1232 Cortusa, Naming
This minor planet was named after the flowering plant Cortusa, a species of plant in the primrose family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114). It honors German astronomer and diligent orbit computer Gustav Stracke (1887–1943), who had asked that no asteroid be named after him. The initials of the asteroids 1227 through 1234, all discovered by Karl Reinmuth, spell out "G. Stracke". In this manner, Reinmuth was able to circumvent Stracke's desire and honor him nevertheless. The asteroid 1019 Strackea was later named after Stracke directly. In the 1990s, astronomer Brian Marsden was also honored by this method, see asteroids 5694 to 5699. The consecutive initial letters of these minor-planet names spell out "MarsdenB".


1232 Cortusa, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1232 Cortusa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Cortusa was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 25.16±0.02 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude (U=2). Other period determinations were made by René Roy (<10 h) in December 2006 (U=1), and by the Spanish OBAS group (22.05 h) in June 2016 (U=2-).


1232 Cortusa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cortusa measures between 33.13 and 43.27 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.07 and 0.14. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1226 and a diameter of 33.05 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.


1232 KMS
1232 KMS is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language documentary film directed by Vinod Kapri. It chronicles the Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the lockdown on them. The film was released on Disney+ Hotstar on 24 March 2021.


1232 KMS, Production
In March 2020, India went into a nationwide lockdown to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. During that time, Kapri was helping seven migrant labourers from Ghaziabad with food and other essentials. But they would keep calling him after 3–4 days felt it was "embarrassing". The next time the ration ran out, they decided to leave for their village in Saharsa which was 1232 km away from Ghaziabad. On 27 April, seven of them had left. Kapri left with his assistant in a car the next morning and found them near Sambhal.


1232 KMS, Production
Kapri said "I advised them not to move out, holding them on for two weeks. When they decided to leave for Bihar, I wanted to document their journey." Over the next week, the labourers traveled to their village on bicycles and hitchhiked trucks with minuscule money. Kapri felt that society failed them during the crisis, "these people build our homes, but when there was a crisis, we ignored them. This documentary gives them a face and tells their story". Kapri shot the film with his assistant, without a proper crew.


1232 KMS, Music
Vinod Kapri contacted Vishal Bhardwaj to work on the background score after watching the documentary, as he insisted to support the cause "musically and lyrically". For this documentary, Vishal composed "Marenge Toh Wahin Jaakar" and "O Re Bidesiya" with Gulzar writing the lyrics. Gulzar initially had written a poem on the plight of the migrant labourers which he tweaked to make it lyrical. The album released on 28 March 2021, featured three tracks; one being a reprised version of "O Re Bidesiya". Sukhwinder Singh, Vishal and Rekha Bhardwaj contributed the vocals.


1232 KMS, Release
The official trailer of 1232 KMS was released on YouTube on 17 March 2021, and opened to positive response from critics and viewers. The film was released through Disney+ Hotstar on 24 March 2021, as the announcement of the nationwide lockdown to curb COVID-19 pandemic, happened on the same date.


1232 KMS, Reception
Tatsam Mukherjee of Firstpost opined "In a country, where most news channels with far-reaching impact have let this crisis unfold in the background without any coverage, 1232 Kms lies in an enviable position without a contemporary film tackling a similar theme." Nandini Ramnath writing for Scroll.in said, "The 86-minute documentary is a timely reminder of the perilous journeys of migrants during the 2020 lockdown". Giving 4 out of 5 stars, Roktim Rajpal of Deccan Herald stated 1232 KMS documentary is "hard-hitting" and a wise approach as it makes the documentary a lot more relatable.


1232 KMS, Reception
Shubham Kulkarni of Koimoi stated "It isn’t just another documentary that’s preachy and self-indulgent. It is an effort to show you what the pandemic looked like for the people neglected." Film critic Rhea Srivatsava gave 3 out of 5 in her review for LetsOTT stating "The film deserves one watch, even if it is to get off our privileged positions and see the damage and devastation of the pandemic beyond people’s lives because it is one that will linger on for the unforeseeable future."


1233
Year 1233 (MCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1233 ABC Newcastle
ABC Newcastle (call sign: 2NC) is an Australian radio station. It is the Newcastle station of the ABC local radio network, and is licensed to, and serving Newcastle and surrounding areas. It operates on the AM band at 1233 kilohertz. Formerly known by its callsign 2NC, the NC in the callsign is short for Newcastle, while the 2 represents the state of New South Wales. The station was established in 1930.


1233 ABC Newcastle, History
2NC was the very first regional radio station in Australia outside a capital city. It was set up by Adrian Jose. The first broadcast occurred 19 December 1930, and played the Newcastle Symphony Orchestra playing the William Tell Overture. James Fenton acting as the prime minister of Australia gave a speech. Local Newcastle content was limited to an hour a week and included news, market reports and church services. The station was heard in New Zealand. Its original frequency was 1245 kHz or wavelength of 241 meters. The power was 2 kW with a modulation of 85%. The transmitting equipment was established by Keith Thow of STC. The transmitting antenna is at Beresfield. It was designed to have a range of 25 miles, covering a population of 200,000.


1233 ABC Newcastle, History
In 1931 2YB in New Plymouth, New Zealand was interfering with 2NC causing a heterodyne whistle.


1233 ABC Newcastle, History
Other early local content included the Newcastle Steel Works Band, the Newcastle Choral Society and the Newcastle Revellers.


1233 ABC Newcastle, History
For a time in the early 2000s, the ABC Newcastle website included a 5-day-a-week 5-minute TV news bulletin dedicated to Newcastle, shot in the ABC NSW studio.


1233 ABC Newcastle, History
The first studios were located behind the Old Strand Theatre on Market Street, before moving to 24 Wood Street.


1233 ABC Newcastle, Programs
Its programs are also heard on ABC Upper Hunter, the ABC's station serving the Upper Hunter.


1233 ABC Newcastle, Sports coverage
In addition to Grandstand's national coverage, 1233 ABC Newcastle and ABC Upper Hunter also broadcast Newcastle Knights rugby league and Newcastle Jets football  games as well.


1233 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1233 kHz:


1233 Kobresia
1233 Kobresia, provisional designation 1931 TG2, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the grass-like flowering plant Kobresia, a genus in the sedge family.


1233 Kobresia, Orbit and classification
Kobresia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4–2.7 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,493 days; semi-major axis of 2.56 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


1233 Kobresia, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1927 TB at Heidelberg in October 1927, or four years prior to its official discovery observation.


1233 Kobresia, Physical characteristics
Kobresia has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


1233 Kobresia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Two rotational lightcurves of Kobresia were obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis of his photometric observations made in 2004 and 2006, gave a rotation period of 27.76 and 27.83 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.32 and 0.34 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). While not being a slow rotator, Kobresia's period is longer than that of the average asteroid.


1233 Kobresia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kobresia measures between 29.73 and 36.167 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0305 and 0.0475.


1233 Kobresia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0396 and a diameter of 33.45 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5.


1233 Kobresia, Naming
This minor planet was named after a genus in the family Cyperaceae, Kobresia, a grass-like flowering plant, commonly known as "bog sedges". The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names contacted Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld in order to confirm the meaning of this asteroid's name.


1233 Kobresia, Naming, Meta-naming
The initials of the minor planets (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out "G. Stracke". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no planet be named after him. In this manner Reinmuth was able to honour the man whilst honoring his wish. Nevertheless, Reinmuth directly honored Stracke by naming planet 1019 Strackea later on. The astronomer Brian Marsden was honored by the same type of meta-naming using consecutive initial letters in 1995, spelling out "Brian M." in the sequence of minor planets (5694) through (5699).


1233 Kobresia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1233 in Ireland, Events
A fragment of that Holy rood was brought to Holy Cross Abbey, County Tipperary by the Plantagenet Queen, Isabella of Angoulême, around 1233.


1234
Year 1234 (MCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1234 (Feist song)
"1234" is a song from Feist's third studio album, The Reminder. The song was co-written by Feist and Sally Seltmann, an Australian singer-songwriter who also recorded under the stage name New Buffalo. It remains Feist's biggest hit single in the US to date, and her only song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Top 40.


1234 (Feist song), History
I had been listening to Feist's album Let It Die. I thought my little song about lost love, and the hope to recapture what you once had, sounded too much like a Feist song for me to use for New Buffalo, so I shelved it. Then, in late 2005 I did a tour across Canada supporting Feist, and Broken Social Scene. After meeting Feist, I started to wonder whether she might like to do a cover of "1234," but I was too shy to tell her about it.


1234 (Feist song), History
At the last Broken Social Scene show, I plucked up the courage to tell her that I had written a song which I thought she might like to use. We went onto the tour bus, and I recorded a simple version of the song into her laptop, with guitar and vocals. To my surprise, she loved the song, and started playing it live.


1234 (Feist song), History
On 14 December 2005, Feist played the song live at The Trabendo in Paris, France in a show broadcast on Europe2 TV, with the title "Sally's Song" and with somewhat different lyrics than in the commercially released version.


1234 (Feist song), History
The original version of the song was mixed by Renaud Letang. It was later remixed by Van She Tech, an offshoot of the band Van She.


1234 (Feist song), Release
The song was digitally released through iTunes Store. It gained notice after its use in an iPod nano commercial. It also appeared in an Australian commercial for eBay. It has been released in the United Kingdom, in Canada and in other countries digitally.


1234 (Feist song), Chart performance
Since its digital release, "1234" peaked at number four on the US Hot Digital Songs chart. The single also reached number eight on the US Hot 100, number 10 on the US Pop 100, and number 34 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart. As of July 25, 2011, "1234" had sold 1.2 million downloads in the US. The single's unexpected success led to its release worldwide. In the UK it proved to be a huge hit, making the top 10 and peaking at number eight. It had a very successful release in Canada, making it to number two.


1234 (Feist song), Chart performance
The song also entered the top 10 in several European countries. The single's success made Feist famous globally and boosted sales of her other releases. It also managed to debut at number 67 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, as digital tracks were counted towards chart positions from November 5, 2007 onwards in Australia. It later entered the top 50 of the chart in late December and peaked at number 36. It also ranked number 34 in the Triple J Hottest 100.


1234 (Feist song), Chart performance
In the 28 April 2008 episode of The Colbert Report where she was a guest, Feist said that she had planned to offer "1234" as the official campaign theme for Stephen Colbert's Presidential bid, before he dropped out.


1234 (Feist song), Chart performance
As of 2017 the single has been certified silver by BPI for 200,000 sold copies.


1234 (Feist song), Awards and accolades
"1234" was nominated for Grammy Awards in the categories of Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video. Likewise, the success of the song largely contributed to Feist's other nominations that year for Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album. It also won the Juno award for Single of the Year on 6 April 2008 in Calgary. Sally Seltmann also received a nomination at the 2008 APRA Awards for Song of the Year.


1234 (Feist song), Awards and accolades
This song was number 19 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007, and number nine on the list of Readers' 25 Best Songs of 2007. It was also ranked number five on Amazon.com's Best Songs of 2007. Pitchfork Media deemed the video the fifth best video of the decade, and named the song number 16 on the top 100 tracks of 2007. Blender named the video number two on The Top 10 Music Videos of 2007. In France the video won Music video of the year at the Victoires de la Musique.


1234 (Feist song), Awards and accolades
Time magazine named "1234" one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007, ranking it at number two after "Rehab" by Amy Winehouse. Writer Josh Tyrangiel called the song a “masterpiece”, praising Feist for singing it “with a mixture of wisdom and exuberance that's all her own."


1234 (Feist song), Cover versions
The song was rewritten as a counting song for a performance on Sesame Street, in which Feist counts chickens, monsters (Elmo, Zoe, Rosita, and Telly) and penguins to 4.


1234 (Feist song), Cover versions
Brooke White of American Idol fame performed a cover of "1234" during her set on the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2008, which ran from 1 July to 13 September.


1234 (Feist song), Cover versions
Electropop band Joy Electric released a cover of the song in 2009 on their album Favorites at Play.


1234 (Feist song), Parodies
It was parodied by MADtv for the continuous releases of new iPods, a commercial in which the song was originally used.


1234 (Feist song), In popular culture
It was sung by the character of Andy Bernard in "Lecture Circuit", an episode of The Office, in an attempt to woo a client he finds attractive. This attempt fails, and Dunder Mifflin loses the account. It was used in a trailer for the 2009 film New York, I Love You. It also features in The Inbetweeners season 1 episode, 'Bunk Off'.


1234 (Feist song), In popular culture
Singer-songwriter Kenny Loggins covered the song for his 2009 album All Join In. The lyrics were changed because of dark subject material and the song also featured Kenny's 11-year-old daughter Hana.


1234 (Feist song), In popular culture
Pianist Louis Durra recorded an instrumental trio version released on Mad World EP and Arrogant Doormats (2011).


1234 (Propaganda album)
1234 is the second studio album by Propaganda. Released in 1990, Michael Mertens was the only remaining member of the group from their previous album A Secret Wish, though original member Susanne Freytag made a guest appearance on two tracks, and the album includes some songs co-written by Ralf Dörper. New group members included Derek Forbes and Brian McGee, both formerly of Simple Minds and whom had both toured with the first incarnation of the band, and vocalist Betsi Miller. The album was produced by Ian Stanley and Chris Hughes, most notable for their work with Tears For Fears in the 1980s. Hughes and Miller would later marry.


1234 (Propaganda album)
The first single from the album, "Heaven Give Me Words", reached the UK Top 40 and also reached #22 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart. "Your Wildlife" reached #32 on the U.S. Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart. Both songs were co-written by Howard Jones. Another single, "Only One Word" (which featured Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour), peaked at #71 in the UK.


1234 (Propaganda album)
The album itself peaked at #46 on the UK Album Chart.


1234 (Propaganda album)
The cover art is a close-up of part of the statue Unique Forms of Continuity in Space by Umberto Boccioni


1234 (Ronnie Wood album)
1234 is the fourth solo album by English musician Ronnie Wood, released in September 1981. In the United States, it spent five weeks on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 164. The album was co-produced by Andy Johns and features musical contributions from Ian McLagan, Charlie Watts, Bobby Womack, Waddy Wachtel and Nicky Hopkins, among others.


1234 Elyna
1234 Elyna /ɪˈlaɪnə/, provisional designation 1931 UF, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 October 1931, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Elyna (Kobresia; bog sedges).


1234 Elyna, Orbit and classification
Elyna is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,913 days; semi-major axis 3.02 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, four days after its official discovery observation.


1234 Elyna, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Elyna is a K-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for members of the Eos family.


1234 Elyna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Elyna were obtained from photometric observations since 1983. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.421 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.21 and 0.37 magnitude (U=3-/2/3/1).


1234 Elyna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Elyna measures between 22.876 and 29.08 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.055 and 0.162.


1234 Elyna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1286 and a diameter of 26.00 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.77.


1234 Elyna, Naming
This minor planet was named after the flowering plant Elyna, a subgenus of the genus Kobresia in the family Cyperaceae, sometimes called bog sedges. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114).


1234 Elyna, Naming, Meta-naming
The initials of the minor planets (1227) through (1234), all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out "G. Stracke". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no planet be named after him. In this manner Reinmuth was able to honour the man whilst honoring his wish. Nevertheless, Reinmuth directly honored Stracke by naming planet 1019 Strackea later on. The astronomer Brian Marsden was honored by the same type of meta-naming using consecutive initial letters in 1995, spelling out "Brian M." in the sequence of minor planets (5694) through (5699).


1234 Elyna, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1235
Year 1235 (MCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1235 Schorria
1235 Schorria (prov. designation: 1931 UJ), is a Hungaria asteroid, sizable Mars-crosser, and exceptionally slow rotator from the inner region of the asteroid belt. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has an outstandingly long rotation period of 1265 hours (7.5 weeks) and measures approximately 5.5 kilometers (3.4 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany on 18 October 1931, and named after German astronomer Richard Schorr (1867–1951).


1235 Schorria, Orbit and classification
Schorria is a Mars-crossing member of the Hungaria asteroids, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.6–2.2 AU once every 2 years and 8 months (964 days; semi-major axis of 1.91 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg two weeks after its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1235 Schorria, Naming
This minor planet was named after Richard Schorr (1867–1951), a German astronomer at Bergedorf Observatory, Hamburg, who discovered the minor planets 869 Mellena and 1240 Centenaria. After being named by ARI with the consent of the discoverer (RI 862), naming citation was later published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 114). The lunar crater Schorr is also named in the astronomer's honour. In 1913, asteroid 725 Amanda was already named after Schorr's wife by discovering astronomer Johann Palisa.


1235 Schorria, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomy, Schorria' spectral type is closest to that of a carbonaceous C-type and somewhat similar to that of an X-type asteroid though with a noisy spectrum (CX:).


1235 Schorria, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
In March 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Schorria was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomers Brian Warner and Robert Stephens. Light curve analysis of the two astronomer's combined data set of almost 2000 photometric observations revealed that this Mars-crosser is one of the slowest rotating asteroids known to exist. It has a rotation period of 1265±80 hours, or about 52 days, with a high brightness variation of 1.40 in magnitude (U=3), which is indicative of a non-spheroidal shape. The body was also suspected to be in a tumbling state. However, no significant evidence of such a non-principal axis rotation could be found.


1235 Schorria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the space-based survey by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Schorria measures (5.55±1.11) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.486±0.194). Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, the body measures between 7 and 15 kilometers, for an absolute magnitude at 13 and an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25, while Warner/Stephens estimated a diameter of approximately 9 kilometers in 2009.


1235 Schorria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculates a diameter of 5.04 kilometers based on an albedo of 0.40, which is contrary to an expected low albedo for dark, carbonaceous CX-type asteroids as classified by Tholen, but typical for the descendants of the E-belt, a hypothesized population of primordial asteroids, which the E-type Hungarian asteroids with high inclinations and a semi-major axis of 1.9 AU are thought to have originated from.


12359 Cajigal
12359 Cajigal, provisional designation 1993 SN3, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter.


12359 Cajigal
The asteroid was discovered on 22 September 1993, by Venezuelan astronomer Orlando Naranjo at the Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory, Mérida, located in the Venezuelan Andes. It was named after Venezuelan politician and scientist Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo.


12359 Cajigal, Orbit and classification
Cajigal is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,091 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.


12359 Cajigal, Orbit and classification
In October 1976, t was first observed as 1976 UU2 at Crimea–Nauchnij. The body's observation arc begins 2 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Steward Observatory (Kitt Peak–Spacewatch) in June 1991.


12359 Cajigal, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
In September 2010, a photometric lightcurve of Cajigal obtained in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, gave a rotation period of 11.7664 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=2).


12359 Cajigal, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cajigal measures 11.69 and 13.052 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.098 and 0.095, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a C-type like standard albedo for members of the Themis family of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 10.5 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.25.


12359 Cajigal, Naming
This minor planet was named after Venezuelan mathematician, engineer, and statesman, Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo (1803–1856), who introduced the study of mathematics and engineering in his country with his founding of the Military Academy of Mathematics in 1831. He also installed the first astronomical telescopes in Caracas, where the Cajigal Observatory ("El Observatorio Cajigal") was later established in 1888. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003 (M.P.C. 49675).


1236
Year 1236 (MCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1236 Thaïs
1236 Thaïs /ˈθeɪ.ɪs/ (prov. designation: 1931 VX) is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. The rare T-type asteroid has a notably long rotation period of 72 hours and measures approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles). It was discovered on 6 November 1931, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and named after the ancient Greek prostitute Thaïs.


1236 Thaïs, Orbit and classification
Thaïs is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,386 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, one month after its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.


1236 Thaïs, Naming
This minor planet was named after Thaïs, the famous Greek hetaera (ancient prostitute), who lived during the time of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) and accompanied him on his campaigns. It is also the name of the protagonist in the novel Thaïs by French poet Anatole France.


1236 Thaïs, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
Thaïs is a dark and reddish T-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomic scheme. It has also been classified as a L-type asteroid by PanSTARRS large-scale survey.


1236 Thaïs, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2017, the only existing lightcurve of Thaïs gives a rotation period of 72 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (U=1). The fragmentary light curve was obtained by Austrian astronomers from photoelectric observations in the early 1980s. While not being a slow rotator, it has a significantly longer-than average rotation period, if future observations confirm the tentative results.


1236 Thaïs, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Thaïs measures between 14.43 and 22.34 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.06 and 0.11. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0599 and a diameter of 22.34 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.93.


1237
Year 1237 (MCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1237 Geneviève
1237 Geneviève (prov. designation: 1931 XB) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 December 1931, by French astronomer Guy Reiss at the Algerian Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The discoverer named it after his daughter Geneviève Reiss.


1237 Geneviève, Orbit and classification
Geneviève is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,542 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic.


1237 Geneviève, Orbit and classification
In 1908, it was first identified as A908 HA at Taunton Observatory (803). A few days later, Geneviève was also observed at the U.S. Naval Observatory, which extended the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Algiers.


1237 Geneviève, Naming
This minor planet was named for the eldest daughter of the discoverer, Geneviève Reiss. The discoverer also named 1300 Marcelle and 1376 Michelle after his other two daughters. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114).


1237 Geneviève, Physical characteristics
In May 1984, American astronomer Richard Binzel obtained a rotational lightcurve of Geneviève that gave a rotation period of 16.37 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2). A divergent period of 24.82 hours with an amplitude of 0.07 magnitude was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Raymond Poncy in April 2005 (U=2-).


1237 Geneviève, Physical characteristics
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Geneviève measures between 30.85 and 40.67 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.057 and 0.07 (without preliminary results).


1237 Geneviève, Physical characteristics
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, and derives an albedo of 0.0484 and a diameter of 39.74 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.91.


12373 Lancearmstrong
12373 Lancearmstrong, provisional designation 1994 JE9, is a bright Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 May 1994, by American astronomer and software engineer Charles de Saint-Aignan after examining films taken at Palomar Observatory, California, and named after American cyclist Lance Armstrong.


12373 Lancearmstrong, Orbital and physical characteristics
The asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,401 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins in 1994, as no precoveries were taken prior to its discovery.


12373 Lancearmstrong, Orbital and physical characteristics
Based on an absolute magnitude of 14.2 and an assumed albedo of 0.20, which is typical for bodies with a silicaceous composition, Lancearmstrong measures between 4 and 6 kilometers in diameter.


12373 Lancearmstrong, Orbital and physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 3.3 kilometers in diameter due to an unusually high albedo of 0.449. As of 2016, its composition, shape and rotation period and shape remains unknown.


12373 Lancearmstrong, Naming
This minor planet was named after American Lance Armstrong (born 1971), former professional road racing cyclist. Despite being diagnosed with metastatic testicular cancer, he recovered and returned to cycling. At the time this minor planet was named, he had won the Tour de France three times and encouraged athletes and cancer survivors worldwide. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 November 2001 (M.P.C. 43762). In 2012, Armstrong was stripped of his Tour de France victories after a doping scandal.


12374 Rakhat
12374 Rakhat (prov. designation: 1994 JG9) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 May 1994, by American astronomer and software engineer Charles de Saint-Aignan at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named for the fictional planet "Rakhat" in the novel The Sparrow


12374 Rakhat, Orbit and classification
Rakhat is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,488 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.


12374 Rakhat, Orbit and classification
A first precovery was taken at the discovering Palomar Observatory in November 1954, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 40 years prior to its official discovery observation.


12374 Rakhat, Naming
This minor planet was named "Rakhat" after the fictional planet in the novel The Sparrow by Mary Doria Russell. The novel begins in 2019, when SETI at the Arecibo, picks up radio broadcasts of music from this planet in the vicinity of Alpha Centauri. The first expedition is organized by the Jesuit order, known for its missionary, linguistic and scientific activities. The novel was followed by the sequel Children of God. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 March 2002 (M.P.C. 45234).


12374 Rakhat, Physical characteristics
In May 2010, a rotational lightcurve was obtained from photometric observations made astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It gave a rotation period of 18.1702±0.0205 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 in magnitude (U=2).


12374 Rakhat, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 4.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.21, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.4 kilometers.


1238
Year 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1238 Predappia
1238 Predappia, provisional designation 1932 CA, is a dark Adeonian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 February 1932, by astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin in Pino Torinese, Italy. It was later named after the Italian village of Predappio.


1238 Predappia, Orbit and classification
Predappia is a member of the Adeona family (505), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids in the intermediary main belt, named after 145 Adeona. It is also dynamically classified as a member of the Eunomia family (502), the largest in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 stony asteroids.


1238 Predappia, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,591 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in March 1941, more than 9 years after to its official discovery observation at Pino Torinese.


1238 Predappia, Physical characteristics
Predappia 's spectral type is unknown. Although the LCDB assumes an S-type (due to its dynamical classification to the stony Eunomia family), a low albedo of 0.0644 is derived (see below) which is typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids and in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Adeona family (505).


1238 Predappia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Photometric observations of the asteroid during 2006 by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado Springs, Colorado, were used to generate a lightcurve with a period of 8.94 ± 0.02 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.03 ± 0.01 magnitude (U=2-). Other observations obtained a poorly rated lightcurve with a divergent period of 6.13 and 24 hours, respectively.


1238 Predappia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Predappia measures between 19.96 and 32.14 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.02 and 0.0771.


1238 Predappia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0644 and a diameter of 19.91 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


1238 Predappia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Italian village of Predappio near Forli, known for being the birthplace of  Benito Mussolini, the founder of Italian Fascism and Italian Dictatory until 1942. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel, contacted Italian astronomer Paul G. Comba, who confirmed that this naming was "another clear instance of homage to him". Predappio has become a site of pilgrimage for Italian and other neofascists.


1238 in poetry
The following events are associated with the year 1238 AD in poetry.


1239
Year 1239 (MCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1239 Queteleta
1239 Queteleta (kətlɛta), provisional designation 1932 CB, is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 February 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after Adolphe Quetelet, a Belgian astronomer and mathematician.


1239 Queteleta, Discovery
Queteleta was discovered on 4 February 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. It was independently discovered by Louis Boyer at Algiers Observatory, Algeria, on the same night and by George Van Biesbroeck at Yerkes Observatory, United States, on 13 February 1932. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first mentioned discoverer.


1239 Queteleta, Orbit and classification
Queteleta is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,585 days; semi-major axis of 2.66 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at with its official discovery observation at Uccle in 1932.


1239 Queteleta, Physical characteristics
The asteroid's spectral type has not been determined, but its low albedo (see below) is typical for that of a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1239 Queteleta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Queteleta measures 15.94 and 18.032 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.0695 and 0.051, respectively.


1239 Queteleta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period, poles and shape
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Queteleta has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.


1239 Queteleta, Naming
This minor planet was named after Belgian astronomer and mathematician Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), whose research also encompassed several other scientific disciplines such as statistics, demography, sociology, criminology and the history of science. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114). He was also honored by the lunar crater Quetelet.


1239 in Scotland
Events from the year 1239 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


123Klan
123Klan is a French graffiti crew, founded in 1992 by husband and wife Scien and Klor. Since 1994 the crew have also worked in graphic design, inspired by the work of Neville Brody, and started to apply it to their graffiti (and vice versa). They describe their art as 'when street knowledge meets technology and graffiti melds with graphic design'. Dean, Sper, Skam, Meric, and Reso 1 are the other crew members.


123Klan
Now based in Montréal, Canada, 123Klan's studio specializes in character illustration, branding and toy design.


123Klan
They have had exhibitions worldwide, including Lille, Dunkerque, Toulouse, Strasbourg, Paris, Brussels, London, Eindhoven, Roma, Munich, Barcelona, New York City, Singapore, and Zurich.


123Movies
123Movies, GoMovies, GoStream, MeMovies or 123movieshub was a network of file streaming websites operating from Vietnam which allowed users to watch films for free. It was called the world's "most popular illegal site" by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) in March 2018, before being shut down a few weeks later on foot of a criminal investigation by the Vietnamese authorities. As of August 2021, the network is still active via clone sites.


123Movies, Development
The site went through several name changes after being shut down from different domains; sometimes the name appeared as "123Movies", and other times as "123movies". The original name, and URL, was 123movies.to, which changed to other domains including 123movies.is before redirecting to gomovies.to and later gomovies.is. It was changed to gostream.is, and then to memovies.to, before changing to 123movieshub.to/is and remaining there until shutdown.


123Movies, Development
In October 2016, the MPAA listed 123Movies in its Online Notorious Markets overview to the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), stating that: "The site has a global Alexa rank of 559 and a local rank of 386 in the U.S. 123movies.to had 9.26 million worldwide unique visitors in August 2016 according to SimilarWeb data". In October 2016, Business Insider reported that 123movies.to was the "most-used pirate website" in the United Kingdom.


123Movies, Development
123Movies included HD, HD-RIP, Blu-ray and camera qualities of films. The video hosters and players it used included Openload, Streamango, and MyCloud. During its existence and shutdown period, the site was covered by TorrentFreak regarding its features, uptime/downtime, shutdown, and reasons for shutdown.


123Movies, Development
In December 2017, the creators of 123movies launched another streaming site dedicated to anime, named AnimeHub.to, which remained online for months after 123Movies's shutdown.


123Movies, Shutdown
In March 2017, TorrentFreak reported that the US ambassador to Vietnam, Ted Osius, had been in talks with the local Minister of Information and Communications, Truong Minh Tuan, about shutting down illegal video streaming sites operating from Vietnam, and listed 123movies as one specific site.


123Movies, Shutdown
In October 2017, the MPAA listed 123Movies (and GoStream.is) in its Online Notorious Markets overview to the Office of the United States Trade Representative, stating that while the site was technically hosted from Ukraine that: "The site takes numerous steps to hide the identity of theoperator, including using Cloudflare, but there is strong reason to believe the operator is still in Vietnam; content is uploaded using cyberlockers from numerous email accounts originating from Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy".


123Movies, Shutdown
In March 2018, the MPAA said that the site was the "most popular illegal site in the world", stated it was operated from Vietnam and estimated that it received 98 million visitors per month. On 19 March 2018, a note on the site's home page announced its shutdown, and urged users to "respect filmmakers by paying for movies and TV-shows".


123Movies, Reappearance
In October 2018, the MPAA's update on Online Notorious Markets to the United States Trade Representative, said that the closure of 123movies, 123movieshub, gostream, and gomovies, on foot of a criminal investigation in Vietnam in 2018, was "an important development" in combatting illegal film piracy services. However, the MPAA report also noted that numerous copycat sites had emerged in at least eight other countries. In November 2018 TorrentFreak reported sites connected or similar to 123Movies such as WatchAsap had also been shut down by the FBI, but were re-directing to other file sharing sites.


123Net
123.Net Inc., also known as 123Net, is a telephone, Internet, and colocation provider headquartered in Southfield, Michigan, in the United States. It was one of the first Competitive Local Exchange Carriers to interconnect with AT&T and Verizon for the purposes of offering services through the public switched telephone network. The company operates as an independent and privately held telecommunications provider with services in the midwestern United States.


123Net
123Net is most known for its Southfield and Grand Rapids based data centers (DC1–DC4) and its extensive Wireless and Fiber-optic network in Michigan.


123Net, History
123Net was founded primarily as a dialup ISP that focused on residential internet services. The company has since exited most residential service offerings and is now a business provider of telecommunications services.


123Net, Acquisitions
123Net has acquired assets or bought the following companies' networks:


123RF
123RF (Part of Inmagine Group) is a stock photos agency founded in 2005 which sells royalty-free images and stock photography. In the past few years, 123RF expanded the portfolio to serve the growing market of the web-based content industry. In addition to over 170 million images in its library, the company also has a large collection of vector graphics, icons, fonts, videos and audio files. The marketing is mainly carried out by about 350 employees from 40 offices around the world.


123RF, History
In 2000, the founder, Andy Sitt, had just quit his job at a British company that sold stock images in CDs while showing customers printed catalogues. Andy launched his e-commerce business by setting up Inmagine, which sold premium large-format photo prints. Together with Stephanie Sitt as a cofounder and current CEO, Inmagine Group is one of the few technology companies to have bootstrapped globally from Asia.


123RF, History
Inmagine also produced proprietary content which required in-house photographers, graphic designers, make up artists and a sales team to cater to demand. In 2005, Inmagine set up 123RF, which offers royalty-free stock images, videos, as well as audio clips, from just US$1 to US$3 apiece. Unlike the previous business model, 123RF allows photographers around the world to sell their work on the platform on a royalty-free model.


123RF, History
Subsequently, Inmagine Group has expanded by building new businesses such as Stockunlimited.com, Designs.net and has also acquired TheHungryJPEG.com, Craftbundles.com, Pixlr.com, Vectr.com and Storyandheart.com.


123RF, History
In November 2020, the company confirmed that it had been subject to a data breach, with 8.3 million customer records from the breach available for sale on the dark web.


123RF, Acquisitions
In March 2017, 123RF acquired TheHungryJPEG, a UK-registered font and graphics marketplace and its sister company Craftbundles for an undisclosed sum.


123RF, Acquisitions
In April 2017, 123RF acquired Pixlr, an online web-based image editor from Autodesk for an undisclosed sum.


123RF, Acquisitions
In November 2017, 123RF acquired Vectr, a web-based vector editor and Story & Heart, a video education platform.


123d Airlift Wing
The 123rd Airlift Wing (123 AW) is a unit of the Kentucky Air National Guard, stationed at Louisville International Airport (Louisville Air National Guard Base), Kentucky. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


123d Airlift Wing, Overview
The Kentucky Air National Guard's 123rd Airlift Wing mission is to provide worldwide theater airlift for U.S. military and humanitarian operations. The wing is equipped with eight C-130H Hercules aircraft. Multiple groups, squadrons and flights carry out the unit's mission by providing administrative and logistical support, including airlift operations, combat control, pararescue, maintenance, supply, transportation, contracting, communications, civil engineering, personnel, base services, security forces and medical functions.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Korean War Federalization
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, the 123d Fighter Group and its component squadrons were mobilized into federal active duty at Godman Air Force Base at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Shortly after being federalized, the group and its support units of the 223d Air Service Group were reorganized under the wing base organization and the 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated to control the operational and support elements that had been mobilized.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Korean War Federalization
After over a year of training at Godman, the 123rd deployed to RAF Manston, Kent, England to replace the Strategic Air Command (SAC) 12th Fighter-Escort Wing which returned to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas. In England, the mission of the 123rd was to provide fighter escort for SAC Boeing B-50 Superfortress and Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers while flying over Western European airspace on their deterrence alert missions. The 123rd left their F-51Ds at Godman AFB and the personnelboarded C-47s to Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts and later to transport ships to England. They arrived in early December, 1951 at Manston where they began conversion training on Republic F-84E Thunderjets.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Korean War Federalization
The training program began with the inexperienced F-51D pilots experiencing training difficulties with the jet aircraft, with several aircraft being lost in accidents. However, by March 1952 the unit was judged to be 80% combat ready on the Thunderjets. However, the period of federalization for the 123rd was expiring and in July 1952, the unit personnel were returned to the United States, the aircraft at Manston being passed on to the active duty 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing took over its personnel and equipment.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
After returning from England, the unit re-formed at Louisville. Because most jet aircraft were still in USAF use, the squadron received P-51D Mustangs and initially returned to its pre-federalization air defense mission, being designated as a fighter interceptor unit. However, with the P-51s, the Kentucky Air National Guard was limited to daylight training only.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
On 1 January 1953, the wing was transferred to Tactical Air Command jurisdiction and re-equipped with refurbished North American F-86A Sabre air superiority fighter. With the switchover to TAC, the unit designation was changed to "Fighter-Bomber".


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
The wing only flew the Sabre for two years, when it was re-equipped with Martin RB-57A Canberra reconnaissance aircraft and became the 123d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing.. The 123rd became a Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, in which it would remain for the next thirty years.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
The wing would perform day and night, high and low, and visual and photographic reconnaissance. Unlike the Sabre fighters, the RB-57A was totally unarmed. The crew was two—one pilot and one photo-navigator One of their major activities of the 123rd in the United States was to carry out photographic surveys of areas hit by natural disasters such as hurricanes or tornadoes. In 1965, the 123rd was awarded its second Spaatz Trophy for superior combat readiness and flight training.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
In 1965, the unit transferred its RB-57s to active duty to be deployed to South Vietnam. In return the 123rd was re-equipped, receiving the RF-101G Voodoo. The RF-101G was a derivative aircraft from twenty-nine ex-USAF F-101A Tactical Fighters that were withdrawn from fighter duty and were modified by Lockheed Aircraft Service Company of Ontario, California to serve as unarmed tactical reconnaissance aircraft for use by the Air National Guard. These aircraft were redesignated as RF-101G. As compared to the RF-101A dedicated photo-reconnaissance version of the F-101A, the RF-101G had a shorter and broader nose. These aircraft went to the Kentucky Air National Guard in July 1965, replacing the RB-57B.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
On 26 January 1968, the Pueblo Crisis precipitated the 123rd's recall to federal service. The unit flew just under 20,000 tactical flying hours with the RF-101G and delivered nearly 320,000 reconnaissance prints to requesting agencies. Assigned personnel served on active duty for 16 months.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
The 123rd experienced a rocky tour of active duty. The wing had not been rated combat-ready when mobilized on 26 January 1968 primarily due to equipment shortages. It was not part of Secretary McNamara's Selected Reserve Force. The unit was given an unsatisfactory ORI rating in October 1968. Despite those problems, the 123rd made a significant contribution to active force operations.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
It began functioning as the primary Air Force tactical reconnaissance unit in the continental U.S. Elements of its squadrons rotated temporary duty assignments in Japan and South Korea from July 1968 until April 1969 providing photo reconnaissance support to American forces in those areas, including service in South Vietnam flying combat reconnaissance missions.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
The 123rd was released from active duty and returned to Kentucky state control on 8 June 1969. The wing earned its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its exceptional performance during this period.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
In 1971, there was a re-organization of Air National Guard tactical reconnaissance units, with all the RF-101Gs being sent to the Arkansas Air Nationsl Guard's 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The Kentucky ANG transferred its RF-101Gs to the Arkansas ANG and transitioned to the RF-101H Voodoo, a follow-on to the RF-101G. Being derived from the F-101C tactical fighter, the RF-101H differed from the RF-101G in having a strengthened airframe designed to allow maneuvers at up to 7.33 G. and having different fuel pumps and fuel feed and control systems, increasing its maximum available afterburner time from six minutes to 15.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
During 1976, a no-notice conversion announced by the National Guard Bureau brought the two-seat RF-4C Phantom II to the Kentucky Air National Guard, with the RF-101Hs aircraft being retired to AMARC. The unit attained combat-ready status within seven months—a record time. The Phantom years were marked with many overseas deployments, participation in international photo reconnaissance competitions and a remarkable flight safety record. In 1981, the unit placed first in the Air National Guard Photo Finish Competition and earned an unprecedented third Spaatz Trophy.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Reconnaissance mission
In May 1983 the unit reached another historic milestone when it earned the highest possible rating from Tactical Air Command during its Operational Readiness Inspection. This was the first time that a TAC unit had received an outstanding rating. On 1 January 1989 the unit was awarded its seventh Air Force Outstanding Unit Award—a record for any Air National Guard unit.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact led to accelerated retirement plans for active duty USAF RF-4Cs. In 1988, the Kentucky Air National Guard's Phantoms were sent to AMARC, and on 9 January 1989 the 123rd was officially re-designated the 123rd Tactical Airlift Wing and began conversion to the C-130B Hercules transport aircraft. By the end of the year, the unit had been involved in many worldwide airlift missions, including Exercise Volant Oak in Panama. The unit also participated in an airlift competition, Sentry Rodeo. The wing's first humanitarian airlift came in the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Tactical airlift
Although the wing's 165th Tactical Airlift Squadron was not federally mobilized for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, unit volunteers served during the conflict. From August 1990 to March 1991, the 165th flew 1,240 airlift sorties worldwide in direct support of the Gulf War—the most for any Air National Guard unit. An additional 88 wing members were activated in support of Desert Shield/Storm.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
In May 1992 the 123rd received the 2000th C-130 straight off the assembly line as it began conversion to the C-130H Hercules. Eight months later, the 123rd deployed to Mombassa, Kenya, to fly relief missions into Somalia for Operation Restore Hope and Operation Provide Relief. Citizen-soldiers from the 123rd flew 150 sorties and transported 720 tons of relief supplies and 1,444 passengers into some of the hardest-hit areas in Somalia.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
When the world's attention shifted to Eastern Europe in February 1993, the 123rd responded again, deploying in support of Operation Provide Promise. The unit flew 1,082 airdrop and air-land sorties and delivered 2,215 tons of food and supplies into war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina. To support the operation, the wing deployed 451 personnel into Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, over several rotations until May 1994.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
In July 1994 the 123rd answered another call for help and deployed within 72 hours of notification to fly relief missions into Rwanda and Zaire for Operation Support Hope. Operating out of Mombassa, Kenya, unit personnel flew 147 sorties, transporting 652.5 tons of relief supplies to the beleaguered Rwandan refugees. Personnel from the unit's 205th Combat Communications Squadron also deployed to Haiti that year as part of Operation Uphold Democracy, providing satellite communications links for the theater commander.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
In September 1994 the wing's sustained record of achievement was recognized by award of the 1993 Curtis N. Rusty Metcalf Trophy, presented annually to the best Air National Guard airlift or air refueling unit. The wing also earned the Air National Guard Distinguished Flying Unit Plaque and Air Force Flight Safety Plaque. In November 1994 the unit was granted its eighth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
The wing returned to Bosnia in 1996 to provide airlift for U.S. and NATO troops who were protecting the fragile peace. More than 170 Kentuckians volunteered for the mission, which delivered 913 tons of cargo and transported 2,296 passengers. The wing also achieved the highest readiness rate of any unit in the theater. That commitment to service continued in 1997, when the unit participated in several overseas deployments while offering a helping hand at home. More than 100 Kentucky Air Guard troops provided security forces, medical aid, communications links and civil engineering crews after record flooding ravaged several Kentucky communities.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
The unit also made its presence felt overseas, offering civil engineering skills in Spain and airlift services in Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Southern Watch, which enforced the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq. Other wing members deployed to Egypt as part of a multinational training exercise that integrated 7,000 troops from every branch of the U.S. military and six foreign countries.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
In February 1998, the 123rd Airlift Wing received its ninth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. The following month, the wing accepted its sixth Distinguished Flying Unit Plaque, recognizing the 123rd Airlift Wing as one of the top five Air Guard flying units in the nation for 1997. A mere three months later, the wing as presented with the 15th Air Force Reserve Forces Trophy as the top reserve unit in the numbered Air Force.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
1998 continued the 123rd Airlift Wing's tradition of global deployments with missions to Panama as part of Operation Coronet Oak and Ecuador for Nuevos Horizontes '98. The latter operation, whose name means New Horizons in Spanish, was a Southern Command joint training exercise that gave Kentucky Army and Air Guard engineers the opportunity to fine-tune military skills while constructing clinics, schools, and latrines in rural areas of the South American nation. Nearly 1,300 of the Commonwealth's citizen-soldiers participated in the effort, which also provided impoverished Ecuadorians with basic dental and medical care.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
The following year, the wing returned to Bosnia once more to provide theater airlift for the continuing peacekeeping mission, now called Operation Joint Forge. More than 350 Kentucky aircrew, maintainers, and support personnel deployed for the operation, along with about 200 members of the Ohio Air National Guard's 179th Airlift Wing.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era
The two unit's C-130s flew nearly 500 sorties during the deployment, delivering 3,500 passengers and more than 1,000 tons of cargo to sites across Europe and inside Bosnia, including Sarajevo and Tuzla. The units also were tasked with helping stockpile equipment for what became Operation Allied Force, the NATO air campaign against Serbian forces in the former Republic of Yugoslavia. Working around the clock with the 37th Airlift Squadron at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, the Kentucky and Ohio crews flew more than 70 tons of fighter support equipment from U.S. bases in England and Germany to bases in Italy. The Kentucky Air Guard closed out 1999 by again deploying for Operation Southern Watch, providing theater airlift services from an air base in Muscat, Oman.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments
Shortly thereafter, the unit began planning for a 90-day deployment to Muscat, Oman, to again support U.S. troops enforcing the no-fly zone in Southern Iraq. More than 160 personnel were joined by members of the Ohio Air Guard's 179th Airlift Wing to support Operation Northern Watch. Together, the two units flew 345 sorties during their three-month tasking, delivering 895 tons of cargo and 1,122 passengers to destinations in Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The mission, which was part of the Air Force's first-ever Aerospace Expeditionary Force, concluded in December 1999.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments
By April 2000 the 123rd Airlift Wing had received its 10th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, and global deployments continued to mark the wing's activities.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments
More than 580 Kentucky Air Guard members deployed overseas from December 2000 to March 2001 as part of Air Expeditionary Forces based in Germany and Southwest Asia. Other unit members were sent to South America to participate in drug interdiction efforts. The largest contingent of Kentucky forces—nearly 470 aircrew, maintenance and support personnel—operated from Ramstein Air Base, Germany, in support of Operation Joint Forge, the multinational peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. While there, unit members transported approximately 2,500 passengers and 410 tons of cargo to locations like Sarajevo and Tuzla, Bosnia; and Taszar, Hungary.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Air Expeditionary deployments
Other 123rd members deployed to Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey in support of Operation Joint Forge, Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch. The latter two missions are responsible for enforcing no-fly zones imposed upon Iraq following the 1991 Gulf War.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, unit members were tasked to participate in the war against terrorism and in homeland defense. Currently, more than 500 Kentucky ANG troops have been called to active duty for at least a year while scores of additional troops are serving on short-term duty as needed to support Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Enduring Freedom.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
In the first half of 2002, the wing received three major honors recognizing its superior performance in 2001. The awards were the 15th Air Force Solano Trophy, given each year to the top reserve unit in the 15th Air Force; the Metcalf Trophy, given annually to the best tanker or airlift unit in the Air National Guard; and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award—the wing's 11th such honor.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
A member of the wing's 123rd Special Tactics Squadron, MSG Keary Miller (retired) was awarded the Air Force Cross for his actions on 4 March 2002. During a 17-hour battle on an Afghan mountaintop, then TSG Miller, a special tactics pararescueman, against overwhelming odds and a barrage of heavy fire from al-Qaida militants, dashed through deep snow into the line of fire multiple times to assess and care for critically wounded fellow service members. Sergeant Miller was the combat search and rescue lead to recover two fellow special operations members from the top of Takur Ghar. During this mission, Miller is credited with saving the lives of 10 service members, and the recovery of seven others who were killed in action.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
The wing also stood up the Air National Guard's first Contingency Response Group—a rapid-reaction "airbase in a box" with all the personnel, training and equipment needed to deploy to a remote site, open up a runway and establish airfield operations so that aid and troops can begin to flow into affected areas after a disaster.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
The group was instrumental in responding to the statewide ice storm last year that left nearly 770,000 households without power and water for days. All told, the wing deployed more than 380 Airmen across the Commonwealth to clear roads, distribute food and water and conduct house-to-house "wellness checks" credited with saving two people from death by carbon monoxide poisoning.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
The unit was equally engaged back home. When Hurricane Gustav began closing in on the Gulf Coast in August 2008, the 123rd Airlift Wing provided the facilities and support for relief agencies to evacuate more than 1,400 New Orleans residents to Louisville and then repatriate them after the danger had passed.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
In 2009, the Wing was awarded its 14th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for accomplishments from 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2009. During those two years, the wing stepped up to perform numerous critical missions at home and abroad, deploying 759 personnel to 62 locations in 20 countries—many of them in harm's way. For example, about 300 Kentucky Airmen and multiple C-130 aircraft were deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, from March through May 2009 to provide key airlift support for U.S. forces engaged with the enemy in Operation Enduring Freedom.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
The unit maintained an unprecedented 100 percent mission-capable rate during the deployment, never missing a single scheduled flight due to aircraft maintenance issues while completing more than 1,500 combat sorties that delivered 3,900 tons of cargo and transported 20,000 troops throughout the theater of operations. The wing also deployed more than 120 Airmen and two C-130 aircraft to the Caribbean in support of Operation Coronet Oak, an ongoing U.S. Southern Command mission to provide theater airlift capability for U.S. military and government agencies in Central and South America.


123d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism
A third major overseas deployment saw more than 200 Kentucky Air Guardsmen and three C-130 aircraft deploy to Ramstein Air Base, Germany, from January through March 2008 and August through September 2009 as part of Operation Joint Enterprise. Kentucky aircrews transported more than 200 tons of cargo and 700 troops to 18 nations across Europe and Africa during their tours.


123d Airlift Wing, History, BRAC 2005
In its BRAC 2005 Recommendations, DoD recommended that Berry Field Air National Guard Base, Nashville, Tennessee, be realigned. This recommendation would distribute the C-130H Hercules aircraft of the 118th Airlift Wing (ANG) to the 123rd Airlift Wing (ANG), Louisville Air National Guard Base at Louisville Airport (four aircraft) and another installation. Military judgment was the predominant factor in this recommendation—this realignment would create one right-sized squadron at Louisville (79) and would retain experienced ANG personnel.


123d Airlift Wing, History, C-130J upgrade
On 25 November 2020, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear and the Kentucky congressional delegation jointly announced that the 123d would soon receive C-130J Hercules aircraft from the United States Air Force to replace the "H" model aircraft that have been in service for over 25 years.


123d Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


123d Fighter Squadron
The 123d Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Oregon Air National Guard 142d Fighter Wing located at Portland Air National Guard Base, Oregon. The 123d is equipped with the McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle.


123d Fighter Squadron
The squadron is a descendant organization of the 123d Observation Squadron formed on 30 July 1940. It was activated on 18 April 1941. The squadron is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon National Guard
Allocated to the Oregon National Guard in 1940, activated on 18 April 1941 at Portland Municipal Airport. The newly formed unit began operations with two officers, 108 enlisted men and two aircraft, a North American BC-1A (like the AT-6) and a Douglas O-46A. The squadron flew observation missions primarily along the Pacific Coast and occasionally made mail flights.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Ordered to active service in September 1941 as part of the pre-World War II buildup of the United States Army Air Corps and assigned to the 70th Observation Group of Fourth Air Force. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, flew antisubmarine patrols along the Pacific Coast from airfields in Oregon and Washington, later becoming part of the air defense forces of Southern California. This included one of the first missions flown from a U.S. base on 7 December 1941. Flew antiubmarine patrols until mid-1943 when the mission was turned over to the United States Navy.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Reassigned to Third Air Force, sent first to Texas then to Oklahoma being trained for combat reconnaissance and aerial photography to support Army ground forces. Was deployed to Fourteenth Air Force in China as part of the China Burma India Theater, engaged in unarmed observation flights over Japanese-held territory supporting Chinese Nationalist forces. Flew North American B-25 Mitchells, Douglas A-20 Havocs and DB-7 Bostons originally built for the RAF. Flew from rough and remote airfields in China throughout the rest of the War, later flying unarmed high-speed long-range Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and F-5 reconnaissance Lightnings. The squadron received credit for participation in seven campaigns in World War II. Not all 123d personnel served with the 35th PRS, as some were diverted to other units as early as 1942 and served elsewhere in the Pacific and in Europe.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
As part of the large drawdown of forces after the war, the 35th PRS inactivated on 7 November 1945, at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard
The wartime squadron, designated the 35th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron redesignated as the 123d Fighter Squadron, Single Engine and was allotted to the Oregon Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Portland Municipal Airport, Oregon, and was extended federal recognition on 26 June 1946 by the National Guard Bureau.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard
The 123d FS was assigned to the 142d Fighter Group at Portland Municipal Airport. Thus the 142d FG began fighter operations for the first time in the North American North American F-51D Mustang with 75 officers and 800 enlisted men. The unit had a mission of the air defense of the State of Oregon.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Korean War activation
The squadron was called to active duty on 10 February 1951 as a result of the Korean War. It was redesignated the 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and assigned to the 325th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, which was stationed at McChord Air Force Base, Washington, although the squadron remained at Portland Municipal Airport. However, Air Defense Command was experiencing difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. As a result, in February 1952 the 123d was assigned to the 4704th Defense Wing, which was organized on a regional basis.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Korean War activation
The squadron conducted air interception training missions with its F-51s until June 1952 when it was re-equipped with the North American F-86F Sabre daylight interceptor. On 1 November 1952, the 123rd was released back to the Oregon ANG and its personnel, mission and equipment were absorbed by the newly activated 357th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 445</ref>


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War
Reformed as part of the 142d Fighter-Interceptor Group, retaining F-86F Sabres. It resumed its peacetime mission of the air defense of Oregon. Was upgraded by ADC in 1955 to the dedicated Lockheed F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. With this new aircraft, the mission of the 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron changed from day interceptor to day and night all-weather interceptor. In 1957 the 123d again upgraded to the improved Northrop F-89J Scorpion then in 1966 to the supersonic Convair F-102A Delta Dagger. In the summer of 1958, the 142d implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert 24/7/365. The runway alert continues to this day.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1972 it received the Mach 2 McDonnell  F-101B Voodoo. As an example of the unit's readiness and capability, in 1976, the unit won top honors at a pair of Aerospace Defense Command competitions, the Weapons Loading Competition and the William Tell Air Defense Competition. In William Tell 1976, the 142nd garnered first place in the F-101 category and Lt. Col. Don Tonole and Maj. Brad Newell captured the overall "Top Gun" title flying the McDonnell F-101B Voodoo.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War
After the inactivation of Aerospace Defense Command in 1979 and the reassignment to Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), the 123d began receiving McDonnell F-4C Phantom II aircraft used in the interceptor mission beginning in 1981. Success came again at William Tell 1984 when the unit placed first in the F-4 category flying the McDonnell-Douglas F-4C Phantom II and beat many of its McDonnell F-15 Eagle and Convair F-106 Delta Dart rivals in the overall competition. Majors Ron Moore and Bill Dejager were the overall F-4 "Top Guns" of the competition.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1985, as part of the retirement of the F-4C from the inventory, the Oregon Air National Guard began to receive F-15A Eagles from active-duty units receiving the upgraded F-15C. Since the end of the Cold War, the 142d has served as the principal air defense unit of the Pacific Northwest. In 1992, as part of a large USAF reorganization, both the group and squadron were re-designated yet again as the 142d Fighter Group and the 123d Fighter Squadron, respectively. In 1995 the group was elevated to wing status, beginning its current designation as the 142d Fighter Wing.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Cold War
The wing participated in a wide variety of expeditionary and humanitarian assistance missions in the turbulent post-Cold War environment while providing air defense of the Pacific Northwest. These included major deployments to Turkey in 1998 for Operation Northern Watch and to Saudi Arabia in 2000 for Operation Southern Watch, patrolling the no-fly zones then in place over Iraq. The wing deployed aircraft to Panama in 1998 in support of counter=drug missions, helping stem the flow of the drug trade by air. Wing personnel deployed on various other missions, sending medical troops to Belize, civil engineers to Macedonia, and to such places around the globe as Curaçao, Denmark, Germany, Guam, Kuwait, Spain and the United Kingdom.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
On 11 September 2001, the wing was one of the first units to respond to terrorist attacks on the east coast with increased air defense to enhance security on the west coast, and subsequently participated in Operation Noble Eagle, the national military response to homeland defense.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In the 50th Year of William Tell Anniversary Competition held in 2004, the 142d Fighter Wing was rated first in maintenance, element attack and gun categories. These William Tell successes demonstrate Oregon's long history of excellent performance and readiness to accomplish the real world mission.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In 2004, unit personnel provided humanitarian aid in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the 2007 floods in Vernonia, Oregon. The wing also supported ongoing contingency operations in Southwest Asia, including Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, such as in the 2004 deployment of medical personnel to Qatar and the 2009 deployment of Security Forces Squadron personnel to Iraq.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In 2005, the early 1970s F-15A model were retired and the squadron received its current aircraft, the F-15C Eagle. With more than 1,000 officers and airmen, the 142d Fighter Wing guards the Pacific Northwest skies from northern California to the Canada–US border, on 24-hour Air Sovereignty Alert as part of Air Combat Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The wing also stands ready to participate in state and federal contingency missions as required.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In August 2010, two F-15 Eagles from this wing were dispatched in response to an airspace violation while the President visited Seattle, Washington. The jets produced two sonic booms over the Seattle skyline, the civilian Cessna 182 left restricted airspace before the jets arrived.


123d Fighter Squadron, History, Oregon Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In August 2018, a Horizon Airlines Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 was stolen from Sea-Tac Int'l Airport by a mechanic. The plane was airborne for about an hour, and during that time performed several stunt maneuvers including a barrel roll. Two F-15C Eagles scrambled to intercept this aircraft to ensure it did not fly over any populated areas. They maintained communication with the pilot during his time in the air, but within minutes of their intercept, the plane nosedived and crashed into nearby Ketron Island, a sparsely populated island in the Puget Sound. There were no passengers or crew on board the plane, and the pilot was killed in the crash.


123d Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


123people
Initially, 123people was developed as a real time people search service, which gathered information from the deep web and over 200 external datasources, to present it in a structured search result dashboard view. 123people only gathers publicly available information from an extensive list of international as well as regional sources. Later additional services were Webcleaner which was designed to delete web content (such as pictures, comments, or articles) from the Internet, and also the Social Network Monitor which checked the user's Facebook profile towards privacy and reputation threats. 123people stopped trading in 2014 and is defunct.


123people, History
123people was a product of the 123people Internetservices GmbH. 123people Internetservices GmbH was founded in 2007 by European IT incubator i5invest with initial funding from Austrian venture capital company Gamma Capital Partners. The company was based in Vienna, Austria. Since March 2010, 123people was part of the French Solocal Group. At the beginning of 2012 the 123people Internetservices GmbH renamed itself into Yelster Digital GMBH.


123people, History
This was also the starting point for the development of new activities by yelster digital: In January 2012 the company had announced the launch of 123pages in France, an online search service for businesses and services; in April 2012 123pages was launched in Austria. In January 2013 the company also gave a face lift and a product extension to the people search engine, 123people. Webcleaner and Social Network Monitor were the two new paid products that aimed to help web-users to monitor and protect their online reputation and personal safety.


123people, Business model
123people had a multi-tier business model offering standard and customized banner campaigns in all of its 12 top-level domains, applying traditional CPC and CPM pricing models. Affiliate partnerships were also a main focus to 123people. 123people integrated over 200 local and international partners providing content such as directory services, premium public records and social networks, as well as products such as wish lists and books. Partners were integrated via teasers or text links within each of its sections. 123people's pricing models for partners included CPC, CPM and CPA.


123rd Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 123rd Aviation Regiment was a regiment of the United States Army Aviation Branch.


123rd Aviation Regiment (United States)
In the late 1980s 1st Battalion, 123rd Aviation was operating in Panama.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF
The 123rd Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, they began recruiting in November 1915. After arriving in England, they continued to train as an infantry battalion for several months, but just before mobilizing to France in January 1917, the battalion was redesignated the 123rd Pioneer Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, CEF.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History
The official authorization to raise the 123rd Overseas Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, CEF, was Militia General Order 151, dated December 6, 1915. However, orders had previously been issued by Militia District No. 2 on November 12, and by the time the official order was published, the recruitment for the battalion was virtually complete, although some members had signed up for service as early as September 1915. They were based in Toronto, Ontario. The battalion recruited, trained and mobilized as an infantry battalion in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during the First World War.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History
Many senior members of the 123rd Battalion had served with the 10th Royal Grenadiers prior to attesting in the 123rd Battalion. Of the total 1,100 soldiers on strength on December 28, 1915, only 110 had come from the Central Recruiting Depot; all others had come from the direct recruitment efforts of the battalion itself. They had trained at home as infantry soldiers. The 10th Royal Grenadiers also contributed approximately 30% of the soldiers who attested in the 3rd Battalion (Toronto Regiment), CEF starting in September 1914.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History
The battalion was separated into two groups in Halifax for mobilization to England, the first group sailing on the SS Cameronia under the command of Major Charles Armel Boone and the second group sailing on the SS Metagama, which departed Halifax harbour August 9, 1916, arriving in England August 17 and 18, 1916, respectively. Among other battalions in the convoy was the 124th Battalion (Governor General's Body Guard), CEF, which was also redesignated as a pioneer battalion.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History
On January 17, 1917, five months after arrival in England, the battalion was repurposed as a pioneer battalion and redesignated as the 123rd Pioneer Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, CEF, but continued to report through the 3rd Infantry Division commanded by Major General Louis James Lipsett. While most of the other Canadian Pioneer Battalions reported through the Canadian Engineers, the 123rd (and 124th) continued to report through the infantry organization. They commenced training as pioneers, under the guidance of a major of the British Pioneers. Many of the original members were fully trained as infantry soldiers and later as pioneers.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History
The 123rd Battalion was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Bernard Kingsmill, who was the Commanding Officer of the 10th Royal Grenadiers at the time the 123rd Battalion was authorized on November 12, 1915, until May 25, 1918, when the battalion reorganized as the 3rd Canadian Engineer Brigade, comprising the 7th and 8th and 9th Canadian Engineer Battalions. Second in Command of the 123rd Battalion was Major Charles Armel Boone who had previously served in the British Armed Forces in Africa where he attained the rank of Major.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History
Major Charles Armel Boone attended Upper Canada College in Toronto, RMC in Kingston and was an engineering graduate from the University of Toronto. Throughout 1917 and into mid-1918, the 123rd Battalion absorbed large contingents of reinforcements, primarily from the 180th Battalion, 129th Battalion, 3rd Canadian Pioneer Battalion and 3rd Reserve Battalion, and others.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History
In many cases the 123rd Battalion served with front line troops, and in fact, in front of the front line troops, to install barbed wire, improve roads, and establish battlements, fortification and dugouts for the front-line infantry troops to use and occupy. They suffered many casualties. Among their principal roles was to install bridge works and build plank roads to facilitate movement of troops, artillery pieces, and supply columns; only to have the Germans shell the roads, requiring immense efforts to get Canadians to and from the front. Many soldiers were wounded or died while serving with the 123rd Battalion, and many officers and men were decorated for their courageous acts.


123rd Battalion (Royal Grenadiers), CEF, History
The 123rd Overseas Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, was demobilized and disbanded on September 15, 1920, at the same time the CEF was disbanded. The unit is perpetuated by The Royal Regiment of Canada.


123rd Brigade
The 123rd Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 41st Division.


123rd Brigade, Formation
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


123rd Contingency Response Group
The 123d Contingency Response Group (CRG) is a unit of the 123d Airlift Wing, Kentucky Air National Guard. Officially formed in 2009 it is the first of two Air National Guard CRG's along with the 108th CRG of the New Jersey Air National Guard.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Mission
The primary mission of the 123d CRG is to provide rapidly deployable forces to the United States Air Force to open forward airfields in an expeditionary environment as a completely self-contained unit. In addition, due to its unique mobile capability, the 123d CRG is also utilized to provide quick reaction logistical support for humanitarian missions including man-made and natural disasters.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Mission
The 123d has been described as an "air base in a box." The group acts as an early responder in the event of contingency operations worldwide. Its personnel are capable of deploying into remote airfields, providing command and control of aircraft, and establishing airfield operations so troops and cargo can flow into affected areas.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Mission
Unit members represent a broad spectrum of specialties, including air traffic control, airfield security, ramp and cargo operations, aircraft maintenance, and command and control.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Mission
In 2010, the group was one of two Air Force contingency response units to establish overseas airlift hubs supporting earthquake-recovery efforts in Haiti, directing the delivery of hundreds of tons of relief supplies into the Dominican Republic for subsequent trucking to Haiti.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Organization
The 123d CRG is a subunit of the 123d Airlift Wing, Kentucky Air National Guard. The CRG has two squadrons, the 123d Global Mobility Squadron (GMS) and the 123d Global Mobility Readiness Squadron (GMRS). The 123d GMS provides operational support for forward airfields including the Airfield Operations Flight, Mobile Aerial Port Flight, and Aircraft Maintenance Flight. The 123d GMRS provides logistical support for forward airfields including the Logistics Flight, Intelligence Flight, and Security Forces Flight (Phoenix Fist).


123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments
Members of the 123d CRG have deployed worldwide in support of many operations including Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Notably, many CRG members deployed on 12 hours notice in 2009 as a part of the largest activation of the Kentucky National Guard history during an ice storm that affected a majority of Kentucky.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments
On 21 January 2010, 40 members of the 123d CRG deployed to the Dominican Republic in support of Operation Unified Response. This was the first organizational deployment for the 123d CRG. Deployed as the 123d Contingency Response Element, the CRG established an airfield in Barahona Dominican Republic and then relieved a response element from the 572nd CRG, an active duty unit from Travis Air Force Base, at San Isidro AB, near Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments
The 123d CRG was one of the first air force assets in Operation United Assistance, the US Response to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. Deployed on 4 October 2014 to open an airfield for military cargo operations and to establish an aerial port of Debarkation at Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport in Dakar, Senegal. Within 60 days they were to hand off to the 787th Air Expeditionary Squadron to follow-on forces. 77 members from the CRG deployed under the direction of the United States Agency for International Development designed to transfer shipments from KC-10 Extenders, C-17 Globemaster IIIs and civilian 747s into Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft for use across the region.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments
In 2017, the unit deployed in support of Operation Inherent Resolve to Qayyarah Airfield West (also called Q-West or Key West) during the Battle of Mosul. The unit provided air operations, command and control, and logistics support for US and coalition fixed wing and rotary wing assets.


123rd Contingency Response Group, Deployments
On 21 August 2021 the unit deployed a CRE (Contingency Response Element to Volk Field, WI in support of OPERATION ALLIES REFUGE assisting with the mass evacuation of refugees from Afghanistan.


123rd Delaware General Assembly
The 123rd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1965, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Charles L. Terry, Jr. and Sherman W. Tribbitt as Lieutenant Governor.


123rd Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on a court interpretation of the federal 1960 census. It resulted in a large shift in membership numbers to the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but could design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals. Subsequent census were adjusted such boundaries to continue such adjectives, the next being in 1972.


123rd Delaware General Assembly
In the 123rd Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.


123rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.