12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership
In the new 19-member Politburo, the number of Southern, pro-Southern members and the North faction have reached a balance. General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong endorsed Nguyen Ba Thanh and Vuong Dinh Hue, who were either political rivals or non-allies of Dung, as additional Politburo members, the Central Committee elected Nguyen Thien Nhan and Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan instead. Both Nhan and Ngan are from the South and are seen as Dung's close allies.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership
The second is rooted in the traditional political struggle between four parties: conservatives, modernizers, rent-seekers, and moderates. Scholars like Vuving see the victory as a concession between conservatives and modernizers as well as a broader coalition between policy currents by arguing that Dung's allies included mostly rent-seekers, modernizers, and moderates. Trong was backed by an even more heterogeneous coalition that comprised conservatives, modernizers, and moderates, with some rent-seekers in the mix.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership
The third is centered around corruption, which arouses distrust within the party and society and caused the Central Committee to turn their support to Trong's idea of economic reform and anti-corruption proposal. The economic reforms implemented by Dung are opposed by the Conservatives, who worry that excessive economic openness will cause the market to be taken away by foreign capital and cause the domestic economy to weaken. Conservatives accused Dung of being involved with economic misconduct, causing state-owned companies to close down, being unable to control large public debts, and condoning corruption.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Evaluation of the new leadership
During the Dung's reign, despite economic reform by introducing foreign investment, Vietnam had also faced serious economic problems and a series of financial corruption incidents, which led to him being criticized. Some parties even asked him to step down. For Trong's faction, the anti-corruption drive and stamping out remaining elements within Dung's patronage network are two sides of the same coin.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth
Due to Vietnam's current economic situation, it does not rush to privatization reform. Although privatization is conducive to the development of Vietnamese polities, the grassroots' masses still rely on state-owned enterprises in Vietnam. Privitization suffers from at least three serious shortcomings: a focus on micro-efficiency through regulation at the expense of SOE’s social and public functions; laggard implementation due to misalignments of political incentives; and the shaky equitization process.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth
These three shortcomings hinder the improvement of the country's three aspects: first, the recent reforms have little concern for the social or public functions of state-owned enterprises, but rather focus on allowing state-owned enterprises to perform limited business functions. Second, the central government wants to accelerate and control the reform of state-owned enterprises, while other parts of the state – especially local, provincial, or departmental – are resistant to these efforts. Third, the process of the fairness of instability and instability - the process of fairness is mainly concentrated in small state-owned enterprises.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth
After Trong came into power, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) still account for about 40% of Vietnam’s economic output. Trong with his cabinet started to take measures to cut red tape, streamlining the bureaucracy, clean up the banking system, reform the SOEs, and carry out political reform.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cutting red tape
Cutting red tape means to provide a favourable environment for investment, one of the most important factors is the reduction of regulations and paperwork. In June, Prime Minister Phuc instructed various government ministries and offices to create the “most favourable conditions” for investment and eliminate “unnecessary investment requirements”.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cutting red tape
In September 2017, by Phuc's instructions, the Ministry of Industry and Trade decided to reduce and simplify investment requirements within the jurisdiction of the ministry for 2017–18. This decision cut 675 investment requirements—the largest cut in the history of the ministry. After the cut, only 541 investment requirements remained. Government resolution 112/NQ-CP tabled on 30 October 2017 abolishing the registration book (so ho khau) to manage and control people's place of residence. The primary intention of cutting red tape is to simplify SOE privatization.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cleaning up banking system
Cleaning up the banking system is closely related to the anti-graft campaign, which also engages in part of the political reform in Vietnam. The anti-graft campaign began with a move against the “biggest case” of economic corruption involving Vietnam Construction Joint Stock Commercial Bank (VNCB), where the bank's CEO Pham Cong Danh and his associates were charged with embezzlement and loss totalling over 401 million dollars.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cleaning up banking system
Furthermore, in 2017, the anti-corruption campaign affected the Communist Party such that Dinh La Thang, member of the Politburo and party secretary of Ho Chi Minh City, was the first person to be removed from the Politburo for corruption on the grounds of committing serious mistakes and violations while leading Petro Vietnam. After this event, the Politburo issued regulations to inspect the assets of approximately 1,000 senior officials regardless of activity.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Cleaning up banking system
More upper-level personnel have been involved in this campaign. The decision to punish a retired official — unprecedented in Vietnamese politics — was a warning signal to currently serving officials. Government ministries are reported to be working on new legislation that would allow for the “fair and strict punishment” of state officials retroactively. According to previous speculation on Trong's vigorous anti-corruption campaign, power will be more concentrated on the general secretary, which is one of the various reforms that the Central Committee hopes to avoid but cannot oppose.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Streamlining the bureaucracy
Streamlining the bureaucracy began with SOE restructure and reducing their number and importance in the national economy through privatization. Conventional wisdom in post-Cold War economics favored privatization reforms and cast a pessimistic light on Vietnamese SOEs, noting that SOEs still account for about 40% of Vietnam's economic output. According to patron-client theory, rent-seekers benefited by supporting Dung's cabinet; for example, Nguyen Sinh Hung was a rent-seeker who was financially and operationally backed by businesses under his patronage. To strike corruption, Trong requires "scaling down the role it plays in the economy".


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Streamlining the bureaucracy
Due to Vietnam's current economic situation, it is not rushing to privatization reform, although the data is sufficient to show that privatization is beneficial to the development of Vietnamese polities. Privatization suffers from at least three serious shortcomings: a focus on micro-efficiency through regulation at the expense of SOE’s social and public functions, laggard implementation due to misalignments of political incentives, and the shaky equitization process.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Streamlining the bureaucracy
Meanwhile, a Vietnam scholar suggests that "the firms who were managed more leanly (e.g. lower cost structures, lower buffer liquidity holdings), with a greater tolerance or appetite for risk (material capital expenditures funded chiefly through debt) and with a greater capacity to expand at a rate commensurate with demand, given easier access to capital notwithstanding the concerns we expressed above to how that capital was typically structured." The firms refer to the privatized SOEs.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Political reform
Pham Quy Ngo said that enabling government could only succeed if its institutional reform in the economy was carried out in parallel with institutional reform in politics. To him, laws must be changed to guarantee private ownership, equality between economic sectors and components, and “civil, economic and political rights, such as freedom of association, freedom of information, the right to demonstrate and peaceful expression … together with personal responsibilities must be regulated by law in a civilized manner”.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Reform for economic growth, Political reform
At the fifth plenum of the CCP on 5 – 10 May 2017, the Central Committee resolved to pursue three objectives: “completing the socialist-oriented market economy institution; continuing to re-organize, renovate and improve the efficiency of State-owned enterprises; and develop the private economy into an important driving force of the socialist-oriented market economy”.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy
Four major themes form Vietnam's foreign policy framework: independence and self-reliance, multilateralism and diversification of external relations, struggle and cooperation, and pro-active international integration.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy
Vietnam's policy of multilateralism and diversifying its foreign relations was endorsed by all subsequent national party congresses from the eighth (1996) onward. The Political Report to the 12th National Congress held in January 2016 stated, “To ensure successful implementation of foreign policy and international integration … consistently carry out the foreign policy of independence, autonomy, peace, cooperation, and development … [and] diversify and multilateralism external relations.” and “to ensure successful implementation of foreign policy and international integration… [Vietnam must] be proactive and active in international integration; to be a friend, reliable partner, and a responsible member of the international community…”


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy
The practice of Vietnamese successful foreign policy depends on two important factors: the presence and credible commitment of the United States to serve as a counterweight to the increasing assertiveness of China, and ASEAN unity to provide Vietnam with some sort of bargaining power in dealing with major powers. The foreign policy maintains their relationships with both countries to prevent bigger conflicts with the other.


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy
Vietnam's foreign policy is shifting to protect a constant development in the region and a continuous benefit from international integration. After Trump's presidency, some scholars made comparisons and concluded that Trump's foreign policy may make it difficult for Vietnam to place itself between China and the United States. Nguyen Manh Hung pointed out that Trump exerts an unstable factor in this region: "Trump's well-known unpredictability, his administration's policy towards China introduced uncertainty in the future of U.S.–Vietnam relations and renewed Vietnam's fear of possible collusion between the United States and China at its expense."


12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Further Doi Moi after 12th National Congress, Foreign Policy
At the same time, the discussion on Vietnam's Sino-US relations was abandoned by interpreting the ideological norms of Vietnam's foreign policy in different eras, which made Vietnam's diplomatic norms even more unpredictable and this manifestation is closer to the assertion of realist scholars.


12th National Congress of the Kuomintang
The 12th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: 中國國民黨第十二次全國代表大会) was the twelfth national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 29 March – 4 April 1981 in Chung-Shan Building, Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan.


12th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results
Important resolutions passed were the "Unify China with the Three Principles of the People" and Chiang Ching-kuo reelection as Chairman of the Kuomintang.


12th National Defence Commission
The 12th National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2009. It was replaced on 9 April 2014 by the 13th NDC.


12th National Film Awards
The 12th National Film Awards, then known as State Awards for Films, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1964. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 31 May 1965 and awards were given by then Governor of Maharashtra, P. V. Cherian.


12th National Film Awards
Starting with 12th National Film Awards, a new award was introduced at All India level for Best Story Writer. Also awards for films made in English and Kashmiri language are also considered for the President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in the respective language at the regional level.


12th National Film Awards, Awards
President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.


12th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films
Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 12th National Film Awards, a Bengali film Charulata won the President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film. Following were the awards given:


12th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, All India Award
For 12th National Film Awards, none of the films were awarded from Children's Films category as no film was found to be suitable. Following were the awards given in each category:


12th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award
The awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. With 12th National Film Awards, two more awards were introduced for the feature films made in English and Kashmiri language. These newly introduced categories includes President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film and Certificate of Merit for second and third best film, although former was not given as no film was found suitable for the award.


12th National Film Awards, Awards, Non-Feature films
Non -feature film awards were given for the documentaries, educational films and film strips made in the country. For 12th National Film Awards, no award was given in the filmstrip category and only Certificate of Merit was awarded for Educational Films. Following were the awards given for the non-feature films category:


12th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given
Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:


12th National Geographic Bee
The 12th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 24, 2000, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Felix Peng of Elisabeth Adams Middle School in Guilford, Connecticut, who won a $25,000 college scholarship. The 2nd-place winner, George Thampy, of St. Louis, Missouri, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Jonathan Janus, of Ravenel, South Carolina, won a $10,000 scholarship.


12th National Hockey League All-Star Game
The 12th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at the Montreal Forum on October 4, 1958. The hometown Montreal Canadiens defeated the NHL All-Stars 6–3.


12th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Richard Brothers Lead Canadiens to Victory
Maurice "Rocket" Richard scored the first and last goals of the game, and brother Henri Richard scored the winning goal and added two assists to lead the Stanley Cup champion Montreal Canadiens to a 6–3 victory over the all-stars. Andy Bathgate of the New York Rangers scored twice for the All-Stars.


12th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Richard Brothers Lead Canadiens to Victory
During the game, the Canadiens' Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion had to be helped off the ice, after receiving a crushing body-check from Red Kelly of the Detroit Red Wings. Geoffrion suffered pulled chest and neck muscles, but was back in the line-up for the Canadiens' home opener a few days later.


12th National People's Congress
The 12th National People's Congress was elected in national congressional conferences from October 2012 to February 2013 and was in session from 2013 to 2018. It succeeded the 11th National People's Congress. It held five plenary sessions in this period, occurring around early March every year. It was succeeded by the communing of the 13th National People's Congress.


12th National People's Congress, The 1st session
The first session was held in March 2013. All top national posts were up for election and were filled.


12th National Television Awards
The 12th National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 1 November 2006 and was hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald.


12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress
The 12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress (Turkish: 12. Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi Olağan Kongresi) was a political party convention held by the Turkish right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) on 18 March 2018. The Congress resulted in the re-election of Devlet Bahçeli as party leader, having been the only candidate.


12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Background, Inner-party split
Following the November 2015 general election, MHP leader Devlet Bahçeli had faced several calls for his resignation after his poor election results. The dissidents, consisting predominantly of Meral Akşener Ümit Özdağ, Yusuf Halaçoğlu and Koray Aydın, began collecting delegate signatures to change the MHP constitution and allow for leadership challenges. A constitutional congress was held by the dissidents on 19 June 2016, with the changes being approved by delegates, although the congress was not recognised by the MHP executive and was eventually annulled by the courts. The dissidents were later suspended from the MHP by the party disciplinary committee. The MHP lost further support following Bahçeli's declaration of support for a 'yes' vote in the 2017 constitutional referendum, with the dissidents openly campaigning for a 'No' vote and arguably carrying most of the Turkish nationalist vote with them.


12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Background, People's Alliance with the AKP
With the dissidents forming a new, centrist party (namely the İYİ Party) under the leadership of Akşener, the MHP announced that it would support the re-election of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in forthcoming presidential elections and seek to form an electoral alliance with Erdoğan's Justice and Development Party (AKP). The People's Alliance between the two parties was later launched in February 2018. On 18 April, Erdoğan called early parliamentary and presidential elections for 24 June 2018 after a call from Bahçeli to have them brought forward from their original date of 3 November 2019.


12th Nationalist Movement Party Ordinary Congress, Leadership election, Candidates
Only Bahçeli put his name forward for the leadership, receiving 1,176 signatures from 1,207 delegates.


12th New Brunswick Legislature
The 12th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between December 28, 1837, and December 1, 1842.


12th New Brunswick Legislature
The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick John Harvey. William MacBean George Colebrooke became governor in April 1841.


12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment
The 12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service
The 12th New Hampshire Infantry was organized in Concord, New Hampshire, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on September 10, 1862, under the command of Colonel Joseph Haydn Potter.


12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Casey's Division, Military District of Washington, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to July 1863. Marston's Command, Point Lookout, Maryland, District of St. Mary's, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps, Department of Virginia, to June 1865.


12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service
The 12th New Hampshire Infantry mustered out of service June 21, 1865.


12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Service at Gettysburg
On July 2, 1863, the 12th New Hampshire was heavily engaged north of the Klingel Farm, facing attack by Wilcox's Alabama brigade. The regiment had 224 men on the field that day, of whom 26 were killed and 73 were wounded (an additional six men would die of their wounds). Captain John F. Langley (Company F) was in command, and was wounded when the regiment was ordered to withdraw. Lieutenant William H. H. Fernel (Company I) took command and was able to rescue some 50 Union soldiers who were captured during the withdrawal. The following day, only 50 men were fit for duty under the command of Captain Thomas E. Barker (Company B). Placed near the center of the Union line, they helped repulse Pickett's charge.


12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 320 men during service; 11 officers and 170 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 138 enlisted men died of disease.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment
The 12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was a Union Army regiment from New Jersey that fought in the American Civil War.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Foundation
The 12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Stockton in Woodbury, New Jersey, in the summer of 1862  in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for an additional 300,000 men for the Union Army. After training through the summer, it was officially mustered into the Union Army on September 4, 1862.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Early service
The regiment's first assignment was guard duty in Ellicott Mills, Maryland. It first went on duty there on September 8, and remained until December 10. It then moved to Washington, D.C. where it joined the II Corps of the Army of the Potomac. It then moved with the corps to Falmouth, Virginia, reporting there on December 20 and remaining encamped there for the winter. This posting lasted until April 27, 1863, when it led the corps's crossing of the Rappahannock River just prior to the Battle of Chancellorsville.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Early service
In the course of that battle, it engaged Confederate forces east of the town of Chancellorsville on the morning of May 1. The next day, the regiment joined with the rest of II Corps in forming a defensive line. On May 3, the regiment fell back to protect the corps's artillery units and sustained heavy fire. After the conclusion of the battle, it was ordered back to Falmouth and remained there until the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign in July.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg Campaign
After Confederate cavalry was reported near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, the regiment was ordered north to help screen Washington, D.C. It then moved toward Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, arriving early on July 2. Soon afterward, Company I of the regiment was sent to the skirmish line, but full combat had not yet begun and it sustained only minimal casualties. Throughout that day, intense fighting raged around a farm owned by William Bliss. By the mid-afternoon, the Union held the barn and the Confederacy held the house.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg Campaign
The 1st Delaware regiment and Company I of the 12th New Jersey relieved the New York troops holding the area and moved past the farm to a fence near the house. At approximately 4 p.m., the regiment's Captain Henry Chew observed that Confederate General Carnot Posey was gradually bringing in reinforcements so that he could build a force sufficient to dislodge the Union forces holding the barn without drawing attention to it. He reported this to the 1st Delaware's Lieutenant Colonel Edward Harris, but his warning was rebuffed and ignored. His report was, however, accurate: Posey had gathered nearly 700 men, which proceeded to attack and force the Union forces into retreat.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg Campaign
At 5 p.m that day, Union general Alexander Hays ordered the barn retaken. Companies B, E, H, and G of the 12th New Jersey, under the command of Captain Samuel Jobes, were chosen for the task. They were fired upon by both sharpshooters in the Bliss buildings and artillery batteries on the nearby Seminary Ridge and sustained heavy casualties. However, they were able to reach the farmyard and, upon so doing, fired a volley of buck and ball into the barn. They then surrounded and seized control of it, capturing about 50 of the sharpshooters within.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, Gettysburg Campaign
However, the Confederacy retained control of the house and had sharpshooters there that continued to harry Union troops. General Hays ordered that the soldiers in the barn capture the house. A company of the 12th New Jersey proceeded to do so, capturing more enemy troops. In total, the regiment captured 92 men, including seven officers. The farm was held overnight and through the next morning, until the regiment burned it prior to rejoining the II Corps lines at the commencement of Pickett's Charge.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, After Gettysburg
After the end of the Battle of Gettysburg and the subsequent pursuit of the Confederate Army, the regiment was assigned to duty on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. This lasted until September 12, when it was part of an advance from the Rapidan to the Rappahannock River. The regiment then participated in the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns, the latter ending on December 2. Afterward, the regiment encamped for the winter at Stevensburg, Virginia, until May 3, 1864.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, After Gettysburg
After wintering, the regiment was a part of the newly promoted Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's southern attack in the Battle of the Wilderness. Although the regiment was not fully engaged during this battle, it took serious casualties, with one officer killed and several others wounded. It then participated in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, where it suffered similarly. Lieutenant Colonel Davis, one of the wounded from the Wilderness, led the regiment in this battle and was killed. Command was assumed by Captain McCoomb, who was subsequently killed during the Battle of Cold Harbor. Moving on with Grant's southern push, the regiment was a part of the Siege of Petersburg from June 16 to April 2, 1865. Soon afterward, it was present at Battle of Appomattox Court House and Robert E. Lee's surrender to Grant.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Service, After Gettysburg
After the surrender, the regiment marched to Washington, D.C., and served duty there until it officially mustered out on July 15. Over the course of the war, 9 of the regiment's officers and 168 of its enlisted men were killed or suffered mortal wounds, and 99 enlisted men died from disease.


12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Monument
In 1886, a  monument to the regiment was dedicated at Gettysburg National Military Park. The monument is located on North Hancock Avenue, near the site of the regiment's fighting at Gettysburg.


12th New York Infantry Regiment
The 12th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 3 Month Service of the 12th New York State Militia
The 12th New York Volunteer Infantry is sometimes confused with the 12th New York State Militia, a distinguished regiment formed in 1847 and which left New York City on April 21, 1861, for three months' service under the command of Colonel Daniel Butterfield.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 3 Month Service of the 12th New York State Militia
The 12th New York State Militia was not the same regiment as the 12th New York volunteers, though in February 1862 it did furnish a five-company battalion for the 12th Volunteers, and Henry A. Weeks of the militia regiment took command of the 12th Volunteers as a result. Remaining 12th New York militiamen stayed in New York City with their regiment, which was activated for federal service twice more during the war. Compounding the 12th Volunteers/12th Militia confusion is the fact that Butterfield at one point commanded the brigade in which the 12th New York Volunteers served. Also, as indicated by inscriptions on the 12th New York's monument at Gettysburg, at least some of its veterans considered the two 12th New York regiments to be one and the same.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 2 Year
The 12th New York Volunteer Infantry was organized at Elmira, New York and mustered in May 8, 1861 for two years' state service under the command of Colonel Ezra L. Walrath. On May 13, 1861 the regiment was re-mustered for three months' federal service and again re-mustered on August 2, 1861 for two years' state service.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 2 Year
The regiment was attached to Richardson's Brigade, Tyler's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia, June to August 1861. Richardson's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October 1861. Wadsworth's Brigade, McDowell's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Butterfield's 3rd Brigade, Porter's 1st Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps, to May 1863. Headquarters, V Corps, to June 1864.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Service, 2 Year
The 12th New York Infantry mustered out of the service on May 17, 1863. Men who had enlisted for three years' service were consolidated into two companies and served duty as Provost Guard for Headquarters of V Corps under the command of Captain Henry W. Ryder. These two companies ceased to exist on June 2, 1864 when their members were transferred to the 5th New York Infantry as Companies E and F. Although transferred to the 5th, the two former 12th New York companies remained on duty at corps headquarters.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to Washington, D.C., May 29, 1861. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until July 16, 1861. Advance on Manassas, Va., July 16–21. First Battle of Bull Run July 21. Upton's Hill August 27. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C. until March 10, 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10. Moved to the Virginia Peninsula March 22–24. Warwick Road April 5. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Before Yorktown April 11. Reconnaissance up the Pamunkey May 10. Reconnaissance to Hanover Court House May 26. Battle of Hanover Court House May 27. Operations about Hanover Court House May 27–29.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Seven Days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Battle of Gaines's Mill July 27. White Oak Swamp and Turkey Bend June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. Duty at Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to Fort Monroe, then to Centreville August 16–28. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 28-September 2. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6–22. Battle of Antietam September 16–17. Shepherdstown September 19. At Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12–15. Expedition to Richard's and Ellis' Fords December 29–30. "Mud March" January 20–24, 1863.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
At Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Participated in the Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24, 1863. Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 2. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania May 8–12. Spotsylvania Court House May 12–21. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31.


12th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 124 men during service; 3 officers and 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 59 enlisted men died of disease.


12th New York Light Artillery
The 12th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


12th New York Light Artillery, Service
The battery was organized at Albany, New York and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 14, 1862 under the command of Captain William H. Ellis.


12th New York Light Artillery, Service
The battery was attached to Whipple's Brigade, Wadsworth's Command, Military District of Washington, to February 1863. XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to July 1863. Artillery Brigade, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 18, 1864. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, to September 1864. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.


12th New York Light Artillery, Service
The 12th New York Light Artillery mustered out of service on June 14, 1865 at Albany, New York.


12th New York Light Artillery, Detailed service
Moved to Washington, D.C., January 17, 1862. Duty at Artillery Camp, defenses of Washington, D. C., to February 1863, and in the defenses of Washington, until July. Pursuit of Lee July 6–24. Wapping Heights, Va., July 23. On line of the Rappahannock till October. Bristoe Campaign October 9–22. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27. Mine Run November 28–30. Rapidan Campaign May 3-June 15, 1864. Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7. Spotsylvania May 8–12. Spotsylvania Court House May 12–21.


12th New York Light Artillery, Detailed service
Harris Farm or Fredericksburg Road May 19. North Anna River May 23–26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28. Totopotomoy May 28–31. Cold Harbor June 1–12. Before Petersburg June 16–18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22–23, 1864. Demonstration on north side of the James River July 27–29. Deep Bottom July 27–28. Ream's Station August 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9, 1865. Assault and capture of Petersburg April 2. Moved to Washington, May. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.


12th New York Light Artillery, Casualties
The battery lost a total of 19 men during service; 1 officer and 4 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 14 enlisted men died of disease.


12th New York State Legislature
The 12th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from December 11, 1788, to March 3, 1789, during the twelfth year of George Clinton's governorship, in Albany.


12th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.


12th New York State Legislature, Background
In March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.


12th New York State Legislature, Elections
The State election was held from April 29 to May 1, 1788. Senators Ezra L'Hommedieu (Southern D.) and Peter Van Ness (Western D.) were re-elected; and Paul Micheau, Isaac Roosevelt (both Southern D.), and Assemblyman James Clinton (Middle D.) were also elected to the Senate. Assemblyman Edward Savage (Eastern D.) may have been elected at the same time to the State Senate (Eastern D.) and to the Assembly (Washington Co.) but was seated in the Assembly; the Senate seat vacated by the expiration of  Ebenezer Russell's term remained vacant.


12th New York State Legislature, Elections
At the same time, delegates to a Convention to deliberate upon the adoption of the U.S. Constitution were elected. This was the first time that the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: those who advocated the creation of a stronger federal government and the adoption of the US Constitution, as drafted, were henceforth known as Federalists, those who advocated stronger State governments and demanded many changes to the proposed Constitution as Anti-Federalists, or Democratic-Republicans.


12th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Convention met from June 17 to July 26, 1788, at Poughkeepsie, and ratified the U.S. Constitution by a vote of 30 to 27.


12th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The State Legislature met on December 11, 1788, at the Old City Hall in Albany; and adjourned on March 3, 1789.


12th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On January 27, 1789, the Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts, and the first congressional elections in New York were held on March 3 and 4, 1789.


12th New York State Legislature, Sessions
In February and March 1789, the Legislature debated at length "An act for prescribing the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators of the United States of America, to be chosen in this State" but the Anti- Federalist Assembly majority and the Federalist Senate majority could not agree, and they adjourned without having elected U.S. Senators. Both parties hoped to win the next State election, to be held in April 1789, and agreed to adjourn earlier than usual, leaving it to the new members to find a way out of the deadlock.


12th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


12th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. James Clinton changed from the Assembly to the Senate. The vote of the members of this Legislature who had been delegates to the US Constitution ratifying convention is marked either "For ratification" or "Against ratification".


12th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.


12th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature. The vote of the members of this Legislature who had been delegates to the US Constitution ratifying convention is marked either "For ratification" or "Against ratification".


12th New Zealand Parliament
The 12th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1893 general election in November and December of that year.


12th New Zealand Parliament, 1893 general election
In the 1892 electoral redistribution, population shift to the North Island required the transfer of one seat from the South Island to the north. The resulting ripple effect saw every electorate established in 1890 have its boundaries altered, and 14 new electorates were established. Of those, eight electorates were established for the first time: Bay of Plenty, Otaki, Pareora, Patea, Riccarton, Waiapu, Waimea-Sounds, and Wellington Suburbs. The remaining six electorates had existed before, and they were re-established for the 12th Parliament: Caversham, Chalmers, Lyttelton, Rangitata, Waihemo, and Waipa.


12th New Zealand Parliament, 1893 general election
The 1893 general election was held on Tuesday, 28 November in the general electorates and on Wednesday, 20 December in the Māori electorates, respectively. A total of 74 MPs were elected; 30 represented North Island electorates, 40 represented South Island electorates, and the remaining four represented Māori electorates. 302,997 voters were enrolled and the official turnout at the election was 75.3%.


12th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions
The 12th Parliament sat for three sessions, and was prorogued on 14 November 1896.


12th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries
The Liberal Government of New Zealand had taken office on 24 January 1891. John Ballance, who had been leading the Ballance Ministry, had died on 27 April 1893 and had been succeeded by the Seddon Ministry under Richard Seddon. The Seddon Ministry remained in power for the whole term of this Parliament and held power until Seddon's death on 10 June 1906.


12th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 12th Parliament
74 seats were created across 66 electorates. 62 electorates returned a single member and four electoral districts had three representatives each. The Liberal party was the only established party structure at the time, many independent conservative MPs coalesced as a semi-formal Opposition under the leadership of William Russell. Key


12th New Zealand Parliament, By-elections during 12th Parliament
There were a number of changes during the term of the 12th Parliament.


12th Nongshim Cup
The 12th Nongshim Cup was the twelfth edition of the continental team tournament, Nongshim Cup. The cup was won by Team Korea for the tenth time in team history.


12th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly
The 12th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was the 19th assembly of the territorial government and lasted from 1991 until it was dissolved in 1995.


12th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly
This was the first legislature to meet in the body's permanent home when that building was completed in 1993.


12th OTO Awards
The 12th OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2011, took time and place on March 9, 2012 at the Opera of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony broadcast live RTVS on Jednotka. The hosts of the show were Marián Čekovský and Michal Hudák.


12th OTO Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories
★ Panelák – JOJ Profesionáli – JOJ Hoď svišťom – JOJ


12th OTO Awards, Reception, TV ratings
The show has received a total audience of more than 464,000 viewers, making it the second most watched television program within prime time in the region, yet the lowest rated in the TV poll's history.


12th Observation Group
The 12th Reconnaissance Group is a disbanded United States Army unit. It was last active as the 12th Observation Group, United States Army Air Corps, assigned to the Eighth Corps Area at Brooks Field, Texas. It was inactivated on 30 June 1937.


12th Observation Group
The group's origins date to the 62d Aero Squadron, which was organized as a construction squadron at Kelly Field, Texas in August 1917. The squadron was transferred to the Aviation General Supply Depot, Camp Morrison, Virginia, in Oct 1917; redesignated the 474th Aero Squadron, Feb 1918; and dispatched to France with the American Expeditionary Force Jan 1918 – Jun 1919. Its duties consisted of constructing temporary airfields for the First Army Air Service. It was demobilized in July 1919, Mitchell Field, New York


12th Observation Group
The 12th Group (Composite) was then constituted in 1923, but did not take physical form until 1 October 1930 as the 12th Observation Group. The 12th Obs Group commanded O-1, O-2 and O-19 observation squadrons in the Western United States. In 1936 its headquarters was combined with its support squadron, the 62d Service Squadron. Prior to its activation, these squadrons has been assigned to various Army ground units. Upon its inactivation, its personnel were transferred to the 82d Observation Squadron.


12th Observation Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment
The 12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was organized at Camp Taylor in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in November 24, 1863, for a three years under the command of Colonel Robert Wilson Ratliff.


12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, XXIII Corps, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to July 1864. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District East Tennessee, to November 1865.


12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 12th Ohio Cavalry mustered out of service November 14, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.


12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Duty at Camp Chase, Ohio, until February 1864, Johnson's Island (Company C as Guards) and at Camp Dennison until March. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., March 31, 1862. Operations against Morgan's invasion of Kentucky May 31-June 20, 1864. Action at Mt. Sterling, Ky., June 9. Cynthiana June 12. Skirmish at Lebanon, Ky., July 30 (1 company). Burbridge's Expedition into southwestern Virginia September 20-October 17. McCormack's Farm September 23. Laurel Mountain September 29. Action at Saltville, Va., October 2. Stoneman's Raid from Bean's Station, Tenn., into southwestern Virginia, December 10–29. Bristol December 14. Marion December 17–18. Saltville December 20–21.


12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Stoneman's Raid into southwestern Virginia and western North Carolina March 21-April 25, 1865. Wilkesborough March 29. Wilkinsville N.C., April 8. Danbury April 9. Statesville and Salem April 11. Salisbury April 12. Dallas and Catawba River April 17. Swannanoah Gap April 20. Howard's Gap, Blue Ridge Mountains, April 22. Asheville April 25. Duty in middle Tennessee, eastern Tennessee, and North Carolina, until November 1865.


12th Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 164 men during service; 50 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 112 enlisted men died of disease.


12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery
12th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The 12th Ohio Battery was created from Company G, 25th Ohio Infantry Regiment (which originally entered service on July 27, 1861) and permanently detached on March 17, 1862, under Captain Aaron C. Johnson.


12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The battery was attached to Milroy's Independent Brigade, Department of the Mountains, to June 1862. Milroy's Independent Brigade, I Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. Provost Guard, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863. Unattached, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. Camp Barry, Defenses of Washington, D.C., XXII Corps, to September 1863. Artillery Brigade, XI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to December 1863. 2nd Division, Artillery Reserve, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. Garrison Artillery, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, Defenses Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.


12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service
The 12th Ohio Battery mustered out of service on July 12, 1865.


12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service
Prior to being detached as artillery the company was ordered to western Virginia July 29, 1861, and attached to 1st Brigade, Army of Occupation West Virginia, to November 1861, then attached to Milroy's Cheat Mountain District, West Virginia, to March, 1862. It performed duty along the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad from Grafton to the Ohio River until August 21, 1861. Moved to Cheat Mountain Summit August 21. Action at Cheat Mountain September 12–17. Cheat Mountain Pass September 14–15. Greenbrier October 3–4. Moved to Huttonsville November 25, and duty there until February 27, 1862. Expedition to Camp Baldwin December 11–13, 1861. Buffalo Mountain December 12–13. Raid to Huntersville December 31-January 5, 1862. At Elkwater until March.


12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service
After being detached as artillery, the battery participated in the expedition on the Seneca April 1–12. At Staunton to May 7. Battle of McDowell May 8. Franklin May 10–12. Battle of Cross Keys June 8. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21–23. Freeman's Ford and Hazel Run August 22. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until December. Moved to Fredericksburg, Va., December 12–16. "Mud March" January 20–24, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until September. Moved to Bridgeport, Ala., September 25-October 6. Garrison duty at Nashville, Tenn., until April 1864, and at Murfreesboro, Tenn., until July 1865. Defenses of Murfreesboro December 5–12, 1864. Wilkinson's Pike December 7.


12th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties
The battery lost a total of 20 enlisted men during service; 3 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 17 enlisted men died due to disease.


12th Ohio Infantry Regiment
12th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


12th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History
The 12th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Dennison, Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 3, 1861, for three-months service, and reorganized on June 28 for three years, under Colonel John W. Lowe, who was killed early in the war and was succeeded by Col. Carr B. White. The 12th Ohio served in western Virginia until August 1862, when it was transferred to the Army of the Potomac and participated in the battles of Second Bull Run, South Mountain and Antietam.


12th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History
In the fall of 1862, it was again transferred to western Virginia and did efficient service until the spring of 1864, when it joined Hunter's expedition to Lynchburg, Virginia. The regiment returned to Columbus, Ohio, and was mustered out July 11, 1864.


12th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History
Union Army Brigadier General Jacob Ammen began his Civil War service as a captain in the 12th Ohio Infantry before being promoted to command the 24th Ohio Infantry Regiment.


12th Ohio Infantry Regiment, History
The 12th Ohio Infantry sustained 455 men killed, wounded and missing.


12th Oklahoma Legislature
The Twelfth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in Oklahoma City, in regular session from January 8 to March 30, 1929, and in one special session. State legislators successfully impeached Governor Henry S. Johnston during the legislative session.


12th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership
C.S. Storms served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate in 1929. James C. Nance served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.


12th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film
The 12th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film was held from March 1–5, 2007, in Suzdal, Russia. The winners for the main award categories were announced on March 4. The jury consisted of 33 professionals in professions related to animation. The Encyclopedia of Domestic Animation, the first attempt to cover the full history of Russian and Soviet animation, was premiered at the festival.


12th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film, Jury rating
Each jury member was asked to list their top five films of the festival. Five points were given for a 1st place vote and so on, down to one point for a 5th place vote.


12th Operations Group
The 12th Operations Group is the flying component of the 12th Flying Training Wing of United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command. The group headquarters is located at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. . The unit's main missions include aircraft instructor pilot training in Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Northrop T-38C Talon and Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk aircraft, Air Force and Navy undergraduate combat systems officer training and fighter fundamentals student pilot instructor training in the Northrop AT-38C.


12th Operations Group
The group was first activated in January 1941 as the 12th Bombardment Group. After training and flying antisubmarine patrols off the Pacific Coast, moved to Egypt in July 1942. In the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, it took part in the Western Desert campaign and Italian campaign, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation. In 1944, it moved to the China Burma India Theater and participated in the Burma campaign before the war's end. The unit returned to the United States in January 1946 and was inactivated on arriving at the Port of Embarkation.


12th Operations Group
The group was briefly active in 1947 to 1948, but was not manned or equipped due to budgetary restrictions. It was activated on 1 November 1950 as the 12th Fighter-Escort Group, but transferred its resources to the 12th Fighter-Escort Wing in February 1951 and was inactivated in June 1952 as Strategic Air Command adopted the dual deputy organization.


12th Operations Group
With the implementation of the Objective Wing Organization, the unit was activated on 15 December 1991, as the 12th Operations Group and assigned to the 12th Flying Training Wing.


12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations
The group was first activated as the 12th Bombardment Group at McChord Field, Washington on 15 January 1941 as the United States began building up its armed forces after the beginning of World War II in Europe, drawing its initial cadre from the 17th Bombardment Group. The 81st, 82d, and 83d Bombardment Squadrons were the group's first components, while the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron was attached to the 12th. Although designated a light bomber group, the unit was initially equipped with a mix of Douglas B-18 Bolo and Douglas B-23 Dragon medium bombers and a few Stearman PT-17 trainers. In August 1941, the Air Corps converted its reconnaissance squadrons attached to light bomber groups and the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron became the 94th Bombardment Squadron and was assigned to the group.


12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations
At the time of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, The 12th was the only Air Corps bombardment group on the Pacific Coast north of the San Francisco Bay area and the group began flying antisubmarine patrols and watching for signs of an invasion. At the end of December 1941, the group was designated a medium bomber unit, consistent with its equipment. This resulted in the 94th Squadron again becoming a reconnaissance unit, as the 94th Reconnaissance Squadron. In February, the group moved to Esler Field, Louisiana, where it began converting to the North American B-25 Mitchell.


12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations
With the Mitchells, the 94th resumed the bombardment mission, this time as the 434th Bombardment Squadron in April. In early May, the group deployed to Stockton Army Air Field, California, where half its crews stood alert during daylight hours. After the defeat of the Japanese Navy in the Battle of Midway, the group returned to Esler Field.


12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations
In June 1942, while in the United States for a conference with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill received word that the British Eighth Army had been defeated in a tank battle with Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps near Tobruk, Libya, and was retreating back toward Alexandria, Egypt. Churchill immediately made an urgent plea for military aid to help stop Rommel from over-running Egypt, the Suez Canal and the Arabian oil fields. The United States dispatched the 12th and two other groups to the Middle East to reinforce the British forces there.


12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations
The 12th was the second of the three groups to leave the United States. Between 14 July and 2 August, aircrews departed Morrison Field, Florida for Egypt via the South Atlantic ferry route to Egypt by way of Brazil, Ascension Island, across Africa to the Sudan, and then north to Egypt. by mid-August, all crews had arrived in Egypt without a single loss.


12th Operations Group, History, Organization and initial operations
Ground personnel of all three groups and supporting units sailed from New York City on 16 July 1942 on the SS Pasteur, a fast French ocean liner that had been impressed by the British, for a month-long trip around South Africa and up the Red Sea to Suez, Egypt, arriving on 16 August 1942.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
As soon as they arrived in Egypt, group headquarters and the 81st and 82d Squadrons moved to RAF Deversoir, while the 83d and 434th Squadrons were at RAF Ismailia, about 15 miles apart on the Suez Canal. It began training with Royal Air Force (RAF) and South African Air Force Boston units in desert warfare tactics and navigation. A month of training included five combat missions in combined formations with the Bostons. The group flew its first mission on its own on 31 August against enemy airfields at Daba (LG 105) and Fuka (LG 17) and port facilities at Matruh, Egypt.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
The group's first missions were night attacks. However, the lack of flame dampeners on its Mitchells made them easy targets for flak defenses and night fighters. Losses, which included the group commander, Colonel Goodrich, caused the withdrawal of the unit from night operations until its planes could be modified with "finger exhausts". The unit's first missions were flown to support forces opposing Rommel's final effort to break through to the Suez Canal at the Battle of Alam Halfa between 31 August and 4 September 1942. These missions helped the British Eighth Army repel the Afrika Corps attacks.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
Rommel attributed this defeat to air attacks enabled by the air superiority established by the RAF and Allied forces Both Allied and enemy forces had learned that the open nature of the western desert made it easy to disperse armored forces, making pinpoint bombing ineffective. As a result, the group adopted the RAF tactic of pattern bombing. Group Mitchells would fly at medium altitude, flying spaced apart to saturate a target area with bombs spaced to damage any vehicles or other objectives in a defined target area.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
During the battles in north Africa, the RAF had established numerous Landing Grounds, identified by LG plus a number. These stretched across northern Egypt and Libya and were used by both sides as the front moved. These landing grounds had no defined runways, and as many as eighteen bombers could take off at the same time, headed directly into the wind. In early October, intelligence reports reported that Regia Aeronautica and Luftwaffe airplanes at two of these landing grounds, near Daba (LG 105) and Qattafa (LG 104), had been trapped by heavy rains. The 12th Group and RAF forces attacked the airfields on 9 October, destroying ten enemy aircraft and damaging an additional 22.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
A few days later, the operational elements of the group, consisting of the combat crews and a few essential ground personnel needed to keep the B-25s flying, began flying missions from LG 88, about 20 miles from the front lines. This move made them immediately available for strikes requested by the Eighth Army. The bulk of each squadron and headquarters remained behind at their bases near the Suez Canal. Operations from LG 88 began on the night of 19/20 October, just before the Second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October with a tremendous artillery bombardment.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
The 12th Group began a week-long shuttle missions, attacking targets phoned in to Eighth Army Air Liaison Officers attached to the group. Eighteen ship formations took off or landed every half-hour during daylight on 24 October. There was little rest as ground crews rushed to refuel, reload bombs and ammunition, and patch flak holes, with operations peaking on 27 October. By 4 November, Rommel began withdraw and main targets became columns of tanks, trucks and troops retreating to the west.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
Group operational elements advanced to new Landing Grounds to keep up with ground troops, sometimes having to ferry munitions from their old bases to their new stations. Support equipment could not keep up with this rapid advance, and the forward elements depended on commandeered German and Italian materiel until rains bogged down the advance, permitting Rommel to withdraw to Tunisia.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
By 14 December, the advanced elements of the group were operating from Magrun Landing Ground (LG 142), also called Gambut No. 2, a satellite of RAF Gambut (LG 139), stretching the group over 1200 miles of north Africa. The new base was within range of German bases on Crete, and a raid was planned for 2 January 1943. However to reach this target, dust filters had to be removed from the attack force's engines to increase range. Just as the Mitchells were taking off, a dust storm hit the Landing Ground and only twelve planes were able to fly the mission, which had little effect on enemy forces.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
American forces under General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in Algeria and Morocco, and were met by German divisions under Rommel's command. The situation became desperate as they drove the Americans back through the Kasserine Pass. To reinforce Twelfth Air Force, the 81st and 82d Squadrons of the 12th Group were dispatched to reinforce the 310th Bombardment Group at Berteaux Airfield, Algeria on 3 and 4 February 1943. These two squadrons continued operating under the Twelfth Air Force until the fall of Tunis in May 1943, when they were returned to the group.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
Meanwhile, the 83d and 434th Squadrons helped break up an attack along the Mareth Line. After the fall of Tunis, the 12th was reunited at Hergla Airfield, Tunisia, and all of the personnel of its squadrons were together again for the first time since their advance parties moved out into the desert eight months earlier.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Western Desert Campaign
The group's actions during the north African campaign earned it a Distinguished Unit Citation for its operations from primitive landing grounds under difficult weather and terrain conditions and, despite repeated enemy attacks on its advanced positions and limited resources, mad a major contribution to the defeat of enemy forces in the Middle East.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Italian Campaign
From Hergla, the group attacked targets on Pantellaria and Sicily. Little more than a month later, Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, was executed and the 12th flew missions supporting the advances on that island. The group's advance party boarded LSTs for Licata Sicily, where they set up their first base in Europe at Ponte Olivo Airfield, flying the group's first mission from Italy on 5 August.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Italian Campaign
An attack on Randazzo on 13 August was the last significant action of the 12th as part of the Ninth Air Force, which moved to England, while the 12th became part of Twelfth Air Force. Major personnel changes occurred as most of the group's aircrews had served enough time in theater that they were rotated back to the United States and replaced by new aircrews fresh from the States. Later in August, the group moved to Gerbini Airfield on Sicily, from which it struck bridges, tunnels and other targets to support Operation Baytown, the invasion of southern Italy. In September, the group flew missions every day to support the foothold around Salerno established during Operation Avalanche.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Italian Campaign
The group began operating out of Foggia Airfield, Italy in November 1943. The 12th attacked German targets in support of the American Fifth Army, and in eastern Italy supporting the British Eighth Army. It attacked aerodromes, docks, marshaling yards, bridges, and other targets in Italyand the Balkans.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Italian Campaign
Shortly after the group's combat elements moved to Gaudo Airfield in January 1944, the group was directed to prepare for movement out of the Mediterranean Theater. On 8 February, the group sailed on the SS Dilwara and the MS Batory from Taranto. Although some in the group hoped the move was a withdrawal from combat, the ships sailed east, passing through the Suez Canal on the way to India.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign
The 12th Group moved to India to help the British Fourteenth Army repel a Japanese invasion from Burma toward Imphal, threatening the whole subcontinent and the Indian Ocean. The group's advance element arrived at Bombay on 12 March 1944, and after a four-day train trip to Calcutta and a day on a river boat to Dacca in eastern Bengal, group headquarters and the 81st and 82d Squadrons were established at Tezgaon Airfield, India, while the 83d and 434th Squadrons were at Kurmitola Airfield. The rear echelon of the unit did not arrive at the new bases in India until 24 April. In April, new B-25H and B-25J models began to arrive. The group equipped each of its squadrons with a 50/50 mix of the two models.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign
The 12th flew its first mission as part of Tenth Air Force, bombing Japanese supply dumps at Mogaung, Burma, on 16 April 1944. The lessened threat of flak in the new theater and added firepower of the updated Mitchells the group now flew resulted in a change of tactics. Rather than the medium altitude pattern bombing the group specialized in the Mediterranean, the group now focused on low altitude bombing and strafing.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign
In April, Japanese forces that had broken out of the Burma mountains the previous month surrounded two Indian divisions at Imphal. The British still controlled the Imphal Airfield, however, and the 12th flew ammunition to the besieged troops, unloading the ammunition carried in the bomb bays of its Mitchells. The "ammo" runs continued for three weeks, until British forces repelled the Japanese invasion of India.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign
In June, the group and two squadrons moved to Pandaveswar Airfield, India, while the 81st and 434th Squadrons moved to nearby Madhaiganj Airfield. This move added to the distance the group had to fly when attacking targets in Burma, sometimes requiring returning bombers to land at Comilla Airfield to refuel on their return flight. The logistics problems created by this move was lessened when the group moved to Fenny Airfield, while the 434th began to operate from Comilla. This reduced the distance to most targets in Burma, but the group also flew missions to targets in northern Burma that tested the range of their B-25s. The first of these missions flown from Fenny was to Myitkyina to support Merrill's Marauders on 26 July.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign
After some vicious fighting, the British captured Meiktila on 3 March and swept down the road to Mandalay, which was defended by 400-year-old Fort Dufferin complete with high thick walls and a wide moat. The 12th was called upon to bomb the fort on 9 March 1945, which they did successfully with 2000-pound bombs dropped from 200 feet by four Mitchells, followed by attacks from 6000 feet by another squadron, and a 35-ship blasting of the entire area of the fort to complete the job.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign
The last major mission of the 12th was an overnight where the crews spent the night under the wings of their B-25s at Rameree, near Rangoon, and took off the next morning to bomb Ban-Takli airfield north of Bangkok, Thailand. The group began to equip with Douglas A-26 Invaders and were still training when the war ended. The group's aircrews flew the A-26s to Frankfurt, Germany, and the rest of the group waited at Fenny Airfield until they went to Karachi Airport in December to return to the United States.


12th Operations Group, History, World War II, Burma Campaign
On return to United States in January 1946, the 12th Bombardment Group was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation.


12th Operations Group, History, Assignment to Tactical Air Command
The unit was again designated the 12th Bombardment Group, Light and was activated on 19 May 1947 under Tactical Air Command as part of the Air Force's expansion to its peacetime goal of 70 combat groups. Although nominally stationed at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, the unit was neither manned or equipped and only existed on paper. President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of Air Force groups to 48, and the 12th was inactivated on 10 September 1948.


12th Operations Group, History, Fighter escort operations
The 12th Fighter-Escort Group was activated at Turner Air Force Base, Georgia on 1 November 1950 as the flying element of the 12th Fighter-Escort Wing under the wing base organization system. The 559th, 560th and 561st Fighter-Escort Squadrons were assigned to the group. The group's mission was to fly fighter escort for Strategic Air Command strategic bombers.


12th Operations Group, History, Fighter escort operations
As the group was organizing, the 27th Fighter-Escort Wing at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas deployed to Japan. The 12th Group moved to Bergstrom in December, and was filled out by personnel from the 27th that had not deployed and personnel that had been transferred from the 31st Fighter-Escort Group at Turner. On 12 December the group received its first Republic F-84E Thunderjets. These aircraft, however, were rejected as Republic Aviation had equipped them with an engine that was incapable of supporting the extended bomber escort missions projected by SAC.


12th Operations Group, History, Fighter escort operations
Strategic Air Command (SAC)'s mobilization for the Korean War highlighted that SAC wing commanders focused too much on running the base organization and were not spending enough time on overseeing combat preparations. To allow wing commanders the ability to focus on combat operations, the air base group commander became responsible for managing the base housekeeping functions. Under the plan finalized in June 1952, the wing commander focused primarily on the combat units and the maintenance necessary to support combat aircraft by having the combat and maintenance squadrons report directly to the wing and eliminating the intermediate group structures. In February 1951, the group's three squadrons were attached to the wing and the group was reduced to paper status. When the reorganization was finalized, the group was inactivated and the squadrons reassigned.


12th Operations Group, History, Flying training
The group was reactivated at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas on 9 December 1991 as the 12th Operations Group and assigned to the 12th Flying Training Wing as part of the Objective Wing reorganization by the Air Force. The new group performed flight screening and undergraduate pilot training. Due to impending closure of Mather Air Force Base, California, in 1992 group assumed undergraduate navigator training which was moved from Mather. Also, conducted specialized undergraduate pilot training. In 1995, began transition to joint navigator training.


12th Operations Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


12th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The 12th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  12th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 12th Congress.


12th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)
The 12th Panzer Division (German: 12. Panzerdivision) was a West German armoured formation. It was part of the III Corps of the Bundeswehr, which also incorporated in 1985 the 5th Panzer Division and 2nd Panzergrenadier Division. III Corps was part of NATO's Central Army Group (CENTAG), along with the Bundeswehr's II Corps and the American V and VII Corps. In the wake of military restructuring brought about by the end of the Cold War, the 12th Panzer Division was disbanded in 1994.


12th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)
The division was constituted as the 12th Panzergrenadier Division in Tauberbischofsheim on January 1, 1961, as part of the II Corps of the Bundeswehr. At that time, it commanded the 35th Panzergrenadier Brigade, and in 1963 the 36th Panzer Brigade was also subordinated to the division. Subsequently, the 12th was re-designated a panzer (armoured) division. In 1970, the division was relieved from assignment to the II Corps and assigned to the III Corps. A third active brigade was not authorized for the division until 1975 during the "Heeresstruktur III" reforms. By 1977, the division's main components were the 14th Panzer, the 35th Panzergrenadier, and the 36th Panzer Brigades. In 1981, the 14th Panzer Brigade became the 34th Panzer Brigade.


12th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)
Following the end of the Cold War, the 12th Panzer Division was disbanded in 1994.


12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
The 12th Panzer Division was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1940.


12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
In October 1940 the 2nd Motorised Infantry Division was reorganized as the 12th Panzer Division, and in June 1941 it joined Operation Barbarossa, fighting in the battles of Minsk and Smolensk. It fought the rest of the war on the Eastern Front and surrendered to the Red Army in the Courland Pocket in May 1945.


12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
The division was formed from the 2nd Infantry Division, itself formed in 1921. The division was motorised in 1936–37 and participated in the invasions of Poland and France. It was reorganised as a Panzer Division in October 1940.


12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
The 12th Panzer Division participated in Operation Barbarossa, taking part in the drive towards Leningrad. Suffering heavy casualties during the Soviet counter offensive in the winter of 1941–42, the division was withdrawn to Estonia for a refit. It remained with Army Group North for the most part of the war except for a brief spell south while participating in the battle of Kursk in July 1943 and the following defensive operations and retreat after the German failure.


12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History
The division returned to the northern sector in January 1944 but came too late to play any role in the unsuccessful German efforts to prevent the Siege of Leningrad from being broken by the Red Army. It was eventually entrapped in the Courland Pocket after the successful Soviet offensive in July 1944, Operation Bagration. It remained in Courland where it surrendered to Soviet forces in May 1945.


12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), References, Bibliography
Note: The Web references may require you to follow links to cover the unit's entire history.


12th Parliament of British Columbia
The 12th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1910 to 1912. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in November 1909. The British Columbia Conservative Party led by Richard McBride formed the government.


12th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 12th General Assembly
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1909.:


12th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections
By-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:


12th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections
By-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:


12th Parliament of Catalonia
The 12th Parliament of Catalonia was the meeting of the Parliament of Catalonia, with the membership determined by the results of the 2017 regional election held on 21 December 2017 after its dissolution on 27 October in application of direct rule. The parliament met for the first time on 17 January 2018.


12th Parliament of Catalonia, Election
The 12th Catalan parliamentary election was held on 21 December 2017. At the election Catalan secessionists retained a slim majority in the Catalan Parliament.


12th Parliament of Catalonia, Election
Five of the elected MPs - Toni Comín (ERC–CatSí), Clara Ponsatí (JuntsxCat), Lluís Puig (JuntsxCat), Carles Puigdemont (JuntsxCat) and Meritxell Serret (ERC–CatSí) - were in exile whilst another three - Joaquim Forn (JuntsxCat), Oriol Junqueras (ERC–CatSí) and Jordi Sànchez (JuntsxCat) - were in jail.


12th Parliament of Catalonia, History
The new parliament met for the first time on 17 January 2018 and elected Roger Torrent as President of the Parliament. Other members of Board of the Parliament were also elected on 17 January 2018: Josep Costa i Rosselló (First Vice-President); José María Espejo-Saavedra Conesa (Second Vice-President); Eusebi Campdepadrós i Pucurull (First Secretary); David Pérez i Ibáñez (Second Secretary); Joan García González (Third Secretary); and Alba Vergés (Fourth Secretary).


12th Parliament of Catalonia, History
Alba Vergés (ERC–CatSí) resigned as Fourth Secretary on 4 June 2018 after being appointed Minister of Health. Her replacement Adriana Delgado i Herreros (ERC–CatSí) was elected on 6 June 2018.


12th Parliament of Catalonia, Deaths, resignations and suspensions
The 12th parliament has seen the following deaths, resignations and suspensions:


12th Parliament of Kenya
The 12th Parliament of Kenya is the meeting of the legislative branch of the national government of Kenya, which began on 31 August 2017. The National Assembly is made up of 350 members comprising 290 members elected from constituencies, 47 women representatives, 12 nominated members. and the Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya.


12th Parliament of Kenya
The senate is made up of 67 members, comprising 47 members elected from the counties, and 20 nominated members.


12th Parliament of Kenya
The members took office following the 2017 Kenyan general election.


12th Parliament of Lower Canada
The 12th Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from January 8, 1825, to July 5, 1827. Elections to the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in July 1824. All sessions were held at Quebec City.


12th Parliament of Ontario
The 12th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from June 8, 1908, until November 13, 1911, just prior to the 1911 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party  led by Sir James P. Whitney.


12th Parliament of Singapore
The 12th Parliament of Singapore was the previous Parliament of Singapore. The first session commenced on 10 October 2011 and was prorogued on 25 August 2015. The membership was set by the 2011 Singapore General Election on 7 May 2011 and changed three times due to expulsion of Hougang Single Member Constituency MP in 2012 and resignation of Punggol East Single Member Constituency MP and Speaker of Parliament over extra-marital affairs in 2013, as well as the death of Lee Kuan Yew, former Prime Minister of Singapore and MP of Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency.


12th Parliament of Singapore
The 12th Parliament was controlled by a People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and members of the cabinet, which assumed power on 7 May 2011. The Opposition was led by the Secretary General of the Worker's Party of Singapore, Mr Low Thia Khiang. The Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore was Halimah Yacob, of the People's Action Party. She was elected as the 9th Speaker of the House for the 12th Parliament on 14 January 2013.


12th Parliament of Singapore, Result of the 2011 Singaporean general election
The Workers' Party and the Singapore People's Party, being the best performing opposition parties were awarded 2 and 1 Non-Constituency Member of Parliament Seat respectively in accordance with the Constitution. The NCMP Seats were held by Gerald Giam Yean Song and Yee Jenn Jong of the Workers' Party and Lina Chiam of Singapore People's Party.


12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
The 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka was a meeting of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, with the membership determined by the results of the 2001 parliamentary election held on 5 December 2001. The parliament met for the first time on 19 December 2001 and was dissolved prematurely on 7 February 2004.


12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election
The 12th parliamentary election was held on 5 December 2001. The United National Front (UNF), a newly formed opposition alliance, became the largest group in Parliament by winning 109 of the 225 seats. The incumbent People's Alliance (PA) won 77 seats. The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) won 16 seats and the Tamil National Alliance (TNA), a new alliance of Tamil parties, won 15 seats. Smaller parties won the remaining 8 seats.


12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Election, Results
The new parliament was sworn in on 19 December 2001. M. Joseph Michael Perera was elected Speaker unopposed. The post of Deputy Speaker was left vacant after the PA refused to nominate anyone. Siri Andrahennady was elected Deputy Chairman of Committees unopposed.


12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government
The UNF was able to form a government with the support of the five SLMC MPs elected under their party's name (the SLMC contested under its name in three districts and with the UNF in all other districts).


12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government
On 9 December 2001, President Chandrika Kumaratunga appointed Ranil Wickremasinghe, the leader of the UNF, as the new Prime Minister. The rest of the government, comprising 24 Ministers, 28 Project Ministers and 8 Deputy Ministers, were sworn in on 12 December 2001.


12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government
The 12th parliament saw the only significant period of co-habitation in Sri Lanka since the executive presidency was introduced in 1978. There were numerous disputes between President Kumaratunga and Prime Minister Wickremasinghe, particularly over the handling of the peace process with the rebel Tamil Tigers. The political tension came to a head in early November 2003 when, as Prime Minister Wickremasinghe was out of the country, President Kumaratunga prorogued parliament, declared a state of emergency, sent troops into the streets of the capital and took control of three important ministries (defence, interior and media).


12th Parliament of Sri Lanka, Government
On 20 January 2004 the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, President Kumaratunga's party and the main constituent of the opposition People's Alliance, and the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna formed a new political alliance called the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA). A few days later on 7 February 2004 the president dissolved parliament, nearly four years ahead of schedule and despite the government having the support of the majority of parliament.


12th Parliament of Turkey
The 12th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 15 October 1961 to 1o October 1965. Actually there is one other parliament between the 11th Parliament of Turkey and the 12th parliament of Turkey. But the members of the chamber of deputies in 1960–61 term were appointed members rather than elected members and usually chamber of deputies is not included in the list of the parliaments in Turkey. According to the new constitution, there were two houses in the parliament .


12th Parliament of Turkey
There were 450 MPs in the lower house ; Republican People's Party (CHP) with 173 MPs, Justice Party (AP)with 158 MPs, New Turkey Party (YTP) with 65 MPs and Republican Villagers Nation Party with 54 MPs. Since no party was able to win the majority of seats, this term witnessed four coalition governments.


12th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones
Some of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:


12th Parliament of Upper Canada
The 12th Parliament of Upper Canada was opened 15 January 1835. Elections in Upper Canada had been held in October 1834. All sessions were held at York, Upper Canada. This parliament was dissolved 28 May 1836 by the new Lieutenant Governor, Sir Francis Bond Head. Head ordered a new election because the House of Assembly, dominated by reformers, had refused to pass any new money bills. The assembly also labelled Head a deceitful tyrant after he had invoked his right to consult them (the representatives of the people) only on certain specific matters. It was succeeded by the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada in November 1836.


12th Parliament of Upper Canada
The House of Assembly of the 12th Parliament of Upper Canada had two sessions 4 February 1817 to 7 March 1820:


12th Parliament of Upper Canada
Both the House and Parliament sat at the third Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade
The 12th Peacekeeping Brigade (Armenian: 12-րդ Խաղաղապահ բրիգադ) is a military unit of the Armed Forces of Armenia. Sometimes referred to as the Blue Berets due to its role (and its similarities to the Armenian Airborne Forces), it solely specializes in peacekeeping in foreign countries as part of international initiatives. It is commanded by Major General Artak Tonoyan. In early 2016, Defence Minister Seyran Ohanyan said that he considers the brigade to be the "basis for the establishment of a professional army".


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, History
In July 2001, a memorandum on Armenian peacekeeping was signed at the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York, being the catalyst for the formation of a peacekeeping unit. Captain Artak Tonoyan was appointed the first commander of the battalion. The battalion was subsequently reformed into a brigade. In February 2004, the first group of Armenian peacekeepers (consisting of 34 soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Artem Avdalyan) were deployed to Kosovo for six months.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, History
In March 2008, the brigade was relocated to the former base of the Capital Regiment. In 2016, its personnel carried the flags of the United States, Germany, Italy, Poland and Greece while taking part in the Independence Day parade on Republic Square. In November 2017, the unit opened a peacekeeping training center (known as the Zar Peacekeeping Area) in Zar. A women’s platoon was established that same year as part of the cooperation program between the unit and the United Nations Population Fund.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, History, Participation in the Armenian Revolution
In April 2018, it was reported that members of the brigade marched alongside antigovernmental forces in the 2018 Armenian revolution. The Armenian Defense Ministry condemned what it described as an illegal action, saying that "The harshest legal measures will be taken against the soldiers".


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments
The Armenian army has collaborated in several international missions with the West. The first peacekeeping mission of the unit was in Kosovo, carried out as part of the Greek contingent in the town of Ferizaj. On February 12, 2004, Armenia deployed a platoon-sized unit (three squads) to Kosovo as a part of the mission. It was headquartered in Camp "REGAS FEREOS" as a part of the Multi-National Task Force East and is tasked with maintaining vehicle check points, providing security for the base but also serves as a quick reaction force and crowd and riot control. In 2008, the KFOR unit was expanded, adding a second platoon plus company staff (bringing Armenia's contingent to about 85 personnel). It left Kosovo in 2011 only to return in 2012, with its new garrison being stationed at a base of United States Army Europe.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Iraq
In January 2005, having received the consent of the National Assembly of Armenia, a group of 45 peacekeepers went to Iraq together with a Polish Army unit. The contingent consisted of sappers, engineers and doctors as part of the Multi-National Force – Iraq. On November 10, 2006, Senior Lieutenant Georgy Nalbandyan was injured in a mine explosion in Iraq but survived after being transported for surgery to a hospital in Landstuhl, Germany, near Ramstein Air Base. On October 6, 2008, due to improving security conditions, the contingent's tour of duty came to an end.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Afghanistan
In July 2009, the Defense Minister of Armenia, Seyran Ohanyan, announced that Armenia would send a force from the brigade to participate with the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in the War in Afghanistan by the end of the year. He did not mention how large the force would be but did note that it probably would include munitions experts and communications officers. A MOD spokesmen also stated that the force would include medical specialists and translators as well.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Afghanistan
Ohanyan added that Armenian officers who served in the Soviet military during the Soviet–Afghan War also expressed the desire to return there as members of the new force. In November 2009, a NATO official affirmed that an Armenian contingent numbering 30 troops will join the ISAF sometime in early 2010. That number was revised to 40 in early December, when the Armenian parliament overwhelmingly voted in approval of the contingent's deployment. The servicemen arrived in Afghanistan in February 2010, where they carried out a mission jointly with the German Bundeswehr, being tasked to defend the regional airport in Kunduz. They also served in Kabul and Mazar-e-Sharif. There are currently 126 servicemen in Afghanistan.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Lebanon
During the mission, an Armenian chapel was opened. Since December 2014, the brigade sent a platoon in Lebanon as part of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Deployments, Other deployments, Syria
The brigade became the base of the Armenian contingent in Syria, a task force consisting of 83 medics, demining experts, force protection and other military personnel. This was the first independent foreign deployment of the Armenian military.


12th Peacekeeping Brigade, Commanders
During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, it was reported by the Azerbaijani Army that Tonoyan was killed in action, although these reported were later deemed as false.


12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
The 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry (113th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service
The 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry was organized at Camp McReyonlds in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania November 1861 through April 1862. The regiment was accepted for state and federal service as the "113th Volunteers" and its designation changed to the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry on November 13, 1861. It mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel William Frishmuth.


12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Military District of Washington, to September 1862. 4th Brigade, Pleasanton's Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. Averill's Cavalry Command, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to November 1862. Defenses Upper Potomac, VIII Corps, to February 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Pierce's Brigade, Department of the Susquehanna, to July 1863. McReynold's Command, Department of the Susquehanna, to August 1863. Martinsburg, West Virginia, Department of West Virginia, to October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to February 1864. Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, West Virginia, to August 1864. Reserve Division, Department of West Virginia, to January 1865. 3rd Infantry Division, West Virginia, to April 1865. Cavalry, Army of the Shenandoah, to July 1865.


12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Ordered to Washington, D.C., April 1862. Duty at Washington, D.C., until June 20, 1862. Moved to Manassas Junction, Va., and guard Orange & Alexandria Railroad until August. Moved to Bristoe, then to Alexandria, and picket north bank of the Potomac River from Chain Bridge to Edward's Ferry until September. Maryland Campaign September-October. Frederick, Md., September 12. Battle of Antietam, September 16-17. Assigned to duty on line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Headquarters at Sir John!s Run and Bath. Martinsburg, W. Va., November 6. Moorefield November 9. Newtown November 24. Kearneysville December 26. Bunker Hill January 1, 1863.


12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Near Smithfield and Charlestown February 12. Millwood Road near Winchester April 8. Reconnaissance from Winchester to Wardensville and Strasburg April 20. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley April 22-29. Strasburg Road, Fisher's Hill, April 22. Scout to Strasburg April 25-30. Cedarville and Winchester June 12. Winchester June 13-15. McConnellsburg, Pa., June 24 Cunningham's Cross Roads July 5. Greencastle, Pa., July 5 (detachment). Near Clear Springs, Md., July 10. Moved to Sharpsburg, Md., then to Martinsburg August 3, and duty there until July 1864. Jeffersonton, Va., October 10, 1863. Near Winchester February 5, 1864. Middletown February 6. Winchester April 26.


12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service
Affair in Loudoun County June 9 (detachment). Charlestown and Duffield Station June 29, Bolivar Heights July 2. Near Hillsboro July 15-16. Charlestown July 17. Snicker's Ferry July 17-18. Ashby's Gap and Berry's Ford July 19. Near Kernstown July 23. Winchester July 24. Bunker Hill and Martinsburg July 25. Cherry Run July 28. Winchester July 29. Guard and garrison duty at Charlestown, covering railroad from Harpers Ferry to Winchester until March 1865. Charlestown September 27, 1864. Halltown November 12. Mount Zion Church November 12. Newtown November 24. Charlestown November 29 (detachment). Affair at Harpers Ferry February 3, 1865 (detachment). Scout from Harpers Ferry into Loudoun County March 20-23. Near Hamilton March 21. Goose Creek March 23. Duty at Winchester and in the Shenandoah Valley until July.


12th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 142 men during service; 2 officers and 32 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 107 enlisted men died of disease.


12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 12th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War. Raised in Pittsburgh and its surrounding counties in April 1861 for three months of service, the regiment spent its first month in training, then guarded the Northern Central Railway in Maryland until it was mustered out. Many of its men went on to serve in subsequent Pennsylvania regiments during the war.