1400–1500 in European fashion, General trends, Fabrics and fur
Fur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it. The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the 15th century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular. Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.


1400–1500 in European fashion, General trends, Slashing
Slashing is a decorative technique that involved making small cuts on the outer fabric of a garment in order to reveal the sometimes brightly colored inner garment or lining. It was performed on all varieties of clothing, both men's and women's. Contemporary chroniclers identify the source of the fashion for slashing garments to the actions of Swiss soldiers in the aftermath of the Battle of Grandson in 1476. Supposedly the Swiss plundered the rich fabrics of the Burgundian nobles and used the scraps to patch their tattered clothes.


1400–1500 in European fashion, General trends, Slashing
In reality, images appear of sleeves with a single slashed opening as early as the mid-15th century, although the German fashion for "many small all-over slits" may have begun here. Whatever its origin, the fad for multiple slashings spread to German Landsknechts and thence to France, Italy, and England, where it was to remain a potent current in fashionable attire into the mid-17th century.


1400–1500 in European fashion, General trends, Slashing
A second result of the defeat at Grandson was the decline of Burgundy as a fount of culture and fashion. The heiress Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor but died young. In the last decade of the 15th century, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and was briefly declared King of Naples. As a result, the French nobility were introduced to the fabrics and styles of Italy, which would combine with German influence to become mainstream fashion of the nobility in France (and later spread to England) in the first half of the 16th century.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise
Women's fashions of the 15th century consisted of a long dress, usually with sleeves, worn over a kirtle or underdress, with a linen chemise or smock worn next to the skin. The sleeves were made detachable and were heavily ornamented. The long-waisted silhouette of the previous period was replaced by a high-waisted style with fullness over the belly, often confined by a belt. The wide, shallow scooped neckline was replaced by a V-neck, often cut low enough to reveal the decorated front of the kirtle beneath.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise
Various styles of overdresses were worn. The cotehardie fitted smoothly from the shoulders to the hips and then flared by means of inserted triangular gores. It featured sleeves tight to the elbow with hanging streamers or tippets. The tight fit was achieved with lacing or buttons. This style faded rapidly from fashion in favor of the houppelande, a full robe with a high collar and wide sleeves that had become fashionable around 1380 and remained so to mid-15th century. The later houppelande had sleeves that were snug at the wrist, making a full "bag" sleeve. The bag sleeve was sometimes slashed in the front to allow the lower arm to reach through.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise
Around 1450, the dress of northern Europe developed a low V-neck that showed a glimpse of the square-necked kirtle. The neckline could be filled in with a sheer linen partlet. Wide turn-backs like revers displayed a contrasting lining, frequently of fur or black velvet, and the sleeves might be cuffed to match. Sleeves were very long, covering half of the hand, and often highly decorated with embroidery. Fine sleeves were often transferred from one dress to another. The term robe déguisée was coined in the mid-1400s to describe garments reflecting the very latest fashions, a term which endured into the 16th century.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise
In Italy, the low scoop-neck of the early decades gave way to a neckline that was high in front with a lower V-neck at the back at mid-15th century. This was followed by a V-neckline that displayed the kirtle or gamurra (sometimes spelled camorra). Sleeveless overdresses such as the cioppa were popular, and the gamurra sleeves displayed were often of rich figured silks. The cotta was a lighter-weight underdress for summerwear. A sideless overdress called the giornea was worn with the gamurra or cotta.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise
Toward the end of the period, sleeves were made in sections or panels and slashed, allowing the full chemise sleeves below to be pulled through in puffs along the arm, at the shoulder, and at the elbow. This was the beginning of the fashion for puffed and slashed sleeves that would last for two centuries.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise
The partlet, a separate item to fill in a low neckline, appeared in this period, usually of sheer fabric (linen or possibly silk) with an open V-neckline. Some partlets had a collar and a back similar to the upper part of a shirt. Burgundian partlets were usually depicted worn under the dress (but over the kirtle); in Italy the partlet seems to have been worn over the dress and could be pointed or cut straight across at the lower front.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise
Two uniquely Spanish fashions appeared from the 1470s. The verdugada or verdugado was a gown with a bell-shaped hoop skirt with visible casings stiffened with reeds, which would become the farthingale. The earliest depictions of this garment come from Catalonia, where it was worn with pieced or slashed sleeves and the second new style, a chemise with trumpet sleeves, open and very wide at the wrist.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Dress, kirtle, and chemise
The sideless surcoat of the 14th century became fossilized as a ceremonial costume for royalty, usually with an ermine front panel (called a plackard or placket) and a mantle draped from the shoulders; it can be seen in variety of royal portraits and as "shorthand" to identify queens in illuminated manuscripts of the period.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses
A variety of hats and headdresses were worn in Europe in the 15th century. The crespine of Northern Europe, originally a thick hairnet or snood, had evolved into a mesh of jeweler's work that confined the hair on the sides of the head by the end of the 14th century. Gradually the fullness at the sides of head was pulled up to the temples and became pointed, like horns (à corné). By mid-15th century, the hair was pulled back from the forehead, and the crespine, now usually called a caul, sat on the back of the head.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses
Very fashionable women shaved their foreheads and eyebrows. Any of these styles could be topped by a padded roll, sometimes arranged in a heart-shape, or a veil, or both. Veils were supported by wire frames that exaggerated the shape and were variously draped from the back of the headdress or covered the forehead.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses
Women also wore the chaperon, a draped hat based on the hood and liripipe, and a variety of related draped and wrapped turbans.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses
The most extravagant headdress of Burgundian fashion was the hennin, a cone or truncated-cone shaped cap with a wire frame covered in fabric and topped by a floating veil. Later hennins featured a turned-back brim, or were worn over a hood with a turned-back brim. Towards the end of the 15th century women's head-dresses became smaller, more convenient, and less picturesque. The gable hood, a stiff and elaborate head-dress, emerged around 1480 and was popular among elder ladies up until the mid 16th century.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses
Women of the merchant classes in Northern Europe wore modified versions of courtly hairstyles, with coifs or caps, veils, and wimples of crisp linen (often with visible creases from ironing and folding). A brief fashion added rows of gathered frills to the coif or veil; this style is sometimes known by the German name kruseler.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headdresses
The general European convention of completely covering married women's hair was not accepted in warmer Italy. Italian women wore their hair very long, wound with ribbons or braided, and twisted up into knots of various shapes with the ends hanging free. The hair was then covered with sheer veils or small caps. Toward the 1480s women wore chin-length sections of hair in loose waves or ripples over the ears (a style that would inspire "vintage" hair fashions in the 1620s and '30s and again in the 1840s and 1850s). Blonde hair was considered desirable (by Botticelli for one), and visitors to Venice reported that ladies sat out in the sun on their terraces with their hair spread out around large circular disks worn like hats, attempting to bleach it in the sun. Chemical methods were also used.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Women's fashion, Women's footwear
Women from the 14th century wore laced ankle-boots, which were often lined with fur. Later in the 15th century, women also wore what were called crakows or poulaines. They used pattens to protect their tight shoes.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose
The basic costume of men in this period consisted of a shirt, doublet, and hose, with some sort of overrobe (robe worn over clothing).


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose
Linen shirts were worn next to the skin. Toward the end of the period, shirts (French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish camisa) began to be full through the body and sleeves with wide, low necklines; the sleeves were pulled through the slashings or piecing of the doublet sleeves to make puffs, especially at the elbow and the back of the arm. As the cut of doublets revealed more fabric, wealthy men's shirts were often decorated with embroidery or applied braid.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose
Over the shirt was worn a doublet. From around the mid-15th century very tight-fitting doublets, belted or tailored to be tight at the waist, giving in effect a short skirt below, were fashionable, at least for the young. Sleeves were generally full, even puffy, and when worn with a large chaperon, the look was extremely stylish, but very top-heavy. Very tight hose, and long pointed shoes or thigh-boots gave a long attenuated appearance below the waist, and a chunky, solid one above. The doublet was often elaborately pleated, especially at the back, the pleats being achieved by various means. In Italy both shirt and doublet were often high, tight and collarless at the front of the neck; sometimes they are shown higher at the front than the back.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose
Men of all classes wore short braies or breeches, a loose undergarment, usually made of linen, which was held up by a belt. Hose or chausses made out of wool were used to cover the legs, and were generally brightly colored. Early hose sometimes had leather soles and were worn without shoes or boots. Hose were generally tied to the breech belt, or to the breeches themselves, or to a doublet.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose
As doublets became shorter, hose reached to the waist rather than the hips, and were sewn together into a single garment with a pouch or flap to cover the front opening; this evolved into the codpiece.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt, doublet, and hose
The hose exposed by short tops were, especially in Italy late in the 15th century, often strikingly patterned, parti-coloured (different colours for each leg, or vertically divided), or embroidered. Hose were cut on the cross-grain or bias for stretch.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear
The Houppelande, in Italy called the cioppa, was the characteristic overgarment of the wealthy in the first half of the 15th century. It was essentially a robe with fullness falling from the shoulders in organ pleats and very full sleeves often reaching to the floor with, at the start of the 16th century, a high collar. The houppelande could be lined in fur, and the hem and sleeves might be dagged or cut into scallops. It was initially often worn belted, but later mostly hanging straight. The length of the garment shortened from around the ankle to above the knee over this period. The floor-length sleeves were later wrist-length but very full, forming a bag or sack sleeve, or were worn off the arm, hanging ornamentally behind.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear
A sideless tunic or tabard, called a giornea in Italy and a journade in France, was popular. It was usually pleated and was worn hanging loose or belted. Young men wore them short and older men wore them calf- or ankle-length.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear
The middle of the 15th century in Burgundy saw what seems to have been the earliest occurrence of the male fashion for dressing all in black, which was to reappear so strongly in the "Spanish" style of the mid-16th–17th century and again in the 19th–20th centuries. This was apparently begun by Duke Philip the Good.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear
In Venice, the patrician class, after the age of joining the Great Council, wore their long red robes as a uniform virtually unchanged throughout the 15th century. In contrast, the young men and the famous courtesans of the city dressed very extravagantly.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear
In the last decades of the 15th century, a new style of overgown appeared; this was of various lengths, generally worn unbelted, and featured wide turned back revers and collar.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Overrobes and outerwear
Short or long cloaks or mantles were worn overall for ceremonial occasions and in bad weather; these typically fastened on one shoulder.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Headgear
Early in the 15th century, the hood remained a common component of dress for all classes, although it was frequently worn around the neck as a cowl or twisted into the fantastical shapes of the chaperon. Hats of various styles—tall-crowned with small brims or no brims at all, hats with brims turned up on one side for variations of the coif, or low-crowned with wider brims pulled to a point in front—began to compete with the draped chaperon, especially in Italy. A brimless scarlet cap became nearly universal for young Florentines in particular, and was widely worn by older men and those in other cities.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Men's fashion, Headgear
In mid-15th century, a bowl haircut with the hair shaved at the back of the neck was stylish. In Germany, and briefly in Venice, a wide shock of frizzy blond hair was often seen on images of lovers (and angels) in the later part of the 15th century—less often in portraits. By the end of the 15th century, shoulder-length hair became fashionable, a trend that would continue into the early 16th century.


1400–1500 in European fashion, Children's fashion
Children’s clothing during the Italian Renaissance reflected that of their parents. In other words, kids dressed exactly like the adults and looked like miniature versions of them. As babies and toddlers, children were all put in dresses to make the potty training process easier for parents or maids. Then, around the age of 6 or 7, boys would receive their first pair of hose (called breeching).


1401
Year 1401 (MCDI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1401 in France
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 17:27, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{Year in France|1401}} → {{Year in France header}}, added Empty section (1) tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1402
Year 1402 (MCDII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1402 in Italy
A timeline of events and dates in 1402 in Italy:


1403
Year 1403 (MCDIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1404
Year 1404 (MCDIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1404 Ajax
1404 Ajax /ˈeɪdʒæks/ is a carbonaceous Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 83 kilometers (52 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 August 1936, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after the legendary warrior Ajax from Greek mythology. The assumed C-type asteroid belongs to the 40 largest Jupiter trojans and has a longer than average rotation period of 29.4 hours.


1404 Ajax, Orbit and classification
Ajax is a C-type asteroid, that orbits in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. Jupiter trojans are thought to have been captured into their orbits during or shortly after the early stages of the formation of the Solar System. More than 4,500 Jupiter trojans in the Greek camp and 7,000 in total have been discovered.


1404 Ajax, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7–5.9 AU once every 12 years and 3 months (4,459 days; semi-major axis of 5.3 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg 6 days after its official discovery observations in August 1936.


1404 Ajax, Physical characteristics
Ajax is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while its V–I color index of 0.96 agrees with most D-type asteroids, which is the dominant spectral type among the large Jupiter trojans.


1404 Ajax, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Ajax was obtained from photometric observations taken by Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 29.38 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=3-), superseding fragmentary photometric measurements by Richard P. Binzel (1988), and by Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini (2009) at the Sozzago Astronomical Station (A12), which gave a period of 28.4 and 34 hours, respectively (U=1/2-).


1404 Ajax, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ajax measures between 81.69 and 96.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.048 and 0.0665. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0508 and a diameter of 81.43 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.3.


1404 Ajax, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1404 Ajax, Naming
This minor planet was named for Ajax the Great, a Greek warrior of great strength and courage in the Trojan War. He is the half brother of Teucer and son of king Telamon, who kills himself because Achilles' armor was awarded to Odysseus. The Jupiter trojans 588 Achilles, 1143 Odysseus and 1749 Telamon and 2797 Teucer are all named after these figures from Greek mythology. The official naming of Ajax was first cited in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 127).


1404 papal conclave
The 1404 papal conclave (October 10 to October 17) – the papal conclave of the time of the Great Western Schism, convened after the death of Pope Boniface IX, it elected Cardinal Cosimo Gentile Migliorati, who under the name of Innocent VII became the third pope of the Roman Obedience.


1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
Pope Boniface IX died on October 1, 1404. At the time of his death, there were only 12 cardinals in the Roman Obedience of the Sacred College. Nine of them participated in the election of his successor:


1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
All the electors were Italians. Five of them were elevated by Pope Urban VI, and four by Boniface IX.


1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church was at that time Corrado Caraccioli, bishop of Mileto.


1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absentee cardinals
Three cardinals, two created by Urban VI and one by Boniface IX, did not participate in this conclave:


1404 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absentee cardinals
Hungarian Alsani was the only non-Italian Cardinal in the Roman Obedience.


1404 papal conclave, The election of Pope Innocent VII
Several churchmen and laymen urged "Roman" Cardinals not to elect the successor of Boniface IX and to recognise Benedict XIII of Avignon as Pope (or, at least, to wait for his death and then elect the new pope together with his adherents). Among the supporters of this point of view was Cardinal Protodeacon Ludovico Fieschi, who did not attend the conclave and later did not recognise its result.


1404 papal conclave, The election of Pope Innocent VII
In spite of this, nine cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave on October 10. Initially, they subscribed the conclave capitulation, which obliged whoever was elected to do everything possible (including abdication) in order to restore the unity of the Church. After seven days of deliberations Cardinal Cosimo Gentile Migliorati was unanimously elected pope and took the name of Innocent VII. Five days later Cardinal Fieschi officially abandoned the Roman Obedience and recognised Benedict XIII as true pope, so the rite of papal coronation on November 11 was performed by the new Protodeacon Landolfo Maramaldo.


1405
Year 1405 (MCDV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1405 Sibelius
1405 Sibelius, provisional designation 1936 RE, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 September 1936, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after composer Jean Sibelius.


1405 Sibelius, Orbit and classification
Sibelius is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest populations of stony asteroids in the entire main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,234 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with an observation taken at Turku two weeks prior to its official discovery observation.


1405 Sibelius, Physical characteristics
Sibelius has been characterized as an S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


1405 Sibelius, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Sibelius was obtained from photometric observations taken by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.051 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 magnitude (U=3-).


1405 Sibelius, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Sibelius measures between 6.21 and 12.18 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.14 and 0.48. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.3191 and a diameter of 7.20 kilometers from Petr Pravec's revised WISE thermal observations.


1405 Sibelius, Naming
This minor planet was named for Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), Finnish violinist and composer of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).


1405 in France
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 17:26, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{Year in France|1405}} → {{Year in France header}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1406
Year 1406 (MCDVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1406 papal conclave
The 1406 papal conclave (November 18–30), the papal conclave of the time of the Great Western Schism, convened after the death of Pope Innocent VII. It elected Cardinal Angelo Correr, who under the name of Gregory XII became the fourth pope of the Roman Obedience.


1406 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
Pope Innocent VII died on November 6, 1406. At the time of his death, there were eighteen cardinals in the Roman Obedience of the College of Cardinals. Fourteen of them participated in the election of his successor:


1406 papal conclave, Cardinal electors
All the electors were Italians, except of Jean Gilles, who was French. Four of them were elevated by Urban VI, two by Boniface IX, and eight by Innocent VII.


1406 papal conclave, Cardinal electors, Absentee cardinals
Four cardinals, one created by Urban VI, one by Boniface IX and two by Innocent VII, did not participate in this conclave:


1406 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XII
Fourteen cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave in Vatican on November 18, twelve days after the death of Innocent VII.


1406 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XII
Initially, all the electors subscribed the conclave capitulation, in which each of them swore that, if elected, he would abdicate provided Antipope Benedict XIII did the same or should die; also, that he would not create new cardinals except to maintain parity of members with the Avignon cardinals; and that within three months he would enter into negotiations with his rival about a place of meeting.


1406 papal conclave, The election of Pope Gregory XII
Almost no further details about this conclave are known, except of its final result. On November 30 Cardinal Angelo Correr, proposed by Cardinal Caetani, was unanimously elected Pope, in spite of his very advanced age (probably ca. 80). He accepted his election and took the name of Gregory XII. Although he claimed the legality of his pontificate, nine years later he abdicated in the Council of Constance, making possible to restore the unity of the Roman Catholic Church.


1407
Year 1407 (MCDVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1407 Lindelöf
1407 Lindelöf, provisional designation 1936 WC, is an asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 November 1936, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The asteroid was named after Finnish topologist Ernst Lindelöf.


1407 Lindelöf, Orbit and classification
Lindelöf orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,680 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1905, it was first identified as A905 AB at Heidelberg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 31 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1407 Lindelöf, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, Lindelöf's spectral class is that of an X-type asteroid, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) considers it to be of a stony composition.


1407 Lindelöf, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini obtained a rotational lightcurve of Lindelöf from photometric observations in January 2006. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined and longer-than average rotation period of 31.151 hours with a brightness variation of 0.34 in magnitude (U=3).


1407 Lindelöf, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 31.0941 hours (U/Q=n.a. ), as well as a spin axis of (147.0°, 36°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1407 Lindelöf, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lindelöf measures between 17.39 and 23.85 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between and 0.179 and 0.28. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1791 and a diameter of 20.75 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1407 Lindelöf, Naming
This minor planet was named for Finnish topologist Ernst Leonard Lindelöf (1870–1946), who was a professor of mathematics at Helsinki University. The Lindelöf spaces are also named after him. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 127).


1408
Year 1408 (MCDVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1408 (film)
1408 is a 2007 American psychological horror film based on Stephen King's 1999 short story of the same name. It is directed by Mikael Håfström and stars John Cusack and Samuel L. Jackson. The film was released in the United States on June 22, 2007, although July 13 (which in 2007 fell on a Friday) is mentioned as the release date on the website.


1408 (film)
The film follows Mike Enslin, an author who investigates allegedly haunted houses and rents the titular room 1408 at a New York City hotel. Although skeptical of the paranormal, he is soon trapped in the room where he experiences bizarre events. Reviews were mostly positive and the film performed positively at the box office.


1408 (film), Plot
Michael "Mike" Enslin is a cynical, skeptical author who is estranged from his wife Lily after the death of their daughter Katie. Mike writes niche books evaluating supernatural events in which he has no belief. After his latest book, he receives an anonymous postcard depicting The Dolphin, a hotel on Lexington Avenue in New York City bearing the message, "Don't enter 1408." Viewing this as a challenge, Mike arrives at The Dolphin and requests room 1408.


1408 (film), Plot
The hotel manager, Gerald Olin, attempts to discourage him. He explains to Mike that in the last 95 years, no one has lasted more than an hour inside of Room 1408; the latest count is 56 deaths. Olin attempts to dissuade and bribe Mike, but Mike insists, threatening legal action against the hotel, so preparations are reluctantly made.


1408 (film), Plot
Inside the room, Mike describes on his mini-cassette recorder the room's boring appearance and lack of supernatural behavior. The clock radio suddenly starts playing "We've Only Just Begun", a hit song by The Carpenters and the digital display changes to a countdown starting from "60:00." Mike begins to see ghosts of the room's past victims, followed by flashbacks of Katie and his sick father. Mike tries to leave, but all attempts are in vain.


1408 (film), Plot
Mike uses his laptop to contact Lily, asking for help, but the sprinkler system short circuits his laptop. The room temperature drops to subzero when the laptop suddenly begins to work again. A doppelgänger of Mike appears in a video chat window and urges Lily to come to the hotel room herself; it gives Mike a sly wink. The room shakes violently and Mike breaks a picture of a ship in a storm. Water pours from the broken picture, flooding the room. He surfaces on a beach and relives a surfing accident seen earlier in the film. His life continues from this point, and he reconciles with Lily.


1408 (film), Plot
Assuming his experience in 1408 was just a nightmare, Lily encourages him to write a book about it. When visiting the post office to send the manuscript to his publisher, he recognizes members of a construction crew as Dolphin Hotel staff. The employees then destroy the post office's walls, revealing that Mike is still trapped in the rubble of 1408. Katie's ghost confronts him, and when the countdown ends, the room is suddenly restored to normal, and the clock radio resets itself to 60:00.


1408 (film), Plot
The "hotel operator" calls Mike. Mike asks why he hasn't been killed yet and she informs him that guests enjoy free will: he can relive the past hour over and over again, or use their "express checkout system". A hangman's noose appears, but he refuses to give in. Deciding to quit running, Mike improvises a Molotov cocktail and sets the room on fire. The hotel is evacuated. After smoking a cigarette, Mike breaks a window, causing a backdraft. He then lies down and laughs in victory upon destroying the room. Olin, in his office, praises Mike for his actions.


1408 (film), Plot, Endings
There are three endings to this film. In addition to the ending that appears in the theatrical release (also the default ending of the DVD), two other alternate endings were shot. The incentive for this was based on the director's belief that King's intention, in his original short story, was to leave the conclusion ambiguous. None of the three endings match the ending of King's original short story.


1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Theatrical
This one is the default ending of the theatrical release and its theatrical release DVD.


1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Theatrical
Mike survives, and he and Lily reconcile, though Lily is skeptical of his experience. She finds a box of Mike's possessions that were rescued from 1408 and Mike takes the damaged mini-cassette recorder from it, saying, "Sometimes you can't get rid of bad memories. You've just got to live with them." Mike briefly tampers with the recorder, making it work again. Suddenly, they hear Katie's voice coming from it, confirming Mike's account.


1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Director's cut
Director Mikael Håfström said that the ending for 1408 was reshot because test audiences felt that the original ending was too much of a "downer." This first alternative ending was used in the theatrical release.


1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Director's cut
The original discarded ending had Mike dying in the fire, but happy to see the room destroyed. During Mike's funeral, Olin approaches Lily and Mike's publisher Sam Farrell. He unsuccessfully attempts to give her a box of Mike's possessions, including the tape recorder. Olin claims that the room was successfully destroyed and that it will no longer hurt anyone else. He later listens to the recording in his car, and becomes upset when he hears Katie's voice on the tape.


1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Director's cut
He sees a little girl walking on the cemetery grass behind the car, in a dress, calling out as if she is lost. He then sees Mike's burnt corpse in the backseat. Then he sees the same girl holding hands with her father as they walk away. Olin places the tape recorder back in the box and drives off. The final scene is of the gutted room, where an apparition of Mike looks out the window while smoking a cigarette. He hears his daughter calling for him, and disappears as he walks towards the door. A door is heard closing and the scene fades.


1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Director's cut
This ending is the default ending on the Blu-ray release and two-disc collector's edition. Canadian networks Space and The Movie Network, and U.S. network FX broadcast this version of the film, but Space broadcast the theatrical ending on July 23, 2012. This ending is also used on the U.K. and Australian DVDs, and the U.S. iTunes, Netflix and Amazon Prime versions of the film.


1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Other
Mike dies in the fire. Instead of the funeral scene from the director's cut, the sounds of a funeral are dubbed over shots of Los Angeles. Lily and Sam sort through Mike's effects. Sam returns to his New York office and discovers the manuscript that Mike wrote while he was in room 1408. As Sam reads the story, audio from Mike's experiences in the room is heard. In a final scene, Sam's office doors slam shut and Mike's father's voice says, "As I was, you are. As I am, you will be."


1408 (film), Plot, Endings, Other
In yet another version Mike and Lilly are in an apartment sometime later as Mike finishes the manuscript. The opening to this scene explains that Katie had saved him. Lily wants to destroy his dictaphone as it smells of smoke. Mike says no and plays the tape which, as with the theatrical version, has both Mike's and Katie's voice. Lilly drops the boxes she is holding as she too hears the voices.


1408 (film), Production
In November 2003 and 2004, Dimension Films optioned the rights to the 1999 short story "1408" by Stephen King. The studio hired screenwriter Matt Greenberg to adapt the story into a screenplay. In October 2005, Mikael Håfström was hired to direct 1408, with the screenplay being rewritten by screenwriters Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski. In March 2006, actor John Cusack was cast to star in the film, joined by actor Samuel L. Jackson the following April.


1408 (film), Production
In July, actress Kate Walsh was cast to star opposite Cusack as the protagonist's ex-wife, but she was forced to exit in August due to scheduling conflicts with her role on Grey's Anatomy. She was replaced by actress Mary McCormack. According to Cusack, the Roosevelt Hotel in New York was used for some of the exterior shots of the Dolphin. The lobby scenes were filmed at the Reform Club in London.


1408 (film), Reception
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 175 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads "Relying on psychological tension rather than overt violence and gore, 1408 is a genuinely creepy thriller with a strong lead performance by John Cusack." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 64 out of 100, based on 27 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.


1408 (film), Reception
James Berardinelli awarded the film three stars out of four, praising it as "the best horror film of the year." He offered significant praise for Cusack's performance as Mike Enslin, writing that "this is John Cusack's movie to carry, and he has no problem taking it where it needs to go." He found the film to be a refreshing experience, believing it "reminds us what it's like to be scared in a theater rather than overwhelmed by buckets of blood and gore". Many critics believed the film to be far superior to other adaptations of Stephen King novels and stories.


1408 (film), Reception
Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote a very positive review, describing the film as "one of the good Stephen King adaptations, one that maintains its author's sly sense of humor and satiric view of human nature". He ultimately believed the film to be a "more genuinely scary movie than most horror films".


1408 (film), Reception
Several critics, however, found the film to be underwhelming. Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe wrote a mixed review, describing the film as "a lot of consonants and no vowels." He went on to compare the film unfavorably to The Shining, a similar King adaptation, believing 1408 lacked that film's "lunging horror and dramatic architecture." Although he believed the film "conjures a wonderful anticipatory mood of dread in the first 30 minutes," he ultimately believed the film "then blows it to stylish smithereens". Rob Salem of the Toronto Star awarded the film two stars out of four, believing it to be a predictable, "hit and miss" production. Like Morris, Salem wrote that "Even as haunted hotel King movies go, 1408 is certainly no Shining. Not even the TV-movie version."


1408 (film), Reception, Box office
In its opening weekend, the film opened in second place at the box office, grossing US$20.6 million in 2,678 theaters. 1408 had a production budget of US$25 million. The film went on to gross US$132 million, of which US$71.9 million was from Canada and the United States.


1408 (film), Home media
The DVD was released on October 2, 2007 by Genius Products with a standard 1-Disc Edition (widescreen or fullscreen), and a 2-Disc Collector's Edition that contains both versions of the ending and an unrated edition of the film which restored 6 more minutes of the film.


1408 (short story)
"1408" is a short story by Stephen King. It is the third tale in the audiobook collection Blood and Smoke, released in 1999. In 2002, "1408" was collected in written form as the 12th story in King's collection Everything's Eventual. In the introduction to the story, King says that "1408" is his version of what he calls the "Ghostly Room at the Inn", his term for the theme of haunted hotel or motel rooms in horror fiction.


1408 (short story)
He originally wrote the first few pages as part of an appendix for his non-fiction book, On Writing (2000), to be used as an example of how a story changes from one draft document to the next. King also noted how the numbers of the title add up to the supposedly unlucky number 13.


1408 (short story), Plot summary
Mike Enslin is a writer of non-fiction works based on the theme of haunted places: Ten Nights in Ten Haunted Houses, Ten Nights in Ten Haunted Graveyards, and Ten Nights in Ten Haunted Castles. They prove to be best-sellers, but Enslin feels some guilt at their success, privately acknowledging that he does not believe in the paranormal and supernatural elements he investigates.


1408 (short story), Plot summary
Arriving at the Dolphin Hotel on 61st Street in New York City, Enslin is intent on spending the night in the hotel's infamous Room 1408 as part of his research for his next book, Ten Nights in Ten Haunted Hotel Rooms. He is met by the hotel's manager, Mr. Olin, who fills him in on the room's morbid history – 1408 has been responsible for 42 deaths, at least 12 of them suicides, over a span of 68 years.


1408 (short story), Plot summary
While remarking he does not believe there are ghosts in 1408, Olin insists there is "something" that resides inside, causing terrible things to happen to anyone who stays within its walls for anything but the briefest periods of time. As such, he has striven to keep the room vacant during his tenure as manager, a period of nearly 20 years. Olin also reveals that, due to the superstitious practice of never recognizing the 13th floor (the room is listed as being on the 14th), it is a room cursed by existing on the 13th floor, the room numbers adding up to 13 making it all the worse.


1408 (short story), Plot summary
Enslin is secretly affected by Olin's remarks and evidence, but his determination to not appear superstitious and follow through with his research wins out. He demands the right to stay in the room by threatening legal action against the hotel. Olin pleads with Enslin to reconsider, believing that a skeptic would be highly susceptible to the room's powers. At Enslin's continued insistence, Olin reluctantly leads him to 1408, unwilling to accompany him farther than the elevator landing on the 14th floor.


1408 (short story), Plot summary
Enslin's problems with Room 1408 begin before he even sets foot through the door; the door itself initially appears to be canted to the left. After looking away and back, the door appears perfectly straight. Then, after looking a third time, it appears to be crooked again, except now to the right. Chalking the experience up to Olin's attempt to manipulate him, he girds himself and enters the room.


1408 (short story), Plot summary
Enslin spends 70 minutes in Room 1408, dictating his experience into a handheld tape recorder. Almost immediately, his train of thought takes unwelcome and chaotic turns — he compares it to being "stoned on bad, cheap dope" — and he experiences bizarre visual hallucinations. A breakfast menu on the night-stand changes languages to French, then Russian, then Italian, then a woodcut of a wolf eating a screaming boy's leg. The patterns on the wallpaper seems to shift and warp, and the room's pictures transform into grotesque parodies. Enslin feels his feet sink into the carpet like quicksand, and he hears a nightmarish voice on the room's phone chanting terrifying phrases: "This is nine! Nine! We have killed your friends! Every friend is now dead! This is six! Six!"


1408 (short story), Plot summary
The room itself begins to melt, the walls and ceiling warping and bowing inward. Enslin senses a dangerous, otherworldly presence coming for him. In desperation, he sets his "lucky" Hawaiian shirt on fire while wearing it, breaking the room's spell long enough for him to escape. Stumbling out into the hall, another hotel guest douses him with ice. When the other guest looks inside the room and is tempted to enter, Enslin warns him not to, claiming the room is "haunted". The door slams shut.


1408 (short story), Plot summary
After his ordeal, Enslin gives up writing altogether. He has acquired various physical and psychological problems stemming from his brief stay in the room. He notes to himself (as Olin expressed earlier) that there are no ghosts in 1408, because ghosts were once merely humans, while the entity he encountered was horrifically inhuman. In the end, Enslin sleeps with his lights on, has removed all his house's phones, and always draws the curtains before dark; he cannot stand the shade of yellow-orange at sunset that reminds him of the light inside Room 1408.


1408 (short story), Film adaptation
The Swedish film director Mikael Håfström developed a movie, 1408, based on the short story, starring John Cusack as Michael Enslin and Samuel L. Jackson as Mr. Olin. It was released June 22, 2007 and was a financial success in its opening weekend, taking in $20.1 million.


1408 (short story), Film adaptation
The Bollywood movie Horror Story is claimed to be based on this.


1408 in France, Deaths
This year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1409
Year 1409 (MCDIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1409 Isko
1409 Isko, provisional designation 1937 AK, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 January 1937, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Ise Koch, wife of astronomer Fritz Kubach.


1409 Isko, Orbit and classification
Isko is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,599 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.


1409 Isko, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A900 UD at Heidelberg in October 1900, more than 36 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1409 Isko, Physical characteristics
Isko has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


1409 Isko, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2001, a rotational lightcurve of Isko was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.6426 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).


1409 Isko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Isko measures between 34.62 and 38.46 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.032 and 0.0805.


1409 Isko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0514 and a diameter of 35.34 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.


1409 Isko, Naming
This minor planet was named after Ise Koch, wife of German astronomer Fritz Kubach (1912–1945)(de) The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 127).


1409 in Italy
An incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in AD 1409:


140journos
140journos, is an Istanbul-based Turkish media publisher that produces and publishes visual stories, documentaries and qualified research. It was founded by Engin Önder who became disenchanted with the state of Turkish media on January 19, 2012. Önder, who started a grassroots citizen journalism movement, was later chosen as “the man transforming journalism in Turkey” by TIME Magazine in 2015.


140journos
Following a comprehensive revamp and repositioning, 140journos transformed itself from a citizen journalism organization to a professional new media publisher that got popular among young generation with its own unique creative style in journalism with the creative lead of Berkant Akarcan, creative director at 140journos. 140journos produces original documentaries that include in-depth interviews on various political, social, economic issues by merging cinematographic storytelling with journalistic content. In addition to its popular new-age documentaries, 140journos publishes political articles, e-books, organizes online/offline debate groups and develops open-source mobile/web applications that enable citizens to further engage with politics through technology.


140journos
Today, 140journos has 1.5 million followers across YouTube, Twitter, Instagram and Facebook and employs 20 full-time employees consisting of senior and junior journalists, researchers, editors, video editors, creative directors and art directors.


140journos
81% of the followers are aged 18-34, which shows that 140journos is a major news outlet followed by millenials. As an R&D experiment in journalism in the new media age through creative interventions, free interfaces and tools, 140journos finds new ways for free expression.


140journos
140journos has not only been producing content but also has developed a sustainable business model through methods like advertising production for brands, content licensing, donations and ticketed entertainment shows that bring spotlight to journalistic content for more than 8 years in a country like Turkey, where difficulty of conducting free press activities has been recognized to be one of the hardest in the world.


140journos
140journos' innovative approach to journalism has made them the subject matter of many case studies that have been conducted by prestigious institutions such as the Nieman Lab for Journalism. Zeynep Tüfekçi also devoted a portion of her book, “Twitter and Tear Gas” which is about protests in the age of social media, to inform the readers on how 140journos uses social media to disseminate news.


140journos, History
140journos was first established as a citizen journalism platform broadcasting over Twitter in Turkey by Engin Önder. Önder tells that his intention was to find an innovative approach to circumventing media blackout and censorship by serving the Turkish public with crowdsourced and verified news as Turkey is ranked 157th out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index, published by the media watchdog Reporters Without Borders. The inspiration came after Önder observed how senior journalist Serdar Akinan covered the Uludere Massacre, where 34 civilians were killed, over social media after a media blackout in late 2011.


140journos, History
The publisher operates on social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, WhatsApp and Twitter. The approach to publishing comes from an urge to understand and make people understand the nature of Turkish society by merging creativity with journalism. As of today, 140journos publishes their content mainly on YouTube where they have garnered more than 100 million views.


140journos, History
140journos is derived from a combination of two references to popular culture, 140 used to be the character limit on a Twitter post and journos means journalist. The Twitter account was created on January 19th, 2012 during a memorial held in honor of Hrant Dink, a prominent journalist who was assassinated in 2007. It was founded by Engin Onder and his friends who were technologically literate but never had experience in the field of journalism.


140journos, History
The platform was designed to be an online outlet that "citizen journalists" would send over their content to be solicited, verified and disseminated by the 140journos editorial staff over the platform to be delivered to the Turkish public. The public contribution was limited but Önder and his friends would attend politically controversial hearings such as the KCK, Ergenekon and OdaTV hearings to neutrally and impartially cover the trials and to publish news that the mainstream media was not reporting about.


140journos, History
Gezi Park protests were a turning point for 140journos as people turned to alternative media sources as they felt mainstream media weren't adequately covering the events that were taking place. The bipartisan coverage of the protests and curation of content increased the public trust in the platform. Gezi Park protests increased peoples' reliance on social media publishers as their source of information and the number of 140journos followers went up from 8.000 to 30.000 over 3 months.


140journos, History
After Gezi Park protests 140journos became a grassroots organization that regularly pulled content from more than 250 volunteers across Turkey. According to Twitter analytics data from 2015, 140journos receives approximately 6 million monthly interactions and 200,000 daily interactions. With growing public interest towards citizen journalism, 140journos conducted citizen journalism workshops across Turkey with the coordination of universities, NGOs, local municipalities. The workshops attracted a lot of interest and 140journos educated hundreds of college students on the intricacies of citizen journalism such as how to verify content. Some workshop attendees later on got jobs at 140journos as editors.


140journos, History
140journos opens an internship program during different stages of the year, but the most well known is the summer internship program. The internship program attracts a lot of students and graduates from leading colleges around Turkey. The internship program not only aims to find talent but aims to raise young journalists.


140journos, 140journos on Digital Platforms
140journos has produced documentaries for the Turkish streaming service BluTV. The documentaries include 2018-dated Parayı Vuranlar, a docuseries consisting 3 episodes and Sıkışmışlık, a psychological thriller as a 6-episode docuseries in 2019.


140journos, Directors
140journos represents and works with the renowned war photographers such as Çağdaş Erdoğan and Kürşad Bayhan.


140journos, Directors
Kürşad Bayhan is a former war photographer and has been working in active conflict zones since 2004. Bayhan spent his time photographing the scenery of the conflict zones in the Middle East Region. His photograph “The Boy with the Blue Pacifier” which he shot during the Lebanese Israeli war in 2006 gathered interest from the journalism community. Bayhan has also won Best Photography Book award from TIME Magazine Photo District News Editors Annual in 2014 thanks to the success of his book that tells the story of refugees, “Away From Home”. Bayhan draws inspiration from stories that are associated with environmental issues, immigration, poverty and conflicts. He has directed documentaries for 140journos such the North series, Ida Mountains, Bold Pilot and Fikirtepe.


140journos, Directors
Çağdaş Erdoğan is a director who worked as a conflict photographer. His works explore the underground and slum scenes of Turkey. He currently resides in Berlin and shoots documentaries about the intermingled relations of the Turkish diaspora living in different parts of Germany.


140s
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 10:36, 12 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


140s
The 140s decade ran from January 1, 140, to December 31, 149.


140s, Events, 148, By place
Emperor Antoninus Pius hosts a series of grand games, to celebrate Rome's 900th anniversary.


140s BC
This article concerns the period 149 BC – 140 BC.


140th (4th London) Brigade
The 140th (4th London) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army's Territorial Army (TA) that had its origins in a South London Brigade (known as the 'Grey Brigade') of the former Volunteer Force. It served on the Western Front in the First World War and was recreated during the Second World War where it served only in the United Kingdom as a training formation.


140th (4th London) Brigade, Origin: 'The Grey Brigade'
An invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Force and huge enthusiasm for joining local Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). There were a large number of these units in and around London, and the opportunity was taken to group them together for Easter training under the temporary command of officers of the Brigade of Guards stationed in the capital. Initially they were brigaded by the colour of their uniforms – scarlet, Rifle green or grey, the latter being a popular colour for RVCs in the 1860s.


140th (4th London) Brigade, Origin: 'The Grey Brigade'
The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 proposed a formal Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units throughout the country, which would assemble by brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the units from Westminster, the West End of London and the adjacent suburbs (all in the County of Middlesex) were formed into the South London Brigade. These units had mainly been in the 'Grey Brigade', and the name stuck to the new formation. The staff for the brigade were provided by the Regimental Headquarters of the Scots Guards at Buckingham Gate in London, and its designated place of assembly was at the Guards' Depot at Caterham, where it could take its place in the London Defence Positions. Its composition was as follows:


140th (4th London) Brigade, Origin: 'The Grey Brigade'
The Volunteer Infantry Brigades were reorganised and increased in number in 1906, and by 1907  the South London Brigade had been numbered the 2nd London Brigade and the number of units reduced to six.


140th (4th London) Brigade, Territorial Force
When the Territorial Force was created in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the existing volunteer units in the London area were brought together into a new London Regiment and organised into two divisions with a full complement of infantry brigades  and supporting arms. The former South London Brigade now became the 4th London Brigade in 2nd London Division, still informally known as The Grey Brigade, still commanded by the CO of the Scots Guards, and with the following composition:


140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War
The outbreak of war on 4 August saw 4th London Brigade at Perham Down on Salisbury Plain, where it had just arrived for its annual training camp with the rest of 2nd London Division. They were immediately recalled to London to complete their mobilisation and by mid-August 4 London Bde had reached its war station round St Albans, Hertfordshire. The County of London Territorial Force Association immediately began raising '2nd Line' battalions, which quickly led to the formation of a duplicate 2/4th London Brigade (eventually 179th Brigade); consequently 4th London Brigade became 1/4th and its battalions similarly renumbered (1/13th–1/16th).


140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Order of Battle
Several of the London battalions were politically well-connected and were selected for overseas service ahead of the bulk of the Territorial Force. Thus the London Scottish, Queen's Westminsters and Kensingtons went to the Western Front as individual battalions attached to the British Expeditionary Force, the London Scottish being the first TF infantry battalion to see action, at Messines on 31 October 1914. These battalions were replaced by others from 2nd London Bde of 1st London Division, which had been temporarily broken up.


140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Order of Battle
The 1/15th Londons (Civil Service Rifles) was the only prewar battalion of the brigade to serve with it throughout the war.


140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Service
In October 1914, 2nd London Division was selected for service on the Western Front and progressive training was carried out through the winter. The division embarked for France in March 1915, concentrating round Béthune. In May the division (already known in France simply as 'The London Division' to distinguish it from the Regular Army 2nd Division) took its place in the line and was designated 47th (1/2nd London) Division, with the brigades numbered consecutively: 4th London became 140th (1/4th London) Brigade.


140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Actions
During the war, the brigade was engaged in the following operations:


140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Actions
Early in 1918 the brigade was completely reorganised (see Order of Battle above)


140th (4th London) Brigade, First World War, Actions
After the Armistice, 47th Division was engaged in railway repair and then settled down around Bethune to await demobilisation. This began in January, and the last troops left France on 10 May 1919. The brigade was demobilised at Felixstowe in May–June 1919.


140th (4th London) Brigade, Interwar years
The 47th Division and its formations began to reform in the redesignated Territorial Army in 1920. 140 Bde was reformed with brigade HQ at the Regimental Headquarters of the Irish Guards at Wellington Barracks in Birdcage Walk. Initially the brigade was composed of its original prewar battalions, but in 1921 the Civil Service Rifles merged with the Queen's Westminsters, and the brigade was brought up to strength by the addition of the Artists' Rifles:


140th (4th London) Brigade, Interwar years
In 1935, a growing number of TA infantry battalions had been converted to the searchlight or anti-aircraft artillery role, and at the end of the year 47th Division was disbanded and converted into 1st Anti - Aircraft Division. 140 Brigade HQ was also disbanded and its battalions dispersed to other London infantry brigades. the 13th and 14th London Regiment both transferred to 2nd London Infantry Brigade, the London Division, previously 56th Division but with the disbandment of 47th Division it was redesignated the London Division.


140th (4th London) Brigade, Interwar years
However, the rapid expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis saw a new 4th London Infantry Brigade reformed with 2nd Line TA battalions, to provide a duplicate of 1st London Infantry Brigade. 4th London Brigade resumed its number as 140 (London) Brigade on 21 November 1940.


140th (4th London) Brigade, Second World War
The composition of 140 (London) Brigade during the war was as follows:


140th (4th London) Brigade, Second World War
The 140th Infantry Brigade did not see any active service in the Second World War. It mobilised as a motor brigade, but became a conventional infantry brigade in June 1940. It was disbanded on 31 August 1944. On 17 November 1944, 213th Brigade (which had recently joined 47th Division, now reformed as a reserve division) was renumbered 140th Infantry Brigade, but without any London connection. The new brigade had the following composition:


140th (4th London) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade was not included in the Territorial Army when it reformed in 1947.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
The 140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery was a unit of Britain's Territorial Army formed in 1939, just before World War II. During the Battle of France, in 1940, it participated in defending Cassel to protect the British Expeditionary Force's evacuation from Dunkirk. Barely half the men escaped to England, where the regiment was rebuilt. It later served in home defence, in Tunisia, and after conversion to the medium artillery role, in Italy, where it was disbanded.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation
After the Munich Crisis of 1938, the part-time Territorial Army (TA) was rapidly doubled in size. On 1 May 1939, the 92nd (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery created a duplicate 140th Field Regiment, RA by separating the 366 (10th London) Battery at Kennington Lane, Lambeth, and the 367 (11th London) Battery at Woolwich. The new Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was established at 63 Southside, Clapham Common. It was officially given the "5th London" subtitle in 1942. The 92nd and 140th Field Regiments were both unattached units in London District.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment
The British Army in 1939 (unlike the German Army) was fully motorized in consequence of a mechanization initiative. At the time, field regiments were organised as an RHQ and two batteries, each of 12 guns. These were 18-pounder guns of World War I pattern, towed behind tractor units (mainly Morris or Guy "Quads") with an ammunition limber positioned between tractor and gun. The 18-pounder was a quick-firing field gun with the shell and cartridge fixed together. It was based on a World War One weapon that had been modernised, and was mounted on a Mark II carriage with rubber tyres.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment
The gun barrel was nickel-steel with a single-motion screw breech incorporating a cartridge extractor. The sights were on the right of the gun and incorporated a telescope and clinometer for indirect firing in an arc. The maximum effective range of the weapon was normally 3–5 miles (4.8–8.0 km), although in the last days of the Battle of Cassel some of the firing was done over "open sights" directly at German tanks only a few yards distant.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment
In 1939–40, British field artillery tactics were organised to provide groups of gun strong points, usually camouflaged by trees, supported by communication tracks to supplies and ammunition at the rear, and with forward observation posts linked by telegraph wires. In 1939–40, a battery was sub-divided into three troops, each troop with four guns and shared radio communications.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment
Each gun would have been crewed by six men: a sergeant in overall charge, a No. 3 who was his right hand man, a lance bombardier who laid and fired the gun, numbers 2 and 4 who loaded and rammed the shells, and numbers 5 and 6 who fetched and carried the ammunition.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation, Equipment
140th Field Regiment’s vehicles were identified by a number "10" in white on a red and blue background.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France
At the outbreak of war in September 1939, the 140th Field Regiment mobilised under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Cedric Odling. In November 1939, after the soldiers had been equipped and had finished basic training in London, and Dursley, Gloucestershire, the regiment was assigned to join the British Expeditionary Force as "Army Troops", not assigned to a particular formation. On 2 March 1940, the regiment left Dursley and landed at Le Havre, in France, on 6 March 1940. By 9 May 1940, the regiment had been assigned to I Corps.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France
Following the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May, the BEF advanced north into Belgium to defend the line of the Dyle river under Plan D. The regiment allegedly fired the first British artillery round during the Dyle-line defence. But the German Army broke through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw to the line of the Escaut river.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France
On the evening of 16 May 1940, the regiment withdrew—via Brussels, Ninove, and Tournai—to the Escaut line, as the French military situation worsened to the south. The policy was to "superimpose" army field artillery regiments onto divisional artillery to give enhanced firepower as required. During the fighting on the Escaut, the regiment was in action with 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division at Wannehain, where it suffered its first battle casualties and had three guns knocked out by enemy shellfire.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France
On 22 May 1940, the regiment withdrew across the Franco-Belgian border into the French village of Sainguin-en-Melantois. The two batteries operated together as a single fighting unit until 23 May 1940. After then, as the British and French military situation worsened further, they were separated and were assigned to different sectors.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France
366 Battery, under the command of Major Brooks, was assigned to defend the eastern escape corridor to Dunkirk and followed a route—via Seclin and Lille—to the Messines ridge in support of the British defence of the Ypres-Commines line. The battery was positioned near the village of Wytschaete during 27–28 May 1940, then withdrew under cover of darkness on 28 May 1940, having disabled its guns, and successfully reached the Dunkirk beaches on 29 May 1940.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France
367 Battery, together with RHQ, under the command of Colonel C.J. Odling, was assigned to protect the western corridor and was initially assigned to "MacForce" under the command of Lieutenant-General Noel Mason-MacFarlane, on 23 May 1940, before joining "Somerforce" at the French hilltop town of Cassel under the command of Brigadier Nigel Fitzroy Somerset, on 25 May 1940.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France
Somerforce included units of Brigadier Somerset's own 145th Infantry Brigade (2nd Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment, 4th Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry), together with armoured cars of the East Riding Yeomanry, and various support units, including the 140th Field Regiment and 5th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery. Its role was to hold the line from Cassel to Hazebrouck at the outer perimeter of the Dunkirk pocket.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France, Last stand at Cassel
During four days, 25–29 May, Cassel was effectively converted into a tank-proof fortress with a series of surrounding "picket" villages—including the bunker at Le Peckel, Bavinchove, and Zuytpeene—which were all doggedly defended. By 27 May, Cassel was surrounded and there was heavy fighting around the hilltop town, with 140 Field Regiment's 18-pdrs "doing great execution". On 29 May, the enemy closed in with tanks: five of these were knocked out before the remainder forced their way into the town, and German infantry attacked troop command posts until they were driven out by the gunners.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Battle of France, Last stand at Cassel
The regiment adopted a position of all-round defence. Finally, a military policeman on a motorcycle got through the surrounding enemy to deliver a day-old order for Somerforce to withdraw. Lieutenant-Colonel Howard ordered his men to hold out until nightfall and then destroy all equipment and make their escape. The regiment destroyed its guns and set off in the dark in a north-easterly direction towards Dunkirk, intending to join the evacuation (Operation Dynamo). A large number were captured during the day of 30 May 1940, on the Franco-Belgian border near the town of Watou. Although many of the men of 366 Battery were successfully evacuated, very few of 367 Battery escaped capture and most of the survivors of Cassel spent the remainder of the war as prisoners of war (POWs).


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence
Fourteen officers and 287 men (out of an establishment of 580) returned from Dunkirk to reform the regiment. After Dunkirk, the priority was the defence of the United Kingdom from the expected invasion; and so there was urgent pressure for the 140th Field Regiment to reform. In mid-June 1940, the men were concentrated away from the invasion front line at Worksop, in Nottinghamshire. They moved to Salford on 28 June 1940, and to Castor, Peterborough, in October 1940, where they were re-equipped. They were equipped with 25-pounder field guns when these became available.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence
In December, still as an "Army Field Regiment", the regiment was a part of Southern Command, awaiting the arrival of its signal section. It was only by late 1940 that the royal artillery could supply enough personnel to begin the process of changing regiments from two-battery to three-battery organisations. (Three 8-gun batteries were easier to handle, and it meant that each infantry battalion in a brigade could be closely associated with a battery.)


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence
On 25 January 1941, while the regiment was at Bournemouth, its third battery was formed; at first, the three batteries were designated P, Q, and R, but reverted to numerical designations: 366, 367, and 504. By March it had been assigned to V Corps, as part of the field army. In May 366, Fd Battery was attached to the War Office Reserve; and on 4 June it left for service in Iceland as an independent battery.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence
366 Battery was replaced on 4 September when 514 Battery was formed at Bradford Down Camp, Dorchester, Dorset, and joined the regiment, which now had its signal section. On 17 February 1942, the regiment's "5th London" subtitle was authorised; and by April it had its attached Light Aid Detachment of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and 1502 Field Regiment Platoon of the Royal Army Service Corps, for transport. During the year the regiment was equipped with the Bishop Self-Propelled Gun, a 25-pounder gun mounted on an adapted Valentine tank chassis.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, North Africa
V Corps was assigned to the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch) as part of First Army, and 140th Field Regiment came directly under the command of First Army when the latter was formed in the summer. The landings began on 8 November, and the force built up thereafter. 140th Field Regiment went to Algeria in January 1943 as part of 2nd Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA). It served in the latter part of the campaign, which ended with the capture of Tunis in May 1943.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 140th (5th London) Medium Regiment
The regiment was not used in the Allied invasion of Sicily. On 23 September 1943, it was converted to the medium artillery role as the 140th (5th London) Medium Regiment comprising the 367 and 518 Medium Batteries, while 504 Battery was converted to the heavy role and joined the 75th (Highland) Heavy Regiment. For its new role, the 140th Medium Regiment was equipped with 4.5-inch guns. The regiment landed in Italy before the end of September and joined Eighth Army fighting in the Italian Campaign. It took part in most of the battles of the campaign. It was part of 2nd Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA) at the crossing of the Garigliano in January 1944, prior to its involvement in the Battle of Monte Cassino, and in May supported II Polish Corps in the final assaults on Monte Cassino.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment
By the end of 1944, Eighth Army was suffering a severe manpower shortage, and the only way to keep infantry and field artillery units up to strength was to redeploy men from surplus anti-aircraft and medium artillery units. The 140th (5th London) Medium Regiment was placed in suspended animation on 1 February 1945, and its personnel drafted to other units. The regiment was not reformed when the Territorial Army was reconstituted on 1 January 1947.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, Grand Party
A book written by Lt-Col Brooks in 1941, entitled Grand Party, records 366 Battery's involvement in the 1940 campaign, including the Dunkirk evacuation.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, Captivity and the Long March 1940-45
Many of the regular soldiers of the 140th Regiment captured at Dunkirk were sent to Stalag VIII-B in Silesia as POWs. An account of POW life and the forced Long March that took place to escape the Russian advance into Germany in 1945 was written by Private Norman Gibbs.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, Gunner Eric West, 367 Battery
The story of the 140th Field Regiment's involvement with the BEF in 1940 has been published and focuses on the story of Gunner Eric West, including his experience of captivity in Stalag VIII-B POW camp and subsequent Long March.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days
In 1948, Brigadier Nigel Somerset was spurred by his feeling that the brave defence of Cassel by his Somerforce was being neglected by historians of the period. He wrote a letter to the Daily Telegraph on 19 February 1948, titled "In Dunkirk's Grim Days":


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days
Sir – I notice that in his memoirs of 1940 Mr. Churchill observes that 'After the loss of Boulogne and Calais only the remains of the port of Dunkirk and the open beaches next to the Belgian frontier were in our hands.'


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days
At the time I was commanding a brigade group holding a sector from Cassel to Hazebrouck. We were heavily attacked by German armour on May 27. At Cassel, the Germans were repulsed with the loss of over 20 tanks. At Hazebrouk our force there was surrounded and did not finally capitulate until the evening of May 28.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days
Not knowing that the BEF was embarking for the United Kingdom we hourly expected a vigorous counter-attack by British and possibly French troops to restore the situation. We hung on at Cassel until the night of May 29 and then tried to reach the Dunkirk bridgehead. German operation maps at the time showed Cassel and district still occupied by the enemy, and leaflets were dropped calling on us to surrender, as 'your generals are gone!'


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days
I feel it is fair neither to myself nor the troops under my command to let this stand pass from mind, especially as so many gave their lives, and most of the remainder of us spent five years in captivity. Incidentally, by holding on at Cassel we not only deprived the Germans of one of the main roads to Dunkirk, but enabled many British detached units and individuals to reach the bridgehead.


140th (5th London) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Legacy, In Dunkirk's Grim Days
All these facts appear to have utterly escaped the notice of the authorities at the time owing to the indescribable confusion, and I feel that an opportunity has now been afforded me of bringing them to light.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation
The 140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation was a national campaign to honor, celebrate, and commemorate January 1, 2003, as the 140th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, by United States President Abraham Lincoln.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History
This historical commemoration of the Emancipation Proclamation came, shortly after September 11, 2001, as a venue for national celebration. The 140th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation celebrates the progression of the United States, and was reminiscent of a similar period in American history, following the Civil War. As momentum for the anniversary celebration grew, Americans joined in to participate across the United States.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History
Sam Waterston, best known from the Law and Order television program, organized volunteers to clean, paint, and restore Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldier's Home in Washington, D.C., for this milestone anniversary.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History
The first reading of the proclamation in The South occurred at the Emancipation Oak located on the campus of Hampton University in what is now the city of Hampton, Virginia. This is the same site where Mary Smith Peake had earlier taught children of former slaves under the same tree. The Emancipation Oak, a National Historical Landmark, was itself a catalyst for the 140th anniversary celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation. Subsequently, in 2004, the oak was named America's national tree.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History
The nearby city of Newport News, Virginia held a First Reading anniversary celebration consisting of a presentational reading of the Emancipation Proclamation with living historians portraying slaves to emphasize the meaning of President Lincoln's historic act of universal manumission. The event was held in the Newport News City Council chambers, and included a resolution issued by the city's mayor, Joe Frank, as to the significance of the celebratory year.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, History
The  website, honoring the Underground Railroad, was launched by the United States National Park Service to coincide with the 140th anniversary.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution
Early bipartisan congressional supporters of the 140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation were Danny K. Davis (Dem. IL) who sponsored the legislation in the United States House of Representatives as House Concurrent Resolution 36. The legislation was sponsored in the United States Senate by Senator George Allen (Rep. VA), as Senate Concurrent Resolution 15.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text
Commemorating the 140th year anniversary of the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text
Resolved by the Senate the House of Representatives concurring, that congress:


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text
(1.) recognizes the historical significance of the 140th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation as an important period in our Nation's history; and


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text
(2.) encourage its celebration in accordance with the spirit, strength, and legacy of freedom, justice, and equality for all people of America and to provide an opportunity for all people of the United States to learn more about the past and to better understand the experiences that have shaped the Nation.


140th Anniversary Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation, Legislative resolution, Text
The bill passed in both houses of the United States Congress by unanimous vote.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade
The 140th Borisov Order of Kutuzov Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Russian: 140-я зенитная ракетная Борисовская ордена Кутузова бригада; Military Unit Number 32390) is an air defense brigade of the Russian Ground Forces' 29th Army in the Eastern Military District, stationed at Domna in Zabaykalsky Krai.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade
The brigade traces its lineage back to the formation of the 66th Anti - Aircraft Artillery Division (Russian: 66-я зенитная артиллерийская дивизия) in October 1943 during World War II. The division was sent to the front in early 1944, and fought in Operation Bagration, receiving the Borisov honorific for participating in the capture of that city. From November it fought in East Prussia, receiving the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class for its actions there at the end of the war. Postwar, the division was relocated to Kirovabad in Azerbaijan, where it remained until it was disbanded in 1960.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade
The 189th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment was formed from the division and soon became the 189th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment. In 1973 the regiment was expanded into the 140th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade, deploying to Trzebień in Poland as part of the Northern Group of Forces. After the end of the Cold War, the brigade was relocated from Poland to Chita Oblast, being stationed at Domna from 1994.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II
The 66th Anti - Aircraft Artillery Division began forming on 6 October 1943 at the Moscow Anti- Aircraft Artillery Training Camp in Pavshino, under the command of Colonel Ivan Korotkikh. It was part of the Moscow Military District, and included the 1981st, 1985th, 1989th, and the 1993rd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiments. The formation of the division ended on 1 November. In April 1944, Korotkikh became seriously ill with pneumonia and was sent to a hospital in Moscow for treatment. He was replaced by Major General Sergey Sazonov, who command it for the rest of the war.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II
In June, the division was relocated to the area of Smolensk and then Orsha, joining the 3rd Belorussian Front. It was operationally subordinated to the 31st Army, participating in the battles to capture Orsha, Minsk, Lida, and Suwałki during the year. The division covered the army in the crossing of the Neman in the area of Druskininkai and Bereshany. On 30 June, during Operation Bagration, the Soviet strategic offensive into western Belarus and eastern Poland, the division reached the Berezina River following a rapid advance by the 31st Army. After crossing the river on 1 July, the 66th fought in the capture of Borisov and was awarded the city's name as an honorific in recognition of its actions.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II
On 12 November, the division was operationally subordinated to the 11th Guards Army, fighting in the capture of Vilkaviškis and crossing the border of East Prussia near Eydtkuhnen. On 11 January 1945, the 66th was transferred to the operational subordination of the 2nd Guards Army, participating in the capture of Gumbinnen and Wartenstein. It was again transferred to the operational subordination of the 48th Army on 16 February, fighting in the capture of Shlobiten and then Braunsberg on 20 March in the Heiligenbeil Pocket. On 2 April, the 66th was withdrawn to the reserve of the front at Elbing.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II
It was operationally subordinated to the 48th Army on 25 April in the Tolkemit area. For capturing Braunsberg, the 66th was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class, on 26 April. Between 28 April and 8 May, it fought in the elimination of the German troops on the Vistula Spit and northwest of Elbing.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, World War II
Between 16 June 1944 and 9 May 1945, a period of eleven months of combat, the division was credited with 38 German aircraft destroyed and one downed, killing 3,094 soldiers, 25 artillery and mortar batteries, 118 pillboxes, sixteen command posts, nine automobiles, and 63 wagons. Additionally, it captured 402 German soldiers.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, Postwar
On 18 June, the division was relocated by rail from Elbing to Minsk, in the area of Kodishi station, and became part of the Minsk Artillery Training Camp of the Minsk Military District. It was further relocated to Dagestan by 2 November, stationed in the area of Izberg and Dvigatelstroy as part of the reserve of the Transcaucasian Military District. The division transferred to the 4th Army at Alyat Pristan in 1946, and was moved to Kirovabad later that year. On 27 November 1948 the division received its battle flag. In accordance with a directive of 18 March 1960, the division was disbanded, and its personnel used to form a separate medium-caliber anti-aircraft artillery regiment, which later became the 189th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, Postwar
Between 1 April and 1 August 1973, the 189th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment was reorganized into the 140th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade, inheriting the traditions of the regiment. In 1976, the brigade was relocated to Trzebień in Poland as part of the Northern Group of Forces, directly subordinated to the group headquarters. In 1992, after the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the brigade became part of the Russian Ground Forces and was withdrawn from Poland to Drovyanaya in Chita Oblast, joining the 36th Army. In 1994 it was relocated to Domna. The brigade celebrates its anniversary on 6 October, the date of the formation of the 66th Division. Since 2010, it has been part of the 29th Army. The brigade includes three anti-aircraft rocket battalions with the Buk missile system.


140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, Commanders
The following officers have commanded the brigade and its predecessor units:


140th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 140th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army. It has historically been associated with the California Army National Guard's 40th Infantry Division.


140th Aviation Regiment (United States)
Previous aviation units in the California Army National Guard included the 140th Aviation Battalion, the 29th Aviation Company, and the 40th Aviation Company, which was mobilized for Vietnam service in 1968-69.


140th Aviation Regiment (United States), History
In 1994, the regiment's 1st Battalion and Companies D (Command), E (Assault), and F (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance) were part of the 40th  Division's Aviation Brigade, along with the 1st Squadron of the 18th Cavalry Regiment.


140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers), CEF
The 140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Saint John, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout New Brunswick. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 13th Reserve Battalion and The Royal Canadian Regiment and Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry Depots in November 1916. The 140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers),  CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .


140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers), CEF
The 140th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.


140th Delaware General Assembly
The 140th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1999, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and    Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.


140th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


140th Delaware General Assembly
In the 140th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


140th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


140th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


140th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


140th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 140th Division (第140師団, Dai-hyakuyonjū Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Tokyo protection division (護東兵団, Koto Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Fujisawa as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.


140th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 140th division was tasked with the  fortification and the defence of the Shōnan coastal area. 401st infantry regiment was stationed at Mount Kamakura, 402nd - in Hachiōji, 403rd - in Fujisawa, 404th - in Goshomimura (now Fujisawa). 404th infantry regiment was severely understrength. The division stayed in the area until the surrender of Japan without seeing an actual combat.


140th Georgia General Assembly
The 140th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 139th and served as the precedent for the 141st General Assembly in 1991. The 140th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 9, 1989, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta.


140th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives
*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1989-90 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.


140th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 140th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.


140th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 140th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on June 18, 1864, for a one-hundred-day enlistment. The unit departed the same day for Cairo, by rail, and proceeded by rail to Memphis, Tennessee. From there it marched thirty miles east to the Wolfe River, where it was formed into divisions which were posted along  the rail line to Holly Springs. After some three months it returned to Memphis where it did guard duty until ordered to Camp Fry, Chicago, where the regiment was mustered out of service on October 29, 1864.


140th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
After having given up their arms, the adjutant general of Illinois, Allen C. Fuller solicited them to re-organize and march through Missouri in pursuit of General Price, which took some six weeks, after which they returned to Camp Fry and were finally dismissed.


140th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment suffered 5 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 24 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 29 fatalities.


140th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 140th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between October 24, 1864, and July 11, 1865, during the American Civil War.


140th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in on November 3, 1864. It left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, on November 15. The regiment moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where it was involved in the Siege of Murfreesboro, between December 5 and 12 1864. It was involved in the defences of Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, until January 1865.


140th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
From early January 1865, the regiment was continually on the move. From Nashville, they went to Clifton, Tennessee, reaching Clifton between January 2 and 6. From Tennessee they moved to Washington, D.C.; then to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, remaining there until February 7. It conducted operations against Robert F. Hoke's troops between February 11 and 14. From February 18 to 20, the regiment moved to Fort Anderson and from there to Town Creek. On February 22, the regiment fought in the Battle of Wilmington.


140th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
From March 1 to April 26, the regiment was involved in the Campaign of the Carolinas and during this period advanced and occupied Goldsboro, North Carolina, before occupying Raleigh between April 10 and 14. On April 26, at Bennett Place, the regiment accepted the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston and his army. Following the surrender, the regiment saw duty at Raleigh until May 6, and at Greensboro until early July. The regiment was mustered out on July 11, 1865. During its service the regiment lost three men during battle and 111 men to disease.


140th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 140th Infantry Regiment (also known as the "Sixth Missouri") was an infantry formation of the Missouri National Guard.