12.7×108mm
The 12.7×108mm cartridge is a 12.7 mm heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the former Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, China and other countries. It was invented in 1934 to create a cartridge like the German 13.2mm TuF anti-tank rifle round and the American .50 Browning Machine Gun round (12.7×99mm NATO).


12.7×108mm
It is used in the same roles as the NATO .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO) cartridge. The two differ in bullet shape and weight, and the casing of the 12.7×108mm is slightly longer, and its larger case capacity allow it to hold slightly more of a different type of powder. The 12.7×108mm can be used to engage a wide variety of targets on the battlefield, and will destroy unarmored vehicles, penetrate lightly armored vehicles and damage external ancillary equipment (i.e. : searchlights, radar, transmitters, vision blocks, engine compartment covers) on heavily armored vehicles such as tanks. It will also ignite gasoline and—since 2019—diesel fuel (experimental “Avers” AP/I round). Armor-piercing ammunition will penetrate around 25 mm of armor. Normal full metal jacket ammunition will only dimple tank armor, causing no damage.


12.7×108mm, Cartridge dimensions
The 12.7×108mm has 22.72 ml (350 grains) H2O cartridge case capacity.


12.7×108mm, Cartridge dimensions
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 18.16 degrees.


12.7×108mm, Cartridge dimensions
According to guidelines the 12.7×108mm case can handle up to 360 MPa (52,213 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers.


12.7×108mm, Cartridge types, Soviet and Russian 12.7×108 types
Note that some WW2 bullets share designations with ones for 14.5×114mm.


12.7×55mm STs-130
The 12.7×55mm cartridge is used in some Russian firearms such as VKS bullpup sniper rifle and ShAK-12 bullpup battle rifle and RSh-12 revolver. The cartridge can carry a projectile weighing between from 108 grains and 1173 grains and is predominantly used to fire heavy subsonic loads. The high penetration VKS round can penetrate up to 16 mm (0.63 in) of steel at 200 metres (220 yd) or body armor up to GOST 5 or NIJ III at 100 metres (110 yd).


12.7×55mm STs-130
The accuracy of this cartridge when loaded with precision VKS bullets is claimed to be one MOA at 100 metres (110 yd) up to the effective range limit of 600 metres (660 yd). Despite being chambered in the same cartridge, the ShAK-12 would not be able to feed or chamber rounds designed for the VKS due to significant length differences in the bullet component of the cartridge and thus requires its own, shorter, loads. The ShAK-12 rounds have less range compared to the VKS with the maximum effective range of the loads reaching in between 100 and 300 metres (110 and 330 yd).


12.8 cm FlaK 40
The 12.8 cm FlaK 40 was a German World War II anti-aircraft gun. Although it was not produced in great numbers, it was reportedly one of the most effective heavy AA guns of its era.


12.8 cm FlaK 40, History
Development of the 12.8 cm FlaK 40 began in 1936, with the contract being awarded to Rheinmetall Borsig. The first prototype gun was delivered for testing in late 1937 and completed testing successfully. The gun weighed nearly 12 tonnes in its firing position, with the result that its barrel had to be removed for transport. Limited service testing showed this was impractical, so in 1938 other solutions were considered. Ultimately the firing platform was simplified, based on the assumption it would always be securely bolted into concrete. Approximately 200 guns were also mounted on railcars, providing limited mobility.


12.8 cm FlaK 40, History
The total weight of the Flakzwilling twin-gun mount system reached 26.5 tonnes, making it practically impossible to tow cross-country. In the end, this mattered little since by the time the gun entered production in 1942, it was used in primarily static, defensive applications. There were four twin mounts on the fortified anti-aircraft Zoo Tower, and they were also on other flak towers protecting Berlin, Hamburg, and Vienna. It is claimed that during the Battle of Berlin the guns on the Zoo Tower were used successfully to support ground forces. The rush to capture the Reichstag led to dozens of tanks being destroyed.


12.8 cm FlaK 40, History
The gun fired a 27.9 kg (61.5-pound) shell at 880 m/s (2,890 ft/s) to a maximum ceiling of 14,800 m (48,556 ft). Compared with the 88 mm FlaK 18 & 36, the FlaK 40 used a powder charge four times as great.


12.8 cm FlaK 40, History
In December 1943, Hitler decided not to introduce the FlaK 40 "During this war".


12.8 cm Pak 44
The 12.8 cm Pak 44 (Pak from German Panzerabwehrkanone "anti-tank gun") was a German anti-tank gun used during World War II. It was designed as a result of experiences on the Eastern front in 1943. The German Army came upon the Soviet 122 mm field guns and issued a requirement for a similar weapon. Development initially concentrated on a field gun known as the Kanone K 44. However, once heavier Soviet tanks such as the IS-2 started to appear, the design requirements were altered to include an anti-armour role.


12.8 cm Pak 44
The Pak 44 had short to medium-range performance similar to the 8.8 cm Pak 43, but the 12.8 cm Pak 44 better maintained its anti-tank performance over long to extreme-long ranges - 1,800–2,700 m (2,000–3,000 yd) and beyond - while also doubling as an effective field gun when firing high-explosive shells.


12.8 cm Pak 44, Design history
The choice of a 128 mm calibre anti-tank gun was made because of the availability of tooling due to the use of this calibre for naval weapons. The design contracts were awarded to Rheinmetall Borsig and Krupp. The first prototype guns were delivered for testing in late 1943. Rheinmetall had developed a variant of the 128  mm Flak gun, whilst Krupp opted to design a new weapon from the ground up. After initial tests, the Rheinmetall design was dropped and development continued with the Krupp design. However, the service tests showed that a towed anti-tank gun weighing nearly 11 tonnes was impractical, so the towed design was terminated.


12.8 cm Pak 44, Design history
Approximately 50 barrels and breeches were used on existing carriages. The weapon that used the ex-French GPF-T carriage was known as the K 81/1, while the K 81/2 used the ex-Russian carriage. Both of these designs were rushed, and were too heavy, making them cumbersome to deploy. In 1943, a design programme using the Pak 44 as its starting point was started for a gun to mount on the Jagdtiger (Sd. Kfz. 186) and the Maus super-heavy tank. This weapon, of which approximately 100 were made, was known both as the Pak 44 and Pak 80 / Panzerjägerkanone Pjk 80. The performance was identical to the initial design.


12.8 cm Pak 44, Performance
The gun was fed with two-piece ammunition, the projectile and cartridge making up separate pieces. Because of this, the gun could be fired using three different sized propellant charges; a light, medium and heavy charge. The light and medium charges were normally used when the gun was fulfilling the role of an artillery piece, where they would launch the ~28 kg projectiles to a muzzle velocity of 845 m/s and 880 m/s respectively.


12.8 cm Pak 44, Performance
The heavy charge was used when the gun was fulfilling its intended role as an anti-tank gun, where it fired a 28.3 kg APCBC-HE projectile (PzGr.43) at a muzzle velocity of 950 m/s. With the heavy charge, and using the PzGr.43 projectile, the Pak 44 was capable of penetrating  312 millimetres (12.3 in) of 30 degree sloped armor at 500 metres 230 millimetres (9.1 in) of 30 degree sloped armour at 1000 metres, 200 millimetres (7.9 in) at 2,000 metres (2,200 yd), and 173 millimetres (6.8 in) at 3,000 metres (3,300 yd) range.


12.8 cm Pak 44, Performance
The 12.8 cm Pak 44 ended up becoming the standard main armament for the Jagdtiger heavy tank destroyer and a tank gun variant was the planned main armament for many future super-heavy tank designs in development during the last months of World War II, including the fully turreted Panzerkampfwagen Maus and E-100, as the 12,8 cm KwK 44 L/55 main gun.


12.8 cm Pak 44, Designations
As is common at this time, this weapon underwent several name changes. At various times it was known as K 44, Pak 44, Kanone 81, Pak 80 and Pjk 80.


12.8 cm Pak 44, Designations
Equipment numbered in the 8x range were temporary items usually issued in small numbers and not regarded as standard issue service weapons. Hence Pak 80 and Pjk 80 were temporary names, as were K81/x.


12.8 cm Pak 44, Designations
Had this equipment been accepted into full service, it would have had a Pak 4x designation attached. The only difference between the Pak 44 and the K 44 was the mode of operation—the weapon itself was identical.


12/12/12 (film)
12/12/12 (also known as Evil Born) is a 2012 American 18+ horror film written and directed by Jared Cohn. It stars Sara Malakul Lane, Jesus Guevara, Erin O'Brien, Steve Hanks, and Carl Donelson. It was filmed in Los Angeles, California and released on December 4, 2012.


12/12/12 (film), Plot
The film begins with a baby, Sebastian, being born. After Sebastian viciously murders the doctors who delivered him, his mother (Sara Malakul Lane) realizes that there is something seriously wrong with the child. Over the course of the movie, Sebastian brutally murders many people and tragedy strikes many others. Mahari (Jesus Guevara) attempts to steal the baby from Sebastian's birth parents many times and eventually does. He steals Sebastian in order to embrace his evil calling. Police officers attempt to kill Mahari but Mahari and his companions use Sebastian to murder them. The movie ends with all the main characters dead, and their deaths were associated in some way to Sebastian.


12/12/12 (film), Reception
Dread Central called it an "Omen-esque horror flick titled after the date on which its hellspawn will be born". Filming the project created controversy in Thailand, in which set photos showing Sara Malakul Lane in costume looking as if pregnant were mistakenly thought to be real, for there are cultural taboos there about unwed motherhood.


12/13th Battalion of the Line
The 12th of the Line (Prince Leopold) – 13th of the Line Battalion (French: Bataillon 12e de Ligne Prince Léopold - 13e de Ligne, Dutch: Bataljon 12 Linie Prins Léopold - 13 Linie) is an infantry unit in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. It maintains the traditions of the 12th Regiment of the Line and 13th Regiment of the Line. From 2011 until 1st January 2017 the regiment was a part of the Light Brigade and on that date  the regiment joined the Motorized Brigade.


12/13th Battalion of the Line, History, 12th Regiment of the Line
The 12th Regiment of the Line is the oldest active Belgian infantry regiment. It was created on March 31, 1831, and since 1984 has been authorised to bear the title "Prince Leopold" which was originally bestowed on it in 1915, during the First World War.


12/13th Battalion of the Line, History, 12th Regiment of the Line
The badge of the 12th Regiment of the Line was based on the coat of arms of the city of Liège where the regiment had its barracks. It depicted the city's perron column.


12/13th Battalion of the Line, History, 13th Regiment of the Line
The 13th of the Line was founded in 1874. It was disbanded in 1947, but in 1976 it reformed as an anti-tank regiment.


12/13th Battalion of the Line, History, Amalgamation
In 1993, the 12th of the Line and the 13th of the Line were merged to form the 12th Battalion of the Line "Prince Leopold" – 13th of the Line.


12/13th Battalion of the Line, Standard
The standards of the unit carry the following citations:For the 12th Regiment of Line:


12/13th Battalion of the Line, Standard
As well as a fourragère of the Order of Leopold.


12/24 Karol Bagh
12/24 Karol Bagh is an Indian television comedy-drama series that aired on Zee TV set in the Karol Bagh area of Delhi. The series premiered on 31 August 2009. The series was directed by Ravi Bhushan shot in both Delhi and Mumbai studios. The story dealt with the conflicts between today's kids' generation and their parents. The series started the trend of TV serials being set in Delhi.


12/24 Karol Bagh, Brief synopsis
12/24 Karol Bagh, Delhi is the address of the Sethi family. The head of the family is Mr.Rajinder Sethi who owns a shop selling bridal wear. He is a simple man who does not believe in God. His wife Manju Sethi is a practical woman who has a positive outlook towards life. Simi(Smriti Kalra), the eldest daughter is 28 years of age and is still unmarried. Though she is soft-spoken and sweet, she is a bit plump. The second child is Anuj (Wasim Mushtaq) who works in a bank.


12/24 Karol Bagh, Brief synopsis
Anuj has a girlfriend but is waiting for his elder sister to get married. The third child is Neetu (Sargun Mehta) who is happy go lucky, extremely boisterous and whose only goal is to get married. And the youngest daughter is Mili (Hunar Hali) who is street smart, bold and realistic. Presently the biggest concern in the Sethi family is Simi's marriage as she has already been rejected 9 to 10 times. As the story progresses, you get to see the Sethi family face various problems, always managing to stay together through thick and thin.


120 (film)
120 is a 2008 Turkish war film directed by Murat Saraçoğlu and Özhan Eren based on the true story of 120 children who died in 1915 carrying ammunition for the Battle of Sarikamish against the Russians during World War I. The film went on general release across Turkey on February 15, 2008 (2008-02-15) and is one of the highest grossing Turkish films of 2008.


120 (film), Production
Writer, producer and co-director  Özhan Eren, an expert on the Caucasus Campaign in World War I, who came across the story of the 120 boys while doing the research for his bestselling The Road to Sarıkamış (Turkish: Sarıkamış'a Giden Yol), spent three years preparation for the film.


120 (film), Production
I adore period movies... this is what stimulates me about the movie... The authentic historical scenario of the movie is one of the features that make the film exceptional. We show what our ancestors sacrificed -- and under which conditions -- for the country. There may not be many battle scenes, but there certainly is emotion around every corner. It is about the heroism of 120 children. I expect the audience to respond positively, looking from this perspective.


120 (film), Production
It is a theme I have stressed for years. We went through unique battles and pretty hard days as a nation. However, we are somehow unsuccessful in making movies out of them. We are unable to tell our history to the coming generations... We experienced calamities. In each home we have a martyr. These [stories] have to be told, and '120' is a crucial project in this respect. It will be tiring for me, but it is worth it.


120 (film), Production
The film, which received a record amount of support from the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, was shot over two years in harsh conditions on location in Safranbolu, Van and Istanbul, Turkey. When heavy snow, expected in Van for the winter settings of the film, failed to arrive, 20 trucks, two loaders and 30 staff members had to be laid on to bring 300 tons of snow from Çaldıran to Van for several scenes.


120 (film), Plot
During the Battle of Sarikamish, the Ottoman army runs out of ammunition and appeals for help to the people of Van, who happen to have supplies. However, the First World War is on and all the men are fighting at the four corners of the empire and therefore can not respond to the appeal. The young children of Van want to do something and when the principal of a school, who has lost a son in the war, suggests that they transport ammunition, 120 young boys aged 12 to 17 volunteer and take to the road. The movie tells the true story of the 120 boys and their sisters and mothers left behind, who wait for their return.


120 (film), Release
The film went on general release, with what Emrah Güler described as, an aggressive (and unnecessarily nationalistic) marketing campaign, in 179 screens across Turkey on February 15, 2008 (2008-02-15) at number one in the Turkish box office with an opening weekend gross of US$376,812.


120 (film), Release
The film had a gala screening in Stuttgart on May 7, 2008 (2008-05-07) before going on general release in 32 screens across Germany on May 8, 2008 (2008-05-08) at number 17 in the German box office with an opening weekend gross of US$53,763.


120 (film), Release
The film was re-released, to coincide with August 30 Victory Day (Turkish: Zafer Bayramı) celebrations, in 32 screens across Turkey on August 29, 2008 (2008-08-29) at number thirteen in the Turkish box office with an opening weekend gross of US$23,071.


120 (film), Reception, Box office
The film was in the Turkish box office charts for 41 weeks and is the 9th highest-grossing Turkish film of 2008 with a total nationwide gross of US$3,289,480.


120 (film), Reception, Reviews
Despite the tone of the press release and the trailer... [it is] attracting impressive crowds thanks to rising nationalism, fueled by, among many things, the debates around the Armenian issue, [the film] is very careful not to become another tool for mindless propaganda in the recent nationalist discourses. And neither does it play out as praise of war. It simply tells a sad story, lost to the annals of history. The trick is that the period the movie carefully taps into is a minefield already, whether you are careful not to take sides or overlook certain details. [ The film] opens up another discussion on whether you can make an anti-war film through depicting war and the unnecessary deaths of many, when most of the time it is better to find a justification for those deaths if you do not want your young to have died in vain.


120 (film), Reception, Reviews
On the whole, [it] is a powerful film despite its many setbacks, including the usual didactic dialogue, overdose of melodrama and over-length running time. It reminds us that the milestones forming the Turkish Republic were achieved with great personal and social sacrifice under the harshest of conditions, where disease and poverty had already overcome Anatolia. Throughout our childhood and youth, we are always taught how painstakingly difficult and laborious it was to declare independence to create modern Turkey, and yes, sometimes we hear it to too many times for own good. However, the makers of '120' -- I want to believe with good intentions -- succinctly remind us that indeed it was never easy as a nation to get to where we are now. In our current socio-politically volatile times, let's just hope that history doesn't repeat itself.


120 (number)
120, read as one hundred [and] twenty, is the natural number following 119 and preceding 121.


120 (number)
In the Germanic languages, the number 120 was also formerly known as "one hundred". This "hundred" of six score is now obsolete, but is described as the long hundred or great hundred in historical contexts.


120 (number), In mathematics
120 is the factorial of 5 and one less than a square, making (5, 11) a Brown number pair. 120 is the sum of a twin prime pair (59 + 61) and the sum of four consecutive prime numbers (23 + 29 + 31 + 37), four consecutive powers of 2 (8 + 16 + 32 + 64), and four consecutive powers of 3 (3 + 9 + 27 + 81).


120 (number), In mathematics
It is highly composite, superabundant, and colossally abundant number, with its 16 divisors being more than any number lower than it has, and it is also the smallest number to have exactly that many divisors. It is also a sparsely totient number. 120 is the smallest number to appear six times in Pascal's triangle. 120 is also the smallest highly composite number with no adjacent prime number, being adjacent to 119 = 7 × 17 and 121 = 112.


120 (number), In mathematics
It is the eighth hexagonal number and the fifteenth triangular number, as well as the sum of the first eight triangular numbers, making it also a tetrahedral number. Because 15 is also triangular, 120 is a doubly triangular number. 120 is divisible by the first 5 triangular numbers and the first 4 tetrahedral numbers.


120 (number), In mathematics
120 is the first multiply perfect number of order three (a 3-perfect or triperfect number). The sum of its factors (including one and itself) sum to 360; exactly three times 120. Note that perfect numbers are order two (2-perfect) by the same definition.


120 (number), In mathematics
120 is divisible by the number of primes below it, 30 in this case. However, there is no integer which has 120 as the sum of its proper divisors, making 120 an untouchable number.


120 (number), In mathematics
The sum of Euler's totient function φ(x) over the first nineteen integers is 120.


120 (number), In mathematics
120 appears in Pierre de Fermat's modified Diophantine problem as the largest known integer of the sequence 1, 3, 8, 120. Fermat wanted to find another positive integer that, when multiplied by any of the other numbers in the sequence, yields a number that is one less than a square. Leonhard Euler also searched for this number, but failed to find it, but did find a fractional number that meets the other conditions, 777480/28792.


120 (number), In mathematics
The internal angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal) are all 120 degrees.


120 (number), In science
120 is the atomic number of unbinilium, an element yet to be discovered.


120 (number), In science
In electrical engineering, each line of the three-phase system are 120 degrees apart from each other.


120 BC
Year 120 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Manilius and Carbo (or, less frequently, year 634 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanshou. The denomination 120 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


120 BC, Osroene
Beginning of the kingdom Osroene. The end of the kingdom is in 244 AD.


120 Collins Street
120 Collins Street is a 265 m (869 ft) skyscraper in Collins Street, Melbourne central business district, Victoria, Australia. It was built from 1989 to 1991 and it comprises 50 levels of office accommodation and four levels of plant.


120 Collins Street
The building was designed by architectural firm Hassell, in association with Daryl Jackson. Structural engineers were Connell Wagner, and mechanical, electrical and fire services engineers were Lincolne Scott.


120 Collins Street
120 Collins Street is a postmodern style building, paying homage to New York City's grand Art Deco buildings, such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. This influence can be seen in the building's granite façade, its setbacks and its central mast.


120 Collins Street
The building is home to a number of high-profile tenants including Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Bain, BlackRock, Rothschild, Knight Frank, Qualitas, Standard & Poor's, BlueScope, Urbis, Mitsubishi, Rio Tinto Group, Ord Minnet, System Partners, Morgan Stanley,  Citigroup and Korn Ferry.


120 Collins Street
When completed in August 1991, the building had a roof height of 220 m (720 ft) with a 45 m (148 ft) spire, bringing the total height to 265 m (869 ft). It was the tallest building in Australia for 14 years until it was surpassed by the Q1 in 2005. It remained the tallest building in Melbourne until being surpassed by the residential Eureka Tower in 2006. It is currently the sixth tallest building in Australia.


120 Days, Biography
The band comprises Jonas Dahl, Arne Kvalvik, Kjetil Ovesen, and Ådne Meisfjord, and was formed in Kristiansund in 2001 under the name The Beautiful People. When they changed their name, they took the new name from the Marquis De Sade's 120 Days Of Sodom. Originally based in Kristiansund, they moved to Oslo in 2002. After two EPs on the Public Demand label, the group signed to the Norwegian independent label Smalltown Supersound. Their first album, 120 Days, was released on 10 October 2006, and had several positive reviews in North American publications.


120 Days, Biography
The group toured the United States shortly after the album's release. 120 started producing new material for a record after returning to Oslo in 2008, following major touring around the United States and Europe. On 7 June 2012, 120 Days announced that the band would end by September that year. The band had played together for almost 11 years before announcing the last concert in September 2012.


120 Days (album)
120 Days is the first studio album by 120 Days, released on 10 October 2006 on the Smalltown Supersound label.


120 Days (album)
The album reached 8th on the VG-lista chart, and netted a Spellemannsprisen award to 120 Days for best rock album of the year. 65 Norwegian music critics voted 120 Days album of the year, ahead of Tom Waits' Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards and Joanna Newsom's Ys.


120 Days of Genitorture
120 Days of Genitorture is the debut album of American industrial metal/industrial rock band Genitorturers. The title is a reference to the book "120 Days of Sodom", by the Marquis de Sade.


120 End Street
Coordinates: 120 End Street is a skyscraper in Hillbrow, Johannesburg, South Africa. It is 28 storeys tall. The three wings of the building are set at 120 degrees from each other so that each apartment in the building has a clear view.


120 KRH 92
The 120 KRH 92 (Finnish: 120 mm kranaatinheitin, malli 1992) is a 120 mm mortar manufactured in Finland.


120 KRH 92
Due to major general Vilho Nenonen's initiative, Finland has built mortars since the early 1930s and although they have not been exported, the designs have been used in many countries. The largest technological transfer of Finnish mortar technology took place in the 1950s, when the technology was transferred to Israel for Soltam.


120 KRH 92
The mortar is used to support battalions and companies in battle with indirect fire, to give support fire for infantry troops and coastal fortifications, and to apply smoke or illumination on the battlefield. It is usually transported by vehicle and the maximum towing speed is 80 km/h. The mortar is operated by a seven-man crew.


120 King Street West
120 King Street West is a 14-storey high-rise office building in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The 62 metre building was completed in 1983, and is part of the Lloyd D. Jackson Square complex. The building was originally named the Standard Life Centre, after the Standard Life Assurance Company of Canada, one of the companies responsible for the development of the Jackson Square complex.


120 King Street West, Description
The building's facade consists of alternating horizontal rows of concrete, and glass windows. The corners of the facade are clad entirely with glass. The interior features a large lobby with granite walls and columns, a security desk, a digital directory, and 2 elevator banks. The low-rise elevator bank, located on the east side of the lobby, features 4 modernized Schindler elevators that serve floors 1 through 6, with one of the elevators serving the underground parking lot.


120 King Street West, Description
The high-rise elevator bank, located on the West side of the lobby, also features 4 modernized Schindler elevators that serve floors 7 through 11, with one of the elevators serving the underground parking lot, as well as the mechanical floor. All of the elevators from both banks serve the plaza level. The building also features escalators and stairs that lead from the main level (lobby and mall) to the plaza level. The interior of 120 King Street West features a large central atrium with a fountain at its base, as well as column-free floor plates. The Jackson Square mall, as well as the 3 other office buildings in the complex are accessible from the lobby level. The building features a large common underground parking lot with a capacity of 1300 vehicles.


120 King Street West, Images
Standard Life Centre viewed from the Jackson Square rooftop plaza


120 King Street West, Images
The West portion of the Jackson Square mall, within the Standard Life Centre atrium


120 King Street West, Images
Fountain in the West portion of the Jackson Square mall, within the Standard Life Centre atrium


120 King Street West, Images
Standard Life Centre plaza level and low-rise elevator bank; looking into the atrium


120 Krh/40
120 Krh/40 is a 120 mm mortar developed by Finnish Tampella (now Patria Vammas).


120 Krh/40, Use in Sweden
The 120 Krh/40 first entered service in 1940 after being ordered the prior year by Finland. It was also exported to Sweden between 1941 and 1944 and later produced under license in Sweden. A total of 219 was exported by Tampella. The Swedish military calls them 12 cm granatkastare m/41 and they have continued to serve as the standard heavy mortar of the Swedish Army. In 1956, their base-plates were replaced by Swedish-manufactured Hotchkiss-Brandt M-56 baseplates. As of 2016, 165 m/41D are still in service in the Estonian Land Forces and 22 are held by the Lithuanian Armed Forces.


120 Krh/40, Use in Sweden
They got a major increase in lethality when the STRIX top attack anti armour round was introduced in the 1990s; it is a smart weapon that homes in on the IR signature of armoured vehicles.


120 Lachesis
Lachesis (minor planet designation: 120 Lachesis) is a large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on April 10, 1872, and independently by German-American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters on April 11, 1872, then named after Lachesis, one of the Moirai, or Fates, in Greek mythology. A Lachesean occultation of a star occurred in 1999 and was confirmed visually by five observers and once photoelectrically, with the chords yielding an estimated elliptical cross-section of 184 × 144 km.


120 Lachesis
This body is orbiting the Sun with an period of 5.50 years and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.05. The orbital plane is inclined by 7° to the plane of the ecliptic. Photometric observations of this asteroid were made in early 2009 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The resulting light curve shows a synodic rotation period of 46.551 ± 0.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 ± 0.02 in magnitude. It is a very slow rotator with the longest rotation period of an asteroid more than 150 km in diameter. As a primitive C-type asteroid it is probably composed of carbonaceous material.


120 Minutes
120 Minutes is a television program in the United States dedicated to the alternative music genre, that originally aired on MTV from 1986 to 2000, and then aired on MTV's associate channel MTV2 from 2001 to 2003.


120 Minutes
After its cancellation, MTV2 premiered a replacement program called Subterranean. A similar but separate MTV Classic program, also titled 120 Minutes, plays many classic alternative videos that were regularly seen on 120 Minutes in its heyday.


120 Minutes
120 Minutes returned as a monthly program on MTV2 on July 30, 2011, with Matt Pinfield as host.


120 Minutes, History, The early years
120 Minutes began on March 10, 1986. For the first ten years of 120 Minutes, viewers could see artists as varied as The Jesus and Mary Chain, Bronski Beat, New Order, The Replacements, Flipp, The Verve, James, Slowdive, Weezer, Robyn Hitchcock, The Stone Roses, Oasis, 10,000 Maniacs, Obojeni Program, Blur, Butthole Surfers, Radiohead, KMFDM, Kate Bush, Ramones, XTC, Morrissey, The Smashing Pumpkins, Kitchens of Distinction, Sarah McLachlan, They Might Be Giants, Dinosaur Jr., Rage Against the Machine, Hüsker Dü, The Offspring, The Original Sins, and Bad Religion. Nirvana's music video for "Smells Like Teen Spirit" received a world premiere on 120 Minutes, but soon proved so popular that the channel began to air it during its regular daytime rotation. For a time in the mid-1990s, a companion program called Alternative Nation aired every weeknight on MTV.


120 Minutes, History, From MTV to MTV2
As time went on, and MTV found television reality series like The Real World immensely profitable, the program found its time slot pushed further back. As this was happening, the program's playlist was becoming more and more mainstream, playing the likes of Sum 41 and Staind, and the program was more frequently preempted (usually without any warning) for reruns of The Real World, Loveline, and Undressed before being removed from the airwaves in the summer of 2000. In 2001, the program returned to the airwaves on MTV2, where it returned to the style of music it was known for.


120 Minutes, History, From MTV to MTV2, Cancellation
On May 4, 2003, the program was canceled with no formal announcement from MTV2. Jim Shearer, the current host at the time, shared the screen with the creator of 120 Minutes, Dave Kendall, as well as Matt Pinfield. The two "classic era" hosts shared their favorite videos from over the years (a full playlist for the final episode can be found here ), finally ending with the selection of Siouxsie and the Banshees's "Kiss Them for Me" as the final video aired.


120 Minutes, History, 120 Minutes with Matt Pinfield
120 Minutes made its return to MTV2 on July 31, 2011, at 1 am ET. Matt Pinfield reprised his role as the host and the program was formally called 120 Minutes with Matt Pinfield. The revived program initially aired on a monthly basis, but returned to a weekly format in late November 2011. It aired Fridays 6 am-8 am on MTV2. In addition to videos and interviews from alternative rock and indie rock artists, the program also featured music from underground hip hop, alternative hip hop, electronica, turntablism, and dubstep artists. 120 Minutes also aired as a two-minute clip in a series called 120 Seconds which can be seen on MTVhive.com.


120 Minutes, History, 120 Minutes with Matt Pinfield
120 Minutes was taken off the MTV2 schedule without announcement. The last airing was February 1, 2013. A two-hour indie block called Artists to Watch took its slot during the same Friday 7AM-9AM ET block. However, that program stopped airing as of May 2013.


120 Minutes, History, 120 Minutes with Matt Pinfield
As of 2018, MTV's sister channel MTV Classic (formerly called VH1 Classic) airs a similar program with the name 120 Minutes (formerly called "The Alternative") on its Sunday midnight time slot (on which the original show aired). This version of the show, however, has no host and highlights more well established alternative artists of the 1980s and 1990s; mostly replaying videos that originally aired on MTV.


120 Minutes, List of 120 Minutes hosts
The following MTV VJs hosted 120 Minutes on a regular basis.


120 Minutes, 120 Minutes albums, Never Mind the Mainstream
In 1991, two CDs were released entitled "Never Mind the Mainstream: The Best of MTV's 120 Minutes" volumes 1 and 2 and featured many songs featured on the program. Artists included Red Hot Chili Peppers, Echo & the Bunnymen, Julian Cope, R.E.M., Sinéad O'Connor, Ministry, Depeche Mode, Sonic Youth, and Violent Femmes. The title referenced the Sex Pistols' landmark album Never Mind the Bollocks, but fortuitously recalled the title of Nirvana's Nevermind album which was released near-simultaneously.


120 Minutes, 120 Minutes albums, 120 Minutes Live
In 1998, an album was released by Atlantic Records featuring 14 of the best and most memorable live performances on 120 Minutes from the 1990s.


120 Minutes (2004 TV program)
120 Minutes (formerly The Alternative and VH1 Classic 120 Minutes) is an alternative rock music video program that debuted in August 2004 on VH1 Classic and currently airs on MTV Classic. The program follows a similar format to that of 120 Minutes, which aired on MTV from 1986 to 2003.


120 Minutes (2004 TV program)
Following VH1 Classic's transition into MTV Classic on August 1, 2016, VH1 Classic 120 Minutes was relaunched under the name 120 Minutes on August 8, 2016. It was one of several VH1 Classic original programs to be retained by MTV Classic.


120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format
As with the original 120 Minutes, the series features videos from alternative rock artists, as well as those from several other related genres, including post-punk, punk rock, new wave, college rock, sophisti-pop, alternative dance, Britpop, jangle pop, power pop, dream pop, grunge, gothic rock, shoegazing and noise rock.


120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format
The VH1 Classic version of the program focused primarily on videos from the 1980s and early 1990s, with occasional videos from late-1970s and mid-1990s artists. The MTV Classic version features videos from largely the same time period, although with a focus on the late 1980s to the late-1990s. Videos dating from the 1970s and early 1980s are de-emphazied, or have been removed from the playlist entirely.


120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format
Unlike the original MTV version of 120 Minutes which featured a host introducing videos and occasional interviews and live performances, the VH1 Classic and MTV Classic versions of the program are exclusively music video blocks. The program is broadcast as two back-to-back 60 minute blocks which total the titular 120 minutes, including commercials.


120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format
VH1 Classic 120 Minutes was the final program to air on VH1 Classic before its transition to MTV Classic. In addition, the show aired VH1 Classic's final music video "Don't Talk" by 10,000 Maniacs.


120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Summary and format
The show plays a very limited number of artists and videos, often repeating the same songs week after week.


120 Minutes (2004 TV program), Time slot
The Alternative aired in a two-hour version early Sunday mornings at 11 with a repeat at 11 pm Eastern, with additional one-hour shows at those times on Wednesdays and Thursdays. Beginning the weekend of April 28, 2007, The Alternative was renamed 120 Minutes in honor of the classic MTV series of the same name. The series aired that weekend from 4-6 am and 1-3 am early Saturday mornings, and Sunday evenings at 9-11 pm and 1-3 am. Until August 2016, 120 Minutes aired from 4-6 am, usually on Sundays, Mondays and Thursdays. Ever since the network re-branded as MTV Classic, it airs on Mondays from 12-2 am and again at 3-5 am.


120 Minutes (British TV programme)
120 Minutes is a European music television programme that was broadcast nightly at 1am on MTV Two. In the tradition of the American show of the same name, it showcased music videos from "the newest, most innovative acts in rock, left field and electronic music".


120 Minutes (British TV programme)
In the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, 120 Minutes was originally featured on MTV Europe from 1990, hosted during its first years by VJ and ex-popstar Paul King and, from 1994 on, by Wonder Stuff frontman Miles Hunt. It disappeared in late June 1995, but was replaced by a similar show, Alternative Nation, which was shown on MTV Europe on Tuesday nights at midnight CET (the same timeslot it has had since July 1995) until July 2010. 120 Minutes returned in 2003 to MTV2 Europe (now MTV Two), replacing a similar show, 2eclectic, which had sporadically occupied various late-night slots.


120 Minutes (British TV programme), Format
The format of the show on MTV Two was different from the original United States programme and the show's previous incarnation on MTV Europe in that there were no VJs, commercial breaks, or MTV promotions. The only interruptions came in the form of an ident that played after every four videos.


120 Minutes (British TV programme), Format
The two-hour strand concentrated on playing 'the real alternative', including new and classic left field indie, rock, electronica, hip-hop and avantgarde videos that may not have been played on other channels or during the daytime, although some videos were also played on the channel's Spanking New Music slots during the day.


120 Minutes (British TV programme), Format
Artists such as Franz Ferdinand, Kaiser Chiefs, and Bloc Party were first played on this show before they achieved commercial success, and many videos were played on 120 Minutes before branching out onto the MTV2 playlist. Regular artists on 120 Minutes also included The Fall, The Knife, Pavement, Sonic Youth, My Bloody Valentine, Kraftwerk and Björk.


120 Minutes (British TV programme), Format
MTV2 Europe have also aired many themed shows, including artist specials that played half-hour or two-hour discographies of certain artists including Björk, Kraftwerk and Hexstatic among others, as well as shows curated by people such as Franz Ferdinand, the Drowned In Sound team and Kitsuné Music and specials from the Triptych festival.


120 Minutes (British TV programme), Themes
During 2005 and most of 2006, special themed 120 Minutes shows were aired: 120 Electronic Minutes on Tuesdays, 120 Pioneers on Thursdays, and 120 Metal Minutes on Fridays.


120 Minutes (British TV programme), Themes, 120 Metal Minutes
For about a year (2004–2005), MTV2 Europe ran a show named 120 Metal Minutes - a show which, like the title suggests, was two hours of heavy metal songs accompanied by their music videos. Regularly played bands included Pantera, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Alice in Chains, Mastodon, Slayer and Lamb of God. Over time, there was a noticeable change in the type of bands the show was supporting - often going as far as playing post-hardcore bands such as Funeral for a Friend or Alexisonfire. Shortly after the change of the show's style, ratings started to decline. Eventually, the show was cancelled and replaced with a UK version of Headbanger's Ball during early 2006, which consisted of one hour of back-to-back music videos. The show occasionally featured interview footage and music videos.


120 Minutes (British TV programme), Time slot
The original time slot was on a Saturday night at 1 a.m. GMT, with the show being repeated on a Thursday at 2 a.m. From March 2005, the decision was made for 120 Minutes to be shown every night at 1 a.m. in addition to the 2 a.m. slot on Saturdays. In February 2006, the show moved forward to 12 a.m. every night (commercial breaks were inserted in the first hour of the show), with a 120 Taster, showcasing some of the videos played in the strand at an earlier time of 8 p.m. Since September 2006, the show has been pushed back once again to the 01.00 - 03.00 a.m. slot, running again without commercial breaks.


120 Minutes (British TV programme), Cancellation
In January 2009, it appeared that 120 Minutes was being dropped from MTV2's schedule. The move prompted much criticism of MTV's decision, and an online campaign to try to save the show.


120 North LaSalle
120 North LaSalle is a 501 ft (153m) high-rise office building in Chicago, Illinois. It was constructed from 1989 to 1992. It is the 89th tallest building in the city.


120 North LaSalle
The building is LEED Gold-certified under the LEED EB&OM (Existing Buildings & Operations and Maintenance) program.


120 North LaSalle
Above the main entrance is a mosaic mural, by artist Roger Brown, depicting Daedalus and Icarus. It was commissioned by the architects and Ahmanson Commercial Development Company in 1991.


120 Paintings from the Rijksmuseum
120 Paintings from the Rijksmuseum is a selection of paintings that were included in a booklet of illustrations in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam giftshop for visitors during the years 1950–1990. It was meant as an illustrated companion guide to the catalog of the paintings on show, which included information about the +/-1,200 paintings on show. The painting River Landscape with Ferry by Salomon van Ruysdael was part of the collection of Jacques Goudstikker and was restituted to his heir in 2006. It is now in the collection of the National Gallery of Art. Various other paintings were on long-term loan from the Amsterdam Museum and have been returned, but the majority are all still in the collection of the Rijksmuseum today. Some of the paintings have been reattributed to other artists since 1956. No works by women artists were included in the selection.


120 Sports
120 Sports was an internet television service, operated as a joint venture between Time Inc., Silver Chalice, MLB Advanced Media, and the National Hockey League. The service produced and streamed sports news and highlight content catered towards digital platforms and a young adult audience


120 Sports, History
120 Sports was announced on February 20, 2014 by Time Inc. as a branch of its magazine Sports Illustrated, with financial backing by MLB Advanced Media, the National Hockey League, and Silver Chalice. Initially, the service focused on streaming sports news and highlights, particularly from its partners as well as the NBA and NASCAR. The name of the service came from its original concept, as these videos would be only two minutes long.


120 Sports, History
On June 25, 2014, 120Sports launched a daily schedule of live studio programming; president Jason Coyle stated that the service wanted to "create a daily habit, where you'll check us multiple times a day and have as long a viewing session as possible". The service was designed to appeal to millennials.


120 Sports, History
To avoid succumbing to regional bias, the network hired reporters from across the country; executive vice president Matt Carstens stated 120 Sports "wanted to have a work base that is diverse in every way — diverse in the sports they follow, diverse in the teams they follow — to prevent any sort of bias". A morning show, 120 Morning Run, was launched on July 2, 2014. It is  hosted by Chicago sports talk veterans Laurence Holmes and Dylan McGorty.


120 Sports, History
On April 13, 2017, it was announced that Silver Chalice had partnered with Sinclair Broadcast Group to merge Campus Insiders, 120 Sports, and Sinclair's syndication service and linear digital television channel American Sports Network into a new multi-platform sports network known as Stadium.


120 Squadron (Israel)
120 Squadron is a squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Desert Giants (formerly International Squadron).


120 Squadron (Israel)
The squadron was originally formed in 1962 flying Douglas C-47 Dakotas. It now flies Boeing 707 and IAI 1124N Westwind SeaScan aircraft from Nevatim Airbase.


120 Squadron (Israel)
An undisclosed number (sources suggest seven) of converted Boeing 707 (the 707 Re’em) aircraft with flying booms operate as part of the squadron. Israel’s fleet are former civilian aircraft adapted for military uses such as aerial refueling of combat aircraft and transport. Able to carry 20 extra fuel tanks while modified for aerial refueling, the Re’ems can be adapted to carry passengers as well as cargo such as military equipment and ammunition. Following the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, the planes have also been used to carry medical equipment.


120 Squadron (Israel)
The Jerusalem Post wrote in September 2020 that the squadron will receive Boeing KC-46 Pegasus aerial refueling aircraft. Six months earlier, on 3 March 2020, The State Department had approved the Foreign Military Sale to Israel of eight KC-46s and related equipment for a cost of $2.4 billion.


120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force
120 Squadron was a Netherlands East Indies Air Force unit which was later re-raised part of the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The squadron was first formed in December 1943 as part of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), and saw combat in and around New Guinea during 1944 and 1945 equipped with P-40 Kittyhawk fighters. No. 120 Squadron was transferred to the Netherlands East Indies Air Force in 1946 and attacked Indonesian forces during the Indonesian National Revolution. It was disbanded in 1950 as a result of the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference , but was re-formed in 1961 as an air defence unit. 120 Squadron was disbanded in 1983.


120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History
No . 120 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF was formed in 1943 and was manned by Dutch pilots and Australian ground crew. Following the end of World War II The Dutch wished to move No. 18 and No. 120 Squadrons to Java, however, and to facilitate this the RAAF element of the squadron was disbanded on 30 October 1945. The last RAAF personnel left the squadron in February 1946 and No. 120 Squadron was assigned to the Netherlands East Indies Air Force (NEIAF) on 20 June, thereby ending its relationship with the RAAF.


120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History
No . 120 Squadron saw combat against Indonesian forces during the Indonesian National Revolution. It remained at Biak until April 1946, when it was deployed to Cililitan near Jakarta. The British-led South East Asia Command, which was responsible for the western NEI at the time, ordered that the squadron proceed to Surabaya where it relieved Royal Air Force P-47 Thunderbolts. During the second half of the year No. 120 Squadron flew 125 combat sorties, during which five of its Kittyhawks were damaged by ground fire. The British left the NEI near the end of 1946; as at December that year the squadron was located at Semarang.


120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History
In late July 1947 the Dutch launched their first police action, called Operation Product, which aimed to capture important economic facilities in the NEI. This campaign was also referred to as the First Police Action. At this time No. 120 Squadron was still located at Semarang and was equipped with nine Kittyhawks instead of the 19 it was authorised. Early in this operation the squadron attacked Solo and Madiun and claimed to have destroyed eight Indonesian aircraft on the ground.


120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History
A strike on Jakarta was delayed by fog; this may have saved the life of Indonesian Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir as he left the city on board a C-47 Dakota transport at about the time the Kittyhawks were originally scheduled to arrive. During the First Police Action No. 120 Squadron, like the other units of the NEIAF, provided support to Army units. The First Police Action ended on 4 August, though NEIAF aircraft continued to attack Indonesian positions.


120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History
On 19 December 1948 the Dutch launched a second police action, called Operation Kraai, which involved offensives in western Java and Sumatra. This campaign lasted until 9 January 1949; during this time No. 120 Squadron's Kittyhawks flew 183 sorties though four aircraft were lost. In early 1949 the squadron was reequipped with P-51 Mustang fighters, and it had nine of these aircraft but only six pilots in April. In July 1949 the Dutch and Indonesians agreed to a ceasefire, and the war ended in December with the Dutch handing over sovereignty to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia. As part of this settlement the NEIAF was transferred to the new republic, though the Dutch retained No. 18 and 120 Squadrons for as long as possible. No. 120 Squadron ceased to exist on 1 March 1950.


120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force, History
In November 1961 the unit was re-formed as 120 Squadron of the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The squadron was equipped with Nike-Hercules surface to air missiles and formed part of 1 Guided Missile Wing (Groep Geleide Wapens; GGW) along with 118, 119 and 121 Squadrons. The Nike-Hercules missiles were armed with nuclear warheads and were provided to the Netherlands and other NATO countries by the United States. From August 1964, 120 Squadron was stationed at Borgholzhausen in West Germany. It was transferred to 12 GGW in May 1975 but remained at Borgholzhausen. 12 GGW also included 118, 220 and 223 Squadrons. The squadron was disbanded during 1983.


120 Squadron SAAF
120 Squadron SAAF was a South African Air Force squadron formed in 1970 to operate the South African/French Cactus surface-to-air missile systems in an air defence role. The unit was disbanded when the Cactus system was retired from service in the late 1980s.


120 Squadron SAAF, History
In July 1964, South Africa placed a development contract with Thomson-CSF for a mobile, all-weather, low-altitude SAM system after a South African order for the Bloodhound SAM system was refused by the UK government.


120 Squadron SAAF, History
The South African government paid 85 per cent of the development costs of the system with the balance being paid for by France. The system was known as "Cactus" within the SA Air Force and "Crotale" in France.


120 Squadron SAAF, History
All Cactus air defence batteries were placed under command of the Air Defence Artillery Group's 120 Squadron. 120 Squadron was stationed with the rest of ADAG 67 km north of Pretoria at Pienaarsriver.


120 Squadron SAAF, History
The Air Defence Artillery Group was disbanded in 1992 after the Cactus mk 1 missile system was retired, with only remnants of 120 Squadron, operating the upgraded Cactus mk 2 Container system, becoming part of the Air Command Control Unit at Snake Valley, stationed opposite Air Force Base Swartkop on the eastern side of the shared runway.


120 Squadron SAAF, History
120 Squadron was finally disbanded in 2002 after these systems were retired.


120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment
Cactus units were operationally deployed in platoons in 1971 with each platoon consisting of one Acquisition and Co-ordination Unit (ACU) and two or three firing units, with a battery having two platoons.


120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment
A typical platoon consisted of one Acquisition and Co-ordination Unit (ACU) and two to three firing units, with a battery having two platoons. All the operators, had one ACU vehicle to two firing units. The ACU carried out target surveillance, identification and designation. Mounted on the top of the vehicle was a Thomson-CSF pulse Doppler radar with fixed-echo suppression which rotated at 60 rpm and had a maximum detection range of 18.5 km against low-level targets with speeds of between 35 and 440 m/s and altitude limits between zero and 4,500 m. The system also had an IFF interrogator-decoder. The computer, which was the same as that installed in the firing unit, was used to generate data for confirmation of threat evaluation. Once a target had been detected, the computer would trigger an IFF interrogator and the final threat information would be displayed.


120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment
The target would then be allocated to one of the firing units and target designation data and operational orders were transmitted by the datalink which also supplied information from the firing unit on operational status. The firing unit had a J-band monopulse 17 km range single target tracking radar mounted concentrically with the launcher turret, which carried four ready to launch missiles, two on each side.


120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment
The system also had an I-band 10° antenna beam-width command transmitter, differential angle-error measurement infrared tracking and gathering system with a +-5° wide field of view, an integrated TV tracking mode as a low-elevation back-up, an optical designation tripod-mounted binocular device (which is controlled manually by a handlebar arrangement and used primarily in a heavy ECM environment or whenever passive operation was required), computer, operating console and datalink.


120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment
All vehicles were fitted with an inter-vehicle link network to transmit data and orders by cable and for radio communication by a VHF radio link. The radar could track one target and guide one or two missiles simultaneously. The missiles, fired 2.5 seconds apart, were acquired immediately after launch by the 1.1° tracking beam of the radar with the help of infrared detection and radar transponders during the gathering phase. Initially the transponder was the 8,000 m range Thomson-CSF Stresa. Guidance signals were transmitted to the missiles by a remote-control system.


120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment
No spare missiles were carried on the vehicle and fresh missiles were brought up by a truck and loaded with a light crane. A well-trained crew of three could load four missiles in about two minutes. The missile was designated the R440 and weighed 84 kg, had an overall length of 2.89 m, span of 0.54 m and a diameter of 0.15 m. The missile complete with its transport/launch container weighed 100 kg.


120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment
The HE high-energy focused fragmentation warhead in the centre of the missile weighs 15 kg, had a lethal radius of 8 m for the 2,300 m/s velocity fragments and was activated in the original R440 missiles by either the infrared proximity fuze (the fuze was commanded to activate 350 m before interception) or back-up contact fuze. The missile had an SNPE Lens III rocket motor with 25.45 kg of solid propellant powder. The missile reached a maximum speed of 750 m/s in 2.8 seconds.


120 Squadron SAAF, Deployment, Cactus Upgrade
African Defense Systems have over the years upgraded the Cactus system. The Acquisition Radar and missile Firing Unit (FU) mobile vehicles were containerized and outdated computer systems replaced. Using the new object-oriented software, the FU was then able to fuse tracking data from the optical and radar sensors to achieve better quality tracking. Interfacing to Command and Control structures was also achieved.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force
The 120 Squadron "Kestrel" (also known as the "Red Hawks") is a helicopter squadron of the Republic of Singapore Air Force based at Sembawang Air Base. First formed in 1969, it is the first and oldest RSAF operational squadron in service. The squadron goes by the motto of "Strive To Achieve". Since 2006, it operates the AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopter and has participated in Singapore's National Day Parade together with 127 Squadron CH-47SD Chinook for the traditional National Flag Fly Pass.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Roles and Missions
The AH-64D Apache Longbows of the squadron, armed with its varied payload of AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, Hydra 70 rockets and a single 30 mm M230 Chain Gun, can be called upon in support of the SAF in any operations that requires it. Provisions has also been made to integrate the helicopters into the SAF's Integrated Knowledge-based Command and Control network, a concept similar to the United States Department of Defense's network-centric warfare doctrine. This locally developed Combat Management System integrates all the sensors and weapon systems on board, increases battlespace awareness and allows little time for the enemy to react due to the short sensor-to-shooter loops as it effectively shares information between its army and navy counterparts.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history
When the British decided in 1967 to withdraw their forces from the Far East, Singapore saw the need to build up its own armed forces. The Singapore Air Defence Command (SADC) was formed as part of the initial set-up. The Alouette Squadron, established in September 1969, thus lay the foundation for RSAF's helicopter force.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Alouette Squadron
The Alouette Squadron was initially based at the Seletar Airfield, occupying the Lockheed (now ST Aerospace) hangar. In January 1971, the Squadron became the first SADC unit to be deployed overseas when four of her aircraft participated in the Kuantan flood relief operation in Malaysia. Shortly thereafter, the Alouette Squadron gained operational status becoming the first operational unit in the SADC. Relocated to Changi Air Base shortly after New Year's Day 1972, the Squadron's main roles included search-and-rescue, air recce, internal security, rappelling, trooplift and logistics support.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, New Designation
On 16 December 1973, the squadron's designation was changed to 120 Squadron (120 SQN). The squadron continued to operate the Alouette IIIs until 1977, when the aircraft were no longer able to meet the SAF's growing needs. In 1977, three Bell 212s and seventeen UH-1Hs were acquired, and the helicopters joined the squadron in February and August respectively.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, New Designation
120 SQN initiated the RSAF's first permanent overseas detachment in September 1978, when three UH-1Hs were deployed to Brunei for the first time. Their role was primarily to support the SAF's jungle training conducted there.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, New Designation
Tasked with the duty of airborne Search and rescue around Singapore and parts of South China Sea, the Bell 212s operated from 1977 to 1985 when Super Puma helicopters of the 125 Squadron took over the duty.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, New Designation
In 1983, the squadron relocated for the last time and settled down at Sembawang Air Base as the helicopters had vacated Changi and settled in Kangaw Camp. Kangaw was then used as an artillery base, although it was previously a British airfield – RAF Sembawang or better known as HMS Simbang. When the Singapore Artillery shifted to Khatib Camp in 1983, Kangaw Camp was handed over to the RSAF and renamed as Sembawang Air Base (SBAB). Since then, SBAB became the focal point of helicopter operations and one of the five formations in the RSAF.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Notable Deployments
In the 1980s, three dramatic events thrust 120 SQN into the headlines. In October 1980, the squadron starred in a high-rise rescue drama at the unfinished Raffles Tower in Battery Road. A Bell 212 was sent to rescue a crane operator from the roof of the building after a fire on the 18th floor had trapped him.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Notable Deployments
Then, in January 1983, three people had to be winched to safety from the Singapore Cable Car by a Bell 212 after a drill-ship accidentally ploughed into and severed the cables off the waters of World Trade Centre, Singapore.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Notable Deployments
The third occasion was the Hotel New World disaster in March 1986. After the hotel collapsed, 120 SQN deployed three UH-1Hs to the disaster site to provide round-the-clock casualty evacuation.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Other Recognitions
As recent as October 2002, 120 SQN deployed a detachment of four UH-1H to East Timor in support of the UN peace keeping mission there.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Unit history, Other Recognitions
Also amongst its achievements, the 120 SQN won several ASEAN Helicopter championships; and has been winning the best tactical support SQN for the years 88/89, 91/92, 94/95, 95/96 and 99/00.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery
The old 120Sqn shoulder patch with the Skylark (Alouette in French) as the centerpiece.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery
RSAF 1st helicopter in service - the Aérospatiale Alouette III (phased out of service in 1978) with 1st generation RAF styled roundels.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery
Static display of RSAF AH-64D Longbow Apache during open house.


120 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Photo gallery
Two of 120 Sqn's AH-64D Apaches escorting a 127 Sqn's CH-47SD Chinook helicopter during the rehearsal for NDP 2006.


120 Tage
120 Tage - The Fine Art of Beauty and Violence is an electro-industrial studio collaboration between German musicians Mona Mur and En Esch (of KMFDM, Pigface, and Slick Idiot). It was released on February 15, 2009, on Pale Music International. The English translation of the album's title is 120 Days.


120 Tage, Release
120 Tage was released on February 15, 2009, through Pale Music's web site, and later digitally through KMFDM's web store with two additional bonus tracks.


120 Wall Street
120 Wall Street is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It was completed in 1930. The building is 399 ft (122 m) tall, has 34 floors, and is located on the easternmost portion of Wall Street, and also borders Pine Street and South Street. The architect was Ely Jacques Kahn of Buchman & Kahn.


120 Wall Street
The tower is tiered on three sides, forming the Wedding-cake style architecture of a New York setback skyscraper. The setbacks recede in shallow formations from a large 16-story platform. Red-granite panels frame wide-paned commercial windows at street level as part of the five-story limestone base.


120 Wall Street
The building has 615,000 square feet (57,100 m2) of space.


120 Wall Street, History
Greenmal Holding Corporation (Henry Greenberg and David Malzman) acquired the site in 1928 from the American Sugar Company.


120 Wall Street, History
In February 1929, the company obtained a $4,050,000 construction loan for the building. The cost was estimated at $12,000,000, with the edifice resting upon a 51 caisson deep foundation.


120 Wall Street, History
The building opened in March 1930. The original anchor tenant of the building was the American Sugar Refining Company.


120 Wall Street, History
New York Life Insurance Company bid $1,000,000 to foreclose a $5,569,605 lien against the skyscraper at a June 26, 1933 foreclosure auction.


120 Wall Street, History
120 Wall Street was the only major high-rise building on the East River downtown waterfront for many years until the post-1970s construction boom.


120 Wall Street, History
In 1980, the 120 Wall Company, LLC, an affiliate of Silverstein Properties, acquired the building for $12 million.


120 Wall Street, History
In 1992, in cooperation with the City's Economic Development Corporation, Silverstein Properties obtained the designation of 120 Wall Street as New York City's (first and only) Association Center. The designation creates reduced rents for not-for-profit organizations; tenants include The New Press, AFS Intercultural Programs, the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Pacifica Foundation WBAI-FM, the Lucis Trust & World Goodwill, the world headquarters locations of the National Urban League, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, The United Negro College Fund, the Alan Guttmacher Institute, the Center for Reproductive Rights, and Lambda Legal.


120 Wall Street, History
In October 2020, Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase and Citigroup provided a $165 million mortgage loan.


120 film
120 is a film format for still photography introduced by Kodak for their Brownie No. 2 in 1901. It was originally intended for amateur photography but was later superseded in this role by 135 film. 120 film and its close relative, 220 film, survive to this day as the only medium format films that are readily available to both professionals and amateur enthusiasts.


120 film
As of December 2018 all production of 220 film has stopped/paused worldwide. The only remaining stocks are from the last Fujifilm production run (2018) and they are mostly found in Japan.


120 film, Characteristics
The 120 film format is a roll film which is nominally between 60.7 mm and 61.7 mm wide. Most modern films made today are roughly 61 mm (2.4 inches) wide. The film is held in an open spool originally made of wood with metal flanges, later with all-metal, and finally with all-plastic. The length of the film is nominally between 820 millimetres (32 in) and 850 millimetres (33 in), according to the ISO 732:2000 standard. However, some films may be as short as 760 millimetres (30 in).


120 film, Characteristics
The film is attached to a piece of backing paper longer and slightly wider than the film. The backing paper protects the film while it is wound on the spool, with enough extra length to allow loading and unloading the roll in daylight without exposing any of the film. Frame number markings for three standard image formats (6×4.5, 6×6, and 6×9; see below) are printed on the backing paper.


120 film, Characteristics
The 220 format was introduced in 1965 and is the same width as 120 film, but with about double the length of film and thus twice the number of possible exposures per roll. Unlike 120 film, however, there is no backing paper behind the film itself, just a leader and a trailer. This results in a longer film on the same spool, but there are no printed frame numbers. Because of this, 220 film cannot be used in  cameras that rely on reading frame numbers through a red window.


120 film, Characteristics
Also, since the film alone is thinner than a film with a backing paper, a special pressure plate may be required to achieve optimal focus if the film is registered against its back side. Some cameras capable of using both 120 and 220 film will have a two position adjustment of the pressure plate (e.g. the Pentax 6x7, Mamiya C220 or Mamiya C330) while others will require different film backs e.g. the Pentax 645 or Kowa Six.


120 film, Characteristics
The specifications for 120 and 220 film are defined in the ISO 732 standard. Earlier editions of ISO 732 also provided international standards for the 127 and 620 film formats.


120 film, Frame sizes
†User selectable on newer cameras, if a roll is only partially used then a "kink" may appear in the film where the roll touches rollers in a film back magazine and this may end up on a frame; this is not a problem when 15 exposures are used as the gaps between exposed frames is larger, nor if the camera is not used intermittently.


120 film, Frame sizes
The 6×9 frame has the same aspect ratio as the standard 24×36 mm frame of 135 film. The 6×7 frame enlarges almost exactly to 8×10 inch paper, for which reason its proponents call it "ideal format". 6×4.5 is the smallest and least expensive roll-film frame size.


120 film, Frame sizes
The wide 6×12, 6×17, and 6×24 cm frames are produced by special-purpose panoramic cameras. Most of these cameras use lenses intended for large format cameras for simplicity of construction.


120 film, Frame sizes
Cameras using 120 film will often combine the numbers of the frame size in the name e.g. Pentax 6×7 (6×7), Fuji 617 (6×17), and many 645s (6×4.5). The number '6' in general, and the word 'six' are also commonly used in naming cameras e.g. Kiev 60 and Pentacon Six.


120 film, Other similar 6 cm roll films
The 105 format was introduced by Kodak in 1898 for their first folding camera and was the original 6×9 cm format roll film. The 117 format was introduced by Kodak in 1900 for their first Brownie camera, the No.1 Brownie, 6×6 cm format. These formats used the same width film as 120 film, but with slightly different spools. The 105 spool has a much wider flange, similar to the 116 spool, while the 117 spool's flange is slightly narrower than the 120.


120 film, Other similar 6 cm roll films
The 105 and 620 spools also have much thinner flanges than the 117 and 120 spools (0.635 mm (0.0250 in) vs. 1.524 mm (0.0600 in)); as a result, an unmodified 120 spool will not fit a camera designed for 105 film, such as a No. 1 Folding Pocket Kodak, as the overall length between the outside of the flanges is too long to fit the width of the film chamber.


120 film, Other similar 6 cm roll films
The 620 format was introduced by Kodak in 1931 as an intended alternative to 120. Although mostly used by Kodak cameras, it became very popular. The 620 format is essentially the same film on a thinner and narrower all-metal spool (the 120 spool core was made of wood at that time):


120 film, Other similar 6 cm roll films
Hence the 620 is sometimes referred to as "small hole" 6×6 or 6×9 as opposed to 120 "large hole". The 620 format was discontinued by Kodak in 1995, but it is possible to rewind 120 film onto a 620 spool in the darkroom for use in 620 cameras. According to Kodak, the narrower metal spool allowed building smaller cameras. Nonetheless the 120 format cast-metal bodied Voigtländer Perkeo remains smaller than any 620 format camera.


120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892
The 120mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892 was a Russian naval gun developed in the years before the Russo-Japanese War that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. Guns salvaged from scrapped ships found a second life on river gunboats of the Soviet Navy during the Russian Civil War and as coastal artillery and railway artillery during World War II. It was estimated that in 1941 there were 35 still in service.


120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, History
In 1891 a Russian naval delegation was shown three guns designed by the French designer Canet. One was a 75/50 gun, one was a 120/45 gun, and the last was a 152/45 gun. All three guns used fixed QF ammunition which produced a rate of fire of 15 rpm for the 75/50 gun, 12 rpm for the 120/45 gun and 10 rpm for the 152/45 gun. The Russians were impressed and in 1892 they negotiated a production license for all three guns.


120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Construction
There were two main series of the 120/45 guns produced. The first series of 76 guns were built between 1897-1905 at the Obhukov factory. During the Russo-Japanese war a number of barrels of the 152/45 guns burst in action and a strengthened series of 152/45 and 120/45 guns were ordered. 34 of the second series of strengthened guns were built between 1905-1915 at the Obhukov factory. Between 1914-1916 production switched to the Perm factory and a further 18 strengthened guns were produced there.


120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Naval Use
120/45 guns armed a variety of ships such as armored cruisers, auxiliary cruisers, coastal defense ships, destroyers, gunboats, minesweepers, pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers, seaplane tenders and unprotected cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy built between 1890-1916.


120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Ammunition
Ammunition was of fixed QF type. A complete round weighed 20.4 kg (45 lb).


120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery
Casemated 120mm guns aboard the battleship Andrei Pervozvanny, August 1914.


120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery
120mm 45 caliber Canet coastal gun on Kuivasaari Island. This gun was in Finnish coastal artillery school until 1993.


120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892, Photo gallery
This gun has been modified from the original 1892 model, including rotating the gun 180 degrees so that the recoil system is on top of the barrel to increase elevation.


120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905
The 120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905 was a Russian naval gun developed by Vickers for export in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy. Guns salvaged from scrapped ships found a second life as coastal artillery, railway artillery and aboard river monitors during the Russian Civil War. It was estimated that there were 110 guns in the Soviet Navy's inventory in 1941. Of these, 39 were in the Baltic Fleet, 20 in the Black sea Fleet, 24 in the Amur Flotilla, 11 in the Pacific Fleet and 6 in the Pinsk flotilla in World War II.


120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, History
The Pattern 1905 began life as a Vickers design produced in Great Britain for export customers. The Pattern 1905 was also produced under license at the Obukhov State Plant in St. Petersburg, Russia.


120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Construction
The Pattern 1905 was a built-up gun which consisted of an A tube, three layers of reinforcing tubes, a jacket and a breech piece which screwed onto the jacket. Once Obhukov started production the Vickers guns were referred to as model 1 guns, while those manufactured by Obukhov were referred to as model 2 guns. By 1918 it was estimated that 180 guns had been completed with another 20 partially complete. A few more were finished between 1921-24 from existing stocks.


120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Naval Use
The Pattern 1905 guns armed armored cruisers, dreadnought battleships, gunboats, icebreakers and river monitors of the Imperial Russian Navy and Soviet Navy built or refit between 1905-1924.


120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Ammunition
Ammunition was of Fixed QF type and weighed between 20.4–29 kg (45–64 lb).


120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Photo Gallery
A view of the casemated Pattern 1905 guns amidships aboard the battleship Gangut.


120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905, Photo Gallery
A view of the open twin-mount Pattern 1905 guns aboard the Finnish icebreaker Voima.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31
The 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 and 120 mm Armata wz. 78/10/31 were field guns produced in Poland and used by Poland during World War II and Finland during the Continuation War.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, History
After the defeat of the Central Powers during World War I the Allies agreed to reconstitute the country of Poland from the territory which had been partitioned by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Russian Empire. The new armed forces of the Second Polish Republic inherited a mix of German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian weapons from its former occupiers. Poland also received French technical assistance and weapons to rebuild its armed forces after World War I. Large numbers of Russian weapons were also captured during the Polish-Soviet War when the Red Army was defeated after the Battle of Warsaw in 1920.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Background
The 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 and 120 mm Armata wz. 78/10/31 were a combination of the gun barrels from the Canon de 120 mm L mle 1878 field guns supplied by France and the carriages of the Russian 152 mm M1909 and 152 mm M1910 howitzers. The name of the guns signifies the dates of manufacture for each of the components used. 78 indicated the barrel was from 1878, 09 and 10 indicated the carriages came from either the M1909 and M1910, and 31 indicated the design was completed and construction began in 1931.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878
The mle 1878 was a breech loaded gun with a de Bange obturator and used separate loading bagged charges and projectiles. It had a box trail carriage, no gun shield, two wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, an unsprung axle, and no recoil mechanism. The mle 1878 was lighter than its heavier brother the Canon de 155 mm L mle 1877. It had roughly the same range and rate of fire as the Canon 155 mm L mle 1877, but it fired a lighter projectile.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878
The 120 mm L mle 1878 was classified as a siege et de place (stationary siege gun) in France's Séré de Rivières system of fortifications. In line with this mission, the carriage was tall because it was expected that its barrel would overhang a parapet and use its range to provide long-range, low-angle counter-battery fire against enemy artillery. Although an elderly weapon at the time of World War I, it was available in large numbers and its heavy projectile and long-range made it a useful weapon and many were still in use during World War II.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878
An early drawback of the gun was that it required considerable time to prepare a firing platform made of concrete or timbers before use. An external recoil cylinder was then bolted to the platform and connected to an eyelet on the bottom of the gun carriage. Without it, the gun had no recoil mechanism and when fired the gun rolled back onto a set of ramps behind the wheels and then slid back into position.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878
Since it lacked a recoil mechanism it had to be levered into position and re-aimed after every shot, which was strenuous, time-consuming, and limited its rate of fire. The height of the gun also limited the rate of fire since a gun crew needed to lift an 18.9 kg (42 lb) projectile to shoulder height.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878
Another drawback of the mle 1878 was since its carriage was tall and narrow it was top-heavy and not designed to be mobile. It was found it had a tendency to sink in on soft ground and since it was designed to be pulled at low speed by a horse team its wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels and axle were too fragile to be towed at high speed by motor traction. An early modification to make the guns suitable for field use was the fitting of Bonagente grousers to the wheels to improve balance and reduce ground pressure on soft ground. A bonus was they slowed recoil and didn't require extensive site preparation to bring the guns into action. These factors made the mle 1878 unsuitable for anything other than static defense during World War II.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Schneider 152 mm M1909 & 152 mm M1910
The M1909 and M1910 were ordered by the Imperial Russian Army in the wake of the Russian Empire's defeat during the Russo-Japanese War. The Russian Army was in the process of re-equipping with new weapons and at the time the Russian Armed Forces were heavily reliant upon French and German designs. The M1909 and M1910 were designed by the French company Schneider-Creusot and were produced in large numbers under license at the Putilov and Perm factories in Russia. The heavier M1909 was designated a kryepostnaya gaubitsa (fortress howitzer) while the lighter M1910 was designated a polevaya gaubitsa (field howitzer). The two howitzers had similar performance but differed in the arrangement of their recoil mechanisms and gun shields.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Schneider 152 mm M1909 & 152 mm M1910
The M1909/1910 were conventional designs for their time. They had a box trail carriage with wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, a gun shield to protect the crew, and a hydro-pneumatic recoil system mounted under the barrel. They had an interrupted screw breech with separate loading ammunition; the shell being loaded first followed by bagged charges in a brass cartridge case. The carriage had a hollow center section to allow the barrel to elevate from -3° to 45° and there was an integral loading tray near the breech.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Schneider 152 mm M1909 & 152 mm M1910
When World War I broke out the M1910 was the most modern howitzer design that France had so its carriage and recoil system were used on the Canon de 105 mle 1913, 107 mm gun M1910, Canon de 155 C mle 1917, and Obusier de 120 mm mle 15TR produced by Schneider-Creusot.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Design, Schneider 152 mm M1909 & 152 mm M1910
The advantage of the M1909/1910 over the mle 1878 was that its recoil mechanism allowed it to achieve a higher rate of fire because it took less time to re-aim. Also since the M1909/1910 was shorter than the mle 1878 and had an integral loading tray it was faster to load. The carriage of the M1909/1910 was also more durable than the mle 1878 carriage and that gave it better mobility. A disadvantage of the M1909/1910 was that it had a shorter range than the mle 1878 so it was vulnerable to counter-battery fire.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process
In 1931 the Starachowice Works began converting the barrels and carriages to create the 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 and 120 mm Armata wz. 78/10/31 . It is estimated that 43 guns were modified at the Starachowice Works and delivered to the Polish Army. An advantage of the M1909/1910 was that the recoil mechanism was an integral part of the carriage and the barrel could be removed and transported on a separate wagon or could be pulled to the rear and fastened to the carriage to ease transport. This feature meant the carriage and recoil mechanism could be modified to accept longer or shorter barrels as well as barrels of greater diameter.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process
To mate the mle 1878 barrel to the M1909/1910 carriage the barrel was rotated 180 degrees so that the breech opened to the right instead of the left. The recoil mechanism also needed to be balanced to accommodate the new longer barrel. The chamber was also enlarged and strengthened to accept up to six propellant charges and the de Bange breech was modified to use modern primers. The carriage could either retain its original wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels for horse traction or it could be modified to use pneumatic tires and a sprung axle to allow for motor traction. Pneumatic tires and a sprung axle gave better traction on soft ground as well as increasing towing speed.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process
Like the 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 and 120 mm Armata wz.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process
78/09/31 the M1909/1910's carriage and recoil mechanism were used to modernize the Canon de 155 mm L mle 1877 by placing the barrels from that gun on the M1910 carriage to produce the Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14, Canon de 155 L modèle 1917 and Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 during World War I. By using the M1909/1910 carriage both the French and Polish were able to modernize existing 120 mm and 155 mm mle 1878 barrels to produce more mobile and long-ranged artillery pieces that utilized the large stockpiles of ammunition available for both types.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Conversion Process
By mating the mle 1897's barrel to the M1909/1910's carriage most of the faults of both guns could be resolved and provide an artillery piece with range superior to the modernized Soviet 122 mm howitzer M1910/30 and 152 mm howitzer M1909/30 and comparable to the newer 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) and 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10).


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Poland
In Polish service, the Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878 was given the designation armata wz. 1878. The first Polish unit to use the wz. 1878 was General Józef Haller's Blue Army  that was created in France in 1917. The Blue Army was given 48 wz. 1878's and were issued to two Heavy Artillery Regiments with four detachments. When World War I ended the Blue Army returned to Poland with their guns. After World War I Poland received more wz. 1878's and in 1931 54 guns were in Poland's inventory. Some had been modernized with a barrel that had been relined to use constant rifling instead of progressive rifling. The modified guns were designated wz.1878/16 in Polish Service.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Poland
In Polish service, a number of different styles of wheels were used to improve the mobility of the guns. Some retained wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels for horse traction while others were given pneumatic tires, sprung axles, and were towed by Citroën-Kegresse P14 or C4P half-track artillery tractors. In 1935 there were 32 wz.1878/09/31 guns and 6 wz.1878/10/31 guns in Poland's inventory. There were an additional 4 wz.1878/09/31 guns in reserve which lacked full equipment for a total of 42 guns. There were also 13 unconverted wz.1878 barrels in reserve.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Poland
In 1939 there were three Heavy Artillery Detachments with 12 guns each that were held in reserve. Of these three the 46th and 47th Heavy Artillery Detachment were horse-drawn while the 6th Heavy Artillery Detachment was motorized. All were active in the defense of Poland and they faced both German and Soviet units. After the Polish Campaign 24 of the surviving guns were sold to Finland.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Finland
Finland bought 24 guns and 46,200 rounds of ammunition from Germany in the autumn of 1940. The guns arrived in two shipments: 13 guns arrived on the Inga on the 2nd of October 1940 and the remaining 11 guns arrived on the Widor on the 9th of October 1940. In Finnish service, the unmodified Canon de 120 mm L mle 1878 was given the designation 120 K/78 and the new guns from Poland were given the designation 120 K/78-31. Since the 120 K/78 was already in service there was an adequate supply of ammunition for both.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Users, Finland
During the Continuation War, both guns were issued to four heavy artillery battalions. They gained a reputation of being durable and good quality artillery pieces, but the new primer system proved troublesome and the recoil system wasn't always reliable in cold weather. Two of the guns were lost during 1944 and After World War 2 the remaining guns were placed in reserve until they were retired during the 1960s.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery
A French Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878 with Bonagente groussers and ramps at the Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery
A modernized 152 mm fortress howitzer M1909/30 at the Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery
A modernized 152 mm field howitzer M1910/37 at the Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery
A 120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31 with wooden wheels at the Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum.


120 mm Armata wz. 78/09/31, Gallery
Of similar concept the barrel of the Canon de 155 mm L mle 1877 was combined with the carriage of a 152 mm howitzer M1910 to produce the French Canon de 155 L Modele 1917 Schneider of World War I.


120 mm BAT recoilless rifle
The L2 BAT (Battalion, Anti-Tank) was a 120 mm calibre recoilless anti-tank rifle used by the British Army. It was also produced in the MOBAT version without a gun shield, and the ConBAT version with a new spotting rifle attachment. The L6 Wombat version was greatly lightened through the use of magnesium alloys. The Wombat was used by mobile units such as paratroopers and marines.


120 mm BAT recoilless rifle
BAT was developed from the wartime Ordnance, RCL, 3.45 in, replacing it and the Ordnance QF 17-pounder to become the standard anti-tank weapon of the Army in the post-World War II era. The BAT and MOBAT were used until anti-tank guided missiles, such as Vigilant and MILAN, took their place. WOMBAT remained in anti-tank platoons in Berlin to supplement MILAN until the late 1980s, due to the expected engagement ranges should the Warsaw Pact have ever attacked. The wire guidance of MILAN would also have been problematic in the built up areas of Berlin. It was envisioned that Wombat would be used in 'shoot-and-scoot' attacks mounted on the back of stripped down Land Rover vehicles.


120 mm BAT recoilless rifle
The Wombat was a development version which was adopted and replaced the earlier BAT and MOBAT weapons. It was in turn replaced by anti-tank guided missiles. The L6 Wombat itself comprised the L12A3 BAT gun, but mounted on a new lightweight carriage. The vertically sliding breech of the BAT and MoBAT was replaced by a lighter horizontally hinged breech. The Wombat was mounted on a small two wheeled carriage, which was removable in order to be moved over obstacles and then locked to the carriage again. The weapon was normally carried in the rear of a specially adapted Land Rover (Portee). The Wombat could also be mounted on the FV432/40 armoured personnel carrier.


120 mm BAT recoilless rifle
The usual round for Wombat was a HESH, which it could fire out to around 1,800 m. The HESH round could defeat 400 mm (16 in) of armour. Other ammunition types include the canister and modified canister rounds. The latter released flechettes, or small darts, giving a "shotgun" effect. These rounds could be used against infantry in the open. The base of the BAT cartridge case was frangible, the reaction gases venting directly backwards through a single large venturi. This was in contrast to the US recoilless designs, which used a frangible sidewall to the cartridge case and multiple venturi.


120 mm BAT recoilless rifle
During the Cold War era, NATO and British Royal Marine forces used the Swedish made Snow Trac as a carrier for the L6 Wombat in the snow-covered mountains of Norway.


120 mm BAT recoilless rifle
Wombats were among the anti-tank weapons taken by the Parachute Regiment to the Falklands War in 1982, but they were not off-loaded from the transport ships.


120 mm BAT recoilless rifle, Variants
Royal Marines Wombat outfitted Snow Trac on patrol in Norway


120 mm Krupp howitzer M1905
The 120 mm Krupp howitzer M1905 was a howitzer used by Turkey, Japan and a few smaller armies including during World War I. After the Ottoman Empires entrance into World War I in 1914 on the side of the Central Powers, it realized that it needed to modernize its artillery. The Model 1905 was a "stock gun" from Krupp that could be supplied to customers from parts on hand, on short notice and with minor alterations to suit the customers' needs. The Model 1905 was a conventional artillery piece for its time, except for a lack of a Gun shield for the crew. The lack of a Gun shield was not a major liability, as most artillery quickly moved into concealed positions after the first few months of war.


120 mm Krupp howitzer M1905, Bibliography
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120 mm M1 gun
The 120 mm Gun M1 was the United States Army's standard super-heavy anti-aircraft gun during World War II and the Korean War, complementing the smaller and more mobile M2 90 mm gun in service. Its maximum altitude was about 60,000 ft (18,000 m), which earned it the nickname stratosphere gun.


120 mm M1 gun
The M1 gun was used by the Army for air defense from 1944 to 1960. The 120 served primarily in static defensive roles, although it had been designed to be mobile. It became obsolete with the development of anti-aircraft missiles and was phased out after 1954.


120 mm M1 gun, History
The Army first worked on a 120 mm gun after the end of World War I, with a prototype being presented in 1924. The system was considered far too heavy and expensive to be useful, and the project slowed, although it was never canceled outright.


120 mm M1 gun, History
In 1938, the Army reviewed its needs for newer AA systems and decided to order new systems for both the heavy and super-heavy role. The former was filled by the new M1 90 mm gun, which replaced the earlier M3 3-inch gun then in use. For the super-heavy role, the 120 mm gun design was dusted off and mated to a new eight-wheel carriage, designated 4.7-inch M1 when it was accepted in 1940.


120 mm M1 gun, History
Like the 90 mm, the M1 gun was typically operated in a battery of four guns, initially with an associated searchlight, SCR-268 radar (replaced later by the much-improved SCR-584), M10 gun director, and M4 Gun Data Computer that automatically laid the guns. The M6 Tractor was used as the prime mover.


120 mm M1 gun, History
The M1 gun entered service late in World War II. One battalion of M1 guns, the 513th AAA Gun Battalion, was deployed in the Philippines in February 1945, but never fired on any hostile aircraft.


120 mm M1 gun, History
After World War II ended and the Cold War with the Soviet Union began, M1 guns were deployed in many locations in the U.S. and Canada. To defend against long range Soviet Tu-4 bomber attack, the Army Anti- Aircraft Command (ARAACOM) formed 44 active duty and 22 National Guard battalions equipped with M1 guns, divided into seven brigades and 20 anti-aircraft artillery groups. Two Canadian anti-aircraft battalions were also equipped with M1 guns for the joint defense of the Soo Locks. These guns were guided by the long range Lashup Radar Network equipped with AN/CPS-5. M1 guns were deployed for the protection of nuclear production facilities, major industrial centers, strategic air force bases, and select major population centers.


120 mm M1 gun, History
In 1954, the MIM-3 Nike Ajax surface-to-air missile became operational with ARAACOM. It substantially outranged the M1 gun, rendering it obsolete. ARAACOM began retiring the M1 gun from active-duty units and then from National Guard units. Then in 1957, the Soviet Union introduced the R7, its first ICBM, and the M1 gun became practically useless. By January 1960, all remaining National Guard units with M1 guns were converted to Nike missiles or deactivated.


120 mm M984 extended-range DPICM mortar round
The 120 mm M984 extended-range DPICM mortar round was developed by the US Army Ordnance. It is a 120mm caliber mortar cluster munition that can carry a variety of payloads including either 54 M80 dual-purpose submunitions or six mines. It can be optionally used with a range extending rocket in a tractor configuration which increases its range from 7.2 to around 12 kilometers.


120 mm M984 extended-range DPICM mortar round
As the United States has not ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions, it is still in production.


120 mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun
120 mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun was a heavy artillery piece manufactured by the French company Schneider-Creusot. It was a slow firing gun without a recoil mechanism but with significant range and weight of the shell.


120 mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun
Serbia ordered 17 pieces in 1897. However, only 16 were delivered in 1902. Serbia entered the First Balkan War with 15 pieces (6 batteries), since one gun was destroyed during the exercises before the war. It was used in the First and Second Balkan Wars and in the first phase of the First World War (1914-1915). Most of the surviving pieces were abandoned and destroyed before the Serbian retreat to Albania.


120 mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun
Bulgaria also ordered this type in 1897, and received 24 pieces and used them in the Balkan and First World Wars. Serbian type (L/26) and Bulgarian (L/28) were slightly different in respect of the breech lock while in other aspects they were identical.


120 mm howitzer Model 1901
The 120 mm howitzer Model 1901 – was a German howitzer used by the Imperial Russian and Romanian Armies during the First World War.


120 mm howitzer Model 1901, Design
The model 1901 was a short ranged field howitzer capable of both direct and indirect fire. The model 1901 had a short steel barrel, a box trail carriage, two wooden spoked wheels with steel rims, a horizontal sliding-block breech, it fired cased separate-loading ammunition and had a spring-loaded recoil spade. For transport, the trail of the carriage could be connected to a limber and caisson for towing by a six-horse team.


120 ton-class repair dry dock
120-ton class dry dock is a class of naval auxiliary ship in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Only a single unit was completed with hull number 809, and it was originally given the name 809 Floating dock after the hull number. However, the pennant number and its name may have been changed due to the change of Chinese naval ships naming convention.


120 ton-class repair dry dock
Designed in Shanghai by , also known as the 4805th Factory of PLAN in Shanghai in the mid-1960s, construction begun at the same shipyard in 1967 after design was completed, during the greatest  political turmoil in China at the time, namely, Cultural Revolution. The result was the delay of the program, with the launching of the vessel did not commence until approximately three years later on June 27, 1970.