinovka, drawing upon former bomber elements of the 559/959 BAPs. As of mid 2016, it formed part of the 1st Guards Composite Aviation Division.


11th Congress of the Philippines
The Eleventh Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabing-isang Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. The convening of the 11th Congress followed the 1998 elections, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the entire membership of the House of Representatives. The Estrada impeachment was the highlight of the 11th Congress.


11th Congress of the Philippines, Members, House of Representatives
The term of office of the current members of the House of Representatives is from June 30, 1998, to June 30, 2001.


11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The 11th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during 27 March – 2 April 1922 in Moscow. The congress was attended by 522 with a casting vote alongside 165 with consultative vote, and elected the 11th Central Committee.


11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The main purpose of the congress was to review the results of the New Economic Policy that was decided in the 10th Congress. As a result, the congress concluded that the capitalist mixed economy in the Soviet Union would need to come to an end. This led them to resolve that the trade unions were to be given more power in both the economy and politics.


11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
During the 11th Congress, Leon Trotsky attacked Sergey Ivanovich Gusev and Mikhail Frunze over Red Army policies, specifically matters of discipline, political doctrine, and relations with the peasantry. Trotsky lost the debate, which resulted in a discrediting of civilian critics of the Red Army. As a result, civilians were increasingly locked out of military-related resolutions following the 11th Congress.


11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The most far-reaching event was the appointment of Joseph Stalin as the party's first General Secretary. Bukharin and Rykov were promoted to the Politburo.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment
The 11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The 11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Hartford, Connecticut, beginning October 24, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on November 14, 1861.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Williams' Brigade, Burnside's Expeditionary Corps, to April 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of North Carolina, to July 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, Getty's Division, Portsmouth, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to October 1863. Yorktown, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to October 1864. Provisional Division, Army of the James, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1865. 1st Independent Brigade, XXIV Corps to August 1865. Department of Virginia to December 1865.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The 11th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service December 21, 1865.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Connecticut for Annapolis, Maryland, December 16, and duty there until January 6, 1862. Burnside's expedition to Hatteras Inlet and Roanoke Island, North Carolina, January 7–February 8, 1862. Battle of Roanoke Island February 8. At Roanoke Island until March 11. Moved to New Bern March 11–13. Battle of New Bern March 14. Duty at Newberne until July. Moved to Morehead City July 2, then to Newport News, Virginia, July 3–5. Duty there until August 1. Moved to Fredericksburg August 1–6, and duty there until August 31. Moved to Brooks' Station, then to Washington, D.C., August 31–September 3. Maryland Campaign September–October.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Battle of South Mountain September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16–17. Duty at Pleasant Valley, Maryland, until October 27. Movement to Falmouth, Virginia, October 27 – November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12–15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20–24, 1863. Moved to Newport News, Virginia, February 6–9, then to Suffolk March 13. Siege of Suffolk April 12 – May 4. Edenton Road April 24. Providence Church Road and Nansemond River May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Reconnaissance to the Chickahominy June 9–16.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24 – July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1–7. Moved to Portsmouth, Virginia, and duty there until October. Moved to Gloucester Point October 1 and duty there until April 1864. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4–28. Occupation of Bermuda Hundred, Va., May 5. Port Walthal Junction, Chester Station, May 7. Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church May 9–10. Operations against Fort Darling May 12–16. Battle of Drewry's Bluff May 12–16. On Bermuda Hundred front May 17–27.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to White House, then to Cold Harbor May 27–31. Battles about Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 15–18. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Mine explosion Petersburg July 30, 1864 (reserve). On Bermuda Hundred front August 25 to December, and on north side of the James River before Richmond until April 1865. Occupation of Richmond April 3. Duty at Richmond and Lynchburg, Virginia, until December.


11th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 325 men during service; 8 officers and 140 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 176 enlisted men died of disease.


11th Cook Islands Parliament
The 11th Cook Islands Parliament was a term of the Parliament of the Cook Islands. Its composition was determined by the 2004 election, held on 7 September 2004.


11th Cook Islands Parliament
Due to a large number of electoral petitions, Parliament did not meet until mid-December 2006.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China)
The 11th Corps (later the 11th Army Corps) (Chinese: 第11军) was a military formation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. It was active from 1949 to 1952, with a six month break; and from 1969 to the end of 1985. It is currently inactive. In 1979 the corps took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. In 1984 it again fought in Vietnam. It was stationed in the Kunming Military Region.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), First Formation
The 11th Corps was activated on March 1, 1949, from the 3rd Column, Zhongyuan Field Army. In March–December 1949 it was part of Ch'en Tsi-Lien's 3rd Army of the Second Field Army. The Corps was composed of the 31st Division, 32nd Division and 33rd Division. During the Chinese Civil War its commander was Chen Jiagui, and its political commissar was Zhang Qi.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), First Formation
In early 1950 the corps was stationed in eastern Sichuan Province. During its deployment in Sichuan, the corps supported 18th Corps' invasion of Tibet. As the Civil War wound down, the corps was inactivated in July 1950. Its headquarters was transferred to the Navy's control and converted at Qingdao Naval Base into what is now the North Sea Fleet.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 2nd Formation
In January 1951, the 31st Division was detached and transferred to 12th Corps control, which later moved into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army to support North Korea during the Korean War.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 2nd Formation
In March, the 32nd and 33rd Divisions moved to Langfang, Hebei. In July, 11th Corps was reactivated from 32nd, 33rd and 182nd Divisions.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 2nd Formation
The unit was a reserve formation for the People's Volunteer Army, but it never deployed into the Korean Peninsula. In October 1952 the corps was inactivated. The corps' headquarters was transferred to the Air Force's control and converted to Headquarters, 5th Air Force Corps. The 32nd Division was transferred to 16th Corps' control. The 33rd Division was deployed into Korea; after 1954 the division was attached to 26th Corps. The 182nd Division was converted into the 8th Railway Engineer Division.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation
On November 14, 1969, the 11th Army Corps (Chinese: 陆军第11军) was activated in Dali, Yunnan. The corps was composed of the 31st and 32nd Army Divisions, making it a rare example of a "Reduced Army Corps", which was composed of two, instead of three, divisions. An artillery regiment and an anti-aircraft artillery regiment were also attached.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation
In May 1976, the Independent Tank Regiment of Kunming Military Region, formerly the 4th Independent Tank Regiment of Beijing Military Region, was attached to the corps.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Sino-Vietnamese War
In 1979 the corps took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the conflict the corps was strengthened by taking the Independent Division of Yunnan Provincial Military Region under command; in May 1979, this division was renamed 33rd Army Division. 32nd Army Division was temporarily detached from the corps to form the reserve force of Kunming Military Region.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Sino-Vietnamese War
The main force of 11th Army Corps, without its 32nd Army Division and its tank regiment, thrust 34 kilometres (21 mi) into Vietnamese territory in the 55-day-long campaign. The division spent 22 days outside China and claimed to have destroyed one Vietnamese regiment and three battalions and captured Phong Thổ. The corps also claimed to have inflicted 2,899 casualties and taken 58 prisoners


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Sino-Vietnamese War
From April 4–29, 1984, 11th Army Corps was again in Vietnam and took part in the Battle of Zheyinshan. During its deployment, the corps claimed to have inflicted 500 casualties on the Vietnamese forces and to have captured 18 prisoners of war and 19 artillery pieces.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Sino-Vietnamese War
From August 4 to December 9, 1984, 11th Army Corps took part in the Battle of Laoshan. During its deployment, the corps claimed 1,698 killed and one captured.


11th Corps (People's Republic of China), 3rd Formation, Disbandment
In December 1985 the corps was disbanded. 31st Army Division was transferred to 14th Army's control as 31st Motorized Infantry Division, a 'southern motorized infantry division'. 32nd Army Division was converted to 2nd Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region, which was disbanded in 1992. 33rd Army Division was disbanded and merged with 65th Artillery Division as the anti-aircraft artillery brigade attached to 14th Army. The corps' tank regiment was merged with 14th Army Corps existing tank brigade.


11th Critics' Choice Awards
The 11th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 9, 2006, honoring the finest achievements of 2005 filmmaking.


11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Reese Witherspoon – Walk the Line as June Carter Cash


11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Amy Adams – Junebug as Ashley Johnsten (Tie)Michelle Williams – Brokeback Mountain as Alma Beers Del Mar (Tie)


11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Freddie Highmore – Charlie and the Chocolate Factory as Charlie Bucket


11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Dakota Fanning – War of the Worlds as Rachel Ferrier


11th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe


11th Critics' Choice Television Awards
The 11th Critics' Choice Television Awards, presented by the Critics Choice Association, honoring the best in primetime television programming from 2020, was held on March 7, 2021 at the Barker Hangar at the Santa Monica Airport in Santa Monica, California. It was broadcast on The CW, alongside the film awards, with Taye Diggs hosting for the third consecutive year.


11th Critics' Choice Television Awards
The nominations were announced on January 18, 2021. Netflix led with 26 nominations, followed by HBO with 24.


11th Cruiser Squadron
The 11th Cruiser Squadron and also known as Cruiser Force E  was a formation of cruisers of the British Royal Navy from 1914 to 1917 and again from 1939 to 1940.


11th Cruiser Squadron, History, First formation
The squadron was first formed in July 1914 and was attached to the Third Fleet. In August 1914 it was reassigned to the Channel Fleet. It was designated Cruiser Force E for service off the west coast of Ireland and was dispersed by January 1915.


11th Cruiser Squadron, History, Second formation
The squadron reformed in October 1939 when the 12th Cruiser Squadron of the Northern Patrol was re-designated 11th Cruiser Squadron it was then transferred to the North Atlantic Command until it was disbanded in 1940


11th César Awards
The 11th César Awards ceremony, presented by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma, honoured the best French films of 1985 and took place on 22 February 1986 at the Palais des Congrès in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Madeleine Renaud and Jean-Louis Barrault and hosted by Michel Drucker. Three Men and a Cradle won the award for Best Film.


11th Dalai Lama
Khedrup Gyatso (1 November 1838 – 31 January 1856) was the 11th Dalai Lama of Tibet.


11th Dalai Lama
He was recognised as the Eleventh Dalai Lama in 1840, having come from the same village as Kelzang Gyatso, the seventh Dalai Lama, had in 1708. In 1841, Palden Tenpai Nyima, 7th Panchen Lama, gave him the pre-novice ordination, cut his hair and gave him the name Khedrup Gyatso.


11th Dalai Lama
In 1842, he was enthroned in the Potala Palace and, in 1849, at the age of eleven, he took the novice vows of monkhood from Palden Tenpai Nyima, 7th Panchen Lama


11th Dalai Lama
He was enthroned on 25 May 1842 and assumed full power on the request of his government on 1 March 1855. However, he died less than one year later, thus becoming the third successive Dalai Lama who died at too young an age to consolidate his power.


11th Dalai Lama
He wrote a book of stanzas, Story of the Monkeys and Birds (Bya sprel gyi gtam-rgyud). It is an allegory of the war at the end of the 18th century between the Tibetans and the Gurkhas ('birds' and 'monkeys' respectively).


11th Dalai Lama
During the life of Khedrup Gyatso, wars over Ladakh weakened the lamas' power over the Tibetan Plateau and the First and Second Opium Wars as well as the Taiping Rebellion simultaneously weakened Chinese influence on Tibet. In the last years of his reign the Nepalese invaded Tibet, but were defeated in the Nepalese-Tibetan War (1855–1856).


11th Dalai Lama
He died suddenly in the Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet, Qing Dynasty on 31 January 1856.


11th Daytime Emmy Awards
The 11th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Wednesday, June 27, 1984, to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1983). Once again, the ceremony was not telecast.


11th Delaware General Assembly
The 11th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. The Assembly met in the state capital, Dover, convening October 20, 1786, in the first year of the administration of Delaware President Thomas Collins.


11th Delaware General Assembly
The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.


11th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council
Councilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.


11th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly
Assemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.


11th Destroyer Flotilla
The British 11th Destroyer Flotilla  also known as the Eleventh Destroyer Flotilla was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from August 1915 to September 1945.


11th Destroyer Flotilla, History, World War One
The 11th Destroyer Flotilla was formed in August 1915 and was assigned to the Grand Fleet. It took part in the Battle of Jutland, and then remained with Grand Fleet until November 1918. Initially the formation consisted of sixteen M class destroyers, some of which were replaced by R class destroyers. FOr most of 1918 the flotilla was mainly using V and W-class destroyers. The flotilla was disbanded in March 1919, but was briefly reformed during the Interwar period.


11th Destroyer Flotilla, History, Interwar period
The flotilla was briefly reformed from 1 July 1935 to 30 August 1935 under the command of Captain Ernest R. Archer (later Vice-Admiral).


11th Destroyer Flotilla, History, Second World War
The flotilla was reformed in 1939 and was attached to the Plymouth Command until 1940 when its ships were dispersed among various escort groups. It was re-established again in August 1942 as part of the Mediterranean Fleet until January 1943. It was reassigned to the Indian Ocean area as part of the Battle Fleet of the Eastern Fleet until September 1945.


11th Dimension (song)
"11th Dimension" is a song by Julian Casablancas and is the lead single from his debut album Phrazes for the Young. It was first performed live on the talk show The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien on October 27, 2009. Pitchfork Media awarded the track as "Best New Track" and rated "11th Dimension" the 66th best song of 2009, calling it "the strongest [Julian's] sounded since Room on Fire. It's a blast of retro-futuristic synths, steam-rolling guitar licks, and slicing, dicing hi-hat, and the busy pulse of the production cuts through the detachment and manages to convey a sense of fun, as if he's finally enjoying the creative experience".


11th Dimension (song), Music video
The music video for "11th Dimension" premiered on Babelgum on December 23, 2009. The video was directed by longtime Strokes collaborator Warren Fu, and was loosely inspired by Bruce Lee's Game Of Death. The video features Danielle Haim (now the lead singer of the band Haim) as the drummer in the background of the video.


11th Directors Guild of America Awards
The 11th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1958, were presented in 1959.


11th Directors Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Television
Richard L. Bare – 77 Sunset Strip for "All Our Yesterdays"


11th Division (Australia)
The 11th Division was an Australian Army unit formed during World War II by the renaming of Milne Force in December 1942. Predominately a Militia formation, the division's main role during the war was as a base command headquarters, although elements saw action in New Guinea against Japanese forces during the Finisterre Range campaign and in New Britain. It was disbanded in July 1946.


11th Division (Australia), History
In July 1942, a headquarters was raised to command the units that had been sent to Milne Bay, to establish a series of airfields there after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The majority of the staff for this headquarters came from the 1st Division, and at the time of its establishment it was called "C Force" and became Milne Force in August 1942.


11th Division (Australia), History
Only a limited number of troops were assigned, with the first elements being two companies of Militia troops from the 55th Battalion, bolstered later by the arrival of the 7th Infantry Brigade and then the 18th Infantry Brigade, a veteran Second Australian Imperial Force unit. Throughout late August and early September, the Japanese attempted to land troops to capture the airfields and in the Battle of Milne Bay were defeated by the defending Milne Force elements. In October, the 17th Infantry Brigade arrived to relieved the 18th, which was despatched to Buna in December 1942.


11th Division (Australia), History
It was decided that the formation would assume a more active role and in December 1942, Milne Force was renamed the 11th Division. Upon establishment, the division was commanded by Major-General Cyril Clowes. It remained around Milne Bay until January 1943, when the 5th Division arrived to relieve it and the division was transferred to Port Moresby. At Moresby, the 11th Division headquarters relieved the 6th Division staff and took the base units, including the 7th Brigade, under command.


11th Division (Australia), History
A further move occurred in July 1943, when the divisional headquarters was flown to Dobodura, assuming responsibility for the area between Oro Bay and Buna from the US 41st Infantry Division. The division commanded the 6th and 29th Infantry Brigades, both Militia formations. The 29th was transferred to the 3rd Division in August to take part in the fighting around Salamaua.


11th Division (Australia), History
In September 1943, Major-General Allan Boase took command of the division. The following month division came under the control of II Corps having previously been assigned to I Corps (and before that New Guinea Force). The divisional headquarters moved to Lae in February 1944, relieving the 5th Division, which was transferred to Finschhafen to relieve the 9th Division. At Lae, the division resumed the base command with the 29th Brigade as its only fighting formation.


11th Division (Australia), History
In April 1944, the corps' headquarters moved to Dumpu and it later relieved the 7th Division, which had been fighting a campaign through the Markham and Ramu Valleys and into the Finisterre Ranges. Assuming control of the 15th and 18th Infantry Brigades, the division continued the advance towards Madang, linking with the 5th Division around Bogadjim, before being moved back to Wau in early May 1944, leaving its divisional carrier company at Dumpu and transferring several units to the 5th Division. Headquarters returned to Lae in this time, although the 6th Infantry Brigade was pushed forward to Bulolo in June 1944.


11th Division (Australia), History
Following this, the divisional headquarters was relieved by the 3rd Division in July 1944 and returned to Australia, later to be reconstituted on the Atherton Tablelands around Kairi, in Queensland. In August, the division moved to Mapee. The 11th became one of six Australian divisions converted to the Jungle division establishment. The division later fought a brief campaign on New Britain in the last year of the war, landing at Jacquinot Bay and taking over from the 5th Division in July 1945. On New Britain, the division assumed command of the 4th and 13th Infantry Brigades.


11th Division (Australia), History
These formations pushed towards Wide Bay and Open Bay, as the Australians sought to contain the much larger Japanese garrison on the Gazelle Peninsula, rather than carry out a direct assault on the main Japanese position at Rabaul. In August, the war came to an end and the 11th Division entered Rabaul and oversaw the surrender of the Japanese garrison.


11th Division (Australia), History
Division headquarters remained in Rabaul until late April 1946 during which its constituent units and elements of its staff were repatriated to Australia in individual drafts. On 25 April 1946, its remaining cadre of 20 personnel embarked on SS Ormiston, bound for Sydney. The disbandment of the 11th Division was completed by 1 July 1946, when the last personnel marched out for demobilisation. Some personnel from the division later served in the 67th Infantry Battalion, undertaking occupation duties as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan.


11th Division (Australia), Divisional units
The following units were assigned to the 11th Division during the war:


11th Division (German Empire)
The 11th Division (11. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) in November 1816 as a brigade, and became the 11th Division on September 5, 1818. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VI Army Corps (VI. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Province of Silesia, mainly in the region of Lower Silesia.


11th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
The 11th Division's 21st Infantry Brigade served in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864. The division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, including the Battle of Königgrätz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in several battles, including the Siege of Toul and the Siege of Paris.


11th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
In World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It spent most of the war in various parts of the trenches and fought in the 1916 Battle of the Somme. Allied intelligence rated it a second class division.


11th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War
During wartime, the 11th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 11th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:


11th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization
German divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 11th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:


11th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization
On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 11th Division was again renamed the 11th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:


11th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization
Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 11th Infantry Division's order of battle in 1918 was as follows:


11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 11th Division (第11師団, Dai Jūichi Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its tsūshōgō code name was the Brocade Division (錦兵団, Nishiki-heidan), and its military symbol was 11D. The 11th Division was one of six infantry divisions newly raised by the Imperial Japanese Army after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895). The division received its colors on 1 October 1898 and was disbanded in September 1945. Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the four prefectures of the island of Shikoku. It was originally headquartered in the city of Zentsuji, Kagawa, and its first commander was Lieutenant General Nogi Maresuke.


11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Russo-Japanese War to Siberian Intervention
During the Russo-Japanese War, under the command of Lieutenant General Tsuchiya Mitsuharu, this division was assigned to General Nogi's 3rd Army, and thus saw considerable combat (and casualties) at the bloody Siege of Port Arthur. It subsequently formed the core of General Kawamura Kageaki’s 5th Army, where (under the command of Lieutenant General Samejima Shigeo, it played a significant role in securing the Japanese victory at the Battle of Mukden. The division remained stationed in Manchuria as a garrison force for two years after the end of the Russo-Japanese War, and only returned to Zentsuji 7 May 1911.


11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Russo-Japanese War to Siberian Intervention
The 11th Division was deployed again to the continent during the Japanese intervention in Siberia in August 1920, replacing the IJA 14th Division. The division has demobilized and returned to Japan in June 1921.


11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War
The 11th Division was one of the three Japanese divisions deployed to Shanghai in China during the January 28 Incident in 1932. It returned to Shanghai in July 1937 with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was reassigned to garrison duty in Manchukuo from September 1938. In October 1939, the division was reorganized into a triangular division, with its IJA 22nd Infantry Regiment forming the core of the new 24th Division.


11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War
After the start of the Pacific War, the division was based at Mishan, near Lake Khasan in eastern Manchukuo as part of the 5th Army, in support of anti-partisan police actions and to act as a deterrent against Soviet border forces. At the time it was commanded by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima.


11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War
In February 1944, a large part of division (3rd battalions of 12th infantry, 43rd infantry and 11th mountain artillery regiments) of the 11th Division's strength were detached to 10th Independent Mixed Regiment (tsūshōgō code 17584) and sent to Guam to reinforce the 1st division, which was annihilated at the Battle of Guam (1944) in July–August 1944.


11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War
In April 1945, the remainder of the 11th Division was transferred from Manchukuo back to Shikoku under command of the 55th army in preparation for the expected Allied invasion of Japan. It and disbanded with the surrender of Japan in August 1945.


11th Division (Iraq)
The 11th Infantry Division is a formation (military) of the Iraqi Army. Its headquarters is located in the former Ministry of Defence building in Baghdad.


11th Division (Iraq)
The 11th Division was put in place at the end of 2007 as part of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 and the Baghdad Security Plan. It was formed from an experienced brigade, the 2nd Brigade, 6th Division (which became its 1st Brigade) and received the help of the 4th Brigade of the 1st Division (which is still operating in Baghdad au côté de la 11th Division), to which were added two newly formed brigades and one still forming at the time. It played a significant role in the Siege of Sadr City from April 2008. The division's area of responsibility is the east of Baghdad. Its soldier numbers are low  compared to a standard infantry division and it may become an armoured division.


11th Division (Iraq)
First Gulf War (1990-1991):The Iraqi 11th infantry division occupied Kuwait City during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait from 1990 to 1991. There it participated in the Battle of Kuwait International Airport.


11th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
The 11th Division was a crack division of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and part of the Chinese troops trained by the Germans. For a time known as the 18th Army, it served with distinction during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Being one of the five elite units of Chiang Kai-shek's Whampoa cliqué, the division ceased to exist after sustaining heavy casualties against the Communists in the Chinese Civil War.


11th Division (Philippines)
The 11th Infantry Division was a division of the Philippine Army under the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).


11th Division (Philippines), History
It was active from 1941 to April 9, 1942, whereupon it surrendered when Bataan fell. It was organized and trained in Zambales Province of Northern Luzon. Col. (later BGen.) William E. Brougher (USA) was the division's commander.


11th Division (Philippines), History, Combat Narrative
At the opening of hostilities, 8 December 1941, the 11th Division formed a part of BGen. (later LGen.) Jonathan M. Wainwright's North Luzon Force of the Philippine Army (later renamed I Philippine Corps), alongside the 21st and 31st Divisions, and the 26th Cavalry Regiment.


11th Division (Spain)
The 11th Division (Spanish: 11ª División) was a division of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was formed in January 1937 in Madrid beginning with the 1st Mixed Brigade which in turn had originated in the Fifth Regiment.


11th Division (Spain)
Nicknamed División Líster, it would become one of the elite divisions, as well as one of the most battle-hardened formations, of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces.


11th Division (Spain), History, Origins: The 'C Division'
Although the 11th Division was officially established on 24 January 1937, its origin lies in the C Division of the Republican Army that was created owing to circumstances by joining a number of newly constituted mixed brigades in order to send them to the Jarama River area in order to respond to the rebel attacks towards the Valencia road. However, after much effort, Enrique Líster's men were successful in repelling the rebel offensive at the Battle of Jarama, where the combats in the El Pingarrón area caused a high number of casualties in loyalist ranks. Finally, towards the end of February the rebel advance in the Jarama banks was halted and fixed until the end of the Civil War. After the victory and, as a result of the reorganization of the Spanish Republican Armed forces, the 'C Division' firmly became the 11th Division.


11th Division (Spain), History, Battles of Guadalajara and Brunete
Following the bloodbath at the Jarama the 11th Division was barely being reorganized when it was sent to Guadalajara where on 8 March the Fascist Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie had launched an offensive. The purpose of the Italians was to encircle the loyalists in a pocket around Madrid and the ensuing battle would be known as Battle of Guadalajara. In this conflict the 11th Division was formed by the 1st Bis Mixed Brigade, the 1st


11th Division (Spain), History, Battles of Guadalajara and Brunete
Mobile Shock Brigade (1.ª Brigada Móvil de Choque) led by Valentín González "El Campesino" —which would later be known as the 10th Mixed Brigade— as well as the XI International Brigade ("Thälmann Brigade") and the XII International Brigade ("Garibaldi Brigade"). The 11th Division, together with the 12th and the 14th divisions —the latter under Cipriano Mera—, was put under the newly established IV Army Corps under the command of Enrique Jurado Barrio. After Guadalajara the 11th Division took part in the Battle of Brunete in the summer 1937. There Líster and his division resisted at the Brunete graveyard until 25 July, but ended up losing the disputed town in the face of the heavy Francoist assaults.


11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon
The independence with which the Regional Defence Council of Aragon acted had always been an irritant for the republican authorities. Thus, after having re-established its control over Catalonia, the republican government, backed by its republican, socialist and communist sectors, was determined to disband this Aragonese entity. Finally on 4 August 1937 Indalecio Prieto, the National Defense Minister, ordered the Spanish Republican Army to intervene and the 11th Division was sent to Aragon, officially disbanding the Aragon Council (Consejo de Aragón) on 10 August.


11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon
Joaquín Ascaso and various anarchist members of the Regional Defence Council were arrested under various charges, such as jewel smuggling. A total of about 700 anarchists ended up being arrested in those days in Aragon. The fact that the 11th Division was chosen for this operation demonstrated the high regard in which it was held by the Republican government.


11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon
Once in Aragon the division participated in the Zaragoza Offensive on 24 August which eventually gave way to the difficult Battle of Belchite. The 11th Division fought these battles together with the 35th International led by General "Walter" and again with the 46th Division led by "El Campesino". The 11th Division was then under the V Army Corps led by Modesto.


11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon
In October the division was again sent to an operation against the rebels in Zaragoza through Fuentes de Ebro, but despite the forty new BT-5 tanks deployed by Lister's unit, the battle ended in disaster owing to the intense rains and the muddy terrain, so that only 28 tanks came back safely to Republican lines. After this turn of events the campaign stabilized and the 11th Division remained in Aragon through the Autumn of 1937, being later sent to fight the Battle of Teruel.


11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon
In Teruel the 11th Division fought together with the 25th Division led by García Vivancos in the Columna Norte, of the XXII Army Corps led by Lieutenant Colonel Ibarrola. Here the 11th was given the mission to break the front and be at the vanguard of the attack, which the division did on 15 December under heavy snow. Before the evening the city was surrounded by Republican and Lister went to  the strategic La Muela hill. The 11th Division suffered many casualties, as all units involved in the ensuing defence of the city against the fierce rebel counterattacks.


11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon
When the defence became impossible, Líster was ordered to withdraw his troops, following which he was criticized by El Campesino, who was trapped with the 46th Division in the city. But later both Líster and Modesto, leader of the V Army Corps, would in turn accuse El Campesino of having fled Teruel leaving his men behind.


11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon
Following the bloodbath at Teruel the 11th Division was sent to the rearguard in order to recover from the heavy losses it had suffered. But there would be no respite for the much-battered Republicans, for right after reconquering Teruel the rebel faction launched the massive Aragon Offensive that caught all republican units that were in Aragon by surprise and routed the Eastern Army (Ejército del Este).


11th Division (Spain), History, Interventions in Aragon
In the middle of the hasty and chaotic withdrawal the 11th Division troops were able, however, to contain the Fascist Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie troops when these arrived to the lower course of the Ebro at the beginning of April 1938. The resistance put up by the 11th Division would be decisive to briefly stop their advance in the Ebro, but the division would remain henceforward locked in Catalonia and isolated from the remaining Republican territory when the rebel troops led by General Aranda reached the Mediterranean Sea on 3 April, dividing the Spanish Republic in two.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro
On 25 July 1938 in the early morning, at the onset of the Battle of the Ebro, the 11th Division crossed the Ebro River between Ginestar and Benifallet. It was one of the favourite units of Modesto, Chief Commander of the Ebro Army, and had been awarded the honor and responsibility of being the spearhead of the whole V Republican Army Corps during the attack. However, the 11th Division would be also the first unit that was seen by the troops of the rebel army and thus had to endure the fiercest and most scathing attacks. Despite the difficulties the division fulfilled all its military targets and launched an attack against Móra d'Ebre, the most important town in the Ribera d'Ebre comarca.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro
But Móra d'Ebre housed a large number of enemy troops and the 11th Division, not being able to dislodge them, chose to encircle the town leaving its defenders isolated. After conquering the bridgehead, the 11th Division advanced towards the mountains in order to link with the troops of the 46th Division in order to control the strategic heights of the Pandols and Cavalls ranges above the town of Gandesa.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro
In the early morning hours of 26 July the Republican troops reached their objectives, but after the long march and the ascension of the rocky ranges the men of the 11th Division were physically exhausted. Thus the division did not launch the planned surprise attack against Gandesa and was not able to continue the advance southwards in order to reach Bot and Batea.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro
On 2 August the Republican advance had run out of steam and the 11th Division occupied the Pandols Range, holding its position against the 84th Division of the rebel faction and entrenching itself in the rocky hills awaiting the enemy counterattack. The Francoist counterattack was fierce and intense. For a whole week the Republican division was subjected to a continuous hail of artillery and airborne projectiles, while its men repelled numerous attacks of the enemy infantry, especially from the IV Navarra Division which was made up of three Spanish Legion units.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro
Despite the bloodbath in the veteran Republican ranks Modesto's insisted in keeping the Pandols position and ordered the integration of all the artillery of the V Corps in the 11th Division. However, after numerous waves of continuous attacks the Francoist troops succeeded in wrestling the hills from the Republican division on 15 August —including the highly disputed Hill 705, which changed hands no less than eight times on 14 August.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro
Owing to the high number of casualties caused by enemy artillery and close combat in the highest points of the range, the battered 11th Division units were relieved and partially replaced by the 35th Division. Following its valiant and resilient behaviour and the losses it had to bear, the 11th Division was awarded the Laureate Plate of Madrid, but the Spanish Republic had lost a great number of irreplaceable battle-hardened veterans.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Battle of the Ebro
At the beginning of September the division returned to its former positions in the Pandols Range, where the Francoist armies would give no respite, so that again it fought fierce battles against the rebel troops for a period of two months, losing some key positions and continuing to suffer a high number of casualties. Finally a massive Francoist counteroffensive began at the end of October and the much crushed 11th Division could no longer bear the avalanche of rebel attacks. The rebel counteroffensive marked the end of the Battle of the Ebro and on 5 November what remained of the 11th Division withdrew, crossing again the Ebro River at Benifallet.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
Following the Battle of the Ebro debacle the 11th Division retreated to the rearguard in order to recover and reorganize, being temporarily made part of the Republican Military Reserve.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
But not long thereafter, on 23 December, the rebel faction launched its final Catalonia Offensive and the 11th Division —which had been in need of a longer period of rest— was urgently deployed in the Segre Front, together with the remainder of the V Army Corps commanded by Enrique Lister, in order to close the gaps in the front where inexperienced groups of the Eastern Army had fled in panic before the fierce rebel assault, abandoning the lines they were defending at the Segre River.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
Enrique Lister set up his general headquarters at Castelldans and with his competent, battle-hardenend troops he was able to contain the Francoist onslaught for almost two weeks in the area near Borges Blanques. Finally on 3 January 1939 the rebels launched a powerful attack against Lister's divisions with armoured vehicles in the vanguard, so that even the men 11th Division became overwhelmed and had to abandon their lines of defence and the much devastated town of Borges Blanques fell to the Fascist Italian troops of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie (CTV).


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
Later some of the Republican forces counterattacked and made some prisoners among the Italian Fascists, which were executed after having been interrogated. But in the face of the vehement Francoist offensive all Republican units had to retreat and left the area of the Segre Front, gradually withdrawing in a northeastern direction.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
Thus the Ebro Army covered the massive Republican retreat along the Mediterranean coastline until reaching Barcelona, where there had been plans to organize a strong resistance against the Fascist onslaught on the lines of the Defence of Madrid in 1936. But the option proved unrealistic, for the city's population was hungry and demoralized and the troops lacked arms and ammunition, hence the only option open for the exhausted Republican divisions of the elite V Corps was to abandon Barcelona to its fate and retreat towards the French border.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
By the beginning of February what remained of the units of the 11th Division arrived to the northern zone of Catalonia where, together with other retreating Republican units, they tried to establish a defensive line along the lower course of the Tordera River to halt the powerful advance of the rebel armies, but this effort quickly proved unsuccessful in the face of scathing enemy attacks.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
This last-ditch attempt had been part of a grand strategy of the Spanish Republic to resist the Francoist offensives until the deemed onset of a larger European War between the Fascist powers and the western democracies, in order to link the Spanish conflict with the wider European one. Thus Modesto and Líster saw the retreat to France of the remainder of the Ebro Army as part of a tactical evacuation, with the aim to regroup these units with the remaining units of the last area under Republican control in order to continue the resistance.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
The French government, however, would not allow the Republican units that crossed the border to be transferred to the remaining Spanish Republican territory, for all the veteran survivors of the 11th Division, together with all Republican military, were disarmed and swiftly interned in French concentration camps right after crossing its border. Thus the 11th Division, along with all units of the V Army Corps, was extinguished.


11th Division (Spain), History, Last battles and end of the division, Catalonia Campaign
Before its demise the 11th Division had briefly resisted, however, in the line of the Ter River on 5 February, and after crossing the Muga River on 8 February. Finally, in the early morning of 9 February the last units of the once mighty Ebro Army under Modesto crossed the border into France and the very next day all Spanish border posts fell into Francoist hands.


11th Division (Spain), History, Women in the 11th Division
Some women from militia background managed to be promoted to commanding positions in the 11th Division. Foremost among them was Encarnación Hernández Luna, born in Beneixama near Valencia. At the time of the first combats of the Civil War she joined the militias of the Fifth Regiment, in a machine gun unit which subsequently was integrated into the 1st Mixed Brigade. She became a lieutenant on 1 January 1937 and a captain on 15 June of the same year. She went on to become a commander in the Battle of the Ebro in 1938.


11th Division (Spain), History, Women in the 11th Division
She had married Alberto Sánchez Méndez, a Cuban member of the International Brigades, who died in the Battle of Brunete of wounds sustained in combat, while Encarnación held fast to the position with her machine gun. Pablo Neruda composed a poem to the couple. After the end of the Civil War Encarnación went with her father to exile in France and then the USSR. She died in Quebec in 2004.