1241 papal election, Aftermath
Pope Celestine was buried on the day after his death, according to the custom. But, even before the funeral, certain cardinals fled the city, and headed for Anagni, the home of Cardinal Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni. It is said (by Matthew of Paris) that only six or seven cardinals were left in the city. Cardinal Colonna, however, was seized by the Roman populace, who supported the Orsini, and imprisoned due to his association with King Frederick.


1241 papal election, Aftermath
When confronted by a group of begging friars bearing a message from the Archbishop of York and Bishop of Lincoln, Frederick II reportedly said: "Who is hindering the welfare of the Church? Not I; but the stubborn pride and greediness of Romans. Who can wonder if I withstand the English and Roman Churches, which excommunicate me [as Oddone had done from England], defame me, and are always pouring forth money to do me wrong?" Soon after the conclave, the hostilities between the Guelphs and Ghibellines resumed around the Italian peninsula, on both land and sea. Although Frederick II was now free to crush the Lombards without a pope to oppose him, he soon diverted much of his cavalry and infantry north of the Alps where the Tartars had begun to seriously threaten his lands.


1241 papal election, Aftermath
Thus began the longest sede vacante in the history of the Roman Catholic Church since the period between Pope Agatho and Pope Leo II (681-682). It took a year and a half before the cardinals were successful in reconvening in Anagni (Frederick II was in possession of Rome) and electing a successor to Celestine IV, due in no small part to Frederick II's continuing to keep da Pecorara and Oddone as hostages: choosing Cardinal Fieschi as Pope Innocent IV in 1243.


1241 papal election, Aftermath
Innocent IV breathed new life into the conflict against Frederick II, and after the emperor's death in 1250, excommunicated his son and heir, Conrad IV of Germany. Imperial influence in papal elections persisted until the papal election, 1268–1271, after which the Imperial party (then composed mostly of older cardinals) was all but extinguished within the College of Cardinals.


1241 papal election, Problematical Accounts
One contemporary account of mixed reliability is that of British chronicler Matthew Paris (c. 1200–1259), who claims that both his compatriot, Robert Somercotes, and Celestine IV died of poisoning; his works are more prized for their accounts of the Hohenstaufen struggles. Matthew was a friend of Cardinal Somercotes (who had once presided over the audientia litterarum contradictarum in Rome), and further claimed that Somercotes would have soon been elected pope himself had he survived.


1241 papal election, Problematical Accounts
Such speculation appears from time to time in English literature; e.g. "the Italians were too hard for the honest Englishman, being made away by poison at the Holy Conclave, 1241," but it can be safely ignored. Accusations of poisoning of popes and cardinals, such as Innocent V and Adrian V, are a regular feature of chronicles in the 13th and 14th century.


1241 papal election, Legacy
By virtue of the cardinals being locked in, the election is sometimes referred to as the "first conclave" (even the "first formal papal Conclave"), although the formal procedures of the conclave were not developed until after the papal election, 1268–1271, in the Constitution "Ubi Periculum" of Pope Gregory X (1274). Its provisions were first implemented in the papal conclave, January 1276. In fact, the practice of seclusion of the cardinal electors can perhaps even be traced back to the papal election, 1216, where the people of Perugia locked in the cardinals after the death of Pope Innocent III.


1242
Year 1242 (MCCXLII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1242 Zambesia
1242 Zambesia (prov. designation: 1932 HL) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers (30 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 April 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the large Zambezi basin in southern Africa.


1242 Zambesia, Orbit and classification
Zambesia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,655 days; semi-major axis of 2.74 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic.


1242 Zambesia, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as A908 BF at Taunton Observatory (803) in January 1908. The body's observation arc begins at the United States Naval Observatory (786) in February 1908, more than 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1242 Zambesia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Zambezi river valley, partially part of the former British Central Africa Protectorate. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114). The large Zambezi basin stretches across modern Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.


1242 Zambesia, Physical characteristics
In both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), , Zambesia is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1242 Zambesia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Zambesia was obtained by a group of Spanish astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.72 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2). Previous photometric observations gave a divergent period of 17.305 and 24+ hours (U=1/2).


1242 Zambesia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Zambesia measures between 42.16 and 72.818 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0252 and 0.0708.


1242 Zambesia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0541 and a diameter of 47.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.


1243
Year 1243 (MCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1243 Pamela
1243 Pamela, provisional designation 1932 JE, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 May 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johnannesburg. The asteroid was named for Pamela Jackson, daughter of the discoverer.


1243 Pamela, Orbit and classification
Pamela is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,990 days; semi-major axis of 3.10 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic.


1243 Pamela, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed at Lowell Observatory in November 1929. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg in April 1932, or one month prior to its official discovery observation.


1243 Pamela, Physical characteristics
Pamela has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


1243 Pamela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 1999, a first rotational lightcurve of Pamela was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 26.017 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.49 magnitude (U=2). Other lightcurves were taken by the Spanish amateur group OBAS in 2015 (U=2), as well as by René Roy and Stéphane Charbonnel in France, and Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini at Sozzago Astronomical Station (A12) in Piedmont, Italy, between 2005 and 2010 (U=2/1/2/2-).


1243 Pamela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pamela measures between 66.11 and 76.42 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.040 and 0.0484.


1243 Pamela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0474 and a diameter of 70.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.7.


1243 Pamela, Naming
This minor planet was named after Cyril Jackson's daughter, Pamela Jackson. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114).


1243 papal election
The 1243 papal election (16 May – 25 June) elected Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa to succeed Pope Celestine IV. The conclave began after the Holy See had been vacant for 18 months and six days, therefore ca. May 16, 1243. There were nine cardinals present. Six votes were needed, therefore, for a canonical election. It took some five weeks for the cardinals to agree on an acceptable candidate. Fieschi took the name Innocent IV.


1243 papal election, Election of 1241
The election which took place around the death of Pope Gregory IX on August 22, 1241, was a particularly stressful one. There were military operations, both inside and outside the City of Rome, towns and properties were destroyed, Guelphs and Ghibellines warred against each other, and two of the cardinals were captured in battle and were held prisoner by the Emperor Frederick II. When the electoral meeting began, only ten of the twelve cardinals participated. The cardinals were tightly confined, on orders of the Senator of Rome, Matteo Rosso Orsini, and during that conclave one cardinal died.


1243 papal election, Election of 1241
After seven weeks of deadlocked negotiations in the summer heat of Rome, the cardinals finally managed to produce the required two-thirds majority on October 25 for Cardinal Goffredo Castiglione, who chose the name Celestine IV. Pope Celestine was never crowned. It is also said that he was never consecrated, which is pointless, since he was already a bishop, and that he never issued a bull, which is contested. He died, old and ill, only seventeen days after his election, on November 10, 1241.


1243 papal election, Election of 1241
A second Election would have to be held. But, even though Pope Celestine was buried on the day after his death, according to custom, certain cardinals had already left Rome, being unwilling to endure the situation of September and October again. Matthew of Paris says that there were "maybe six, maybe seven" cardinals left in Rome, which would imply that one or two had left. He certainly includes Cardinal Raynaldus dei Conti and Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi in the minority. Matthew also reports that the cardinals who were still in Rome were in hiding with friends and relations, some of them ill.


1243 papal election, No Election in 1242
Emperor Frederick had left the neighborhood of Rome in September, 1241, while the Election was still in progress. He was back at his palace in Foggia in October. His third wife, Isabella of England, daughter of King John, died on 1 December 1241, and on 12 February (? ), 1242, his son King Henry of Germany died as well. He spent the entire year 1242 in the south in his own kingdom, mostly in Foggia, Capua, or Naples. He came nowhere near Rome or the cardinals. He was, however, in contact with the cardinals.


1243 papal election, No Election in 1242
In February 1242 he sent three ambassadors to Rome to the Papal Curia, to discuss a peace. Frederick wanted the cardinals to get together and make a pope. He also wrote directly to them, offering to release Cardinal Jacobus de Pecorara and Cardinal Oddo de Monferrato if the cardinals would proceed to an election. The Emperor wrote a second time, in May, an elaborate rhetorical exercise based on the topos of the Church as a ship without its steersman and the danger of shipwreck (schism). This was for public consumption. Another letter followed in July, more directly accusing the cardinals of driving the ship off-course:  how could they show the right path to those who had wandered from it, if they themselves were wandering off the right course?


1243 papal election, No Election in 1242
In the Spring of 1243, after a vacancy that had gone on for more than fifteen months, cardinals who had gathered at Anagni during that time, wrote a letter to an English prelate,  placing their names in the heading:


1243 papal election, No Election in 1242
R[aynaldus] Ostiensis et Velletrensis, J[ohannes] tituli Sanctae Praxedis, S[inibaldus] tituli Sancti Luarentii in Lucina, S[tephanus] tituli Sanctae Mariae trans Tyberim, presbyteri; R[aynerius] Sanctae Mariae in Cosmedin, E[gidius] Sanctorum Cosmae et Damiani, O[tho] Sancti Nicholai in carcere Tulliano, diaconi; sanctae Ecclesiae Romanae Cardinales.


1243 papal election, No Election in 1242
Cardinal Oddone di Monferrato was present in Anagni and signed the letter; he had been released by the Emperor in August 1242. Cardinal Romano Bonaventura did not sign; he had died on February 21, 1243. The names of these seven cardinals show who had left Rome by that time, and that the balance was shifting between the Imperial party (Ghibbelines) led by the Colonna, and the opposition, led by the Orsini.


1243 papal election, No Election in 1242
The "maybe six, maybe seven" cardinals left in Rome immediately after the death of Celestine IV did not represent a party, but merely those who had not yet decided on what course of action to take. If one adds to these seven named cardinals Jacobus de Pecorara, who was being held by the Emperor, then there was only one cardinal still not present in Anagni: Ricardus Hannibaldi.


1243 papal election, No Election in 1242
In February 1243, the Emperor Frederick ordered the mustering of his army for April 1. He met the army at Capua, and in May he headed north toward Rome, where he began to attack and destroy castelli and cause as much destruction as he could. The two cardinals still in Rome fled to Anagni, and now that eight of the cardinals were assembled, they petitioned the Emperor who agreed to their request to return to his kingdom. Frederick then released Cardinal Jacobus de Pecorara, whom he had held prisoner since his capture in the Battle of Giglio in May 1241.


1243 papal election, No Election in 1242
In being accommodating, however, King Frederick expected the cardinals to be cooperative and produce a pope. And yet, they refused to start a conclave. Frederick showed his anger by launching his army against Rome. The Romans complained that the failure to elect a pope after so many months was not their fault, but that of the obstinate and quarrelsome cardinals, who were in hiding. Frederick therefore redirected his army toward the estates of the cardinals and of the Church.


1243 papal election, Cardinals
Nicolas de Curbio, the biographer of both Gregory IX and Innocent IV, says that it was a year, six months and six days before the cardinals finally sat down together for an Election, in the Cathedral of Anagni. That would be 16 May 1243. There were nine living cardinals:


1243 papal election, Election of 1243
Romanus Bonaventura, Cardinal Bishop of Porto (1236-1243 died on February 21, 1243. The number of cardinals was reduced to nine. Six cardinals were needed to produce a canonical election.


1243 papal election, Election of 1243
The Cardinals finally assembled at Anagni Cathedral around May 16, 1243, if Nicolaus de Curbio is accurate. Despite the vicissitudes they had suffered since the death of Gregory IX, and the devastation of the Emperor Frederick's army, it nevertheless took the cardinals over five weeks to choose a pope. Nothing is known about the deliberations during that period, except that they elected Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa, a relative of the Counts of Lavania, as Pope Innocent IV on June 25, 1243 (Nicholas de Curbio) or on the Feast of St. John the Baptist, June 24 (Matthew of Paris). At the time of the election the Emperor Frederick was at Melfi, where, when he heard the news, he ordered the Te Deum to be sung throughout his kingdom.


1243 papal election, Election of 1243
Pope Innocent IV was consecrated and crowned on the Sunday following the Feast of St. John the Baptist, June 28. There is no specific testimony, but the right to consecrate the pope belonged to the Bishop of Ostia, Raynaldus dei Conti; and the right to crown him belonged to the senior cardinal-deacon (prior diaconum), the Cistercian Rainerius (Capocci).


1244
Year 1244 (MCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1244 Deira
1244 Deira (prov. designation: 1932 KE) is a dark background asteroid and slow rotator from the inner region of the asteroid belt. The X-type asteroid has an exceptionally long rotation period of 210.6 hours and measures approximately 31 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 25 May 1932, by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, who named it after Deira, an old kingdom near his birthplace, the market town of Ossett, located in West Yorkshire, England.


1244 Deira, Orbit and classification
Deira is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,310 days; semi-major axis 2.34 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observations as A908 TD at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1908, or more than 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1244 Deira, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer Cyril Jackson after his birthplace, the market town of Ossett, located in West Yorkshire, England (also see 2193 Jackson). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115). While the naming citation reads that Deira is the ancient name for his birthplace, the Celtic Kingdom of Deira was actually much larger, encompassing at its height most of Yorkshire in Northern England.


1244 Deira, Physical characteristics
Deira has been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). While P-type bodies are common in the outermost asteroid belt and among the Jupiter trojans, they are rarely found in the inner main belt. In both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Deira is an X-type asteroid.


1244 Deira, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Deira was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at his Leura Observatory (E17) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 210.6 hours with a brightness variation of 0.5 magnitude (U=2), while Oey previously published a slightly longer period of 217.1 hours and an amplitude of 0.6 magnitude (U=n.a.). This makes Deira one of the Top 300 slow rotators known to exist.


1244 Deira, Physical characteristics, Spin axis
In 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 216.98 hours and found two spin axis of (314.0°, −46.0°) and (107.0°, −56.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1244 Deira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Deira measures between 28.816 and 35.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0557.


1244 Deira, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0465 and a diameter of 30.89 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.


12444 Prothoon
12444 Prothoon /ˈprɒθoʊ.ɒn/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 April 1996, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The assumed C-type asteroid is one of the 60 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 15.82 hours. It was named after Prothoon from Greek mythology.


12444 Prothoon, Orbit and classification
Prothoon is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the trailering Trojan camp at Jupiter's L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind on the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). This asteroid is not a member of any asteroid family but belongs to the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.6 AU once every 12.01 years (4,387 days; semi-major axis of 5.24 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 31° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at La Silla in March 1996, one month prior to its official discovery observation.


12444 Prothoon, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Prothoon was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.82 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=3-).


12444 Prothoon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Prothoon measures between 62.41 and 64.31 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.039 and 0.052.


12444 Prothoon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0467 and a diameter of 64.41 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.


12444 Prothoon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


12444 Prothoon, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Prothoon, who was killed by Teucer during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 (M.P.C. 47300).


1245
Year 1245 (MCCXLV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1245 Calvinia
1245 Calvinia (prov. designation: 1932 KF) is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 26 May 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The S-type asteroid is likely elongated and has a rotation period of 4.9 hours. It was named for the city of Calvinia in South Africa.


1245 Calvinia, Orbit and classification
According to Zappalà, Mothé-Diniz, as well as Milani and Knežević, Calvinia is a member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. Interestingly, in one of the most recent and complete synthetic HCM-analysis by Nesvorný, Calvinia is not a Koronian asteroid but belongs to the background population.


1245 Calvinia, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,796 days; semi-major axis of 2.89 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A906 FB at the Heidelberg Observatory in March 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in May 1932.


1245 Calvinia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the regional city Calvinia in the Cape Province of South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).


1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Calvinia is a common stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Koronis family. In the Barucci taxonomy (1987), it is an S0-type asteroid.


1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Calvinia was obtained from photometric observations by Romain Montaigut, Christophe Gillier and Arnaud Leroy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.8523±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3).


1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Other rotational were obtained by (ordered by increasing period determinations ) Brines (4.73 h; Δ0.35 mag; U=3-) in 2016, by Lagerkvist (4.8 h; Δ0.52 mag; U=2) and (4.85 h; Δ0.7 mag; U=2) in 1975 and 1978, respectively, by Erikson (4.84 h; U=3) in 1990, by Slivan (4.8512 h; Δ0.37 mag; U=3) in 2002, by Roy (4.85129 h; Δ0.50 mag; U=3-), and by Tedesco (4.855 h; Δ0.63 mag; U=3) in 1979.


1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave a concurring period of 4.85148±0.00001 hours, as well as two spin axes at (52.0°, −51.0°) and (235.0°, −43.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1245 Calvinia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Calvinia measures between 26.84 and 30.95 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.214 and 0.2713. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2689 and a diameter of 26.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.


1246
Year 1246 (MCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1246 Chaka
1246 Chaka, provisional designation 1932 OA, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 23 July 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The uncommon A/Sl-type asteroid has a longer than average rotation period of 25.5 hours. It was named for the Zulu King Shaka.


1246 Chaka, Orbit and classification
Chaka is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,549 days; semi-major axis of 2.62 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Johannesburg on 4 July 1932, three weeks prior to its official discovery observation.


1246 Chaka, Naming
This minor planet was named after Shaka (c. 1787–1828), also Chaka or Tchaka, founder and one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).


1246 Chaka, Physical characteristics
Chaka's spectral type has been determined during the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2). In the Tholen-like taxonomic variant of the survey, the asteroid is a rare A-type, while in the SMASS-like variant it is a Sl-subtype, that transitions between the common S- and uncommon L-type asteroids.


1246 Chaka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Chaka was obtained from photometric observations by Joe Garlitz at his Elgin Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 25.462±0.001 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=3). Other period determinations were made by European astronomers (20 h; Δ0.2) at OHP and La Silla in October 1996 (U=2), and by Andrea Ferrero (25.44 h; Δ0.25) at the Italian Bigmuskie Observatory (B88) in November 2013 (U=2).


1246 Chaka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Chaka measures between 17.63 and 20.84 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.195 and 0.310. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2351 and a diameter of 18.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1247
Year 1247 (MCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1247 Memoria
1247 Memoria, provisional designation 1932 QA, is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Marguerite Laugier at Uccle Observatory in 1932, who later named it Memoria in memory of her pleasant stay at the discovering observatory.


1247 Memoria, Discovery
Memoria was discovered on 30 August 1932, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. One week later, on 6 September 1932, it was again independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.


1247 Memoria, Orbit and classification
Memoria belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of typically carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,025 days; semi-major axis of 3.13 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1247 Memoria, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as A905 WA at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1905. The body's observation arc begins as 1931 JU at Johannesburg Observatory in May 1931, or 15 months prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1247 Memoria, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Memoria's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a carbonaceous C-type, and somewhat similar to an X- and F-type asteroid (CXF). The overall spectral type for members of the Themis family is that of a C-type.


1247 Memoria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Memoria has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.


1247 Memoria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Memoria measures 35.97 and 38.906 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.0846 and 0.078, respectively.


1247 Memoria, Naming
This minor planet was named "memoria" (Latin for memory or remembrance) by the French discoverer Marguerite Laugier who remembered the pleasant relationships she had during her stay at the discovering Uccle Observatory, Belgium, in 1932. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).


1248
Year 1248 (MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1248 Jugurtha
1248 Jugurtha (prov. designation: 1932 RO) is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers (18 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in 1932, the asteroid was named after Jugurtha, the ancient North African king of Numidia. The S-type asteroid is likely elongated in shape and has a rotation period of 12.9 hours.


1248 Jugurtha, Discovery
Jugurtha was discovered on 1 September 1932, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. On 29 September 1932, it was independently by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.


1248 Jugurtha, Orbit and classification
Jugurtha is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,640 days; semi-major axis of 2.72 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as A901 VE at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1901, nearly 31 years prior to its official discovery, .


1248 Jugurtha, Naming
This minor planet was named after Jugurtha (160–104 BC), a king of Numidia in North Africa, opposed to and defeated by Rome in the Jugurthine War (112–106 BC). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).


1248 Jugurtha, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Jugurtha is a common, stony S-type asteroid.


1248 Jugurtha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Jugurtha were obtained from photometric observations since 2001. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 12.190±0.002 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.70 and 1.40 magnitude (U=3), indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape. A modeled lightcurve, using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 12.19047 hours, as well as a spin axis of (254.0°, −89.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1248 Jugurtha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jugurtha measures between 27.46 and 33.559 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2073 and 0.282. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 31.12 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.


12482 Pajka
12482 Pajka, provisional designation 1997 FG1, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Slovak astronomers Adrián Galád and Alexander Pravda at Modra Observatory on 23 March 1997. It was named after Paula Pravdová ("Pajka"), the daughter of the second discoverer.


12482 Pajka, Orbit and classification
Pajka is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,372 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.


12482 Pajka, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins 6 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Steward Observatory (Kitt Peak–Spacewatch) in October 1991.


12482 Pajka, Naming
This minor planet was named after Paula Pravdová (born 1990), whose familiar name is "Pajka". She is the daughter of the discovering astronomer Alexander Pravda and often visited Modra Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 March 2002 (M.P.C. 45234).


12482 Pajka, Physical characteristics
A rotational lightcurve of Pajka was obtained from photometric observations made by the discovering astronomer at Modra Observatory in January 2008. The lightcurve showed a rotation period of 3.9428 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 in magnitude (U=3-). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.3 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.2.


1249
Year 1249 (MCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1249 Rutherfordia
1249 Rutherfordia, provisional designation 1932 VB, is an elongated, stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1932, the asteroid was named after Rutherford, New Jersey a suburb of New York City, United States.


1249 Rutherfordia, Discovery
Rutherfordia was discovered on 4 November 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. On 29 November 1932, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Uccle Observatory in Belgium. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.


1249 Rutherfordia, Orbit and classification
Rutherfordia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,211 days; semi-major axis of 2.22 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1249 Rutherfordia, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as 1925 SF at Simeiz Observatory in September 1925. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 22 November 1932, or three weeks after its official discovery observation.


1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Rutherfordia is an S-type asteroid, as is the overall spectral type of the Flora family.


1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Rutherfordia have been obtained from photometric observations since 2001. The so-far best-rated lightcurve with a rotation period of 18.242 hours and a brightness amplitude of 0.71 magnitude, was measured by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS in December 2015 (U=3). The asteroid's elongated shape, indicated by its high brightness amplitude has previously been confirmed by physical modelling (see below).


1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics, Spin axis
In 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources including the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palomar Transient Factory survey. The lightcurve gave a concurring period of 18.2183 hours and allowed for the determination of two spin axis of (32.0°, 74.0°) and (197.0°, 65.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rutherfordia measures between 12.41 and 15.77 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.172 and 0.2778.


1249 Rutherfordia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2778 and a diameter of 12.41 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.54.


1249 Rutherfordia, Naming
Several sources erroneously attributed the naming of this asteroid to famous New Zealand-born British physicist Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937). This minor planet, however, was named after the city of Rutherford, New Jersey, which is an inner suburb of metropolitan New York City. The naming was proposed by Irving Meyer and endorsed by German astronomer Gustav Stracke who mentioned on a postcard in February 1937, that his American college, Meyer, who himself did not discover any asteroids, requested the naming after the city of Rutherford, where a private observatory was located at the time.


1249 in Scotland
Events from the year 1249 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


124th (Waterford) Regiment of Foot
The 124th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1795.


124th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The 124th Division was a division of the PRC People's Liberation Army. During the Korean War, it was the first unit of the People's Republic of China to cross the Yalu River.


124th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), History
The 124th Division was a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 42nd Army, consisting of the 370th, 371st, and 372nd Regiments.


124th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), History
While the 124th Division at first drove back the ROK troops it encountered, and then slowed the advance of the U.S. Marine troops that replaced them on the road to the reservoir, UNC intelligence indicated that it did not have the success that attended the CCF action against the ROK II Corps and part of the U.S. I Corps in the west. The 124th Division faced the 1st Marine Division at Sudong on November 2. However, 124th division and other units of 42nd corps were relieved by 20th corps on November 10, and attended battle of Chongchon River. This division and 125th division defeated ROK 8th division on November 26, then 125th was deployed as van guard, and 124th division was its reinforce.


124th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China), Current
In April 2017, The division was divided into two brigades: the 124th Amphibious Combined Arms Brigade and the 125th Amphibious Combined Arms Brigade. The 124th is transferred to the PLA 72nd Group Army (formerly 1st Group Army) under the Eastern Theater Command; the 125th is still part of the PLA 42nd Group Army, which is currently known as the 74th Group Army, under the Southern Theater Command.


124th Attack Squadron
The 124th Attack Squadron is a unit of the Iowa Air National Guard 132d Wing. It is assigned to Des Moines International Airport (Des Moines ANGB), Iowa and was formerly equipped with F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft. The unit is reequipping with the MQ-9 Reaper.


124th Attack Squadron
The squadron is a descendant organization of the 124th Observation Squadron, established on 30 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


124th Attack Squadron, History, World War II
Efforts to form an Iowa National Guard aviation unit in Des Moines were led by a citizens' committee, which was formed in May 1940, to arrange for construction of an aircraft hangar and armory building at the Des Moines Airport. This non-profit committee consisted of local business, civic and military leaders. Through the work of this committee, which included conferences in Washington DC, and design and financing of the project, an Air Corps squadron for Des Moines was authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1941. Recruiting of members for the new unit began the following month. The 124th Observation Squadron was organized on 25 February 1941 with an allotted strength of 31 officers and 116 enlisted personnel.


124th Attack Squadron, History, World War II
The 124th was a light observation squadron, flying North American O-47 twin-seat observation monoplanes. Ordered to active service in September was initially an aviation unit at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas as part of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, was attached to Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command and deployed to several airfields along the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast, flying Antisubmarine patrols, Apr 1942 – Jan 1943. After the Navy took over the antisubmarine mission performed replacement reconnaissance pilot training, Mar 1943 – Apr 1944 at Tullaholma, Tennessee with P-39 Airacobra, P-40 Warhawk and P-51 Mustangs. Inactivated as part of an administrative reorganization of training units in May 1944.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard
Was transferred to the new Iowa Air National Guard in May 1946 and became a P-51D Mustang squadron, receiving federal recognition on 23 August 1946, one of the first Air National Guard squadrons activated. Assigned to Des Moines Municipal Airport, a former training field during World War II used as an Aircraft/Crew processing center for heavy bomber crews. Was assigned to the Iowa ANG 132d Fighter Wing, which consisted of the 124th, along with the 127th Fighter Squadron at Sioux City, and the Nebraska ANG 173d Fighter Squadron at Lincoln, Nebraska. Engaged in routine training exercises, and was upgraded to F-84B Thunderjet jet aircraft in early 1948.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard
Activated to Federal Service during the Korean War, sent to Dow AFB, Maine Used by TAC to train replacement pilots in F-51D Mustang ground support operations, also deployed unit members to Japan and Korea to fly combat missions.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard
The 132d was moved to Alexandria AFB, Louisiana in May 1952 again with F-51s replacing the federalized Oklahoma ANG 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing which was deployed to France. Performed training as a tactical fighter unit until relieved from active service and returned to Iowa ANG jurisdiction in January 1953.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard
During 1952, over one million dollars of federally funded improvements were added to the Des Moines airport. The work included the addition of 1,800 feet to the main runway and 3,480 feet of taxiways to better accommodate the 124th receiving jet aircraft upon their return to peacetime service. After returning to Des Moines, was re-equipped with F-80C Shooting Star jet fighter-bombers and returned to normal peacetime training committed to Tactical Air Command. Was later upgraded to newer F-84E Thuderjets in 1955. Was transferred to Air Defense Command in July 1958, becoming an all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor squadron, its new mission being the air defense of Des Moines and eastern Iowa. The Sabres were replaced in 1962 with F-89J Scorpion Interceptors, which the squadron flew until the summer of 1969.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Iowa Air National Guard
Was transferred back to TAC in 1969, being re-equipped with second-line F-84F Thunderstreaks, the standard TAC aircraft for its Air National Guard-gained squadrons at the time. Upgraded to the F-100D Super Sabre, which were returning from South Vietnam in 1971 and being transferred to the ANG to replace the subsonic F-84s. Began receiving new and transferred A-7D Corsair II ground attack aircraft in 1976 when the National Guard Bureau began modernizing the ANG with frontline aircraft after the drawdown of the regular Air Force after the end of the Vietnam War.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era
With the retirement of the A-7Ds in the late 1980s, was upgraded to Block 42 F-16C Fighting Falcons in 1990. From 1998 to 2004 as part of the Air Expeditionary Force concept with an unprecedented six overseas contingency deployments to patrol the No-Fly Zone over Iraq in Operations Northern and Southern Watch. Two of the six contingency deployments occurred within a ten-month period, attesting to the unit’s professionalism and high state of readiness.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era
Immediately following the events of September 11, 2001, the 124th Fighter Squadron's F-16s, pilots, and maintenance members were placed on alert, poised to defend Iowans and all Americans against any possible attacks. After 9/11 the  unit’s F-16s were prepared to launch within minutes in the event of a “scramble” order – 24/7. The unit has also provided continuous Combat Air Patrols during Presidential visits.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era
The unit deployed to Al Udeid AB, Qatar in 2005 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The squadron performed in an exceptional manner, exhibiting an impressive array of capabilities. Outstanding leadership and superb aircraft maintenance skills produced 456 sorties and 3145 flying hours in austere conditions. Total flying hours during this contingency equaled to over three-fourths of a year’s normal flying allocation in only 52 days.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era
In 2013, the 124th's 21 F-16s were transferred to the 119th Fighter Squadron, 177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard, at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base, bringing to an end 72 years of manned flight by the 124th.


124th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era
The squadron is re-equipping with the MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle, and was redesignated the 124th Attack Squadron after 2016.


124th Attack Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


124th Battalion (Governor General's Body Guard), CEF
The 124th (Governor General's Body Guard) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was redesignated the 124th Pioneer Battalion, CEF.


124th Battalion (Governor General's Body Guard), CEF
The battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Regiment of Canada.


124th Brigade
The 124th Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 41st Division.


124th Brigade, Formation
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
The 124th Cavalry Regiment (nicknamed "Mars Men") is a United States Army cavalry regiment, represented in the Texas Army National Guard by 1st Squadron, 124th Cavalry, part of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team at Waco.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
The 124th was originally constituted and organized in 1929 in the Texas National Guard. It was Federalized in 1940 but remained stateside, patrolling the Mexico–United States border, after the Attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in the United States entry into World War II. In 1944 it moved to Fort Riley, the last horse cavalry regiment in the army. The regiment was sent to India, where it arrived in August. After being redesignated as the 124th Cavalry, Special, it joined the Mars Task Force. Operating alongside Chinese troops, the 124th Cavalry and the task force recaptured the Burma Road from the Japanese in early 1945. The regiment was then sent to China to train Chinese troops, and was inactivated there in mid-1945.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
The regiment was broken up in 1946 but became the 124th Armor in 1959. In 1963 it was redesignated the 124th Cavalry again.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period
The 124th was constituted on 13 February 1929 in the Texas National Guard and organized on 15 March 1929 from new and existing units. It initially consisted of two cavalry squadrons, each with two troops, and headquarters and support units. Its headquarters was organized at San Antonio. The regimental band was redesignated from the Band Section of the 112th Cavalry's Service Troop at Mineral Wells. Its Machine Gun Troop was redesignated from Troop B, 56th Machine Gun Squadron, Cavalry at San Antonio. The Medical Department Detachment was redesignated at Houston from the Medical Department Detachment of the 56th Machine Gun Squadron.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period
Headquarters and Troops A and B of 1st Squadron were organized at Fort Worth. Troops A and B were redesignated from Troops E and G of the 112th Cavalry, respectively. 2nd Squadron headquarters was organized at Houston, while Troops E and F were organized at Brenham and Mineral Wells, respectively. Troop E was redesignated from Troop A of the 56th Machine Gun Squadron, while Troop F was redesignated from the 112th Cavalry's Service Troop. On 20 March, the regiment's Headquarters Troop was organized at Austin, completing the initial organization of the 124th.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period
The regiment was part of the 23rd Cavalry Division's 56th Cavalry Brigade, and was commanded by Colonel Louis S. Davidson, the former executive officer of the 56th Brigade. Each summer from 1929 to 1939, the 124th conducted training at Camp Wolters. The regiment's designated mobilization training station was Fort Bliss. Between September and October 1929, the regiment was called up for state duty to enforce martial law during the breaking up of the organized crime organization in Borger. In May 1930, it was called up to restore order after the Sherman race riot.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period
Between September 1931 and December 1932, the regiment was called up to enforce order and prevent illegal oil production in the East Texas Oil Field. On 29 November 1934, regimental executive officer Colonel Calvin B. Garwood took command of the regiment after Davidson was promoted to command the 56th Brigade. Between 1935 and 1939, the 124th was awarded the National Guard Association's Pershing Trophy for cavalry marksmanship.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period
The 56th Brigade became an independent unit after leaving the 23rd Division on 1 April 1939. On 30 June, Troops I and K of the new 3rd Squadron were organized at Corpus Christi and Seguin, respectively. 3rd Squadron's headquarters was organized at Houston almost a month later, on 23 July. Between 3 and 23 August, the regiment participated in the Third Army maneuvers in the Kisatchie National Forest in Louisiana, involving 70,000 troops. On 1 October 1940, 3rd Squadron headquarters was inactivated and Troops I and K became Troops C and G of the 1st and 2nd Squadrons, respectively.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Interwar period
The 124th was called up for Federal service on 18 November at San Antonio. It was transferred to Fort Bliss, where it arrived on 28 November. The 56th Brigade became part of the Third Army upon Federalization. Headquarters and 1st Squadron transferred to Fort Brown on 5 February 1941, while 2nd Squadron simultaneously transferred to Fort Ringgold. The regiment relieved the 12th Cavalry of the Fort Brown Command sector of the Mexican Border Patrol. The 124th conducted border patrol duty along the Mexico–United States border from Brownsville to Laredo. On 29 May, the regiment returned to Fort Bliss. Between 12 August and 2 October, it participated in the massive Second Army–Third Army maneuver in the Louisiana Maneuver Area, which involved 342,000 troops. On 4 October, after the maneuvers ended, the regiment returned to Fort Brown.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II
On 5 June 1942, Colonel John H. Irving became regimental commander. Between 4 November and 22 December 1943, the regiment was stationed at Fort D. A. Russell. At the beginning of May 1944, Irving was replaced for health reasons by Colonel Milo H. Matteson. The 124th Cavalry remained on the Mexican border with the 56th Brigade until 12 May 1944, when they were moved to Fort Riley, the last horse cavalry regiment in the army. At Fort Riley, the regiment became part of Fourth Army.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II
After turning in its horses, the regiment left Fort Riley on 10 July, staging through Camp Anza to the Los Angeles Port of Embarkation, from which it departed aboard the transport USS General Henry W. Butner for Bombay, India on 25 July. After arriving in India with 78 officers and 1,522 enlisted men on 26 August, the regiment was transported by rail to Ramgarh Training Center, where it conducted infantry, jungle, patrol, and long range penetration training. It was reorganized as the 124th Cavalry, Special on 20 September after being officially dismounted.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II
Five days later, the 3rd Squadron was activated in India from other regimental personnel after being reconstituted on 20 September. The regiment became part of the newly activated 5332nd Brigade (Provisional), which became the Mars Task Force. As well as the 124th, the task force also included the 475th Infantry Regiment, the survivors of Merrill's Marauders, brought up to strength by replacements from the United States, and the elite American-trained and equipped 1st Chinese Regiment (Separate).


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II
In October, the regiment was flown to Myitkyina, entering combat with the task force. The regiment moved into the mountains of northern Burma on 15 December, and in subsequent months fought in numerous pitched battles with Japanese troops in and around the Burma Road. The 124th conducted long range operations deep behind Japanese lines, and used pack mules and aerial resupply. The 124th built roadblocks along the Burma Road during the campaign to wrest the road from Japanese control below Nankam. To block the road at Nampakka, it moved over 300 miles in Japanese-held territory, relying only on aerial resupply.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II
On 15 January 1945, the regiment met in battle with Japanese forces. Troop F commander 1st Lieutenant Jack L. Knight was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on 2 February 1945 near Loi Kang, in which he singlehandedly knocked out two Japanese pill boxes and continued the attack despite having been blinded by a Japanese grenade. Knight was the only Army Ground Forces recipient of the Medal of Honor in the China-Burma-India Theatre of the war. The regiment subsequently moved south along the Burma Road, reaching Lashio by 23 March. Between 26 April and 14 May, the regiment was flown over The Hump to Kunming in China. There, its troops trained Chinese troops in the Chinese Combat Command. On 1 July 1945, the regiment was inactivated at Kunming.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Cold War
The 124th was broken up on 2 July 1946, with its headquarters and headquarters troop becoming the headquarters and headquarters company of the 49th Armored Division's Reserve Command. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Squadrons became the 124th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, the 147th Tank Battalion, and the 49th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, respectively. The 49th Squadron was organized at Fort Worth on 1 March 1946 and was redesignated as the 49th Reconnaissance Battalion on 1 March 1949. The 124th Squadron was organized at Pecos on 14 March 1947 and was redesignated as the 112th Armored Cavalry's 2nd Battalion on 15 September 1949. Both squadrons were part of the 49th Armored Division.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Cold War
On 16 March 1959, the 2nd Battalion of the 112th, the 49th Reconnaissance Battalion, and the 136th Tank Battalion (the former 636th Tank Destroyer Battalion) were consolidated as the 124th Armor, a Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) parent regiment. The new parent unit consisted of the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron and the 2nd Medium Tank Battalion, both part of the 36th Infantry Division. On 15 March 1963, the 124th Armor was reorganized and redesignated as the 124th Cavalry, also a CARS parent regiment.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Cold War
The unit included the 1st Squadron, part of the 36th Division, and the 2nd Squadron, part of the 49th Armored Division. On 15 January 1968, the 124th was reorganized to consist of Troop A, part of the 71st Airborne Brigade; Troop E, part of the 36th Infantry Brigade; and Troop F, part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade. On 1 November 1973, the regiment was reorganized to consist of the 1st Squadron, part of the 49th Armored Division. It was withdrawn from CARS on 4 March 1987 and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Waco.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror
On 1 September 2001, three Brigade Reconnaissance Troops — Troops G, H and I (BRT) — were activated under the 124th Cavalry Regiment in Houston, Dallas and Fort Worth. Each BRT was respectively assigned to the three brigades comprising the 49th Armored Division.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror
The 1st Squadron was mobilized in early 2004 to deploy to Iraq to participate in Operation Iraqi Freedom, and received two months military police training at Fort Dix before deploying. It deployed in March, attached to the 89th Military Police Brigade in Diyala Province near the Iranian border northeast of Baghdad. In Iraq, the squadron was responsible for providing convoy and area security and force protection operations. On 1 May, the 49th Armored was reflagged as the 36th Infantry Division. It also provided security for the early 2005 Iraqi elections. The squadron returned from the deployment by February 2005, without suffering casualties.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror
15 August 2008 the 1st Squadron was activated to provide stability and support operations in Baghdad, with the Alpha Troop assigned to base security to the victory base complex, Bravo Troop assigned to security in the "green zone" and Charlie Troop assigned to the Joint visitors bureau. SGT Christopher Loza was the squadron’s only casualty during this deployment.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror
On 1 April 2011, Task Force Raptor was established by reinforcing the 3rd Squadron with the 702nd and 712th Military Police Companies. It conducted pre-deployment training at Camp Swift and Camp Atterbury. In February 2012, the 3rd Squadron, as part of Task Force Raptor, took over the Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa security role at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti, from the 1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror
As of 2017, Headquarters and Troops A and B are based in Waco, and Troop C in Grand Prairie. On 8 July 2017, 3rd Squadron was inactivated at Wylie as part of National Guard restructuring. It was part of the 71st Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade (formerly the 71st Battlefield Surveillance Brigade).


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror
In late August and early September of 2017, 1st Squadron participated in Hurricane Harvey relief efforts along with other Texas National Guard units.


124th Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror
In January 2018, 1-124 Cavalry deployed to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt as multinational force and observers (MFO), tasked with ensuring peace between Israel and Egypt in accordance with the 1979 treaty between the two nations. The squadron redeployed to the United States in October 2018 after a nine-month tour.


124th Delaware General Assembly
The 124th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1967, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Charles L. Terry, Jr. and Sherman W. Tribbitt as Lieutenant Governor.


124th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on a court interpreted interpretation of the federal 1960 census. It resulted in a large shift in membership numbers to the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but could design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals. Subsequent census were adjusted such boundaries to continue such adjectives, the next being in 1972.


124th Delaware General Assembly
In the 124th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


124th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


124th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 124th Division (第124師団, Dai-hyakunijūyon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Foresight Division (遠謀兵団, Enbo Heidan). It was formed 16 January in Mudanjiang as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 1st, 2nd, 11th border guards groups and the parts of the 111th Division. The 124th division was initially assigned to 3rd army.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
In March 1945, the 124th division was reassigned to the 5th army and took the positions of the 111th division which was being transferred to Jejudo island. The 124th division was initially severely understrength in men and equipment, with divisional artillery company instead of artillery regiment, and only the half complement of the infantry support guns, plus severe shortage of machine guns and ammunition. By July 1945, 116th artillery regiment comprising 24 guns, including Type 41 75 mm Mountain Guns, Type 90 75 mm Field Guns, and heavy Type 96 15 cm howitzers was organized. Also, over 4000 Koreans and local Chinese people were drafted and incorporated into the division ranks, bringing 124th division to nearly nominal strength. Nonetheless, the Kwantung Army headquarters has estimated the combat efficiency of the 124th division to be 35% of nominal.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
By June 1945, the 124th division was mostly concentrated at Muling.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
9 August 1945, the Soviet invasion of Manchuria has started. Rapid breakthrough by the Soviet Soviet 1st Far East Front have brought the 124th division to the spearhead of enemy advance, with the border defenses failing at Suifenhe. In the afternoon of the same day, the 124th division was reinforced by two infantry battalions from the 135th division.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
10 August 1945, to prevent dissection and encirclement by the Soviet armoured columns, the 124th division was ordered to retreat. The division was reinforced by the following units: 20th heavy artillery regiment (7 batteries), Mudanjiang heavy artillery regiment (8 x Type 45 240 mm howitzers transferred from 34th army), Dongning heavy artillery regiment (2 batteries transferred from the 3rd army), 1st independent heavy artillery battery (150mm howitzers) and 13th mortar battalion, totalling 60 guns. Also, two engineer battalions and 31st independent anti-tank battalion (2 companies) were added. This meager force was pitted against whole of Soviet 5th army (2nd formation) and other formations, totalling 12 rifle divisions and 5 armoured brigades.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The fierce fighting has erupted 12 August 1945, and 273rd infantry regiment was nearly annihilated in the span of one day, while Red Army broke at Muling, approaching Modaoshi. The attack was finally stopped by the special officers units from the 5th army reserve, but 124th division has continued to crumple under the relentless attack.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
13 August 1945, the 20th heavy artillery regiment and Mudanjiang heavy artillery regiment were wiped out north of Modaoshi, and in evening the Red Army has resumed an advance from Modaoshi.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 prevented an imminent rout of the 124th division. At that point, the division was concentrated around Dongjingcheng, Ning'an.


124th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 124th division has officially surrendered to the Red Army 23 August 1945 in Ning'an and was taken prisoner by the Soviet Union. Total of around 4000 men have died both during fighting and in the Siberian labour camps.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry
The 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army raised in 1820 as the 2nd (Marine) Battalion 12th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. It was designated as the 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry in 1903 and became 1st Battalion 10th Baluch Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 6th Battalion of The Baloch Regiment.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Early history
The regiment was raised in June 1820 at Bombay as the 2nd (Marine) Battalion 12th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry by Captain Deschamps. In 1824, it was designated as the 24th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. On 19 January 1839, it stormed and captured the city of Aden as part of a punitive expedition sent to rid the area of pirates. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857-58, the regiment, under the command of Major WG Duncan, operated in Central India against the Marathas led by Tatya Tope and the Rani of Jhansi.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Early history
In December 1857, it joined the Central India Field Force and during the next six months, fought in several major engagements, including the storming of the fortress of Rahatgarh, the Relief of Saugor, the capture of Jhansi and the Battle of Kalpi, where the Mahratta Army was decisively defeated. It remained employed in mopping up operations till 15 December 1858. During the campaign, it suffered a total of 52 casualties. In 1879-80, it participated in the Second Afghan War, where it was deployed on the line of communication.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Early history
In 1891,  the regiment was localized to the Province of Baluchistan and reconstituted with Balochis, Brahuis, Pathans and Punjabi Muslims. It adopted uniform of drab colour with red trousers and its designation was changed to 24th (Baluchistan) Regiment of Bombay Infantry. In 1895, the Duchess of Connaught was appointed the Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. In 1896, it was dispatched to British East Africa under the command of Lieutenant Colonel AA Pearson to suppress a rebellion in areas now forming Kenya. In 1901, the regiment's designation was changed to 24th (Duchess of Connaught's Own) Baluchistan Infantry.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry
Subsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, all former Bombay Army units had 100 added to their numbers. Consequently, the regiment's designation was changed to 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry and it was delocalized from Baluchistan.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry
On the outbreak of the First World War, the regiment was sent to Persia in 1916, where it raised a second battalion later that year. The 2nd Battalion served with great gallantry in the Mesopotamian Campaign, where it fought in the Battles of Khudaira Bend, Jebel Hamrin and Tikrit. In 1918, it proceeded to Palestine and took part in the Battle of Megiddo, which led to the defeat of Turkish Army in Palestine.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry
In the meantime, a third battalion was raised in 1917, which served in South Persia and later, in the Third Afghan War of 1919 and during the Arab uprising in Iraq in 1920. The 1st Battalion also served in the Third Afghan War. During the First World War, the three battalions of 124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry suffered a total of 1179 casualties including 459 killed or died of disease.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Subsequent History
In 1921, the 3/124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry was disbanded, while the remaining two battalions were grouped with four other Baluch battalions: 126th Baluchistan Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry, 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis and the 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles), to form the 10th Baluch Regiment in 1922. The 1/124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry became the 1st Battalion and 2/124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry the 10th (Training) Battalion of the new regiment. During the Second World War, 1/10th Baluch (DCO) served in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon.


124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, Subsequent History
In 1943, the 10th Battalion became the 10th Baluch Regimental Centre. In 1945, the 10th Baluch Regiment lost its number and became The Baluch Regiment. On the independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, on the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment, 1 Baluch was redesignated as 6 Baluch (now 6 Baloch). During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, the battalion served in the Rann of Kutch and Kasur Sectors.


124th Fighter Wing
The 124th Fighter Wing (124 FW) is a unit of the Idaho Air National Guard, stationed at Gowen Field Air National Guard Base, Boise, Idaho. It operates the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft conducting close air support missions. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


124th Fighter Wing, Mission
The federal mission of the 124th Fighter Wing under Title 10 United States Code is to properly equip and train personnel in a high state of readiness for immediate tasking as levied by higher headquarters as part of the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the U.S. Air Force. Its state mission under Title 32 United States Code is to, at the call of the Governor of the State of Idaho, provide personnel and equipment to assist civil authorities prior to, during and after emergencies or disasters; to protect life, property, preserve peace, order and public safety.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense
On 1 July 1955, the Idaho Air National Guard 190th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 124th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 190th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 124th Headquarters, 124th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 124th Combat Support Squadron, and the 124th USAF Dispensary. Also in 1955, the F-86A day interceptors were replaced by the F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. The 190th changed aircraft four more times over the next 23 years to fly the F-89C Scorpion, F-86L Sabre Interceptor and the F-102 Delta Dagger.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense
In 1958, the 124th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 190th FIS were committed to a five-minute runway alert, a task that would last until 1974. In 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated as Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM).


124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance
In November 1975, the 124th Fighter-Interceptor Group was transferred from Air Defense Command to Tactical Air Command (TAC). It was re-equipped by TAC with the RF-4C Phantom II Mach 2 high speed reconnaissance aircraft. Many of these planes were veterans of combat in Vietnam. F-4 Phantom jets would eventually spend 20 years on Gowen Field, longer than any other aircraft in the history of Idaho's Air National Guard.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance
The unarmed RF-4C carried high resolution cameras and electronic sensors, which soon proved their worth to thousands of people in Idaho. RF-4C jets tracked flood waters pouring from the ruptured Teton Dam within hours of the dam's collapse in 1976 to show officials where flood waters were headed in time to warn people living in endangered areas. Aerial photographs were also taken immediately after the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake near Challis. The Challis-Mackay region experienced rather thorough damage, with 11 commercial buildings and 39 homes with major damage; while another 200 houses were damaged, minor to moderate. The reconnaissance photos helped emergency response crews locate and evaluate the damage.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance
The RF-4C was still in service at the time of the 1991 Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm, although the 190th TRS did not deploy any aircraft to the Middle East. Following the end of Desert Storm, all of the remaining RF-4Cs were withdrawn from USAF service.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare
In 1991, Idaho's Air Guard changed aircraft and mission again, and began its conversion from the RF-4C to the F‑4G Phantom II "Wild Weasel" Electronic Warfare aircraft in June 1991. The Idaho ANG was to be the only ANG unit to operate the F-4G.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare
The F-4G was designed as an anti-Surface to Air Missile aircraft to jam and attack enemy radars when they were activated. "Wild Weasel" tactics and techniques were first developed in 1965 during the Vietnam War, and were later integrated into the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) a plan used by US air forces to establish immediate air control, prior to possible full-scale conflict.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare
The F-4Gs were received from the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at George AFB, California as part of the closure of George AFB. The squadron was re-designated as the 190th Fighter Squadron with the changeover of its parent 124th to the Air Force Objective Wing organization. In 1992, the 124th Fighter Group became part of the new Air Combat Command.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare
In April 1993 the squadron's Wild Weasel jets were sent to Southwest Asia to support Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the no‑fly zone over southern Iraq. Twice 190th airmen were challenged by illegal Iraqi air defense radar near Basra. The threats were answered – and silenced – with AGM-88 High-Speed Anti- Radiation Missile (HARM) anti-radiation missiles. Less than six months after ending its first Southwest Asia tour, the squadron began a second Southern Watch deployment, followed by two back‑to‑back tours in support of Operation Provide Comfort, enforcing the northern no‑fly zone and protecting Kurds from Iraqi aggression. From 1993 to 1995 there were a total of four deployments to the Gulf. The last such deployment returned to Boise in December 1995. Idaho's airmen served longer in Southwest Asia than any other flying unit in the Air National Guard.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Electronic Warfare
The 124th was named "Best Flying Unit in the Air National Guard" and received the prestigious Spaatz Trophy from the National Guard Association. Idaho airmen and Phantom jets went to Canada and Norway to provide critical tactical reconnaissance capabilities to U.S. and NATO forces


124th Fighter Wing, History, Composite Wing
In the mid-1990s the mission of the 124th changed considerably. On 1 October 1995, the status of the 124th was changed from Group to Wing, and the organization became the 124th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1995.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Composite Wing
On 20 April 1996, the Air Force withdrew the last F-4Gs from the 124th FW and the aircraft were consigned to storage at Davis Monthan AFB, Arizona. This marked the final retirement of the F-4 Phantom II from active service with any American military unit, and after 20 years of service with the Idaho Air National Guard. The Phantoms of the 190th Fighter Squadron were replaced by the A-10 Thunderbolt II air-ground support aircraft, better known as the "Warthog".


124th Fighter Wing, History, Composite Wing
The 124th also became a composite wing, designated the 124th Wing on 1 September 1996 with the activation of the 189th Airlift Squadron at Boise ANGB. The squadron, assigned to the 124th Operations Group, was a tactical airlift squadron, equipped with Lockheed C-130E Hercules transports. The 124th Wing, consisted of 18 units – two flying squadrons, 15 support units at Gowen Field and an electronic combat training range control squadron assigned to Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
Prior to its activation as a squadron in 1995, the 189th Airlift Squadron was initially formed on 1 April 1984 as the 189th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Flight. Its mission was a Formal Training Unit (FTU) for aircrews being assigned to the 124th Tactical Reconnaissance (later Fighter) group flying RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance and later F-4G Phantom II electronic warfare aircraft. On 16 March 1992 it was re-designated as the 189th Fighter Flight. The flight used 190th TFS/FS aircraft for its training mission.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
With the retirement of the F-4Gs in 1995, the status of the unit was changed from a flight to a squadron, and it received C-130E aircraft for operational missions. The 189th supported countless deployments all over the world in support of the U.S. Southern Command, Operation Allied Force, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. They also responded to winter weather disasters New Mexico and provided humanitarian support for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
The Airlift Squadron's awards include the Governor's Outstanding Unit Citation 1997, 1999, and 2005 as well as the Adjutant General Award 1998.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
The 189th Airlift Squadron was inactivated as a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Act on 18 October 2009. Many of the members who were part of the squadron were absorbed within the wing. With the inactivation of the 190th, the wing's designation was returned to the 124th Fighter Wing.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Close Air Support
The Warthog, famous for its success against Iraqi armor in the Gulf War, provides close air support to troops onthe ground. Idaho's A-10s were deployed during Operation Allied Force in 1999 when they flew combat missions over Kosovo and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Already deployed to Kuwait in support of Operation Southern Watch, more than 250 personnel were mobilized in place. Idaho's A-10s led combat search and rescue and close air support missions in the initial weeks and months of the war. Two 190th pilots received the Distinguished Flying Cross for their efforts.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Close Air Support
On 8 April 2003, an A-10A (USAF Serial Number '78-0691') of 124th Wing/190th FS was shot down while on a combat mission, reportedly by an Iraqi Roland SAM. The pilot successfully ejected, and was soon rescued by USAF Pararescue forces of the 301st ARRS. The 190th Fighter Squadron also deployed in 2007 to Iraq, and 2008 to Afghanistan.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Close Air Support
In 2009, the 124th Fighter Wing was selected a key installation to perform a new Consolidated Install Program for the entire active duty, Guard and Reserve A-10 fleet. A crew of more than 50 full-time personnel performed severalimportant modifications and upgrades to more than 200 A-10 aircraft.


124th Fighter Wing, History, Invasion of Iraq friendly fire incident
As part of the invasion of Iraq and supporting the British portion of that operation called Operation Telic, on 28 March 2003 two 124th Wing A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft from the 190th Fighter Squadron flew a mission to destroy artillery and rocket launchers from Iraq's 6th Armor Division, dug in 25 miles (40 km) north of Basra. During the mission, the two A-10 aircraft mistakenly attacked a patrol of four armored vehicles from D Squadron of the British Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry that were supporting the 16 Air Assault Brigade in Operation Telic. As a result of the attack by the 190th A-10 aircraft, British Lance-Corporal of Horse Matty Hull was killed and five of his colleagues were injured, four seriously.


124th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 124th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, also known as the Excelsior Regiment, was an exemplary infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Background
On August 7, 1862, in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for troops to fight in the American Civil War, a muster roll was begun in the office of Judge John H. Howe in Kewanee, in Henry County, Illinois. Company A and Company F were from the village of Kewanee.


124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Background
Company B was recruited in Batavia and Lodi, in Kane county.


124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Background
Company C, known as the Springfield Company, was raised in Springfield, Illinois and in Jersey county.


124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Background
Company D was raised from Colchester and Tennessee townships in the Illinois county of McDonough. It was consolidated with a band of Good Templars from Chicago and Dundee, Illinois.


124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
After being mustered into federal service, the regiment moved south to begin its service in the Western Theatre. Upon reaching the front at Jackson, Tennessee, it became part of Grant's operations which culminated in the Siege of Vicksburg.


124th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
Following duties in the Vicksburg area, the regiment was sent via New Orleans to participate in action against the defenses of Mobile after the Battle of Mobile Bay.


124th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 124th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The 124th Indiana Infantry was organized at Richmond, Terre Haute, and Indianapolis, Indiana for three-years service beginning in November 1863 and mustered in March 10, 1864 under the command of Colonel James Burgess.


124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865.


124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The 124th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service April 30, 1865.


124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Indiana for Louisville, Kentucky, March 19; then moved to Nashville, Tennessee. Marched to Charleston, Tennessee, April 5–24. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton, Georgia, May 8–13. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Movements on Dallas May 18–25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25 – June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10 – July 2. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Assault on Kenesaw June 27.


124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Nickajack Creek July 2–5. Chattahoochie River July 5–17. Siege of Atlanta July 22 – August 25. Utoy Creek August 5–7. Flank movement on Jonesborough August 25–30. Near Rough and Ready August 31. Lovejoy's Station September 2–6. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29 – November 3. Nashville Campaign November–December. In front of Columbia November 24–27. Columbia Ford November 29. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15–16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17–28. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865.


124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Movement to Washington, D.C.; then to Morehead City, North Carolina, January 15 – February 24. Carolinas Campaign March 1 – April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1–21. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8–10. Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh, Greensboro and Charlotte, North Carolina, until August.


124th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 155 men during service; 2 officers and 24 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 128 enlisted men died of disease.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 124th Infantry Regiment is a parent regiment of the United States Army, represented in the Florida Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion headquartered in Miramar and 2nd Battalion at Orlando. The two Battalions are elements of the 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The regiment was organized 1884–1892 in the Florida State Troops from new and existing companies as the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th Battalions of Infantry, with headquarters at Jacksonville, Ocala, Pensacola, Gainesville, and Arcadia, respectively.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War
The battalions consolidated, reorganized, and mustered into federal service for the Spanish–American War 20–25 May 1898 at Tampa. The reorganized unit became the 1st Florida Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Eight companies of the regiment mustered out 3 December 1898 at Tampa and four companies mustered out 27 January 1899 at Huntsville, Alabama. The regiment's coat of arms bears a sheathed Roman sword, derived from the Spanish War Service Medal, representing service during that war.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Spanish–American War
The 1st Florida Volunteer Infantry was expanded and reorganized 17–18 August 1899 in the Florida State Troops as the 1st and 2nd Regiments of Infantry. The Florida State Troops were redesignated in 1909 as the Florida National Guard.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Punitive Expedition
Commanded by Col. Albert H. Blanding, the 2nd Florida Infantry Regiment mustered into federal service in June 1916 at Camp Foster, Florida and then deployed to the Texas-Mexico border in support of the Punitive Expedition against Pancho Villa. The 2nd Florida mustered out of federal service in March 1917. The coat of arms bears a cactus symbolizing service on the border.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The 1st and 2nd Regiments of Infantry were drafted into federal service 5 August 1917 at Jacksonville and Wauchula, respectively.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The 1st and 2nd Regiments were consolidated, reorganized, and redesignated 1 October 1917 as the 124th Infantry and assigned to the 31st Division, as part of the mobilization for World War I. After the regiment arrived in France, it was split up and its soldiers were used to fill other units as replacements. The regiment demobilized 14 January 1919 at Camp Gordon, Georgia. The coat of arms bears a fleur-de-lis to symbolize its service in France during World War I.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar years
Reconstituted and reorganized 1920–1921 in the Florida National Guard as the 1st Infantry; Headquarters federally recognized 4 June 1921 at Jacksonville. Redesignated 19 December 1921 as the 154th Infantry and assigned to the 39th Division. Redesignated 1 July 1923 as the 124th Infantry; concurrently relieved from assignment to the 39th Division and assigned to the 31st Division.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Interwar years
In this period, the regiment participated in the Carolina and Louisiana Maneuvers.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Organization on 25 November 1940
The 124th was inducted into federal service 25 November 1940 at home stations. The regiment trained at Camp Blanding, Florida, and then Fort Benning, Georgia. On 15 December 1941, the 124th was relieved from assignment to the 31st Division. The 124th Infantry was inactivated on 2 March 1944 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. A new 124th Infantry was assigned 5 April 1944 to the 31st Infantry Division and reactivated in Australia with personnel from the 154th Infantry (constituted and activated in 1942 in the Army of the United States).


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Organization on 25 November 1940
The 124th Regiment saw intense fighting on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines in 1945, especially in the Battle of Colgan Woods, named after Father Thomas Colgan, the Regimental Chaplain, who was killed in action while assisting wounded. Father Colgan was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his bravery. On 5 June, Corporal Harry R. Harr was killed covering a Japanese grenade with his body to save those around him. For this action, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Lacking artillery support and facing an entrenched opponent, the 124th advanced for six days. The unit survived two banzai charges and inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese. In the fighting, the 124th suffered 69 killed and 177 wounded.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II, Organization on 25 November 1940
The regiment was inactivated 16 December 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War
The regiment was reorganized, and federally recognized 15 February 1946 in the Florida National Guard as the 124th Infantry, with headquarters at Jacksonville and relieved 13 June 1946 from assignment to the 31st Infantry Division.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War
Assigned 5 July 1946 to the 48th Infantry Division. The 124th Infantry performed their first annual field training since reorganization at Fort Jackson from 18 July 18 to 1 August 1948.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948
The regiment was broken up 1 November 1955 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:  Headquarters and 1st Battalion as the 124th Armored Infantry Battalion and 3rd Battalion as the 154th Armored Infantry Battalion; both assigned to the 48th Armored Division.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948
124th and 154th Armored Infantry Battalions consolidated 15 April 1959 to form the 124th Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st and 2nd Armored Rifle Battalions, elements of the 48th Armored Division.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948
Reorganized 15 February 1963 to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions, elements of the 53rd Separate Infantry Brigade.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948
Reorganized 1 March 1964 to consist of the 1st Battalion and the 2nd Battalion, an element of the 53rd Armored Brigade.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948
Reorganized 20 January 1968 to consist of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, elements of the 53rd Infantry Brigade.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War, Organization in 1948
Withdrawn 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Miami.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
On 26 December 2002, both 3rd and 2nd Battalions, 124th Infantry, were ordered into active federal service in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Ordered into active federal service 2–16 January 2003 at home stations; On the night of 19 March 2003, soldiers of C Company, 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry, positioned in Jordan and both A and C Company, 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry, positioned in Kuwait, were among the first U.S. soldiers to invade Iraq.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
Released 11 April – 21 May 2004 from active federal service and reverted to state control.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
In March 2005, elements of the 2nd Battalion were activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism and deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom to Afghanistan. In June 2006, D Company, 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry, was activated and deployed as part of the Multi-National Force - Iraq.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
The 2006–2007 Brigade Combat Team reorganization converted the 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry into what is the 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry. The squadron was constituted entirely from the infantrymen of the 3rd Battalion, and so continue the 3rd Battalion's lineage.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror
The 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment is currently headquartered in Orlando, Florida. It consists of six companies: Headquarters Company in Orlando, Company A in Leesburg, Company B in Sanford, Company C in Ocala, Company D in Eustis, and an attached Forward Support Company (FSC) - Co H, 53rd Brigade Support Battalion in Haines City.


124th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A Silver color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Argent, on a saltire Gules between in chief a Roman sword in sheath paleways point to base and in base a prickly pear cactus, both Vert, a fleur-de-lis of the first. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Silver scroll inscribed "FLORIDA AND COUNTRY" in Black letters.