13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot
It is gradually revealed that rather than time periods, the protagonists inhabit five different areas, or "Sectors", which replicate a specific era. In the real-world 2188, a nanomachine virus ravaged the Earth, leaving only fifteen survivors; the thirteen protagonists, Okino and Tamao. The survivors initiated Project Ark, sending their DNA and records of their history to a new planet where they would restart humanity. The events of the game are happening on a distant terraformed planet and the simulation housing and training their minds is otherwise populated by human-like AIs.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot
Project Ark and its population are managed by Universal Control, an AI which erases inconsistencies and falsifies information to preserve the simulation. The 2188 Shinonome, disillusioned with humanity, secretly implemented the Deimos Code; this would cause Shikishima, a mega-corporation that exists in all Sectors, to produce the Deimos. Once the Deimos invades all five Sectors, the simulation resets to sixteen years prior to protect Universal Control, with the fifteen humans losing their memories of the events, trapping them in an endless loop. Some characters survive loops with their memories intact using "Sector 0", a non-spatial area at the system's core.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot
Some key plot threads are scattered through each character's narrative. Ida, an earlier version of Amuguchi, seeks to perpetuate the loops in an attempt to restore an earlier version of his lover Kisaragi, who exists in the current world as Inaba. He loses hope and is killed after learning that Sector 0 will be erased in the next reset. Juro Izumi, the original version of Kurabe, uses extreme measures to change events and is dubbed Prisoner 426, going on to use the avatars of Aiba, Fluffy and Shiba to further his plans and ending up directly aiding the thirteen pilots.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot
The current Morimura—a former associate and lover of Izumi—is determined to trigger Operation Aegis, which will cut off Universal Control from the Deimos while trapping them in the ruined simulation. She is killed by the preserved personality of the original Chihiro Morimura, who exists in the avatar of Miura's sister. Initially pessimistic of their chances, she is persuaded by Gouto to aid them. Fuyusaka is revealed to be another avatar of Morimura. Minami, Takamiya, Kisaragi, Ogata and Miura cross paths repeatedly and end up discovering several aspects of the backstory through travels to different sectors. In Hijiyama's route, it is revealed that the originals in the space colony eventually descended into violence over resource disputes.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot
Each arc concludes with the protagonist joining the final battle. When the Deimos arrive, the 13 pilots band together to fight them, with remote assistance from Inaba and Chihiro. The pilots fend the Deimos off long enough for Inaba to contact Universal Control and shut down the simulation, allowing the pilots, together with Okino and Tamao, to awaken from their hibernation pods in the real world. Five years later, the pilots have formed families with their loved ones on the new planet.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Synopsis, Plot
They restore the simulation and all its inhabitants, and plan to use the pods to create bodies for the AI humans so they can all live in the real world. Inaba and Ida plan to live in Universal Control, while Izumi and Morimura are reunited in the simulation. A secret cutscene shows self-replicating machines sent into space by Project Ark have colonized at least one other planet, where the game's events are repeating with some differences.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development
13 Sentinels was developed by Vanillaware, a Japanese game developer who also worked on Odin Sphere, Dragon's Crown and Muramasa: The Demon Blade; notable for their usage of 2D art in an industry predominated by the usage of 3D graphics. Vanillaware founder George Kamitani, who also directed Odin Sphere and Dragon's Crown, returned to serve as director for the game while handing the character design duties to Yukiko Hirai and Emika Kida. The game was produced by Akiyasu Yamamoto of Atlus, a role he had fulfilled for Odin Sphere.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development
It was the team's first game to use a contemporary or science fiction setting, as all their previous projects had used high fantasy settings. The concept originated in 2013 following the completion of Dragon's Crown. Tired of spending so long in fantasy worlds, Kamitani wanted to create a science-fiction story set in the time of his youth in the 1980s. He also wanted something on a much smaller scale, as Dragon's Crown was a huge project for him.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development
The game was originally pitched to an unnamed media company on the basis that it would be used as a basis for a toyline, with the marketing focused exclusively on Japan and having a small budget and low sales margins. As part of the initial pitch, Kamitani created mechas with hulking designs inspired by Robot Jox, then created a "gap in expectations" by having a setting and characters inspired by shōjo manga.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development
He was about to push forward with the project in this form when he remembered Atlus had been given right of first refusal as part of their contract to fund Dragon's Crown. Frustrated with the other company's demands and uncertain that Atlus would approve of the concept, Kamitani nevertheless showed it to them. Atlus, who was searching for a game to market internationally, immediately accepted it without the need to incorporate the toy line marketing. Despite these changes, the overall story concept remained intact and the final scene was unchanged from the original draft.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development
Full production began in the summer of 2015 following the completion of remakes of Muramasa (Muramasa Rebirth) and Odin Sphere (Odin Sphere Leifthrasir). The entire production period, including early concept work, lasted six years. The game was originally in production for PlayStation 4 (PS4) and PlayStation Vita (Vita). At the time of its announcement, the game had only just entered full development and there were very few assets to show.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development
The game was originally scheduled for release in 2018, but in November of that year Atlus delayed the game and cancelled the Vita version due to the longer time needed for development. In response to this, so players would experience what to expect from the game's characters and narrative, a demo-type release called 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim Prologue was developed. Based on feedback from Prologue, the development team were able to make adjustments and additions to the main game. Kamitani described the game as "truly, recklessly ambitious". He referred to the project as the culmination of his work and skills up to that point.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario
The concept for a story featuring multiple protagonists was drawn from the long-running television series Chūgakusei Nikki. Kamitani's original concept had seven or eight characters, but as the first artwork for the concept was published in 2013, he decided to increase the number to thirteen; this exponentially increased the company's workload. Prior to incorporating mechas, the story revolved around young people with superpowers inspired by the TV drama series Night Head. Due to lacking excitement and overt science fiction elements, he rewrote the premise. Kamitani based the narrative on the original video animation Megazone 23.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario
He was originally planning to use the Jules Verne novel Two Years' Vacation as inspiration. In the final product, the characters Gouto and Yakushiji are based respectively on the novel's characters Gordon and Cross. The narrative structure also drew inspiration from Western thriller fiction. In contrast to his work on Odin Sphere, where he had created the overall story while other writers worked on the game scenario, Kamitani wrote the entire scenario of the game himself both in and out of office hours over the course of three years. Kamitani chose to set the game in 1980s Japan due to his own experience; his knowledge of the modern Japanese school system was limited, and the lack of mobile phones in that era allowed for more face-to-face conversations between characters in-game.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario
The original scenario timeline ran from the 1940s to the 1980s, but when Atlus took over the project Kamitani expanded the scope into the near and distant future. Kamitani wanted to create a mecha-themed story for a modern audience, as many of the most memorable genre works (Mobile Suit Gundam, Neon Genesis Evangelion) were by that time several decades old. At one point, each of the thirteen protagonists had twelve possible story paths, making for a total of 165 possible variations.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario
Due to the production timeline and the need to reveal the story mysteries, Kamitani had to cut a lot of planned optional comedic and bonding scenes between characters. Several of the surviving routes went through extensive revisions, with some planned scenes such as a coffee shop location being cut, but a key surviving theme that came with its shōjo manga inspiration was romance.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario
Each protagonist's storyline drew inspiration from a particular outside source, ranging from Japanese anime and manga to Western movies and classic works of science fiction. Sekigahara's route originally had a shōjo-style romantic choice between Fuyusaka and Shinonome, but this was changed to make Fuyusaka the only choice. One of the core mysteries were the characters of Fuyusaka, Morimura and Chihiro, who were different incarnations of the same character, with her designs and portrayal showing the alternating charms of different ages. This section of the plot, which was a key part of Gouto's scenario, underwent major revisions late in production.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Scenario
Okino, created by Kamitani on Hirai's request for a "unique" character, was based on a soft-spoken character from Tottemo Hijikata-kun, a 1980s manga series. The complex relationship between Hijiyama and Okino, which used both comedic and romantic elements, was inspired by the manga series Stop!! Hibari-kun!. Kamitani cited several storylines as technically difficult to write, such as Takamiya's detective-themed narrative, Shinonome's amnesia plotline and Ogata's train sequences. Amiguchi's story was the most straightforward and thus easiest to complete, while the dark tone of Yakushiji's narrative often left him depressed.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design
Kamitani, who handed character designs himself in previous games, handed duties to Hirai and Kida due to the writing workload. In the same way, he originally wanted to handle the mecha and kaiju designs, but only created a few drafts before handing over their designs to other staff members. The character design was influenced by the work of mangaka Akira Kagami, a favorite of Kamitani in his youth. Hirai was given the stylistic direction of "girls and robots" for the character designs.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design
Unlike past Vanillaware games like Odin Sphere and Muramasa, which repeatedly used the same 2D background environments for their event scenes, the team created different backgrounds for several event scenes in the game and experimented with using some 3D assets for additional layering in these scenes, increasing development time. The added depth also created problems for the team with conveying emotions during cutscenes. During production, the character designs of Shinonome and Yakushiji were switched to better fit their emerging story personalities.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design
The team's aim was to push the boundaries they had previously established for 2D artwork in video games. In contrast to the fantasy landscapes of earlier Vanillaware titles, 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim was set in drabber modern environments featuring concrete and metal. To ensure a similar vibrancy to their earlier projects, the team leveraged the lighting effects to create an equivalent atmospheric effect. As with previous titles, during adventure segments the camera was fixed to mimic the experience of watching a stage play.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design
To achieve a suitable depth of field, Vanillaware "[placed] objects within a layered three-dimensional space" and adjusted the lighting to create the illusion of distance. The battle level designs were directly based on the graphic design of Gunparade March and Fantavision, with the blue-hued character portraits being based on the monitor displays and lighting of Alien.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design
The gameplay concepts drew from Vanillaware's earlier game GrimGrimoire, with the balance of adventure and battle sections in 13 Sentinels being based on GrimGrimoire's original pitch. The adventure sections were designed to feel like the gameplay of Shenmue, expressing the classic style of adventure games with a more intuitive interface design and response, for which the Cloud system was designed. Though Kamitani thought the Cloud system would be simple, its implementation proved extra challenging. An original plan for a strict time limit was scrapped after negative feedback from staff.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design
As the StarCraft-based battles of GrimGrimoire had met with a mixed response in Japan, Kamitani combined it with elements of the tower defense genre popular in the region. These elements were mostly handled by the programming team, led by Kentaro Ohnishi. The Archive was suggested by staff member Kouichi Maenou as a means for players to explore the game's mysteries. This aspect was handled by other staff, as Kamitani was in the middle of scenario writing.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Art and game design
He reminisced that due to the various development challenges and his own workload, he felt like an absentee compared to the other staff as there was comparatively little interaction during development. The increased workload, scope, and challenges for the game's development led to significant changes in the studio's usual development cycle.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music
The music and sound design for the game were handled by Basiscape, a music company led by Hitoshi Sakimoto who had collaborated on other Vanillaware projects. The music was composed and arranged by a team led by Sakimoto, and included Yukinori Kikuchi, Mitsuhiro Kaneda, Yoshimi Kudo, Rikako Watanabe, Kazuki Higashihara and Azusa Chiba. All other aspects of the game's sound design were handled by Masaaki Kaneko.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music
Sakimoto was contacted by Kamitani at the beginning of development when the New Year image was designed. The first track composed was the opening theme "Brat Overflow", which featured in the reveal trailer and would inform the game's musical style from that point on. He wrote the theme as a "lean motif" that could be incorporated into multiple tracks. The game featured a vocal theme, "Seaside Vacation", performed by singer Hu Ito who was the singing voice for in-game idol Miyuki Inaba. The song was written by Sakimoto. In keeping with the main setting, the song's style was based on Showa-era pop songs, though there were no particular inspirations behind the song and singer. The lyrics were written by Watanabe.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music
The musical style of the game was driven mostly by Basiscape based on the game's premise. Compared to his earlier work with Vanillaware, Sakimoto worked more on keeping a unified musical image. The music was themed around techno, but the team worked to keep melodic balance in the score. Its theme was "juvenile", with Sakimoto needing to redo his early work with Kamitani's help. Though Kikuchi and Watanabe was new to Vanillaware titles, both Kudo and Kaneda had worked with the studio on Odin Sphere and Muramasa.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music
Kudo, Kaneda and Kikuchi handled the battle tracks based on Sakimoto's direction for tracks which changed based on the player's progress through the stage. A recurring need for the score was to balance electronic and orchestral elements throughout the score. The two gameplay modes had different musical styles; the adventure sections used "analog" sounds and a focus on atmosphere, while battles made heavy use of electronic elements and rhythm. Some of the earlier tracks overtly used Showa-style composition, but as the setting was already heavily based around the Showa period, the music shifted to be less period-specific.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music
Another difference compared to earlier Vanillaware projects was that more of the tracks were designed with a specific story-based theme, such as shopping in the high street. Due to the changes made to the game, the themes consequently needed a lot of adjustment during production. The placement of some songs within particular scenes, such as a sombre piece accompanying a comedic moment, were done by Kaneko based on his interpretation of a scene.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Music
A soundtrack album was released on February 27, 2020, the physical version being exclusive to Atlus's online store. The album features four discs, and has a cover art drawn by Hirai. The album also released digitally worldwide through iTunes. The album included the full version of "Seaside Vacation", and versions of the battle tracks which ran through all their variations before segueing into the victory theme. A mini soundtrack featuring ten tracks from the game was packaged with the special edition of 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim Prologue. An arrange album, featuring two new tracks and a new cover design by Hirai, was released on February 27, 2021. It was also released as a worldwide digital release on iTunes. The album was described by Kudo as "a musical expression of another aspect" of the game.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Voice acting
Voice recording for the script ran concurrently with the scriptwriting and revision process, with six different recording sessions for various actors happening during production. Voice recording ran on until very close to the game's retail release. Several of the actors were fans of Vanillaware's titles, and enjoyed voicing the characters. Due to the plot point surrounding Fuyusaka, Morimura and Chihiro, all three shared the same voice actress: Atsumi Tanezaki.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Development, Audio, Voice acting
As scenes were recorded out of story order, the recording team needed a dedicated worksheet showing which scene called for what emotion so the actors would not make any serious mistakes with characterizations. Kaneko had a difficult task balancing out the music and dialogue in different scenes, made more complicated by the scenario's complex structure. Full voice acting, including the Thought Cloud dialogue sections, was a later addition chosen to promote player immersion. Due to this task, Kaneko had to carefully sync voice clips with keywords from the Thought Cloud so that it would not sound like random noise, along with filtering the music and environmental effects so the voice work came through clearly.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release
13 Sentinels was announced at the 2015 Tokyo Game Show. Prior to the announcement, the game was teased in a preview video in July 2015 as a collaboration project between Atlus and Vanillaware following the public reveal of Odin Sphere: Leifthrasir. The delay and cancellation of the Vita version was announced in November 2018. 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim Prologue was released in Japan on March 14, 2019. It came in both a standalone edition and a special edition which included artwork and a mini soundtrack.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release
A demo that allows players to access the first three hours of the game was released in Japan on October 30, 2019. The game was released in Japan on November 28, 2019. An Asian release for Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia was published by Sega on March 19, 2020. A manga anthology based on the game, featuring stories from each character's perspective, was released on September 10, 2020.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release
13 Sentinels was originally set to be released outside of Japan on September 8, 2020 before being delayed until September 22. Pre -orders included an artbook, with limited quantities for the game's physical edition. The localization was led by Atlus West's Allie Doyon. She commented that the project's voice director had a difficult time explaining the complicated storyline to the actors, saying she lost count of the number of times they used the phrase "wibbly-wobbly, timey-wimey" to explain it.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release
As there was no lead protagonist, each actor only got their own side of the narrative and the team had to integrate the recordings with this separation in mind. The complexity of the plot, the continual adjustments to voicework in the Japanese version, and the way dialogue was delivered in small pieces during scenes rather than in a dedicated dialogue box all presented challenges for the localization. For the European localization co-managed by Sega's regional branch, the team used the Japanese script rather than the English one for translations into French, German, Italian and Spanish. The game was published in the region by Sega.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release
The team were beginning English dub recording when the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted their schedule. The only actor to finish recording before the pandemic forced Atlus West to close their sound studios was Kaiji Tang, who voiced Hijiyama. The studio heads, voice actors and localizers collaborated on a solution, with the actors doing the rest of their recording using conference call software within makeshift sound studio environments set up within their homes. Due to the makeshift recording conditions, the sound editing department at Atlus West had a greater workload cleaning up recordings to ensure uniform sound quality.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Release
Shorter recording sessions, together with connection problems that occurred from time to time and the toll of isolation on both actors and sound staff, also proved difficult. The voice acting took a collaborative effort between Atlus, Sega, Vanillaware and Basiscape. Doyon referred to 13 Sentinels as one of her favorite video game project up to that point in her career.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception
Review aggregate website Metacritic garnered a score of 85 points out of 100 based on 69 critic reviews, indicating a "generally positive" reception. The narrative and characters were universally praised for their complexity and compelling nature, though a few found it difficult to follow or overly reliant on jargon, or cited uneven character writing and occasional pacing issues. The gameplay met with generally positive comments, though the RTS sections were seen as the weaker part of the experience. The visuals also met with general praise, though the battle displays were faulted compared to the adventure segments. The music also met with praise, while the localization saw positive responses from Western reviewers.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception
Japanese magazine Famitsu lauded the game's presentation and narrative, with two of the four reviewers giving it a perfect score. Destructoid's CJ Andriessen lauded the game as intriguing, feeling that only the RTS battle sections held the game back from being Vanillaware's best game to date. Malindy Hetfeld of Eurogamer compared the attention to detail in its worldbuilding to the work of Hideo Kojima, and generally enjoyed the game although she faulted the lack of central plot and portrayal of both straight and LGBT romance.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception
Joe Juba, writing for Game Informer, praised the narrative delivery and art style of the adventure sections despite finding the RTS sections weaker in both gameplay and presentation. Heidi Kemps of GameSpot called it an unforgettable experience and "a unique, genre-mixing experiment", lauding its narrative and art style while again faulting the RTS gameplay as weaker overall.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception
IGN's Matt Kim called the RTS gameplay style "commendable", but cited the storytelling and adventure art style as the main reasons for buying the game. Robert Ramsey of Push Square gave the title a near-perfect score, lauding the experience overall despite pacing issues with the narrative. Alex Fuller, writing for RPGamer, enjoyed the game's combat and felt that the narrative, while enjoyable, was not interactive enough and took up too much of the gameplay.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception
Alana Hagues of RPGFan—referencing a 2009 interview with Kamitani on his ideal game—felt that Kamitani and Vanillaware had "have achieved their ultimate goal", lauding the overall game design and strength of narrative. Josh Torres of RPG Site gave the game a perfect score, lauding it as a new landmark in video game storytelling and praising the overall package despite its RTS elements appearing weaker.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception, Sales and accolades
During its opening week, all retail versions of the game sold just over 34,200 units, debuting in fifth place in the charts. These low sales were blamed by Kamitani on the game's blend of genres, difficult production, and releasing alongside other popular titles. While initial sales were low, positive word of mouth from both players and other industry figures caused sales to increase, resulting in stock shortages. It remained in the top 30 best-selling titles into January, with total physical sales of nearly 59,500 units. By this point, physical and digital sales had reached 100,000 units. In their fiscal report, Atlus said that 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim exceeded their sales expectations. By January 2021, the game had sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. That number had jumped to 400,000 by mid-March.


13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim, Reception, Sales and accolades
The game won the awards for "Best Scenario" and "Best Adventure Game" at the Famitsu/Dengeki Game Awards 2019, whereas its other nominations were for "Game of the Year", "Best Graphics", and "Best Rookie Game". It received a nomination in the "Media" category for the 51st annual Seiun Awards in 2020, the only video game nominee that year. The game was also nominated for "Best Narrative" at The Game Awards 2020. In IGN's "Best of 2020", 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim was one of the nominees in their "Best Adventure/Puzzle" and "Best Video Game Art Design" categories.


13 Septembrie
13th of September (Romanian: 13 Septembrie) is a district in the south of Bucharest, Romania in Sector 5, close to the city center.


13 Septembrie, History
The name comes from the main street in the area: Calea 13 Septembrie, which is named after the date of the closing battle of the 1848 Wallachian Revolution which was fought on the nearby Dealul Spirii between the Ottoman troops and the Firemen division of Bucharest. The 13th of September is the Firefighter's Day in Romania since then.


13 Signal Group (United Kingdom)
The 13th Signals Group was a military communications brigade sized formation of the British Army. The group was established in 1967 to control the territorial signals regiments with national communication duties in the United Kingdom. It was later disbanded in 1974, when it merged with the 2nd Signal Group.


13 Signal Group (United Kingdom), History
The group was formed in 1967 for the overall command of the territorial signal regiments with "National Communication" duties. Its units were specifically tasked with helping local and national signals with helping governmental and military major organizations; I.e. Ministry of Defence and 2nd Infantry Division. Because of cuts later on, It was later absorbed into the 2nd Signal Group, in 1972.


13 Signal Group (United Kingdom), Structure
The structure of the group stayed the same its entire history. Upon formation, it included the following units:


13 Signal Squadron
In April 1978, the South African Minister of Defence authorized the formation of 44 Signal Squadron. From 24 September 1980 until October 1986, 44 Signal Squadron supported 44 Brigade in all aspects of signals, e.g., the supply of communication and the manning of a Communication Centrum (Comcen). From 2 October 1986, the Squadron was upgraded to a Signal Unit with Commandant Lombard as commander and tasked to supply the Brigade with communication and establish a full-strength Unit. The unit's second in command was Maj P. Drotsky and the RSM P. Snyders. The signal unit flag was authorized in 1986. After the restructuring of the SADF as the SANDF in 1994, the unit was renamed 13 Signals Squadron.


13 Sins
13 Sins is a 2014 American horror-thriller film directed by Daniel Stamm. The film is a remake of the 2006 Thai comedy horror film 13 Beloved. Mark Webber stars as Elliot, a meek salesman who accepts a series of increasingly disturbing and criminal challenges. It premiered at the 2014 SXSW film festival and was released theatrically in the United States on April 18, 2014. This was the final film appearance of George Coe before his death in 2015.


13 Sins, Plot
Elliot Brindle, a meek salesman, loses his job despite his debt and the people who depend on him: Michael, his mentally disabled brother; Shelby, his pregnant fiancée; and Samson, his abusive father. Elliot receives a mysterious phone call that offers him $1,000 to assertively kill a fly that has been harassing him. After Elliot checks his bank account online and sees that he has been credited, he accepts the next challenge: to eat the dead fly. The caller explains that he will be offered a series of thirteen challenges, each of which will result in greater rewards. If he fails to complete any of them, interferes in the game, or reveals the game, he will forfeit all the money, including any he already won.


13 Sins, Plot
The next few challenges attract police attention: making a young girl cry, arson, and scamming a homeless person with an ostrich. When the child identifies Elliot in the police station based on wanted posters, Detective Chilcoat takes over the case. Shelby becomes concerned about Elliot's secretive and odd behavior, and he explains that he is planning a surprise. For his sixth challenge, Elliot is forced to take a corpse of a man who committed suicide out for coffee. Given a strict deadline, Elliot panics and brazenly steals a cup of coffee from a table of on-duty police officers. When confronted, Elliot notices that they are drinking alcohol and threatens to file a complaint which forces them to back off. Elliot is rewarded two challenge completions for this feat.


13 Sins, Plot
After he flees the scene, the caller tells Elliot that he has left behind his library card as evidence; however, if he wins the game, his record will be purged. At the same time, Chilcoat follows Vogler, a conspiracy theorist that has been investigating the game. Paranoid, Vogler flees Chilcoat but advises him to kill Elliot at his first opportunity. Chilcoat eventually tracks down Vogler at a bar and discuss that the game's sole purpose is turning players into monstrosities at the promise of millions of dollars.


13 Sins, Plot
Vogler states his wife once played the game, resulting in her eating their dog. For his next challenge, Elliot receives no instructions and is taken to a rural motel. There, a man identifies himself as a former childhood bully, and the caller tells Elliot to sever the man's arm. Elliot initially refuses but does so once the man taunts him. After driving the man to the hospital, Elliot beats the man's brother with a chair as revenge for him bullying Elliot and Michael, including urinating in Michael’s face. As a result, he is credited with two more completed challenges.


13 Sins, Plot
When the police arrive at the banquet hall where Elliot and Shelby are having their rehearsal dinner, Elliot is surprised to discover that they are interested in Michael, who says he revealed himself to a young woman partially due to his medication being cut off. To give Michael time to escape, he accepts his next challenge, to destroy the banquet hall while singing The Internationale.


13 Sins, Plot
Disappointed in his reluctance to break social norms, the caller then instructs Elliot to surrender to the police, from whom Elliot learns that another person has been playing the game while committing other acts such as pushing an elder down the stairs and burning down an entire shrine. Elliot takes and accidentally wounds a hostage to escape and complete the game before the other competitor. As he escapes, he's forced to leave behind his cell phone. Desperate, he takes an old woman hostage when she shows up, sure that she is involved in his next challenge.


13 Sins, Plot
After feigning ignorance, the old woman reveals his next challenge: to set a stainless steel wire across the road. Elliot is horrified when he realizes that a group of bikers have been instructed to speed down the road. Although he disarms the trap in time, the other competitor arms a similar trap down the road, and the cyclists are decapitated. Disgusted and mortified, Elliot quits the game, tossing the phone away before he's told the last challenge and, when he returns home, discovers that Michael is the other competitor.


13 Sins, Plot
Michael reveals that the final challenge is to kill a family member. Although Elliot originally tries to talk Michael out of killing their father, Elliot becomes homicidal when their father reveals he won the game by killing their mother, which led to a miserable life despite his victory. To prevent his sons from experiencing the horror of losing everything closest to them from winning the game, Samson slices his neck and commits suicide.


13 Sins, Plot
However, Michael refuses to stop playing the game and attempts to kill Elliot. Elliot kills Michael in self-defense, though he is stabbed multiple times. Elliot is credited for his final challenge, but he forfeits all the money when he interferes with the game by shooting Chilcoat, who had murdered the conspiracy theorist and has now arrived to clean up the crime scene, thus revealing his involvement with the game. Later, Elliot learns that Shelby has declined to play the game, and he collapses laughing happily.


13 Sins, Production
The themes of the film were written to reflect drug addiction, and Stamm used a drug addiction specialist to emphasize those parallels in Elliot's character arc. Stamm wanted Elliot to grow assertive and strong, then slowly become addicted to both the game and his new persona, which causes him to not notice the increasingly negative effects on his life. Two endings were shot: a more upbeat ending and a highly nihilistic ending. The alternate ending is available on the Blu-ray release.


13 Sins, Production
Jason Blum bought the rights to 13: Game of Death and offered the remake to Stamm, who enjoyed the original film. The studio gave him complete freedom, which Stamm said allowed him to explore his interpretation of the film and tweak tasks that he felt did not work. Perlman did not see the original film, as he did not want it to influence his performance. Several of the tasks are new; Stamm wanted to include enough new content to keep fans of the original film interested in the remake while retaining the original film's most iconic tasks.


13 Sins, Production
For the story, Stamm was influenced by Falling Down, which he said invited the audience to identify with a protagonist who becomes increasingly assertive, only to reveal later that he is "a racist and dangerous". Stamm wanted the actors to feel comfortable with each other and their roles, so he had them perform improvisational scenes together. Although initially eager to show off for the sake of impressing Perlman, of whom he is a fan, Stamm eventually backed off and allowed the actors to improvise their lines during filming, too.


13 Sins, Release
13 Sins premiered at SXSW on March 7, 2014. It was released to video on demand March 14 and theatrically April 18, 2014, in the United States. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 17, 2014.


13 Sins, Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 65% of 43 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.8/10. The site's consensus reads, "13 Sins may be derivative of other horror films that made their moral points with more finesse, but it atones with a grim sense of humor and sleek style". Metacritic rated it 44/100 based on eleven reviews.


13 Sins, Reception
Variety wrote that it "achieves a modest degree of tension and dark humor before it unravels." Fearnet wrote that the film's greatest weakness was its similarity to earlier films, but that overall "there's more than enough here for a 'psychological horror' fan to get behind." The Austin Chronicle was more positive in their review, in which they said that the movie would have a wide appeal to both genre and mainstream viewers.


13 Sins, Reception
Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times wrote, "A study of desperation and the evil within, Daniel Stamm's 13 Sins is an empty, efficient thriller that leaves you as cold as most of its characters." Martin Tsai of the Los Angeles Times called it "a Saw knock-off without the torture porn". Staci Layne Wilson of Dread Central rated it 3/5 stars and called it "a fun enough time waster".


13 Sins, Reception
Bears Fonté of AMFM Magazine said the film was the best of all the midnighters at SXSW and "provides a nice commentary on materialism and ease at which someone will shed their carefully crafted image when provided with a chance to score some cash." Patrick Cooper of Bloody Disgusting rated it 3/5 stars and wrote that it is "tonally uneven" but "darkly comic".


13 Songs (Fugazi album)
13 Songs is a compilation of all the songs from the American post-hardcore band Fugazi's first two EPs. It was released on 1st September 1989.


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Background
The EPs compiled were Fugazi (1988), which was recorded at Inner Ear Studios in June 1988 with Ted Niceley & Don Zientara, and Margin Walker (1989), which was recorded in December 1988 at Southern Studios in London with John Loder handling production duties.


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Background
The EPs had been on Ian MacKaye's Dischord Records as numbers 30 and 35, respectively. 13 Songs was number 36. A remastered version was released in February 2003.


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Release
13 Songs is Fugazi's most successful release. While certain sources report the album's total worldwide sales as being over 3 million, Alan O'Connor in his 2008 book Punk Record Labels and the Struggle for Autonomy: The Emergence of DIY lists the figure as 750,000 (based on an interview with Dischord Records).


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception
The album has gone on to receive critical acclaim, despite being a compilation, with many calling it one of the best albums of the post-hardcore genre. Stereogum called it "as auspicious as punk debuts come", further noting that on the album, "most of the Fugazi elements were in place from the jump, albeit in a somewhat less-developed form.


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception
If the concept of a punk band writing a song from the perspective of a woman being hooted at by sexist loudmouths seems revolutionary now, imagine what it sounded like in 1988, when the canon of classic punk still consisted largely of songs dealing with beating on brats, lynching landlords, and the ritual impaling of cats." In a 5-star review for Allmusic, Andy Kellman called the album "timeless" and wrote that "the importance of this record can perhaps be more suitably measured by the number of people who remember the first time they heard it.


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception
13 Songs is usually among the first records that spring to mind when defining alternative rock. Furious, intelligent, artful, and entirely musical, it's a baker's dozen of cannon shots to the gut -- not just a batch of emotionally visceral and defiant songs recorded by angry young men, but something greater." Consequence of Sound called it "a solid classic, instantly grabbing the ear with a timeless quality that you just don’t find every day. [ ...] I know this music is over 20 years old, but it sounds like it’s pouring out of someone’s garage down the street.


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception
You can’t fake this kind of timeless authenticity, though God knows many have tried." According to Popmatters, the album (along with Repeater) "remain the band's most widely successful and consistently praised work. 13 Songs, for instance, has sold over three million copies -- all without radio singles, music videos, or any of the tools of corporate publicity that help musicians reach that stratospheric level of success."


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Reception, Accolades
In 2005, 13 Songs was ranked 29 in Spin's "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005". NME ranked it #284 in their list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2014. Paste ranked it at #57 on their list of "The 80 Best Albums of the 1980s". In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked it 35th on their list of the "40 Greatest Punk Albums of All Time".


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Influence
According to Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill: "13 Songs is to underground music what Led Zeppelin IV is to suburban potheads." According to Conrad Keely of ... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, the album along with Unwound's Fake Train "epitomized America's disaffected, self-hating white middle-class guilt victims screaming about the fact that they have nothing to do with their time other than be bored, nothing to speak out against other than their own ennui and unwarranted discontent.


13 Songs (Fugazi album), Influence
And although that might sound like a criticism or an indictment, the fact is that this sentiment existed, it was shared by a lot of us, and it found its voice in albums like [13 Songs]." "Looking back upon the arc of alternative rock, punk and indie throughout the decade," writes Treble, "from Nirvana to Jawbox, Shudder to Think, Sunny Day Real Estate, Quicksand and The Afghan Whigs, there’s a line that traces back to the jittery funk and searingly melodic hardcore of Fugazi’s first two EPs, which comprise 13 Songs." Both Jack Johnson and Eddie Vedder have named 13 Songs as one of their favorite albums of all time.


13 Steps Lead Down
"13 Steps Lead Down" is a song written and performed by new wave musician Elvis Costello that was first released on his 1994 album Brutal Youth. Written quickly during a day-long session, the song features lyrics referencing El Escorial and the twelve-step recovery movement. The track is one of those on Brutal Youth that features the reunited Attractions, Costello's longtime backing band.


13 Steps Lead Down
"13 Steps Lead Down" was released as the second single from Brutal Youth, reaching number 59 in the UK. It has since been lauded by critics as a return to his punk origins and it has become a live favorite.


13 Steps Lead Down, Background
"13 Steps Lead Down" was written quickly during a one-day writing spree by Costello; during this same day, Costello wrote "Rocking Horse Road," "Pony St.," "Clown Strike," "Still Too Soon to Know," and "Just About Glad." Costello recalled, "I would work for about half an hour with the guitar cranked up really loud, and make a tape of just anything that came into my head. I did it in bursts, and then I listened to see if any of it was interesting. A lot of it was gibberish".


13 Steps Lead Down, Background
The song's title, according to Costello, "refers to that number being used to instill dread in those entering the Tomb of the Spanish Kings at El Escorial". He elaborated on the song's lyrical content, "Not that the song continues much with that theme — it was more for those who could not subscribe to the new fashion of sobriety". Critics have pointed to the song as critical of the twelve-step recovery movement.


13 Steps Lead Down, Background
The track was one of the songs on Brutal Youth that featured Costello's reunited backing band the Attractions. Costello later named "13 Steps Lead Down" and "Sulky Girl" as "reminders that [the Attractions] could also be a pretty great rock and roll band". The song closes with what Rick Anderson of AllMusic describes as "one of his patented atonal solos".


13 Steps Lead Down, Release and reception
"13 Steps Lead Down" was released as the second single from Brutal Youth in the UK, following "Sulky Girl". The B-side to the single was "Do You Know What I'm Saying?" The single was moderately successful, reaching number 59 in the UK. The song also reached number 15 on the Billboard Bubbling Under chart as well as number six on the Billboard Modern Rock chart. The song has since appeared on an EP of the same name as well as on the compilation album Extreme Honey.


13 Steps Lead Down, Release and reception
"13 Steps Lead Down" has generally seen positive reception from critics. AllMusic's Stewart Mason called the song "the best and most Attractions-like song" from Brutal Youth, while Neil Strauss of The New York Times named it as one of the songs from Brutal Youth that "hold up to the band's best work from the late 1970's, but ... also dared to be different". Noel Murray and Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club dubbed the song "one of Costello’s all-time best fist-pumping stingers" and Jeremy Allen of The Guardian called it a "classic".


13 Steps Lead Down, Release and reception
J. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun named the song as a moment on Brutal Youth "where you could almost close your eyes and imagine that it's 1978 again", while Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic described the song as a highlight of the album that "rock[s] with the infectious charge".


13 Steps Lead Down, Release and reception
Brian Hiatt of Entertainment Weekly named the song as one of Costello's top ten tracks, stating, "This insistent, noisy punk track stands up against Costello and the Attractons' early landmarks".


13 Steps Lead Down, Performance history
"13 Steps Lead Down" has been performed live by Costello since the Brutal Youth tour. Costello and the reunited Attractions debuted the song live on Late Show with David Letterman in 1994, ending the song with the closing to "Radio Radio"; Letterman, a longtime Costello fan, was so impressed by the band's performance of the song that he brought the band back to perform again within months. Costello also performed the song for a scene in a season 3 episode of The Larry Sanders Show before trashing his dressing room.


13 Stitches
13 Stitches is a 7-inch EP by NOFX. An electric version of the A-side appeared on The War on Errorism. The B-side appeared on the 2004 Warped Tour compilation, and an instrumental version plays on the menu of the DVD Ten Years Of Fuckin' Up. The back cover contains a collage of classic punk albums by bands such as Minor Threat, Misfits and Bad Religion. It was limited to 7,179 copies on yellow vinyl. It is currently out of print.


13 Stitches
The title song is about bands that Fat Mike had seen and what he thought about them; the bands referenced in this song are (in particular order) Descendents, The Alley Cats, D.O.A., Millions Of Dead Cops, Ill Repute, and DRI.


13 Stories
13 Stories is an Atlanta, Georgia based pop-band. Keyboards and leading vocals are provided by Cheri D, lead guitar is by Cat, bass guitar is by J3, and drums are by Max. They have released a CD entitled FunkyPopSexyHouseRap with the single Beep! Beep!. Beep! Beep! was used in 2006 for a series of television commercials for Ford automobiles which featured not only the song, but also the band playing it.


13 Stories (A Prelude)
13 Stories (A Prelude) is a studio album by Canadian hip hop producer Factor. It was released on Side Road Records in 2010.


13 Stories (A Prelude), Critical reception
Writing for Potholes in My Blog, Zach Cole gave the album 3 stars out of 5, saying, "13 Stories is interesting in that the productions are more rooted in traditional hip-hop, and they are certainly not Factor's most abstract by any means, yet the album remains challenging – in a good way."


13 Stories and 13 Epitaphs
13 Stories and 13 Epitaphs is a book of short stories written by William T. Vollmann first published in the UK in 1991. The stories, which are both fictional and semi-autobiographical, traverse a wide range of themes and are punctuated by short mediations on death.


13 Streets
The 13 Streets (Chinese: 十三街) is an area in Ma Tau Kok, Kowloon City District, Hong Kong.


13 Streets, Orientation
It consists of 11 parallel short streets, bordered by Kowloon City Road (west), To Kwa Wan Road (east), Mok Cheong Street (north) and Ma Tau Kok Road (south). Their names are mostly related to auspicious animals, namely dragon, phoenix, deer, unicorn, eagle, lark, egret, cicada, swallow, horse and crane.


13 Streets, Orientation
There are 83 buildings in the 13 Streets area, built between 1958 and 1960. They contain a total of about 2,500 residential flats and 418 shops at the street level. Due to lack of maintenance, the buildings are a in dilapidated condition.


13 Themes for a Triskaidekaphobic
13 Themes for a Triskaidekaphobic is a live album by The Jeff Kaiser Ockodektet, released in 2003 on pfMENTUM – CD013.


13 Themes for a Triskaidekaphobic, Credits
Acoustic Guitar [Prepared] – Ernesto Diaz-InfanteAlto Saxophone – Jason MearsConductor, Trumpet, Composed By, Arranged By, Recorded By, Mastered By, Design, Layout – Jeff KaiserContrabass – Hal Onserud, Jim ConnollyDrums – Billy Mintz, Richie WestElectric Guitar – Tom McNalleyElectric Guitar, Electronics – G.E. StinsonEuphonium, Valve Trombone – Eric SbarFlute [Flutes] – Emily HayOrgan, Theremin, Electronics – Wayne PeetPercussion – Brad DutzPercussion, Drums [Drum Set] – Richie WestSaxophone [Saxophones], Clarinet [Clarinets] – Lynn JohnstonSaxophone [Saxophones], Clarinet [Clarinets], Flute [Flutes] – Vinny GoliaSoprano Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone – Eric BarberTrombone – Michael VlatkovichTrumpet – Dan Clucas, Kris TinerTuba – Mark Weaver


13 Things That Don't Make Sense
13 Things That Don't Make Sense is a non-fiction book by the British writer Michael Brooks, published in both the UK and the US during 2008.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense
The British subtitle is "The Most Intriguing Scientific Mysteries of Our Time" while the American is "The Most Baffling..." (see image).


13 Things That Don't Make Sense
Based on an article Brooks wrote for New Scientist in March 2005, the book, aimed at the general reader rather than the science community, contains discussion and description of a number of unresolved issues in science. It is a literary effort to discuss some of the inexplicable anomalies that after centuries science still cannot completely comprehend.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 1
The Missing Universe. This chapter deals with astronomy and theoretical physics and the ultimate fate of the universe, in particular the search for understanding of dark matter and dark energy and includes discussion of:


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 2
The Pioneer Anomaly. This discusses the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 space probes, which appear to be veering off course and drifting towards the sun. At the time of writing of the book there was a growing speculation as to whether this phenomenon could be explained by a yet-undetermined fault in the rockets' systems or whether this was an unidentified effect of gravity. The lead investigator into the progress of the rockets is physicist Slava Turyshev of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California who is analysing the data of the rockets' launch and progress and "reflying" the missions as computer simulations to try to find a solution to the mystery.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 2
However, in 2012, after the book was published, Turyshev was able to give an explanation to the Pioneer Anomaly.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 3
Varying Constants. This chapter discusses the reliability of some physical constants, quantities or values that are held to be always fixed. One of these, the Fine-structure constant, which calculates the behaviour and amount of energy transmitted in subatomic interactions from light reflection and refraction to nuclear fusion, has been called into question by physicist John Webb of the University of New South Wales who may have identified differences in the behaviour of light from quasars and light sources today. According to Webb's observations quasar light appears to refract different shades of colour from light waves emitted today.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 3
Brooks also discusses the Oklo natural nuclear fission reactor, in which the natural conditions in caves in Gabon 2 billion years ago caused the uranium there to react. It may be that the amount of energy released was different from today. Both sets of data are subject to ongoing investigation and debate but, Brooks suggests, may indicate that the behaviour of matter and energy can vary radically and essentially as the conditions of the universe changes through time.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 4
Cold Fusion. A review of efforts to create nuclear energy at room temperature using hydrogen that is embedded in a metal crystal lattice. Theoretically, this should not happen, because nuclear fusion requires a huge activation energy to get it started. The effect was first reported by chemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons in 1989, but attempts to reproduce it over the ensuing months were mostly unsuccessful. Cold fusion research was discredited, and articles on the subject became difficult to publish. But according to the book, a scattering of scientists around the world continue to report positive results, with multiple, independent verifications.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 5
Life. This chapter describes efforts to define life and how it emerged from inanimate matter (abiogenesis) and even recreate artificial life including: the Miller–Urey experiment by chemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey at the University of Chicago in 1953 to spark life into a mixture of chemicals by using an electrical charge; Steen Rasmussen's work at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to implant primitive DNA, peptide nucleic acid, into soap molecules and heat them up; and the work of the Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter at the University of California.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 6
Viking. A discussion of the experiments by engineer Gilbert Levin to search for life on Mars in the 1970s as part of the Viking program. Levin's Labeled Release experiment appeared to conclusively show that life does exist on Mars, but as his results were not supported by the other three Viking biological experiments, they were called into question and eventually not accepted by NASA, which instead hypothesized that the gases observed being generated may not have been a product of living metabolism but of a chemical reaction of hydrogen peroxide.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 6
Brooks goes into detail on some of Levin's other experiments and also describes how NASA's subsequent missions to Mars have focused on the geology and climate of the planet rather than looking for life on the planet. (Several missions are searching for water and geological conditions which could support life on Mars currently or in the past.)


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 7
The Wow! Signal. Brooks discusses whether or not the signal spotted by astronomer Jerry R. Ehman at the Big Ear radio telescope of Ohio State University in 1977 was a genuine indication of intelligent life in outer space. This was a remarkably clear signal and Big Ear was the largest and longest running SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) radio-telescope project in the world. Brooks goes on to discuss the abandonment of NASA's Microwave Observing Program after government funding was stopped by the efforts of senator Richard Bryan of Nevada. There is no public funding for similar observations today while the SETI Institute, which continues NASA's work, is funded by private donation, as are a number of other initiatives.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 8
A Giant Virus. Brooks describes the huge and highly resistant Mimivirus found in Bradford, England in 1992 and whether this challenges the traditional view of viruses being inanimate chemicals rather than living things. Mimivirus is not only much larger than most viruses but it also has a much more complex genetic structure. The discovery of Mimivirus has given weight to the theories of microbiologist Philip Bell and others that viral infection was indeed the reason for the emergence from primitive life forms of complex cell structures based on a cell nucleus. (See viral eukaryogenesis.) Study of the behaviour and structure of viruses is ongoing.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 9
Death. Beginning with the example of Blanding's turtle and certain species of fish, amphibians and reptiles that do not age as they grow older, Brooks discusses theories and research into the evolution of ageing. These include the studies of Peter Medawar and George C. Williams in the 1950s and Thomas Johnson, David Friedman and Cynthia Kenyon in the 1980s claiming that ageing is a genetic process that has evolved as organism select genes that help them to grow and reproduce over ones that help them to thrive in later life.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 9
Brooks also talks about Leonard Hayflick, as well as others, who have observed that cells in culture will at a fixed point in time stop reproducing and die as their DNA eventually becomes corrupted by continuous division, a mechanical process at cell level rather than part of a creature's genetic code.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 10
Sex. This chapter is a discussion of theories of the evolution of sexual reproduction. The provided explanation is that although asexual reproduction is much easier and more efficient for an organism it is less common than sexual reproduction because having two parents allows species to adapt and evolve more easily to survive in changing environments.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 10
Brooks discusses efforts to prove this by laboratory experiment and goes on to discuss alternative theories including the work of Joan Roughgarden of Stanford University who proposes that sexual reproduction, rather than being driven by Charles Darwin's sexual selection in individuals, is a mechanism for the survival of social groupings, which most higher species depend on for survival.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 11
Free Will. Discusses the experimental investigations into the Neuroscience of free will by Benjamin Libet of the University of California, San Francisco and others, which show that the brain seems to commit to certain decisions before the person becomes aware of having made them and discusses the implications of these findings on our conception of free will.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 12
The Placebo Effect. This is a discussion of the role of the placebo in modern medicine, including examples such as Diazepam, which, Brooks claims, in some situations appears to work only if the patient knows they are taking it. Brooks describes research into prescription behaviour which appears to show that use of placebos is commonplace. He describes the paper by Asbjørn Hrobjartsson and Peter C. Gøtzsche in the New England Journal of Medicine that challenges use of placebos entirely, and the work of others towards an understanding of the mechanism of the effect.


13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Chapter 13
Homeopathy. Brooks discusses the work of researcher Madeleine Ennis involving a homeopathic solution which once contained histamine but was diluted to the point where no histamine remained. Brooks conjectures that the results might be explained by some previously unknown property of water. Brooks supports the investigation of documented anomalies even though he is critical of the practice of homeopathy in general, as are many of the scientists he cites, such as Martin Chaplin of South Bank University.


13 Treasures
13 Treasures is a 2009 juvenile fantasy novel written by Michelle Harrison; it is the first entry in the trilogy "The Thirteen Treasures". It features the story of a young girl named Tanya, who has the ability to see mythical creatures.


13 Treasures, Synopsis
13 Treasures follows its lead character, 13-year-old girl Tanya, who has the rare ability to see and hear the fairies and other creatures who inhabit the woods and many other places. But over the years Tanya has learned to lie about the fairies if something is wrong to anyone, because she has landed herself on a therapist and doctor's couch by this ability.


13 Treasures, Synopsis
Tanya summers with her grandmother in Elvesden Manor as a punishment for having another fairy incident in Essex. The manor has been given down to all family members up until now. Fabian, the son of Warwick also lives in Elvesden Manor, and with Warwick's father, Amos. Amos has been under suspicion for the 5 decade old disappearance of a young girl named Morwenna Bloom in the nearby woods. He was the last person to see her.


13 Treasures, Synopsis
At first, Tanya and Fabian are unsympathetic to each other, but as they spend time together they start becoming friends. In Tickey End - the local village - Tanya meets the reclusive 'witch', Mad Morag, who gives her an old compass. Tanya finds a unique silver bracelet while cleaning out an old library one day. On this bracelet there are thirteen charms. She also finds newspaper clippings about a girl named Morwenna Bloom who mysteriously disappeared 50 years ago.


13 Treasures, Synopsis
As Tanya and Fabian team up, and they decide to investigate this disappearance and to prove that Fabian's grandfather, Amos, is innocent. Tanya also finds and befriends a girl named Red (or Rowan) who saves changelings, or fairy babies exchanged with human babies, from dying in a hospital because their disguise spells wear off and they are killed for their looks. It is revealed that one can only have the "second sight" of being able to see fairies by having a changeling in their family. The changeling in Tanya's family turns out to be Elizabeth Elvesden.


13 Treasures, Synopsis
Tanya, Red, and Fabian go out into the woods following Morwenna's hidden instructions in a poem, but it turns out Morwenna went into the fairy world 50 years ago and now wants to come back. The reason Tanya's grandmother doesn't like Morwenna is because Tanya's grandmother (Florence) almost went into the fairy world herself, but didn't at the last second. Morwenna thought critically of her for that and threatened to take Tanya's mom into the fairy world. However, Florence tricked her into giving her 28 more years. Now Morwenna wants Tanya.


13 Treasures, Synopsis
Bound in vines at midnight, Red causes a distraction and Tanya's dog eats Morwenna's fairy, Feathercap. Red immediately starts to work on cutting the vines, but realizes it is too late. Meanwhile, Fabian runs back to the house to find Morwenna's lock of hair in the human world that is keeping her from aging. It turns out Amos loved Morwenna and blames himself for her disappearance. It is also revealed that Warwick is a fairy hunter who took a special potion to be able to see fairies.


13 Treasures, Synopsis
Fabian and Warwick take the hair to the middle of the forest and burn it. As Tanya is about to get dragged into the fairy world, Red cuts her own hand and the vines take her instead. Tanya goes back to the mansion, but sees Morwenna on the way. Having her lock of hair destroyed, Morwenna suddenly ages 50 years and the shock kills her. Morag finds her the next morning dead from heart failure. Tanya returns to the mansion and talks with her grandmother, and they forgive each other.


13 Trianguli
13 Trianguli is the Flamsteed designation for a star in the northern constellation of Triangulum. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.89, so according to the Bortle scale it is faintly visible from dark suburban skies. The star is located at a distance of 103 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +41 km/s. It made a close approach to the Sun some 665,000 years ago at an estimated separation of 34.3 light-years.


13 Trianguli
A stellar classification of G0 V indicates this is a main sequence star that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen into helium at its core. It has about 110% of the Sun's mass, 186% of the Sun's radius, and shines with 3.72 times the luminosity of the Sun. The stellar atmosphere has an effective temperature of 5,846 K, giving it the yellow hue of a G-type star. It appears to be older than the Sun, with an estimated age of 6.45 billion years.


13 Trianguli
In 1994, an astrometric companion was reported at an angular separation of 0.020″. However, follow-up observations reported in 2005 not only failed to recover this object but also returned a null result on a search for planetary companions. The star has been examined for an infrared excess that could indicate the presence of an orbiting debris disk, but no such excess was found.


13 Tzameti
13 Tzameti is a 2005 suspense thriller film written, produced, and directed by Georgian filmmaker Géla Babluani. "Tzameti" (ცამეტი; tsameti) is the Georgian word for thirteen. 13 Tzameti is the feature-length directorial debut for Babluani. It also marks the acting debut of his younger brother Georges, who plays the film's protagonist Sébastien. The music was composed by East (Arnaud Taillefer) from the French band Troublemakers.


13 Tzameti
The film tells the story of a destitute immigrant worker who steals an envelope containing instructions for a mysterious job that could pay out a fortune. Following the instructions, the young man unwittingly becomes trapped in a dark and dangerous situation.


13 Tzameti, Plot
The film follows 22-year-old Sébastien, a Georgian immigrant living in France and working construction jobs to support his poor family. Sébastien works on the home of Godon, a feeble morphine-addict who is under police surveillance. After Godon dies of an overdose, his widow informs Sébastien that she is unable to pay him. Sébastien then overhears the widow talking with one of Godon's friends, describing a mysterious "job" that Godon had lined up before his death. The destitute Sébastien steals an envelope containing the instructions for the job. The police begin following Sébastien as he uses the train ticket contained in the envelope.


13 Tzameti, Plot
The police lose track of Sébastien as he follows the instructions and is brought to a secluded house in a forest. At the house, a deadly gambling event is being organized by a powerful criminal. Though Sébastien's contacts immediately recognize that he is not Godon and has no idea what he is getting into, they force him to participate in the game. Thirteen men identified by number must undergo a series of Russian roulette games, arranging themselves into a circle and pointing their revolver at the man in front of them. Spectators place bets on who will survive.


13 Tzameti, Plot
Sébastien, as #13, survives the first round and fires his gun only after threatened with death. On the second round, in which two bullets are placed in each gun, Sébastien survives only because the man behind him is killed before he could fire. On the third round, with three bullets in each gun, Sebastien survives along with three other men.


13 Tzameti, Plot
Though he believes that he is finished, Sébastien is selected for the final "duel" game against #6, a cruel man who is managed by his own brother. Sébastien wins the duel and survives the game. He collects €850,000 out of the winnings his handlers have made from him, then flees the house. Fearing for his life, he sends the money home in a parcel before the police catch up with him. He tells the detective that he was turned away from the game and received no money, but gives the license plate number of a particularly unpleasant gambler in attendance. The police release him, but the brother of #6 spots him as he boards a train. The brother shoots Sébastien and steals his empty satchel. Sébastien collapses into a seat as the train begins to move.


13 Tzameti, Reception
As of June 2020, the film holds an 84% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 67 reviews with an average rating of 7.04 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads: "This starkly minimalist nail-biter of a thriller relentlessly builds up the tension and keeps the audience guessing."


13 Tzameti, Awards
The film won the World Cinema Jury Prize at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. It also won two awards at the 62nd Venice Film Festival.


13 Tzameti, Remake
There is an American remake in color of the film, but Babluani intended to "change a lot of the storyline" to avoid merely reshooting the original film. The film stars Mickey Rourke, Ray Winstone, Jason Statham, Sam Riley, and 50 Cent.


13 Unlucky Numbers
13 Unlucky Numbers is the second album by Wax, and their major label debut. The recording sessions took place during the summer of 1993 at Fort Apache Studios and were produced by Paul Q. Kolderie and Sean Slade. The album spawned the singles "California" and "Who is Next", both with music videos directed by Spike Jonze, who is also credited for the album's photography.


13 Unlucky Numbers
Although the album lists 13 tracks, it only includes 10 songs, as the last three tracks are silent. The LP version released on independent label Shattered Records includes "Hangin' On" as a bonus track, as well as being pressed on colored vinyl.


13 Vendémiaire
13 Vendémiaire Year 4 in the French Republican Calendar (5 October 1795 in the Gregorian calendar) is the name given to a battle between the French Revolutionary troops and Royalist forces in the streets of Paris.


13 Vendémiaire
This battle was part of the establishing of a new form of government, the so-called Directory, and it was a major factor in the rapid advancement of Republican General Napoleon Bonaparte's career.


13 Vendémiaire, Background
The social reforms of the French Revolution had been well received by the majority of the populace of France, but the Revolution's strongly anti-Catholic stance had created anti-republican sympathies in many Roman Catholics. In March 1793, this sentiment boiled over into an armed insurrection in the fiercely Catholic Vendée region of western France. A rebel army titled Armée catholique et royale now proved to be a thorn in the side of the Revolutionary Government in Paris, under leaders such as François de Charette de la Contrie and Maurice d'Elbée. The rebels were known as Chouans, a title which comes from early royalist leader Jean Cottereau's nickname Jean Chouan. He was known for his perfect imitation of an owl's cry, a noise which had become the rallying cry of the insurgents of Vendée.


13 Vendémiaire, Background
The Armée catholique et royale quickly garnered British support and got off to a promising start, severely defeating several Revolutionary Armies. The Revolutionary Committee of Public Safety ordered General Jean-Baptiste Carrier to pacify the region, and over several months Carrier ruthlessly decimated the populace of the Vendée. The local population dubbed Carrier's forces the colonnes infernales (hellish columns). On 22 December 1793, the Chouan rebellion subsided following a major defeat at the Battle of Savenay.


13 Vendémiaire, Background
Following the 9th Thermidor, those Chouans willing to lay down arms were granted amnesty by the reformed National Convention. The Chouans responded by attacking the Republican-held town of Guémené on 28 January 1795. The Convention immediately ordered General Hoche to proceed to the Vendée and force the Chouans to agree to a cessation of hostilities. Hoche quickly defeated the Chouan army and on 17 February François de Charette de la Contrie signed a very generous peace settlement.


13 Vendémiaire, Background
A small contingent of Royalists under the command of General Stofflet and the fanatical Abbé Bernier refused to accept the peace settlement and continued to offer resistance to Hoche's Army. They were supported by the British in the form of 4,000 émigrés, 80,000 muskets, and 80 cannons, along with food, clothing, and even a large quantity of counterfeit assignats.


13 Vendémiaire, Background
This large force was placed under the command of émigré Générals Puisaye and Hermilly. Hearing of this, de Charette de la Contrie broke the peace agreement and reopened hostilities. On 26 June, the émigré force landed at Carnac. Hermilly quickly advanced on Auray before engaging and being defeated by Hoche at Vannes. By early July, Hemilly had been forced out of Auray and was besieged in the Fortress of Penthièvre. This meant that the entire insurgent army was now trapped on the Quiberon peninsula.


13 Vendémiaire, Background
On 15 July, an additional émigré division arrived to bolster the defense, under the command of Général Sombreuil, but Hermilly was killed in action on 16 July. By the 20th, the fortress had fallen and Hoche swiftly advanced down the peninsula, defeating the hopelessly trapped émigré army. Only Général Puisaye and a small force were able to escape with the British fleet; the remainder were killed in action, taken prisoner, or executed.


13 Vendémiaire, Background
Despite the failure of the émigré army, de Charette de la Contrie continued to offer resistance. In early September, a popular revolt broke out in the area around Dreux, but it was defeated in battle at Nonancourt. De Charette de la Contrie himself suffered a major defeat at Saint-Cyr on 25 September. Despite this, the Comte d'Artois landed at Île d'Yeu with 1,000 émigrés and 2,000 British troops. Bolstered by this force, the Royalist troops began marching on Paris in early October 1795.


13 Vendémiaire, Background
The arrival of the Comte d'Artois excited the jeunesse dorée royalist supporters in the Le Peletier section of the capital (named for the Rue Le Peletier in what is now the Second Arrondissement), and they began demonstrations in the form of felling Liberty Trees and trampling cockades of France. Rumours began to circulate regarding the likely defection of the entire Paris National Guard.


13 Vendémiaire, Vendémiaire
The Convention quickly realised that it was in severe danger, and that an enemy force was on French soil; indeed, the uprising in Paris meant that there was now an enemy force within the capital itself. The Convention declared its intention to remain in their meeting rooms until the crisis was resolved. It called for the formation of three battalions of patriots to be raised from the Jacobin military staff dismissed after 9 Thermidore. Général Menou was given command of the defence of the capital, but he was severely outnumbered with only 5,000 troops on hand to resist the Royalist Army of 25,000 men.


13 Vendémiaire, Vendémiaire
On 12 vendémiaire (4 October 1795), the National Guard arrived in Le Peletier in an attempt to put down the unrest. The Military Committee of the Sections of the Capital under the command of Richer de Sévigny announced that the decrees of the Convention were no longer recognised. Général Danican took command of the National Guard in the Le Peletier section. The Convention ordered Menou to advance into Le Peletier, to disarm the entire area, and to close Danican's headquarters. Generals Despierres and Verdière were sent to Menou to assist him.


13 Vendémiaire, Vendémiaire
Menou divided his force into three columns and planned an advance into Le Peletier on the evening of 12 vendémiaire. When the advance was set to begin, Despierres reported that he was unwell and unable to proceed, and Verdière refused to advance. Menou timidly advanced towards the Royalist force, inviting the rebels to discuss terms of their dispersal. He withdrew after receiving the insurgents' promise to disarm.


13 Vendémiaire, Vendémiaire
The Le Peletier section, seeing this as a sign of weakness on the part of the Convention, called upon the other sections of Paris to rise up. Menou realised his mistake, and launched a cavalry attack down the Rue du Faubourg-Montmartre, temporarily clearing the area of royalists. The Convention dismissed Menou from the command and ordered Paul Barras to take over the defence of the Convention.


13 Vendémiaire, A whiff of grapeshot
Young General Napoléon Bonaparte was aware of the commotion, and he arrived at the Convention around this time to find out what was happening. He was quickly ordered to join Barras' forces mustering for the defence of the Republic. Bonaparte accepted, but only on the condition that he was granted complete freedom of movement.


13 Vendémiaire, A whiff of grapeshot
At 1 am on 13 Vendémiaire (5 October), Bonaparte overrode Barras, who was content to let him do as he wished. Bonaparte ordered Joachim Murat, a sous-lieutenant in the 12ème Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval, to ride to the plain of Sablons and to return with the 40 cannons which Menou had indicated were located there. Murat's squadron retrieved the cannons before the Royalists arrived and Bonaparte organised their arrangement, placing them in commanding areas with effective fields of fire.


13 Vendémiaire, A whiff of grapeshot
At 5 am, a probing attack by the royalist forces was repulsed. Five hours later, the major Royalist assault by 7,000 men began. The Republican forces held their perimeter, the cannons firing grapeshot into the massed royalist forces. The "patriot battalions" supporting the artillery also cut down the advancing Royalist ranks. Bonaparte commanded throughout the two-hour engagement, and survived unscathed despite having his horse shot from under him. The effect of the grapeshot and the volleys from the patriot forces caused the Royalist attack to waver. Bonaparte ordered a counterattack led by Murat's squadron of Chasseurs. At the close of the battle, around three hundred royalists lay dead on the streets of Paris.


13 Vendémiaire, A whiff of grapeshot
Scottish philosopher and historian Thomas Carlyle later famously recorded that, on this occasion, Bonaparte gave his opponent a "Whiff of Grapeshot" and that "the thing we specifically call French Revolution is blown into space by it." That is, 13 Vendémiaire marks the ending of the French Revolution. (The phrase is often ascribed to Bonaparte himself, but the words are probably Carlyle's.)


13 Vendémiaire, Aftermath
The defeat of the Royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the Convention. Bonaparte became a national hero, and was quickly promoted to Général de Division. Within five months, he was given command of the French army conducting operations in Italy. The defeated royalists, in an effort to portray the Republican defense as a massacre, nicknamed Bonaparte Général Vendémiaire, a title which he later claimed would be his first title of glory.


13 Vendémiaire, In film
The first episode of the 2002 miniseries Napoléon portrays the battle of 13 Vendémiaire.


13 Violets
13 Violets is the sixth Studio recording from Mother Superior and the second of two to be produced by MC5 legend Wayne Kramer. This is Mother Superior's last record featuring Jason Mackenroth on drums.


13 Voices
13 Voices is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Sum 41, released on October 7, 2016. It is the first Sum 41 album to be released through independent label Hopeless Records after the band fulfilled their contract with major label Island Records.


13 Voices
It is also Sum 41's first album to feature drummer Frank Zummo, who replaced original drummer Steve Jocz and their first album since the return of guitarist Dave Baksh (who left the band in 2006) in 2015, as well as their first as a five-piece, as Tom Thacker, who replaced Baksh in 2009, remained with the band. On May 11, 2016, the band announced that they had signed to Hopeless Records to release the crowd-funded project.


13 Voices, Background
On July 9, 2015, the band launched a PledgeMusic campaign for its comeback album. On July 23, 2015, the band played its comeback show at the Alternative Press Music Awards, which featured former lead guitarist Dave Baksh, joining the group on stage nine years after officially leaving the band. Sum 41 announced Baksh’s official return on August 14, 2015, and also announced that he will join the band in the studio. On December 26, 2015, Sum 41 teased two new songs on its Instagram account. On January 1, 2016, Deryck Whibley revealed that the album was nearing completion via the band's social media.


13 Voices, Background
The band performed on the 2016 Warped Tour. On April 19, 2016, Whibley published that Sum 41 was finishing the album. On May 11, 2016, Sum 41 announced its signing to Hopeless Records.


13 Voices, Background
The release's final song "Twisted by Design" replaces "With Me" (from 2007's Underclass Hero) as the band's longest song to date, with a running time of 5 minutes and 28 seconds.


13 Voices, Development
On November 26, 2012, the band members revealed that they were taking a break from touring in 2013 to begin work on a new record. On April 18, 2013, drummer Jocz announced he would be leaving the band via his official Facebook page, leaving Whibley as the sole founding member of the band. In an interview on February 7, 2014, Deryck revealed that the band has possibly found a new drummer and would be premiering new music "soon".


13 Voices, Development
The expected sixth album would have been the band's first with Whibley and McCaslin as the only two remaining members from the group's "classic line-up", until Baksh's return in 2015, which also marks his first album with Sum 41 since 2004's Chuck. The album is the band's first to feature drummer Frank Zummo, as well as their first album as a five-piece.


13 Voices, Development
On May 16, 2014, Deryck Whibley posted on an entry on his personal website, explaining that he had a liver and kidney failure due to extensive drinking. He has explained that he has been in treatment in the hospital for a month, and now upon release, he will be taking care of his health, while continue working on new music. He also stated that he had some ideas for new songs already, and that the band would be soon starting to make a new album.


13 Voices, Development
On June 9, 2014, Deryck Whibley has stated on his personal Facebook page that he was working on new Sum 41 music out of his home studio to get ready to record some new music soon. On June 29, 2014, Whibley posted an entry on his website, entitled "getting ready to record drums", with photos of him setting up the drum kit for recording.


13 Voices, Promotion and release
On June 6, 2016, Sum 41 announced that the group's sixth studio album would be titled 13 Voices and that the album is scheduled for release on October 7, 2016. The cover art and tracklist were also revealed that same day. "Fake My Own Death", the band's first new song in five years, was released on June 28, 2016. The song was released as an instant grat for pre-ordering the album on iTunes. The song was performed on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on October 3, 2016.


13 Voices, Promotion and release
Deryck stated that the first official single had not yet been picked and the band wanted to put out new music to hold the fans over. The album's first official single "War", was released on August 25, 2016. The album's eighth track, "God Save Us All (Death to Pop)" was released (along with a live music video) on September 29, 2016. In early 2017, Sum 41 invited fans via Facebook and Instagram for the shooting of the music video for "Goddamn I'm Dead Again" in San Pedro, CA released May 3, 2017.


13 Voices, Promotion and release, Tour
The Don't Call It a Sum-Back Tour is a concert tour that was announced on August 8, 2016. It started October 5 and concluded on March 19, 2017.


13 Voices, Musical style
13 Voices has been stated as being heavy metal, punk rock, alternative metal, alternative rock, and as moving even further away from their pop punk roots. Bradley Zorgdrager of Exclaim! described it as "a fusion between metal and radio-friendly pop punk"


13 Voices, Critical reception
13 Voices has received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 76 out of 100, which indicates "generally favorable reviews" based on 5 reviews.


13 Voices, Commercial performance
The album debuted at number 22 on the US Billboard 200, with first week sales of 16,100 copies. The album was the ninth highest selling album of the week (pure sales). It has reached higher positions than the band's sophomore album, especially in the UK where it was their first Top 20 albums since "All Killer No filler". Impalaawarded the album with a double gold award for 150,000 sold copies across Europe.


13 Voices, Track listing
All tracks are written by Deryck Whibley, except where noted.


13 Vulpeculae
13 Vulpeculae is a blue giant with a stellar classification of class B9.5III in the northern constellation Vulpecula. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.57 and it is approximately 339 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. The star is radiating 180 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,801 K.


13 Vulpeculae
There is one reported companion, designated component B, with a magnitude of 7.37, an orbital period of roughly 615 years, and an angular separation of 1.55″. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −28 km/s.


13 Washington Square
13 Washington Square is a 1928 American silent romantic comedy drama film directed by Melville W. Brown, written by Harry O. Hoyt and Walter Anthony, and starring Jean Hersholt, Alice Joyce, and George J. Lewis. It is based on a 1914 play of the same name by Leroy Scott. The film was released on April 8, 1928 by Universal Pictures.


13 Washington Square, Preservation
A copy of 13 Washington Square is housed at UCLA Film and Television Archive and the Library of Congress.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage
13 Ways to Bleed on Stage is the second studio album by American rock band Cold, released on September 12, 2000. With four popular singles, it gained substantial commercial success, achieving gold status, and landed Cold in the mainstream rock scene.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Background and recording
About a year prior to recording 13 Ways, the band enlisted guitarist Terry Balsamo; frontman Scooter Ward, who had sung and played guitar, wanted to focus solely on singing. After trying a few musicians from Los Angeles, Cold chose fellow Jacksonville native Balsamo, who'd played with its members since the age of 18.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Background and recording
The main song structures for 13 Ways were written prior to entering the studio. Using C tuning (the main tuning used in Cold's catalog), the band then experimented with various sounds and dynamics in the studio. Balsamo primarily used an Ibanez RG570 and Mesa Boogie Triple Rectifier.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Background and recording
Often considered Cold's darkest record. The album has a Parental advisory on the cover art for strong language and dark graphic themes such as drug addiction and its consequences, relationship troubles, and social indifference. Guest vocalists include Aaron Lewis of Staind and Sierra Swan who would also appear on the band's next album.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Album art
Cold's second album marked the first appearance of the band's spider logo and corresponding text. Its CD booklet design depicts a tattered old book held shut with rubber bands. The liner notes feature morbid figure illustrations and imagery of X-Acto knives and other cutting utensils.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Touring and promotion
Following the album's release, Cold toured for a year and a half to promote it. They embarked on a three-week tour with 3 Doors Down and a month with Marilyn Manson before joining Limp Bizkit and DMX on the Anger Management Tour for a few weeks. Cold (along with The Offspring, Weezer, Social Distortion, Incubus and Adema) was on the bill for the first annual Inland Invasion, which took place on August 25, 2001 and was hosted by the Los Angeles radio station KROQ.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Touring and promotion
Singles for the album included "Just Got Wicked", "End of the World", "No One" and "Bleed". All of the said tracks had music videos which saw moderate airplay on MTV2. The majority of singles from 13 Ways also received significant radio play and were instrumental in launching Cold into the mainstream music scene.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Touring and promotion
"Just Got Wicked" appears on MTV: The Return of the Rock, Vol. 2, ECW: Extreme Music Vol. 2 : Anarchy Rocks, and the soundtrack to the video game Jet Grind Radio. "No One" is featured on the soundtrack to the film A Walk to Remember.


13 Ways to Bleed on Stage, Acoustic EP
An acoustic EP was released as a free bonus disc with the purchase of 13 Ways to Bleed on Stage.


13 West Street
13 West Street is a 1962 American neo noir crime film directed by Philip Leacock and starring Rod Steiger and Alan Ladd whose own production company produced the film. It was based on the 1957 novel The Tiger Among Us (1957) by Leigh Brackett, who called the film "very, very dull".


13 West Street, Plot
For no discernible reason, scientist Walt Sherill is assaulted and viciously beaten by a group of well-dressed young men, the opposite of a slum dwelling street gang, when he is walking alone on a deserted street. When the police, including investigating juvenile officer Detective Koleski, are in his opinion too slow and too busy in finding the culprits, Sherill decides to go after them on his own.


13 West Street, Plot
Sherill hires Finney, a private investigator, whose work leads him to Chuck Landry, the gang's leader. Sherill's non-stop search for revenge causes one member of the gang to commit suicide. Landry counters by luring Finney to a dangerous section of road where he is killed, then coming to Sherill's home where he menaces his wife, then plans to shoot Sherill when he returns home. Landry escapes from the police but as Sherill knows his address, he goes directly to the boy's home and beats him savagely. On the verge of killing him by drowning him in his family's swimming pool, Sherill finally relents, turning Landry over to Koleski to be placed under arrest.


13 West Street, Production
Leigh Brackett's novel The Tiger Among Us was originally published in 1957. Film rights were purchased by producer Charles Schnee, who had just left MGM and signed a deal with Columbia Pictures. He hired John Michael Hayes to write the script. John Wayne was announced as a possible star. It was then reported that Valentine Davies was working on the script, which had been retitled Fear No Evil. Production plans were delayed when Schnee announced he was leaving Columbia, claiming he was unable to get any of his films in development made because of "almost insurmountable casting difficulties."


13 West Street, Production
The project stayed with Columbia and was assigned to producer Boris Kaplan. Roger Presnell wrote a version of the script. Philip Leacock was given the job as director and Alan Ladd and Rod Steiger were cast in the leads. The title The Tiger Among Us was changed out of fear audiences might expect a jungle film. The new title was 13 East Street then Alan Ladd requested "east" be changed to "west". "The story concerns a teenage gang from Los Angeles east side but I suggested the locale be switched to the swank purlieu of Bel Air", said Ladd. "I have nothing against Bel Air but I want to show that juvenile delinquency can breed in exclusive areas too."


13 Years (Best Of)
13 Years (Best Of) is a greatest hits album released in 1993 by New Zealand reggae group, Herbs.


13 Years, 13 Minutes
13 Years, 13 Minutes (Polish: 13 lat 13 minut) is a Polish historical film. It was released in 2006.


13 Years, 13 Minutes
Romek Strzałkowski and Peter Mansfeld were young boys during the Poznań 1956 protests and Budapest 1956. Romek was the youngest victim.


13 and 15 West 54th Street
13 and 15 West 54th Street (also the William Murray Residences) are two commercial buildings in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. They are along 54th Street's northern sidewalk between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The four-and-a-half-story houses were designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh in the Renaissance-inspired style and were constructed between 1896 and 1897 as private residences. They are the two westernmost of five consecutive townhouses erected along the same city block during the 1890s, the others being 5, 7, and 9–11 West 54th Street.


13 and 15 West 54th Street
The buildings were designed as a nearly identical pair of houses. The facade is made of limestone with rusticated blocks on the first story and smooth blocks on the upper stories. The houses contain a rounded oriel facing 54th Street and a central pair of entrances above the raised basement. The houses are nearly identical except for their roofs; the eastern house at number 13 has a mansard roof while the western house at number 15 has a balustrade.


13 and 15 West 54th Street
The houses were commissioned for businessman William Murray, who respectively sold 13 and 15 West 54th to Jessie Neilson and James B. Dickson. Number 13 was purchased by John D. Rockefeller Sr. in 1906 and served as the home of his son and daughter-in-law, John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, until 1913, after which it was leased by various families through the 1950s. Ownership of number 15 was much more stable, as the Dicksons occupied the site until 1953.


13 and 15 West 54th Street
Nelson Rockefeller used number 13 as an office from the 1940s until his death in 1979, and he bought number 15 and operated it as the Museum of Primitive Art from 1957 to 1979. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as an official landmark in 1981, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 as part of the 5–15 West 54th Street Residences historic district.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Site
13 and 15 West 54th Street are in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. They are along the northern sidewalk of 54th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The land lots are both rectangular and each cover 2,513 square feet (233.5 m2), with a frontage of 25 feet (7.6 m) on 54th Street and a depth of 100.42 feet (30.61 m). The buildings are the westernmost of five consecutive townhouses erected along the same city block; from east to west, the other houses are 5, 7, and 9–11 West 54th Street.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Site
The five townhouses are adjoined by the Rockefeller Apartments to the west, The Peninsula New York and the St. Regis New York hotels to the northeast, the University Club of New York and 689 Fifth Avenue to the east, the William H. Moore House and Saint Thomas Church to the southeast, and the Museum of Modern Art to the south.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Site
Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30 m) deep and 25 feet (7.6 m) wide. Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Site
The two-block stretch of West and East 54th Street from Madison Avenue to Sixth Avenue, bisected by Fifth Avenue, was developed with the houses of prominent figures such as William Henry Moore, John R. Platt, and John D. Rockefeller Sr. The sites of the five houses at 5–15 West 54th Street, along with the University Club, were formerly occupied by St. Luke's Hospital, which moved out during 1896.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design
The houses at 5–15 West 54th Street, all developed in the late 1890s for wealthy clients, were designed as a cohesive grouping, unlike other residences in the neighborhood. According to The New York Times, the houses form the sole remaining "real strip of mansions" in Midtown Manhattan. The houses at 5, 7, 9–11, and 13 and 15 West 54th Street all had different architects. The twin houses at 13 and 15 West 54th Street were designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh in the Renaissance-inspired style.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade
The buildings are both three bays wide on their street facade. The exteriors are nearly mirror images of each other, except that number 13 has an attic story and number 15 does not. The basement and first floor of both buildings are clad with rusticated blocks of limestone, while the three upper floors are clad with smooth limestone. The houses' original exteriors are intact.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade
In front of both houses, there is a depressed areaway, with steps descending to the basement level on the outer end of the shared facade (corresponding to the left side of number 15 and the right side of number 13). At the top of each depressed areaway are two brackets with carvings of grotesques, which support double-story oriels above them.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade
The center of the shared facade, corresponding to the right side of number 13 and left side of number 15, has a symmetrical pair of curved stoops. The stoops are doglegs that run east from the middle of number 15 and west from the middle of number 13. On the portion of the stoop wall facing the sidewalk are oval vents with iron grilles, above which are cartouches. At the top of each stoop is an archway with a wood-and-glass double door. Above either door is an ornate cartouche.


13 and 15 West 54th Street, Design, Facade
The cartouches support second-story balconies with stone balustrades, which are curved outward. Behind each of these balconies are windows topped by eared architraves that flank ornate keystones. The double-story oriels occupy the first and second stories on the left side of number 15 and the right side of number 13. Each oriel contains three windows per story. The windows on the second story of the oriel are flanked by vermiculated blocks.