134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
In early December, Quay was forced to resign due to his disease and O'Brien was promoted to colonel, Thompson to lieutenant colonel, and Captain William H. Shaw to major. The 134th fought in the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, losing 14 killed, 106 wounded, and 19 missing. Despite his illness, Quay volunteered to serve as an aide to General Tyler throughout the battle, for which he would receive a Medal of Honor in 1888.


134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment fought in the Battle of Chancellorsville from May 1 to 3 1863, on the left flank of the Union army. Total casualties were 48 men killed, wounded, and missing. The enlistments of the men expired soon after the battle, and the 134th was mustered out in Harrisburg on May 26, 1863.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
134th Siege Battery was a heavy howitzer unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It saw active service at Salonika and in Palestine.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and the majority of the Kent and Sussex Royal Garrison Artillery did so. These 'defended ports units', which until 1910 had been a single unit, had mobilised as part of Nos 10 and 13 Coastal Fire Commands, responsible for the defence of South East England from the Medway to Newhaven. Although the TF defended ports units never served overseas, they were soon supplying trained gunners to RGA heavy and siege batteries serving in the field and providing cadres to form complete new units.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
134th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed at Dover on 3 May 1916 with a nucleus of Territorials drawn from the Kent and Sussex RGA units. The battery was equipped with four modern 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers and was sent to the Macedonian Front, arriving at Salonika on 20 August 1916.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
The British Salonika Army (BSF) had been sent to Macedonia in October 1915 but it was desperately short of heavy artillery, and 134th Siege Bty was one of five 6-inch howitzer batteries sent out as reinforcements in the summer of 1916, where they joined 37th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG), a headquarters transferred from the Western Front. Prior to the battery's arrival, 766 Company, Army Service Corps (ASC), had been formed at Salonika on 13 July 1916, as its Siege Park Motor Transport (MT).


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
When 134th Siege Bty reached the front on 4 September, 37th HAG was supporting XII Corps. The BSF had just redeployed and began a period of putting pressure on the enemy with raids and larger operations. From 6 September, XII Corps' artillery began a slow bombardment of the Macukovo Salient on the left bank of the River Vardar, rising to a systematic bombardment on 10 September.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
On 13 September the 6-inch howitzers fired all day, until 02.00 next morning; as soon as the artillery lifted off the objectives, the infantry of 65th Brigade stormed the positions known as the 'Piton des Mitrailleuses' and the 'Dorsale' north of Macukovo. However, having made a demonstration, these exposed positions were abandoned at dusk. Infantry casualties had been heavy in this Action at Macukovo, and sickness was rife, so for a long time to come XII Corps maintained the pressure with artillery bombardments and small raids.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
37th HAG with 134th Siege Bty and two other 6-inch howitzer batteries was then switched to  XVI Corps along the River Struma, which was ordered to attack to prevent Bulgarian troops being sent elsewhere. The howitzers were dug in on the lower slopes of the foothills west of Orlyak. 81st Brigade crossed the river during the foggy night of 29/30 September and the bombardment began at 05.45, with the heavies firing on enemy-held trenches, dugouts, and buildings. 81st Brigade seized Karajakoi Bala, but an attempt to push on to Karajakoi Zir was foiled by enfilade fire from a flanking trench.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
The infantry prepared to renew the attack next day while some of the 6-inch howitzers tried to hit the flanking trench. The second village was captured and the troops dug in to fend off counter-attacks. On 3 October the narrow salient that had been captured was widened by the seizure of Yenikoi. Armoured car and cavalry patrols pushed beyond the villages discovered that the Bulgarians had fallen back a long way.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
After the Struma bridgehead had been consolidated, XII Corps failed in an attempt to move on and capture Bairakli Jum'a. 134th Siege Bty and another 6-inch howitzer battery allocated to 28th Division for a better-prepared attack on 31 October. Firing across the Struma, the howitzers were registered on their targets as soon the mist cleared at 07.00, and the bombardment began 15 minuted later. The attack was carried out with great speed, and overran the Bulgarians who were shaken by the bombardment. The whole front was shaken loose, and the Bulgarians were threatened by a general advance, but the onset of winter weather reduced the advance to a series of demonstrations.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
In March 1917 the BSF began preparations for a spring offensive. 37th HAG was transferred back to XII Corps, 134th Siege Bty arriving on 6 March and coming directly under XII Corps Heavy Artillery until 37th HAG HQ arrived on15 March. The Second Battle of Doiran began with a night attack on 24/25 April after three days' bombardment. Ammunition was in short supply – only 150 rounds per 6-inch howitzer was available – and the Bulgarian positions were formidable.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
26th Division's attack was a complete and costly failure, that of  22nd Division was more successful because the attacking infantry had deployed beyond the enemy's defensive barrage. A further attack was made at Doiran on 8 May, but despite bitter fighting around the Petite Couronne the attack was a failure. There followed a summer of stalemate on the Macedonian Front. 134th Siege Bty transferred to 75th HAG on 25 May, then to XII Corps Right Heavy Group on 3 July and rejoined 37th HAG on 31 July, but there were no major operations.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Salonika
In July the War Office decided to move troops from the BSF to reinforce the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), whose invasion of Palestine had stalled at Gaza. The BSF was ordered to send two 6-inch howitzer batteries, and 134th Siege Bty was one of those chosen. It was moved back to the base at Salonika on 15 August and embarked for Egypt on 29 August 1917. Left behind with the BSF, 766 Co ASC became a GHQ Troops Supply Company.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
134th Siege Bty arrived in Egypt on 5 September 1917 and joined 100th HAG with the newly-formed XXI Corps at the end of the month. Prior to the battery's arrival, 988 Company, ASC, had been formed at Ismailia on 29 August 1917 as its Ammunition Column MT.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
The EEF was preparing for a renewed attack (the Third Battle of Gaza), with XXI Corps on the left (coastal) flank facing Gaza itself. Its heavy guns were divided into a right and left counter-battery (CB) group and a bombardment group, with 134th Siege Bty loaned to 95th HAG under this organisation. As well as their primary roles, all three artillery groups were also available to concentrate CB fire on Turkish guns, with 300 rounds of 6-inch howitzer ammunition allocated to each located battery.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
The bombardment began on 27 October while operations were going on elsewhere, then the attack on Gaza began with a preliminary attack at 23.10 on 1 November after a 10-minute intense bombardment of 'Umbrella Hill'. The second phase began at 03.00 on 2 November and made good progress. At 08.57 the whole of the corps heavy artillery began a defensive barrage (pre-registered by means of aircraft observation) that scattered an attempted Turkish counter-attack. Although the Turkish artillery responded strongly, it was all withdrawn before the end of the day in response to British CB fire and the advancing infantry.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
By the end of the day the British troops had taken almost all their objectives and had succeeded in pinning the enemy troops and causing heavy casualties. The corps heavy artillery brought up another 1000 rounds per gun, but the Turks evacuated Gaza before the follow-up attack could be launched on 7 November as the rest of the EEF broke through further east.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
The leading troops of XXI Corps then began advancing north of Gaza as the EEF moved on Jerusalem. The corps was hampered by shortage of transport, and artillery ammunition had to be brought up by ship and landed on the beach. Although some heavy artillery batteries were got up for the capture of Junction Station on 14 November, 134th Siege Bty was not among them.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
XII Corps began its advance into the Judean Hills on 19 November and took Nebi Samwil on 21 November, though even the light field gun batteries found movement almost impossible in the hills in winter weather. However, 100th HAG had caught up for the launch of the Battle of Jaffa on 11 December. The rest of the corps heavy artillery and a sound-ranging section arrived by 13 December and the whole supported the passage of the Nahr el 'Auja on the night of 20/21 December. The batteries were brought up into concealed positions and 100th HAG began CB fire on the morning of 20 December. The bold attack was a complete success.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
Having captured Jerusalem, the EEF spent the winter defending it against Turkish counter-attacks. The campaign restarted in March 1918 with the Battle of Tell 'Asur. XXI Corps was in support, and had the advantage of good positions for its heavy artillery, which could support the advance  with enfilade fire. One section of 134th Siege Bty was equipped with Holt caterpillar tractors and assigned to move up in direct support of 75th Division; the other section was in the Bombardment Group under 95th HAG.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
On 7 March 75th Division advanced its right flank to gain routes for the artillery and supplies, and the section of 134th Siege Bty moved up to Qibye behind it. During the attack on 12 March this section engaged strongpoints out of reach of the Bombardment Group. Well supported by the artillery, the infantry had a relatively easy task and their casualties were light. On 9–11 April a section of 134th Siege Bty supported 75th Division once more in a much tougher fight at Berukin against German troops.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
After a pause during the summer, the EEF began a new offensive (the Battle of Megiddo) in September 1918. The first phase was an attack by XXI Corps with the bulk of the heavy artillery to break through the Turkish positions in the Plain of Sharon and swing eastwards, after which the Desert Mounted Corps (DMC) pass through to begin the exploitation. The relatively mobile 6-inch howitzers would be ready to move up in support after the breakthrough.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
The Battle of Sharon opened at 04.30 on 19 September with a 15-minute bombardment, the heaviest of the whole Palestine campaign, simultaneous with the infantry attack. The heavy artillery was mainly tasked with CB fire (directed by prior air reconnaissance, sound-ranging and patrolling) with a few individual guns and howitzers shelling Turkish headquarters and telephone exchanges out of range of the field guns. The heavies would then be available to fire on any strongpoints holding up the advance. The Turkish artillery replied promptly at Zero hour, but was soon suppressed by the intensity and accuracy of the CB fire. By the end of the day the whole Turkish defence system had been penetrated and the DMC began the pursuit.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
XXI Corps was left behind during the pursuit. The infantry were employed in improving the roads. Eventually a road suitable for 60-pounder heavy guns was opened for XXI Corps to advance up the coast to Beirut, but the howitzers had to be left behind as the campaign reached its climax. 134th Siege Bty and 988 Co, ASC, transferred to 97th Bde, RGA, on 25 October 1918, then to Corps Troops, and finally to Line of Communication Troops as the HQs moved forwards. Hostilities in Palestine ended on 31 October with the Armistice of Mudros.


134th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Palestine
134th Siege Battery was disbanded at Ismailia on 30 June 1919.


134th meridian east
The meridian 134° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


134th meridian east
The 134th meridian east forms a great circle with the 46th meridian west.


134th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 134th meridian east passes through:


134th meridian west
The meridian 134° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


134th meridian west
The 134th meridian west forms a great circle with the 46th meridian east.


134th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 134th meridian west passes through:


135 (number)
135 (one hundred [and] thirty-five) is the natural number following 134 and preceding 136.


135 (number), In mathematics
This number in base 10 can be expressed in operations using its own digits in at least two different ways. One is as a sum-product number,


135 (number), In mathematics
(1 and 144 share this property) and the other is as the sum of consecutive powers of its digits:


135 (number), In mathematics
There are a total of 135 primes between 1,000 and 2,000.


135 (number), In mathematics
135=11n2+11n+3{\displaystyle 135=11n^{2}+11n+3} for n=3{\displaystyle n=3}. This polynomial plays an essential role in Apéry's proof that ζ(3){\displaystyle \zeta (3)} is irrational.


135 BC
Year 135 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Piso (or, less frequently, year 619 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 135 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers
135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers is the only unit in the Army Reserve to support 42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic), a Royal Engineers regiment of the British Army. The squadron, formed originally in 1948, is a Joint Force Command specialist Royal Engineer unit that provides geographic support to all elements of UK Defence; particularly to Army headquarters, formations and units. The Squadron forms the 4th Sub-Unit within the Regiment assisting in delivering this capability.


135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers
The regiment consists of an Squadron HQ and two troops:


135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History
On 5 October 1948 135 Survey Engineer Regiment was formed with squadrons in Thame, London, Chessington and Southampton. Under a major organisation in April 1967, the regiment was reduced to squadron size and re-titled 135 Field Survey Squadron RE consisting of a squadron HQ, 337, 338 and 339 troops all based at Ewell. The squadron's role was changed to reinforce the Geographic branch at HQ British Army Of the Rhine (BAOR) working closely with 14 Geographic Squadron of 42 Engineer Regiment.


135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History
In June 1986 the Squadron was re-titled 135 Independent Topographic Squadron RE with an additional troop (340 Troop) to carry out the role of map supply. To mark the new the title the Worshipful Company of Chartered Surveyors presented a new unit flag. In 2000 the squadron was re-titled to 135 Independent Geographic Squadron (Volunteers). On 1 April 2014 the squadron officially became part of 42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic) and subsequently changed its name to 135 Geographic Squadron (Reserves). The Regiment became a hybridised Unit composed of both Regular and Reserve Squadrons.


135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History
The squadron operates the Bulk Replication, Tactical Map Distribution Point and Forward Map Distribution Point vehicle systems as part of the Field Deployable GEOINT (FDG) capability.


135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History
The squadron also has a positioning survey role and regularly deploy on survey tasks.


135 Geographic Squadron Royal Engineers, History
Since 2001, a total of 38 soldiers from 135 Geo Squadron have deployed on 53 operational tours in 7 operational theatres.


135 Hertha
Hertha (minor planet designation: 135 Hertha) is an asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 77 kilometers (48 miles) in diameter. Discovered on 18 February 1874 by German–American astronomer Christian Peters at the Litchfield Observatory near Clinton, New York, it was named after the Teutonic and Scandinavian goddess of fertility, Hertha, also known as Nerthus. It orbits among the Nysa asteroid family, but its classification as an metallic M-type asteroid does not match the more common F-type asteroid for this family, suggesting that it may be an interloper. Spectroscopic analysis indicates the possible presence of hydrated silicates indicating that Hertha should possibly be reclassified from its present M-type to the proposed W-type.


135 Hertha
Lightcurve data from Hertha indicates a flattened body, and radar observations indicate that Hertha is non-metallic. Five occultations of stars by the asteroid have been observed between 2000 and 2015.


135 Hertha, Discovery
Hertha was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on 18 February 1874, in Clinton, New York. Further observations were carried out in 1883 by W. T. Sampson and communicated to Astronomische Nachrichten on his behalf by Rear Admiral .


135 Hertha, Physical properties
After its discovery in 1874, subsequent observations in 1884 established Hertha's orbit. Astronomers then began investigation of its physical properties. As early as 1904, G. W. Hill reported observations of Hertha's brightness indicating a variation of half a magnitude and a short period.


135 Hertha, Physical properties
In October 1992 Dotto et al. performed 20 hours of observations spread over 6 nights to investigate Hertha's rotational period, approximate shape, and the coordinates of its rotational axis. They were able to confirm a rotational period of 8.398 ± .001 hours as previously measured by Harris et al. published earlier in 1992. In the same study, Dotto et al. measured the asteroid's shape and rotational axis. The axes' ratios were found to be: a/b = 1.34 ± .03 and b/c = 1.22 ± .05. Two possible values were determined for the rotational axis, however further measurements at different ecliptic longitudes are required to determine which is correct.


135 Hertha, Physical properties
In August 2003 Torppa et al. published their results on the shape and rotational properties of a number of asteroids, including Hertha. Utilizing data from 42 lightcurves of Hertha spanning from 1978 to 2002, a more refined set of axes' ratios was obtained and a detailed shape model was obtained through inversion. New values for the axes' ratios are: a/b = 1.1 and b/c = 1.5. Measurements of the pole direction were also obtained, however like Dotto et al. they were unable to differentiate between their two possible solutions of (β=+58°, λ=96°) and (β=+53°, λ=274°).


135 Hertha, Physical properties
In 2017, Hanuš et al. confirmed that the correct solution is β=53±3°, λ=277±3°. They also calculated the first non-convex shape model, based on lightcurve and stellar occultation data.


135 Hertha, Physical properties, Spectral classification
Although Hertha has long been classified as an M-type asteroid based on its spectral properties, observations carried out by Rivkin et al. in 1996 using the IRTF at Mauna Kea Observatory have raised the possibility of reclassification. The presence of a dip in the observed spectrum at 3 μm indicates that the surface is hydrated, suggesting that Hertha should be reclassified as a W-type (a "wet M-type") asteroid. Based on work carried out by Salisbury and Walter, the Rivkin study estimated the water content of the asteroid to be between 0.14 and 0.27 percent by mass. This estimate is based on laboratory measurements and may not be applicable to asteroids in space.


135 Hertha, Physical properties, Spectral classification
A more recent study by Rivkin et al. published in 2002 examined the dependence of spectral absorption on the asteroid's rotational phase. The study looked at the 0.7 μm band, which is also associated with hydrated silicates, and found that the reflectance changes as the asteroid rotates, suggesting that the surface is heterogeneous with some hydrated areas intermixed with dry areas.


135 Hertha, Asteroid family
Hertha is one of the core members of the Nysa family (405) also known as Herta family. The Nysa–Polana complex is the main-belt's largest grouping of asteroids with nearly 20,000 members.


135 Squadron (Israel)
The 135 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Air Kings Squadron.


135 Squadron (Israel)
This squadron operate a Beechcraft Super King Air 200 ("Tzofit" and "Kokiya") and Beechcraft A36 Bonanza ("Khofit").


135 film
135 film, more popularly referred to as 35 mm film, is a format of photographic film used for still photography. It is a film with a film gauge of 35 mm (1.4 in) loaded into a standardized type of magazine – also referred to as a cassette or cartridge – for use in 135 film cameras. The engineering standard for this film is controlled by ISO 1007 titled '135-size film and magazine'.


135 film
The term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for 35 mm film specifically for still photography, perforated with Kodak Standard perforations. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film size. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110, and APS, it remains the most popular film size today.


135 film
The size of the 135 film frame with its aspect ratio of 1:1.50 has been adopted by many high-end digital single-lens reflex and digital mirrorless cameras, commonly referred to as "full frame". Even though the format is much smaller than historical medium format and large format film, it is much larger than image sensors in most compact cameras and smart phone cameras.


135 film, Characteristics, Cassette
Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes to allow cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a slot lined with flocking. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film (also called "long pitch", KS-1870, whereas 35 mm professional motion picture camera films are always "short pitch", BH-1866).


135 film, Characteristics, Cassette
Most cameras require the film to be rewound before the camera is opened. Some motorized cameras unwind the film fully upon loading and then expose the images in reverse order, returning the film to the cassette; this protects all images except the last one or two, should the camera back be accidentally opened. Disposable cameras use the same technique so that the user does not have to rewind.


135 film, Characteristics, Cassette
Since the 1980s, film cassettes have been marked with a DX encoding 6-digit barcode pattern, which identifies the manufacturer and film type (and thus processing method), and the number of exposures, for the use of photofinishing laboratories. The cassettes are also manufactured with a Camera Auto Sensing code constructed as two rows of six rectangular areas on the metal cassette surface which are either conductive or insulating, representing 32 possible film speeds, 8 possible film lengths, and 4 possible values of exposure tolerance or latitude. Conforming cameras detect at least some of these areas; only 3 contacts are needed to set a light meter for the 4 most popular film speeds.


135 film, Characteristics, Film type and speed
135 film has been made in several emulsion types and sensitivities (film speeds), standardised by ISO. Since the introduction of digital cameras the most usual films have colour emulsions of ISO 100/21° to ISO 800/30°. Films of lower sensitivity (and better picture quality) and higher sensitivity (for low light) are for more specialist purposes. There are colour and monochrome films, negative and positive. Monochrome film is usually panchromatic; orthochromatic has fallen out of use. Film designed to be sensitive to infrared radiation can be obtained, both monochrome and with false-colour (or pseudocolour) rendition. More exotic emulsions have been available in 135 than other roll-film sizes.


135 film, Characteristics, Image format
The term 135 format usually refers to a 24×36 mm film format, commonly known as 35 mm format. The 24×36 mm format is common to digital image sensors, where it is typically referred to as full frame format.


135 film, Characteristics, Image format
On 135 film, the longer dimension of the 24×36 mm frame runs parallel to the length of the film. The perforation size and pitch are according to the standard specification KS-1870. For each frame, the film advances 8 perforations. This is specified as 38.00 mm. This allows for 2 mm gaps between frames. Camera models typically have different locations for the sprocket which advances the film. Therefore, each camera model's frame may vary in position relative to the perforations. The film is approximately 0.14 mm thick.


135 film, Characteristics, Image format
Other image formats have been applied to 135 film, such as the half-frame format of 18×24 mm which earned some popularity in the 1960s, and the 24×24 mm of the Robot cameras. The successful range of Olympus Pen F cameras utilized the smaller half-frame size, allowing the design of a very compact SLR camera. Unusual formats include the 24×32 mm and 24×34 mm on the early Nikon rangefinders, and 24×23 mm for use with some stereo cameras.


135 film, Characteristics, Image format
In 1967, the Soviet KMZ factory introduced a 24×58 mm panoramic format with its Horizont camera (descendants of which are called, in the Roman alphabet, Horizon). In 1998, Hasselblad and Fuji introduced a 24×65 mm panoramic format with their XPan/TX-1 camera. There is also a 21×14 mm format used by Tessina subminiature camera.


135 film, Characteristics, Length
The film is available in lengths for varying numbers of exposures. The standard full-length roll has always been 36 exposures (assuming a standard 24×36 frame size). Through about 1980, 20 exposure rolls were the only shorter length with widespread availability. Since then, 20 exposure rolls have been largely discontinued in favour of 24 and 12 exposure rolls. With most cameras it is possible to get up to 3 more exposures than the nominal capacity on the film if the camera is loaded in a darkroom and some cameras allow this with daylight loading. 27 exposure disposable cameras are loaded in the dark with standard 24 exposure cassette.


135 film, Characteristics, Length
Other, mostly shorter lengths have been manufactured. There have been some 6, 8, 10, and 15 exposure rolls given away as samples, sometimes in disposable cameras, or used by insurance adjusters to document damage claims. 12 exposure rolls have been used widely in the daily press. Photographers who load their own cassettes can use any length of film – with thinner film base up to 45 exposures will fit.


135 film, Characteristics, Length
Ilford at one time made HP5 black-and-white film on a thin polyester base, which allowed 72 exposures in a single cassette. They produced special reels and tanks to allow this to be processed.


135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras
The 135 film size is derived from earlier still cameras using lengths of 35 mm cine film, the same size as, but with different perforations than, 135 film. The 35 mm film standard for motion picture film was established in Thomas Edison's lab by William Kennedy Laurie Dickson. Dickson took 70 mm film stock supplied by George Eastman's Eastman Kodak Company. The 70 mm film was cut lengthwise into two equal width (35 mm) strips, spliced together end to end, and then perforated along both edges. The original picture size was 18×24 mm (half the full frame size later used in still photography). There were four perforations on each side of a motion picture frame.


135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras
While the Leica camera popularized the format, several 35 mm still cameras used perforated movie film before the Leica was introduced in the 1920s. The first patent for one was issued to Leo, Audobard and Baradat in England in 1908. The first full-scale production camera was the Homeos, a stereo camera, produced by Jules Richard in 1913, and was sold until 1920. It took 18x24 mm stereo pairs, using two Tessar lenses.


135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras
In 1909, the French Étienne Mollier designed a device for small-format photography, the "Cent-Vues", which used the 35 mm perforated film to take consecutive hundred views in 18×24 mm. He manufactured, won the gold medal in the Concours Lépine, and in 1910 sold at a small scale and without much success.


135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras
The first big-selling 35 mm still camera was the American Tourist Multiple, which also appeared in 1913, at a cost of $175 (at today's prices, the same cost as a modern $3000 Leica.) The first camera to take full-frame 24×36 mm exposures seems to be the Simplex, introduced in the U.S. in 1914. It took either 800 half-frame or 400 full-frame shots on 50 ft (15.2 m) rolls.


135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras
The Minigraph, by Levy-Roth of Berlin, another half-frame small camera was sold in Germany in 1915. The patent for the Debrie Sept camera, a combination 35 mm still and movie camera was issued in 1918; the camera sold from 1922.


135 film, History, 35 mm still cameras
The Furet camera made and sold in France in 1923 took full-frame 24x36 mm negatives, and was the first cheap small 35 mm camera of similar appearance to more modern models.


135 film, History, Leica
The Leica camera designed by Oskar Barnack used 35 mm film, and proved that a format as small as 24 mm × 36 mm was suitable for professional photography.


135 film, History, Leica
Although Barnack designed his prototype camera around 1913, the first experimental production run of ur-Leicas (Serial No. 100 to 130) did not take place until 1923. Full -scale production of the Leica did not begin until 1925. While by that time there were at least a dozen other 35 mm cameras available, the Leica was a success, and came to be associated with the format. Mostly because of this 35 mm popularity, as well as the entire company legacy, early Leica cameras are considered as highly collectible items. The original Leica prototype holds the record as being the world's most expensive camera, selling for €2.16 million in 2012.


135 film, History, Pre-loaded cassettes and Kodak Retina cameras
In the earliest days, the photographer had to load the film into reusable cassettes and, at least for some cameras, cut the film leader. In 1934, Kodak introduced a 135 daylight-loading single-use cassette. This cassette was engineered so that it could be used in both Leica and Zeiss Ikon Contax cameras along with the camera for which it was invented, namely the Kodak Retina camera. The Retina camera and this daylight loading cassette were the invention of Dr. August Nagel of the Kodak AG Dr. Nagel Werk in Stuttgart.


135 film, History, Pre-loaded cassettes and Kodak Retina cameras
Kodak bought Dr. August Nagel's company in December, 1931, and began marketing the Kodak Retina in the summer of 1934. The first Kodak Retina camera was a Typ 117. The 35 mm Kodak Retina camera line remained in production until 1969. Kodak also introduced a line of American made cameras that were simpler and more economical than the Retina. Argus, too, made a long-lived range of 35 mm cameras; notably the Argus C3. Kodak launched 135-format Kodachrome color film in 1936. AGFA followed with the introduction of Agfacolor Neu later in the same year.


135 film, History, Pre-loaded cassettes and Kodak Retina cameras
The designations 235 and 435 refer to 35 mm film in daylight-loading spools, that could be loaded into Contax or Leica style reusable cassettes, respectively, without need of a darkroom. The 335 was a daylight loading spool for the 24 × 23 mm stereo format.


135 film, History, The reflex camera
Reflex viewfinders, both twin-and single-lens, had been used with earlier cameras using plates and rollfilm.


135 film, History, The reflex camera
The first 35 mm single-lens reflex (SLR) was the Kine Exakta, introduced in 1936. World War II interrupted development of the type. After the war, Exakta resumed development and the Contax S model with the now familiar pentaprism viewing feature was introduced in 1949. In the 1950s, the SLR also began to be produced in Japan by such companies as Asahi and Miranda.


135 film, History, The reflex camera
Asahi's Pentax introduced the instant-return mirror, important for the popularity of SLRs; until then, the viewfinder on an SLR camera blanked as the mirror sprang out of the optical path just before taking the picture, returning when the film was wound on. Nikon's F model, introduced in March 1959, was a system camera that greatly improved the quality and utility of 35 mm format cameras, encouraging professionals (especially photojournalists) to switch from larger format cameras to the versatile, rugged, and fast SLR design. Numerous other film formats waxed and waned in popularity, but by the 1970s, interchangeable-lens SLR cameras and smaller rangefinders, from expensive Leicas to "point-and-shoot" pocket cameras, were all using 35 mm film, and manufacturers had proliferated.


135 film, History, The reflex camera
Colour films improved, both for print negatives and reversal slides, while black-and-white films offered smoother grain and faster speeds than previously available. Since 35 mm was preferred by both amateur and professional photographers, makers of film stock have long offered the widest range of different film speeds and types in the format. The DX film-speed encoding system was introduced in the 1980s, as were single-use cameras pre-loaded with 35 mm film and using plastic lenses of reasonable enough quality to produce acceptable snapshots. Automated all-in-one processing and printing machines made 35 mm developing easier and less expensive, so that quality colour prints became available not only from photographic specialty stores, but also from supermarkets, drugstores, and big box retailers, often in less than an hour.


135 film, History, From 1996
In 1996, a smaller format called Advanced Photo System (APS) was introduced by a consortium of photographic companies in an attempt to supersede 135 film. Due in part to its small negative size, APS was not taken seriously as a professional format, despite the production of APS SLRs. In the point-and-shoot markets at which the format was primarily aimed, it enjoyed moderate initial success, but still never rivalled the market penetration of 135. Within five years of its launch, cheap digital compact cameras started becoming widely available, and APS sales plummeted.


135 film, History, From 1996
Such digital compact cameras also eroded the market for 35 mm compact cameras. Digital SLRs at a price (and quality) comparable with consumer-level 35 mm SLRs were developed, further reducing the demand for 135 film. Most of these use so-called "APS-C" sized sensors, approximately 16×24 mm in size (half-frame). A few digital SLRs use "full frame" sensors, the same size as 135 film. Sales of all film sizes declined to a very large extent; of the remaining sizes, 135 is the most popular.


135 film, History, From 1996
While they have shifted the vast majority of their product lines to digital, major camera manufacturers such as Canon and Nikon continue to make expensive professional-grade 35 mm film SLRs (such as the Canon EOS-1v and the Nikon F6). Introductory 35 mm SLRs, compact film point-and-shoot cameras, and single-use cameras continue to be built and sold by a number of makers. Leica finally introduced the digital Leica M8 rangefinder in 2007, but continues to make its M series rangefinder film cameras and lenses. A digital camera back for the Leica R9 SLR camera was discontinued in 2007. On March 25, 2009, Leica discontinued the R9 SLR and R-series lenses.


135 mm/45 Italian naval gun
The Cannone da 135/45 OTO 1937 was a 135 mm (5.3 in) 45-caliber naval gun built for the Regia Marina in the late 1930s. Built as a response to the French Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929, it was meant to have the same range as the widespread 120 mm gun, but with less muzzle velocity and less dispersion.


135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Description
This gun was of loose barrel, jacket and bracket ring, with a horizontal, hand-operated sliding block. The mountings, all with individual cradles for each gun, were either triple (on battleships) or double, with electrical-powered ramming (which, however, was too weak for elevations above 30°, which therefore required hand loading, which rendered the gun unsuitable for anti-aircraft use).


135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Description
The gun fired both AP and HE shells, all weighing 32.7 kg (72.1 lb), at a muzzle velocity of 825 M/S (2,707 F/S).


135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Service
The triple mountings were used on the  Andrea Doria-class battleships as a secondary battery (with each having four turrets); four double mountings each were fitted on the three completed Capitani Romani-class cruisers. Single shielded mounts were used to rearm the Premuda (captured Yugoslav destroyer Dubrovnik) and Spalato (captured Yugoslav destroyer Split) while others were built for the never completed aircraft carrier Aquila and Comandanti Medaglie d'Oro-class destroyers. Studies for twin dual-purpose mountings were begun, intended for the two unfinished  Etna-class cruisers and the salvaged battleship Conte di Cavour, but this work was still far from finished in 1943.


135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Service
The gun proved successful (having only a quarter of the dispersion of the 120 mm gun); however, with the 45° maximum elevation and the limit for mechanical ramming being at 30°, it could not be used against aircraft.


135 mm/45 Italian naval gun, Service
After the war, when the light cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi was rebuilt in 1961 as a missile cruiser, its original 152 mm turrets were removed, and two new 135 mm double DP turrets were fitted.


1350
Year 1350 (MCCCL) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1350 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1350 kHz: 1350 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency.


1350 Rosselia
1350 Rosselia, provisional designation 1934 TA, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in 1934, the asteroid was later named after Marie-Thérèse Rossel, editor of the Belgian newspaper Le Soir.


1350 Rosselia, Discovery
Rosselia was discovered on 3 October 1934, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. One month later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Richard Schorr at the Bergedorf Observatory, Hamburg, on 3 November 1934. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as A924 TB at the Simeiz Observatory in October 1924.


1350 Rosselia, Orbit and classification
Rosselia is a member of the Koronis family (605), a very large asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits in the outer main belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,764 days; semi-major axis of 2.86 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1350 Rosselia, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in September 1929, or five years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Rosselia is a common S-type asteroid. In the SMASS classification it is an Sa-subtype that transitions to the rare A-type asteroids.


1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
Several rotational lightcurve of Rosselia have been obtained from photometric observations since 1975. Consolidated lightcurve-analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.140 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.3 and 0.54 magnitude (U=3).


1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
Modeling of the asteroid's lightcurve gave two concurring periods of 8.14008 and 8.14011 hours, with two determined spin axis of (67.0°, −64.0°) and (246.0°, −58.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rosselia measures between 20.822 and 23.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1579 and 0.199.


1350 Rosselia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1579 and a diameter of 23.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.78.


1350 Rosselia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Marie-Thérèse Rossel (1910–1987), a Belgian businesswoman and editor of the Brussels newspaper Le Soir. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 122). Asteroid 1366 Piccolo was also named after an editor of Le Soir by Delporte.


1350 aluminium alloy
1350 aluminium alloy is nearly pure aluminium consist of minium of weight percentage of 99.5% of Aluminium.


1350s
The 1350s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1350, and ended on December 31, 1359.


1350s in art
The decade of the 1350s in art involved some significant events.


1350s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1350s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1350s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1351
Year 1351 (MCCCLI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1352
Year 1352 (MCCCLII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1352 in Ireland
This is a list of events from the year 1352 in Ireland.


1352 papal conclave
The 1352 papal conclave (December 16–18) convened after the death of Pope Clement VI, elected as his successor cardinal Etienne Aubert, who became the fifth Pope of the period of Avignon Papacy under the name Innocent VI. This conclave is remarkable because during its celebration Cardinals for the first time in history subscribed the electoral capitulation, which limited the power of elect.


1352 papal conclave, List of participants
Pope Clement VI died on December 6, 1352 at Avignon. During his pontificate he constantly refused to return to Rome and purchased the sovereignty of Avignon (where resided papal court) from Queen Joan I of Naples. At the time of his death, there were 26 living cardinals. 25 of them participated in the conclave:


1352 papal conclave, List of participants
Nineteen electors were created by Pope Clement VI, and eight of them were his relatives. Of the remaining six three were creatures of John XXII and three of Benedict XII.


1352 papal conclave, List of participants
The post of Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the most important during sede vacante, was occupied by Stefano Aldebrandi Cambaruti, archbishop of Toulouse (not a Cardinal).


1352 papal conclave, Absentee
One cardinal created by Clement VI did not participate in this conclave, because he served as legate in France, where he unsuccessfully tried to establish peace between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England in the Hundred Years' War:


1352 papal conclave, First conclave capitulation in history
On December 16 twenty five Cardinals entered the conclave in the Palais des Papes in Avignon. Initially, all the electors subscribed the first conclave capitulation in the history, although several of them (including Cardinal Aubert) made this with reservation, insofar as it was not contrary to church law”. The terms of capitulation were following:


1352 papal conclave, First conclave capitulation in history
Subscription of this capitulation is considered as part of the general strategy of the College of Cardinals to limit papal power and to transform the government of the Church into oligarchy instead of monarchy.


1352 papal conclave, Election of Pope Innocent VI
After subscribing the capitulation Cardinals started electoral proceedings. Initially, the candidature of Jean Birel, general of the Order of Carthusians, non-cardinal, venerated for his holiness, was proposed. But Cardinal Talleyrand addressed to the Sacred College that it would be unwise, if not dangerous, in such critical circumstances in Europe to elect new Celestine V, it means, a saintly but wholly incompetent Pontiff. The electors eventually agreed with him and abandoned the candidature of Birel in favor of Cardinal Etienne Aubert, bishop of Ostia, who on December 18 was unanimously elected Pope. He accepted his election and took the name of Innocent VI. On December 30 he was solemnly crowned in the cathedral of Notre Dame des Doms in Avignon by Cardinal Gaillard de la Mothe, protodeacon of S. Lucia in Silice.


1352 papal conclave, Election of Pope Innocent VI
On July 6, 1353 Pope Innocent VI declared the capitulation agreed by the conclave invalid as violating the rule restricting business during a conclave to the election of the new pope and as infringing the plenitude of power inherent in the papal office. In spite of this, electoral capitulations were subscribed in the majority of the conclaves held in the next 300 years.


1353
Year 1353 (MCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1353 Maartje
1353 Maartje, provisional designation 1935 CU, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 February 1935, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after Maartje Mekking, daughter of a staff member at the Dutch Leiden Observatory.


1353 Maartje, Orbit and classification
Maartje is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known members. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,907 days; semi-major axis of 3.01 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.


1353 Maartje, Orbit and classification
In June 1910, the asteroid was first identified as A910 LB at the Heidelberg Observatory in Germany, where the body's observation arc begins with its identification as A920 JC in May 1920, almost 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1353 Maartje, Naming
This minor planet was named after Maartje (Nin) Maria Lindenburg Mekking (1924–2007), daughter of B. G. Mekking (1903–1971), an orbit computer at the Leiden Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 123).


1353 Maartje, Physical characteristics
Maartje has been characterized as an L- and S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey, while the overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.


1353 Maartje, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
Several rotational lightcurve of Maartje have been obtained from photometric observations since 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated, slightly longer-than average, and well-defined rotation period of 22.930 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.25 and 0.46 magnitude (U=3). The asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled and gave two concurring periods of 22.9924 and 22.9926 hours. Modeling in 2018 determined two spin axis of (285.0°, 73.0°) and (119.0°, 41.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1353 Maartje, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Maartje measures between 33.75 and 42.175 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0687 and 0.136.


1353 Maartje, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1660 and a diameter of 34.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.


1354
Year 1354 (MCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1354 Botha
1354 Botha, provisional designation 1935 GK, is an exceptionally dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 April 1935, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after South African prime minister Louis Botha.


1354 Botha, Orbit and classification
Botha is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,017 days; semi-major axis of 3.12 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


1354 Botha, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1925 RF at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1929. The body's observation arc begins at with its identification as 1931 TP at Simeiz Observatory in October 1931, more than three years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburge.


1354 Botha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2003, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Botha was obtained from photometric observations by Swiss astronomers Stefano Sposetti and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a tentative rotation period of 4 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=1+). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.


1354 Botha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Botha measures between 38.41 and 70.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.014 and 0.05.


1354 Botha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0295 and a diameter of 48.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.


1354 Botha, Naming
This minor planet was named after Louis Botha (1862–1919), the first Prime Minister of South Africa of the Union of South Africa, which existed between 1910 and 1961. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 908).


1355
Year 1355 (MCCCLV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1355 Magoeba
1355 Magoeba, provisional designation 1935 HE, is a Hungaria asteroid and a suspected binary system from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 April 1935, by English-born, South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The asteroid is named for Magoeba, a tribal chief in the South African Transvaal Province.


1355 Magoeba, Orbit and classification
Magoeba is a member of the Hungaria family, which forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–1.9 AU once every 2 years and 6 months (922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Nice Observatory just 3 day prior to its official discovery. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg the night after its discovery observation.


1355 Magoeba, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Between 2006 and 2014, several rotational lightcurves of Magoeba were obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner at the CS3–Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis of the photometric observations taken during the asteroid's 2014-apparition gave a rotation period of 2.971 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude (U=3).


1355 Magoeba, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Previously derived periods varied strongly (5.99 and 31.65 hours) with alternative period solutions (U=2-/2/2). The Observation were taken at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado (see video in § External links). It is now suspected that this discrepancy might be caused by the presence of an asteroid moon that orbits Magoeba with a period of 15.05 hours.


1355 Magoeba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Magoeba measures 4.276 and 4.828 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.582 and 0.466, respectively, while a polarimetric study of Hungaria asteroids found a lower albedo of 0.267. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.30 – a compromise value between 0.4 and 0.2, corresponding to the Hungaria asteroids both as family and orbital group – and calculates a diameter of 5.96 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.05.


1355 Magoeba, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
In the Tholen taxonomy, Magoeba is an X-type asteroid, which can be further divided into the bright E, the metallic M and the carbonaceous P classes, with similar spectra but very different inferred mineralogies. It has both been classified as an E-type asteroid by the WISE/NEOWISE mission, and as a M-type asteroid by a dedicated spectroscopic survey at the Argentinian Lencito Complex, respectively.


1355 Magoeba, Naming
This minor planet was named for Magoeba, a native chief of the North Transvaal in South Africa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 908).


1356
Year 1356 (MCCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1356 (novel)
1356  is the fourth novel in The Grail Quest series by Bernard Cornwell, first published in 2012. It is set in 1356, nearly a decade after the original trilogy, and culminates with the Battle of Poitiers. Intertwined in the plot is the quest to find La Malice, a fabled sword of Saint Peter and Christian relic which may turn the tide of the long war for France. It is Cornwell's fiftieth novel.


1356 (novel), Plot summary
The novel picks up the story of Thomas of Hookton, the English archer at the center of Bernard Cornwell's trilogy of novels concerning The Grail Quest, which ended with Thomas's return to England from France in 1347. Back in France now, Thomas has achieved his ambition of leading his own company of archers and men at arms who hire out to anyone willing to pay them - provided they are not asked to fight against the English.


1356 (novel), Plot summary
Although knighted years earlier by his liege lord and patron, the Earl of Northampton, Thomas prefers to be known as Le Bâtard, leader of the Hellequin, as his band of mercenaries call themselves. He has married Genevieve, the young Frenchwoman he rescued from the Inquisition during the Grail Quest. They have a son Hugh, already in training to use the longbow that makes English archers feared throughout Europe. As the novel opens, Thomas and his men are fighting on behalf of a French count who has hired them to assault a nearby castle.


1356 (novel), Plot summary
Brother Michael, a young monk from England who is travelling to Montpellier to train as a healer, brings Thomas a message from the Earl. The message will involve Thomas and his men in a dangerous quest for yet another holy relic, a sword said to have belonged to Saint Peter. Meanwhile, Fra Ferdinand, a Black Friar, retrieves the sword from a tomb at the request of an old friend - only to learn that his friend has been murdered by men who claim they were sent by the Pope at Avignon to search for it. Thomas, Michael, Fra Ferdinand, and other characters, some new and some from the previous books, are swept up in the chaotic conditions of France during the Hundred Years War, culminating in the Battle of Poitiers, where a king is overthrown and the history of Europe is changed.


1356 (novel), Reviews
Bill Sheehan writing in The Washington Post finds this latest addition to Cornwell's historical novels to be accurate, coherent, lively and accessible.


1356 (novel), Reviews
Much of Cornwell’s considerable reputation rests on the quality of his battle sequences, which are vivid, colorful and invariably convincing. His account of what happened in the field outside Poitiers is no exception. As always, Cornwell captures the essence of hand-to-hand combat — the stench, the confusion, the horrific brutality — with precision and immediacy. More than that, he imposes a degree of coherence on what must have been an utterly chaotic experience.... The result is a lively, accessible account of a remote moment in European history, a book in which Cornwell’s gifts as scholar and storyteller come together spectacularly.


1356 (novel), Reviews
Publishers Weekly says no one describes a close hand-to-hand battle like Bernard Cornwell:


1356 (novel), Reviews
Cornwell, a master of action-packed historical fiction, returns with the fourth book in his Grail Quest series (after Heretic), a vivid, exciting portrayal of medieval warfare as the English and French butcher each other at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 during the Hundred Years War. Nobody writes battle scenes like Cornwell, accurately conveying the utter savagery of close combat with sword, ax, and mace, and the gruesome aftermath. English archer Sir Thomas of Hookton, called the Bastard by his enemies, leads a band of ruthless mercenaries in France.


1356 (novel), Reviews
When the French hear of the existence of the sword of Saint Peter, “another Excalibur,” they must possess it for its legendary mystical powers, but the English have other ideas. Thomas is ordered by his lord, earl of Northampton, to find the sword first and begins, with his men, a perilous journey of raiding and plundering across southern France, fighting brutal warlords, cunning churchmen, with betrayal everywhere, and French and Scottish knights who vow to kill Thomas for reasons that have nothing to do with the sword. With surprising results, Thomas and his men reach the decisive Battle of Poitiers, a vicious melee that killed thousands, unseated a king, and forced a devastating and short peace on a land ravaged by warfare. Agent: Toby Eady Associates, U.K.. (Jan.)


1356 (novel), Reviews
Kirkus Reviews finds this novel's plot less tightly woven than the best of Bernard Cornwell's novels, limiting its audience to those who already have interest in the historical period of the fight for France in the Hundred Years' War.


1356 (novel), Reviews
Few of these characters have any inkling that a pivotal battle in the endless war for France looms ahead. Neither, for that matter, will unwary readers. For, although every intrigue springs to life under the close-up focus veteran Cornwell (Death of Kings, 2012, etc.) has long since mastered, the strands aren’t always closely knitted together: Heroes and subplots blossom and fade with no consistent sense of their connections, and readers approaching the tale without the appropriate historical background will have to survive a long probationary period before they realize where this is all heading.


1356 (novel), Reviews
Best for fans of historical fiction who have both a taste for the Hundred Years’ War and some base-line knowledge that will allow them to enjoy this swashbuckling recreation.


1356 Basel earthquake
The 1356 Basel earthquake is the most significant seismological event to have occurred in Central Europe in recorded history and had a moment magnitude in the range of 6.0–7.1. This earthquake, which occurred on 18 October 1356, is also known as the Séisme de la Saint-Luc (English: Earthquake of Saint Luke), as 18 October is the feast day of Saint Luke the Evangelist.


1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake
After a foreshock between 19:00 and 20:00 local time, the main earthquake struck in the evening at around 22:00, and numerous aftershocks followed through that night. Basel experienced a second, very violent shock in the middle of the night. The town within the ramparts was destroyed by a fire when torches and candles falling to the floor set the wooden houses ablaze. The number of deaths within the town of Basel is estimated at 300. All major churches and castles within a 30 km (19 mi) radius of Basel were destroyed.


1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake
The seismic crisis lasted a year. The modeling of the macroseismic data suggests that the earthquake's source had an east–west orientation, a direction corresponding with the overlapping faults on the Jura Front. On the other hand, recent paleoseismologic studies attribute the cause of this earthquake to a normal fault, oriented NNE-SSW and south of the town. The significant magnitude of the event suggests a possible extension of this fault under the town.


1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake, Location
Due to the limited records of the event, a variety of epicenters have been proposed for the earthquake. Some of the proposed locations include faults beneath the Jura Mountains or along the Basel-Reinach escarpment. Another study placed the epicenter 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Basel.


1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
The earthquake was felt as far away as Zürich, Konstanz, and even in Île-de-France. The maximum intensity registered on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale was IX–X (Destructive–Devastating). The macroseismic map was established on the basis of damage reported by the region's 30 to 40 castles.


1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
From this macroseismic data, various studies have been conducted to estimate the moment magnitude of the earthquake, which have resulted in various values of 6.2 (BRGM 1998); 6.0 (GEO-TER 2002); 6.9 (SED 2004) with a follow-up report suggesting a range of between 6.7 and 7.1; 6.6 (GFZ 2006); and a major Swiss study by 21 European experts, with American involvement, in which four sub-groups estimated values of 6.9, 6.9, 6.5 to 6.9, and 6.5 ± 0.5 (PEGASOS 2002–2004). There are also different opinions about which faults were involved.


1356 Basel earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The earthquake destroyed the city of Basel, Switzerland, near the southern end of the Upper Rhine Graben, and caused much destruction in a vast region extending from Paris to Prague. Though major earthquakes are common at the seismically active edges of tectonic plates in Turkey, Greece, and Italy, intraplate earthquakes are rare events in Central Europe. According to the Swiss Seismological Service, of more than 10,000 earthquakes in Switzerland over the past 800 years, only half a dozen of them have registered more than 6.0 on the Richter scale.


1356 Nyanza
1356 Nyanza, provisional designation 1935 JH, is a dark asteroid from the background population of the outer asteroid belt, approximately 63 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1935, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the former Nyanza Province in Kenya, Africa.


1356 Nyanza, Orbit and classification
Nyanza is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,977 days; semi-major axis of 3.08 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.


1356 Nyanza, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1929 EL at Heidelberg Observatory and as 1929 JH and 1929 JJ at Lowell Observatory in March and May 1929, respectively. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in October 1931, three and a half years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1356 Nyanza, Naming
This minor planet was named for the former Nyanza Province located in southwestern Kenya, bordering on Lake Victoria. Its provincial capital was Kisumu. In 2010, Kenya's 8 provinces were reorganized into 47 counties. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 123).


1356 Nyanza, Physical characteristics
Nyanza has been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type.


1356 Nyanza, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Nyanza was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.422 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.28 magnitude (U=3).


1356 Nyanza, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Nyanza measures between 60.078 and 64.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0537.


1356 Nyanza, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0352 and a diameter of 64.59 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.


1357
Year 1357 (MCCCLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1358
Year 1358 (MCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1359
Year 1359 (MCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1359 Prieska
1359 Prieska, provisional designation 1935 OC, is a rare-type carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 July 1935, by English-born South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The asteroid was named after the South African town of Prieska.


1359 Prieska, Orbit and classification
Prieska orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,011 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1903, Prieska was first identified as A903 UE at Heidelberg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 32 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1359 Prieska, Physical characteristics
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission and the Japanese Akari satellite, Prieska measures between 36.45 and 65.86 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.07. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0494 and a diameter of 52.07 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.3.


1359 Prieska, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
In the Tholen taxonomy, Prieska is a rare CX:-subtype, that transitions from the dark C to the X-type asteroids. Only a few asteroids have been assigned this spectral type by Tholen (also see list of CX-type asteroids).


1359 Prieska, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Photometric lightcurve observations of Prieska at the Australian Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in May 2011 and October 2013, respectively, were inconclusive due to insufficient data. As of 2017, the asteroid's rotation period still remains unknown.


1359 Prieska, Naming
This minor planet was named for the South African town of Prieska, located on the south bank of the Orange River, in the province of the Northern Cape. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 123).


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade
The 135th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Force, part of the British Army. It was formed in the First World War as a duplicate of the South Western Brigade and was originally formed as the 2nd/1st South Western Brigade in 1914–1915 before later being renamed as the 135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade. It was sent overseas to India in December 1914 to relieve Regular Army units for service in France. The brigade remained there for the rest of the war, supplying drafts of replacements to the British units fighting in the Middle East and later complete battalions.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade
It was reformed as 135th Infantry Brigade in the Territorial Army in 1939, again as a duplicate formation, when another European conflict with Germany seemed inevitable. During the Second World War, the brigade was active in the United Kingdom throughout its service. It was disbanded on 20 July 1944.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade
The brigade was reformed on 1 September 1944 as part of the 45th (Holding) Division. It did not see service outside the United Kingdom during the war.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War
In accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. 2nd Line units performed the home defence role, although in fact most of these were also posted abroad in due course.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War
On 15 August 1915, TF units were instructed to separate home service men from those who had volunteered for overseas service (1st Line), with the home service personnel to be formed into reserve units (2nd Line). On 31 August, 2nd Line units were authorized for each 1st Line unit where more than 60% of men had volunteered for overseas service. After being organized, armed and clothed, the 2nd Line units were gradually grouped into large formations thereby forming the 2nd Line brigades and divisions.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War
These 2nd Line units and formations had the same name and structure as their 1st Line parents. On 24 November, it was decided to replace imperial service (1st Line) formations as they proceeded overseas with their reserve (2nd Line) formations. A second reserve (3rd Line) unit was then formed at the peace headquarters of the 1st Line.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War
The brigade was formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the South Western Brigade in October 1914, shortly after the outbreak of war. It was assigned to the 2nd Wessex Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of the Wessex Division. The division was selected for service in India thereby releasing British and Indian regular battalions for service in Europe. On 12 December, the brigade embarked at Southampton and landed at Bombay between 4 and 8 January.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War
The brigade was effectively broken up on arrival in India; the units reverted to peacetime conditions and the battalions were dispersed to Bangalore, Meiktila (Burma), Ahmednagar, and Poona. The Territorial Force divisions and brigades were numbered in May 1915 in the order that they departed for overseas service, starting with the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. The 2nd Wessex Division should have been numbered as the 45th (2nd Wessex) Division, but as the division had already been broken up, this was merely a place holder. Likewise, the 2nd/1st South Western Brigade was notionally numbered as 135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, First World War
The units pushed on with training to prepare for active service, handicapped by the need to provide experienced manpower for active service units. By early 1916 it had become obvious that it would not be possible to transfer the division and brigade to the Western Front as originally intended. Nevertheless, individual units proceeded overseas on active service through the rest of the war. The 2/4th Somerset Light Infantry and 2/4th Dorsets served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from September 1917, so that by the end of the war just the 2/5th Somerset Light Infantry and 2/4th Wilts remained in India.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War
By 1939 it became clear that a new European war was likely to break out and, as a direct result of the German invasion of Czechoslovakia on 15 March, the doubling of the Territorial Army was authorised, with each unit and formation forming a duplicate. Consequently, 135th Infantry Brigade was formed in April 1939 as part of the 45th Infantry Division, duplicate of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division. Unusually, it was not a mirror of its parent, the 43rd and 45th Divisions being organized on a geographical basis. Initially, the brigade was administered by the 43rd Division until the 45th Division began to function from 7 September 1939.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War
The brigade remained in the United Kingdom with the 45th Division during the Second World War and did not see active service overseas. In July 1944, the brigade started to disperse as its component units were posted away, a process that was completed on 20 July and the brigade disbanded.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War
The brigade was reformed on 1 September 1944 by the redesignation of 209th Infantry Brigade. It served with the 45th (Holding) Division for the rest of the war.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War, Second World War units
The brigade commanded the following units in the Second World War:


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, History, Second World War, Second World War units
After being reformed by the redesignation of 209th Infantry Brigade, the brigade commanded:


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, Commanders, During the First World War
The brigade was commanded from formation until embarkation for India by Br.-Gen. G.S.McD. Elliot. He simultaneously commanded 2nd Wessex Division until it embarked. Previously, he had been a Colonel commanding the 1st Line South Western Brigade at the outbreak of the war until it departed for India.


135th (2/1st South Western) Brigade, Commanders, During the Second World War
The brigade had the following commanders in the Second World War:


135th (Limerick) Regiment of Foot
The 135th (Limerick) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of Fencibles in the British Army, created and promptly disbanded in 1796. The regiment, raised by Sir Vere Hunt, did not see any active service; it served solely to recruit soldiers. On disbandment, the recruits were drafted into other regiments. The regiment has the interesting historical distinction of having had the highest regimental number of any British line regiment.


135th (Middlesex) Battalion, CEF
The 135th (Middlesex) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in London, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Middlesex County. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 116th, 125th and 134th Battalions as well as the 8th Reserve Battalion in October 1916. The 135th (Middlesex) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. B. Robson.


135th Aero Squadron
The 135th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.


135th Aero Squadron
The squadron was assigned as a Corps Observation Squadron, performing short-range, tactical reconnaissance over the IV Corps, United States First Army sector of the Western Front in France, providing battlefield intelligence. In combat, the 135th was the first Air Service unit equipped with the all American made Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft.


135th Aero Squadron
IV Corps was transferred to the United States Second Army in October 1918 for a planned offensive drive on Metz which was cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany on 11 November. The squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being re-designated as the 22d Squadron (Observation).


135th Aero Squadron
The current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 22d Intelligence Squadron, assigned to the 707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The 135th Aero Squadron was organized at Rockwell Field, near San Diego, California on 1 August 1917. It was formed from personnel transferred from the 14th and 18th Aero Squadrons, being originality designated as "Company A, 1st Aviation School, Rockwell Field". The men of the squadron began their training as aircraft mechanics on the first planes used by the United States Army. Fourteen Wright-Martin Model V and Curtiss Model J "Tractors" were used to train the first men as pilots in the Army. In fact, the first eighty-seven officers to be trained for flying were trained at Rockwell Field.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
Towards the end of their training at Rockwell Field, the 135th was alerted for overseas service. After a short period, orders were received on 25 November and the squadron boarded a train bound for the Aviation Concentration Center, Long Island, New York. The squadron arrived on 1 December and was sent to Hazelhurtst Field (#2). The men, almost all being from southern California, were not used to the cold, damp weather and several became sick. On 16 December, the squadron boarded the RMS Orduna and after a delay, left for England. The overseas voyage was uneventful with the exception that the ship was diverted to arrive in Glasgow, Scotland, arriving on 31 December. Upon arrival, the squadron was sent by train south to Winchester, England, arriving on 1 December 1918.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England
At the Rest Camp at Winchester (Morn Hill), the squadron was attached to the Royal Flying Corps for additional training and divided up into Flights. Flights were sent to RFC stations at Waddington, Scampton and South Carlton, the last arriving on 8 January. Training with the RFC continued until the end of June, and the squadron was re-assembled at Winchester on the 24th. Movement was made to France, arriving at Le Havre on 28 June.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England
From the staging area at Le Havre, the squadron boarded French railway cars and moved south to the American 3d Air Instructional Center at Issoudun Aerodrome. However, at the 3d AIC, the squadron was assigned to petty menial tasks, until further orders were received to proceed to Amanty Airdrome, where, upon arrival the squadron was again assigned to customary Camp detail duties. On 30 July, orders were again received to move to Ourches Aerodrome where the 135th was designated as a Corps Observation squadron, assigned to the IV Corps Observation Group.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England
At Ourches, the squadron was equipped with American-made de Havilland DH-4s, built by Dayton-Wright and using Liberty L-12 engines. The aircraft were flown in by the pilots assigned to the squadron from the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome. By the end of the first week of August, the squadron received its full complement of 24 aircraft, along with the observers and pilots.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
On 7 August, the 135th Aero Squadron flew its first mission of the war. The first sortie was quite an affair with Brigadier General Benjamin Foulois, then Chief of the Air Service, Zone of Advance, leading the formation of squadron aircraft. A motion picture operator was present to record the event. Motion pictures were taken of the 18 American planes lined up in front of the hangars. The sortie, however did not cross the line into enemy territory, for the planes flew only as far as Nancy. After about an hour, all planes returned to Amanty without any problems. For the next week or so the squadron performed subsequent missions, with no enemy aircraft being engaged, although German Anti- Aircraft Artillery hitting the planes with shrapnel.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
The first combat with enemy aircraft took place on 16 August during a photographic mission across the lines. While the observer was taking photographs, the plane was attacked by a German aircraft. In the combat that ensued, the pilot was wounded three times in the leg and the aircraft fuel line was severed by a bullet causing the engine to stall. It was only the skillful piloting of the wounded pilot who managed to make an un-powered glide back across the lines. For his actions, the pilot was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross, he was taken to a hospital but re-joined the squadron later.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
Initially the 135th was assigned to monitor and photograph the sector from Bouconville to Pont-à-Mousson. Just before the Battle of Saint-Mihiel attack on 12 September, the squadron was reassigned to the front of the 89th Division as well as the IV Corps Artillery, providing adjustments to the artillery as required. On the day of the attack, rain was falling and the clouds were unusually low. However operations commenced with 2d Lieutenant Bowyer as pilot and 1st Lieutenant Johnson as the observer. Due to the aircraft having to fly very low, and though the American artillery barrage, one shell struck their aircraft. The plane was instantly demolished in the air, killing both men. Subsequently, both officers were recommended for the Distinguished Service Medal.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
Numerous sorties and combats occurred throughout the month of September, with the squadron being shifted from one division to another, providing the commanders operational intelligence and reconnaissance photography. On 30 September, the squadron, along with the IV Corps Observation Group, moved to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
From Toul, mission of the most perilous nature were undertaken under difficult circumstances; however, the pilots and observers of the squadron continued to provide excellent results. Besides the work of observation and photography, the 135th made a number of bombing missions, carrying twenty pound bombs which were dropped on objectives in enemy territory. On 26 October 1918 a 135th Squadron DH-4 {observar John F. Curry} was shot down by anti-aircraft fire; Curry and his pilot escaped capture. On 3 November, the squadron flew in formation on a bombing mission over Chambley and bombed enemy targets in the town. ; the same day the plane carrying Observer Curry-along with a 168th Aero Squadron aeroplane- brought down a German observation balloon.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
By the time of the Armistice on 11 November, the squadron made 1,016 sorties and lost five officers in combat; two pilots and three observers. The squadron was also credited with the destruction of eight enemy aircraft in combat.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
After the armistice, the AEF was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Toul with IV Corps Observation Group until this one was assigned to Third Army in Germany, 135 Squadron leaving for Tours, with 2nd Aviation Instruction Center. It stayed in Tours until 10 February 1919 when orders were received to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's DH-4 aircraft were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to a staging camp at Tresses, France, where it remained until 18 April. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States. It then moved to the Port of Embarkation at Bordeaux where it boarded a transport ship which returned them to the United States, arriving at the port of New York about 6 May.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
After returning from France, most of the 135th Aero Squadron demobilized at Hazelhurst Field, Long Island, and returned to civilian life. A small cadre of the unit remained in the Air Service, and were assigned to Post Field, Oklahoma, and attached as an observation squadron, supplying aircraft for the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill and supported Army units at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
The 135th Aero Squadron became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being re-designated as the 22d Squadron (Observation).


135th Aero Squadron, History, Rin Tin Tin
Following the advances made by American troops during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel in 1918, Corporal Lee Duncan, a DH-4 gunner in the 135th A.S., was sent forward from Ourches on 15 September to the small French village of Flirey to see if it was suitable for a flying field. There Duncan found a severely damaged kennel which had once supplied the German Army with German Shepherd dogs. The only dogs left alive in the kennel were a starving mother with a litter of five nursing puppies, their eyes still shut because they were less than a week old.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Rin Tin Tin
Duncan rescued the dogs and brought them back to the 135th Aero Squadron. He kept a male and a female. He felt that these two dogs were symbols of his good luck. He called them Rin Tin Tin and Nanette after a pair of good luck charms called Rintintin and Nénette that French children often gave to the American soldiers.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Rin Tin Tin
Smuggling back the dogs aboard a ship taking him back to the US at the end of the war, eventually Rin Tin Tin was discovered by Hollywood filmmakers by his ability to leap great heights at a dog show. When he died in 1932, Lee Duncan took Rin Tin Tin's body back to France, where he had him buried in a Paris cemetery, the country of his birth.


135th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel
DSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: Killed in Action


135th Airlift Group
The 135th Airlift Group (135 AG) is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force, allotted to the Maryland Air National Guard. At the time of its inactivation, it was assigned to the 175th Wing, stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. The unit cased its colors 27 Sep 2013 and was inactivated 30 Sep 2013.


135th Airlift Group, Overview
The 135th Airlift Group mission was to maintain combat-ready aircrew and aircraft to mobilize, deploy and provide intra-theater airlift in support of U.S. interests worldwide. It supported theater commanders' requirements for combat delivery capability through tactical airland/airdrop operations and humanitarian aeromedical evacuations.


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
The Maryland Air National Guard's introduction to the world of special operations began when Air Force leaders decided to phase out active duty air commando units in 1954. Despite the decision, there was still a need to maintain a limited number of crews and aircraft to support unconventional warfare missions. After lengthy deliberations, the Air Force decided in 1955 to establish four special air warfare units within the Air National Guard: the 129th Air Resupply Group in California, the 130th in West Virginia, the 143d in Rhode Island, and the 135th in Maryland.


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
The 135th Air Resupply Squadron was established in September 1955 as a new Maryland Air National Guard unit with no previous United States Air Force history or lineage by the National Guard Bureau. Activated on 10 September at Harbor Field, Baltimore, Maryland, the squadron was assigned to the 135th Air Resupply Group. Allocated to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and equipped with C-46D Commando transports.


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
The 135th was designated at the time as a "Psychological Warfare" unit which supported USAF unconventional warfare (guerrilla warfare), direct action (commando-type raids), strategic reconnaissance (intelligence gathering), and PSYWAR operations. The C-46 was supplemented by SA-16 Albatross amphibious aircraft beginning in 1956. The SA-16 (later redesignated HU-16) completely replaced the C-46s in late 1958. Training for water landings with the SA-16 was extremely hazardous. To make matters worse, doctrine required pilots to land their aircraft on water at night, with no landing lights. Night water landings were practiced at Patuxent River Naval Air Station in southern Maryland. Three crewmen were killed when their plane crashed while attempting a water landing in May 1956.


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
Ultimately, the 135th's mission included counterinsurgency, military civic action, psychological operations, tactical air operations, and unconventional warfare. In addition to blacked-out water landings, the SA-16 crews practiced pulling personnel from the ground by means of the Fulton Recovery System, which retired Col. Richard T. Lynch, a former 135th commander, described as being "like bungee jumping in reverse."


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
In 1958, the group was inactivated and taken over by the Maryland Air National Guard. However, it was reactivated in 1962 and re-designated as Air Commando following the revival of an active duty air commando unit at Hurlburt Field, Florida in line with President John F. Kennedy's initiative to bolster the United States military special forces during the early involvement in the Vietnam War.


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
In 1963, the 135th added U-10 Super Couriers to its inventory. The U-10s were used for infiltration, extraction and psychological operations. These aircraft were temporarily replaced by U-6 Beavers from 1965 to 1967 due to a need for U-10s in Vietnam. In 1963, the 135th participated in Exercise Swift Strike III, one of the largest military maneuvers since World War II. During the exercise, the unit not only flew a variety of special air warfare missions, but received an operational readiness inspection from Tactical Air Command to boot.


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
The 135th also worked with U.S. intelligence agencies. A common mission was to pick up agents in training, fly a zig-zag course to make sure they didn't know where they were headed, then have them parachute out over western Maryland. The trainees then had to make their way to Patuxent with only the resources they carried—sometimes taking as much as six weeks to do so. The 135th would then fly down to "extract" the trainees and bring them home.


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
The unit's loudspeaker-equipped U-10s were used to broadcast orders to student protesters at the University of Maryland during demonstrations in 1971, their only actual operational use by the 135th.


135th Airlift Group, History, Special operations
It remained a special operations-type unit until 1971, when it was reorganized as a tactical air support unit. In this role, it was tasked with providing Forward Air Controllers to direct air strikes in support of troops on the ground.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift
In 1977 it was again reorganized, this time as a tactical airlift unit as part of a general program to upgrade Air National Guard units. Was assigned the C-7A Caribou light transport, the aircraft being Vietnam War veterans. In 1980, the unit converted to the C-130B Hercules. In 1981, it moved across the field to join other Maryland Air National Guard units based on the north side of the field. The military facilities are named Warfield Air National Guard Base. During the early 1990s, the 135th participated in humanitarian relief efforts in Somalia, peacekeeping and humanitarian relief in Bosnia, the U.S. intervention in Haiti and the enforcement of U.N. sanctions against Iraq during the 1990s.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift
On 15 June 1996, the units of the 135th and 175th merged to form the 175th Wing. The 175th Wing became composite organization with an Air Combat Command-gained fighter unit and an Air Mobility Command-gained airlift unit.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift
Reactivated in 1999 as a separate group of the 175th Wing, it dedicated its first C-130J, the latest and most advanced version of the venerable transport. The 135th had played a major role in the test and evaluation of the aircraft and its procedures and was the first fully equipped C-130J unit in the U.S. Air Force.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift
In February 2000 the 135th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (135th EAS) was first formed from 135th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Lambarene Airport, Gabon, for exercise "Gabon 2000" with the objective of increasing the capacity of ECCAS states in the field of peacekeeping and conflict prevention and management. This exercise represented a direct application of the French RECAMP-concept (reinforcement of African peacekeeping capacities).


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift
BRAC 2005 saw the C-130J aircraft of the squadron being transferred to the 146th Airlift Wing (ANG), Channel Islands AGS, CA (four aircraft), and 143d Airlift Wing (ANG), Quonset State Airport AGS, RI (four aircraft). In 2011, the first C-27J Spartan light transport was received. The squadron will obtain four of the C-27Js.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom
Beginning in July 2011, the 135th EAS along with the Ohio Air National Guard 164th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron began rotational deployments for joint operations of the C-27J from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan as the 702d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron. The 702d EAS flew the two aircraft on 3,200 missions, moved 1,400 tons of cargo, transported 25,000 passengers and executed 71 airdrops, according to Air Force data.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom
In June 2012, operations of the 702d EAS were suspended by the Air Force and returned to the United States. Originally, C-27J aircraft were supposed to remain in theater through 2014, but the Air Force decided to bring all of the aircraft back to the U.S. before the end of July after it submitted its 2013 budget proposal, which recommends terminating the C-27J and retiring the aircraft.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom
L-3 Communications, which has maintained the aircraft in Afghanistan, is shutting down its operations in the country and is having its equipment withdrawn as well, an Air Force official said.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom
The Air Force decided to bring the aircraft back to the U.S. ahead of schedule because the maintenance contract with L-3 will expire this summer, the service official said. Keeping the aircraft in theater would mean spending an additional $20 million to $25 million in maintenance costs, the official said.