1110 Jaroslawa, Naming
This minor planet was named after Jaroslav Grigorevich Neujmin (born 1928), son of the discoverer Grigory Neujmin. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names leaned about the naming from Ilya Isaakovich Neyachenko and Nikolai Chernykh after whom the asteroids 3845 Neyachenko and 2325 Chernykh were named.


1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Jaroslawa is a common, stony S-type asteroid, while it has been characterized as an uncommon L-type asteroid by PanSTARRS' photometric survey.


1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Jaroslawa was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Maurice Clark at Preston Gott Observatory in Lubbock, Texas. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 94.432 hours and a high brightness variation of 0.80 magnitude (U=2+). In October 2014, Frederick Pilcher at the Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico, in collaboration with astronomers at Etscorn (719) and Bigmuskie (B88) observatories, obtained a refined period of 97.4 hours with an amplitude of 0.65±0.05 magnitude (U=3-).


1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
This result supersedes other measurements by Maurice Clark, Nicolas Esseiva, Raoul Behrend, Laurent Bernasconi, Jean-Gabriel Bosch and Josep Coloma. While not being a core slow rotator, with periods above 100 hours, Jaroslawa has a significantly longer period than most minor planets, which typically rotate between 2 and 20 hours once around their axes.


1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Spin axis and shape
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources was published. It gave a concurring period of 97.278 hours, as well as a spin axis of (236.0°, 75.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β). All lightcurve observations show a high brightness variation, indicative for an elongated, non-spheroidal shape.


1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jaroslawa measures between 12.15 and 14.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.153 and 0.33.


1110 Jaroslawa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 15.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.


1110 in Ireland, Events
In the time leading up to the Norman invasion of Ireland, the Normans, were invited guests of Irish royalty.


1110s
The 1110s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1110, and ended on December 31, 1119.


1110s BC
The 1110s BC is a decade which lasted from 1119 BC to 1110 BC.


1110s in art
The decade of the 1110s in art involved some significant events.


1110s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1110s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1110s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1111
Year 1111 (MCXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1111 19th Street
1111 19th Street is a high-rise office building in Washington, D.C. The building rises 12 floors and 157 feet (48 m) in height. The building was designed by architectural firm Heery International and was completed in 1979. As of July 2008, the structure stands as the 24th-tallest building in the city, tied in rank with 1620 L Street, 1333 H Street, 1000 Connecticut Avenue, The Republic Building, 1010 Mass, the Army and Navy Club Building and the Watergate Hotel and Office Building. 1111 19th Street is an example of modern architecture, and is composed almost entirely of office space, with 827,000 square feet (77,000 m2) of commercial area; the three basement levels are used as parking space, containing a 278-spot parking garage.


1111 Lincoln Road
1111 Lincoln Road is a parking garage in the South Beach section of Miami Beach, Florida, designed by the internationally known Swiss architectural firm of Herzog & de Meuron. It is located at the western end of the Lincoln Road Mall at the intersection with Alton Road, and can house some 300 cars. Since its opening in 2010, it has attracted considerable interest because its unique appearance is different from more traditional parking garage designs.


1111 Lincoln Road, Background
In 2005, local developer Robert Wennett bought a SunTrust Bank office structure that was from 1968 and the Brutalist style. This included an adjacent surface parking lot. Intent upon revitalizing the western end of Lincoln Road Mall, Wennett decided not to completely eliminate the existing structure, but instead build something next to it of equal height – a parking garage.


1111 Lincoln Road, Background
As Architectural Record has noted, "In the Pantheon of Building Types, the parking garage lurks somewhere in the vicinity of prisons and toll plazas." The New York Times has labeled parking garages "the grim afterthought of American design". But Wennett was determined to do something different, and interviewed ten well-known architects around the globe before choosing Herzog & de Meuron. Construction began in 2008 and entailed closing the western end of Lincoln Road Mall.


1111 Lincoln Road, Background
The resulting structure cost $65 million to build. The overall project included renovation of the existing building into one used for storefronts and offices for creative firms, and construction of a new, smaller structure for SunTrust that also contained a few apartments.


1111 Lincoln Road, Design and use
The design, led by Herzog & de Meuron partner Christine Binswanger, has been characterized as resembling a house of cards. It is an open-air structure with no exterior walls constructed around buttresses and cantilevers that features floor heights varying from 8 to 34 feet. Some of the internal ramps are quite steep in order to accommodate the wider height intervals. Elevators and a central, winding staircase take drivers to and from their cars. A glassed-in high-fashion boutique, Alchemist, sits on an edge of the fifth floor.


1111 Lincoln Road, Design and use
The parking garage features retail space at the street level, with tenants such as Taschen books,  Osklen clothing,  Nespresso coffee and  MAC cosmetics and is joined to the other structures that were part of the project. Wennett built a penthouse apartment for himself as part of a 18,000-square-foot (1,700 m2) space on the structure's roof that also features a pool and gardens with hanging vines. Jacques Herzog of the firm called the parking garage the most radical work they had ever done.


1111 Lincoln Road, Design and use
The garage has become a destination for architects and photographers interested in its design. It has achieved renown as a tourist attraction as well, especially after it was featured on the front page of The New York Times in January 2011. Several hundred people a day walk into the garage to look around. Runners use it for exercise. Those parking their cars often linger for the panoramic views it provides of the South Beach area, before going on their way (although acrophobics likely stay away from the edges). One loyal customer refuses to park anywhere else and was quoted as saying, "It's a work of art more than a garage. Everywhere you look, there's a view."


1111 Lincoln Road, Design and use
The seventh floor doubles as an event space. The garage has drawn requests for many types of events to be held there, including wine tastings, dinner parties, and yoga classes. It has been a site for weddings, and one woman had a drawing of the garage on her invitations. It has also been the scene of celebrity-filled parties, such as one Ferrari gave during Art Basel Miami Beach week (where two dozen of the maker's automobiles ran up and down the garage's ramps). At Art Basel 2011, German automaker BMW unveiled both its i3 and i8 electric prototype concept cars on the parking structure's seventh floor. A television commercial for the Lexus IS 250 was filmed there.


1111 Lincoln Road, Reception
Since its opening, 1111 Lincoln Road has received varied reviews. The director of Miami Beach's Wolfsonian Museum said that the structure "sets a new bar for what parking garages could and should be." Architectural Record wrote that the designers managed to successfully relate the structure to the nearby surroundings, but more importantly, "are helping break the mold for the lowly parking garage, lifting it up out of its gloomy limbo into the light and air." The Los Angeles Times referred to it as "stunning", and the Associated Press wrote that it "has become a modern gateway to the see-and-be-seen cafe scene of Miami Beach's Lincoln Road."


1111 Lincoln Road, Reception
Some users have objected to the high price for parking at 1111 Lincoln Road, which can be up to four times greater than at other lots in the area. (Conversely, drivers of luxury cars like parking at 1111 to emphasize their status.) Others have complained that the garage is not sufficiently protected against South Florida's rainstorms. University of Miami film professor Lisa Gottlieb said that appreciation for the garage reflected poorly on Miami Beach: "It says something about the aesthetic down here. I guess this is what we bring to the table – a fancy parking garage."


1111 Lincoln Road, Reception
The "starchitect" phenomenon was reaching the Miami area, with Frank Gehry's nearby New World Center following in 2011 and Herzog & de Meuron's new Miami Art Museum in the works as well. Given the success of the 1111 structure, owners of other new parking garages in South Beach have tried to add design elements to their properties. In 2012, the American Institute of Architects's Florida Chapter placed 1111 Lincoln Road on its list Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue
1111 Pennsylvania Avenue is a mid-rise Postmodern office building located in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It is 180 feet (55 m) tall, has 14 stories, and has a four-story underground parking garage. It is a "contributing" resource to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, History of the site
The site, on the northeast corner of 12th Street NW and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, was originally occupied by the Fountain Inn, erected in 1815 after the burning of Washington. This structure was razed and in 1847 the four-story Fuller Hotel opened. Renamed the Kirkwood House, it was the residence of Vice President Andrew Johnson; he took the oath of office of the president of the United States there in April 1865 after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, History of the site
Kirkwood House was razed in 1875 and replaced with the Shepherd Centennial Building, a seven-story office building in the Second Empire style (it opened in 1876). The Shepherd Centennial Building was converted into a hotel in 1893 by architect Leon E. Dessez and renamed the Raleigh Hotel. The Raleigh Hotel was razed in 1911 and rebuilt by architect Henry Janeway Hardenbergh as a 13-story Beaux Arts hotel with a rusticated brick, white limestone, and terra cotta exterior. Congress changed the height limit for buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue NW from 130 feet (40 m) to 160 feet (49 m) in 1910 in order to accommodate the Raleigh Hotel.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure
The Raleigh Hotel closed in 1954, and by 1965 developer Jerry Wolman had purchased the site and proposed building the current structure. It was one of the first structures built under the Pennsylvania Avenue redevelopment plan approved in 1964, and the first private building to be built.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure
Because of restrictions imposed by the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site legislation, Wolman agreed to move the building line back from Pennsylvania Avenue by 50 feet (15 m) and keep the building's height to 135 feet (41 m), although in exchange for the loss of interior square footage District of Columbia zoning officials gave him permission to cantilever the building over the sidewalk on 12th Street at a height about 30 feet (9.1 m) above the street. Named the Presidential Building (or the Presidential Office Building), the structure was designed by Edmund W. Dreyfuss & Associates in the Brutalist style.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure
Dreyfuss worked closely on the building with John Woodbridge, a staff architect for the President's Council on Pennsylvania Avenue and a member of the firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. The President's Council chairman was Nathaniel A. Owings, a partner in that firm. The building was completed in mid-1968, and originally had 253,000 square feet (23,500 m2) of interior space. Its address at this time was 415 12th Street NW. The District of Columbia Public Schools leased seven of the floors in the building, with other District government offices renting the remaining space.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure, 2002 renovation
Purchased by local surgeon Laszlo Tauber, one of the richest men in the D.C. area, the structure underwent a $40 million renovation between 2000 and 2002. It was the last private building on Pennsylvania Avenue to be renovated under the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation's 1974 redevelopment plan. The facade was replaced with a Postmodern style more in tune with the nearby Evening Star building addition next to it on Pennsylvania Avenue, and two stories were added. The total interior space increased from 253,000 square feet (23,500 m2) to 334,000 square feet (31,000 m2). The front entrance was moved from 12th Street NW to Pennsylvania Avenue NW, and the address changed to 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue NW. The architect of record for the structural renovations was Shalom Baranes Associates. Studios Architecture designed the interiors.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure, 2002 renovation
An 8-foot-wide space (2.4 m) existed between the renovated structure and the Evening Star building addition to the east. In order to create natural light in the office windows facing the Evening Star building, Studios Architecture built a light pipe—a 120-foot-long (37 m), 6.5-foot-wide (2.0 m), 5-short-ton (4.5 t) prism designed to convey natural sunlight down to all floors and into all offices. On cloudy days and at night, the light pipe is artificially illuminated with a rainbow of colors.


1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, Current structure, 2002 renovation
The law firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius leased the entire building in 2002, and signed a long-term lease renewal in 2014.


1111 Reinmuthia
1111 Reinmuthia (prov. designation: 1927 CO) is a very elongated asteroid from the background population, located in the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 11 February 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The F-type asteroid (FX) has a short rotation period of 4.02 hours and measures approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It was later named in honor of Karl Reinmuth, the discoverer himself.


1111 Reinmuthia, Orbit and classification
Reinmuthia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,891 days; semi-major axis of 2.99 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation.


1111 Reinmuthia, Naming
This minor planet was named after its discoverer, Karl Reinmuth (1892–1979), a German astronomer at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory and a prolific discoverer of minor planets. In total, he discovered 395 asteroids, most of them during the 1920s and 1930s, which was a unique record for many years. His discoveries include 1862 Apollo and 69230 Hermes, two lost asteroids and near-Earth objects as well as several large Jupiter trojans. His 1931-discovered asteroid (11435) 1931 UB is the oldest discovered yet still unnamed asteroid. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).


1111 Reinmuthia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Reinmuthia has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to that of a dark F-type and somewhat similar to an X-type asteroid. The spectrum had also been flagged as "unusual" and "nosy" by Tholen (FXU:).


1111 Reinmuthia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Rotational lightcurves of Reinmuthia have been obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel as well as by Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa at the Hamanowa Astronomical Observatory (D91) in Japan (U=3/3/3). Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated, well-defined rotation period of 4.02 hours with a high brightness amplitude between 0.61 and 0.95 magnitude (U=3).


1111 Reinmuthia, Physical characteristics, Poles and shape
Lightcurve inversion also modeled the body's shape and poles. In 2013, modelling by an international study using photometric data from the US Naval Observatory, the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, the Palomar Transient Factory and the Catalina Sky Survey gave a similar sidereal period of 4.007347 hours and two spin axes of (356.0°, 68.0°) and (153.0°, 78.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β). The body's very elongated shape had already been indicated by the high brightness variation measured during the photometric observations.


1111 Reinmuthia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, Reinmuthia measures 24.38 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.167. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 41.26 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.65.


1111 Third Avenue
1111 Third Avenue is a 454 ft (138 m) high-rise office building located in downtown Seattle, Washington. It was completed in 1980 and has 34 floors. At the time of the completion, it became the 8th tallest building in Seattle. It is owned and operated by Unico Properties. It has an award-winning outdoor landscaped area with seating and tables accented by bronze statues by sculptor Robert Graham, and floor to ceiling windows. The exterior of the building is composed of precast concrete with exposed aggregate surfaces and dual-glazed, solar bronze glass.


11118 Modra
11118 Modra, provisional designation 1996 PK, is a Flora asteroid of uncertain composition from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.


11118 Modra
It was discovered on 9 August 1996, by Slovak astronomers Adrián Galád and Dušan Kalmančok at the Modra Observatory in Slovakia, and named for the town Modra where the discovering observatory is located.


11118 Modra, Classification and orbit
Modra is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,286 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1991, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 5 years prior to its discovery.


11118 Modra, Rotation period
In September 2010, a photometric lightcurve analysis of Modra by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, rendered an unambiguous period of 27.12±0.02 hours with a brightness variation of 0.53 in magnitude (U=3). A second lightcurve obtained during the wide-field survey at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in August 2010, and gave a period of 27.1481±0.0409 hours with an amplitude of 0.42 (U=2).


11118 Modra, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has a low albedo of 0.05. In agreement, the large-scale survey by Pan-STARRS (PS1) rates it as a dark carbonaceous body. However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a much higher albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the orbital family's largest member and namesake – and groups it to the S-type asteroid. The different albedos of the two spectral classes also translate into divergent estimates for the body's diameter. While CALL calculates 3.7 kilometers, NASA's space-based survey inferred a much larger diameter of 8.7 kilometers.


11118 Modra, Naming
This minor planet was named after both the small historical town of Modra, located in the Bratislava Region of Slovakia, and the Modra Observatory of the Institute of Astronomy at Comenius University, where this asteroid had been discovered. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 September 1999 (M.P.C. 36130).


1112
Year 1112 (MCXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1112 Polonia
1112 Polonia, provisional designation 1928 PE, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz in 1928, it was the first asteroid discovery made by a woman. The L-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 82.5 hours, and was named for the country of Poland.


1112 Polonia, Discovery
Polonia was first observed as A908 XA at the German Heidelberg Observatory in December 1908. It was officially discovered on 15 August 1928, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. On the following night at Simeis, it was independently discovered by her college Grigory Neujmin. The Minor Planet Center only recognized the first discoverer.


1112 Polonia, Discovery
Polonia was Shajn's first discovery; and the first asteroid discovery made by a woman, bringing a long-standing tradition – which began with the discovery of 1 Ceres in 1801 – of more than a thousand minor planet discoveries exclusively made by male astronomers, to an end.


1112 Polonia, Orbit and classification
Polonia is a core member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids.


1112 Polonia, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days; semi-major axis of 3.02 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz in 1928.


1112 Polonia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Polonia is a common, stony S-type asteroid. In the more refined SDSS-based taxonomy, it is characterized as an uncommon L-type, which is similar to a K-type, the overall spectral type of the Eoan asteroids.


1112 Polonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Polonia was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 82.5 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). The asteroid's long period it is close to that of a slow rotator.


1112 Polonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Polonia measures between 35.76 and 47.058 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0763 and 0.1319. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1319 and a diameter of 35.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.05.


1112 Polonia, Naming
This minor planet was named "Polonia", the Latin name for the European country of Poland. It is the first minor planet discovery made by a woman. The naming was proposed by L. Matkiewicz, an astronomer of Polish origin, who calculated the body's orbit. The official citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).


1113
Year 1113 (MCXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1113 Katja
1113 Katja, provisional designation 1928 QC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory in 1928, and named after Ekaterina Iosko, a staff member at the discovering observatory.


1113 Katja, Discovery
Katja was discovered on 15 August 1928, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Nine nights later, it was independently discovered by Max Wolf at the German Heidelberg Observatory on 24 August 1928. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A909 DH at Heidelberg on February 1909.


1113 Katja, Orbit and classification
Katja is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,004 days; semi-major axis of 3.11 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 10 days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1113 Katja, Physical characteristics
Although Katja is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, it is rather of stony composition due to its high albedo.


1113 Katja, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Between 2002 and 2011, several rotational lightcurves of Katja were obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Maurice Audejean, René Roy and Laurent Brunetto (U=2/2/2-). Best rated lightcurve, however, was obtained at the Sunflower (739), Blackberry (929) and Universidad de Monterrey (720) observatories in January 2002. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined synodic rotation period of 18.465 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=3).


1113 Katja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Katja measures between 38.20 and 51.949 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1144 and 0.211.


1113 Katja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2253 and a diameter of 38.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.3.


1113 Katja, Naming
This minor planet was named for Ekaterina ("Katja") Iosko, a laboratory assistant and orbit calculator at the discovering Simeiz Observatory (AN 238, 149). She was the daughter of Iosif Gavrilovich Iosko, who also worked as a mechanician at the observatory.


1113 in Italy, Sources
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1113 in Italy, Sources
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11132 Horne
11132 Horne, provisional designation 1996 WU, is a Hygiean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1996, by American amateur astronomer Dennis di Cicco at his Sudbury Observatory (817) in Massachusetts, United States. The asteroid was named for Johnny Horne, photo editor of The Fayetteville Observer.


11132 Horne, Orbit and classification
Horne is a member of the Hygiea family (601), a very large family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after the fourth-largest asteroid, 10 Hygiea.


11132 Horne, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days; semi-major axis of 3.14 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Siding Spring Observatory in April 1993, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.


11132 Horne, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Horne measures 12.843 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.098. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Horne has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.


11132 Horne, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Johnny Horne (born 1953), photo editor for The Fayetteville Observer, a 75,000 circulation daily newspaper in southeastern North Carolina where Horne has worked for three decades. Horne has been an amateur astronomer since age 10. Since 1989, he has written a monthly astronomy column, Backyard Universe, for The Observer. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 7 January 2004 (M.P.C. 50462).


11132 Horne, Naming
Horne is also a contributing editor for Sky & Telescope magazine and has served as a study leader for the publication's astronomical expeditions to Mexico, Africa, the Caribbean and Iceland. He photographed Halley's Comet from the Australian Outback in 1986 and his astronomical photographs have appeared in magazines and newspapers worldwide. He regularly reviews amateur astronomy products for Sky and Telescope's test reports. During 2002, Horne produced a collection of his astronomical photographs over 25 years. That Backyard Universe Gallery collection was displayed at the Morehead Planetarium and Science Center in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 40 years after a class visit there had triggered Horne's lifelong interest in astronomy.


11133 Kumotori
11133 Kumotori, provisional designation 1996 XY, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 December 1996, by Japanese amateur astronomer Takao Kobayashi at his Ōizumi Observatory. The asteroid was named after Mount Kumotori near Tokyo. It has a rotation period of 4.6 hours.


11133 Kumotori, Orbit and classification
Kumotori is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,690 days; semi-major axis of 2.786 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at Palomar Observatory in March 1989. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Oizumi.


11133 Kumotori, Physical characteristics
Kumotori has been characterized as a rare L-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' survey. It is also assumed to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


11133 Kumotori, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Kumotori was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.634 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=2).


11133 Kumotori, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 8.96 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.97.


11133 Kumotori, Naming
This minor planet was named after Mount Kumotori (雲取山 Kumotori-san). With an altitude of 2,017 metres (6,617 ft), it is the highest peak in the Tokyo metropolitan area, located at the boundary between Tokyo and Saitama and considered to be one of the 100 most celebrated mountains of Japan. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 November 2003 (M.P.C. 50251).


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition
In 1114, an expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim taifa, was launched in the form of a Crusade. Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica. The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the Norwegian king Sigurd I's attack on Formentera in 1108 or 1109 during the Norwegian Crusade. The expedition ended in 1115 in the conquest of the Balearics, but only until the next year. The main source for the event is the Pisan Liber maiolichinus, completed by 1125.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations
In 1085 Pope Gregory VII had granted suzerainty over the Balearics to Pisa. In September 1113 a Pisan fleet making an expedition to Majorca was put off course by a storm and ended up near Blanes on the coast of Catalonia, which they initially mistook for the Balearics. The Pisans met with the Count of Barcelona in the port of Sant Feliu de Guíxols, where on 7 September they signed a treaty causa corroborandae societatis et amicitiae ("for the cause of social cooperation and friendship"). Specifically the Pisans were exempted from the usagium and the jus naufragii in all the territories, present and future, of the Count of Barcelona, though Arles and Saint-Gilles, in the recently acquired March of Provence, were singled out for special mention (three times).


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations
The only surviving copy of the treaty between Pisa and Barcelona is found interpolated in a charter of James I granted to Pisa in 1233. It affirms that the meeting was unplanned and apparently arranged by God. Some scholars have expressed doubt about the lack of preparation, citing the Catalans' rapid response to the presence of the Pisans as evidence of some previous contact. The attribution of the meeting to Providence alone may have been concocted to add an "aura of sacredness" to the alliance and the crusade.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations
The treaty, or what survives of it, does not refer to military cooperation or a venture against Majorca; perhaps that agreement was oral, or perhaps its record has been lost, but a Crusade was planned for 1114. The chief goal was the freeing of Christian captives and the suppression of Muslim piracy. Most of the Pisan fleet returned to Pisa, but some ships damaged by the storm remained to be repaired and some men remained behind to construct siege engines. In the spring of 1114 a new fleet of eighty ships arrived from Pisa, following the French coast, briefly staying at Marseille.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations
The fleet brought with it Cardinal Bosone, an envoy from Paschal II, who vigorously supported the expedition, authorising it in a bull as early as 1113. Paschal had also granted the Pisans the Romana signa, sedis apostolicae vexillum ("Roman standard, the flag of the apostolic see"), and his appeals for the expedition had borne fruit.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations
Besides the 300 ships of the Pisan contingent, there were 120 Catalan and Occitan vessels (plus a large army), contingents from the Italian cities of Florence, Lucca, Pistoia, Rome, Siena, and Volterra, and from Sardinia and Corsica under Saltaro, the son of Constantine I of Logudoro. Among the Catalan princes there were Ramon Berenguer, Hug II of Empúries, and Ramon Folc II of Cardona.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Treaty and preparations
The most important lords of Occitania participated, with the exception of the Count of Toulouse, Alfonso Jordan: William V of Montpellier, with twenty ships; Aimeric II of Narbonne, with twenty ships; and Raymond I of Baux, with seven ships. Bernard Ato IV, the chief of the Trencavel family, also participated. Ramon Berenguer and his wife, Douce, borrowed 100 morabatins from the Ramon Guillem, the Bishop of Barcelona, to finance the expedition.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Conquest and loss
The combined Crusader fleet raided Ibiza in June, and destroyed its defences, since Ibiza lay between Majorca and the mainland and would have posed a continued threat during a siege. The Liber maiolichinus also records the taking of captives, who were trying to hide in careae (probably caves), on Formentera. Ibiza was under Crusader control by August. The Crusaders invested Palma de Majorca in August 1114.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Conquest and loss
As the siege dragged on the counts of Barcelona and Empúries entered into peace negotiations with the Muslim ruler of Majorca, but the cardinal and Pietro Moriconi, the Archbishop of Pisa, interfered to put an end to the discussions. Probably the Catalan rulers, whose lands lay nearest the Balearics, expected an annual payment of parias (tribute) from the Muslims and the cessation of pirate raids in return for lifting the siege.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Conquest and loss
Muslim reinforcements, Almoravids from the Iberian port of Denia, surprised a Pisan flotilla of six in the waters off Ibiza, with only two of the Pisan vessels making it to safety, which consisted of the remains of a fortress burned by the king of Norway a decade earlier. In April 1115 the city capitulated and its entire population was enslaved. This victory was followed by the capture of most of the Balearics' major settlements and the freeing of most captive Christians on the islands. The independent Muslim taifa ruler was taken back to Pisa a captive. The greatest victory, however, was the annihilation of Majorcan piracy.


1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition, Conquest and loss
The conquest of the Balearics lasted no more than a few months. In 1116 they were reconquered by the Almoravids of peninsular Iberia.


1114
Year 1114 (MCXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1114 Arthur Currie Lane
1114 Arthur Currie Lane is an historic building in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.


1114 Arthur Currie Lane
It was the pre-World War I home of General Sir Arthur William Currie GCMG KCB VD. Currie became Canada's first full general in 1915, and was placed in charge of the entire Canadian Corps, independent of the British Army, by 1917. He is given credit for the success of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917 and was knighted by King George V.


1114 Arthur Currie Lane
Currie was also an educator, and from 1920 until his death in 1933 he served as Principal and Vice Chancellor of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec.


1114 Arthur Currie Lane
His home, built in 1892, is a fine example of a small Queen Anne cottage with Italianate features. Its original fieldstone wall and mature plantings surrounding the house lend to the value. It is part of the Catherine Street Heritage Conservation Area and is highly visible from below on the pedestrian walkway, and across the Selkirk Water.


1114 Lorraine
1114 Lorraine, provisional designation 1928 WA, is a very dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Alexandre Schaumasse at Nice Observatory in 1928, and named for the French region of Lorraine.


1114 Lorraine, Discovery
Lorraine was discovered on 17 November 1928, by French astronomer Alexandre Schaumasse at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France. On the following night, it was independently discovered by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin, Italy. The Minor Planet Center recognizes only the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A906 UE at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1906.


1114 Lorraine, Orbit and classification
Lorraine is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population (Nesvorny). Conversely, the asteroid is also considered a core member of the Eos family (Novakovic, Knezevic and Milani). It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,989 days; semi-major axis of 3.10 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Nice Observatory in November 1928, one night after its official discovery observation.


1114 Lorraine, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Lorraine is an Xc-subtype, transiting from the X-type to the C-type asteroids.


1114 Lorraine, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Lorraine was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 32 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.


1114 Lorraine, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lorraine measures between 62.20 and 80.30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0501.


1114 Lorraine, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0457 and a diameter of 62.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.


1114 Lorraine, Naming
This minor planet was named after the region of Lorraine, the former Duchy of Lorraine in north-eastern France, and a remnant of the medieval kingdom of Lotharingia (AN 238;149).


1114 in Ireland, Deaths
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1115
Year 1115 (MCXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1115 Sabauda
1115 Sabauda /səˈbɔːdə/ is a carbonaceous Meliboean asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 68 kilometers in diameter. Discovered in 1928 by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta, it was assigned the provisional designation 1928 XC. The asteroid was probably named after the House of Savoy, the former rulers of Italy.


1115 Sabauda, Discovery
Sabauda was discovered on 13 December 1928, by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin (Pino Torinese Observatory). Five nights later, it was independently discovered by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain. The asteroid was first identified as A906 YF at Heidelberg Observatory in December 1906, and its observation arc begins at Heidelberg in January 1929, one month after its official discovery observation at Pino Torinese.


1115 Sabauda, Orbit and classification
Sabauda is a member of the Meliboea family, a smaller asteroid family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids with a few hundred members, named after 137 Meliboea. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (1,998 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic.


1115 Sabauda, Physical characteristics
Sabauda is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, in line with the Meliboea family's overall spectral type.


1115 Sabauda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Sabauda were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 6.718 and 6.732 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 to 0.27 magnitude (U=2+/3-/3).


1115 Sabauda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sabauda measures between 67.24 and 75.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0711.


1115 Sabauda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0496 and a diameter of 68.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.7.


1115 Sabauda, Naming
This minor planet bears the Latin name of the former rulers of Italy, the House of Savoy (Sabauda, or Sapauda). It is also possible that it was named after the new established town of Sabauda in the Pontine Marshes, central Italy. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).


1116
Year 1116 (MCXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1116 Catriona
1116 Catriona (prov. designation: 1929 GD) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 April 1929, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was probably named after the 1893-novel Catriona by Robert Louis Stevenson.


1116 Catriona, Classification and orbit
Catriona is not a member of any identified asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.3–3.6 AU once every 5.00 years (1,826 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1116 Catriona, Naming
This minor planet was probably named after Catriona, the 1893-novel by Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894), who was a Scottish poet, novelist and travel writer. The naming citation is based on Lutz Schmadel's research including feedback from R. Bremer.


1116 Catriona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2003, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Catriona was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer John Menke at his Menke Observatory in Barnesville, Maryland (no obs. code). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.83 hours with a notably low brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude, indicative of a spheroidal shape (U=3). Additional photometric observations gave a concurring period of 8.832 hours, while others  gave a longer period of 10.49 and 12.06 hours (U=2/2/2/2).


1116 Catriona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to observations by astronomers at the Rozhen Observatory in Bulgaria, as well as the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Catriona measures between 36.71 and 41.010 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1397 and 0.175.


1116 Catriona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1395 and a diameter of 39.02 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.


1116 SEN
1116 SEN (official callsign: 3AK) is an Australian radio station in Victoria. Owned and operated by Pacific Star Network, it broadcasts a sports radio format from Lower Plenty to Greater Melbourne. First broadcast on 29 November 1931 as 3AK, the station currently broadcasts from studios in South Melbourne.


1116 SEN, History
The station first broadcast on 29 November 1931 as 3AK. In October 2003, amid growing debt and struggling ratings, 3AK operators Data & Commerce Limited placed the station up for sale. In November, owners Data & Commerce Limited entered into a lease with the newly formed Sports Entertainment Network to create SEN 1116, a 24-hour sports radio station. Headed by managing director Danny Staffieri, formerly of FIVEaa, the new station was promoted as 'entertaining radio with a sports focus', and would rival horse racing station Sport 927.


1116 SEN, History
On 19 January 2004, SEN 1116 launched onto Melbourne's airwaves, with former AFL footballers Garry Lyon, Tim Watson and Billy Brownless heading the station's "Morning Glory" breakfast show, Richmond Football Club premiership player Kevin Bartlett in mornings, ABC Radio National's Francis Leach in afternoons, and Dermott Brereton and Anthony Hudson in drive. In the year's first radio ratings survey, the station jumped from reaching 1.2% of the Melbourne radio market as 3AK, to 2.1% as SEN, growing to 2.8% in the year's fourth survey despite the lack of coverage of any major sports. However, in July, the station secured broadcast rights to the 2004 Summer Olympics, alongside 2GB, 2CC, FIVEaa, 6iX, HO-FM and Hot 100, among others. SEN also carried coverage of the 2004 NRL Grand Final from 2GB, and the 2004–05 FA Premier League from BBC Radio 5 Live.


1116 SEN, History
In December 2004, the SEN brand was revealed to be expanded into Adelaide, with Sports Entertainment Network leasing news talk 5DN from Australian Radio Network to create SEN 1323. Launching on 1 February 2005, the station became a simulcast of its Melbourne sister station, with only one Adelaide-based programme - "The Boys Next Door", hosted by former FIVEaa presenter Mark Aiston, The Sunday Footy Show panelist Mark Bickley and Port Adelaide Football Club ruckman Matthew Primus.


1116 SEN, History
However, while the station remained flat in Melbourne, ratings dwindled in Adelaide; despite gaining coverage of the New Zealand cricket tour of Australia and the 2005 VFL season, Sports Entertainment Network entered voluntary administration, citing $3.5 million in losses. The SEN 1323 lease was cancelled, resulting in ARN launching easy listening-format Cruise 1323. The Melbourne station was sold back to Pacific Star Network, the renamed Data & Commerce Limited.


1116 SEN, History, 2010s
In July 2015, the newsroom shared between SEN and sister station 3MP 1377 was closed, replaced with the Victorian news service from Macquarie National News, based at 3AW.


1116 SEN, History, 2010s
In November 2015, it was announced that Francis Leach would depart ABC Grandstand Digital following the axing of the Grandstand Breakfast programme, and will again join SEN, hosting SEN Breakfast alongside David "The Ox" Schwarz to replace The Morning Glory. Current co-host Andy Maher will move to afternoons, launching SEN Lunch Break, moving Daniel Harford into drive with Mark Allen. Andrew Gaze and Tim Watson, while losing regular timeslots, would remain with the station as a contributor.


1116 SEN, History, 2010s
In January 2018, the station's schedule was again refreshed. Former ABC commentator Gerard Whateley joined the station as chief sports caller and mornings presenter, with Kevin Bartlett moving to the drive show following the departure of Harford. In April 2018, parent company Pacific Star Network merged with sports media business Crocmedia, most notable for producing the AFL Nation broadcast call heard across regional Australia.


1116 SEN, History, 2010s
In July 2019, SEN has partnered with Crocmedia has purchased 23 narrowband radio licences across Australia including Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Gold Coast, Darwin and Alice Springs.


1116 SEN, Sports coverage
SEN has exclusive and non-exclusive rights to various sports in Australia:


1116 SEN, Related stations, SEN SA
On 13 October 2018, SEN parent company Pacific Star Network confirmed it had purchased an AM narrowband licence in Adelaide, South Australia, returning the SEN brand to South Australia. The station launched on 1629 AM on 6 December 2018, with local presenters Kane Cornes, Andrew Hayes, Kym Dillon and Michelangelo Rucci. Other programs, including Gerard Whateley's morning show and live sports coverage, will be syndicated live from the Melbourne station.


1116 SEN, Related stations, SEN SA
On 9 September 2019, SEN SA Breakfast commenced simulcasting on RadioTAB's 1539AM Adelaide frequency. On 2 December, a second South Australian frequency was launched – also on 1629 AM – covering Mount Gambier.


1116 SEN, Related stations, SEN Track
SEN Track is a radio network broadcasting coverage of horse, thoroughbred and greyhound racing, which launched on 28 March 2020.


1116 SEN, Former stations, SEN 1323
SEN 1323 was launched on 1 February 2005 in Adelaide, replacing 5DN. It largely simulcast 1116 SEN, with a single opt-out program for the Adelaide market. The station closed following parent company Data & Commerce Limited entering voluntary administration in June 2005.


1116 SEN, Former stations, SEN+
SEN+ commenced broadcasting on 13 August 2018, replacing Classic Rock Radio. The station broadcast live coverage of the NFL, NBA, A-League and Super Rugby as well as live and timeshifted programming from the main SEN station.


1116 SEN, Former stations, SEN+
On 28 March 2020, it was replaced by SEN Track.


1116 in Ireland, Births
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair (Modern Irish: Ruaidhrí Ó Conchobhair, or, Ruairí Ó Conchúir; commonly anglicised as Rory O'Conor) (d. 1198) was King of Connacht from 1156 to 1186, and High King of Ireland from 1166 to 1183. [ 1] He was the last High King of Ireland before the Norman invasion of Ireland (Brian Ua Néill and Edward Bruce both claimed the title with opposition in later years).


1117
Year 1117 (MCXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1117 Reginita
1117 Reginita (prov. designation: 1927 KA) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 May 1927, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain, who named it after his niece. The bright S-type asteroid has a notably short rotation period of 2.9 hours and measures approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter.


1117 Reginita, Orbit and classification
Reginita is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,231 days; semi-major axis of 2.25 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A904 TA at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1904. The body's observation arc also begins at Heidelberg in April 1930, almost three years after its official discovery observation at Barcelona.


1117 Reginita, Naming
This minor planet was named after the niece of the discoverer. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105).


1117 Reginita, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Reginita is a common, stony S-type asteroid.


1117 Reginita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Reginita have been obtained from photometric observations since 1988. The consolidated lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.946 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.10 and 0.33 magnitude (U=3).


1117 Reginita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Reginita measures between 9.82 and 11.22 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.293 and 0.36. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE data, that is, an albedo of 0.3516 and a diameter of 10.29 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.69.


1117 Verona earthquake
An earthquake, rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, struck northern Italy and Germany on 3 January 1117. The epicentre of the first shock was near Verona, the city which suffered the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre was partially felled, and the standing portion was damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments were destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding. After the first shock of 3 January, seismic activity persisted for months, striking on 12 January 4 June, 1 July 1 October, and 30 December.


1117 Verona earthquake
The earthquake was not only felt in Verona but across northern Italy, from Cividale to Pavia, south to Pisa and north to Switzerland. Outside of Verona the most damaged areas were Milan, Bergamo, Brescia, Venice, Treviso, Modena, Parma, and Cremona. The main churches of  Padua all suffered major damage. News of the earthquake reached Montecassino and Reims. The Milanese chronicler Landolfo Iuniore reported that the church synods needed to be carried out in the open air, due to the destruction. In Germany, damage was also extensive. The Michaelskirche in Bamberg, the abbey at Brauweiler, and buildings in Rottenburg am Neckar, Constance, Meersburg, and Fénis were all reported damaged.


1117 Verona earthquake
Recent studies, however, suggest that it was not a major, single event on 3 January, but instead a series of shocks in the areas of Verona (west Veneto) and Cremona (Lower Lombardy), which happened in a few days or even in a few hours. Other earthquakes may have hit as far south as Pisa (northwest Tuscany) and as north as Augsburg (southwest Bavaria), as distinct events, in the same days.


1118
Year 1118 (MCXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1118 Hanskya
1118 Hanskya (prov. designation: 1927 QD) is a large background asteroid, approximately 77 kilometers (48 miles) in diameter, located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. Discovered by Sergey Belyavsky and Nikolaj Ivanov in 1927, it was named after Russian astronomer Aleksey Hansky. The presumed dark C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.6 hours.


1118 Hanskya, Discovery
Hanskya was discovered on 29 August 1927, by Russian astronomers Sergey Belyavsky and Nikolaj Ivanov at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was independently discovered by two other prolific astronomers in the field, namely Karl Reinmuth at the German Heidelberg Observatory – who observed the body only one day later and announced it first – and by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory on 17 September.


1118 Hanskya, Orbit and classification
Hanskya is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.1–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,103 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.


1118 Hanskya, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg or Simeiz one night after its official discovery observation.


1118 Hanskya, Naming
This minor planet was named on the 25th anniversary of the death of Russian Aleksey Hansky (1870–1908), whose initiative lead to the construction of the discovering Simeiz Observatory.


1118 Hanskya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 21010, a rotational lightcurve of Hanskya was obtained from photometric observations at the Sunflower Observatory in Kansas, United States (739). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.61 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).


1118 Hanskya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
More recent observations at the Palomar Transient Factory and by French amateur astronomer René Roy gave a longer period of 25.31 and 25.3481 hours and an amplitude of 0.38 and 0.25, respectively (U=2/2).


1118 Hanskya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hanskya measures between 70.954 and 90.29 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.056.


1118 Hanskya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a low albedo of 0.0358 and a diameter of 77.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.


1118 papal election
The 1118 Papal Election was held to choose the successor for Pope Paschal II, who died in Rome on 21 January 1118, after an 18-year pontificate. Pope Gelasius II was elected as his successor. The election happened during the Investiture Controversy, a conflict between supporters of the Papacy and those of the Holy Roman Emperor. The election was held under the threat of possible violence due to the controversy. The Cardinal electors took refuge in the Benedictine monastery, S. Maria in Pallara, during the election. Within minutes of his election as pope, Gelasius II was attacked and imprisoned by supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor. Gelasius managed to escape, but at the emperor's arrival and his army, he fled Rome and never returned.


1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors
The Papal bull entitled, In Nomine Domini, issued by Pope Nicholas II in 1059, declared that upon the death of the incumbent pope, the cardinal-bishops would discuss a suitable candidate, and the College of Cardinals would subsequently hold an election to choose the successor.


1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors
Information regarding the body of the College of Cardinals during the election was compiled over 12 years later by Pandulf of Pisa, cardinal-priest of Santi Cosma e Damiano. The account is not complete. Indeed, modern historians have challenged the credibility of Pandulf's account, including his list of electors, given his support for Antipope Anacletus II (1130–1138), who made him a cardinal.


1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors
Pandulf claims that the election was attended by 49 cardinals: four bishops, 27 priests, and 18 deacons. Still, the account mentions the names of only 35 cardinals (four bishops, 20 priests, and 11 deacons), including the elected Gelasius. However, the status of the cardinals, priests, and deacons was unclear from the Pandulf account, and multiple sources dispute their numbers. In addition, several cardinals mentioned by Pandulf only obtained that position when elevated by later popes, i.e., after the papal election. Other chroniclers also made incomplete accounts. Alphonso Chacón and Olduin name Cardinal Divizo as a Cardinal-bishop. At the time of the election, he was still a cardinal-priest of Ss. Martino e Silvestro.


1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors
According to the work of Rudolf Huls, the College of Cardinals had only 41 members as of January 1118: 6 bishops, 20 priests, and 15 deacons, of which the following 36 participated in the election:


1118 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Cardinal Deacons
Two subdeacons were in attendance, Nicholas, Provost of the Choir School, and Amico O.S.B. (Cluny), Abbot of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls.


1118 papal election, The choice of Gelasius II
During his papacy, Paschal II waged the investiture controversy with Emperor Henry V, who had a considerable following among the aristocracy of Rome. From 6 to 11 March 1116, Paschal II presided over a general council at the Lateran Basilica, The leader of the anti-imperial opposition to Paschal's concessions to Henry was Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta, the chancellor of the Holy Roman Church. In the council, Pope Paschal was forced to condemn his own privilegium. This was a concession that Paschal had granted to the emperor, allowing the emperor to invest bishops with his staff and ring of office.


1118 papal election, The choice of Gelasius II
Paschal agreed to again anathematize any person who gave or received ecclesiastical titles from the hands of a layman, though he resisted the council's wish to anathematize the emperor. This action in the council by Paschal was a repudiation of the agreement he had previously reached with the emperor. It  caused great offense and anger. After many representations to the pope, Henry marched on Rome. On 5 April 1117, supporters of the emperor  forced Paschal to flee the Lateran palace.


1118 papal election, The choice of Gelasius II
He spent his time at Montecassino, and then Benevento, where he held a synod where he excommunicated the emperor's friend, Martin Burdinus, the archbishop of Braga, who had been the go-between in recent negotiations. He returned to Rome to the Castel S. Angelo on 14 January 1118, where he died on 21 January.


1118 papal election, The choice of Gelasius II
After his death, the Cardinals took refuge in the Palladium (S. Maria in Pallara), a Benedictine monastery on the Palatine Hill, fearing the violence of supporters of the emperor. The meetings were presided over by Cardinal Petrus of Porto. He waited the three canonical days before beginning the election, having also sent a swift messenger summoning Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani, who was at Montecassino. On 24 January 1118, three days after the customary prayers and devotions, the electors unanimously chose Cardinal Giovanni Coniulo from Gaeta for the papacy, the cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin and Chancellor of the Holy See. On election, he adopted the papal name Gelasius II.


1118 papal election, Aftermath
Shortly after his election, as the clergy and people were celebrating Gelasius' enthronement, Cenzio Frangipani, a supporter of the emperor, whose house and headquarters were next door to S. Maria in Pallara, broke into the church with his followers and assaulted the pope. The pope was seized and carried off to Frangipani's house, where he was chained and imprisoned.


1118 papal election, Aftermath
Pope Gelasius II was freed by a popular uprising led by Peter, the Prefect of Rome. However, as the emperor Henry and his army approached the city, Gelasius fled from Rome to his native Gaeta on March 1, where he was ordained as a priest on 9 March 1118. He was consecrated a bishop and enthroned on 10 March. Pandulphus Pisanus was ordained a lector and an exorcist on the same day. He then fled to Pisa and ultimately to France, where he remained until his death at the Abbey of Cluny on 29 January 1119. In his absence, the papal vicar in Rome was Cardinal Petrus, the Bishop of Porto.


1119
Year 1119 (MCXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1119 Euboea
1119 Euboea (/juːˈbiːə/; prov. designation: 1927 UB) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 27 October 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid has a rotation period of 11.4 hours and measures approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was named for the Greek island of Euboea.


1119 Euboea, Orbit and classification
Euboea is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,540 days; semi-major axis of 2.61 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a recovered observation from the Lowell Observatory in April 1930, more than 2 years after to its official discovery observation.


1119 Euboea, Naming
This minor planet was named after Euboea, also known as "Negropont", the largest island of Greece in the Aegean Sea. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 105).


1119 Euboea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In October 2007, a first rotational lightcurve of Euboea was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.41 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 magnitude (U=3). In April 2010, a similar period of 11.396 hours and an amplitude of 0.46 magnitude was measured by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini (U=3).


1119 Euboea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In 2016, two modeled lightcurves were published using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources. They gave a concurring sidereal period of 11.3981 and 11.39823 hours, respectively. Each study also determined two respective spin axes of (79.0°, 75.0°) and (282.0°, 55.0°), and (71.0°, 61.0°) and (280.0°, 54.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1119 Euboea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Euboea measures between 18.37 and 31.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0576 and 0.213. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a low albedo of 0.0539 – typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids – and a diameter of 31.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.


1119 papal election
The 1119 papal election (held January 29 to February 2) was, of all the elections currently considered legitimate by the Roman Catholic Church, the smallest papal election of the twelfth century.


1119 papal election
It is likely that only two cardinal bishops, four cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons participated in the election. The election took place in the abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, France, while most of the other cardinals remained in Italy. A non-cardinal Guy de Bourgogne, the Archbishop of Vienne, was elected Pope Callixtus II. It was agreed by the cardinals at Cluny that they would seek the approval of the cardinals in Rome before they proceeded to enthrone the elected person. The cardinals in Rome granted their consent, and Guy was and crowned in Vienne on February 9. Having spent more than a year restoring affairs in France and Germany, he reached Rome on 3 June 1120.


1119 papal election, Death of Pope Gelasius
Pope Gelasius II was in exile from Rome, which was in the hands of the Emperor Henry V and his antipope Maurice Burdinus, had fled to France. The struggle with the emperor over the Investiture Controversy was costing him dearly. He held a synod in Vienne in the first half of January 1119, from which he moved to Lyon by January 14. As he was leaving Vienne, Gelasius ordered Archbishop Guy of Vienne to join him in Cluny after he himself had arrived there.


1119 papal election, Death of Pope Gelasius
The pope then held another synod in Mâcon, where he was stricken by a sudden severe illness, which Pandulfus Pisanus identified as pleurisy. Immediately upon recogonising the severity of his condition, he summoned Cardinal Kuno von Urach, the Bishop of Palestrina, and, according to Falco of Benevento, offered him the papacy. Kuno emphatically refused. Instead, Kuno suggested the archbishop of Vienne.


1119 papal election, Death of Pope Gelasius
Gelasius was near death when his party reached Cluny, only 24km (15 mi) from Mâcon, but he was able to have a farewell meeting with the cardinals who had accompanied him, and to receive the sacraments before he died on 29 July 1119.


1119 papal election, Death of Pope Gelasius
The "Historia Compostelana" states that, before Pope Gelasius died, the archbishop of Vienne (Guy de Bourgogne) arrived, while the cardinals and the Bishops of Ostia and Porto were discussing possible candidates for the papacy with several Romans. Pope Gelasius (adhuc vivens, still alive) named the archbishop of Vienne and Abbot Pontius of Cluny to the Roman clergy and people as possible successors. The archbishop of Vienne, however, did not arrive at Cluny until 1 February, three days after the pope's death. Moreover, the cardinal bishops present at Cluny were Ostia and Palestrina, not Porto. The "Historia Compostelana" does not appear to be a reliable source.


1119 papal election, Cardinal electors
The cardinals who accompanied Gelasius II to Cluny are known from the Liber Pontificalis associated with "Pandulphus" (either Pandulf of Pisa or Pandulf of Lucca), from the charter from Cluny, and from the chronicle of Ordericus Vitalis.


1119 papal election, Proceedings
The cardinals attending the requiem Mass of Gelasius II in Cluny on 30 January 1119 were divided over whether his successor should be elected on the spot (as was permitted by the papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II), or whether they should return to Rome and hold the election with the full College of Cardinals. A major consideration was the schism in which the emperor supported his own anti-pope, "Gregory VIII" (Maurice Burdinus), which could profit from the absence of a legitimate pope.


1119 papal election, Proceedings
Although the cardinals proceeded with the election immediately, they agreed that they would submit their choice to the entire College thereafter. The election, following canon law, would not have begun until three days after the pope's death, 1 February, and, according to the rules established by Nicholas II, the two cardinal-bishops, Lambertus and Kono, had the exclusive right of nomination. Archbishop Guy of Vienne arrived at Cluny on that same day, 1 February.


1119 papal election, Proceedings
Archbishop Guy was probably the most prominent prelate in Europe. His grandfather had been Duke Richard II of Normandy, making Guy a cousin of King Henry I of England; his brother Raymornd had been Duke of Burgundy, and his sister married his successor; his brother Étienne had been Comte de Varsac et de Mâcon; his brother Raymond, Count d' Amous, had married Urraca, the daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile, making the young Alfonso VII his nephew and ward; a sister was Countess of Savoy and mother of Amadeus III. When Alfonso VI died on 30 June 1109, Guy became tutor (governor) of the under-age Alfonso VII, along with Archbishop Didacus of Compostela and Queen Urraca, and traveled to Bourgos to participate of the swearing of fealty to the young monarch.


1119 papal election, Proceedings
Although the contemporary accounts diverge on many points, it is clear across themthat the two candidates who emerged were Guy and Pontius of Cluny, both named as candidates by the late pontiff. The account of Gaufrid, prior of Vigois, relates that Gelasius II had preferred Pontius and predicted his election; In the view of Mary Stroll, Pontius was a far more conciliatory candidate, likely to negotiate a solution to the Investiture Controversy. Two accounts in particular—those of Bernard of Carrion in the "Historia Compostelana", and Gaufrid of Vigois—detail the election of Guy, emphasizing the importance of his known confrontational stance towards Henry V (having previously excommunicated him) and his powerful family, the Salian dynasty.


1119 papal election, Aftermath
According to the Historia Compostelana, at the time of his election as Callixtus II, Guy de Bourgogne was being invested with the papal red mantle. His retainers (contribulibus atque militibus suis), when they learned of his election, broke down the doors to the election chamber and rushed in with weapons in their hands; they approached the pope-elect, and violently tore off his mantle, stole, and other papal vestments. They complained that Vienne, Burgundy, and France did not want to lose such a wonderful patron, and demanded that the electors choose someone else. In fact, the violence was a demonstration in favor of Calixtus, but in favor of retaining him as archbishop. No other source, particularly not Pandulphus Pisanus, who was present, notices this incident.


1119 papal election, Aftermath
Following his enthronement, the new pope and Archbishop Didacus Gelmirez of Compostela were not friends.


1119 papal election, Aftermath
After a year travelling throughout France and holding councils and synods, the pope departed Cluny on 7 January 1120 on his journey to Italy. He reached Pisa on 12 May, and returned to Rome on 3 June. In April 1121, Callixtus II proceeded to Sutri, the location of his opponent, Antipope Gregory VIII, appointed by Henry V, and laid siege to the city for eight days until Gregory VIII was handed over to him. Callixtus then imprisoned the former antipope at the monastery of S. Lucia ad Saepa Solis, from which the was moved from monastery to monastery until his death in 1137.


111: A Nelson Number
111: A Nelson Number is a Bangladeshi supernatural drama television series based on a dorm room numbered 111, where the students living there are spooked by unnatural presence. The series was directed by Nayeem Imtiaz Neyamul, written by Sirajul Islam and produced by Ferdaus. The series, which aired at 9:45 pm on NTV, began on September 27, 2007 and ended after 26 episodes on April 17, 2008.


111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett
111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It was discovered by Eleanor and Ron Helin on 5 January 1989 from images obtained on the 3rd and 4th of that month. It is a Jupiter family comet known for extremely close approaches to Jupiter being a Quasi-Hilda comet. During these approaches, it actually orbits Jupiter. The last such approach was in 1976, the next will be in 2071. The Jovian orbits are highly elliptical and subject to intense Solar perturbation at apojove which eventually pulls the comet out of Jovian orbit for the cycle to begin anew.


111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett
Simulations predict such a cycle is unstable, the object will either be captured into an encounter orbit (e.g. Shoemaker-Levy 9) or expelled into a new orbit which does not have periodic approaches. This implies that 111P's orbit is recent within the past few thousand years. It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a < aJupiter).


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment
The 111th Armored Cavalry Regiment (111th ACR) was a light armored cavalry regiment that was part of the California Army National Guard, briefly active during the early years of the Cold War.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment
Constituted in 1949, it included three maneuver battalions by 1951. It was broken up in 1954, with two battalions absorbed into the 40th Armored Division, which had been converted to infantry, to give it experienced armor personnel, while the remaining battalion was mostly converted to antiaircraft artillery.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History
The 111th Armored Cavalry Regiment (Light) was constituted on 19 August 1949 as a unit of the California National Guard after a request from the state of California to form an armored cavalry regiment was approved by the National Guard Bureau. It was one of seven National Guard armored cavalry regiments authorized in 1949 to provide corps-level reconnaissance and security capabilities in event of mobilization. From inception, the regiment was administratively supervised by the 1st Provisional Brigade, created to serve as an intermediate headquarters for non-divisional and unbrigaded units of the California National Guard.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History
It initially included the Imperial Valley-based 1st Battalion, with Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) at Imperial, and the Northern California-based 2nd Battalion, with HHC at Red Bluff. The two battalions were redesignated from the 109th and 118th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons, respectively, on 15 September. The 109th had been organized and Federally recognized on 18 September 1947, while the 118th had been organized and Federally recognized on 8 June 1949; both California National Guard units were constituted on 5 August 1946.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History
Of the reconnaissance companies of the regiment, Companies A (Indio), B (Brawley), and C (Calexico) fell under 1st Battalion, while D (Susanville), E (Eureka), and F (Oakdale) were with 2nd Battalion. The Assault Gun Company of the 2nd Battalion was at Quincy, while the Tank Company of 1st Battalion was at El Centro. The first six lettered companies, the Tank Company of the 1st Battalion, and the Assault Gun Company of the 2nd Battalion were redesignated from the lettered troops of the 109th and 118th Squadrons.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History
The organization and Federal recognition of new units followed, beginning with the Assault Gun Company of the 1st Battalion at Holtville on 15 October. By the end of 1949, the 111th ACR included 50 officers, two warrant officers, and 471 enlisted men. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) of the regiment followed on 12 January 1950 at Pasadena. In the summer of 1950, the units of the 111th participated in its first summer field training encampment, held at Camp San Luis Obispo with most of the 1st Provisional Brigade between 16 and 30 July. The regimental Service Company and Medical Detachment were organized at Montebello on 23 October and 20 November, respectively. The HHC of the 1st Battalion relocated to El Centro on 15 December.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History
The regiment was brought up to full strength by the organization and Federal recognition of its 3rd Battalion on 26 January 1951, headquartered at Van Nuys. The HHC of 3rd Battalion was organized on 9 January, followed by Howitzer Company on 30 March at Van Nuys and two 3rd Battalion lettered companies: G at Burbank on 15 May and H on 22 October at Los Angeles. Due to changes in the structure of light ACRs, the assault gun companies of the 111th became howitzer companies on 1 April. The regiment participated in 1951 summer field training between 17 June and 1 July at Camp Cooke and Hunter Liggett Military Reservation along with the 49th Infantry Division. The Medical Detachment relocated to Arcadia on 15 April, and the HHC of the 3rd Battalion relocated to Burbank on 1 November.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History
The 2nd Battalion HHC relocated from Sacramento to Del Paso Heights on 1 July 1952, although it returned to Sacramento on 15 January 1954. The regiment participated in 1952 summer field training between 17 and 31 August at Hunter Liggett, alongside smaller nondivisional units. Company I, organized at Van Nuys on 15 November 1952, relocated to San Fernando on 15 March 1953. The Tank Company of the 3rd Battalion relocated from Van Nuys to Canoga Park on 1 May.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History
From 16 to 30 August of that year, the regiment participated in what was to be its last summer field training, held at Hunter Liggett with the 40th Infantry Division (NGUS). On 1 October, the regiment dropped the 'light' designation. The Howitzer Company of the 3rd Battalion relocated to Burbank on 13 October.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, History
In 1954, the regiment was broken up, beginning with the conversion and redesignation of the 2nd Battalion as the 170th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 1 June, excluding Company E, which became the HHC of the 1401st Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Army) (NGUS). A month later, the Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the 111th ACR became that of Combat Command C of the 40th Armored Division, the 1st Battalion became the 134th Tank Battalion, and the 3rd Battalion consolidated with the 2nd Battalion, 223rd Infantry to become the 139th Tank Battalion. These elements of the 111th were absorbed into the 40th Armored, which had been converted from the 40th Infantry Division, to provide experienced armored personnel to the unit.


111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry
Just before the breakup of the regiment, the distinctive unit insignia and coat of arms of the regiment were approved on 1 March 1954. The distinctive unit insignia depicted a horse's head, lance, and gauntlet to symbolize cavalry, medieval armor, and the shock tactics of armored forces, respectively. Its green and yellow colors represented the armor branch. Below the shield of the insignia was the motto "By Arms and Courage." The regimental coat of arms was the shield of its distinctive unit insignia with the crest of the California Army National Guard above it. The distinctive unit insignia continued to be used by the 134th Tank Battalion until 1960, after the latter was consolidated with other units to form the 185th Armor Regiment.


111th Attack Wing
The  (111 ATKW) is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, headquartered at Biddle Air National Guard Base in Horsham, Pennsylvania. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command. It provides protection of life, property, and the preservation of peace and order when tasked to do so by state or federal authorities. The Wing also provides operational and support units, as well as qualified personnel, to support wartime tasking and contingency commitments of any nature.


111th Attack Wing
The 103d Attack Squadron is a descendant organization of the 103d Observation Squadron, formed on 27 June 1924. It was one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


111th Attack Wing, Overview
Currently the wing uses General Atomics MQ-9 Reapers to directly support combatant commanders across the globe providing; surveillance, reconnaissance gathering capabilities, combat search and rescue, and weapons employment when called upon. The wing hosts several new tenant organizations at Horsham ANGB including units of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard and the U.S. Army Reserve, among others.


111th Attack Wing, History, World War II
Constituted as 391st Bombardment Group (Medium) on 15 January 1943 and activated on 21 January Trained with B-26's for duty in Europe with Ninth Air Force. Assigned to RAF Matching, England on 26 January 1944. The group marking was a yellow triangle painted on the tail fin of their B-26s.


111th Attack Wing, History, World War II
The first mission was flown on 15 February and 150 more were completed before the group moved into France in late September 1944. During the ensuing weeks the 391st bombed targets such as airfields, marshalling yards, bridges, and V-weapon sites in France and the Low Countries to help prepare for the invasion of Normandy. The group attacked enemy defenses along the invasion beaches on 6 and 7 June 1944. From June through September, the group continued cross-Channel operations, which included attacks on fuel dumps and troop concentrations in support of Allied forces during the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July 1944, and strikes on transportation and communications to block the enemy's retreat to the east.


111th Attack Wing, History, World War II
A total of 20 B-26s were missing in action during the 391st's operations from Matching before the group moved onto the continent, transferring to Roye/Amy, France (ALG A-73) on 19 September 1944. The group then switched to Douglas A-26 Invaders and flew its last mission on 3 May 1945 from Asche, Belgium (ALG Y-29).


111th Attack Wing, History, World War II
The 391st Bomb Group returned to the United States in October and was inactivated at Camp Shanks, New York on 25 October 1945.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard
The wartime 391st Bombardment Group was re-activated and re-designated as the 111th Bombardment Group, and was allotted to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Philadelphia International Airport and was extended federal recognition on 20 December 1948 National Guard Bureau. The 111th Bombardment Group was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 391st Bombardment Group. The squadron was equipped with Douglas B-26B/C Invaders and was assigned to the PA ANG 53d Fighter Wing.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
The 103d was federalized on 10 October 1950 along with its parent 111th Composite Wing due to the Korean War. Many of the pilots and maintenance personnel were split off and sent for duty overseas as individuals assigned to other combat units there. Eventually the B-26 bombers were sent as reinforcement aircraft to Far East Air Force for use in Korea.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
On 10 April 1951 the squadron and Wing were moved to Fairchild AFB, Washington and re-equipped with RB-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft. Based on the World War II B-29 Bomber, the RB-29s were instead configured with multiple aerial cameras for mapping and reconnaissance missions. These RB-29s were used like the reconnaissance satellites of today, except they required actual over flight of the countries to be photographed. The 111th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (ANG) was composed of the 129th Bomb Squadron (formerly the 3d Bombardment Squadron), the 130th Bomb Squadron (formerly the 29th Bombardment Squadron) were joined by the 103d Bomb Squadron (Light) from the Pennsylvania ANG which was redesignated as the 103d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium).


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
On 13 June 1952, two 111th pilots were flying an RB-29 over the Soviet Union when they were shot down by a pair of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s. The RB-29 was never recovered, having crashed in the waters off of Vladivostok, Russia. The Pennsylvanian families of the Air Guard pilots were told they had simply "vanished" in a weather-reconnaissance flight near Japan. It wasn't until the fall of the Soviet Union and the opening of communist archives that the relatives found out the truth in 1993. It is unknown as to whether any of the pilots or crew of this aircraft were captured by the Soviets at that time.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation
When inactivated the ANG personnel were released to their parent units. The equipment and active duty personnel remained at Fairchild and were gained by the newly formed 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Cold War Air Defense
The 103d and the 111th were returned to control of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard in late November 1952, and the units were re-formed at Philadelphia International Airport by 1 January 1953. The 103d was re-equipped with the North American F-51D Mustang World War II fighter because of a lack of available jets at the time due to the Korean War. It was re-designated as the 103d Fighter Bomber Squadron and assumed an air defense mission. In 1955, Air Defense Command upgraded the group to the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak, and it received new aircraft. In July 1956, the 103d FIS switched to F-94A and B Starfigher interceptors; to F-94Cs in 1958 and the Northrop F-89H Scorpion in 1959.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airlift mission
In 1962, the unit transitioned from the F-89J jet interceptor to a large, heavy transport, the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter, a double-decked, four-engine airplane. The new mission moved the wing into the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and its successor Military Airlift Command (MAC) in 1966.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airlift mission
In 1963, the 111th ended its 39-year history at Philadelphia airport and moved to brand new facilities on the north end of the Willow Grove Naval Air Station. From Willow Grove, the C-97 was used to transport troops and cargo all over the world. The unit's flying personnel were used heavily during the Vietnam War and over two hundred members earned Vietnam Service Medals for their flights into that war zone.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control
In 1969, the unit changed mission yet again, returning to its original roots as an observation unit. The new 111th Tactical Air Support Group initially flew the U-3A Blue Canoe, a Cessna 310, as an intermediate aircraft until it received the aircraft it needed for Airborne Forward Air Control (AFAC): the Cessna O-2A Skymaster. The O-2 was a two propeller aircraft used early in the Vietnam War for coordination between ground forces and fighter aircraft (the "O" stands for observation).


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control
The Forward Air Control mission was sustained with the unit's switch to the OA-37 Dragonfly in 1981. The OA-37, was a heavier derivative of the T-37 trainer, and had been developed specifically for the Vietnam War. The unit made several deployments to Central America in the 1980s to fly with US allies there, who had been sold the A-37 as part of the US Foreign Military Sales program.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control
The A-37s were retired in 1988, and the 111th received the A-10A Thunderbolt II ground support aircraft. It was also used as a FAC aircraft (OA-10). Pilots continued their previous mission of providing AFAC and Combat Search and Rescue, although in a much more combat-worthy fighter. The A-10 allowed the wing to take part in the new deployments to Southwest Asia following Operation Desert Storm. The unit was re-designated as the 111th Fighter Group in 1992 and then as the 111th Fighter Wing in 1995.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control
Participating in Operation Southern Watch, the wing took advantage of this aircraft upgrade by volunteering for a 90-day deployment to Kuwait in 1995, to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq. Twelve aircraft were deployed to Al Jaber AB – a joint-use base by U.S. and Kuwait Air Forces. The base was fairly austere as it had suffered considerable war-damage from Desert Storm. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert, Kill Box flights over Iraq, Airborne Forward Air Control and joint training missions over Kuwait. About 40% of the wing participated in the deployment


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control
Another interesting element was a small side deployment to Qatar. The 111th was the first Air Guard fighter unit deployed to Al Jaber and also the first ANG Wing to volunteer for a solo 3-month Operation Southern Watch deployment. The combat flight missions over Iraq were to enforce United Nations resolutions and occurred during the 1990s post Cold War era.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Ground Support
In 1996, the 111th FW pilots transitioned from the OA-10 AFAC mission to the universal A-10 "attack" mission. Now the pilots' primary task was to provide Close Air Support (CAS) for joint service ground forces, as well as performing AFAC and CSAR duties as before. This change to the normal A-10 role aligned the wing with all the other A-10 units in the active duty and Air Reserve Component (ARC).


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Ground Support
The second 111th FW deployment to Al Jaber AB occurred in 1999, again to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert, Kill Box flights over Iraq, Airborne Forward Air Control and joint training missions over Kuwait. Use of the A-10 was more limited than before, due to the aircraft's relative lack of a precision weapon capability [except the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground tactical missile].


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Immediately following the 9/11 attacks on NYC and Washington, DC, the 111th FW voluntarily deployed on very short notice back to Al Jaber AB to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom over Afghanistan. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert and joint training missions over Kuwait. 111th Weapons personnel assisted in the loading of combat ordnance for the first sorties into Afghanistan in November 2001.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
From October 2002 – January 2003, the wing was the lead unit for a short notice, voluntary, out-of-cycle AEF deployment to Bagram AB, Afghanistan. Bagram had been a massive Soviet base during the decade when they occupied Afghanistan (1979–89), but was almost completely destroyed in that period and civil war afterwards. The 111th aircraft supported joint combat flight operations with US Army, Special Forces, and coalition ground forces in Afghanistan.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
The A-10s were flown and maintained in the most primitive conditions, yet the 111th personnel flew 100% of the assigned tasking for their entire deployment – at four times the normal sortie rate of home. Other unique aspects of the operation were total 'blacked out' night-time operations (no lights on the field or camp – everything was done by night vision goggles); an extensive number of mines/UXOs around and on the air field; extreme weather conditions and enemy shelling using BM-12 107mm rockets.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom
Upon returning to the U.S. in January 2003, the 111th FW again volunteered to participate in another SWA deployment to Al Jaber AB, Kuwait [fourth visit] from February 2003 – May 2003. The wing deployed for joint combat flight operations, in support of US Army, Marine and British ground forces as part of the initial phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Wing personnel were initially stationed at Al Jaber before transferring to Tallil AB, Iraq, midway through the initial campaign. Tallil was a former Iraqi air force base, which had not been used in a decade.


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom
During this campaign, which included direct support for coalition armor forces during the entire invasion from the Kuwait border, through Basra and Baghdad, the wing pilots and maintainers successfully operated at a very high sortie rate. Tallil AB operations set another milestone due to its austere nature and forward location (which was essential to support the armor's thrust toward the capital).


111th Attack Wing, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom
The 111th Fighter Wing's achievement of voluntarily deploying to austere bases in two separate combat operations within a five-month period [2003] was part of the reason the unit was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, with Valor, in 2005. It also was awarded the Reserve Family Readiness Award in 2003 and the ANG Distinguished Flying Unit Award in 2004.