11th Motor Transport Battalion, History
On 5 April 1968 a convoy to Phu Bai Combat Base was hit by four command detonated mines. An M54 security truck was damaged and a Marine from K Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines was killed. On 14 July 1968 a battalion M54 detonated a mine and received small arms fire killing the driver. On 20 November while supporting Operation Meade River an M54 hit a mine killing one Marine.


11th Motor Transport Battalion, History
On the morning of 23 February 1969 six 140mm rockets hit the battalion compound and later that evening, small arms and sniper fire was received and enemy probes of the perimeter occurred. A Company B Marine was killed by small arms fire while recapturing an observation post. On 6 March 1969 an M54A2C detonated a mine killing one Marine. In April 1969 the battalion put its first M116E1 Huskies into service.


11th Motor Transport Battalion, History
On 12 August 1969 the battalion was attacked by an enemy force using mortars and small arms, a sweep of the perimeter captured on People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) soldier and two Rocket-propelled grenades (RPG). On 20 August an M116 was hit by an RPG killing the driver. On 6 September 1969 a battalion ambush patrol killed three PAVN and captured one AK-47, one K-50M and an RPG launcher. On 29 October battalion personnel participated in a demonstration of the XM174 grenade launcher firing from the M733 and 4A2C vehicles. This was provided at the request of Lieutenant General Herman Nickerson Jr., III Marine Amphibious Force commander.


11th Motor Transport Battalion, History
During 1969 and 1970 the battalion's M116s and M733s were parcelled out to support the 1st, 5th, 7th and 26th Marine Regiments.


11th Motor Transport Battalion, History
On 16 December 1970 23 battalion M116/M733s deemed to be in excess of in-country requirements were transferred to Force Logistic Command for return to Marine Corps Supply Activity, Barstow. On 27 December an M54A2C in a convoy to Cam Lộ Combat Base hit a mine killing the .50 caliber gunner.


11th Motor Transport Battalion, History
From 1 February to 6 February 1971 20 battalion M116/M733s deemed to be in excess of in-country requirements  were transferred to Force Logistic Command for return to Marine Corps Supply Activity, Barstow. This marked he end of use of these vehicles in South Vietnam. On 24 March 1971 the battalion stood down from normal operations to begin preparations to redeploy to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.


11th Motor Transport Battalion, History
On 24 April 1971 the last battalion units were loaded aboard the USS Durham and departed South Vietnam. Upon arrival at Camp Pendleton the battalion prepared for deactivation distributing its equipment throughout the 1st Marine Division. The battalion was deactivated at Camp Pendleton on 14 June 1971.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The 11th Division (Chinese: 第11师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 3rd Security Brigade, 4th Column of the PLA Northwest Field Army. Its composition can be traced to 84th Division of 27th Corps, Military Division of Shaanxi-Gansu, 29th Corps, Independent Division of Shanganning, 2nd Regiment of Shanganning, 1st Independent Division of Northern Shaanxi and Headquarters, 4th Corps, all parts of Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 31st, 32nd, and 33rd Regiments. Under the command of 4th Corps, it took part in the Chinese Civil War. including the Battle of Yan'an and Lanzhou Campaign. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, the division took part in the Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northwestern China and the suppression of 1959 Tibetan uprising.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1952 the division was renamed as 11th Infantry Division. 33rd Infantry Regiment was disbanded and absorbed into 31st and 32nd Regiments, while 30th Infantry Regiment, 10th Division was attached to the division as 30th Infantry Regiment, 11th Infantry Division. Artillery Training Regiment, 4th Corps was attached to the division as Artillery Regiment, 11th Infantry Division.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In April-June 1953, all regiments of the division were renamed as:


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
From October 1960 the division was renamed as 11th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第11师). The division was then stationed in Shigatse, Tibet.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In October 1962 the division took part in Sino-Indian War. During the campaign, the division allegedly neutralized 2,000 Indian soldiers, captured 9 tanks and over 300 trucks. From 1962 the division maintained as a category A unit.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1965, in order to distract the Indian Army and support Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the division conducted two camouflage maneuvers alongside the border.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1967 the division took part in Nathu La and Cho La clashes.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1969, 305th Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 11th Army Division.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
From 1983 the division was reduced to a category B unit.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1985 the division was renamed as 11th Motorized Infantry Division (Chinese: 摩托化步兵第11师), as a northern motorized infantry division, category A unit. By then the division was composed of:


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
From September 1985 to September 1986, Reconnaissance Company, 11th Infantry Division participated in the Sino-Vietnamese War subordinated to the 8th Reconnaissance Group, Lanzhou Military Region. During its deployment, the company was engaged in 27 engagement and recon missions, killed 50, and captured 2 confronting PAVN soldiers. The company suffered 0 killed, 3 heavily wounded, and 2 lightly wounded.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1988, the 11th Motorized Infantry Division was decorated as a Red Army Division, with all three infantry regiments as Red Army Regiments.


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1998, 33rd Infantry Regiment was disbanded. Tank Regiment, 11th Motorized Infantry Division was renamed as Armored Regiment, 11th Motorized Infantry Division. Since then the division was composed of:


11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The division is now a maneuver unit of Xinjiang Military Region and one of few divisions left in the Ground Force of People's Liberation Army.


11th Mounted Rifles
The 11th Mounted Rifles were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed 1 October 1913 in Tarnowitz.


11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
The 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was convened August 12–18, 1977, about five years before the 12th National Congress, and four years after the 10th National Congress. The Congress formally declared the Cultural Revolution officially over after 11 long years, ending a long chapter of Chinese history. The Gang of Four were fully criticized for their role in the revolution. Hua Guofeng was formally elected as Chairman of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and was elected to the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission. The Political Bureau was also renewed with new memberships when the 11th Politburo was elected as a result of the congress.


11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam
The 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Đại hội đại biểu toàn quốc lần thứ XI, 11th National Congress of Delegates) was the eleventh party congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the sole legal party of Vietnam; it occurred between 12–19 January 2011, at the My Dinh National Convention Centre, Hanoi.


11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Revising the party platform
The platform which existed before the 11th Congress had remained unchanged since 7th Congress (held in 1991). The work on revising the platform began two-and-a-half years before the 11th Congress. Nguyễn Phú Trọng, due to his position as rector of Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics, was asked by the 10th Politburo to head the drafting committee responsible for drafting the new platform. Another reason was that Nông Đức Mạnh supported Nguyễn Phú Trọng possible future candidature for the general secretaryship.


11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Revising the party platform
The drafting of the platform was a collective effort guided by high-standing party bureaucrats and officials from think tanks. However, there was wide participation from the intelligentsia. There was some criticism on the end product – a clause stated that all the means of production was to be owned by the state. When the draft version was presented to the 14th plenum of the 10th Central Committee, critics saw it as a step backward because since the 6th Congress, diversified ownership of the means of production had been recognized. Another point was that it alarmed external and internal investors.


11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Revising the party platform
The 14th plenum eventually decided to include another clause which acknowledged the diversified ownership of the means of production. At the 11th National Congress, the issue was put to a vote, and 65.04 percent supported the motion of removing the clause which did not recognize the diversified ownership of the means of production. Even if it had stayed, it wouldn't have hurt the party. Another clause stated that Vietnam's goal was to "develop a market economy with socialist orientations, which would have many forms of ownership, many parts, many forms of businesses, and many ways of distribution in the economy."


11th National Congress of the Kuomintang
The 11th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: 中國國民黨第十一次全國代表大会) was the eleventh national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 12–18 November 1976 in Taipei, Taiwan.


11th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results
Congress members fully supported Chiang Ching-kuo to become the Chairperson of the Kuomintang after the death of the party chairperson Chiang Kai-shek on 5 April 1975.


11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
The 11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) was held in Vientiane from 13 to 15 January 2021. The congress occurs once every five years. A total of 768 delegates represented the party's nearly 350,000 card-carrying members.


11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
The intention of the meeting was, according to LPRP General Secretary Bounnhang Vorachit, to "review together the implementation of the resolution of the 10th National Party Congress and generally evaluate the creating of foundations for marching toward socialism over the past years; learn useful lessons and make agreement on directions, policy and guidance on the national socio-economic development plan for years to come to ensure the continued nurturing of people’ democratic regime and creating of foundations for marching toward socialism".


11th National Defence Commission
The 11th National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 11th Supreme People's Assembly on 3 September 2003. It was replaced on 9 April 2009 by the 12th NDC.


11th National Film Awards
The 11th National Film Awards, then known as State Awards for Films, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1963. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 25 April 1964 and awards were given by then President of India, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.


11th National Film Awards
Starting with 11th National Film Awards, new category of awards for Filmstrips, in the non-feature films section, was introduced. This category includes Prime Minister's gold medal and Certificate of Merit for second and third best educational film. Though gold medal for this category was not given. This award is discontinued over the years.


11th National Film Awards, Awards
President's gold medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's gold medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's gold medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's silver medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.


11th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films
Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For the 11th National Film Awards, a Hindi film Shehar Aur Sapna won the President's gold medal for the All India Best Feature Film. Following were the awards given:


11th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, All India Award
For 11th National Film Awards, none of the films were awarded from Children's Films category as no film was found to be suitable. Only Certificate of Merit for Children's films was given. Following were the awards given in each category:


11th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award
The awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. For feature films in Gujarati, President's silver medal for Best Feature Film was not given, instead Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film was awarded; whereas no award was given in Punjabi language.


11th National Film Awards, Awards, Non-Feature films
Non -feature film awards were given for the documentaries, educational films and film strips made in the country. Following were the awards given:


11th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given
Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:


11th National Geographic Bee
The 11th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 26, 1999, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was David Beihl, a homeschooled student from Saluda, South Carolina, who won a $25,000 college scholarship and an all-expense-paid trip to Australia. The 2nd-place winner,  Jason Borschow of St. John's School in Condado, Puerto Rico, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Tanveer Ali of Flint, Michigan, won a $10,000 scholarship.


11th National Hockey League All-Star Game
The 11th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at the Montreal Forum, home of the Montreal Canadiens, on October 5, 1957. The Canadiens, winner of the 1957 Stanley Cup Finals, played a team of All-Stars for the second consecutive year, with the All-Stars winning by a 5–3 score.


11th National People's Congress
The 11th National People's Congress (Chinese: 第十一届全国人民代表大会) met for a 5-year term, from 2008 to 2013. It held five annual two week plenary sessions during this period. It succeeded the 10th National People's Congress. There were 2,987 deputies elected to the 11th Congress in 2008, with 2972 in office at the end of the term (2012).


11th National People's Congress, The 1st session
The first session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 18, 2008. It re-elected Hu Jintao as President and Wen Jiabao as Premier. Xi Jinping was elected Vice-President. The State Council, China's cabinet, went through major restructuring.


11th National People's Congress, The 2nd session
The second session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 13, 2009. This congress tackled issues such as the worsening global financial crisis, attempted to introduce a new social welfare system, as well as checks and balances on public officials.


11th National People's Congress, The 3rd session
The third session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14, 2010.


11th National People's Congress, The 4th session
The fourth session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14, 2011.


11th National People's Congress, The 5th session
The fifth and final session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14, 2012.


11th National Television Awards
The 11th National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 25 October 2005 and was hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald.


11th National Television Awards, Awards
This is the last time (until 2018) that the National Television Awards would be held on a Tuesday.


11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress
The 11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress (Turkish: 11. Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi Olağan Kongresi) was a political party convention held by the Turkish right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) on 21 March 2015. The Congress resulted in the re-election of Devlet Bahçeli as party leader, with rivals failing to obtain enough signatures to contest the leadership election.


11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Timing and date
The congress was held on 21 March 2015, which was significant due to the close proximity to the general election held on 7 June 2015. Furthermore, the Congress coincided with Newroz, the celebration of the Iranian new year by Kurdish people in Turkey. As a Turkish nationalist party, the holding of the Congress on the same day as the Newroz celebrations was seen as significant. MHP Deputy Leader Semih Yalçın stated that the timing was not a coincidence, stating that as Newroz was seen as the beginning of Spring, the MHP congress would also be seen as a new liberator from 13 years of Justice and Development Party government.


11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Timing and date
According to Habertürk journalist Muharrem Sarıkaya, the MHP leader Devlet Bahçeli decided to hold the congress on the same day as Newroz to divert media attention away from the mainly Kurdish-populated city of Diyarbakır, where the bulk of the Newroz celebrations were due to take place. When giving his speech, Bahçeli began wishing members well for Newroz and Newroz celebrations were also widespread at the congress.


11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Timing and date
The media interpreted mixed messages from the clash of the congress and Newroz celebrations. It was seen by some as an open message to the AKP government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as an open attack on the Solution process between the government and Kurdish rebels. It was also seen by some as a message that the 21st of March was not simply a date owned by the Kurds.


11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Agenda
The congress was held in the Ankara Arena, with Devlet Bahçeli arriving at 11:00 local time. The venue was heavily crowded by supporters who had arrived both inside and outside the venue to watch the congress. A Newroz lantern had initially been planned to mark Bahçeli's arrival, though this was abandoned for safety reasons. The venue was decorated with flags containing the MHP's party logo, as well as posters of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the MHP's founder Alparslan Türkeş. No posters of Bahçeli were hung, at his own request. Singers Atilla Yılmaz, Ali Tufan Kıraç and Mustafa Yıldızdoğan gave a concert at the congress while a folklore group also gave a performance.


11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, June 2015 general election
Held 78 days before the June 2015 general election, the congress also determined the MHP's election team and slogans. The main slogan used in the congress was 'Walk with us, Turkey!' (Bizimle Yürü Türkiye!). Bahçeli's speech also focussed heavily on criticising the Solution process initiated by the Turkish government with Kurdish separatists, thereby also indicating the main campaign issues and policies in the preparation for the general election.


11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Leadership election
A candidate needs at least 40 signatures from the party's 1,242 delegates in order to run for election.


11th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Leadership election, Candidates
Only Bahçeli managed to secure the 40 signatures needed to contest the leadership election. Sinan Oğan was also seen as a potential candidate but did not apply for candidacy.


11th New Brunswick Legislature
The 11th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between January 20, 1835, and August 18, 1837.


11th New Brunswick Legislature
The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick Sir Archibald Campbell.


11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment
The 11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was a Union army infantry regiment that participated in the American Civil War. It was raised in the New England state of New Hampshire, serving from October 4, 1862, to June 4, 1865.


11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History
On September 2, 1862, the regiment was organized and mustered in at Concord, New Hampshire. Among its notable officers was Walter Harriman, a future Governor of New Hampshire.


11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History
From September 11 to 14, 1862, the 11th moved to Washington, D.C. It was attached to Briggs' Brigade, Casey's Division, Military District of Washington, until October 1862, and then to the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 9th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, until March 1863. From then, its assignments were:


11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment lost during its term of service 5 officers and 140 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and 1 officer and 151 enlisted men by disease, for a total of 297 fatalities.


11th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Further reading
This article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment
The 11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was a regiment of infantry from New Jersey that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service
The 11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was recruited in May 1862 at Camp Perrine, located near the New Jersey State Prison near Trenton. The regiment was led by Colonel Robert McAllister, who had seen service as lieutenant colonel in the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Infantry.


11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left New Jersey for Washington on August 25. By mid-September the 11th remain in Washington at half strength due to a measles epidemic.


11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service
The 11th saw combat at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia in December 1862.


11th New York Infantry Regiment
The 11th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the early years of the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in New York City in May 1861 as a Zouave regiment, known for its unusual dress and drill style,  by Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, a personal friend of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. Drawn from the ranks of the city's many volunteer fire companies, the unit was known alternately as the Ellsworth Zouaves, First Fire Zouaves, First Regiment New York Zouaves, and U.S. National Guards.


11th New York Infantry Regiment
The unit was among the first to occupy the territory of a Confederate state when it captured Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861, less than 24 hours after the Commonwealth seceded from the Union. The regiment suffered extensive casualties during the First Battle of Bull Run during the fighting on Henry House Hill and while serving as the rear guard for the retreating Union Army.


11th New York Infantry Regiment
The regiment would later be stationed near Hampton Roads during the Peninsula Campaign, but experienced little fighting. Sent back to New York City in May 1862, the regiment was mustered out of service on June 2, 1862. There were several attempts to reorganize as a light infantry regiment through the summer of 1863, and many new enlistees were involved in suppressing the New York Draft Riots but those efforts failed and the enlistees were transferred to the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
On April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued an Executive Order calling for 75,000 ninety-day enlistments to "repossess the forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union." That day, Lincoln wrote Ellsworth asking for his assistance in raising a regiment. Ellsworth had known the president well, from having assisted in organizing his campaign for the presidency in 1860 and received a commission to organize the 11th New York Infantry as a 90-day regiment. To the enlistees, a common yet often unknown stipulation included 90 days of service to the Federal government and up to two years of service to the state. This was not always communicated to the men who enlisted, including those of the 11th New York.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
Ellsworth's military knowledge came from a lifetime of studying military tactics, history, and manuals; and later as colonel of Chicago's National Guard Cadets. He never achieved his dream of attending West Point, as he could not gain the needed sponsorship. He was introduced to the famous French Zouaves through the teachings of his fencing instructor, Charles DeVillers, a former French Zouave. Ellsworth introduced this drill team to the flashy Zouave uniforms and drill that emulated French colonial troops in Algeria and turned the group, renamed the U.S. Zouave Cadets, into a national champion drill team. A national tour in 1860 brought Ellsworth to the attention of Abraham Lincoln, for whom the unit performed hundreds of military drill movements with their muskets and bayonets.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
When a civil war seemed unavoidable, Ellsworth proceeded to New York City to recruit his own regiment from the city's volunteer fire companies, stating: "I want the New York Firemen, for there are no more effective men in the country, and none with whom I can do so much. They are sleeping on a volcano at Washington and I want men who can go into a fight now." Two days after his arrival, Ellsworth awarded officer commissions to several foremen of the volunteer fire companies and began recruiting in earnest.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
Within four days, 2,300 men had answered Ellsworth's call. A selection of only the most desirable men cut that number to 1,100, which was considered a regiment's full strength. When the state could not afford to supply the new troops, fundraisers were successful in raising $60,000 for the regiment, enough to provide uniforms, several different models of Sharps rifles, and provisions.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
More work has been done in six days than seemed possible. The men have been mustered into service; the officers elected; the uniforms made, and on Sunday afternoon eleven hundred as efficient and hardy soldiers as ever handled a gun, will start for the scene of rebellion. Col. Ellsworth arrived in this city on Thursday of last week. On Friday he called together a number of the principal men of the department. On Saturday he selected his officers. On Sunday he mustered one thousand men. On Monday he drilled them.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
Like most Zouave regiments, the men of the 11th New York were fashioned in uniforms not typical of the standard ensemble of a Union soldier. During their service, the 11th New York wore two different style of uniforms, the first issued during the forming of the regiment and the second shortly before the Battle of Bull Run. The initial uniforms were purchased with funds donated by the Union Defense Committee. They were based on Ellsworth's own design.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
They consisted of light gray jackets of a chasseur style, with dark blue and red trim along with gray trousers of a jeans cloth material with a blue stripe running down the seam, and tan leather leggings. Along with their gray uniforms, they wore red kepis with a blue band and also received a red fez with a blue tassel, military-issue shirt and/or overshirts. Many Zouaves went off to war wearing the fire badge of their respective fire company.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
Contrary to modern art prints, the Fire Zouaves did not go off to war wearing fireman's belts or paint mottos on their fezzes. The second uniform was issued when the first, not made of quality materials, fell apart on most men. This uniform was issued by the federal government, and to the disgust of the men, was not of the true Zouave style, but an American Zouave style. The new uniform had a dark blue Zouave jacket with red cuffs and red trimming with sky blue trimming inside the red.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
Blue fezzes with blue tassels were issued to provide greater flair to the uniform, as well as dark blue sashes, an issue of red overshirts (not firemen's shirts), and dark blue trousers. Before the First Battle of Bull Run, most of the Zouaves left their jackets in camp due to the July heat, however, they all retained their blue and red fezzes, and their red blue banded kepis. A number of havelocks were also issued to the regiment.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
Before the regiment departed from New York City on April 29, 1861, its members were reviewed by General John Adams Dix, Ambassador Cassius Marcellus Clay of Kentucky, as well as other members of the city and its fire department. Soon after, they marched through the streets escorted by 5,000 firemen. Along the way, they received from the fire department a large white flag measuring 68 inches (1.7 m) by 54 inches (1.4 m) to serve as the regimental colors. Charlotte Augusta Gibbes also presented the unit with a flag.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
Unbeknownst to the regiment, Washington D.C. had postponed their departure because they did not comply with army regulations. John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, knew of the postponement, but allowed the men to embark, unaware the steamer Baltic carried no provisions. Quartermaster Arthur quickly purchased five-day rations, by paying a higher price, and hired three tug boats to catch the steamer to deliver them. The Baltic arrived in Annapolis, Maryland where the men boarded a train to Washington, D.C..


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization and muster
In Washington, men in the regiment broke into taverns, frightened women, swedged on meals and pursued imagined Confederates. They were returned to New York City and quartered in Battery Park. Their public antics and insubordination continued. Arthur had arrested any Fire Zouave found on the streets and jailed them on a steamer. When the number jailed reached 400 the steamer embarked to Hampton Roads where the men were banded with another regiment.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
The regiment arrived in Washington, D.C., on the evening of May 2. There, they completed additional training and performed picket duty throughout the district. While quartered on the floor of the United States House of Representatives, the enlisted men took it upon themselves to set up a mock session, passing a law first abolishing the House of Representatives, then the Union and reconstituting both in a manner of their liking.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
The more embarrassing and lawbreaking actions by the regiment included the burning of fences, which resulted in a letter of reprimand from Brigadier General Joseph K. Mansfield along with six enlisted men being removed and sent back to New York. On May 7, the 11th New York was officially sworn into Federal service by Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the East Front of the unfinished Capitol in the presence of Lincoln, his son Tad and personal secretary John Hay.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
On May 9, the regiment had an opportunity to apply their experience as firefighters when asked to help extinguish a blaze at the Willard Hotel. Upon receiving word from General Mansfield, commander of the Department of Washington, Ellsworth dispatched ten men from each company to attend to the fire. Soon however, the entire regiment responded to the blaze. With Ellsworth having more men on the scene than the Washington Fire Department, he claimed the fire chief's trumpet and assumed command of the incident. When the fire was extinguished, Henry Willard, owner of the hotel, invited the regiment to breakfast and money was collected providing them with $500.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
After nine days quartered at the capitol, the men of the 11th New York were moved to the heights near the Insane Asylum to Camp Lincoln. This move would allow for easy transport across the Potomac and into Virginia when necessary. While just five miles (8 km) from the capitol, the standard of living the men were used to had changed dramatically, as their usual foodstuffs were replaced with beef steak, dry bread, and coffee. Ellsworth wrote to his fiance that they had not had butter in a week.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
When the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union on May 23, the regiment was ordered to assist in the occupation of Arlington Heights and Alexandria, Virginia, directly across the Potomac River from Washington. On May 24, the regiment boarded the steamers Baltimore and Mount Vernon and was transported across the Potomac, landing at the Alexandria wharves under the guard of the gunboat Pawnee. The 11th New York was one of eight to enter Virginia, and Ellsworth's men met no resistance as they moved through the streets.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
After landing, members of Company E under Captain Leveridge were sent to take the railroad station, while Ellsworth, Major Charles Loeser, Lieutenant H. J. Winser and several men from Company A set out to secure the telegraph office. On the way there, Ellsworth spotted a Confederate flag atop the Marshall House inn. It was the same flag Ellsworth had seen for weeks from the White House during his visits with Lincoln. Ellsworth's group entered the inn and quickly cut down the flag, but they encountered the proprietor, James Jackson, as they descended the stairs. Jackson killed Ellsworth with a shotgun blast to the chest, and Cpl. Francis Brownell responded in kind by fatally shooting the innkeeper.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
After the death of Ellsworth, Noah L. Farnham, the regiment's lieutenant colonel, was the obvious choice to take command. He was reluctant, however, labeling it an "unwelcome responsibility". His appointment was graded as temporary, he was not commissioned as the regiment's colonel and remained at rank while in its command. Regardless, he was a popular choice both with the enlisted men and in New York.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
One enlisted wrote in a letter home, "We have great faith in Colonel Farnham, having known him long and intimately as one deserving the confidence and esteem of his associates, and fully deserving of the position that he now occupies." Several of the officers recruited by Ellsworth, however, did not approve and caused a small controversy by resigning their commissions.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Early action
The regiment remained on guard duty in and around Alexandria until July 15, 1861, when orders were received attaching the regiment to Orlando B. Willcox's brigade, of Samuel P. Heintzelman's division, in Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia. They were to march out the next morning. From July 16 to 21, the regiment advanced to intercept Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard's Confederate Army of the Potomac. Three of McDowell's five divisions advanced towards Bull Run, outside the railroad junction at Manassas, Virginia. The 11th New York expected to first engage Confederates at Fairfax Court House on July 17, only to find that they had pulled back towards Centreville, leaving Quaker Guns in their place. These movements were to precipitate the first large-scale battle of the Civil War.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
The Zouaves' first major combat experience occurred during the First Battle of Bull Run. On the morning of July 21, Farnham's men were awoken at 2:00 a.m. to begin their march to intercept the Confederate army. McDowell's plan for the day was for divisions under Colonel Daniel Tyler and Brig. Gen. Heintzelman to cross Bull Run at Sudley Ford, expected to be only several miles north of their camp. Poor scouting by Union chief engineer John G. Barnard resulted in a 14-mile (23 km) march for men entering battle that morning.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
During the march, lead units engaged skirmishers east of Sudley's Ford with artillery in the early dawn. McDowell had divided his three divisions, sending Heintzelman to the north, sweeping down to cover the Union right, and thus his was the last division to engage. The other two divisions, under Tyler and David Hunter, engaged first on the Union left and center, at Matthews Hill. With those divisions facing heavy resistance, Heintzelman's division with the 11th New York was called forward at the double-quick. One observer commented that the 11th New York looked more like firemen randomly running to a fire than soldiers marching towards the front.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
As the fight moved from Matthews Hill to Henry House Hill, the 11th New York fought beside the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment and a battalion of US Marines. These units were ordered to support two batteries of cannon on the Federal right flank led by Captains Charles Griffin and James B. Ricketts. The 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were directed into position at the top of Henry House Hill by Major William Farquhar Barry, McDowell's chief of artillery, and ordered to assault the Confederate line.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
On the initial confrontation with the 33rd Virginia Infantry on the left of Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's line, both the Union and Confederate forces were initially confused because the some of 11th New York were wearing several colors of shirts and the Virginians were clad in dark blue frock coats and dark blue trousers. The Virginians fired a volley that took down several men and the Zouaves and Marines broke and ran, but a few of the men remained.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
As the 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were regrouping along the Manassas-Sudley Road, they were encountered by Confederate Colonel J. E. B. Stuart and his 150 cavalrymen. Stuart mistook the New Yorkers for retreating Confederates in the smoke and quickly rode forward, shouting, "Don't run, boys; we are here." But after seeing a color bearer passing with the United States flag, he realized his mistake. Stuart ordered a small band of "Black Horse" cavalry, led by R. Welby Carter and the men of his Loudoun Company, to charge from the right and strike the 11th's rear guard.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
The 11th New York saw them coming and shifted formations to meet Carter's men. The 11th's volleys quickly killed eight of the riders and wounded nine with the rest escaping back into the woods; the charge had little effect on the organization of Fire Zouaves. While repulsing the cavalry charge, Colonel Farnham was wounded, but remained on the field aided by Lt. Colonel John Cregier and Major Loeser.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
By 2:00 p.m., the 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were joined by the 14th Brooklyn Regiment and again took their place behind the Union guns. However, soon confusion again erupted on the battlefield in front of them. As the gunners confronted the blue-clad 33rd Virginia, Major Barry ordered Ricketts to hold his fire, allowing the Virginians to charge the batteries and capture the guns.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
While the 14th Brooklyn was able to quickly retake the guns, the Union regiments supporting the cannon were unable to withstand the near constant barrage from Confederate artillery and infantry and fell back again to the Manassas-Sudley Road. The 11th New York, the Irish 69th New York Militia and 14th Brooklyn would charge Henry Hill four times, first in an effort to retake Ricketts' and Griffin's cannon, but each attempt failed. In the wild melee, the 69th's color bearers were killed and its colors lost, but an officer of the 11th, Captain John Wildey, was able to recapture the Irish color, and then handed it back to the grateful Irishmen.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run
When the order to withdraw from the field came later that evening from General McDowell, the 11th New York served as a rearguard. It was during this retreat that the regiment saw its heaviest casualties. Although accounts of the battle differ, most sources list 177 men lost at Bull Run, with 35 men killed, 74 wounded, and another 68 missing and presumed captured. Those that were taken prisoner were initially confined in Richmond. In September, they were transferred to Castle Pinckney, South Carolina, where they remained until they were paroled the following May.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, After Bull Run
On August 12, 1861, the remaining members of the regiment were sent back to New York City to disband, in preparation to reorganize, obtain equipment and replacements. On September 14, 1861, after reorganizing, they were ordered by Governor Edwin D. Morgan, at the request of Secretary of War Simon Cameron, to return to Virginia with two days' cooked rations. They were to be encamped at Fort Monroe on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula. Morgan must not have been quick to follow up with Cameron, as two days later Cameron sent him a cable pleading for an update, asking, "Did you send the Fire Zouaves to Fort Monroe, as indicated in your message of the 14th?"


11th New York Infantry Regiment, After Bull Run
An entry from January 31, 1862, of the Official Records places the 11th New York as a unit of the Department of Virginia at Camp Butler under the command of Brig. Gen. Joseph Mansfield. On March 8, 1862, they watched from shore as the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia dueled off the coast of Hampton Roads. Two members of the regiment were detailed to the nearby USS Cumberland and manned its cannons until they were forced to abandon ship. With manpower further depleted as a result of injury and disease, the regiment was returned to New York City on May 7. There, it was mustered out of service on June 2, 1862.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding
On May 18, 1863, Colonel James C. Burke received authority  to reorganize the original regiment as a three-years regiment to be known as the J. T. Brady Light Infantry. Burke was required to raise 250 men for the effort but failed. His authorization was revoked on June 7 and transferred to Colonel Henry F. O'Brien. O'Brien was required to raise 250 men by August 1, 250 others by September 1, and an additional 250 men by November 1. These recruiting efforts were hampered by the draft riot in New York City of July 1863.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding
As the 11th New York Regiment had experienced first hand, the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 had taken a heavy toll on Union forces, including those from New York City. As the war dragged on, a military manpower shortage occurred in the Union and Congress passed the first conscription act in United States history on March 3, 1863, authorizing the President to draft male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 for a three-year term of military service.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding
Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests deteriorated into "a virtual racial pogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets". The conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool stated on July 16, "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it".


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding
States' militias and Federal troops attached to the Army of the Potomac, including the newly reorganized 11th New York, were dispatched to quell the riots. Other regiments utilized included the 152nd New York, the 26th Michigan, the 27th Indiana and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia, which arrived from Frederick, Maryland after a forced march. In addition, New York governor Horatio Seymour sent the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York state militia, which had not been federalized, and a section of the 20th Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throgs Neck.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Draft Riots and disbanding
At the height of the violence, Colonel O'Brien, the 11th Regiment's commanding officer, was seized by the mob, beaten, and killed. In the wake of the riots, the reorganization produced few recruits and stalled. On October 1, 1863, the reorganization was discontinued and the men who had enlisted were transferred to the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy
During its limited but intense combat experience, the regiment saw 51 members killed, including three officers and 48 enlisted men. Among these was the regiment's first commander, Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, who was the first conspicuous casualty of the Civil War. Private Francis E. Brownell became the first soldier in the Civil War to be awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in killing Col. Ellsworth's murderer.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy
Following Ellsworth's death, Remember Ellsworth! and Avenge Ellsworth became Union rallying cries. The 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was raised by the People's Ellsworth Committee and were known as the "People's Ellsworth Regiment", or more commonly "Ellsworth's Avengers", under the command of Stephen W. Stryker, a former lieutenant in the 11th New York.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy
Apart from those who died of battle wounds, three officers and 12 enlisted men succumbed to disease, including its second colonel, Noah Farnham, who died as a result of his wounds sustained at Bull Run and a bout of typhoid. A total of 66 men of the 11th New York Infantry Regiment died in the course of the war.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy
In 1903, the flag for which Ellsworth gave his life, taken down from the top of Marshal House, was presented to the War Department by  its custodian, the Ellsworth Post, Grand Army of the Republic. The flag had been carried by the regiment throughout the war and afterward maintained at their post headquarters. It was added to the war flag collection in Cullum Memorial Hall at West Point.


11th New York Infantry Regiment, Aftermath and legacy
Historian David Detzer has argued that the fame that surrounds the 11th New York is misplaced. During its time in service, the 11th New York Regiment saw little fighting compared to other well-known regiments such as the 69th New York, 20th Maine, and 28th Massachusetts. The 11th New York was often overshadowed by the 73rd New York, also known as the Second Fire Zouaves, which fought at Antietam, Gettysburg, and Appomattox. In addition, Ellsworth failed to consider that the New York City fire companies from which his troops were drawn often competed against each other at blazes. The cohesion he sought in firefighters did not exist and would not be created when they joined the regiment. In that respect, 11th New York was no different than many regiments, North and South.


11th New York State Legislature
The 11th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9 to March 22, 1788, during the eleventh year of George Clinton's governorship, in Poughkeepsie.


11th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.


11th New York State Legislature, Background
In March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.


11th New York State Legislature, Background
In 1786, Columbia County was partitioned from Albany County, and 3 of Albany's Assembly seats were apportioned to Columbia.


11th New York State Legislature, Elections
The State election was held from April 24 to 26, 1787. Senators Samuel Townsend (Southern D.) and Jacobus Swartwout (Middle D.) were re-elected; and James Duane, John Laurance (both Southern D.), Anthony Hoffman (Middle D.) and Jellis Fonda (Western D.) were also elected to the Senate.


11th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The State Legislature was to meet on January 1, 1788, at Poughkeepsie, but the Assembly first had a quorum on January 9, the Senate on January 11; both Houses adjourned on March 22, 1788.


11th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On February 1, 1788, the Legislature passed a resolution for the election of delegates to a Convention to deliberate upon the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. The Convention met from June 17 to July 26, 1788, at Poughkeepsie and ratified the Constitution by a vote of 30 to 27. From this time, the politicians were divided in two political parties: those who voted for the Constitution were henceforth known as Federalists, those who voted against it as Anti-Federalists, or Democratic-Republicans.


11th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


11th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


11th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


11th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.


11th New Zealand Parliament
The 11th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand.


11th New Zealand Parliament
Elections for this term were held in 4 Māori electorates and 62 European electorates on 27 November and 5 December 1890, respectively. A total of 74 MPs were elected - a reduction on the 95 MPs of the previous Parliament.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions
The 11th Parliament opened on 23 January 1891, following the 1890 general election. It sat for four sessions (with two sessions in 1891), and was prorogued on 8 November 1893.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Historical context
In December 1887, the House of Representatives voted to reduce its membership from general electorates from 91 to 70. The 1890 electoral redistribution used the same 1886 census data used for the 1887 electoral redistribution. In addition, three-member electorates were introduced in the four main centres. This resulted in a major restructuring of electorates, with 12 new electorates created. Of those, four electorates were created for the first time: Te Aroha, Halswell, Dunedin Suburbs, and Palmerston. The remaining eight electorates had previously existed and were re-created through the 1890 electoral redistribution: City of Auckland, City of Christchurch, City of Dunedin, City of Wellington, Ellesmere, Franklin, Geraldine, and Westland.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Historical context
The 11th Parliament was most significant, as following the 1890 general election, it marked the beginning of party politics in New Zealand with the formation of the Liberal Government, which was to enact major welfare, labour and electoral reforms, including giving the vote to women.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries
The fourth Atkinson Ministry, known as the Scarecrow Ministry, had been the government. The election had returned several "Independent" or "Labour" members as well as the Liberals. Some of Atkinson's conservative colleagues proposed schemes that would keep him in office, but Atkinson, who had been Premier on and off for 14 years, announced that the house would be called on 23 January 1891 to decide. On 21 January Atkinson told his colleagues that he was retiring on doctor's orders, resigned his seat and was sworn into the Legislative Council, and appointed Speaker.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries
When William Rolleston lost the ministerial nomination for Speaker, Edwin Mitchelson announced the resignation of the government. The Governor asked John Ballance to form a government, which he did on 24 January. It was found to have a majority in the house. After a week of debate, the house went into recess until June.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries
Atkinson was appointed to the Council with six colleagues, on 20 or 22 January 1891. He was widely regarded as having stacked the council before leaving office. There was a 5000-signature petition against the appointments, but they were approved by the Governor, The Earl of Onslow. The seven appointments on 20 or 22 January to the Council were Atkinson himself plus Charles Bowen, James Fulton, Charles Johnston, John Davies Ormond, William Downie Stewart Sr and John Blair Whyte.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries
Ballance had considerable difficulty in achieving reform of the Legislative Council, with new appointments to be for seven years rather than life, and he had major disagreements with the Governor. Ballance's victory is seen as establishing an important precedent in the relationship between Governor and Prime Minister.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries
The Ballance Ministry was the beginning of the Liberal Government, which lasted until 1912. John Ballance died suddenly on 27 April 1893 and whilst Ballance had favoured Robert Stout as his successor, the caucus selected Richard Seddon instead. The Seddon Ministry was in power from 1 May 1893 until 10 June 1906, when Seddon in turn died.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 11th Parliament
While the Liberal party was the only established party structure at the time, many independent conservative MPs coalesced as a semi-formal conservative opposition under the leadership of John Bryce. Due to the loose nature of this grouping it is difficult to determine the affiliation of some Independent MPs.


11th New Zealand Parliament, Changes during 11th Parliament
There were a number of changes during the term of the 11th Parliament.


11th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly
The 11th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was the 18th assembly of the territorial government from 1987 to 1991.


11th OTO Awards
The 11th OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2010, took time and place on March 12, 2011 at the new premises of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live RTVS on 1. The host of the show was musician Marián Čekovský.


11th OTO Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories
★ Profesionáli – JOJ Ordinácia v ružovej záhrade – Markíza Panelák – JOJ


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment
The 11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, known in vernacular as the 11th Ohio Cavalry, was a cavalry regiment raised in the name of the governor of Ohio from several counties in southwest Ohio, serving in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was stationed in the Dakota and Idaho territories on the American frontier to protect travelers and settlers from raids by American Indians.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
The first four companies of the regiment were originally raised by Lt. Col. William Oliver Collins as the 7th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, but were later to be consolidated into the 6th Ohio Cavalry Regiment posted at Camp Dennison. Collins refused to redesignate his companies, and to settle the political dispute, they were detached from the 6th in February 1862 to be sent west under the command of Collins, a 52-year-old lawyer from Hillsboro and member of the Ohio Senate.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
On April 4, 1862, the battalion was ordered to St Louis, Missouri, and during the month of May, marched to Fort Laramie in the Idaho Territory, a prominent post along the Oregon Trail. It was permanently detached from the 6th Ohio Cavalry and designated the 1st Ohio Independent Cavalry Battalion. The battalion located its headquarters at Pacific Springs, Nebraska Territory, assigned to protect travelers and interests along the North Platte and Sweetwater Rivers, and then at South Pass, Idaho Territory, to guard the Overland Mail routes from  Julesburg, Colorado, to Green River, Wyoming.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
In June 1863, Collins recruited four additional companies at Camp Dennison, including 40 former Confederates enlisted from the prisoner-of-war camp at Camp Chase, who were to be sent west to combine in July with the 1st Independent battalion as the 11th Ohio Cavalry. The additional four companies were activated as a defense against Morgan's Raid in July before being sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, at the start of August. Following the burning of Lawrence, Kansas, the battalion was sent after William Quantrill for a short time. Companies E through H arrived at Fort Laramie on October 13. Three more companies (I, K, and L) were formed in 1864 from surplus recruits and men of Companies A through D who did not be re-enlist at the expiration of their enlistments.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
Companies A through D mustered out April 1, 1865, along with Collins. He was replaced in command by Lt. Col. Thomas L. Mackey, former captain of Company C. Companies E and K, many members who were "Galvanized Yankees", accompanied the column of Brig. Gen. Patrick Edward Connor on the 1865 Powder River Expedition and saw action in the Battle of the Tongue River. The remaining seven companies mustered out July 14, 1866. They were the last volunteer troops from Ohio in service.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 11th Ohio Cavalry suffered three officers and 20 enlisted men killed in action, and one officer and 60 enlisted men died from disease.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails
The 11th Ohio Cavalry was assigned to the Department of Kansas (Department of the Missouri after January 30, 1865), District of Nebraska. The battalion and later the regiment were stationed in the Idaho Territory to replace the regular troops who had been posted there before the Civil War. As a result of the military withdrawal, Indian attacks on emigrants intensified.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails
By the time the volunteers arrived at Fort Laramie, most traffic on the trail had dropped off in favor of the more southern Overland Trail that went from Julesburg, Colorado, to the Front Range and through the Laramie Plains to meet the other emigrant trails at Fort Bridger. U.S. mail service also moved to the southern line after the contract was assigned to Ben Holladay's Overland Stage Line in 1861.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails
Upon arrival at Fort Laramie, the troops were assigned to various posts along the Sweetwater and North Platte Rivers between Nebraska and South Pass. A company was sent immediately to construct Fort Halleck near Elk Mountain on the Overland Trail. After it became the 11th Ohio Cavalry, troops manned Fort Halleck and several outlying satellite posts until they were abandoned in 1866. In 1864, two companies were sent to Camp Collins (named for Lt. Colonel Collins) and later Fort Collins until it, too, was decommissioned in 1866. Collins became commander of the West Subdistrict, District of Nebraska, with his headquarters at Fort Laramie.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails
On December 31, 1864, the 11th was posted in the West Subdistrict as follows:


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails
On July 26, 1865, a detachment of the 11th Kansas Cavalry posted at Platte Bridge Station near present-day Casper, Wyoming, engaged a large band of Cheyenne and Sioux who intended to destroy the 1,000-foot-long (300 m) bridge and the soldiers posted there to protect it. Lt


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails
. Colonel Collin's son Caspar, a 20-year-old second lieutenant en route with the mail escort back to his company farther west, was ordered by Major Martin Anderson of the 11th Kansas Cavalry to lead a relief force of Kansas cavalrymen to escort a small wagon train into the fort after the four officers of the Kansas regiment refused to do so. Collins and 25 Kansas troopers marched into an ambush less than a half mile after crossing the bridge.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails
Most fought their way back to the bridge, held by a 20-man support force of the 11th Ohio and Company I, 3rd U.S. Volunteer Infantry en route to Fort Laramie, but six were cut off and killed, including Collins. The wagon train of 25 troopers and teamsters of the 11th Kansas was surrounded before reaching the bridge, and all but three troopers were killed.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service on the emigrant trails
In August, Companies E and K from Fort Laramie accompanied Colonel James H. Kidd's western column of Brigadier General Patrick E. Connor's Powder River Expedition aimed at stopping Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho attacks on the Bozeman Trail. On August 29, the troops attacked an Indian village along the Tongue River. Five soldiers were killed, and seven were wounded compared to 63 killed or wounded Arapaho.


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Notable members
Sergeant Charles L. Thomas, Company E - Medal of Honor recipient for heroism during the Powder River Expedition


11th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Legacy
In 1957, the Troopers Drum and Bugle Corps was founded in Casper, Wyoming. Paying homage to Casper's history, director Jim Jones based the Troopers uniforms on the field uniforms of the 11th Ohio Cavalry. To this day, the corps' symbol is a pair of crossed sabers with the number 11 emblazoned above them, the same symbol the 11th Ohio would have used.


11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery
The 11th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The 11th Ohio Battery was organized in St. Louis, Missouri October 27, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under Captain Archibald G. A. Constable.


11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The battery was attached to Army of the West and Department of the Missouri to March 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, Army of the Mississippi, to April 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, Army of the Mississippi, to November 1862. 7th Division, Left Wing, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. Artillery, 7th Division, XVI Corps, to January 1863. Artillery, 7th Division, XVII Corps, to July 1863. Kimball's Division, Arkansas Expedition, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Arkansas Expedition, to January 1864. Artillery, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of the Arkansas, to May 1864. Garrison, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, 2nd Division, VII Corps, to November 1864.


11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The 11th Ohio Battery mustered out of service at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, on November 5, 1864.


11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service
Moved to South Point, Mo., October 28, 1861. March to Syracuse, Mo., November 22, then to Tipton, Mo., November, 29, and duty there until December 15. Moved to Otterville, Mo., December 15, and duty there until February 2, 1862. March to Booneville, then to St. Charles, February 2–17. Siege of New Madrid, Mo., March 3–14. Siege and capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, March 15-April 8. Expedition to Fort Pillow, Tenn., April 13–17. Moved to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., April 17–23. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 30-June 13.


11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service
Duty at Corinth until June 23. Expedition to Ripley June 27-July 2. At Corinth until August 4. At Jacinto until September 18. Battle of Iuka, Miss., September 19. Battle of Corinth October 3–4. Pursuit to Ripley October 5–12. Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign November–December. At Germantown, Tenn., until January 15, 1863. At Memphis, Tenn., until March. Yazoo Pass Expedition and operations against Fort Pemberton and Greenwood, March 11-April 5. Moved to Milliken's Bend, La. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25–30. Battle of Thompson's Hill. Port Gibson, May 1 (reserve). Battle of Raymond May 12. Jackson May 14.


11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service
Battle of Champion Hill May 16. Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Ordered to Helena, Ark., July 28. Steele's Expedition to Little Rock, Ark., August 10-September 10. Bayou Fourche and capture of Little Rock September 10. Duty at Little Rock until April 1864, and at Pine Bluff until October. Ordered home for muster out.


11th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties
The battery lost a total of 50 enlisted men during service; 20 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 30 enlisted men died due to disease.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 11th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment
The 11th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, from April 18–26, 1861 under Colonel Charles A. De Villiers in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment spent its entire service on duty at Camp Dennison until June 20, 1861. The regiment mustered out on July 20, 1861.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment
The 11th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Camp Dennison on June 20, 1861, and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel A. H. Coleman.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment
The regiment was attached to Cox's Kanawha Brigade, West Virginia, to September 1861. Benham's Brigade, District of the Kanawha, West Virginia, to October 1861. 1st Brigade, District of the Kanawha, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, West Virginia, Department of the Mountains, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, District of West Virginia, Department of the Ohio, to February 1863. Crook's Brigade, Baird's Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIV Army Corps, to June 1865.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment
The regiment veteranized June 21, 1864, and was reorganized as a battalion, attached to the 92nd Ohio Infantry until January 1865. The 11th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service on June 11, 1865.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1861
Ordered to the Kanawha Valley, Va., July 7, 1861. Action at Hawk's Nest, Va., August 20, 1861. Near Piggott's Mills, Big Run, August 25. Operations in the Kanawha Valley and New River Reglen October 19-November 16. Gauley Bridge November 10. Blake's Farm, Cotton Mountain, November 10–11. Moved to Point Pleasant December 11, and duty there until April 16, 1862.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1862
Operations in the Kanawha Valley April to August. Moved to Washington, D.C., August 18–24. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 25-September 2. Bull Run Bridge August 27. Maryland Campaign September 6–22. Frederick City, Md., September 12. Battle of South Mountain September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16–17. Moved to Hagerstown, Md., October 8, thence to Clarksburg and Summerville, W. Va., and duty at Summerville until January 24, 1863. Expedition to Cold Knob Mountain November 24–30, 1862. Lewis Mill on Sinking Creek November 26.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1863
Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., January 24, 1863, thence to Carthage February 22, and duty there until June. Near Carthage March 8 (2 companies). Scout to Rome March 24–25. Reconnaissance to McMinnville April 13. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Hoover's Gap June 24–26. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Catlett's Gap, Pigeon Mountain, September 15–18. Battle of Chickamauga September 19–21. Rossville Gap September 21. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-November 23. Reopening Tennessee River October 26–29. Brown's Ferry October 27. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23–27. Orchard Knob November 23–24. Missionary Ridge November 25.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service, 1864
Demonstration on Dalton, Ga., February 22–27, 1864. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23–25. Veterans absent on furlough March and April. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Detached for duty as garrison at Resaca May 16 to June 10. Non -veterans relieved for muster out June 10 and ordered to Cincinnati, Ohio. Mustered out June 21, 1864.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Post Disbanding, 1864
Veterans and recruits organized as a battalion and attached to 92nd Ohio Infantry until January 1865, participating in operations about Marietta, Ga., and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2, 1864. Pine Hill June 11–14. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Smyrna Camp Ground July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5–17. Peachtree Creek July 19–20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5–7. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25–30. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2–6. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10–21.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Post Disbanding, 1865
Campaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Fayetteville, N. C., March 11. Battle of Bentonville March 19–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14, Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.


11th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 152 men during service; 4 officers and 50 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 98 enlisted men died of disease.


11th Oklahoma Legislature
The Eleventh Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in Oklahoma City, in regular session from January 4 to March 24, 1927, and in special session from December 6 through 29, 1927, during the term of Governor Henry S. Johnston.


11th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership
Lieutenant Governor William J. Holloway served as President of the Senate, giving him a tie-breaking vote and the authority to serve as presiding officer. Mac Q. Williamson served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate in 1927. D.A. Stovall served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.


11th Operational Weather Squadron
The 11th Operational Weather Squadron (11OWS) was an operational weather squadron of the United States Air Force. The squadron was based out of Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, and was responsible for forecasting Alaska's weather and analyzing its climate.


11th Operational Weather Squadron
The squadron was first activated in early 1941 as the Air Corps Detachment, Weather, Alaska at Ladd Field. It was soon moved to Elmendorf Field (later Air Force Base). The detachment oversaw weather stations in Alaska and after the Attack on Pearl Harbor in February 1942 became the 11th Air Corps Squadron, Weather. The squadron was redesignated the 11th Weather Squadron in 1944. In 1952 the squadron was relocated to Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi where it inactivated five years later. In 1958 the squadron was reactivated at Elmendorf. The squadron was inactivated after a short stay at Eielson Air Force Base in 1992. The squadron was reactivated as the 11th Operational Weather Squadron at Elmendorf in 1998.


11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, World War II
The 11th Operational Weather Squadron was constituted as Air Corps Detachment, Weather, Alaska, on 15 November 1940, and activated on 11 January 1941 at Ladd Field, Alaska, assigned to the Ninth Service Command. The detachment was commanded by Captain Wilson H. Neal and consisted of a Technical sergeant and five other enlisted men, transferred from March Field. Its mission was to operate the Alaska Weather Region to provide Army Air Corps aircraft and Alaska Army units with weather service. The detachment relocated to Elmendorf Field on 2 May. On 7 December, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the detachment oversaw the weather stations at Elmendorf, Ladd, Annette Island, and Yakutat, a total of 44 enlisted men and three officers.


11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was redesignated the 11th Air Corps Squadron, Weather, on 26 February 1942 and transferred to the 11th Air Force. On 28 May, it activated a weather station at Fort Glenn. In October, the squadron activated a weather station at Adak and its remotest station at St. Matthew Island. Now-Lieutenant Colonel Neal was transferred and replaced by Major Paul A. Carlson in November. A station at Amchitka was activated on 24 January 1943. After the American liberation of Attu in May, the squadron established a weather station at Alexai Point on the island.


11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, World War II
The Adak and Alexai Point stations provided forecasts for a number of bombing raids against Paramushir in the summer. By the end of 1943, the squadron controlled 32 weather stations, manned by 81 officers, seven NCOs, and 447 enlisted men, its peak strength. On 6 January 1944, the squadron became the 11th Weather Squadron. In February, both weathermen and a radio operator at the Chuginadak station died of exposure while searching for a supply barge which had run aground on the island.


11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, World War II
During the war, three men of the squadron received the Distinguished Flying Cross, seventeen received the Bronze Star, three were awarded the Army Commendation Medal, and five were awarded the Air Medal. The squadron was transferred to the Army Air Forces Weather Service (later the Air Weather Service) on 22 October 1945.


11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, Cold War
On 4 December 1945, the squadron became part of the 7th Weather Group (later the 2107th Air Weather Group). On 20 April 1952, the squadron was relocated to Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi, becoming part of the Air Weather Service. A month later it became part of the 8th Weather Group. The squadron was inactivated at Keesler on 18 November 1957. The squadron returned to Elmendorf and was reactivated on 18 June 1958, replacing the 7th Weather Group. On 1 June 1959, the squadron became part of the 4th Weather Wing.


11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, Cold War
It was transferred to the 3rd Weather Wing on 30 June 1972. Between 20 January and 1 February 1989, elements of the squadron participated in Exercise Brim Frost 89, training Joint Task Force-Alaska against invasion. The squadron became part of the 1st Weather Wing on 1 October 1989. It was reassigned to Pacific Air Forces on 30 September 1991, when weather squadrons of Air Weather Service were transferred to the commands they supported. The squadron relocated to Eielson Air Force Base on 1 April 1992, becoming part of the 343d Operations Group on 15 April. The squadron was inactivated on 1 June.


11th Operational Weather Squadron, History, Operational Weather Squadron
The squadron was redesignated the 11th Operational Weather Squadron on 5 February 1999, and activated on 19 February 1999 with the 611th Air Operations Group. The squadron provided mission tailored, operational, and tactical level meteorological, geological, oceanographic, and space environment products and services for Department of Defense air and land operations in the Alaskan region. They provided headquarters staff support to the Alaskan Command, Eleventh Air Force, PACAF, and U.S. Army Alaska, and contingency support to the Alaska NORAD Region. As a result of USAF manpower and budget reductions, the 11th OWS was inactivated and merged with the 17th Operational Weather Squadron in Hawaii in June 2008. This merger was completed on 13 June 2008.


11th Operational Weather Squadron, Lineage
The lineage of the 11th Operational Squadron from inception to 2008:


11th Operational Weather Squadron, Lineage, Assignments
The assignments of the 11th Operational Squadron from inception to 2008:


11th Operational Weather Squadron, Lineage, Stations
The stations of the 11th Operational Squadron from inception to 2008:


11th Operational Weather Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: "".


11th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The 11th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  11th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 11th Congress.


11th Panchen Lama controversy
The 11th Panchen Lama controversy is a dispute about the recognition of the 11th Kunsik Panchen Lama. The Panchen Lama is considered the second most important spiritual leader in Tibetan Buddhism after the Dalai Lama. Following the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the 14th Dalai Lama recognized Gedhun Choekyi Nyima in 1995. Three days later, the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) abducted the Panchen Lama and his family. Months later, the PRC chose Gyaincain Norbu as its proxy Panchen Lama.


11th Panchen Lama controversy
During the traditional search process, Chatral Rinpoche indicated to the Dalai Lama that all signs pointed to Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, while the Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas recognize each other's incarnations. The PRC had established its own search committee, which included Chatral Rinpoche and other monks, and used a lottery system referred to as the Golden Urn. Neither Gedhun Choekyi Nyima nor his family have been seen since the abduction. Chadral Rinpoche was  arrested by Chinese authorities the day after the abduction.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
Before his death, the 10th Panchen Lama, Choekyi Gyaltsen, had been held for 15 years as a political prisoner of China, and after his release wrote the 70,000 Character Petition to Mao Zedong on 18 May 1962. The Petition assessed China's occupation of Tibet, explained the grievances of Tibetans, and exposed China's "use of routine propaganda regarding revolution, liberation, democratic reform and the so-called 'socialist paradise' as "pure deception"." He again was critical of Chinese policies in Tibet five days before his death on 28 January 1989, and Tibetans intensified the ongoing protests afterwards.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
As a Tibetan search process began, the Chinese state-run CCTV network states that three days after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the Premier of the State Council published its decision on how the 11th Panchen Lama would be selected based on the feedback gathered from the committee of Tashi Lhunpo Monastery and monks on 30 January 1989.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
Tibetans would not consider the 11th Panchen Lama incarnation legitimate unless he were identified according to Tibetan traditional means, including a search by the 10th Panchen Lama's closest Khenpos based on dreams and omens, and a formal recognition by the Dalai Lama. Often, the Nechung Oracle was also consulted. By 1994, five years after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, ordinarily, the 11th Panchen Lama would have already been identified. The Nechung Oracle in Dharamsala had been consulted on the matter.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
The leaders of the Chinese government wanted a process under their authority. Beijing planned to use a group of monks  to identify a group of candidates, not only one, and then to use the golden urn to randomly select one of them, and to exclude the Dalai Lama from the process altogether.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
Beijing later allowed Tashi Lhunpo Monastery's head Khenpo Chadrel Rinpoche, the head of the search team, to communicate with the Dalai Lama in hopes that a mutually acceptable process and candidate could be accomplished.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
In March 1995, Chinese government officials proposed drawing a name from three to five slips in the urn. On 14 May 1995, the Dalai Lama preempted the officials' drawing of names by publicly recognizing Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th Panchen Lama.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
On 17 May, the Chinese government abducted the recognized Panchen Lama. Then in November 1995 they selected a different boy, Gyaincain Norbu, using the golden urn lottery system. This decision was immediately denounced by the Dalai Lama. China continues to detain Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and his family in a place whose location has not been divulged to the public.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
Chadrel Rinpoche, the Panchen Lama's senior Khenpo, was arrested at the Chamdo Airport while returning from Beijing, on 14 May 1995. Two years later on 8 May 1997, Chadrel Rinpoche was sentenced to six years in prison for splittism and betraying state secrets. He was then incarcerated in China, re-incarcerated under house arrest in a Chinese military camp near Lhasa, and the Central Tibetan Administration reports he died of poisoning in 2011.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recognition and abduction
The Dalai Lama has denounced China by saying "the person who reincarnates has sole legitimate authority over where and how he or she takes rebirth and how that reincarnation is to be recognized." "It is a reality that no one else can force the person concerned, or manipulate him or her," "It is particularly inappropriate for Chinese communists, who explicitly reject even the idea of past and future lives, let alone the concept of reincarnate Tulkus, to meddle in the system of reincarnation and especially the reincarnations of the Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas."


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments
In April 2019, U.S. Congressman Jim McGovern said the Panchen Lama “will mark his 30th birthday as one of the world’s longest-held prisoners of conscience", and referred to his enforced disappearance as a violation of the religious freedom of Tibetan Buddhists while also stating that the alternative Panchen Lama has been victimized by China as "a consequence of its policies to undermine and control the Tibetan people."


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments
Earlier on 26 April 2018, the U.S. State Department issued a statement, "On April 25, we marked the birthday of the 11th Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, who has not appeared in public since he was reportedly abducted two decades ago by the Chinese government at age six." The statement also called for the immediate release of the 11th Panchen Lama.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments
As of 2020, the Panchen Lama has been held as a political prisoner for 25 years. Five United Nations committees have opened cases, while numerous governments, including the European Parliament, Canada, U.K., and U.S. have called for China to release the 11th Panchen Lama.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments
An April 2020 joint petition prepared by 159 organizations spanning 18 countries requests the United Nations to pressure China for the Panchen Lama's release, as well as the release of his family.


11th Panchen Lama controversy, Recent developments
In May 2020, CNN reports that the Central Tibetan Administration stated, "China's abduction of the Panchen Lama and forcible denial of his religious identity and the right to practice in his monastery is not only a violation of religious freedom but also a gross violation of human rights."


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
The 11th Panzer Division (English: 11th Tank Division) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1940.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
The division saw action on the Eastern and Western Fronts during the Second World War. The 11th Panzer Division did not participate in the war until the invasion of Yugoslavia. It fought in the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944 and, in the last year of the war, in southern France and Germany. The formation's emblem was a ghost.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 11th Panzer Division was formed on 1 August 1940 from the 11th Schützen-Brigade and the Panzer Regiment 15 removed from the 5th Panzer Division and elements of the 231st Infantry Division, 311th Infantry Division and 209th Infantry Division. Most of its members were from Silesia.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 11th Panzer Division saw action for the first time in the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. Passing through Bulgaria, it arrived in Belgrade and assisted in the capture of that city.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
The division was then sent to the Eastern Front where it was part of the Army Group South. It participated in the Battle of Kiev and later took part in the Battle of Moscow. At the Battle of Moscow Soviet propaganda made a fictional claim about the 11th Panzer Division in the fabricated encounter with Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen. The division was engaged in retreat and defensive operations after the Soviet counter offensive in December 1941. The 11th Panzer Division's advance finally came to a halt due to the strong resistance of the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division and the 78th Rifle Division. Harsh weather conditions were also a factor.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 11th Panzer Division was part of Case Blue from June 1942 onward, participating in the capture of Voronezh and the drive towards Stalingrad. It avoided being entrapped with the 6th Army in the city but suffered substantial losses during the winter of 1942-43. It was engaged in the failed relief attempt on Stalingrad and then participated in the defence of Rostov, which allowed the German troops retreating from the Caucasus to escape.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
During operations on the Eastern Front around the Chir River. The 11th Panzer Division acted as a fire brigade going wherever there was a breakthrough by Soviet Forces. During December the 11th Panzer conducted a series of counter attacks against Soviet forces around the Chir River. On 9 December 1942 the 11th Panzer Division destroyed 53 tanks of the 1st Soviet Tank Corps in a counter attack to relieve the German 336th Infantry Division. On 19 December 1942 the 11th Panzer Division destroyed 42 Russian tanks without losing any of its own tanks just south of Oblivskaya.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
The division engaged a second Soviet attack destroying 65 more Soviet tanks without suffering any losses. By the end of the day the 11th Panzer Division had destroyed an entire Soviet Mechanized Corps. On 21 December 1942 the 11th Panzer Division destroyed much of the Soviet 5th Tank Army during a counter attack along the Chir. The division suffered heavy losses in the process.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
In July 1943, it participated in the Battle of Kursk and the defensive operations and retreat that followed the German failure. It was entrapped in the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket in February 1944 and almost completely destroyed in the break-out from the pocket. The division was withdrawn from the front and sent to Bordeaux, France after receiving personnel drawn from the 273rd Reserve Panzer Division.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
After being stationed in the Toulouse area, the division was moved to a section of the Rhône in July 1944. When the Allies invaded southern France in August 1944 it retreated via the Rhône corridor, reaching Besançon. Later entering combat in Alsace, it helped in the defence of the Belfort Gap and was defeated in the Battle of Arracourt before going back to the Saar. In December 1944, the division fought as part of the Army Group G.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
At the beginning of the Battle of the Bulge, which it participated in, the division had 3,500 personnel, including 800 infantry. Following the failure of the German offensive, the 11th Panzer Division entered combat in Saarland and Moselle and fought at Remagen with 4,000 soldiers, 25 tanks and 18 guns that still remained, but was expelled from the region by the advancing US forces.


11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
It was then shifted to the southern sector of the front, with its forces stationed in and encircled in the Ruhr. The 11th Panzer Division retreated south east, eventually surrendering to US forces in the area around Passau on 2 May 1945.


11th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)
The 11th Panzergrenadier Division (11. Panzergrenadierdivision) was a West German mechanized infantry formation. It was part of the I Corps of the Bundeswehr. I Corps was part of NATO's Northern Army Group (NORTHAG), along with the I Belgian Corps, I British Corps, and the I Netherlands Corps. In the wake of military restructuring brought about by the end of the Cold War, the 11th Panzergrenadier Division was disbanded in 1994.


11th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)
The division was constituted in May 1959 as part of the I Corps of the Bundeswehr. At that time, it commanded the 32nd Panzergrenadier and 33rd Panzer Brigades. In 1961, the 31st Panzergrenadier Brigade was also subordinated to the division. Division headquarters was quartered at Oldenburg.


11th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)
The division provided assistance to civilians during the North Sea flood of 1962 and helped fight wildfires on the Luneberg Heath in summer 1975. In September 1990, elements of the division assisted with the removal of old U.S. chemical munitions during Operation Steel Box, including medics from Leer (Ostfriesland) who were at Nordenham for a few weeks. From November 1990 to July 1991, elements of the division provided security, maintenance, and transport in the ports of Emden and Nordenham for U.S. and British troops redeploying to the Gulf War. The 11th Panzergrenadier Division was disbanded in 1994.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)
The 11th Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, raised by the British Army in World War II.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)
The battalion was formed in the Middle East and was assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade, 1st Airborne Division. As it was still training it was left behind when the rest of the brigade took part in the invasion of Italy. One company later parachuted onto the island of Kos taking prisoner the large Italian garrison. The battalion rejoined the rest of the 1st Airborne Division, then in England. The only battle in which the battalion participated was the Battle of Arnhem, part of  Operation Market Garden, in September 1944. The battalion sustained very heavy casualties and was disbanded following the battle and the men were used as replacements elsewhere.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)
After the Second World War a reserve 11th Battalion was formed by the Territorial Army (TA) in 1947, but it was disbanded nine years later.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation
Impressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. On 22 June 1940, No. 2 Commando was turned over to parachute duties and on 21 November, re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing, and later became the 1st Parachute Battalion. It was these men who took part in the first British airborne operation, Operation Colossus, on 10 February 1941. The success of the raid prompted the War Office to expand the existing airborne force, setting up the Airborne Forces Depot and Battle School in Derbyshire in April 1942, and creating the Parachute Regiment as well as converting a number of infantry battalions into airborne battalions in August 1942.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation
The 11th Parachute Battalion was raised in Kibrit Egypt in March 1943. Assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade, 1st Airborne Division the battalion was still in training when the rest of the brigade left to join the division for the Allied invasion of Italy.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation
In 1942 a parachute battalion had an establishment of 556 men in three companies (three platoons each) supported by a 3-inch (76 mm) mortar and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a support company to command the battalions heavy weapons was added. It comprised three platoons: Mortar Platoon with eight 3-inch (76 mm) mortars, Machine Gun Platoon with four Vickers machine guns and an Anti-tank Platoon with ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Formation
The only combat seen by the battalion in the Mediterranean, was in September 1943. ' A' Company and the mortar and machine gun platoons parachuted onto the island of Kos in the Dodecanese and captured the airfield. The Italian garrison numbered around 4,000 men did not put up any resistance. The company was withdrawn soon after and rejoined the battalion. In December 1943 the battalion rejoined the 4th Parachute Brigade who by this time were in England.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem
When the battalion landed outside Arnhem on 18 September they were detached from the brigade and sent to reinforce the 1st Parachute Battalion and the glider-borne infantry of 2nd South Staffords, trying to fight through to the 2nd Parachute Battalion which had captured the northern end of the Arnhem road bridge. The two battalions were located in the town about 1,100 yards (1,000 m) short of the bridge. They were just about to start another attempt to break through to the 2nd Parachute Battalion.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem
With no appreciation of the ground the 11th Battalion was held in reserve playing no part in the attack. Under heavy fire the attempt stalled and to relieve the pressure on the assaulting troops, the 11th Battalion was asked to carry out a left flanking attack on the German positions. Orders were being issued for the assault, when the divisional commander Major-General Roy Urquhart personally intervened, forbidding the battalion to take part in what he now considered a futile attack. The 2nd South Staffords had been decimated with only their 'C' Company surviving as a unit. The 1st Parachute Battalion were in an even worse state and only numbered about 40 men.


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem
The battalion was gradually worn down withdrawing through the city and casualties mounted. A move to gain some high ground to the north was discovered and the battalion was caught in the open and decimated, with only around 150 men left. One of the casualties being the commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel George Lea. The second in command Major Richard Lonsdale now took command of the battalion and the remnants of the 1st, 3rd Parachute and 2nd South Staffords battalions. Forming them into an ad hoc force which became known as Lonsdale Force. They were withdrawn to Oosterbeek where the division was forming a defensive perimeter, digging in on the south eastern side with their right flank on the river. Lonsdale addressed the men before the Germans arrived;


11th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Arnhem
You know as well as I do there are a lot of bloody Germans coming at us. Well, all we can do is to stay here and hang on in the hope that somebody catches us up. We must fight for our lives and stick together. We've fought the Germans before — in North Africa, Sicily, Italy. They weren't good enough for us then, and they're bloody well not good enough for us now. They're up against the finest soldiers in the world. An hour from now you will take up defensive positions north of the road outside. Make certain you dig in well and that your weapons and ammo are in good order. We are getting short of ammo, so when you shoot you shoot to kill. Good luck to you all.