137th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 137th New York Infantry was organized at Binghamton, New York beginning August 31, 1862 and mustered in for three years service on September 25, 1862 under the command of Colonel David Ireland.


137th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, October 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.


137th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 137th New York Infantry mustered out of service June 9, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 102nd New York Volunteer Infantry on June 1, 1865.


137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for Washington, D.C., September 25, 1862. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Va., September 27–30, 1862. Duty at Bolivar Heights until December. Reconnaissance to Rippon, Va., November 9. Charlestown November 9. Reconnaissance to Winchester December 2–6. Charlestown and Berryville December 2. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 9–16. At Fairfax Station until April 27, 1863. "Mud March" January 20–24. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5.


137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. The 137th New York played a pivotal part in the Battle of Gettysburg. It was this unit that on the night of July 2, repulsed the Confederate attack on the previously abandoned works on Culp's Hill. They were the extreme right flank of the Union lines on that night. Stretched at double interval, there were times where the unit was taking fire from three sides.


137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5–24. Duty on line of the Rappahannock until September. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 4. Reopening Tennessee River October 26–29. Battle of Wauhatchie, Tenn., October 28–29. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23–27. Lookout Mountain November 23–24. Missionary Ridge November 25. Ringgold Gap, Taylor's Ridge, November 27. Duty at Bridgeport until May 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22–25. New Hope Church May 25.


137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11–14, Lost Mountain June 15–17. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5–17. Peachtree Creek July 19–20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26–29. Near Atlanta November 9.


137th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
March to the sea November 15-December 10. Near Davisboro November 28. Siege of Savannah December 10–21. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9–13. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.


137th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 294 men during service; 6 officers and 121 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 163 enlisted men died of disease. 26.4% of the 1,111 men who were in the regiment would die during their time of service.


137th New York State Legislature
The 137th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to May 20, 1914, while Martin H. Glynn was Governor of New York, in Albany.


137th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


137th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Progressive Party, the Socialist Party, the Independence League and the Prohibition Party also nominated tickets.


137th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1913, was held on November 4. The only two statewide elective offices up for election were two judgeships on the New York Court of Appeals. Democrat Willard Bartlett was elected Chief Judge, and Republican Frank H. Hiscock was elected an associate judge, which had been cross-endorsed by the Independence League. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Chief Judge, was: Democrats-Independence League 600,000; Republicans 597,000; Progressives 195,000; Socialists 62,000; and Prohibition 17,000.


137th New York State Legislature, Elections
Ex-Governor William Sulzer who had been impeached, and removed from office in September 1913, was elected on the Progressive ticket to the Assembly.


137th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1914; and adjourned on March 28.


137th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Thaddeus C. Sweet (R) was elected Speaker with 81 votes against 48 for Al Smith (D) and 21 for Michael Schaap (P).


137th New York State Legislature, Sessions
John F. Murtaugh (D) was elected Majority Leader of the New York State Senate while Robert F. Wagner (D) continued as president pro tempore of the State Senate and Acting Lieutenant Governor.


137th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On February 25, the Legislature elected Homer D. Call (P) as New York State Treasurer, to fill the vacancy caused by the suicide of John J. Kennedy (D). Call was elected by a combination of Democrats and Progressives with 98 votes against 96 for Republican William Archer.


137th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on May 4, 1914; and adjourned on May 20. This session was called because the Democratic Senate majority and the Republican Assembly majority were at odds over the State's budget, and did not approve the necessary financial appropriations during the regular session.


137th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


137th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


137th New York State Legislature, State Assembly
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


137th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 137th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 137th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 137th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 6, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Leonard A. Harris.


137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Baltimore, Maryland, on May 12. It was assigned to garrison duty Forts McHenry, Federal Hill, Marshall, and Carroll. Served in the defenses of Baltimore, VIII Corps, Middle Department, until August.


137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 137th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Dennison on August 21, 1864.


137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


137th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 5 enlisted men during service, 3 due to disease and 2 in a railroad accident.


137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 137th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 137th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in for a nine-month enlistment on August 25, 1862 under the command of Colonel Henry M. Bossert.


137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to December 1862. Provisional Brigade, Aquia Creek, Virginia, Patrick's Command, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863.


137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 137th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on June 1, 1863.


137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to Washington, D.C. immediately upon organization. Maryland Campaign September 1862. Sugar Loaf Mountain September 10-11. Crampton's Gap September 14. Antietam September 17. Duty in Maryland to November. In the defenses of Washington, D.C. until December, and at Aquia Creek, Va., until January 1863. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20-24, 1863. Duty at Belle Plains until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Chancellorsville May 2-5. Ordered to Harrisburg, Pa. for muster out.


137th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 59 men during service; 1 officer and 58 enlisted men died of disease.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
The 137th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army in World War II. Raised in 1939 as a standard Red Army rifle division, it served for the duration of the Great Patriotic War in that role. The division fought in the central part of the Soviet-German front. It shared credit with other formations for the liberation of Bobruisk during Operation Bagration, and ended the war in the conquest of East Prussia.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation
The division was organized at Gorkiy in the Moscow Military District in September, 1939, based on a cadre from the 51st Rifle Regiment of the 17th Rifle Division, as part of the major pre-World War II mobilization of the Red Army. On June 22, 1941, its order of battle was as follows:


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation
Kombrig Sergei Evlampeivich Danilov, who had been the commanding officer of the 97th Rifle Regiment, served as commander of the division until he was promoted and succeeded by Col. Ivan Tikonovich Grishin in late October, 1940. Grishin remained in command until Mar. 17, 1942, and went on to command the 49th Army.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation
On June 25, the division was subordinated to 20th Army's 20th Rifle Corps, part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. Beginning on June 26, the division was transferred to Orsha. The first trains carrying men of the 771st Rifle Reg't. arrived there on June 29. At the beginning of July, the division was subordinated to the 13th Army. The division was also transferred to the 61st Rifle Corps. It held positions at Ponizova (south of Orsha) and on the Dniepr, a front of 20 kilometers.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Formation
On July 5, the division's 176th Reconnaissance Company, operating in advance of the division at Borisov, was heavily assaulted by German tanks and withdrew to the Dniepr. On July 8, the division was ordered to move east and hold positions on the Resta River. However, the division at this point had only the 771st Rifle Regiment, elements of the 624th Rifle Regiment and the two artillery regiments actually at the front; the transports of the 409th Rifle Regiment and the remainder of the 624th were still approaching Krichev, and later joined the 7th Airborne Brigade (4th Airborne Corps). The division's antiaircraft artillery battalion was heavily bombed by German aircraft and ceased to exist as an effective combat unit. The medical battalion reached Roslavl and was attached to a different unit.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
On July 10, German troops of the 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Dniepr and seized a bridgehead. The 137th Rifle Division was ordered to counterattack and eliminate the bridgehead, beginning its involvement in the Battle of Smolensk. On July 11, the division began the march westward to the line of Dubrovka, Volkovichi and Usushek. The division was re-subordinated to the 45th Rifle Corps. By July 13, the division was at the starting line for the attack. The immediate objective was to capture Seredyna-Buda, Pustoy Osovets, Chervonny Osovets and Davidovichi. On the right flank, the 132nd Rifle Division was also attacking.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
The 148th Rifle Division moved forward on the 137th's left. The German troops repulsed the division's attack and soon moved forward themselves. The 771st Rifle Regiment had captured Chervonny Osovets, but was forced to retreat under pressure from German tanks. The division did not retreat beyond its jumping-off line but was bypassed on the flanks by German armor.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
After six weeks of heavy fighting around Smolensk, the 137th was reduced to the equivalent of only two or three rifle battalions. On or before Aug. 21 the division was again transferred, now to 3rd Army in Bryansk Front; it would remain in that army until February, 1943.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
A report by Lt. Gen. K.D. Golubev, commander of the 13th Army, on Aug. 21, implies that the 137th, along with three other rifle divisions, had barely escaped encirclement by running the gauntlet eastward through the advancing forces of the German XXIV Motorized Corps and were in no shape to continue active operations. What remained of the division, described as a "composite battalion" on Aug. 29, was tasked with protecting the approaches to Trubchevsk, in the army's third line of defense.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
By Sept. 3 its strength was reported as "one regiment, with its remaining forces and headquarters", still in the same positions. Ordered into an attack against elements of 17th Panzer Division on the 5th, the remnants of the division made no gains and, in fact ended up ceding ground. On Sept. 7, an attack by a German motorized regiment with tanks was beaten off.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Battle of Smolensk
The division continued to hold in these positions until early October as the German forces carried out their encirclement of Kiev. When Operation Typhoon began in early October, 3rd Army mostly escaped being encircled in the Bryansk pocket, but still had to fall back to the east; Trubchevsk was given up on Oct. 9. The army managed to stabilize its positions between Mikhaylov and Yelets by late November, before beginning the counteroffensive against the southern flank of Army Group Center on Dec. 6. The counteroffensive ended in late winter with the 137th and its army well to the east of Oryol; it would hold these positions for nearly a year.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk
In the winter of 1943 the 137th took part in the Voronezh-Kastornoye operation, helping to partly encircle and destroy both the German and Hungarian 2nd Armies to the west of Voronezh as part of the northern pincer of the operation. After capturing several villages on Feb. 3, the division reached a line between Novofedorovka and Pavlovka. At around this time the division was reassigned to 48th Army; it would remain in this army for the duration, apart from a brief reassignment to Western Front in April, 1944.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk
By Feb. 9, 48th and 13th Armies were splitting German 2nd Army and 2nd Panzer Army apart; the 137th had taken the southwestern outskirts of Smirnye. The offensive slowed in late February due to German forces being evacuated from the Rzhev salient, as well as lax practices on the part of lower-level commands. On Feb. 17, Bryansk Front reported about the 48th Army operations east of Maloarkhangelsk, admonishing lower level HQs against concentrating in the relative warmth and comfort of villages:


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk
"On 11–12 February, the headquarters of 137th Rifle Division, the headquarters of the 12th Artillery Division, and the headquarters of a guards-mortar regiment gathered in the village of Markino... On 12 February enemy aircraft bombed the village of Markino... We had intolerable losses in men and equipment."


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk
On Mar. 6 the division was combined with the 143rd Rifle Division to form a shock group, supported by the 28th and 30th Guards Tank Regiments, in a supporting attack along the Pokrovskoe - Oryol road, but after two days of fighting did not manage to dent the German defenses, while suffering considerable losses. The front soon went over to the defense.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Winter Counteroffensive and Battle of Kursk
Later in March the 48th Army was reassigned to Gen. K.K. Rokossovsky's Central Front. At the outset of the Battle of Kursk the 137th was a separate division, although still alongside the 143rd. 48th Army was on the right flank of its front, on the north shoulder of the Kursk salient. The main blow of the German 9th Army attack fell on the 13th Army to the west. When the German assault ran down by July 12, 48th Army was in good shape to take part in the counteroffensive towards Oryol, which continued into August.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
During September and October the 137th advanced, along with the rest of its army, in the direction of Gomel. Following the crossing of the Dnepr River and the liberation of Kiev in November, Rokossovski's Front (now named Belorussian) continued a remorseless western advance along the southern fringes of the Pripet Marshes. At around this time the division, by order of the front command, formed a separate Submachine Gun Battalion for "assault and... counterattack duties". This unit was organized as follows:


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
This battalion was formed from experienced "young men... from 19 to 33 years old", and was placed under command of the 771st Rifle Regiment. During the winter of 1943-44 the division also formed its own ski battalion, but this was disbanded at the end of the winter.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
In January, 1944, the division became part of the 42nd Rifle Corps, where it would remain for the duration. Belorussian Front was renamed 1st Belorussian in February. During the Soviet summer offensive, Operation Bagration, the 42nd Corps was concentrated north of Rogachev to assist its partner 29th Rifle Corps and units of the 3rd Army to break through the positions of the German 134th and 296th Infantry Divisions. By late on June 24 this had been achieved, with the Germans overwhelmed and the 9th Tank Corps exploiting to the rear. The 137th was given part of the credit for the liberation of the city of Bobruisk on June 29 and was awarded its name as an honorific. With the defenses of Army Group Center shattered, the division trekked westward towards Poland.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
48th Army was transferred to 2nd Belorussian Front in the late autumn of 1944. During the Vistula-Oder Offensive the 137th pushed on through northern Poland before the army was once again transferred to 3rd Belorussian Front. The division fought in the East Prussian Offensive, and ended the war near Elbing.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
Ten men of the division were named as Heroes of the Soviet Union, five of them posthumously. At the end of the war the men and women of the division carried the full title 137th Rifle, Bobryusk, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 137-я стрелковая Бобруйская ордена Суворова дивизия.) The division was part of the 42nd Rifle Corps, 48th Army of the 3rd Belorussian Front in May 1945.


137th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Advance
On 12 May, the division was moved to Elbing for garrison duty. In late May, the older personnel of the division were demobilized. The division was ordered to disbanded in August 1945. Remaining personnel were demobilized or transferred to other units. The division was disbanded in the Baltic Military District on 31 August 1945.


137th Signal Company
The 137th Signal Company is an Ohio Army National Guard Signal Company. It is based out of Newark, Ohio. The 137th Signal Company is a member of the 371st Special Troops Battalion (Newark, Ohio), which is a member of the 371st Sustainment Brigade.


137th Signal Company
The 137th provides radio and satellite communications assets and expertise to the 371st Sustainment Brigade and its subordinate units. Members of the company are trained to provide reliable, secure, tactical communications in a variety of situations such as the battlefield, disaster relief, and standard infrastructure.


137th Signal Company
In general, a signal company is able to provide both line of sight (LOS) and beyond line of sight (BLOS) capabilities to supported units to enable both local and remote communication pathways. The 137th Signal Company also possesses disaster response capabilities through the Disaster Incident Response Emergency Communications Terminal (DIRECT) system, which enables National Guard signal units to provide commercial phone, internet access, and commercial Wi-Fi and 4G LTE to first responders.


137th Signal Company, History
The 137th Signal Company was constituted on 1 September 2006 as the Signal Detachment, 371st Sustainment Brigade. The Signal Company was reorganized and re-designated on 1 November 2011 as the 137th Signal Company.


137th Signal Company, History
The 137th Signal Company has responded to hurricane Gustav (2008) and hurricane Maria (2017) in Puerto Rico.


137th Signal Company, History
The 137th Signal Company participated in a Joint Readiness Training Center, rotation in 2016.


137th Special Operations Group
The 137th Special Operations Group is an associate unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard stationed at Will Rogers Air National Guard Base. If activated for federal service, the group is gained by Air Force Special Operations Command.


137th Special Operations Group
The group was first activated during World War II as the 404th Fighter Group flying Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. The group served in the European Theater of Operations from May 1944 until the end of the war. It provided close air support to ground troops following Operation Overlord, the Normandy landings. It earned a Distinguished Unit Citation, French Croix de Guerre with Palm and Belgian Fourragere before inactivating in the fall of 1945.


137th Special Operations Group
The group was redesignated the 137th Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard in 1946, with squadrons in Oklahoma and Kansas. During the Korean War, it was activated and deployed to France as the 137th Fighter-Bomber Group, where it opened Chaumont Air Base.


137th Special Operations Group
The unit was replaced in France by a regular unit and returned without personnel or equipment to state control. In 1955, it converted from the fighter bomber to the fighter interceptor mission, and two years later lost its squadrons in Tulsa and in Kansas to new fighter groups.


137th Special Operations Group
From 1961 until it was inactivated in 1975, the group engaged in strategic and tactical airlift.


137th Special Operations Group
The group was activated again in 1992 and converted to the air refueling mission in 2008.


137th Special Operations Group, Overview
During World War II, as the 404th Fighter Group flying Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, it provided close air support to troops following Operation Overlord, the Normandy landing until the close of the war. During the Korean War, as the 136th Fighter-Bomber Group it was activated and deployed to France. The unit later engaged fighter operations, strategic and tactical airlift before being redesignated as an air refueling wing.


137th Special Operations Group, Units
The 137th Special Operations Group consists of the following units:


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Training in the United States
The group was first activated at Key Field, Mississippi as the 404th Bombardment Group (Dive) with the 620th, 621st, 622d Bombardment Squadron and 623d Bombardment Squadrons assigned. The group drew its initial cadre from the 48th Bombardment Group, and was equipped with a mix of Vultee A-35 Vengeance and Douglas A-24 Banshee dive bombers and (briefly) Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter-bombers. In July, the group moved to Congaree Army Air Field, South Carolina, where, along with all other single engine dive bomber units of the Army Air Forces, it reorganized in August, becoming the 405th Fighter-Bomber Group. Fighter groups were organized with three squadrons, rather than the four of bombardment groups, so the 623d Squadron was disbanded.


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Training in the United States
Between November 1943 and January 1944, most of the aircrew assigned to the group were detached for training on fighter aircraft and replaced by fighter qualified pilots, many of whom had been serving as instructors in various fighter training units. On 22 March 1944, the group departed Camp Shanks, New York for the European Theater on board the MV Stirling Castle, arriving in Liverpool on 3 April.


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
Upon arrival in the European Theater of Operations the group became part of IX Fighter Command. The group's station in England was RAF Winkton, an unimproved field, where it received 75 Republic P-47 Thunderbolts by 16 April. By 1 May, it was ready to fly its first combat mission, a fighter sweep over Normandy. Later in the month, it began to fly Noball missions, strikes on V-1 flying bomb launching sites. For the rest of the month, the 404th helped prepare for Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion by bombing and strafing targets in northern France. The group's squadrons provided top cover for landings in Normandy on 6 and 7 June 1944.


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
On 6 July the 404th moved across the Channel to an Advanced Landing Ground at Chippelle Airfield, France. The group also flew interdiction and escort missions, strafing and bombing such targets as troop concentrations, railroads, highways, bridges, fuel and ammunition dumps, armored vehicles, docks, and tunnels, and covering the operations of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, Consolidated B-24 Liberators, and Martin B-26 Marauders that bombed factories, airdromes, marshaling yards, and other targets. On 6 and 7 June, the group provided top cover for the Normandy landings. The 404th provided close air support to ground troops, supporting the Allied breakthrough at Saint-Lô from 29 through 31 July 1944, provided continuous cover for four allied armored divisions despite severe losses. For this action the group received the French Croix de Guerre with Palm from the French government.


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
On 10 September 1944 the group flew three armed reconnaissance missions, attacking factories, rolling stock and communications centers despite adverse weather and heavy flak, for which it was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation. On 28 September 1944, 2/Lt John W. Wainwright was credited with destroying six enemy aircraft on a single mission, three of which were knocked down in a midair collision during a dogfight.


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
The 404th provided close air support to ground troops, supporting the drive through Belgium and the Netherlands in September 1944. For its actions supporting the liberation of Belgium, the group was thrice cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgian government, earning it the Belgian Fourragere. From 21 to 25 January 1945, it attacked German armor and transportation withdrawing from the Battle of the Bulge, and claimed to have destroyed or damaged over 1000 enemy vehicles.


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
During February 1945, it assisted with the reduction of German forces west of the Rhine and the widening of the Remagen bridgehead east of the Rhine during March 1945.


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
When the war in Europe ended, the group assisted with the disarming of the Luftwaffe and dismantling of the German aircraft industry


137th Special Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
Following its return to the United States, the unit was reassigned to the Third Air Force in the United States and prepared for deployment to Okinawa to take part in planned Invasion of Japan. When the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place and the Pacific War suddenly ended, these plans were canceled. Most personnel either separated from the military or were reassigned to other units, while a skeleton staff arrived at Drew Field, Florida on 1 September. The unit was inactivated on 9 November 1945.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard
The wartime 404th Fighter-Bomber Group was redesignated as the 137th Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Westheimer Airport, Norman, Oklahoma and was extended federal recognition on 18 December 1947. It was assigned to the Tenth Air Force of Air Defense Command.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard
The 137th Fighter Group was assigned the 185th Fighter Squadron at Westheimer, the 125th Fighter Squadron at Tulsa Municipal Airport and the 127th Fighter Squadron at Wichita Municipal Airport, Kansas as its operational units, all equipped with North American F-51D Mustang fighters. The Group's mission was air defense.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard
In April 1949, a tornado struck the Westheimer. The damage was considered too extensive for economical repair and the decision was made to move the 137th Fighter Group and its 185th Fighter Squadron to Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City in an area used as an Army Air Forces station during World War II. The move was accomplished on 6 September 1949. In 1950 the 125th traded its old Mustangs for Republic F-84 Thunderjets.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
The 137th was federalized on 10 October 1950 due to the Korean War. The group was assigned to Tactical Air Command, and redesignated 137th Fighter-Bomber Group. Under the wing base organization, the 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated and the group was assigned to it. The 125th and 127th Fighter Squadrons (flying different models of the F-84) were activated with the group, while the 128th Fighter Squadron of the Georgia Air National Guard, with P-47s, took the place of the 185th Fighter Squadron, which remained under state control until the following year.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
The 137th was programmed to reinforce United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE) at Chaumont Air Base, France once the wing initially programmed to be stationed there. the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing, was diverted to Korea. However, it was August 1951 before France gave permission to establish an "interim tent camp" at Chaumont, which had runways built in 1944 and a limited parking area.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
By 27 November, the group's squadrons assembled at Alexandria Air Force Base, Louisiana, for conversion training in newer F-84G Thunderjets. The need to transfer pilots and support personnel to Korea and delays in deliveries of the group's F-84Gs required the complete training cycle to be repeated twice and the group did not complete its transition to the G model of the Thunderject until February 1952. While at Alexandria, the group's pilots participated in USAF Project 7109, which sent them temporarily to Far East Air Forces, where they acquired actual combat experience before returning to the States. Due to the delays, most of the activated National Guard airmen remained behind when the group deployed to Europs and were released from active duty without shipping overseas.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
With mostly regular Air Force personnel and all the delays behind them, the group's planes departed Louisiana on 5 May 1952 for Europe. The air echelon ferried brand new F-84Gs across the Atlantic. The ground echelon sailed from New Orleans on the USNS General Alexander M. Patch on 13 May. The 137th's aircraft diverted at the last moment to Landstuhl Air Base and Neubiberg Air Base in West Germany arriving on 13 May.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
The official explanation for this change was that repairs to the Chaumont runway were needed, but the F-84G was capable of carrying nuclear weapons, which were opposed by some French political parties and it was not until 25 June that the French government permitted the group to move to Chaumont. It was first USAF fighter group to be based permanently in France (and the only F-84G unit). The 137th ended its active-duty tour in France two weeks later in July 1952 and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 48th Fighter Group, which was simultaneously activated.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission
Reforming after their active duty service, the group was reformed with both the 125th and 185th squadrons being released from Federal Service and being reassigned by 1 January 1953. The 137th was gained by Tactical Air Command (TAC), and the squadrons were again equipped with Mustangs again, due to the shortage of jet aircraft in the United States (almost all were in Korea). In the spring of 1953 they received reworked F-80A Shooting Star aircraft, brought up to F-80C standards.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission
In 1955 the group became the 137th Fighter-Interceptor Group and was given a fighter-interceptor mission in Air Defense Command (ADC). On 1 August 1957 the 137th Wing reorganized to mirror ADC's active duty organization as the 137th Air Defense Wing, while at each location with a subordinate squadron became a Fighter Group (Air Defense), adding support units to the fighter squadron at the location.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission
The 137th was equipped with North American F-86D Sabres in 1958. Their F-80s were transferred to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for various experimental testing activities. The group also assumed ADC runway alert program on a 24-hour basis. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre with uprated engines and new electronics.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In April 1961, Military Air Transport Service became the gaining command for the 137th, trading in its Sabres for Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. The unit was redesignated the 137th Air Transport Group. Throughout the 1960s, the 125th flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Hawaii, Japan and the Philippines. During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the group flew missions to Europe, although it was not called to active duty as a unit. It flew missions to the Dominican Republic during the Dominican Civil War there in 1965 and with the increasing American involvement also began flying missions to Southeast Asia.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
Part of the 137th Air Transport Group mission was a specially equipped C-97E, 51-0224, the "Miss Oklahoma City" also known as the "Talking Bird". From 1961 though 1963 the aircraft was used as an airborne command post to maintain constant secure communications between the nation's capital and President John F. Kennedy during his visits to foreign countries. The C-97s were retired in February 1968 replaced by Douglas C-124C Globemaster II transports.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
In 1975 the group became the 137th Tactical Airlift Wing and re-equipped with Lockheed C-130A Hercules tactical airlifters. It was inactivated in February 1975 and its units assigned directly to the 137th Tactical Airlift Wing.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
In subsequent years the 137th served in humanitarian missions worldwide. During the 1990s the 185th provided Counter-drug support coordinated through the Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. As of mid-2001, numerous drug enforcement operations have resulted in the destruction of 7.2 million marijuana plants, estimated 4.1 billion dollars in destroyed drugs, 814 arrests, 165 seized weapons, and 1.1 million dollars in currency and assets seized.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
The 137th provided operational support during the 1991 Gulf War, and contributed logistical assistance in Bosnia in the late 1990s. Group personnel from the 137th Airlift Wing aided New Mexico ranchers faced with livestock devastation after severe winter storms covered the grasslands with snow, averting near disaster to New Mexico's livestock industry.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Current status
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, the Department of Defense relocating the group to Tinker Air Force Base as an associate of the 507th Operations Group of Air Force Reserve Command as the 137th Operations Group. The 137th's C-130H aircraft were distributed to the Texas Air National Guard's 136th Airlift Wing at NAS JRB Fort Worth, Texas, and the Missouri Air National Guard's 139th Airlift Wing at Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, Missouri.


137th Special Operations Group, History, Current status
From October 2008 until 2015, 137th Group aircrews jointly operated the Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft at TinkerB with the aircrews of the Air Force Reserve 465th Air Refueling Squadron. The 137th Air Refueling Wing is planned to transition from Air Mobility Command claimancy as a KC-135R unit at Tinker Air Force Base, to Air Force Special Operations Command claimancy flying the MC-12W surveillance variant of the Beechcraft C-12 Huron, returning flight operations to Will Rogers Air National Guard Base at Will Rogers World Airport. The wing was planned to be renamed the 137th Special Operations Wing.


137th Special Operations Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


137th Special Operations Wing
The 137th Special Operations Wing is a unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard located at Will Rogers Air National Guard Base, Oklahoma. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by Air Force Special Operations Command. During World War II, its predecessor, the 404th Fighter Group, flying Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, provided close air support to troops following the Operation Overlord, the Normandy landing until the close of the war. The wing is entitled to the honors won by the group by temporary bestowal.


137th Special Operations Wing
The wing was activated during the Korean War and deployed to France. The unit later engaged in strategic and tactical airlift, and air refueling before being redesignated as a special operations wing.


137th Special Operations Wing, Overview
The 137th Special Operations Wing's MC-12W mission is to provide light tactical manned intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance to US Special Operations Command. This unique aircraft enhances US Special Operations Command's capability to project US military presence worldwide. The wing also boasts unique capabilities supporting US Air Force's Air Mobility Command with the 137 Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron providing global medical airlift for America's injured or wounded; and Air Combat Command with the 146th Air Support Operations Squadron providing Tactical Air Control Parties to various US Army Infantry Brigade Combat Teams.


137th Special Operations Wing, Units
As of April 2020 the 137th Special Operations Wing consists of the following units:


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Korean War federalization
The 137th was activated as the 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing on 26 October 1950 during the Korean War. It was the headquarters for the federalized 137th Fighter-Bomber Group and newly formed support units under the wing base organization system. The wing was assigned to Tactical Air Command, with the 137th Air Base Group, 137th Maintenance and Supply Group and the 137th Medical Group also assigned. The 137th was programmed to reinforce USAFE and be moved to Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France, one of the new air bases in France that was then under construction.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Korean War federalization
By 27 November, the wing assembled at Alexandria Municipal Airport, Louisiana, for conversion training in the newer Republic F-84 Thunderjets. Deployment of the wing was delayed, however, by the need to transfer pilots to Korea from training and delays in receiving engines for the F-84Gs, as well as the ongoing construction at Chaumont Air Base. Training and delays continued throughout 1951. Due to the delays, many of the activated National Guard airmen were released from active duty and never deployed to France.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Korean War federalization
With mostly regular Air Force personnel and all the delays behind them, the remaining Guardsmen departed Louisiana on 5 May 1952 for Europe; however, the 137th inherited a base that was little more than acres of mud where wheat fields used to be. The only hardened facilities at Chaumont were a concrete runway and a handful of tar-paper shacks. The 137th was stationed by USAFE at Neubiberg Air Base, West Germany until the facilities in France were suitable for military use. The aircraft arrived at Chaumont on 25 June, being the first USAF tactical air fighters to be based permanently in France, albeit working mostly in tents and temporary wooden buildings on their new base.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Korean War federalization
The 137th was inactivated on 10 July 1952 and its personnel, mission and equipment were transferred to the 48th Fighter-Bomber Wing, which was activated the same day at Chaumont. The wing was allotted to the Oklahoma Air National Guard, which activated it the same day at Will Rogers World Airport.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission
The 137th was gained by Tactical Air Command (TAC), and its squadrons were equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs again, due to the shortage of jet aircraft in the United States (almost all were in Korea). In the spring of 1953 they received reworked F-80A Shooting Star aircraft, brought up to F-80C standards.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission
In 1955 the Oklahoma Air National Guard was redesignated '137th Fighter-Interceptor Wing and given a fighter-interceptor mission with Air Defense Command (ADC) becoming its gaining command.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission
The 185th was designated a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, and equipped with F-86D Sabre Interceptors. Their F-80s were transferred to the civilian Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for various experimental testing activities. With the Fighter-Interceptor mission assignment, the 185th also assumed ADC runway alert program on full 24-hour basis. This brought the 137th into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing us on "the end of the runway" alongside regular USAF Air Defense Fighter Squadrons.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter-Interceptor mission
On 1 August 1957, the squadrons of its 137th Fighter Group were expanded into groups as Fighter Groups (Air Defense) and the wing became the 137th Air Defense Wing, modeling its organization on that of ADC. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In April 1961, the 137th was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service as the 137th Air Transport Wing, trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. The wing augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. Throughout the 1960s, the 125th flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. in 1966, MATS was replaced by Military Airlift Command,


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
Part of the 137th Wing mission was a specially equipped C-97E, 51–224, the "Miss Oklahoma City" also known as the "Talking Bird". From 1961 though 1963 the aircraft was used as an airborne command post to maintain constant secure communications between the nation's capital and President John F. Kennedy during his visits to foreign countries.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
The C-97s were retired in 1968 and the wing was re-equipped with C-124C Globemaster II heavy transports. The Group continued to fly long-distance intercontinental airlift flights until the Globemasters were retired in 1975.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
In 1975 the 137th Military Airlift Wing became the 137th Tactical Airlift Wing when it was re-equipped with the C-130A Hercules tactical airlifter. In June 1979 its 185th Tactical Airlift Squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to receive C-130H aircraft, receiving new aircraft direct from Lockheed.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
In subsequent years the wing served in humanitarian missions worldwide. During the 1990s it provided Counter-drug support coordinated through the Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. As of mid-2001, numerous drug enforcement operations have resulted in the destruction of 7.2 million marijuana plants, estimated 4.1 billion dollars in destroyed drugs, 814 arrests, 165 seized weapons, and 1.1 million dollars in currency and assets seized.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
Following the Oklahoma City bombing in April 1995, Air Guardsmen provided site security and medical, rescue, and recovery personnel, assisting in every aspect of the disaster rescue and recovery effort.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
The 137th Airlift Wing provided operational support during the 1991 Gulf War, and contributed logistical assistance in Bosnia in the late 1990s. Personnel from the 137th Airlift Wing aided New Mexico ranchers faced with livestock devastation after severe winter storms covered the grasslands with snow. 137th aircrew delivered much needed hay to starving livestock, averting near disaster to New Mexico's livestock industry.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Air Refueling
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the Will Rogers Air National Guard Station by relocating the 137th to Tinker Air Force Base and associate with the 507th Air Refueling Wing and redesignated it as the 137th Air Refueling Wing. The 137th's C-130H aircraft would be distributed to the Texas Air National Guard's 136th Airlift Wing at NAS JRB Fort Worth, TX (4 aircraft), and the Missouri Air National Guard's 139th Airlift Wing at Rosecrans Memorial Airport/Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, MO (4 aircraft). The other elements of the 137th's Expeditionary Combat Support Group would remain in place at Will Rogers Air National Guard Base.Eventually, all eight C-130s were transferred to the US Air Force Reserve's 911th Airlift Wing in Pittsburgh, PA.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Air Refueling
Beginning in February 2007, the 185th Air Refueling Squadron aircrews jointly operated the KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft at Tinker AFB with the aircrews of the Air Force Reserve 465th Air Refueling Squadron. In February 2008, the 137th Maintenance Group relocated to Tinker AFB and the two wings combined to maintain and operate 12 KC-135 Stratotankers until September 2014. Under this first ever association between the Air Force Reserves and the Air National Guard, the 507th Air Refueling Wing retained ownership of the aircraft and served as the "Host" in the association.


137th Special Operations Wing, History, Current status
As a result of the National Defense Authorization Act 2015, the 137th Air Refueling Wing was programmed to transition from Air Mobility Command claimancy as a KC-135R unit at Tinker AFB, to Air Force Special Operations Command claimancy as a MC-12W unit, returning flight operations to Will Rogers Air National Guard Base at Will Rogers World Airport. In August 2015, Oklahoma media reported that the wing would be renamed the 137th Special Operations Wing (137 SOW). The newly renamed wing was expected to operate and maintain 13 MC-12W aircraft in support of U.S. Special Operations ground forces around the world.


137th Special Operations Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


137th Street–City College station
137th Street–City College is a local station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 137th Street and Broadway in Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times. The station serves the nearby City College of New York and Riverbank State Park.


137th Street–City College station
The 137th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 137th Street started on May 14 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948, and the station was renovated in the late 20th century.


137th Street–City College station
The 137th Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks; the center track is not used in regular service. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Broadway's intersections with 137th and 138th Streets and are not connected to each other within fare control.


137th Street–City College station, History, Construction and opening
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.


137th Street–City College station, History, Construction and opening
The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.


137th Street–City College station, History, Construction and opening
The 137th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900. The section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track.


137th Street–City College station, History, Construction and opening
A third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks. The 137th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch.


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
After the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an "H"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
The northbound platform at the 137th Street station was extended 150 feet (46 m) to the south, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
Platforms at IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 137th Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157 m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 137th Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 137th Street opened.


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
Simultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
In 1981, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system. As a result, one of future U.S. president Barack Obama's first community organizing efforts after graduating from Columbia University was in conjunction with drawing attention to the poor condition of the station. In 1984 or 1985, Obama, who was working for the New York Public Interest Research Group, was among the leaders of May Day efforts to bring attention to the subway system, particularly the station serving CCNY. Obama traveled to stations to get people to sign letters addressed to local officials and the MTA. Obama was photographed holding a sign saying "May-Day! May-Day!! Sinking Subway System!"


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
In April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started in 1989, it was only implemented north of 137th Street–City College on weekdays, and it was the northernmost local stop served by both the 1 and the 9. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
On January 2, 2007, film student Cameron Hollopeter suffered a seizure in the station and fell off the platform onto the tracks. Wesley Autrey saved his life as a train was approaching. Autrey was given numerous awards and prizes, and his two daughters were given a scholarship.


137th Street–City College station, History, Service changes and station renovations
In 2019, the MTA announced that the station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program.


137th Street–City College station, Station layout
This station was part of the original subway, and has two side platforms and three tracks, the center one being an unused express track. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110 m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street, but as a result of the 1948 platform extension, became 520 feet (160 m) long. The platform extensions are at the southern ends of the original platforms.


137th Street–City College station, Station layout, Design
As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a "U"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contained circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m), while the platform extensions contained I-beam columns.


137th Street–City College station, Station layout, Design
Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish. The columns have been overlaid with heavy brick blocks.


137th Street–City College station, Station layout, Design
The decorative scheme consists of silver and blue tile tablets (which may not have been original to the station design); white tile bands; a buff terracotta cornice; and green terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. The mosaics are in pink and black. The ceramic cartouche is also in pink and shows a three-faced figure. The three faces represent "Respice", "Adspice", and "Prospice", and are an emblem of the nearby City College.


137th Street–City College station, Station layout, Track layout
In the past, 137th Street was sometimes used as a terminal station. There are switches north of the station that allow northbound trains to enter the underground 137th Street Yard, then return to the other side of the station for the next trip south. The center express track that passes through the station is currently unused in revenue service.


137th Street–City College station, Station layout, Track layout
Just south of the station, the tracks emerge onto the Manhattan Valley Viaduct. The line is elevated at 125th Street, and then underground once again at 116th Street–Columbia University, allowing trains to maintain a relatively level grade while passing through highly uneven terrain.


137th Street–City College station, Station layout, Exits
Both platforms have same-level fare control containing a bank of turnstiles, token booth, and staircases to the street. The northbound platform has two staircases to the southeastern corner of Broadway and 138th Street and the southbound platform has two exits, one to each western corner of Broadway and 137th Street. There are no crossovers or crossunders to allow transfers between directions.


137th Street–City College station, In popular culture
The station was often shown on the TV drama New Amsterdam, though the inside shots were taken at the Grand Central Shuttle station.


137th meridian east
The meridian 137° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


137th meridian east
The 137th meridian east forms a great circle with the 43rd meridian west.


137th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 137th meridian east passes through:


137th meridian west
The meridian 137° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


137th meridian west
The 137th meridian west forms a great circle with the 43rd meridian east.


137th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 137th meridian west passes through:


138 (number)
138 (one hundred [and] thirty-eight) is the natural number following 137 and preceding 139.


138 (number), In mathematics
138 is a sphenic number, the sum of four consecutive primes (29 + 31 + 37 + 41), and the smallest product of three primes, such that in base 10, the third prime is a concatenation of the other two: 2⋅3⋅23{\displaystyle 2\cdot 3\cdot 23}.


138 (number), In mathematics
138 is the third 47-gonal number and an Ulam number, as well as a one step palindrome (138 + 831 = 969.)


138 (number), In mathematics
138 is the 72nd normal congruent number and the 49th primitive or square free congruent number.


138 BC
Year 138 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Serapio and Callaicus (or, less frequently, year 616 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 138 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


138 East 50th Street
138 East 50th Street, officially named The Centrale, is a residential building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building consists of 124 condominium residences and 7,500 square feet (700 m2) of ground-floor retail between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue in Midtown East. The developers planned to sell the condominiums for a total of $535.7 million, or an average of $4.3 million per unit.


138 East 50th Street, History
Extell Development Company purchased the site in January 2012 for $61 million and sold it to Ceruzzi Properties in August 2014. Initial plans filed in June 2014 indicated the building would be a 52-story, 502 feet (153 m) hotel with 764 rooms designed by SLCE Architects. However, renderings revealed in September 2015 showed the tower would be a 64-story, 803 feet (245 m) condominium tower. In 2015, the developers secured a $65 million loan on the development's land from Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.


138 East 50th Street, History
Construction began in mid-2016 and topped out during November 2017. In August 2017, the developers received a $300 million construction loan from Madison Realty Capital. The building was completed in early 2019. In February 2020, Korean firm Meritz Securities provided a $350 million inventory loan against the building's remaining unsold condominiums.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane
138 Mary Street, Brisbane is a heritage-listed wine and spirits storehouse in Mary Street, Brisbane CBD, Queensland, Australia. It was built in about 1901 for Perkins Brewery (now Castlemaine Perkins). It is also known as Buzzards and Perkins Wine & Spirit Store. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, History
This building was erected c. 1901 for Perkins Brewery. Brisbane's first brewery, the City Brewery was established in Mary Street in the 1860s. In 1972, the City Brewery was bought by Toowoomba brewers Patrick and Thomas Perkins. The business expanded rapidly under their control, and by the 1880s occupied a large portion of land between Mary and Margaret Streets. The Perkins complex, particularly the six-storeyed brewing tower, dominated this part of the city.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, History
The need for increased space prompted the purchase of 138 Mary Street in 1899. By 1902 Perkins & Co had erected a building on the site which they used as a Wine & Spirit store. This building was probably to a design of Richard Gailey as he had worked on other buildings for the Perkins company.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, History
In 1928, Perkins merged with another prominent Brisbane brewing firm to form Castlemaine Perkins Ltd and from that time the Perkins operations were gradually moved from the city to the Castlemaine site at Milton. In 1937, fire severely damaged the main Perkins complex opposite. Only this building, and the former stables at 124 Mary Street, survive from what was once a large inner city industrial complex. In 1943, the building was sold to Alfred Lawrence & Co Ltd, manufacturing chemists. Alfred Lawrence & Co Ltd retained ownership of the building until 1977.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description
The storehouse is a small commercial building and store located at 138 Mary Street nearby to Perkins Stables and Mooneys Building with Harolds Marine and Charlotte House behind.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description
A single level brick building has a stone basement half exposed at footpath level. Its facade has been rendered and painted a cream colour. The facade is divided into two nearly identical symmetrical portions each with three major arched openings. The middle opening of each portion is slightly wider than the other openings and above them are triangular pediments at parapet level supported on moulded brackets. The facade treatment to the plinth is rendered and coursed to resemble ashlar. A string course runs across between the openings at the springing level of the arches.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description
The semi-circular arches have moulded surrounds and keystones. A dentilled cornice line runs below the parapet in line with the base of the triangular pediments. The original entry is in the centre of the eastern bay and two new entries have been placed in the facade to match the original opening. Laneways run down both sides of the building and there are a series of square headed openings down each side to take advantage of natural light. At the rear a plain brick L-shape building forms a courtyard with the back of the front building. This would seem to be a later addition (before 1913) having shallow broad arched brick openings. The connecting narrow part of the building has a loading bay at first floor level.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Description
Internally, the front building has some stonework visible in the basement but upstairs has been refurbished. Much of the original floor structure of the rear building is visible from the basement level.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing
138 Mary Street was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing
An important remnant of a major industrial brewing complex significant in the industrial and commercial history of the State.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing
As a fine example of a small, commercial building of the early 1900s.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing
For the contribution of its style, scale and form to the immediate streetscape which includes Mooneys Building and Perkins Stables.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, Heritage listing
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.


138 Mary Street, Brisbane, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article incorporates text from  published by the State of Queensland under  licence (accessed on 7 July 2014,  on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were computed from the  published by the State of Queensland under  licence (accessed on 5 September 2014,  on 15 October 2014).


138 Tolosa
Tolosa (minor planet designation: 138 Tolosa) is a brightly coloured, stony background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by French astronomer Henri Joseph Perrotin on 19 May 1874, and named by the Latin and Occitan name ([tɔˈloːsa] and [tuˈluzɔ]) of the French city of Toulouse.


138 Tolosa
The spectrum of this asteroid rules out the presence of ordinary chondrites, while leaning in favor of clinopyroxene phases. As of 2006, there are no known meteorites with compositions similar to the spectrum of 138 Tolosa.


138 Trek
"138 Trek" is a song by DJ Zinc, released as a single in 2000. The song peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Dance Chart. DJ Zinc was one of the first drum and bass producers to score a chart hit within the UK garage scene with this song. He then continued to release breaks/garage productions under the alias Jammin. His 2004 release, "Kinda Funky/Go DJ", reached No. 80 in the UK. "138 Trek" samples the drum break from Barry White's "I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby".


138 Trek
The Guardian listed "138 Trek" at number 7 in their list of "The best UK garage tracks - ranked!" in 2019.


1380
Year 1380 (MCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1380 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1380 kHz: 1380 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency, on which Class B and Class D stations broadcast.


1380 Volodia
1380 Volodia (prov. designation: 1936 FM) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 16 March 1936, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the North African Algiers Observatory in Algeria. Five nights later, Volodia was independently discovered by Eugène Delporte at Uccle in Belgium. The dark D-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8 hours and measures approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter.


1380 Volodia, Orbit and classification
This C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,045 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. Volodia's observation arc begins with its official discovery at Johannesburg, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1380 Volodia, Naming
This minor planet is named for Russian Vladimir Vesselovsky (b. 1936), who was born on the night of the asteroid's discovery. "Volodia" is the diminutive of "Vladimir". In 1955, its naming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 125).


1380 Volodia, Physical characteristics
In the SDSS-based taxonomy, Volodia is a dark D-type asteroid, which is common in the outer main-belt and among the Jupiter trojan population.


1380 Volodia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2008, a fragmentary light-curve of Volodia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Eric Barbotin. Light-curve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 8 hours with a change in brightness of 0.15 magnitude (U=1+).


1380 Volodia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Volodia measures between 21.76 and 23.27 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.074 and 0.090. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.058 and calculates a diameter of 24.09 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.


1380 in Italy
A series of events which occurred in Italy in 1380:


1380 in Italy
The naval Battle of Chioggia took place in June 1380 in the lagoon off Chioggia, Italy, between the Venetian and the Genoese fleets, who had captured the little fishing port in August the preceding year. This occurred during the War of Chioggia.


1380s
The 1380s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1380, and ended on December 31, 1389.


1380s BC
The 1380s BC refers to the period between 1389 BC and 1380 BC, the 1380s was the second decade of the 14th century BC.


1380s in art
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 18:00, 18 June 2020 (added Category:1380s in art ; remove {{Year nav topic5}} - this is not a year | dashes, fixed using a script). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1380s in art
The decade of the 1380s in art involved some significant events.


1380s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1380s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1380s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1381
Year 1381 (MCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1382
Year 1382 (MCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1382 Dover Straits earthquake
The 1382 Dover Straits earthquake occurred at 15:00 on 21 May. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.0 Ms and a maximum felt intensity of VII-VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale. Based on contemporary reports of damage, the epicentre is thought to have been in the Straits of Dover. The earthquake caused widespread damage in south-eastern England and in the Low Countries. The earthquake interrupted a synod convened in part to examine the religious writings of John Wycliffe, which became known as the Earthquake Synod.


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Geology
The geological structure of the eastern part of the English Channel is dominated by the WNW-ESE trending boundary between rocks deformed by the Variscan orogeny and the more stable London-Brabant Massif, known as the Northern Variscan Thrust Front. The London-Brabant Massif has been the proposed location for several historical earthquakes, including the event in 1382.


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake
The magnitude for this event has been estimated using the distribution of felt intensities. Musson in 2008 gave a magnitude of 5.8 ML, while Camelbeek et al. 2007 gave 6.0 Ms .


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake
The epicentral location has also been estimated from the distribution of felt intensities. A location in the middle of the Dover Straits, somewhat to the north-east of the similar 1580 Dover Straits earthquake is preferred.


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake
There were significant aftershocks on 23 May and on 24 May, the latter being the strongest recorded. The 24 May aftershock was also described as a "waterquake" affecting anchored ships.


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Damage
In England, the most severe damage was recorded in Canterbury, particularly to St Augustine's Abbey and Christ Church, Canterbury, where the bell-tower was destroyed. The manor house and church at Hollingbourne, Kent were also badly damaged. This has been used to estimate intensity in the range VII-VIII. In London there was damage to St Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey with an estimated intensity of VI–VII.


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Damage
In the Low Countries damage was reported in Ypres, Bruges, Liège and Ghent.


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Damage
There is no known record of any casualties associated with this event.


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake synod
William Courtenay, the Archbishop of Canterbury convened a synod that met in Blackfriars, in London on the day of the earthquake. The synod was intended to consider the challenges to the church by the group of thinkers that became known as the Lollards, particularly the writings of John Wycliffe. During the deliberations the monastery was shaken by the earthquake, but Courtenay turned it to his advantage saying:


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake synod
"This earthquake portends the purging of the kingdom from heresies. For as there are shut up in the bowels of the earth many noxious spirits, which are expelled in an earthquake, and so the earth is cleansed, but not without great violence: so there are many heresies shut up in the hearts of reprobate men, but by the condemnation of them the kingdom is to be cleansed, but not without irksomeness and great commotion."


1382 Dover Straits earthquake, Earthquake synod
The court found ten of Wycliffe's propositions to be heretical and another six erroneous, allowing Lollards to be prosecuted and executed.


1382 Gerti
1382 Gerti, provisional designation 1925 BB, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 January 1925, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after a secretary of the Astronomical Calculation Institute, Gertrud Höhne.


1382 Gerti, Orbit and classification
Gerti has been dynamically classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It is, however, a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements (both by Nesvorný as well as by Novakovic, Knežević and Milani).


1382 Gerti, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,208 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in January 1925.


1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics
The LCDB assumes it to be a stony S-type asteroid, due to its dynamical classification as a member of the Flora family (402).


1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Two rotational lightcurve of Gerti were obtained from photometric observations by Wiesław Wiśniewski in February 1988, and by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in January 2011, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave an identical rotation period of 3.082 hours with a respective brightness amplitude of 0.20 and 0.29 magnitude (U=3/2). A third lightcurve by René Roy in March 2008 gave a period of 3.0 hours with an amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=2).


1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics, Poles
In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and other sources gave a concurring sidereal period of 3.081545 hours, as well as two spin axis of (268.0°, 23.0°) and (87.0°, 28.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gerti measures between 9.14 and 11.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.196 and 0.28.


1382 Gerti, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – taken from 8 Flora, the Flora family's parent body – and derives a diameter of 8.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.51.


1382 Gerti, Naming
This minor planet was named after Gertrud Höhne who was a secretary at the Berlin Astronomical Calculation Institute (German: Astronomisches Rechen-Institut. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).


1383
Year 1383 (MCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1383 Limburgia
1383 Limburgia, provisional designation 1934 RV, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for the Dutch province Limburg.


1383 Limburgia, Classification and orbit
Limburgia is a dark C-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.5–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,972 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 0° with respect to the ecliptic, which means that it is coplanar with the orbit of Earth. It was first identified as A923 PA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1923, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1383 Limburgia, Rotation period
In December 2010, a rotational light-curve of Limburgia was obtained from photometric observations taken by James W. Brinsfield at the Via Capote Observatory (G69) in California. It gave a rotation period of 5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.07 magnitude (U=n.a. ).


1383 Limburgia, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Limburgia measures between 22.84 and 24.29 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.076, whereas preliminary figures gave a larger diameter of 25.18 and 26.66 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0569 and a diameter of 22.18 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.0.


1383 Limburgia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Dutch province Limburg, the southernmost of the 12 provinces of the Netherlands. Naming was first cited in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum
The 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum was a civil war in Portuguese history during which no crowned king of Portugal reigned. The interregnum began when King Ferdinand I died without a male heir and ended when King John I was crowned in 1385 after his victory during the Battle of Aljubarrota.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum
Portuguese interpret the era as their earliest national resistance movement countering Castilian intervention, and Robert Durand considers it as the "great revealer of national consciousness".


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum
The bourgeoisie and the nobility worked together to establish the Aviz dynasty, a branch of the Portuguese House of Burgundy, securely on an independent throne. That contrasted with the lengthy civil wars in France (Hundred Years' War) and England (War of the Roses), which had aristocratic factions fighting powerfully against a centralised monarchy.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, Background
In 1383, King Ferdinand I of Portugal was dying. From his marriage to Leonor Telles de Menezes only a girl, Princess Beatrice of Portugal, survived. Her marriage was the major political issue of the day since it would determine the future of the kingdom.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, Background
Several political factions lobbied for possible husbands, which included English and French princes. Finally, the king settled for his wife's first choice, King John I of Castile. Ferdinand had waged three wars against Castile during his reign, and the marriage, celebrated in May 1383, was intended to put an end to hostilities by a union of the two crowns, but that was not a widely-accepted solution. The dynastic union meant that Portugal would lose independence to Castile. Many nobles were fiercely opposed to that possibility but were not united under a common pretender to the crown. There were two candidates, both illegitimate half-brothers of Ferdinand:


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, Background
On October 22, 1383, King Ferdinand died. According to the marriage contract, Dowager Queen Leonor assumed regency in the name of her daughter Beatrice and son-in-law, John I of Castile. Since diplomatic opposition was no longer possible, the party for independence took more drastic measures, which started the 1383–1385 crisis.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1383
The regent's privy council made the error of excluding any representation of the merchants of Lisbon. On the other hand, the popular classes of Lisbon, Beja, Porto, Évora, Estremoz, Portalegre and some other municipalities of the kingdom rose in favour of John (João), Master of Avis, seeing him as the national candidate (and the preferred national candidate). The first move was taken by the faction of John of Aviz in December 1383. João Fernandes Andeiro, Count of Ourém, called Conde Andeiro, the detested lover of the dowager queen, was murdered by a group of conspirators led by João of Aviz.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1383
Following this act, John, acclaimed "rector and defender of the realm" by the people of Lisbon, and also supported by the city great merchants, was now the leader of the opposition to the pretensions of John I of Castile, who tried to be recognised as monarch iure uxoris, against the Treaty of Salvaterra.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384
The armed resistance met the Castilian army on April 6, 1384, in the Battle of Atoleiros. General Nuno Álvares Pereira won the battle for the Aviz party, but victory was not decisive. John I of Castile then retreated to Lisbon in May and besieged the capital, with an auxiliary fleet blocking the city's port in the river Tagus, in a severe drawback to the independence cause. Without the capital and its riches and commerce, little could be done to free the country from the Castilian king. On his side, John I of Castile needed Lisbon, not only for financial reasons, but also for political ones—neither he nor Beatrice had been crowned as monarchs of Portugal, and without a coronation in the capital he was only a designated king.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384
Meanwhile, John of Aviz had surrendered the military command of the resistance to Nuno Álvares Pereira. The general continued to attack cities loyal to the Castilians and to harass the invading army. John of Aviz was now focused on diplomatic offensives. International politics played an important role in deciding Portuguese affairs. In 1384, the Hundred Years' War was at its peak, with English and French forces in a struggle for the crown of France. The conflict spilled beyond the French borders, and influenced, for instance, the Western Schism in a papacy only recently moved to Avignon from Rome.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384
Castile was a traditional ally of France, so, looking for assistance in England was the natural option for John of Aviz. In May, with Lisbon under siege, an embassy was sent to Richard II of England to make a case for Portuguese independence. Richard was seventeen years old in 1384, and power lay with his uncle John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and regent of England. Despite initial reluctance to concede men, John of Gaunt finally agreed to levy troops to reinforce the Portuguese army.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384
Lisbon was struggling with famine and feared defeat by the Castilian siege. Blocked by land and by the river, the city had no hope of relief by the Aviz army, which was too small to risk an intervention and was occupied subduing other cities. An attempt was made by a Portuguese fleet to relieve the Castilian blockade. On July 18 a group of ships led by captain Rui Pereira managed to break the blockade and deliver precious supplies of food to Lisbon.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1384
The cost was high, since three of four boats were seized and Rui Pereira himself died in the naval combat. Despite this minor success, the siege held on; the city of Almada on the south bank of the Tagus surrendered to Castile. But the siege was hard not only on the inhabitants of Lisbon: the army of Castile was also dealing with a shortage of food supplies, due to the harassment of Nuno Álvares Pereira, and the bubonic plague. It was the outbreak of an epidemic in his ranks that forced John I of Castile to raise the siege on September 3 and retreat to Castile. Weeks later, the Castilian fleet also abandoned the Tagus, and Lisbon avoided conquest.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385
In late 1384 and the early months of 1385, Nuno Álvares Pereira and John of Aviz pursued the war, but they did not manage to subdue the majority of those Portuguese cities then in favour of the Castilian cause. Answering the call for help, English troops (an Anglo-Gascon contingent) landed in Portugal on Easter Day. They were not a big contingent, around 600 men (of which about 100 would be present in Ajubarrota), but they were mainly veterans of the Hundred Years' War battles and thereby well schooled in successful English military tactics. Among them were a small number of longbowmen who had already demonstrated their value against cavalry charges.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385
At the same time, John of Aviz organised a meeting in Coimbra of the Cortes, the assembly of the kingdom. There, on April 6, he was proclaimed the tenth king of Portugal, a clear act of defiance against the Castilian pretensions. John I of Portugal nominated Nuno Álvares Pereira Constable of Portugal and went to subdue the resistance still surviving in the north.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385
John I of Castile was not pleased. His first move was to send a punitive expedition, but the forces were heavily defeated in the Battle of Trancoso in May. From January, he began preparing his army to solve the problem definitively. The king himself led an enormous Castilian army that invaded Portugal in the second week of June through the central north, from Celorico da Beira to Coimbra and Leiria. An allied contingent of French heavy cavalry travelled with them. The power of numbers was on their side—about 32,000 men on the Castilian side versus 6,500 on the Portuguese. They immediately headed to the region of Lisbon and Santarém, the country's major cities.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385
Meanwhile, the armies of John I of Portugal and Nuno Álvares Pereira joined together in the city of Tomar. After some debate, a decision was made: the Castilians could not be allowed to besiege Lisbon once again, since the city would undoubtedly fall, so the Portuguese would intercept the enemy in the vicinity of Leiria, near the village of Aljubarrota. On August 14, the Castilian army, very slow due to its huge numbers, finally met the Portuguese and English troops. The ensuing fight, the Battle of Aljubarrota, was fought in the style of the Battles of Crécy and Poitiers.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, 1385
These tactics allowed a reduced infantry army to defeat cavalrymen with the use of longbowmen in the flanks and defensive structures (like caltrops) in the front. The Castilian army was not only defeated, but annihilated. Their losses were so great that John I of Castile was prevented from attempting another invasion in the following years.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, Legacy
With this victory, John of Aviz was recognised as the undisputed king of Portugal as John 1, putting an end to the interregnum and anarchy of the 1383–1385 crisis. Recognition from Castile would not arrive until 1411, after another Portuguese victory at the Battle of Valverde, with the signing of the Treaty of Ayllón. The English–Portuguese alliance would be renewed in 1386 with the Treaty of Windsor and the marriage of John I to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, Legacy
In 1387, taking advantage of the renewed alliance, John I, leading a Portuguese army of 9,000 men, reinforced by a 1,500-man English contingent that landed in Galicia, invaded Castile to sit John of Gaunt on the Castilian throne, which he claimed on his marriage to Infanta Constance of Castile. The Castilian forces refused to offer battle, after two months no significant town was taken and the allies, struck by disease and lack of supplies, met with an overwhelming failure.


1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, Legacy
The treaty, still valid today, established a pact of mutual support between the countries: Indeed, Portugal would use it again against its neighbours in 1640, to expel the Spanish Habsburg kings from the country, and again during the Peninsular War. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance would also be used by Britain (in succession from England) in the Second World War (allowing the Allies to establish bases on the Azores) and during the 1982 Falklands War.


1384
Year 1384 (MCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1384 Kniertje
1384 Kniertje, provisional designation 1934 RX, is a dark Adeonian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after a character in the Dutch play Op Hoop van Zegen by Herman Heijermans.


1384 Kniertje, Orbit and classification
Kniertje is a member of the Adeona family (505), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids in the central main belt, named after 145 Adeona. It is also dynamically classified as a member of the Eunomia family (502), the largest in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 stony asteroids.


1384 Kniertje, Orbit and classification
The asteroid orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,599 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1934.


1384 Kniertje, Physical characteristics
Kniertje's spectral type is unknown. Although the LCDB assumes an S-type (due to its dynamical classification to the stony Eunomia family), a low albedo of 0.0701 is derived (see below) which is typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids and in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Adeona family (505).


1384 Kniertje, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Kniertje have been obtained from photometric observations since 2003. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 9.78 and 9.872 hours with a brightness variation between 0.15 and 0.32 magnitude (U=2/2/2/2/2). An alternative period solution of 12.255 hours with an amplitude of 0.33 magnitude was found by Brian Warner in March 2006 (U=2).


1384 Kniertje, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kniertje measures between 21.52 and 29.592 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0351 and 0.3077.