1280 Baillauda, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Baillauda is an X-type asteroid. The Lightcurve Data Base amends this Tholen spectral type and derives a primitive P-type based on the asteroid's low albedo (see below).


1280 Baillauda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 1990, a rotational lightcurve of Baillauda was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist in a collaboration with other European astronomers. The observations were taken with the 1.5-meter telescope at the Loiano Observatory in Italy (598). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.6 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=2).


1280 Baillauda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Baillauda measures 50.83 and 53.97 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.0505 and 0.045, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0505 and a diameter of 50.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.33.


1280 Baillauda, Naming
This minor planet was named after French astronomer Jules Baillaud (1876–1960), who led the Pic du Midi Observatory in the French Pyrenees (1937–1947), after his stay at the observatories at Paris and Lyons (513). Jules was the son of prolific astronomer Benjamin Baillaud (1848–1934), after whom the lunar crater Baillaud was named.


1280 Baillauda, Naming
The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).


1280 in Norway
This is a list of events that occurred in the year 1280 in Norway.


1280s
The 1280s is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289.


1280s BC
The 1280s BC was a decade which lasted from 1289 BC to 1280 BC.


1280s in art
The decade of the 1280s in art involved some significant events.


1280s in art, Paintings
Cimabue Crucifix, 1287-1288, Panel, 448 x 390 cm  Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence.


1280–1281 papal election
The 1280–1281 papal election (September 22 – February 22) elected Simon de Brion, who took the name Pope Martin IV, as the successor to Pope Nicholas III.


1280–1281 papal election
The protracted election is unique due to the violent removal of two cardinals—Matteo Orsini and Giordano Orsini—by the magistrates of Viterbo on the charges that they were "impeding" the election. Only a decade earlier, the magistrates of Viterbo had intervened in the papal election, 1268–1271 by removing the roof tiles of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo to speed up another deadlocked contest. The expulsion of the Orsini and the subsequent election of Simon was due to the influence of Charles I of Naples ("Charles of Anjou").


1280–1281 papal election, Context
The previous meeting of the cardinals, the papal election, 1277, had dragged on for six months as the six cardinal electors (the fewest in the history of the Roman Catholic Church), were evenly divided between the Roman and Angevin factions. The aged Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was elected Pope Nicholas III, to the dissatisfaction of Charles I of Naples (whose interests were supported by the three French cardinals).


1280–1281 papal election, Context
Previously, Pope Clement IV had crowned Charles I the King of Naples and Sicily (previously a papal fief), but had failed to sufficiently stack the College of Cardinals with like-minded cardinals. Following Clement's death, the papal election, 1268–1271,  was the longest in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, eventually electing outsider Teobaldo Visconti as Pope Gregory X, who concerned his papacy with little more than the advocacy of the Crusades (having been elected while not a cardinal on the Crusades). Although Gregory X had issued a papal bull Ubi Periculum (1274), mandating the stricture of the papal conclave to accelerate disputed papal elections, the bull was not in force at the time of this election, having been suspended by Pope Adrian V and  revoked by Pope John XXI.


1280–1281 papal election, Proceedings
From the start of the conclave, the anti-Angevin faction, mostly cardinals created by Nicholas III, who controlled many key positions in the College and included three Orsini cardinals, had consolidated themselves as an unbreakable voting block.


1280–1281 papal election, Proceedings
The breakthrough in the deadlock came when Charles I replaced Orso Orsini, the podestà of Viterbo, with Riccardello Annibaldi, who proceeded to burst into the election and arrest and remove the Orsini cardinals, allowing the pro-Angevin faction and the Aldobrandeschi partisans to push through the election of Simon de Brion, the favored candidate of Charles, as Pope Martin IV. Giordano, the leader of the anti-French faction, and his nephew Matteo, were imprisoned, actions that ensured that the new French pope would find no welcome in returning to Rome. In fact, Martin IV never set foot in Rome during his papacy of forty-nine months.


1280–1281 papal election, Aftermath
The imprisonment of the cardinals caused an interdict to be placed on the city of Viterbo. As a result of the interdict, and of the hostility of the city of Rome to a pontiff favorable to the Angevins, Martin IV was compelled to move the Roman Curia to Orvieto, where he was crowned on March 23, 1281. Among the first acts of Martin IV were to remove from prominent positions the Orsini cardinal-nephews of his predecessor, Nicholas III, and to replace them with French and pro-French candidates.


1280–1281 papal election, Aftermath
Martin IV remained dependent on Charles throughout his papacy; soon after his coronation, on 29 April he named Charles a Roman Senator and assisted in his attempts to restore the Latin Empire, including through the excommunication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. The latter act resulted in the undoing of the fragile union of East and West brokered at the Council of Lyons in 1274. Martin IV's support of Charles continued after the Sicilian Vespers, when Martin IV excommunicated Peter III of Aragon, recently elected by the Sicilians as king, and further declared null his kingship in Aragon and ordered a crusade against him, which resulted in the ensuing War of the Sicilian Vespers.


1280–1281 papal election, Aftermath
The first seven cardinals appointed by Martin IV were French, but the fact that Martin IV's death coincided with that of Charles I inevitably began to weaken the French influence.


1281
Year 1281 (MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1281 Jeanne
1281 Jeanne (prov. designation: 1933 QJ) is a dark asteroid from the background population of the intermediate asteroid belt. It was discovered on 25 August 1933, by astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, who named it after his daughter, Jeanne. The likely P-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.2 hours and measures approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter.


1281 Jeanne, Orbit and classification
Jeanne is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,492 days; semi-major axis of 2.56 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified in July 1904, as A904 NA at Heidelberg Observatory, where the body's observation arc begins in September 1929, almost four years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1281 Jeanne, Naming
This minor planet was named after Jeanne Arend, daughter of Belgian discoverer Sylvain Arend. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).


1281 Jeanne, Physical characteristics
Jeanne has been characterized as both an X-type and P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Pan-STARRS photometric survey, respectively.


1281 Jeanne, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In May 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Jeanne was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Christophe Demeautis. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.18 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 magnitude (U=2). A lightcurve was also modeled using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database. It gave a concurring sidereal period of 15.30379±0.00001 hours and two spin axes at (153.0°, 19°) and (338.0°, 32.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1281 Jeanne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Jeanne measures between 14.26 and 27.620 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.053 and 0.17. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0863 and a diameter of 21.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.


1282
Year 1282 (MCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1282 Utopia
1282 Utopia /juːˈtoʊpiə/ is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 August 1933, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, and given the provisional designation 1933 QM1. The asteroid was named after the fictional island of Utopia.


1282 Utopia, Orbit and classification
Utopia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,010 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic.


1282 Utopia, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1930 CA at Simeiz Observatory in February 1930. The body's observation arc begins at the Johannesburg Observatory in September 1933, about three weeks after its official discovery observation.


1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics
Utopia has been characterized as a dark an primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In November 2000, photometric observations by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado Springs, Colorado, were used to build a lightcurve for Utopia. The asteroid displayed a rotation period of 13.61 hours and a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude, revised from a previous publication that gave 13.60 hours and an amplitude of 0.29 (U=3/3). In September 2005, French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi, Raymond Poncy and Pierre Antonini obtained a lightcurve with a concurring period of 13.623 hours and an amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3).


1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a sidereal period 13.6228 hours, as well as a fragmentary spin axis of (n.a., -39.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Utopia measures between 53.07 and 64.71 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.035 and 0.0627.


1282 Utopia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0479 and a diameter of 52.91 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.


1282 Utopia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Utopia, the imaginary place that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens, especially in laws, government, and social conditions. The term "utopia" was coined from Greek by English statesman and author Sir Thomas More (1478–1535) for his 16th century book Utopia, describing a fictional island society in the south Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South America. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 117).


1283
Year 1283 (MCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1283 Komsomolia
1283 Komsomolia (prov. designation: 1925 SC) is a metallic background asteroid and potentially slow rotator from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. Discovered by Vladimir Albitsky in 1925, it was later named after Komsomol, a political youth organization of the former Soviet Union. The M-type asteroid has roughly a rotation period 96 hours of and measures approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter.


1283 Komsomolia, Discovery
Komsomolia was discovered on 25 September 1925, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 10 October 1925. Only the first discoverer is officially recognized. The asteroid was first observed as A902 TE at Heidelberg in October 1902.


1283 Komsomolia, Orbit and classification
Komsomolia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.9 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,075 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in October 1902, almost 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1283 Komsomolia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Komsomol ("All-Union Leninist Young Communist League"), the youth wing of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1952 (M.P.C. 838).


1283 Komsomolia, Physical characteristics
Komsomolia has been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The Asteroid Lightcurve Database assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1283 Komsomolia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2006, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Komsomolia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 96 hours with a brightness amplitude of 1.03 magnitude (U=1+).


1283 Komsomolia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Komsomolia measures between 26.87 and 36.09 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.071 and 0.1856. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1703 and a diameter of 26.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.


1283 in Italy
An incomplete list of events which occurred in 1283 CE on the Italian peninsula.


12838 Adamsmith
12838 Adamsmith, provisional designation 1997 EL55, is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 9 March 1997, by Belgian astronomer Eric Walter Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. It was named after Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith.


12838 Adamsmith, Orbit and classification
Adamsmith is a member of the Koronis family, a group of co-planar, stony asteroids in the outer main-belt, named after 158 Koronis. It orbits the Sun  at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,789 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.


12838 Adamsmith, Orbit and classification
It was first identified as 1987 DX6 at the discovering observatory in 1987, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.


12838 Adamsmith, Physical characteristics
In January 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Adamsmith was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.9090 hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 magnitude (U=2).


12838 Adamsmith, Physical characteristics
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony Koronian asteroids of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 6.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.22.


12838 Adamsmith, Naming
This minor planet was named for the economist Adam Smith (1723–1790), Scottish moral philosopher and principal figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. Known for his works The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), he introduced the concept of the division of labour which represents a qualitative increase in productivity, and suggested that self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center 30 July 2007 (M.P.C. 60299).


1284
Year 1284 (MCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1284 Latvia
1284 Latvia, provisional designation 1933 OP, is a rare-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 July 1933, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after the Republic of Latvia.


1284 Latvia, Orbit and classification
Latvia orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,572 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.


1284 Latvia, Orbit and classification
It was first identified as 1925 WK at Moscow Observatory (105) in 1925, and then as 1931 DW at Lowell Observatory in 1931. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1933.


1284 Latvia, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
Latvia is classified as a rare T and L type asteroid in the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy scheme, respectively, both indicating a featureless spectra of a dark and reddish body.


1284 Latvia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
The so-far best rated rotational lightcurve of Latvia was obtained by the "Spanish Photometric Asteroid Analysis Group" (OBAS) in September 2015. Lightcurve analysis gave it a rotation period of 9.55 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=3-).


1284 Latvia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Previous photometric observations by James W. Brinsfield at Via Capote Observatory (G69) and French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a period of 9.552 and 9.644 hours with an amplitude of 0.10 and 0.21 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). The first rotational lightcurve obtained by Richard P. Binzel in the 1980s gave a twice a long period solution of 18 hours (U=1).


1284 Latvia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Latvia measures between 33.27 and 41.47 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.083 and 0.13 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.1045 and a diameter of 36.81 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.24.


1284 Latvia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Republic of Latvia. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).


12848 Agostino
12848 Agostino, provisional designation 1997 NK10, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.


12848 Agostino
The asteroid was discovered on 10 July 1997, by Italian astronomer Andrea Boattini at the Campo Imperatore Observatory in the Gran Sasso massif of central Italy. It was named after the father of the discoverer, Agostino Boattini.


12848 Agostino, Orbit and classification
Agostino is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the  intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun  at a distance of 2.4–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,534 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic.


12848 Agostino, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins 47 years prior to its official discovery observation with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in June 1950.


12848 Agostino, Physical characteristics
Two rotational lightcurves of Agostino were obtained in the R-band from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in August 2010, and February 2012, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.3350 and 6.3225 hours with a respective brightness variation of 0.51 and 0.84 in magnitude (U=2/2).


12848 Agostino, Physical characteristics
According to the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Agostino measures 4.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.23. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 – derived from 15 Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 4.6 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.02.


12848 Agostino, Naming
This minor planet was named after Agostino Boattini (born 1932), the father of the discoverer. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 May 2001 (M.P.C. 42673).


1285
Year 1285 (MCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1285 papal election
The 1285 papal election, convened in Viterbo after the death of Pope Martin IV, elected Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, who took the name of Honorius IV. Because of the suspension of the Constitution Ubi periculum by Adrian V in 1276, this election was technically, perhaps, not a papal conclave. In fact, for the first time since the tedious Election of 1268–1271, the meetings were dominated neither by the Hohenstaufen nor Charles I of Naples (who had died on January 7, 1285). It may even be that the cardinals proceeded so swiftly to an election with the intention of forestalling any intervention from Naples.


1285 papal election, Participants
Pope Martin IV, who was living at Perugia, never having visited the city of Rome,  was stricken ill with a slow fever on Easter Sunday, March 25, and died on March 28, 1285. At that time, there were 18 living cardinals in the Sacred College, though three of them were away as Legates and were not notified in time. Fifteen of them participated in the election of his successor:


1285 papal election, The election of Pope Honorius IV
Fifteen cardinals assembled in the episcopal residence at Perugia on April 1, three days after the death of Martin IV. This was according to the ancient custom, rather than the Constitution "Ubi Periculum" (1274) of Pope Gregory X. In the first scrutiny on the following day, they unanimously elected Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, prior Diacanorum of the College of Cardinals. Although he was already 75 years old, Savelli accepted his election and took the name of Honorius IV. His election and acceptance were even more surprising since he was suffering from a severe case of arthritis.


1285 papal election, The election of Pope Honorius IV
He could only get around on crutches, and he had to have a special chair designed for him so that he could be seated at the altar during Mass, and have his arm supported so that he could raise the host at the consecration. He left Perugia for Rome at some point after April 25, 1285, where his election had been welcomed because he was a leading aristocrat of the Eternal City. His father had been Senator of Rome in 1266. He took up residence at the family estate on the Aventine Hill, next to the Church of Santa Sabina. On May 19 the new Pope was ordained to the priesthood in the Vatican Basilica. On the following day, he was consecrated bishop by Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia Latino Malabranca Orsini and solemnly crowned by Cardinal Goffredo da Alatri, who became new protodeacon of the Sacred College.


1286
Year 1286 (MCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1286 Banachiewicza
1286 Banachiewicza (prov. designation: 1933 QH) is an elongated Eos asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 25 August 1933, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.6 hours and measures approximately 21 kilometers (13 miles) in diameter. It was named after Polish astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz.


1286 Banachiewicza, Orbit and classification
Banachiewicza is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,921 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1928 SE at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1928, almost five years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1286 Banachiewicza, Naming
This minor planet was named after Polish astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz (1882–1954), who was also a prominent mathematician and geodesist, as well as the director of the Kraków Observatory (055) and vice-president of the International Astronomical Union in the 1930s. The subsequently numbered asteroid 1287 Lorcia – also discovered by Sylvain Arend, and also an Eoan asteroid – was named after his wife. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118). The lunar crater Banachiewicz was also named in his honor.


1286 Banachiewicza, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Banachiewicza is a stony S-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.


1286 Banachiewicza, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In August 2008, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Banachiewicza was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi, Cyril Cavadore and Stéphane Charbonnel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.631 hours with a brightness variation of 0.54 magnitude, indicative for an irregular, elongated shape (U=3).


1286 Banachiewicza, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
Other observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, and by a collaboration of Hungarian astronomers gave a period of 8.628 and 5 hours with an amplitude of 0.36 and 0.4 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). In 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 8.63043±0.00005 hours and found two spin axis of (214.0°, 62.0°) and (64.0°, 60.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (Q=2).


1286 Banachiewicza, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Banachiewicza measures between 21.474 and 22.569 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1554 and 0.171. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 19.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.88.


1286 in Scotland
Events from the year 1286 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1287
Year 1287 (MCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1287 Lorcia
1287 Lorcia, provisional designation 1933 QL, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle on 25 August 1933. The asteroid was named for Laura de Sołohub Dikyj, wife of Polish astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz.


1287 Lorcia, Orbit and classification
Lorcia is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,909 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1287 Lorcia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Lorcia has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.


1287 Lorcia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lorcia measures 21.678 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.140.


1287 Lorcia, Naming
This minor planet was named by Polish astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz (1882–1954) after his wife Laura de Sołohub Dikyj. Banachiewicz was also a prominent mathematician and geodesist, as well as the vice-president of the International Astronomical Union in the 1930s. The asteroid 1286 Banachiewicza, also discovered by Sylvain Arend, was named in his honor. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).


1287–1288 papal election
The 1287–1288 papal election (April 4 – February 22) was the deadliest papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, with six (or five) of the sixteen (or fifteen) cardinal electors perishing during the deliberations. Eventually, the cardinals elected Girolamo Masci, O.Min. as Pope Nicholas IV, almost a year after the death of Pope Honorius IV, who died on April 3, 1287. Nicholas IV was the first Franciscan pope.


1287–1288 papal election
The cardinals' deaths are usually attributed to malaria. After the deaths of the six cardinals, the remaining electors—with the exception of Masci—left Rome and reassembled on 15 February 1288. When the Cardinals reassembled in February, 1288, there were seven electors left: Latino Malabranca, Bentivenga de Bentivengis, Girolamo Masci, Bernard de Languissel, Matteo Rosso Orsini, Giacomo Colonna, and Benedetto Caetani. Upon finding that Masci had remained at Santa Sabina in Rome the reassembled cardinals immediately elected him, but he refused until he was re-elected on February 22. It was thought at the time that Masci had survived by keeping a fire burning in his room to "purify" the pestilential vapors, or mal aria thought to cause the disease.


1287–1288 papal election
The election was held near Santa Sabina on Aventine Hill in the Savelli palace, Corte Savella, which Honorius IV had built and used as the de facto papal residence. According to Smith, Nicholas IV was, like his predecessor, "an undisguised partisan of the French interest" and "another example of the dishonest use of spiritual authority for political ends, by releasing Charles II of Naples from an inconvenient oath to Alfonso III of Aragon".


1288
Year 1288 (MCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1289
Year 1289 (MCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1289 (number)
The number 1289 (twelve hundred eighty-nine) is the natural number following 1288 and preceding 1290.


1289 (number), In mathematics
The number 1289 is an odd prime number, following 1283 and preceding 1291. It is classified as an apocalyptic power, a deficient number, and an evil number:


1289 Kutaïssi
1289 Kutaïssi (prov. designation: 1933 QR) is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt. Discovered by Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory in 1933, it was later named after the Georgian city of Kutaisi. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.6 hours and measures approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter.


1289 Kutaïssi, Discovery
Kutaïssi was discovered on 19 August 1933, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was independently discovered a few days later by Eugène Delporte at the Belgian Uccle Observatory on 25 August, as well as by Cyril Jackson at the South African Johannesburg Observatory on 11 September 1933. It was first observed as A893 GA at Heidelberg in 1893. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1928 QD at Simeiz in 1928, or 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1289 Kutaïssi, Orbit and classification
Kutaïssi is a stony member of the Koronis family, a group consisting of about 200 known bodies, thought to have been formed at least two billion years ago in a catastrophic collision between two larger bodies. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,766 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1289 Kutaïssi, Naming
This minor planet was named after the city of Kutaisi, now the legislative capital of Georgia, and its second largest city, after the capital Tbilisi. The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).


1289 Kutaïssi, Physical characteristics
Kutaïssi is a common stony S-type asteroid in the Tholen classification.


1289 Kutaïssi, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
The first rotational light curve of Kutaïssi was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel in February 1984. It gave a rotation period of 3.60 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (U=3). In 1987 and 2004, a group of American astronomers obtained concurring light curves with a period of 3.624±0.001 and 3.624±0.006 hours and an amplitude of 0.30 and 0.42 magnitude, respectively (U=2/3).


1289 Kutaïssi, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kutaïssi measures between 19.20 and 25.62 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.1374 and 0.245. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1216 and a diameter of 25.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.87.


1289 in Italy
The Battle of Campaldino was a battle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines on 11 June 1289.


1289 in Italy
The Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa took place between 16 and 17 June 1287 at Colle di Val d'Elsa between the Ghibellines troops of Siena and the Guelph troops of Charles of Anjou and Florence, represented by fewer than 200 knights controlled by Neri de'Bardi.


128P/Shoemaker–Holt
128P/Shoemaker–Holt, also known as Shoemaker-Holt 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet passed close to Jupiter in 1982 and was discovered in 1987. The comet was last observed in March 2018.


128P/Shoemaker–Holt
The nucleus was split into two pieces (A+B) during the 1997 apparition. Fragment A was last observed in 1996 and only has a 79-day observation arc. Fragment B is estimated to be 4.6 km in diameter.


128th (Moose Jaw) Battalion, CEF
The 128th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city and the surrounding district. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 15th and 19th Reserve Battalions on August 24, 1916. The 128th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .


128th Air Control Squadron
The 128th Air Control Squadron (ACS) is one of the units of the Wisconsin Air National Guard based at Volk Field Air National Guard Base, located in Camp Douglas, WI. Originally established as the 128th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron in 1947 at General Billy Mitchell Field, it was subsequently re-designated as a Control and Reporting Post, and a Forward Air Control Post-Heavy. In October 1991, the unit was transferred to its current base as the 128 Air Control Squadron.


128th Air Control Squadron
The 128th ACS may be deployed worldwide to provide tactical air control, data links, and data transfer in the Theater Battle Management arena. The squadron provides picture from multiple sensors to the commander, including radar control, early warning, and deduction and tracking of surveillance data.


128th Air Control Squadron
In 2016, the 128th ACS received an award as the best in the Air Force from fall 2011 to fall 2013, the fifth in their history. The unit was selected for exceptional command and control operations when in the Middle East, supporting Operation Enduring Freedom. They provided airspace surveillance, threat warning capabilities, and theater command and control. During this period, the unit also received the Air Force's First Sergeant of the Year.


128th Air Refueling Wing
The 128th Air Refueling Wing (128 ARW) is a unit of the Wisconsin Air National Guard, stationed at General Mitchell Air National Guard Base, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. If activated to federal service in the United States Air Force, the wing is operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).


128th Air Refueling Wing, Overview
The 128th Air Refueling Wing principal mission is air refueling. The wing enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft as well as aircraft of allied nations. The wing is also capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.


128th Air Refueling Wing, Units
The 128th Air Refueling Wing consists of the following individual Units


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
Trained for combat with P-47's. Moved to England in November 1943. Assigned to Eighth Air Force. flew first mission, escorting B-24's that attacked V-weapon launching sites near Pas de Calais, on 8 February 1944. Until April 1944, engaged chiefly in escorting bombers that struck factories, railroads, airfields, and other targets on the Continent.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
Reassigned to Ninth Air Force on 13 April 1944 and repeatedly attacked communications in northern France and in Belgium during Apr and May, in preparation for the invasion of Normandy.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
Escorted C-47's that dropped paratroops over Normandy on 6 and 7 June Afterward, engaged primarily in interdictory and close-support activities, flying strafing and dive-bombing missions designed to assist the operations of ground forces. Moved to the Continent early in July 1944 and bombed enemy troops to aid the Allied breakthrough at St Lo later that month. Supported the subsequent advance of ground forces toward the Rhine by attacking railroads, trucks, bridges, power stations, fuel dumps, and other facilities.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
Received a DUC for a mission against the harbor at Brest on 25 August 1944 when, in spite of heavy overcast and intense enemy fire, the group attacked at low altitude, hitting naval installations, cruisers, troop transports, merchant vessels, and other objectives. Bombed and strafed such targets as flak positions, armored vehicles, and troop concentrations during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944– January 1945.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
Received second DUC for action over the Moselle-Rhine River triangle despite the intense antiaircraft fire encountered while flying armed reconnaissance in close cooperation with infantry forces in that area on 16 March 1945, the group hit enemy forces, equipment, and facilities, its targets including motor transports, armored vehicles, railroads, railway cars, and gun emplacements. Continued operations until May 1945 then was assigned to occupation duty.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
The group was reassigned back to the United States in August–September 1945, and assigned to First Air Force at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, being programmed for deployment to Okinawa to take part in the planned Invasion of Japan. As a result of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the sudden end of the Pacific War, the deployment plans were canceled, however the unit was retained as part of the Second Air Force under Continental Air Forces and reassigned to Biggs Field, Texas, being equipped with P-51 Mustangs.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
The 362nd became one of the original groups of the postwar Tactical Air Command when the command was activated on 21 March 1946, however was inactivated on 1 August due to postwar budget restrictions.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard
The wartime 362d Fighter Group was re-designated as the 128th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the Wisconsin Air National Guard, on 2 August 1946. It was organized at General Mitchell Field, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and was extended federal recognition on 29 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 128th Fighter Group was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 362d.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard
The 126th Fighter Squadron and 176th Fighter Squadrons were assigned as the group's flying squadrons. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 128th Headquarters, 128th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 128th Combat Support Squadron, and the 128th USAF Dispensary. The 176th FS operated from Truax Field, near Madison. The group was allocated to the Air Defense Command with a mission of air defense of the lower Great Lakes. It was re-designated as the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Group on 1 November 1950.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard
Federalized during the Korean War in February 1951, and was moved to Truax Field, Madison where both the 126th and 176th FIS flew air defense training missions under the ADC 30th Air Division until being returned to Wisconsin state control in February 1952. The Group and 126th returned to Milwaukee. On 15 April 1956, the 176th FIS was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 115th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 176th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. The Group continued its air defense mission though the 1950s, being upgraded to F-86F Sabres in 1957, and dedicated F-89 Scorpion interceptors in 1961.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
The 128th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC) on 1 August 1961 and was equipped with second-line KC-97 Stratotankers. The 128th was the first Air National Guard tanker unit to become fully operational. This occurred in December 1963 when combat ready status was achieved. The group participated in a historic operation in a foreign land for a sustained period of time without a call up. The 128th ARG, along with four other Air National Guard refueling units, stationed a contingent of its KC-97's at Rhein-Main Air Base, West Germany. It was designated Operation "Creek Party" and was destined to last for 10 years. This operation began on 2 June 1967, when 24 Wisconsin Air Guard members departed for Germany.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
In July 1976, the squadron received KC-135 Stratotankers; a newer and faster jet tanker. On 4 October 1976, the 126th completed its first mission with the new aircraft. After a year and a half of preparation, the conversion to KC-135s had begun. The first functional KC-135 arrived at Mitchell Field on 2 December 1977. In January 1979 the unit began the 24-hour-per-day Strategic Air Command (SAC) alert commitment. This commitment would be maintained for the next 12 years until President George Bush ended the SAC Alert Force in 1991.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
The 1980s found the group involved in many training exercises as well as "real World" flying missions. In 1982 the unit converted to a newer version model aircraft—the KC-135E. In April 1983 the 128th Air Refueling Group was involved in the first Pacific Tanker Task Force, with flights to Guam, South Korea and Australia. Spring of 1984 brought a very large "first" for the 128th ARG.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
The unit participated in Coronet Giant, an exercise which entailed a direct flight from the United States to West Germany by 12, A-10 Thunderbolt II attack fighters, refueled along the way by three KC-135's from the 128th ARS. The route spanned 3600 miles, and was the largest mission of this type ever undertaken by a guard force.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
A deployment to Wake Island was accomplished between 25 March and 3 April 1986 by aircraft and 130 personnel. A total of eight air refueling sorties were flown from Wake Island, with 458,000 pounds of fuel being off-loaded. Early Spring of 1987 saw another significant accomplishment by the squadron. On 21 March 1986 one aircraft departed Fargo, North Dakota, with 40 civilian VIP's on board. The destination: Tempelhof Central Airport, West Berlin. This was the first ever sanctioned Air National Guard civilian flight outside the Continental United States, and was also the first KC-135 authorized into West Berlin.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
During Operation Desert Shield, the squadron received orders for a partial activation on 20 December 1990. All aircraft, aircrews and a number of support personnel were dispatched to the newest forward operating base at Cairo West Airport, Egypt on 27–29 December 1990. They became the basis for the 1706th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional). Other unit personnel were mobilized for use as stateside "backfill" (replacing troops sent forward) or sent to overseas destinations.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
Conversion from KC-135E to KC-135R model aircraft began on 3 July 1991 when the 128th transferred aircraft to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard. The first permanently assigned KC-135R, arrived on 7 August 1991. The 128th ARG was the first Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve unit in the country to receive the "R" model tanker. The "E" model era came to an end on 9 February 1992.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
Three aircraft and 47 volunteer guardmembers departed for Spain on 28 December 1992, in support of Operation Restore Hope. Our tankers became part of the Moron Tanker Task Force, based out of Moron Air Base, Spain. Over 16 million pounds of fuel were unloaded during the mission. The purpose of this humanitarian mission was to restore order and provide food and medical supplies needed to stop suffering in Somalia.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
The 128th Air Refueling Group proved once again how capable the unit is at quickly deploying anywhere in the world. On 5 November 1993, four KC-135R's, along with 172 guardmembers deployed to Yokota Air Base, Japan. The deployment was designed to train American and Japanese Air Self Defense Forces for the defense of the Northern Japanese Islands, in the event of an attack by another country.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
On 10 December 1993, the unit suffered a tragedy when a KC-135R, 57-1470, exploded while undergoing routine ground maintenance at General Mitchell Air National Guard Base due to an overheated fuel pump. Six NCO maintenance personnel were killed.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
During a 24 February 1994 trip to the Azores the unit completed its very first "roller mission." The steel rollers are placed on the floor of the aircraft making it very easy to load and unload cargo. This gave the aircraft a dual mission; refueling and cargo transport. This was a flight of firsts, not only did the 128th Air Refueling Group have its very first roller mission, but their aircraft refueled a B-2 Stealth Bomber and a C-17, the newest Air Force Cargo hauler. On 16 October 1995 the 128th Air Refueling Group was redesignated as a Wing due to the Air National Guard Realignment Programming Plan. The gaining command of the 128th Air Refueling Wing was Air Mobility Command.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
The 128 ARW joined an elite group of Air National Guard units in April 1996, when the KC-135 simulator became operational. The simulator allows the 128th flight crews to be trained more safely and at a lower cost than the KC-135 aircraft. During the month of July 1996 over 400 members of the 128th deployed to Pisa Air Base, Italy for Operation Decisive Endeavor. Over 5500 personnel from 13 NATO countries joined the 128th as part of IFOR (Implementation Force) air component. Unit members had the opportunity to perform their job during deployment rotations from 1 July – 3 August 1996. This deployment gave the 128th the opportunity to work with other tankers units from Mississippi and Nebraska, along with the Italian Air Force.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
Soon after the summer flooding of 1997, portions of Southeastern Wisconsin were declared a federal disaster area by President Clinton. This opened the door for the Federal Emergency Management Agency to step in. Five unit members volunteered for the state activation in order to help process claims and checks to people whose lives were upended following the disastrous flash floods in the Milwaukee area.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Wisconsin Air National Guard, Air Refueling Mission
On 30 April 1999, the 128 ARW was tasked for a Presidential Reserve Call Up due to the crisis in Kosovo. President William Clinton authorized the call up of 33,000 reserve personnel for up to 270 days. The 128 ARW and the 117 ARW (Alabama Air National Guard) deployed together to Europe to support Operation Allied Force.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
Following the terrorist's attacks on the U.S., the 128 ARW was tasked to provide aerial refueling support for the countless fighter combat air patrols performed over major U.S. cities. Dubbed Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), the 128 ARW flew their first ONE mission on 12 September 2001. From Sep to Dec 2001, the 128ARW flew 64 sorties in 333.6 hours. A total of 100,956.6 pounds of fuel was off-loaded to 156 aircraft in support of ONE. The highest sortie production occurred in November when fighter combat air patrols occurred every four hours over most of the major U.S. cities.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
In addition to supporting ONE, the 128 ARW also provided support for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), deploying aircraft and personnel to Spain to support combat air operations from late Sep 2001 until the spring of 2002. Throughout 2002, most of the personnel assigned to the 128 Security Forces Squadron (SFS) were mobilized since 11 September 2001 in support of Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Enduring Freedom. Members were deployed to Bagram AB, Afghanistan, Guantanemo Bay, Cuba, Southwest Asia, and several Continental U.S. locations.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
In addition, three 128 SFS personnel deployed on numerous classified Raven missions throughout the entire year of 2002. No other unit assigned to the 128 ARW was tasked as much as the 128 SFS. The Wing also actively supported the Global War on Terrorism with aircraft, aircrew and support personnel both in CONUS and OCONUS.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Current operations
While the 128 ARW continued to support Operations Noble Eagle and Enduring Freedom during 2003, in March the unit also began major support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 128 ARW deployed to several different theaters of operation ranging from total bare base conditions to fully operational bases. The deployed unit members worked under various commanders, as well as commands, providing top-notch refueling support of combat air operations in Iraq.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Current operations
The 128 ARW, along with the 126th Air Refueling Squadron (ARS) were tasked to perform at a very high OPSTEMPO during 2004, deploying eight aircraft and 204 personnel to Istres AB, France in support of Operation Joint Forge (OJF). In addition, six unit members from the 128 Civil Engineering Squadron (CES) transportation unit deployed to Iraq to provide convoy security along with two members of the 128 Security Forces Squadron (SFS) who provided training for Iraqi police officers and the Iraqi Army.


128th Air Refueling Wing, History, Current operations
The 128 ARW also had several 126 Weather Flight members deployed in various places throughout the globe, including: South America, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Qatar. The 128 ARW continues to successfully support many on-going operations abroad, along with continuing to accomplish its mission at home.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron
The 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron is a unit of the Georgia Air National Guard 116th Air Control Wing located at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. The 128th is equipped with the E-8C Joint STARS.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron
The squadron's first predecessor is the World War I 840th Aero Squadron, which was organized on 1 February 1918 and, after training in Texas, served in France as a depot unit. It returned to the United States in the March 1919 and was demobilized .


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron
The 128th Observation Squadron was allotted to the Georgia National Guard and was organized in May 1941. Four months later it was mobilized, and trained in aerial reconnaissance. In June 1942, the squadron began antisubmarine patrol missions over the Gulf of Mexico, being redesignated as the 21st Antisubmarine Squadron in the spring of 1943. After the Navy assumed control of the squadron's mission, it began training as a heavy bomber unit as the 818th, then the 840th Bombardment Squadron. It deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in 1944, and engaged in strategic bombing until the end of World War II, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations before being inactivated in September 1945 at Pisa Airport, Italy. During the war, it was consolidated with the World War I aero squadron.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron
In May 1946, the squadron was allotted to the National Guard as the 128th Fighter Squadron. It was mobilized again for the Korean War, but deployed to France to reinforce United States Air Forces Europe's fighter force. When its activation was ended in July 1942, it was inactivated and transferred its personnel and planes to the 494th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, activating the same day in the Georgia Air National Guard as the 128th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. The squadron trained as a fighter unit until 1961, when it assumed the airlift mission as the 128th Air Transport Squadron. In 1973, the squadron returned to the fighter mission as the 128th Tactical Fighter Squadron. It became the 128th Bomb Squadron in 1996, and assumed its current role in 2003.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I
The 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron traces its origins to the 840th Aero Squadron, which was organized at Rich Field, Waco, Texas on 4 February 1918. However, the 840th's history itself dates to the middle of December 1917 when many of the squadron members first enlisted in the Army at Fort Slocum, New York and the Columbus Barracks, Ohio. Just before Christmas, 1917, the men were transported to Kelly Field, near San Antonio, Texas where they began indoctrination into the Army as an unorganized unit.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I
Many men were transferred into and out of the unit in its first weeks at Kelly. On 8 January, the men was transferred to Rich Field, and placed in temporary squadrons. Time was taken up by drills, hikes, physical training and other exercises. Also the men attended various lectures about military courtesies and customs. Finally, on 4 February 150 men from the group were selected and formed into the 840th Aero Squadron.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I
After several more weeks of Army indoctrination training, the squadron was ordered for overseas service, being transferred to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island. It arrived at Mineola Field on 4 March 1918 where it was prepared and equipped for overseas duty. On 15 April, the squadron was ordered to the Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey where it boarded the former White Star Line liner SS Canopic. After an uneventful Atlantic crossing, the squadron arrived at Liverpool, England where it boarded a train headed south to Winchester, where it arrived at the Romney Rest Camp.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I
There, the 840th was detached to the Royal Flying Corps for technical training, arriving at the No. 3 Western Aircraft Depot, RFC Yatesbury, Wiltshire, on 4 May. There squadron personnel were placed in different departments of the depot and were engaged in the production and repair of airplanes. The 840th was the second American squadron assigned to the depot, and there was quite a curiosity by the English about them. The men were warmly received in the villages around the depot and celebrated the 4th of July in Bristol. On 13 August, training ended and the squadron moved to Southampton for transport across the English Channel to France.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I
The 840th arrived at Le Havre, France on 18 August, where the squadron was greeted by a German air-raid on its "rest" camp. The squadron was hurriedly moved during the raid to a race track, where some ammunition was stored. However, after the "All Clear" was given, it returned to its barracks. After three days, the squadron was transported to Courban Aerodrome, in eastern France where it was assigned to the No. 3 Aircraft Depot, Independent Air Force, RAF. There, the squadron began work on Handley Page and de Havilland planes.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I
The squadron had the distinction of turning out the first Handley Page aircraft to be assembled in France. It also saw its first United States-built Liberty Engine at the depot. The 840th was one of only three Air Service squadrons assigned to the British depot. The squadron remained at Courban until the end of the war. The squadron turned out two squadrons of Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft, prepared for the attack on Metz that was about to commence at the time of the Armistice.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War I
The squadron was moved to Latrecey Aerodrome, on 20 November 1918 where it waited for orders to return home. It finally moved to the port of Brest on 1 February, where it sailed on a troop ship for the United States, moving to Langley Field, Virginia in early March 1919. There the squadron was demobilized and returned to civilian life.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine operations
The 128th Observation Squadron was allotted to the Georgia National Guard, activated in May 1941 at Atlanta Airport as an army observation squadron, and equipped with several types of observation aircraft. The squadron was called into federal service in September 1941 and assigned to II Air Support Command, which moved it to Lawson Field, Georgia as the United States mobilized prior to World War II. It continued to train as an observation unit after the Pearl Harbor Attack, standardizing on North American O-47s, until June 1942.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine operations
On 20 June 1942, the squadron moved to New Orleans Army Air Base, Louisiana, where it was attached to the Gulf Task Force and began antisubmarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico. It was attached to Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command in the fall of 1942, and was assigned to the command in March 1943, when it was redesignated the 21st Antisubmarine Squadron. 1943 also saw the conversion of the squadron to the more capable North American B-25 Mitchell.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Antisubmarine operations
The squadron moved to Gulfport Army Air Field, Mississippi in May 1943 and ended antisubmarine operations. In July 1943, the Army Air Forces and the Navy reached an agreement to transfer the coastal antisubmarine mission to the Navy. This mission transfer also included an exchange of AAF long-range bombers equipped for antisubmarine warfare for Navy Consolidated B-24 Liberators without such equipment.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations
Like many antisubmarine units flying heavy bombers, the 21st became part of Second Air Force. It moved to Ephrata Army Air Base as the 818th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 September 1943, where it became the 818th Bombardment Squadron, helping form the cadre for the new 483d Bombardment Group. In November, the squadron moved to MacDill Field, Florida, where it trained with Flying Fortresses under Third Air Force. At MacDill, it exchanged designations with another squadron, becoming the 840th Bombardment Squadron, and was consolidated with the World War I 840th Aero Squadron.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations
The 840th deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it became part of Fifteenth Air Force at Sterparone Airfield in Southern Italy. The squadron's air element flew its Flying Fortresses to Sterparone via Tortorella Airfield, while the ground element moved to Sterparone via troop ship. It began operations in April 1944 with an attack on a cement factory in Split, Yugoslavia.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations
The squadron engaged in long-range strategic bombardment of enemy military, industrial and transport targets, including factories, oil refineries, marshalling yards, airfields, and troop concentrations in Italy, France. Southern Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and the Balkans. In June 1944, the squadron participated in a shuttle mission, departing Italy and landing in the Soviet Union, attacking targets en route and on the return flight. This enabled attacks on targets too far from the squadron's base to strike and return home. The squadron received a Distinguished Unit Citation for combat action two months later.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations
On 18 July 1944 the squadron, along with the other elements of the 483d Group, bombed the objective, an airfield and installations at Memmingen, engaging numerous enemy aircraft in the target area despite a lack of cover from its planned fighter escort. It received a second citation for braving fighter assaults and flak to bomb tank factories at Berlin on 24 March 1945.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations
The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic attack on Germany. It struck targets in southern France in preparation for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of August 1944. The group also supported ground forces in northern Italy during the Allied offensive in April 1945.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II, Heavy bomber operations
After V-E Day, the unit moved to Pisa Airfield, where it operated under the control of Air Transport Command's Green Project which was the movement of troops back to the United States. The squadron carried troops from Pisa to a staging area in Morocco. Its B-17s were disarmed with flooring and seats for 25 passengers installed. It carried passengers from Pisa to Port Lyautey Airfield, French Morocco for further movement them across the Atlantic. The squadron was inactivated in Italy in September 1945.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard
The wartime 840th Bombardment Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 128th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Georgia Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Marietta Army Airfield, Georgia, and was extended federal recognition on 20 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 128th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 840th Bombardment Squadron.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard
The squadron was equipped with Republic F-47 Thunderbolts and was temporarily assigned to the 54th Fighter Wing on 20 August, then permanently to the 116th Fighter Group on 9 September 1946. The 116th Fighter Group consisted of the 128th and the 158th Fighter Squadron at Chatham Army Air Field, near Savannah. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourteenth Air Force, the unit trained for tactical fighter missions and air-to-air combat.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
The 128th was federalized on 10 October 1950 due to the Korean War. It was assigned to the federalized Oklahoma Air National Guard 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing and equipped with Republic F-84G Thunderjets. Along with the Oklahoma 125th Fighter Squadron and Kansas Air National Guard 127th Fighter Squadron, the wing was scheduled for deployment to the new Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France, as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE).


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
By 27 November, the wing assembled at Alexandria Air Force Base, Louisiana for conversion training in the newer F-84Gs. Deployment of the wing was delayed, however, by the need to transfer pilots to Korea from training and delays in receiving engines for the F-84Gs, as well as the ongoing construction at Chaumont Air Base. Training and delays continued throughout 1951. Due to these delays, many of the activated National Guard airmen were released from active duty and never deployed to France.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
With mostly regular Air Force personnel and all the delays behind them, the remaining Guardsmen departed Louisiana on 5 May 1952 for Europe; however, the 128th inherited a base that was little more than acres of mud where wheat fields used to be. The only hardened facilities at Chaumont were a concrete runway and a handful of tar-paper shacks. The 128th wound up being stationed by USAFE at Neubiberg Air Base, West Germany until the facilities in France were suitable for military use. The aircraft arrived at Chaumont on 25 June, being the first USAF tactical air fighters to be based permanently in France, albeit working mostly in tents and temporary wooden buildings on their new base.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
The Guardsmen of the 128th ended their active-duty tour in France and returned to the United States in late June, leaving their F-84 Thunderjets in Europe.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
The 116th Fighter-Bomber Group designation was returned to the Georgia Air National Guard on 10 July at Dobbins AFB. At this time the Group was restructured to include the 128th and 158th Fighter Squadrons. Initially upon their return to State Control both squadrons were equipped with the long-range F-51H Mustang and given an air defense mission. The 116th was assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), being assigned to the 35th Air Division with a mission of the air defense of the Southeastern United States.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
Commencing in February 1953 the 128th began conversion to F-84D Thunderjets, yet most were not received until mid summer. During the summer of 1955 the 128th was re-designated as the 128th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and converted the swept-wing Republic F-84F Thunderstreak. Strangely enough, it was not until March 1957 that the surviving D models were dispatched for salvage, with eleven of those aged D models having been lost in accidents while serving with the 128th FBS.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
In 1958, the 116th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert. In 1960 the F-84s were again replaced by the North American F-86L Sabre, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Transport
In 1961, the 116th FIG was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engines Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the squadron was redesignated the 128th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy. The 116th was assigned to the MATS Eastern Transport Air Force, (EASTAF), and the squadron flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe Greenland, and the Middle East in support of Air Force requirements.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Air Transport
In 1966 MATS became the Military Airlift Command (MAC) and EASTAF became the MAC Twenty-First Air Force. The 116th was upgraded to the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II strategic heavy airlifter, being the first Air National Guard unit to receive the aircraft. Due to requirements generated by the Vietnam War, missions were flown across the Pacific to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Post-Vietnam
In the years after the Vietnam War, the transport requirements of MAC along with the retirement of the C-124 led the 116th to be reassigned back to Tactical Air Command in 1974 and was re-equipped with North American F-100 Super Sabre tactical fighter-bombers, many aircraft being veterans of the Vietnam War.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Post-Vietnam
The 116th was changed in status from a Group to a Wing with the reassignment to TAC, and the 128th flew the Super Saber jets for six accident-free years until May 1979 when the last aircraft left Dobbins AFB to be retired as part of the phaseout of the F-100 from the inventory. The F-100s were replaced with other Vietnam-era hand-me-down combat veteran aircraft by TAC during the early 1980s, as F-105G Thunderchief Wild Weasel electronic warfare aircraft were assigned, then retired and McDonnell F-4D Phantom II fighter bombers in their final years of service.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Post-Vietnam
In 1986 the 116th retired the last of its Vietnam War Phantoms and received McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighters. The F-15A was introduced into the inventory in the mid-1970s and now were being upgraded in the active duty by the improved F-15C. The 128th flew the F-15 for the next ten years. The 116th Tactical Fighter Wing developed an impressive record of accomplishment and was awarded nine Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, B-1B Lancer
In 1992 as part of the post Cold-War reorganizations of the Air Force, the 116th converted to the Air Force Objective organization and the 128th was assigned to the new 116th Operations Group. In 1992 Tactical Air Command was inactivated and the 116th was assigned to the new Air Combat Command (ACC).


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, B-1B Lancer
After calling Dobbins AFB home for 50 years, the 116th was presented with a new challenge in 1996. The wing simultaneously converted from the F-15 Eagle fighters to the Rockwell B-1B Lancer strategic bomber and moved 110 miles south to Robins Air Force Base east og Warner Robins, Georgia. As part of the post Cold-War drawdown, the active-duty fleet of B-1Bs were being reduced for budget reductions and being taken off Alert Status by the former Strategic Air Command (SAC), which itself was inactivated in 1992.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, B-1B Lancer
Having to make the most of the available facilities, including the former Strategic Air Command alert facility at Robins, the 116th Bomb Wing was quickly up and running and participated in a number of deployments and exercises around the world in the B-1B.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control
In order to save money, in 2002 the USAF agreed to reduce its fleet of B-1Bs from 92 to 60 aircraft. The 116th Bomb Wing, having older aircraft was ordered to send its aircraft to "active storage" which meant that they could be quickly returned to service should circumstances dictate. Its first B-1B was flown to AMARC storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona on 20 August.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control
Under the Air Force's Total Force Initiative as a "blended" wing. America's first "Total Force" wing, the former 93d Air Control Wing, an active-duty Air Combat Command unit, and the 116th Bomb Wing, a Georgia Air National Guard unit, were inactivated effective 1 October 2002.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control
The 116th was immediately reactivated and redesignated as the 116th Air Control Wing. The 116th was a blend of active-duty and national guard Airmen into a single unit. The 116th ACW was equipped with the new E-8C Joint STARS airborne battle management aircraft. Its mission is command and control, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. Its primary mission is to provide theater ground and air commanders with ground surveillance to support attack operations and targeting that contributes to the delay, disruption and destruction of enemy forces. The E-8C evolved from Army and Air Force programs to develop, detect, locate and attack enemy armor at ranges beyond the forward area of troops.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control
The 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron has flown more than 82,000 combat hours in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation New Dawn, Operation Odyssey Dawn, and Operation Unified Protector. Beginning in 2011, its operational resume expanded to include support of five Combatant Commands including U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. Northern Command and U.S. Southern Command.


128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Georgia Air National Guard, Airborne Command and Control
On 1 October 2011 the 128th Airborne Command and Control Squadron was inactivated as a Joint Air National Guard/United States Air Force Unit. The 116th ACW was returned to the sole jurisdiction of the Georgia Air National Guard on 1 October 2011 and reactivated.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
The 128th Division(Chinese: 第128师) was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army, which was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by the Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 17th Division, 6th Column of the Northeastern Field Army. Its origin can be traced back to the 3rd Detachment of the Shandong People's Anti- Japanese Guerilla Force of the Eighth Route Army, activated in June 1938.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was a part of the 43rd Corps and was composed of the 382nd, 383rd, and 384th Regiments.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In April 1950, the division participated in the Hainan Island Campaign along with the corps. After the campaign, the division garrisoned in Hainan island.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In January 1953, the 508th Artillery Regiment and the 333rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment were activated and attached to the Division. By then the division was composed of:


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In April 1960, the division was redesignated as the 128th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第128师).


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In January 1961, the division was put under the Hainan Military District's control after the disbandment of the 43rd Corps.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In October 1961, the division exchanged its 333rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment with the 127th Army Division's 332nd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In November 1964 the division moved to Huiyang, Guangdong and attached to the 42nd Army Corps; the 332nd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment left the division and maintained on Hainan Island.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In July 1968, the 43rd Army Corps was reactivated. The 128th Army Division then moved to Liuzhou, Guangxi and attached to the 43rd Army Corps.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In October 1968, the division moved to Gong County, Henan along with the army corps.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1969, 508th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as the Artillery Regiment, 128th Army Division.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
From February to March 1979, the division was deployed into the Sino-Vietnamese War along with the army corps. The division was mainly engaged in the Battle of Cao Bằng. The division returned to its barracks in April 1979.


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In September 1985, the division was reconstituted as the 128th Infantry Division(Chinese: 步兵第128师) and transferred to the 20th Army's control after 43rd Army Corps' disbandment. The division maintained as a northern infantry division, category B. By then the division was composed of:


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1996, the division was transferred to People's Armed Police's control and redesignated as the 128th Armed Police Mobile Division(Chinese: 武警机动第128师). The division was then composed of:


128th Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)
In 2017 the division was inactivated along with the other PAP mobile divisions.


128th Aviation Brigade (United States)
The 128th Aviation Brigade is an aviation brigade of the United States Army under the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Rucker, Alabama.


128th Delaware General Assembly
The 128th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 2, 1973, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Sherman W. Tribbitt and Eugene Bookhammer as Lieutenant Governor.


128th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1970 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


128th Delaware General Assembly
In the 128th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.


128th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


128th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (→top: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 128th Division (第128師団, Dai-hyakunijūhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Eibu Division (英武兵団, Eibu Heidan). It was formed 16 January 1945 in Mudanjiang as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th divisions. The nucleus for the formation were the 1st, 2nd, and parts of 11th border guards group.


128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Initially, the 128th division was assigned to the 3rd army. The 128th division headquarters were established in March 1945 at Luozigou (Lotzukou), replacing the 120th division transferred to the south of Korea. The division combat efficiency was estimated to be 20%.


128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Immediately after the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945 the 128th division was subordinated directly to 1st area army as planned. At the same time, 132nd Independent Mixed Brigade was attached to the division.


128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Initial Soviet attack was parred by 132nd Independent Mixed Brigade at Dongning, Heilongjiang, but 11 August 1945 the Red Army column outflanked Dongning defenders from the south and penetrated deeply into Japanese-held territory. In the evening 12 August 1945, the 128th division fell back to the second line of defenses around Huadian, Jilin where it stayed until surrender of Japan news reached units 16 August 1945.


128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Although the estimated number of soldiers of 128th division killed in action during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria was only 1095 men, the 128th division was severely disorganized, retaining only half of combat efficiency after the brief conflict.


128th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Majority of the troops of the division were taken prisoner by the Red Army and were taken to Siberian labour camps in September - October 1945.


128th Georgia General Assembly
The 128th Georgia General Assembly convened its first session on January 13, 1965, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 128th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 127th and served as the precedent for the 129th General Assembly in 1967.


128th Georgia General Assembly
Governor Carl Sanders, who was elected in 1962 as the first governor elected by popular vote since 1908, spearheaded a massive reapportionment of Georgia's General Assembly and 10 U.S. Congressional districts, providing more proportional representation to the state's urban areas. This, as well as passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 had opened voter registration to blacks, saw eleven African Americans elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in special elections in 1965 and 1966.


128th Georgia General Assembly
By ending the disfranchisement of blacks through discriminatory voter registration, African Americans regained the ability to vote and entered the political process. This was the first time that African-Americans had sat in the House since W. H. Rogers of McIntosh resigned his seat in 1907 during the 99th Assembly. Among them were six from Atlanta (William Alexander, Julian Bond, Benjamin Brown, J. C. Daugherty, J. D. Grier, Grace Towns Hamilton, John Hood) and one each from Columbus (Albert Thompson) and Augusta (Richard Dent). Horace T. Ward also joined Leroy Johnson as the second African-American in the State Senate.


128th Georgia General Assembly, Controversy
On January 10, 1966, Georgia state representatives voted 184–12 not to seat Julian Bond, one of the eleven African-American members, because he had publicly endorsed SNCC's policy regarding opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. They disliked his stated sympathy for persons who were "unwilling to respond to a military draft". A three-judge panel on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in a 2–1 decision that the Georgia House had not violated any of Bond's constitutional rights. In 1966, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 9–0 in the case of Bond v. Floyd (385 U.S. 116) that the Georgia House of Representatives had denied Bond his freedom of speech and was required to seat him.


128th IOC Session
The 128th IOC Session took place from July 30 – August 3, 2015, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics were elected during the 128th IOC Session on July 31, 2015.


128th IOC Session, Bidders
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Lima, Peru placed bids to host the 128th IOC Session. Kuala Lumpur bid to host the 125th IOC Session which took place in 2013, but they lost out to Buenos Aires. Lima's bid to host the IOC Session was ruled out by the evaluation report which resulted in Kuala Lumpur becoming the host city. Lima later hosted the 131st IOC Session two years after Kuala Lumpur hosted the meeting.


128th IOC Session, 2022 Winter Olympics host city election
The host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics was elected during the 128th IOC Session. Bids for the games were due to the IOC in 2013. In 2014, the IOC decided that Almaty and Beijing (as Oslo withdrew its bid), would become candidate cities, a year before the host city was elected.


128th IOC Session, 2020 Winter Youth Olympics host city election
The host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics was also chosen during the same IOC session. The two candidate cities, Lausanne, Switzerland, and Brașov, Romania, were shortlisted in early December.


128th IOC Session, Other agendas, New sports
Participants of session have considered the sports to be added to the Tokyo 2020 program. A new shortlist of eight sports were unveiled on June 22, 2015. These sports include baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.


128th IOC Session, Other agendas, New sports
The federations of the eight sports made their presentations in Tokyo on August 7–8, 2015. In September 2015, organisers will recommend one or more of the sports to the International Olympic Committee for inclusion in 2020 Olympic program, with the final decision in August 2016.


128th IOC Session, Other agendas, Recognition of South Sudan
The IOC approved South Sudan's inclusion as a full member of the Committee, allowed the country to participate in Rio 2016 under its national flag. The IOC code for South Sudan Olympic Team is SSD.


128th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 128th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 128th Illinois was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Union service on November 4, 1862.


128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was assigned to District of Columbus, XVI Corps, Department of Tennessee from November 1862 to April 1863.


128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service, Losses
The regiment suffered 1 officer and 34 men killed by disease and 700 men by desertion.


128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service, Disbanded
Following the Emancipation Proclamation, the regiment suffered 700 desertions. The regiment was disbanded on April 1, 1863, by order the War Department. Citing "an utter want of discipline" in the regiment, Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas dismissed the regiment's commanding officer Colonel Robert M. Hundley, 29 other officers, and the regimental chaplain, from Union service on April 4.


128th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service, Disbanded
The few remaining men of the 128th Illinois were consolidated into a detachment under command of First Lieutenants W. A. Lemma, William M. Cooper, and Assistant Surgeon George W. French and reassigned to 9th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (3 Years).


128th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 128th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The 128th Indiana Infantry was organized at Michigan City, Indiana for three-years service beginning December 15, 1863 and mustered in March 18, 1864 under the command of Colonel Richard P. De Hart.


128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865. Department of North Carolina to April 1866.


128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The 128th Indiana Infantry mustered out of service April 10, 1866.


128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, March 23. March to Charleston, Tennessee, April 5–24, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton, Georgia, May 8–13. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Movements on Dallas May 18–25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25–June 5. Allatoona Pass June 1–2. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10–July 2. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2–5.


128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Chattahoochie River July 5–17. Siege of Atlanta July 22–August 25. Utoy Creek August 5–7. Flank movement on Jonesborough August 25–30. Lovejoy's Station September 2–6. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29 – November 3. Nashville Campaign November–December. In front of Columbia November 24–27. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15–16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17–28. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C.; then to Morehead City, North Carolina, January 15 – February 24. Carolinas Campaign March 1 to April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1–21. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8–10. Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Goldsboro and Raleigh until April 1866.


128th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 144 men during service; 4 officers and 27 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 112 enlisted men died of disease.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 128th Infantry Regiment ("Les Terribles") is a United States military unit of the Wisconsin National Guard, currently represented by the 1st Battalion, 128th Infantry Regiment. The 128th has served as part of the American Civil War, Spanish–American War, Mexican Civil War, World War I, World War II and the Iraq War.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 1st Battalion, 128th Infantry, traces its history to the spring of 1861, when the 2nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, comprising independent companies from throughout the state, was organized and activated into federal service. The 2nd Wisconsin was joined by several other regiments to form the famous "Iron Brigade," which soon became one of the most feared and respected units on either side in the Civil War for its performance in such battles as Antietam and Gettysburg.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
Additionally, Eau Claire was home to the soldiers that comprised Company C of the 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, otherwise known as the "Eagle Regiment," because of its famous mascot "Old Abe," a pet bald eagle who accompanied the regiment into battle. The 8th Wisconsin fought in the western theater at places such as Vicksburg, MS.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
In 1898, four infantry regiments from Wisconsin were formed and activated at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War. During that brief conflict, Wisconsin Guardsmen participated in the capture of Puerto Rico. A letter from a member of the 2nd Wisconsin describes some of the details of the guardsmen's role in the conflict:


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
"We landed here at Ponce Friday without opposition by the Spaniards. They fled to the hills when we came in sight. But it has been skirmish every day since we landed. We have captured 200 prisoners. The 3rd Wisconsin [National Guard] got into battle yesterday and one man was wounded in the hip, and one of the Massachusetts boys got shot in the neck, and went a mile, and a half before he fell. There was a skirmish last night but have heard of no one being wounded, or killed."


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
3 members of the Wisconsin Infantry Regiments died of fever:


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
In 1916, Wisconsin infantry units served with General Pershing to chase Pancho Villa along the Texas border and into northern Mexico. The Wisconsin troops were again activated in 1917 as the United States declared war on Germany. After a period of intensive training, the Wisconsin Guardsmen were redesignated as the 128th Infantry, assigned to the 32nd Division and sent to France. In the closing months of the war, the 128th Infantry participated in several major campaigns including Alsace, Aisne-Marne, Oise-Aisne and Meuse-Argonne.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
For their fury in combat, the nickname "Les Terribles" or "The Terrible Ones" was given to them by the French. As they pierced the famed Hindenburg Line, the 32d Infantry Division became known as the "Red Arrow" Division – a name that has remained to the present day and is reflected in shoulder patch.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
21 years later, the 128th, as part of the 32d Division, was called to federal service on 15 October 1940. After training in Louisiana, the unit was moved by convoy to Port Adelaide, Australia. In 1942 the 128th, as part of the 32d, broke through the Japanese lines at the Battle of Buna ("Bloody Buna"), New Guinea; in 1944 defeated Japanese General Adachi's divisions at Saidor and Aitape, New Guinea; defeated the Japanese Imperial First Marines in Leyte (Imperial First Marines only loss in 200 years); and pierced the Yamashita Line in Luzon. The 128th Regiment and 32d Division were still in combat action when the cease fire order came on 15 August 1945. The 32d Infantry Division had been in combat 654 days – more than any United States division in any war.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
When the cold war peaked with the Soviet blockade of Berlin in October 1961, President Kennedy became the third United States president in the 20th Century to call the 128th, as part of the 32d Infantry Division, to federal active service. The division trained at Ft. Lewis, WA, for 10 months, maintaining a high level of readiness until the crisis abated. In August 1962 its soldiers returned home and resumed their status as Wisconsin National Guardsmen.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 2nd Battalion, 128th Infantry, was formed as a result of the transitioning of the 32d Infantry Brigade from a mechanized unit to a separate light infantry brigade in September 2001. It was reorganized as the 1st Squadron, 105th Cavalry Regiment on 1 September 2007 when the 32nd became a modular brigade.


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A metal and enamel device 1 1/16 inches (2.70 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned as follows: Azure, on a pale Or the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 32d Division Proper (a Red arrow having shot through a line), on a chief of the second three fountains. Attached above on a wreath of the colors Or and Azure, a badger couchant Proper. Attached below and to the sides a Gold scroll inscribed "LES TERRIBLES" in Blue letters.