123rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


123rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (→top: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


123rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 123rd Division (第123師団, Dai-hyakunijūsan Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Matsukaze Division (松風兵団, Matsukaze Heidan). It was formed on 16 January 1945 in Sunwu County as a triangular division. It was part a batch of eight simultaneously created divisions: the 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th and 128th Divisions. The nucleus of the formation was the 73rd Independent Mixed Brigade, which was formed in October 1944 from the headquarters of the 1st Division.


123rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History
On 30 March 1945 the 123rd Division's formation was complete and it was assigned to the 4th Army. It was tasked with the garrison of Sunwu County, adjacent to the 135th Independent Mixed Brigade in Aihui District. The division fought and withstood the Soviet invasion of Manchuria with heavy casualties, but did not yield until the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945. The majority of division personnel were taken prisoner to the Soviet Union in September 1945.


123rd Field Artillery Regiment
The 123rd Field Artillery Regiment is an active Field Artillery Branch regiment of the Illinois Army National Guard. The regiment's 2nd Battalion last served as a towed, 155mm cannon battalion assigned to the 169th Field Artillery Brigade, though administratively under the control of the 65th Troop Command.


123rd Field Artillery Regiment
On 31 August 2016, the 2nd Battalion was officially inactivated, after casing its colors on 13 August. It transitioned to the 123rd Engineer Battalion, which was activated on 22 September 2017. The 123rd Engineer Battalion was split in the Fall of 2018 resulting in the reactivation of the 2nd Battalion as a Field Artillery unit. The 2nd Battalion is currently assigned to the 45th Field Artillery Brigade and is under the administrative control of the 65th Troop Command Brigade.


123rd Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Lineage
with Headquarters Battery and Service Battery, 210th Field Artillery Battalion (organized and Federally recognized 1 March 1954 at Monmouth), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters Battery and Service Battery, 210th Field Artillery Battalion, elements of the 33d Infantry Division


123rd IOC Session
The 123rd International Olympic Committee Session (or the 2011 International Olympic Committee Session, the 123rd IOC Session or the 2011 IOC Session) was held in July 2011 at the Inkosi Albert Luthuli International Convention Centre in Durban, South Africa. At the session, Pyeongchang, South Korea was announced as the host city of the 2018 Olympic Winter Games and Paralympic Winter Games.


123rd IOC Session, Events
The International Olympic Committee officially announced Durban as the host city of the 123rd IOC Session at the 120th IOC Session in Beijing, People's Republic of China on 7 August 2008, before the 2008 Summer Olympics. (In April 2008, the IOC had announced Hong Kong and Durban as the two candidates to host this 2011 IOC Session.)


123rd IOC Session, Events
IOC withdrew recognition of the NOC of the Netherlands Antilles following the formal dissolution of Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010. The athletes of the five islands comprising the Netherlands Antilles were allowed to qualify and compete in the 2012 Olympic Games as independent athletes under the Olympic flag.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 123rd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was an infantry and mounted infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. In 1863 and 1864 it was temporarily known as the 123rd Illinois Volunteer Mounted Infantry Regiment, as part of Wilder's Lightning Brigade.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
This regiment was organized at Camp Terry, Mattoon, Coles County, Illinois, by Colonel James Monroe, who at the time was major of the 7th Illinois Infantry. Companies A, C, D, H, I and K were from Coles County; B from Cumberland; E from Clark; F and G from Clark and Crawford. As a colonel in 1861, Ulysses S. Grant organized his first command, the 21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, in Mattoon.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
It was mustered into service on September 6, 1862, with James Monroe as Colonel, Jonathan Biggs, of Westfield, Clark County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and James A. Connolly, of Charleston, Illinois, as Major. On 19 September 1862, the Regiment was loaded into freight cars at Mattoon, and transported to Louisville, Kentucky, where it was at once put to work, under Major General William "Bull" Nelson, to fortify the city against Confederate General Braxton Bragg, who was then advancing on it in pursuit of Union General Don Carlos Buell.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
On October 1, having been assigned to the Thirty-third Brigade (General William R. Terrill), Fourth Division (General James S. Jackson), in McCook's Corps, the regiment started on the march under Buell, southward through Kentucky, after Bragg, who had turned back, and up to this time the regiment never had battalion drill, and hardly an attempt at company drill, as all the officers, except the colonel, were "raw recruits".


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
Just 19 days after leaving Mattoon, the regiment engaged in the Battle of Perryville, where 36 men were killed in action and 180 wounded. Generals Terrill and Jackson were both killed immediately behind and within twenty feet of the line of the regiment. Among the wounded were Captain Coblentz of Company E, First Lieutenant S. M. Shepard of Company A and Adjutant Leander H. Hamlin. Following the devastating bloodshed the 123rd was assigned to protect the railroad bridge across the Green River at Munfordville, Kentucky, in November and December 1862. It has become known as the "Battle for the Bridge," which began when the Union garrison led by John T. Wilder, prior to his assuming command of the 123rd, surrendered during the Battle of Munfordville.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd was initially assigned to the Army of the Ohio from September 1862 to November 1862, and then to the Army of the Cumberland from November 1862 to June 1865. The commanding general of the Army of the Cumberland was William Rosecrans. The regiment was in the 1st Brigade with Colonel Albert S. Hall, which was part of the 5th Division commanded by Brigadier General Joseph J. Reynolds, reporting to Major General George Henry Thomas.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
In February and March 1863, it was converted to mounted infantry. The 123rd Illinois' brigade became known as "Wilder's Lightning Brigade" commanded by Wilder. The brigade remained the 1st Brigade of the 5th Division, XIV Army Corps after its conversion. During this conversion, Spencer repeating rifles, invented by Christopher Spencer, were adopted as the command's primary weapon.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The new increase in firepower that the Spencer gave, allowed the 123rd and its brigade mates to see off numerically superior Confederate infantry and cavalry in several engagements. The weapon was estimated to allow the regiment to deliver five t seven times the firepower of muzzle-loading opponents.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd first used its new rifles in the Battle of Hoover's Gap. The brigade showed the advantage of their speed despite the weather by reaching the gap nearly 9 miles ahead of Thomas's main body. Despite orders from the divisional commander, General Joseph J. Reynolds to fall back to his infantry, which was still six miles away, Wilder decided to take and hold the position.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The brigade surprised Confederate Colonel J. Russell Butler's 1st (3rd) Kentucky Cavalry Regiment at the entrance of the gap. After driving them through the gap, the brigade found it outnumbered four-to-one. The brigade entrenched and held this position. The brigade, supported by Brig. Gen. Bushrod Johnson's brigade and some artillery, assaulted Wilder's position, but was driven back by the concentrated fire of the Spencers, losing 146 killed and wounded (almost a quarter of his force) to Wilder's 61. Colonel James Connolly, commander of the 123rd Illinois, wrote:


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
As soon as the enemy opened on us with their artillery we dismounted and formed line of battle on a hill just at the south entrance to the "Gap," and our battery of light artillery was opened on them, a courier was dispatched to the rear to hurry up reinforcements, our horses were sent back some distance out of the way of bursting shells, our regiment was assigned to support the battery, the other three regiments were properly disposed, and not a moment too soon, for these preparations were scarcely completed when the enemy opened on us a terrific fire of shot and shell from five different points, and their masses of infantry, with flags flying, moved out of the woods on our right in splendid style; there were three or four times our number already in sight and still others came pouring out of the woods beyond. Our regiment lay on the hill side in mud and water, the rain pouring down in torrents, while each shell screamed so close to us as to make it seem that the next would tear us to pieces.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
Presently the enemy got near enough to us to make a charge on our battery, and on they came; our men are on their feet in an instant and a terrible fire from the "Spencers" causes the advancing regiment to reel and its colors fall to the ground, but in an instant their colors are up again and on they come, thinking to reach the battery before our guns can be reloaded, but they "reckoned without their host," they didn't know we had the "Spencers," and their charging yell was answered by another terrible volley, and another and another without cessation, until the poor regiment was literally cut to pieces, and but few men of that 20th Tennessee that attempted the charge will ever charge again.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
During all the rest of the fight at "Hoover's Gap" they never again attempted to take that battery. After the charge they moved four regiments around to our right and attempted to get in our rear, but they were met by two of our regiments posted in the woods, and in five minutes were driven back in the greatest disorder, with a loss of 250 killed and wounded. The regiment served quite well through the remainder of the campaign.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
During the calamitous Chickamauga Campaign|Tullahoma Campaign, the 123rd and the rest of the Lightning Brigade, were one of the few positive results. The 123rd was sent to defend Alexander's Bridge over the Chickamauga on 17 September. The next day, 18 September, the Lightning Brigade blocked the crossing against the approach of W.H.T. Walker's Corps. Feeling quite confident in the advantage their Spencer repeating rifles gave them, the brigade held off a brigade of Brig. Gen. St. John Liddell's division, which suffered 105 casualties against Wilder's superior firepower.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
At around 14:00 on 19 September, the 123rd and its brigade spoiled the left column of the main rebel attack by severely mauling both Brig. Gen. John Gregg's brigade and Brig. Gen. Evander McNair's brigade. The attacking Confederates were surprised by the resolute, confident manner that the Lightning Brigade demonstrated in driving them back.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
During the Siege of Chattanooga, the Lightning Brigade disbanded, and four of its regiments shifted to the Cavalry Corps where they served for the remainder of the war. The 123rd and the 72nd Indiana were sent to the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Division.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
During the Battle of Selma, First Lieutenant O. J. McManus, Sergeants J. S. Mullen and Henry E. Cross, Corporal McMurry and Privates Daniel Cook, John Bowman, Marion White and Henry Woodruff were killed, with 50 wounded, including Lieutenant Colonel Biggs, Adjutant L. B. Bane, Captains W. E. Adams and Owen Wiley, Lieutenants Alex. McNutt and J. R. Harding.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
Late in the war, the regiment pursued Confederate General John Bell Hood. The unit was instrumental in the capture of former Confederate capital Montgomery, Alabama.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
In June 1865 new recruits and some veterans were transferred to the 61st Regiment as the 123rd prepared to disband. Those who remained were mustered out June 27, 1865, by Captain L. M. Hosea and formally discharged at Springfield, Illinois, on July 11, 1865.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment lost during service three officers and 82 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and one officer and 133 enlisted men by disease for a total of 219.


123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Commanders
Colonel James Monroe: September 6, 1862 - October 7, 1863 (killed at the Battle of Farmington)Brigadier General of Volunteers James S. Jackson: October 1, 1862 - October 8, 1862 (killed at the Battle of Perryville)Brigadier General of Volunteers William R. Terrill: September 9, 1862 - October 8, 1862 (killed at the Battle of Perryville)Lt. Colonel James A. ConnollyCaptain Oscar R. BaneColonel John T. Wilder: May 6, 1863 - November 1864 (resignation)Brigadier General Kenner Garrard: May 20, 1864 - October 28, 1864Major General James H. Wilson: October 28, 1864 - June 27, 1865


123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 123rd Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd Indiana Infantry was organized at Greensburg, Terre Haute, and Indianapolis, Indiana beginning December 25, 1863 and mustered in under the command of Colonel John Craven McQuiston.


123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to February 1865, and Department of North Carolina to August 1865.


123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd Indiana Infantry mustered out of service August 25, 1865.


123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Indiana for Nashville, Tennessee, March 18, 1864. Marched to Charleston, Tennessee, April 7–24, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Dalton, Georgia, May 8–13. Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Movements on Dallas May 18–25. Operations on Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2–5. Ruff's Mills July 3–4. Chattahoochie River July 5–17.


123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5–7. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25–30. Lovejoy's Station September 2–6. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Nashville Campaign November–December. In front of Columbia November 24–27. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15–16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17–28. At Clifton, Tennessee, until January 15, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C.; then to Morehead City, North Carolina, January 15-February 24. Carolinas Campaign March 1-April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1–21. Battle of Wyse Forks March 6–8. Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10–14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Charlotte and Raleigh, North Carolina, until August.


123rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 183 men during service; 4 officers and 47 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 131 enlisted men died of disease.


123rd Infantry Division (German Empire)
The 123rd Infantry Division (123. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on April 1, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.


123rd Infantry Division (German Empire)
The division was a Royal Saxon division, made up of troops from that kingdom. It was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 245th Infantry Brigade was the former 64th Infantry Brigade of the 32nd (3rd Royal Saxon) Infantry Division, and came to the division with the 178th Infantry Regiment. The 106th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 24th (2nd Royal Saxon) Reserve Division and the 182nd Infantry Regiment came from the 23rd (1st Royal Saxon) Infantry Division.


123rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
The 123rd Infantry Division initially fought on the Western Front in World War I, entering the line in the Aisne region in mid-April 1915. Later in 1915, it fought in the Battle of Loos. It remained on the front in the Flanders and Artois regions into 1916, and in July entered the Battle of the Somme, where it reportedly lost 6,000 men. It was transferred to the Eastern Front at the end of the month, where it went into the line near Lake Narač until November 1917, when it returned to the Western Front.


123rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
It went into the line near Verdun until May 1918. It later fought in the Second Battle of the Marne and then returned to the line near Verdun. Late in 1918, it faced the Allied Meuse-Argonne Offensive. It remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class and of mediocre combat value.


123rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation
The 123rd Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on April 1, 1915, was as follows:


123rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle
The division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. The 182nd Infantry Regiment was sent to the newly formed 212th Infantry Division in 1916 and was replaced by the 425th Infantry Regiment, which was in turn replaced by the 351st Infantry Regiment. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on June 3, 1918, was as follows:


123rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
123rd Infantry Division (123. Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Wehrmacht during World War II.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 123rd Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States)
The designation was first used in World War I for an Alabama National Guard unit part of the 31st Division.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States)
In 1942, the 123rd was reactivated as a component of the Illinois Army National Guard and fought in World War II where it received acclaim for its jungle fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific Theater.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I
During the First World War, the 123rd Infantry Regiment was organized from previous Alabama militia units, and was assigned to the 31st Infantry Division. Upon arrival in France, the 31st became a depot division, and all the recruits from its regiments were sent out to replace combat casualties in depleted units on the front. In 1946, this unit was reconstituted and reorganized as the 200th Infantry.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
The 123rd Infantry Regiment was activated for service in World War II on 28 September 1942, and joined the 33rd Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, Washington. The 33rd Division had released regiments to other commands, and now needed another infantry regiment to triangularize it. Thus, the 123rd regiment was attached to the division. Throughout the rest of 1942, and into March 1943, the regiment conducted thorough training at Fort Lewis until they moved to the Mojave Desert in early April 1943.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
They bivouacked near the Clipper Mountains and, along with other soldiers of the 33rd Division, had the distinction of being the first infantry trained in desert warfare without motorized vehicles. Originally trained in the desert for combat in North Africa, the 123rd Regiment, with the rest of the 33rd Division, was sent to duty in the Pacific. After 10 weeks of training in the Mojave, the regiment left for Camp Stoneman, CA, near San Francisco. The regiment departed California on 7 July 1943, and arrived in Hawaii on 13 July, where the 123rd was stationed on the island of Kauai.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II
The regiment was slated for a nine-month tour of duty as Kauai's defence force, taking over from elements of the 40th Infantry Division California Army National Guard, and began training. They trained on jungle warfare, usage of flamethrowers, amphibious assaults, and certain men were selected for Ranger training. On 25 April 1944, the 33rd Infantry Division's tenure as Hawaiian guards was over, and they set sail for New Guinea.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign
The 33rd Division landed at Finschhafen, New Guinea, on 11 May 1944 and the units were spread out in bivouac areas. The 123rd set up camp about twelve miles up the coast. Here, the men continued training in the jungle, but despite their infantry role, they were mainly used to unload supply ships in the harbor. On 20 August 1944, the 123rd Infantry was detached for independent operations near Maffin Bay, and relieved the entire 31st Infantry Division in order to guard the Wakde airstrip from Japanese attacks.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign
Now designated as "Task Force Tornado," the 123rd conducted 258 one-day patrols and 29 two-day patrols, along with the score or more of five-day patrols. Resistance from the Japanese was frequent, and on each of these engagements the enemy was rendered ineffective. By the use of these patrols, the Japanese were prevented from closing in on the perimeter and their artillery was kept out of range. The men of the 123rd, even during their "baptism by fire," showed that quality training paid off, and they performed well even against a veteran enemy.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign
When the 123rd took over the Toem-Sarmi area, there were around 2,000 Japanese in the area with 1,400 of them identified as combat troops. When the Regiment left the area for combat on Luzon, the total number of enemy killed in that sector, including those accounted for by preceding troops, had been swelled to 4,005. The most bitter battle of the Sarmi area took place when Company C of the 1st Battalion (1-123), led by CPT Marchant, encountered heavy resistance at Sawaar Airfield. On the second morning of their five-day patrol, they were greeted by a burst of enemy shells.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign
The next day, the patrol ran into machine-gun fire after trudging though the thick mud of the Sago palm swamps. Four Japanese patrols were surprised and five of the enemy killed. However, the real battle would take place the following day. Three enemy tanks had infiltrated behind C Company,s lines, and enemy mortar and machine gun fire supported the tanks. In the ensuing skirmish, which lasted all day, all three enemy tanks were knocked out, one of them by a well-aimed bazooka shot fired by Captain Marchant, and 25 Japanese dead were found laying around the jungle. This upped the total verified enemy casualties to 31, with only one member of the 123rd killed. He died from an aerial bomb booby-trap on the first day.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign
Also of note during the combat at Maffin Bay were the heroics of individual soldiers. SGT Victor Highsmith became the first 123rd man to be awarded a combat medal, the Bronze Star. SGT Winfield Green, later receiving an officer's commission, was the first to earn the Silver Star. Lieutenant Walter Roper, leading a patrol deep in enemy territory, was the first man in both the regiment and the division to lose his life in combat. CPL Roy Adams, of the Regimental Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon, was credited with being the first member of the Regiment to kill a Japanese soldier.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, New Guinea Campaign
Also, the first men in the 33rd Division to receive Purple Hearts were with Task Force Tornado at Maffin Bay. Its mission fulfilled, the 123rd Infantry was relieved by elements of the 93rd Infantry Division. All strategic materials and constructions were destroyed before they departed, to prevent anything falling into enemy hands. The Regiment left Maffin Bay on 26 January 1945, joined other elements of the 33rd Division en route, and departed for Luzon in the Philippines.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
The 123rd Infantry landed at Lingayen Gulf on 10 February 1945, and moved to the front lines three days later. They relieved the 158th Regimental Combat Team of the Arizona Army National Guard. The first shots fired by the 33rd Division on Luzon were by the 123rd's Regimental Cannon Company, which fired 105mm M3 howitzers in a direct-fire role, and inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese in the operations that followed. The first company to send out a patrol was B Company, 1-123. This patrol started out on 18 February and returned on the 24th.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
Strong enemy positions were encountered, and the patrol bypassed these areas to reach its objective. The first man to kill a Japanese soldier on Luzon was PFC Fay "Tex" Hough, a medic who was attached to C Company. He was attending a wounded man on the front when an enemy soldier popped up a short distance away. Hough finished him off and then completed his aid work. Unlike in Europe, it was common for aid-men to carry weapons in the Pacific Theater because the Japanese did not follow the Geneva Conventions and often killed Allied medics with indiscretion.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
1-123 advanced on Rosario and from there moved along a highway to the foothills of Twin Peaks on the Kennon Road. Assigned with capturing these rugged peaks, two companies advanced up the slopes. As they approached the top, fierce opposition was encountered from well-concealed Japanese emplacements and the companies were forced to hold their positions. The Japanese were making a valiant defense of this area as it controlled the last water points on the routes leading to Baguio. The Americans were soon relieved by a substantially larger force and the enemy retreated over the mountains.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
Intelligence reports later disclosed that an entire Japanese battalion had been operating against A Company. Moving by night, 1-123 arrived at San Luis near Pugo. B Company had already sent a patrol to secure the town. An interesting incident occurred here. LT Merle Fleenor was assigned with laying telephone wire as soon as the town had been secured. He and his crew arrived and found nobody there. He thought that the patrol had gone through the village and was continuing the advance. Once he installed his phones, he called back to headquarters when the patrol arrived.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
Fleenor and his two wire section men had arrived ahead of the patrol and had taken over. 1-123 captured three more peaks the following day without the loss of a single man. 2nd Battalion (2-123) advanced up the other flank of Pugo in order to seize the high ground between Damortis and Rosario. The day that 1-123 took the three peaks, 2-123 captured strategic high ground just beyond Pugo. The RCP (Regimental Command Post) was moved to Pugo. The Third Battalion (3-123) operated along the coast towards San Fernando.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
2-123 advanced toward Mount Calugong and Mount Santo Tomas through difficult terrain, and bulldozers followed them to clear the way for support troops. After 30 days of fighting, the regiment advanced 13 miles, but still had 7 miles to go before they reached Baguio. 3-123 relieved 2-123 and began the main effort. During the fighting in the mountains, units of 2-123 executed a brilliant night operation to capture strategic points on the route of advance.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
This night attack was so well undertaken that the Japanese were unaware that their strong emplacements had been occupied, and at daybreak the enemy was mowed down in great numbers as they emerged from their caves on the reverse side of the hill to man their positions. In the fight to the highest point of terrain, K Company 3-123 launched a well-coordinated attack after first having an artillery barrage laid down less than a hundred yards to the front.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
Timed to perfection, the assault, which immediately followed the lifting of the barrage, caught the Japanese in their foxholes and the victory was achieved without any casualties. 1-123, which was in I Corps reserve, rejoined the fight and attacked near Galiano. After numerous attacks on the enemy controlled high ground, the 123rd finally dislodged the Japanese from their strongpoints and the "race to Baguio" entered its final phase. F and G Companies of 2-123 performed admirably and were given awards after the mountain fighting.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
The 33rd Infantry Division and the 37th Infantry Division from the Ohio Army National Guard reached the outskirts of Baguio and the 123rd moved out of the mountains and into the valley near Tuba. G Company, sent to protect the regiment's left flank, annihilated two enemy companies as 3-123 neared the city limits. 3-123 nicknamed the brushy area near Baguio "Times Square" due to the heavy activity of enemy vehicles, including tanks.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
In the race for Baguio, it was rumored that the 33rd and the 37th Divisions erected road blocks to slow up the progress of the other: A patrol of C Company of 1-123 was the first to enter Baguio, but the final glory of taking the Summer Capital of the Philippines was divided between the two beleaguered divisions.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
Before the ultimate dash towards Baguio, A Company was designated as a special task force and sent to Dingalen Bay on the far side of Luzon to act as a security force for the installations there. This force was commanded by Major Robert V. Connolly and was called the "Connolly Task Force." This 800-man task force included a reinforced rifle company of the 127th Infantry, 32d Division, one company of the 6th Ranger Infantry Battalion, a battery of 105-mm. howitzers, and engineer, medical, and port detachments.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
Assembling near Vigan, Connolly Task Force would follow Route 3 around the northwest tip of Luzon to the vicinity of Aparri, where a battalion of the 11th Infantry would join. Ordered to “annihilate the enemy forces fleeing north” by Gen. Krueger and to liberate, secure and occupy the Aparri region, the task force was also to prepare minor port facilities and a liaison plane airstrip along the coast west of Aparri. On 11 May 1945, a member of this force, PFC John R. McKinney, singlehandedly killed 40 Japanese soldiers in a half hour battle despite being wounded by a katana strike to the head. He was awarded the Medal of Honor.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
Gen. Krueger’s estimate of the Japanese situation dictated the need to make a vertical envelopment of airborne troops to close the trap and prevent the enemy from all possibility of escaping from Aparri. Accordingly, on 21 June, Krueger directed a battalion combat team of the 511th Parachute Infantry, 11th Airborne Division, to drop near Aparri on 23 June. By that evening, elements of Maj. Connolly’s task force and the 2d Battalion of the 11th Infantry were ten miles south along Route 5 from Aparri and had secured Camalaniugan Airstrip, three miles from Aparri.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
On the very day that Krueger issued this order, the Connolly Task Force entered Aparri unopposed. There was no trap for the 511th Parachute Infantry to close. The Connolly Task Force was overwhelmingly successful in eliminating the remaining elements of the Japanese Imperial Army. Connolly reported 368 enemy dead and six prisoners taken. His losses for the operation were two killed and three wounded. Despite the great successes of the now reinforced Connolly Task Force, Krueger did not change his mind about the desirability and necessity for the airdrop.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
Instead, he concluded that the "seizure of Aparri without opposition” by elements of the Connolly Task Force on 21 June 1945, together with the almost unopposed advance of the 37th Division, indicated clearly that the time had come for mounting the airborne troops to “block the enemy's retreat in the Cagayan Valley." It is not clear just what retreat Krueger expected to block. The airborne force totaled about 1,030 men, including the reinforced 1st Battalion of the 511th Infantry and Battery C, 457th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion. Then Major (later LTC) Robert V. Connolly was awarded the Silver Star for Gallantry in Battle.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Luzon Campaign
The 123rd Infantry Regiment as a whole took part in some of the longest and bloodiest campaigns of the US Army during World War II and it suffered a total of 96 combat casualties. Its relatively low casualty rate is a testament to the long and intensive training the unit underwent before engaging in combat.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Japan and Demobilization
The main units of the 123rd Infantry arrived in Japan on 25 September 1945 to conduct occupation duty. They were garrisoned at Takarazuka and remained until 6 February 1946, when it was fully demobilized and sent home. At the time the regiment arrived in Japan, their strength was 140 officers and 3,311 enlisted men. About 1,000 of the men were replacements who had joined the Regiment on Luzon.


123rd Infantry Regiment (United States), After World War II
On 5 July 1946, the 123rd was assigned to the 44th Infantry Division of the Illinois National Guard with headquarters at Springfield. It was organized and its headquarters federally recognized on 29 January 1947.


123rd Maine Senate
The 123rd Maine Senate had 35 members each elected to two-year terms in November 2006. The first regular session was sworn-in on December 6, 2006.


123rd New York Infantry Regiment
The 123rd New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd New York Infantry was organized at Salem, New York and mustered in for three years service on September 4, 1862 under the command of Colonel Archibald Livingston McDougall.


123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.


123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd New York Infantry mustered out of service June 8, 1865. Recruits and veterans were transferred to the 60th New York Volunteer Infantry.


123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left New York for Washington, D.C., September 5, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until September 29, 1862, and at Frederick, Md., and Sandy Hook until December 13, 1862. Moved to support Burnside at Fredericksburg, Va., December 10–14. At Stafford Court House until April 27, 1863. "Mud March" January 20–24. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5–24. Duty on line of the Rappahannock River until September.


123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to Bealeton Station, Va., then to Stevenson, Ala., September 24-October 4. Guard duty along Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad until April 1864. Action near Tullahoma, Tenn., March 16, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Operations against Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22–25. New Hope Church May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11–14. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17.


123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Noyes' Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw Mountain June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5–17. Peach Tree Creek July 19–20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10–21. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Thompson's Creek, near Chesterfield Court House, S.C., and near Cheraw March 2. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24, and of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.


123rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 167 men during service; 6 officers and 66 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 95 enlisted men died of disease.


123rd New York State Legislature
The 123rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to April 6, 1900, during the second year of Theodore Roosevelt's governorship, in Albany.


123rd New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


123rd New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.


123rd New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1899, was held on November 7. No statewide elective offices were up for election.


123rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1900, and adjourned on April 6.


123rd New York State Legislature, Sessions
S. Frederick Nixon (R) was re-elected Speaker, with 92 votes against 57 for J. Franklin Barnes (D).


123rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts
Note: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.


123rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


123rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


123rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


123rd Ohio General Assembly
The One Hundred Twenty-third Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1999 and 2000. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 21 Republicans and 12 Democrats. In the House, there were 59 Republicans and 40 Democrats.


123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 123rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 123rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Monroeville in Huron County, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on September 24, 1862, under the command of Colonel William Tecumseh Wilson.


123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Railroad Division, West Virginia, to January 1863. Defenses of the Upper Potomac, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to March 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of the Susquehanna, to July 1863. McReynolds' Command, Martinsburg, West Virginia, to December 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, West Virginia, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, Independent Division, XXIV Corps, Army of the James, to June 1865


123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service on June 12, 1865.


123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Ohio for Parkersburg, Va., October 16, 1862; then moved to Clarksburg October 20. March from Clarksburg to Buckhannon, Va., October 27–30, 1862, and to Beverly November 3. Moved to Huttonville November 8; to Webster November 16, and to New Creek November 18. Duty at New Creek until December 12. Moved to Petersburg December 12. March to relief of Moorefield January 3, 1863. Duty at Romney January 10 to March 4, and at Winchester, Va., until June. Reconnaissance toward Wardensville and Strasburg April 20. Operations in Shenandoah Valley April 22–29. Scout to Strasburg April 25–30. Battle of Winchester June 13–15.


123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Regiment surrendered by Colonel Ely, Commanding Brigade, June 15, 1863. Exchanged August 1863. Provost duty at Martinsburg, W. Va., October 1863 to March 1864. Duty along Baltimore & Ohio Railroad from Harper's Ferry to Monocacy Junction until April. Sigel's Expedition from Martinsburg to New Market April 30-May 16. Battle of New Market May 16. Advance to Staunton May 24-June 5. Action at Piedmont June 5. Occupation of Staunton June 6. Hunter's Raid on Lynchburg June 10-July 1. Lynchburg June 17–18. Moved to Shenandoah Valley July 12–15. Snicker's Ferry July 15. Battle of Winchester, Kernstown, July 24.


123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Berryville September 3. Battle of Opequon, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Cedar Creek October 13. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown until December. Moved to Washington, D.C., December 19; then to Aikens' Landing, Va. Siege operations against Richmond and Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Hatcher's Run March 29–31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3–9. Rice's Station April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty in the Dept. of Virginia until June.


123rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 187 men during service; 1 officer and 90 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 92 enlisted men died of disease.


123rd Operations Group
The 359th Fighter Group was a United States Army Air Force fighter unit that was active during World War II. Following organization and training in the United States, the group deployed to the European Theater of Operations, operating from RAF East Wretham. The fighter group flew 346 combat missions over continental Europe and claimed 373 enemy aircraft in aerial combat and strafing attacks; probable destruction of 23; and damage to 185. It was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions. The group flew its last mission on 20 April 1945, then returned to the United States for inactivation.


123rd Operations Group
The group was redesignated the 123d Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard in 1946. It was again activated in the fall of 1947 in the Kentucky Air National Guard. In the fall of 1950, the group was called to active duty and moved to Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky, where it became part of the 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing under the wing-base organization system.


123rd Operations Group
It returned to England in December 1951 and, as the 123d Fighter-Bomber Group, served until July 1952, when it transferred its mission, personnel and equipment to an active duty group, then moved without personnel or equipment back to the Kentucky Air National Guard, activating the same day. It served as a fighter unit in the 1950s, then became a tactical reconnaissance group, being called to active duty twice.


123rd Operations Group
It was inactivated in 1974, when the Air National Guard eliminated flying groups located on the same station as their parent wings, and its flying squadron was assigned directly to the 123d Wing. With the implementation of the Objective Wing organization in 1990s, the group was activated under its current name, the 123d Operations Group.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Organization and training
The group was activated in January 1943 at Westover Field, Massachusetts, with the 368th, 369th and 370th Fighter Squadrons assigned, although it apparently did not begin to receive personnel until March. After training with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts at Grenier Field, New Hampshire and Republic Field, New York, returning to Westover in August 1943. The group's personnel proceeded to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 2 October, where most of the group embarked on the USAT Argentina on 8 October, although the 369th Squadron sailed on the USS Thurston and SS Sloterdyjk, arriving at Liverpool and Clyde on 19 October.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
The 359th entered combat in mid-December 1943 after five 359th pilots flew combat missions with the 78th Fighter Group. At first, the group engaged primarily in escort missions to cover Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers that attacked airfields in France. It also flew patrol, strafing, dive bombing and weather reconnaissance missions.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
In April 1944, the group began converting to the North American P-51 Mustang, whose extended range permitted it  to provide escort for bombers that struck rail centers in Germany and oil targets in Poland. With the Mustang, the group supported Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, by patrolling the English Channel, escorting bomber formations to the French coast, and dive bombing and strafing bridges, locomotives, and rail lines near the battle area.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
From July 1944 until February 1945, the group engaged chiefly in escorting bombers to oil refineries, marshalling yards, and other targets in such cities as Berlin, Brux, Frankfurt am  Main, Ludwigshafen, Merseburg and Stuttgart. The group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for operations over Germany on 11 September 1944 when the group protected a formation of heavy bombers against large numbers of enemy fighters.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
In addition to its escort duties, the 359th supported campaigns in France during July and August 1944, bombed enemy positions to support Operation Market-Garden, the airborne attempt to size a bridgehead across the Rhine near Nijmegen in September, and participated in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945. The group flew missions to support Operation Varsity, the airborne attack to seize a bridgehead across the Rhine at Wesel in March 1945. It also escorted medium bombers attacking German lines of communication from February 1945 through April.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Combat in Europe
Following V-E Day, the 359th Fighter Group remained in England until November 1945, although most of its personnel were transferred to other unit, and its aircraft shipped to depots. It sailed on the RMS Queen Mary on 4 November. It arrived at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, where it was inactivated on 10 November 1945.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Notable pilots
Ray Wetmore was credited with 21.25 victories in aerial combat and ended the war as a 21-year-old major. His last victory was on March 15, 1945 near Wittenberg, destroying a Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet rocket fighter.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Notable pilots
Avelin P. Tacon Jr. was commander of the 359th Fighter Group and went on to become a major general in the US Air force.


123rd Operations Group, History, World War II, Notable pilots
Howard L. Fogg, an American artist specializing in railroad art,  flew 76 combat missions with the 359th Fighter Group and was awarded the Air Medal with three clusters and the Distinguished Flying Cross with one cluster.


123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard
The group was redesignated 123d Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Standiford Field, Louisville, Kentucky, and was extended federal recognition on 28 September 1947. Upon mobilization, he unit would be gained by Tenth Air Force of Continental Air Command. Upon activation, the group was assigned two of its former squadrons. The 165th Fighter Squadron (the former 368th Fighter Squadron) was located with group headquarters at Standiford Field and the 167th Fighter Squadron (the former 369th Fighter Squadron) was at Kanawha County Airport, West Virginia.


123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard
The following year, the 156th Fighter Squadron at Morris Field, North Carolina was assigned as the group's third operational squadron. The group was again equipped with Mustangs. Administrative and logistics support for the group was supplied by the 223d Air Service Group, which had detachments at each operational squadron's location. In 1949, the unit earned its first Spaatz Trophy, an award given each year to the premier Air National Guard flying unit.


123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
After the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, the group was mobilized into federal active duty on 10 October 1950. The group and 165th Squadron moved to Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky at Fort Knox, where they were joined by the 156th and 167th Fighter Squadrons. A few days later, the group was assigned to the newly organized 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing, which combined the group's operational elements and the 223d Air Service Group's support elements under the wing base organization of the regular Air Force.


123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
In December 1951, the group deployed with the wing to RAF Manston, England to replace a Strategic Air Command unit on temporary duty there. At Manston, the group transitioned into the Republic F-84E Thunderjet. On 20 July 1952, the group's federalization period expired and it was inactivated, transferring its personnel and equipment to the 406th Fighter-Bomber Group.


123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Return to state control
The group was activated the same day in the Guard and returned to its familiar Mustangs. It again replaced them, this time with North American F-86 Sabres. In 1957, it transitioned into the reconnaissance role, initially with Martin RB-57A Canberras, but in 1965, with McDonnell RF-101 Voodoos.


123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Return to state control
In connection with the Pueblo Crisis, the group was again called to active duty in 1968. It was released to state control the following year. The group continued to operate Voodoos until 1974, when it was inactivated as the Air National Guard eliminated group headquarters that were located on the same stations as their parent wings, assigning their operational squadrons directly to the wings.


123rd Operations Group, History, Air National Guard, Return to state control
The group was activated again as the 123d Operations Group when the Guard reorganized under the Objective Wing model in 1993. It now operates Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft.


123rd Operations Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


123rd Outram's Rifles
The 123rd Outram's Rifles was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army.


123rd Outram's Rifles, History
It traced its origins to the 12th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry, part of the British East India Company's Bombay Army. It fought in the Battle of Khadki on 5 November 1817 in the Third Anglo-Maratha War and became the regiment's 1st Battalion in 1820. It was made a separate regiment in 1824, titled the 23rd Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.


123rd Outram's Rifles, History
The regiment took part in the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1839 and was renamed as the 23rd Regiment of Bombay Native Light Infantry in 1841 . Just before the Indian Mutiny began in 1857, the 23rd took part in the Anglo-Persian War between 1856-1857. During the Indian Mutiny, the regiment remained loyal, like nearly all of the Bombay Army.


123rd Outram's Rifles, History
The regiment took part in the Second Anglo-Afghan War from 1879 and the Third Anglo-Burmese War from 1885 to the end of the war in 1887. It dropped "native" from its title in 1885 and was designated a rifle regiment in 1889, to become the 23rd Regiment (2nd Rifle Regiment) of Bombay Infantry.


123rd Outram's Rifles, History
The 1900s also brought change to its title. The regiment became the 23rd Bombay Rifles in 1901, but only two years later it became the 123rd Outram's Rifles in 1903 as part of the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army. The renaming was in honour of Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram who had served with the regiment as its first adjutant. In the early 1900s the regiment saw service against Diiriye Guure and his followers in British Somaliland, where it was transferred in late 1902, while a company was sent to Aden in 1903.


123rd Outram's Rifles, History, First World War
The regiment raised further battalions during the course of the First World War, seeing extensive service in the Middle East, with some soldiers attached to other units. Many of the regiment's soldiers also saw service on the Western Front while attached to other units.


123rd Outram's Rifles, History, First World War
After the Palestine campaign began in 1917, the regiment joined the 234th Brigade, 75th Division. Outram's Rifles were involved in, among others, the Third Battle of Gaza, begun on 31 October 1917, and the Megiddo Offensive in September 1918. War came to an end in the Middle East with the signing of an Armistice with the Ottomans on 30 October 1918.


123rd Outram's Rifles, History, Post-War
After the war ended, the regiment was involved in efforts to quell an Arab rebellion that broke out in 1920 in the British Mandate of Iraq against the British administration. As part of the reforms of the Indian forces, Outram's Rifles were amalgamated in 1922 with five other regiments, including the 125th Napier's Rifles, to form the 6th Rajputana Rifles. The 123rd became the 4th Battalion (Outram's).


123rd Outram's Rifles, History, Post-War
The 4th Battalion/6th Rajputana Rifles had the distinction of earning two Victoria Crosses during WWII.


123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 123rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 123rd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 1862 for nine month's service under the command of Colonel John B. Clark.


123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863.


123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Moved to Harrisburg, Pa., then to Washington, D.C., August 20-23, 1862. Maryland Campaign September 6-24, 1862. Duty at Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20-24, 1863. Duty at Falmouth until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5.


123rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 72 men during service; 3 officers and 27 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 41 enlisted men died of disease.


123rd Regiment of Foot (1762)
The 123rd Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1762 and disbanded in 1764. Its colonel was John Pomeroy.


123rd Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire)
The 123rd Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796; it took its title from the 100th Foot, disbanded in 1785.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
123rd Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed in 1916 during World War I. It served on the Western Front, including the Battles of Arras, Passchendaele, Cambrai and the crushing victories of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in 1918. Post war, the battery was disbanded in 1919.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
123rd Siege Battery was formed at Portland under Army Council Instruction 701 of 31 March 1916, based upon a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks drawn from the Dorsetshire Royal Garrison Artillery of the Territorial Force. It went out to the Western Front on 18 July 1916, manning four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers, and joined 47th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) in Third Army on 23 July.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service
Third Army was not engaged in any major operations during the second half of 1916, so this was a relatively quiet sector of the front. It was the policy to switch siege batteries from one HAG to another as the situation demanded, and the battery came under the command of 8th HAG on 12 September, to 46th HAG on 17 September, back to 8th on 1 October, back to 46th on 17 October, to 8th again on 20 October, then to 35th HAG on 1 December. The pattern continued in 1917: a return to 47th HAG on 11 January, then to 81st HAG on 18 February and 10th HAG on 24 March.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras
10th Heavy Artillery Group had just joined Third Army as it prepared for the Battle of Arras and was assigned to VI Corps. The artillery part of this attack was a carefully planned barrage in great depth. After the preliminary bombardment, the howitzers laid a standing barrage on the German trenches at Zero hour. Then as the attacking infantry reached the first objective behind a creeping barrage fired by the field guns, the howitzers lifted to the Phase 2 objectives, the German fourth line trenches, known as the 'Blue Line'.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras
Once the infantry reached this line, the field guns began moving forward into No man's land and the 6-inch howitzers moved up to take over the vacated field gun positions, to help shoot the infantry on to the Brown Line or final objective. The attack went in at 05.30 on 9 April 1917, and VI Corps had a successful day, seizing 'Observation Ridge', which denied it to German Observation Posts (OPs) and gave British OPs excellent views to bring down heavy gunfire onto German artillery packed into 'Battery Valley' beyond.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Arras
Fighting continued in the Arras sector for VI Corps until the middle of May. 123rd Siege Bty came under 65th HAG from 12 April, and then went to 72nd HAG on 16 May.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
On 2 July 1917 123rd Siege Bty moved to 57th HAG and then on to 10th HAG on 9 July; both these heavy groups were assigned to Fifth Army, whose heavy guns were engaged in a long artillery duel with the Germans throughout July in preparation for the Third Ypres Offensive. Slowly the British got the upper hand, and a large proportion of German guns were out of action when the infantry attacked on 31 July (the Battle of Pilckem).


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
While the field guns and light howitzers fired their creeping and standing barrages, the 6-inch howitzers fired 'back barrages' behind the German second line to break up counter-attacks and destroy machine guns firing at long range. The attack was a partial success, but Fifth Army's guns were also suffering badly from German counter-battery (CB) fire, and the offensive bogged down. A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
123rd Siege Bty was with II Corps on 26 August when it was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 414th Siege Bty, in preparation for bringing the battery up to a strength of six 6-inch howitzers; however it does not appear that the additional guns arrived until 19 February 1918. The offensive continued through the summer and autumn of 1917: gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient – II Corps had 36 RGA batteries in the Dickebusch area – where they were under observation and CB fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high, and II Corps failed to make much progress.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
Second Army HQ took over the faltering offensive in September, and 10th HAG came under its control. The Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. 123rd Siege Bty was transferred to 7th HAG within Second Army on 5 October, and then to 71st HAG with Fifth Army on 29 October


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
On 13 November the battery transferred to 88th HAG with XVII Corps. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and in December the 88th was converted into a permanent RGA brigade. 123rd Siege Bty stayed with 88th Bde until the Armistice a year later.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Cambrai
In  November 88th HAG was assigned to Third Army, which was preparing for its surprise attack with tanks at the Battle of Cambrai. There was to be no preliminary bombardment or registration, and the guns were to open fire at Zero hour firing 'off the map' at carefully surveyed targets. When the battle began with a crash of artillery at 06.20 on 20 November the German defenders were stunned, and the massed tanks completed their overcome. In most areas the attack was an outstanding success. Exploitation over succeeding days was less spectacular, though some bombardments were set up to help the infantry take certain villages.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive
When the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 88th Bde RGA was with XVII Corps. Although the attacks primarily hit Fifth Army, part of Third Army's front was also attacked, VI Corps coming under especially heavy pressure. At 16.30 that afternoon, 88th Bde RGA was ordered to move from XVII Corps to assist VI Corps. Over the next two weeks, VI Corps and Third Army fought a series of rearguard actions through the 'Great Retreat', at Bapaume, Arras and the Ancre.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
88th Brigade was still with VI Corps when Third Army joined in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive at the Battle of Albert on 23 August. It was assigned to support 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade of 52nd (Lowland) Division, which passed through after the attack started in order to form a firm flank. Although the planning of the operation was rushed, the artillery barrage was very good and the infantry were on their objective by 06.00, less than an hour after Zero.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
Two days later, XVII Corps took over that part of the front, including 52nd (L) Division and 88th Bde RGA, ready for the Battle of the Scarpe on 28 August. This time the brigade supported 172nd (2/1st South Lancashire) Brigade of 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division, shelling the objective while the infantry advanced behind a field artillery barrage. The objective was taken after considerable opposition. XVII Corps' next attack was the Battle of Drocourt-Quéant Line on 2 September.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
The RGA brigades fired CB tasks until 06.00, when they switched to cocentrate on the triangle of ground between the Hindenburg Line and the Drocourt-Quéant Switch Line. 172nd Brigade captured both branches of the D-Q line, then 156th Bde passed through and took 1,300 yards (1,200 m) of the Main Hindenburg position; by the evening they were on to the Hindenburg Support Line.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
88th Brigade and its batteries moved to V Corps on 15 September in time for the Battle of Épehy, but was back with VI Corps on 23 September to prepare for the Battle of the Canal du Nord on 28 September. VI Corps next took part in the Second Battle of Cambrai on 8 October. The assault was carried out by 2nd and 3rd Divisions; as well as CB fire, the heavy guns contributed a 30-minute incendiary bombardment on the village of Séranvillers.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
Third Army needed to gain a substantial bridgehead over the River Selle to prepare for the next major push, so it attacked on 20 October (the Battle of the Selle). The operation began with a surprise attack, without any preliminary bombardment, with Zero hour at 02.00 under a full moon. 123rd Siege Bty was with 88th Bde, one of six heavy brigades supporting VI Corps' assault crossing, attack on the village of Solesmes and then advance to the ridge behind. The heavy guns had to avoid firing on Solesmes itself, which was full of French civilians. The attacking divisions were on their objectives by the end of the morning.


123rd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
On 1 November, 88th Bde was standing by to transfer to XVII Corps for the forthcoming operations, but the enemy were now retiring so rapidly that it was difficult to get heavy guns forward into range. The brigade's batteries hardly fired another shot before the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.


123rd Special Tactics Squadron
The 123rd Special Tactics Squadron is a special operations unit of the Kentucky Air National Guard 123d Airlift Wing stationed at Louisville International Airport (Louisville Air National Guard Base), Kentucky. The 123rd STS is one of only two Special Tactics Units in the Air National Guard.


123rd Special Tactics Squadron, Mission
The squadron provides tactical air and ground integration force and the Air Force’s special operations ground force leading global access, precision strike, personnel recovery operations and battlefield surgery.


123rd Special Tactics Squadron, Mission
Members of the 123rd Special Tactics Squadron benefit from the extensive knowledge of their information technology support staff and these assets are considered "force multipliers" by both pararescuemen and combat control team members. They are trained in numerous infiltration methods that include: static-line and military free-fall parachuting, scuba, small boats, all-terrain vehicles, mountain ski and hiking, rappelling and fast rope.


123rd Special Tactics Squadron, History
The Air Force Cross was awarded to 123rd STS Pararescueman then-Tech. Sgt . Keary Miller during the battle of Battle of Takur Ghar a.k.a. the Battle of Roberts Ridge on March 4, 2002. Kerry was part of a small US Air Force team embedded with US Army special forces during the operation in Afghanistan. During the 17-hour long battle Tech. Sgt . Miller repeatedly risked his life to administer critical first aid to several injured US servicemen during the battle.


123rd Special Tactics Squadron, History
The squadron provided personnel during the aftermath of the devastating Hurricane Maria that hit the Caribbean in 2017. September 2018, The 123rd special operators were sent to the Carolinas after Tropical Storm Florence to provide search-and-rescue assistance.


123rd Special Tactics Squadron, History
In August 2019, Tech. Sgt . Daniel Keller, a combat controller in the 123rd Special Tactics Squadron, was awarded the Air Force Cross. Keller earned the award — second only to the Medal of Honor — for valor on the battlefield in Afghanistan whilst participating in Operation Freedom’s Sentinel.


123rd Street station
123rd Street station is one of four Metra railroad stations in Blue Island, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line, and five within Blue Island generally. It is 15.2 miles (24.5 km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line, and is named after and located on 123rd Street. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 123rd Street is in zone D. As of 2018, 123rd Street is the 211th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 53 weekday boardings.


123rd Street station
Parking is available on the northeast side of the tracks north along 123rd Street. The station is little more than an enclosed sheltered platform, and is a flag stop. No bus connections are available.


123rd meridian east
The meridian 123° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Australia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


123rd meridian east
The 123rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 57th meridian west.


123rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 123rd meridian east passes through:


123rd meridian west
The meridian 123° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


123rd meridian west
The 123rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 57th meridian east.


123rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 123rd meridian west passes through:


124 (number)
124 (one hundred [and] twenty-four) is the natural number following 123 and preceding 125.


124 (number), In mathematics
124 is the sum of eight consecutive primes (5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29). It is a nontotient since there is no integer with 124 coprimes below it. It is an untouchable number since there is no integer whose proper divisors add up to 124.


124 Alkeste
Alkeste (minor planet designation: 124 Alkeste) is a large main-belt asteroid, and it is an S-type (silicaceous) in composition. C.H.F. Peters discovered the asteroid on August 23, 1872, from the observatory at Hamilton College, New York State. The name was chosen by Adelinde Weiss, wife of the astronomer Edmund Weiss, and refers to Alcestis, a woman in Greek mythology.


124 Alkeste
A 20 chord stellar occultation by Alkeste was observed when the asteroid passed in front of the third magnitude star Beta Virginis on June 24, 2003. The event was visible from Australia and New Zealand.


124 Alkeste
The asteroid has been observed in 3 more stellar occultation events.


124 Alkeste
Photometric observations of this asteroid in 2016 produced lightcurves indicating a rotation period of 9.9 hours with an amplitude variation of 0.18 in magnitude. This result matched previous determinations of the spin rate. The lightcurve was found to vary over the observation period as the viewing angle changed, suggesting the shadowing of topographic features.


124 BC
Year 124 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Longinus and Calvinus (or, less frequently, year 630 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Yuanshuo. The denomination 124 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


124 East Bay Street
124 East Bay Street is a historic building in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Located in Savannah's Historic District, parts of the building date to 1817. The Savannah Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and this building is a contributing property.


124 East Bay Street, History
"Taking up an entire city block and wrapped around a gorgeous central atrium, the five-story structure first operated as a storing, grading, and exporting facility for cotton. The floors of the lower two levels were built in 1817 out of recycled ballast stone with wide, arched doorways to accommodate moving large bales of cotton, while the top three floors, added in 1853, have floor-to-ceiling windows to allow maximum light into what was once used as offices, for the factors."


124 East Bay Street, History, River Street Inn
The top four floors have been occupied since 1986 by River Street Inn, named for the street it backs onto, and which serves the lower three floors, the former warehouses. The inn is a member of the Historic Hotels of America program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The first floor (accessible from River Street) is given over to a restaurant.


124 Horseferry Road
124 Horseferry Road is the headquarters for the British television broadcaster, Channel 4. It is located in the City of Westminster, London and includes 100 residential apartments. The building was opened on 6 July 1994 and was designed by the Richard Rogers and Partners.


124 Horseferry Road, Design and construction
After a selection process during the autumn of 1990, Channel 4 invited three architectural firms to take part in a competition to design their 15,000 m2 (160,000 sq ft) headquarters building on the south-eastern corner of Chadwick Street and Horseferry Road in a mixed development area of Westminster. The site consisted of an abandoned 10 m (33 ft) deep basement of a proposed 1970's post office building. The architectural brief also incorporated a requirement for a residential development of two blocks of flats including 100 apartments, an underground car park and a small public landscaped park. The three firms chosen were Bennetts Associates, Richard Rogers and Partners and James Stirling.


124 Horseferry Road, Design and construction
The Richard Rogers Partnership was chosen from the shortlist. This was the first major building that they had designed since the Lloyd's building (1978-1986). Construction of the building began in 1990 and was completed in 1994. It was built on a design and build basis. The building consists of two four-storey office blocks that are connected to a central entrance block in an L shape. The entrance has a concave glazed wall. The building is finished in grey steel cladding, which is perforated by red-ochre steel struts. John Young, the project architect, said that the colour was "taken from a paint sample provided by the City of San Francisco: it is the same colour as the Golden Gate Bridge".


124 Houston Street
124 Houston Street is a historic building in Savannah, Georgia, United States. Built by Isaiah Davenport, it is located in the northwestern trust lot of Greene Square and was built in 1897. It is part of the Savannah Historic District.


124 Houston Street
The property formerly extended to the north, right up to East State Street, but it has since been shortened by about one quarter. Its dormer windows have also been removed.


124 Ridge Street Gallery
The 124 Ridge Street Gallery was a collective gallery founded in New York's Lower East Side in 1985. Founding members were Susan Bachemin, Elizabeth Evers, Jane Fine, Matthew Harrison, Michael Kaniecki, Robert McGrath, Heidi Marben, Laurie Olinder, and Joe Vinson. Subsequent members included Amy Berniker, Ruth Pomerantz, Paul Rodriguez, Roger W. Sayre, Ann Shea, Paul Villinski and Carla Weisberg.


124 Ridge Street Gallery
The gallery exhibited art and film from local artists and filmmakers during the 1980s East Village art gallery scene, including Matty Jankowski’s 1987 mail art show "The Joke is in the Mail." The film screening series Film Crash was founded at the gallery.


124 Squadron (Israel)
124 Squadron is a squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as Rolling Sword Squadron.


124 Squadron (Israel)
124 Squadron is a helicopter squadron of S-70A and UH-60 Black Hawks based at Palmachim Airbase. The squadron was briefly assigned two ex-United States Coast Guard Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin until they were reassigned to the then new 193 Squadron (Israel) in June 1987.


124 Street, Edmonton
124 Street is an arterial road in north-central Edmonton, Alberta. It is known for being one Edmonton's main shopping districts and historical commercial corridor for the original west end of Edmonton; home to independent restaurants, art galleries, and boutiques, as well as 19th-century heritage houses. Prior to Edmonton adopting its present street numbering system in 1914, it was known as 24th Street with the unofficial name of Edward Street.


124 Street, Edmonton, Business association
The 124 Street Business Association is a business revitalization zone which includes the 124 Street corridor from 121 Street on Jasper Avenue to 111 Avenue. Considered one of the most sought after in districts Edmonton, the area is home to art galleries, speciality and antique stores, fashion boutiques, coffee houses, and independent restaurants. The wide ranging group of art galleries in the area collaborate to offer a Gallery Walk twice a year, and seasonal exhibits that focus on work by local artists.


124 Street, Edmonton, Route description
124 Street begins at Jasper Avenue and travels north, forming the boundary between the neighbourhoods of Oliver and Westmount. It functions as the connection between Jasper Avenue and 102 Avenue, the east-west corridor between downtown and west Edmonton; formerly part of Highway 16 (pre-1950s) and Highway 16A (1950s-1980s). 124 Street continues north through mixed commercial and residential and at 109 Avenue it transitions to medium density residential, entering the neighbourhood of Inglewood north of 111 Avenue.


124 Street, Edmonton, Route description
At 118 Avenue, 124 Street downgrades to a residential street through the neighbourhood of Prince Charles with various traffic calming measures in place including barrier at 125 Avenue preventing through traffic; north-south commuter traffic is directed west to 127 Street. 124 Street presently has a signalized intersection with Yellowhead Trail, providing access to adjacent industrial areas; however it is slated for closure when the 127 Street interchange is constructed as part of the Yellowhead Trail freeway conversion.


124 Street, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods
List of neighbourhoods 124 Street runs through, in order from south to north.


1240
Year 1240 (MCCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1240 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1240 kHz: 1240 AM is a regional (Class B) frequency outside the coterminous 48 United States (Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, & U.S. Virgin Islands), and a local frequency (Class C) within the coterminous 48 United States.


1240 Centenaria
1240 Centenaria, provisional designation 1932 CD, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers (37 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 February 1932, by astronomer Richard Schorr at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The assumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 11.3 hours. It was named for the 100th anniversary of the discovering observatory.


1240 Centenaria, Orbit and classification
Centenaria is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,773 days; semi-major axis of 2.87 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A915 RF at the United States Naval Observatory in September 1915. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in December 1930, or 14 months prior to its official discovery observation at Bergedorf.


1240 Centenaria, Naming
This minor planet was named Centenaria to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovering Bergedorf Observatory on 31 October 1933. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114).


1240 Centenaria, Physical characteristics
Centenaria is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid. The asteroid's determined geometric albedo agrees with a characterization into the C-complex (see below).


1240 Centenaria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In July 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Centenaria was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Kingsgrove Observatory (E19) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.2907±0.0007 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3). The result supersedes previous period determinations of 11.2 hours with and amplitude of 0.12 by Laurent Bernasconi in March 2005 (U=2-), and a period of 14 hours by Mario Di Martino at Pino Torinese in September 1983 (U=1).


1240 Centenaria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Centenaria measures between 50 and 71 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.072. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0469 and a diameter of 58.61 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1. An asteroid occultation from July 2007 measured as cross-section of 58.0 km × 58.0 km.


1240s
The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.


1240s BC
The 1240s BC is a decade which lasted from 1249 BC to 1240 BC.


1240s in art
The decade of the 1240s in art involved some significant events.


1241
Year 1241 (MCCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1241 Dysona
1241 Dysona, provisional designation 1932 EB1, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 77 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 March 1932, by English astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after English astronomer Frank Watson Dyson.


1241 Dysona, Orbit and classification
Dysona is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,081 days; semi-major axis of 3.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic.


1241 Dysona, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as A908 DC at Taunton Observatory (803) in February 1908. The body's  observation arc begins with its observations as A920 EB at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1920, or 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Dysona's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a primitive P-type and somewhat similar to a D- and C-type asteroid (PDC).


1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Dysona was obtained by Julian Oey at Leura Observatory (E17) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.6080 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=3-), superseding photometric observations by Jean-Gabriel Bosch and Laurent Brunetto in October 2010, who measured a period of 8.355 hours and an amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=2).


1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve using data from UAPC, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and individual observers, gave a concurring period of 8.60738 hours as well an astronomical pole of (125.0°, −68.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Dysona measures between 70.757 and 83.05 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0585.


1241 Dysona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0425 and a diameter of 83.05 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.45.


1241 Dysona, Naming
This minor planet was named after English astronomer Frank Watson Dyson (1868–1939), Astronomer Royal of England, director of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, awarded the Bruce Medal in 1922, and president of the International Astronomical Union from 1928 to 1932. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 114). The lunar crater Dyson was also named in his honor.


1241 in Italy
The first Battle of Meloria took place on 3 May 1241 near Meloria islet, off Livorno, Italy. It was fought between the fleet of the emperor Frederick II, called Stupor Mundi, in alliance with Pisa, against a Genoese squadron bringing a number of English, French and Spanish prelates to attend the council summoned to meet at the Lateran by Pope Gregory IX. Three Genoese galleys were sunk and twenty-two taken. Several of the prelates perished, and many were carried prisoners to the camp of the emperor.


1241 papal election
The 1241 papal election (21 September to 25 October) saw the election of Cardinal Goffredo da Castiglione as Pope Celestine IV. The election took place during the first of many protracted sede vacantes of the Middle Ages, and like many of them was characterized by disputes between popes and the Holy Roman Emperor. Specifically, the election took place during the war between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and the Lombard League and deceased pontiff, Pope Gregory IX, with Italy divided between pro-Papal and pro-Imperial factions known as the Guelphs and Ghibellines.


1241 papal election
During the sede vacante, Frederick II surrounded Rome with his armies, blocking the arrival of some cardinal electors known to be hostile to his interests. Unable to reach a consensus, the cardinals were locked in a monastery called the Septasolium (corrupted in both medieval and modern narratives into Septizodium) by the Roman civic officials, eventually settling on one of their oldest and most feeble members. The conditions within the building were believed to have contributed to the death of one of the papabile and even to the death of Celestine IV soon after the election. Following Celestine IV's death, the war on the peninsula resumed and the cardinals dispersed for over a year and a half before coming together in Anagni to elect Pope Innocent IV.


1241 papal election
The forced sequestration of the cardinals during the election was historically significant, and—along with other papal elections of the 13th century—contributed to the development of the papal conclave.


1241 papal election, Context
The papacy of Pope Gregory IX (1227–1241) and the kingship of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor took place at a time when centuries-old disputes between the popes and emperors were coming to a head. Frederick II had dedicated troops, but not his own leadership, to the failed Fifth Crusade, to the dismay of the church; following his marriage to Yolande of Jerusalem, he took up the Sixth Crusade but later abandoned it and returned to Italy, for a variety of political, economic, and military reasons.


1241 papal election, Context
This served as a pretext for his excommunication by Gregory IX, and thinly veiled skirmishes between supporters of the pope and emperor (Guelphs and Ghibellines, respectively) throughout the Italian peninsula, particularly in Lombardy. Before his death, Gregory IX had called for a synod to denounce Frederick II, and the emperor had gone to great lengths to disrupt the gathering, including the imprisonment of captured prelates and cardinals.


1241 papal election, Context
The conclave took place under the threat of the surrounding army of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor—before he pulled back to Apulia: Frederick II's retreat was meant to show that the Emperor "had made war with Gregory IX, and not with the Church"—who had been at odds with Gregory IX and then Celestine IV. Two cardinals had been sent to England (Oddo de Monferrato) and France (Giacomo da Pecorara, OCist. ), in order to rally bishops and other prelates to attend Pope Gregory's Council.


1241 papal election, Context
Since Frederick and his army held the Lombard plain and Tuscany, travelers would have to take the sea route. A navy was assembled by the two cardinals at Nice and Genoa, and despite warnings from the Genoese, they insisted on setting sail. They were met by Frederick's fleet off the tiny island of Giglio on 3 May 1241. They were sent to imprisonment in the Kingdom of Naples. The election took place in the Saepta Solis ('enclosure of the Sun') near the Clivus Scauri, an ancient complex that had been turned into a monastery.


1241 papal election, Context
The cardinals were confined by Senator Matteo Rosso Orsini, the father of Giovanni Caetano Orsini (Pope Nicholas III), who had been appointed to his office by Pope Gregory IX. The conditions of the election were reported—by a contemporary author hostile to the Orsini—to have been stressful, with the urine of Orsini's guards on the rooftop leaking into the election chamber along with the rain. The actual forced confinement to the Saepta Solis took place only for the last two weeks of the conclave.


1241 papal election, Context
It is even alleged that the citizens of Rome, angered by rumors that a non-Cardinal would be elected, threatened to dig up the corpse of Pope Gregory IX and place it in the Saepta Solis with the cardinals. A different account states that Orsini himself threatened to have the corpse exhumed and displayed publicly in full papal regalia.


1241 papal election, Cardinal electors
According to different accounts, the College of Cardinals on the death of Gregory IX numbered between 12 and 14 cardinals. The number of cardinal electors who actually voted in the final scrutiny was only 10. At the time of Gregory IX's death, most of the cardinal electors who took part in the election were already present in Rome, and the two cardinals held prisoner by Frederick II were already captive in Naples.


1241 papal election, Cardinal electors
The two cardinals had been apprehended at sea aboard captured Genoese galleys, while traveling to a general council that Gregory IX had called for Easter 1241 to denounce Frederick II. Cardinal Colonna, however, was on one of his country estates near Palestrina when the Pope died. He had had a nasty fight with Gregory IX, and withdrew from the Curia. On his estate he had been holding . When Gregory died, the Emperor, who was with his army at Grottaferrata, gave permission (licentia) for all cardinals outside Rome to return.


1241 papal election, Proceedings
The main faction of cardinals was composed of the Gregorians (Rinaldo Conti de Segni, Sinibaldo Fieschi, and Riccardo Annibaldi, who supported the election of Romano Bonaventura), who wished to continue Gregory IX's hostility towards the Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II naturally objected to the election of Cardinal Romano Bonaventura due to his "persecution" of the University of Paris while legate to France, his alleged debauching of Queen Blanche of Castile, and his role in the dispute between Gregory IX and the emperor. The majority, however, including the "Moderates of the Opposition", including Giovanni Colonna, Robert Somercotes, and Rainiero Capocci, supported Cardinal Goffredo Castiglione, who advised a policy of dealing with Frederick.


1241 papal election, Proceedings
When neither side was able to reach a two-thirds majority, required by the Constitution of Alexander III, the cardinals wrote to Frederick II and requested him to release the two cardinals whom he held captive. After the conclave had begun, the Emperor Frederick had had the two cardinals brought from Naples to Tivoli. However, when summoned to the Emperor's presence, rather than agree to the Emperor's conditions, Cardinal Giacomo da Pecorara proceeded to excommunicate the Emperor yet once again. It was clear that the Cardinal would never cooperate, and he therefore remained in detention for two more years.


1241 papal election, Proceedings
Cardinal Oddone di Monferrato, however, was allowed to join the election, though he was required to leave hostages in his place and to promise to return to the Emperor's custody, unless he himself was elected pope or the deadlock continued. Frederick did not expect, of course, that the cardinals would elect Cardinal Oddo as pope; Frederick's own friends in the Conclave could and would prevent that. Nor did he want Cardinal Oddo to be elected.


1241 papal election, Proceedings
His real opinion of the Cardinal is revealed in  after the Battle of Giglio:  as a Legate in England and France Oddo had conspired a good deal against the honor of the Emperor; he had raised a crowd of prelates to bring them to Rome to participate in Gregory IX's Council; in Genoa he had conspired against those Genoese who were supporters of Frederick; he had raised and armed a fleet to transport the prelates to Rome, and to reduce the Genoese. Cardinal Oddo was to be an instrument to break the deadlock in the meeting. Frederick II himself urged the cardinals to make a quick choice.


1241 papal election, Proceedings
The Emperor then, in September, returned to his kingdom by way of Campania, leaving the two cardinals at Tivoli under the custody of Tybboldus de Dragone.


1241 papal election, Proceedings
The heat and shortage of food may have contributed to the death of Cardinal Somercotes, although the other members of the pro-Imperial faction alleged that he had been poisoned. Cardinal Fieschi's health also deteriorated severely, apparently causing the future pope to inch closer to death. The remainder of the cardinals were not allowed to leave the Septisolium for the funeral, nor were physicians or servants allowed to enter the building (where a sizable amount of excrement had begun to build up). Bonaventura would also die some sixteen months after the election, which the vivid narrations gratuitously attribute to the effects of the Election.


1241 papal election, Proceedings
Cardinal Castiglione's advanced age and deteriorating health are thought to have contributed both to his status as papabile and his ultimate election, making him an ideal compromise candidate, "stop-gap", or "provisional Pope". More polemical sources describe Celestine IV as a "feeble, ignorant, old fanatic" who was "destitute of any other qualification". One commentator suggested that the cardinals "escaped by electing a dying man". Still others refer to him as "Orsini's candidate".


1241 papal election, Aftermath
Celestine IV died on Sunday, 10 November 1241, just 17 days after his election, even before he had been enthroned. It is possible that the cause of death was dysentery, contracted in the Septasolium (Saepta Solis). It is speculated that had Celestine IV lived longer he "would in all likelihood have proven friendly to the emperor".