144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 144th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in as an Ohio National Guard unit of 834 men for 100 days service on May 11, 1864, under the command of Colonel Samuel H. Hunt.


144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
Companies were assigned to duty as follows: Companies G and K in the defenses of Baltimore; Company B at Camp Parole, Annapolis, Maryland; Company E at Wilmington, Delaware; Company I at Fort Dix, Relay House. The remainder of the regiment was stationed at Fort McHenry. The regiment was attached to 1st Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, Middle Department. The regiment was relieved from duty at Baltimore and moved to Relay House. Attached to Kenley's Independent Brigade, VIII Corps.


144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 144th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Chase on August 31, 1864.


144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Ohio for Baltimore, Md., May 11. Battle of Monocacy Junction, Md., July 9. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 13. Advance to Winchester and Snicker's Gap July 14–20. Operations in Shenandoah Valley July 20 to August 13. Repulse of attack by Mosby at Berryville August 13. Guard duty near Berryville until August 20.


144th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 63 men during service; 10 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 53 enlisted men died of disease.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
The 144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (144 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army. Originally raised during World War II as a battalion of the East Lancashire Regiment it was later transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps. It fought in the campaign in North-West Europe, from June 1944 to May 1945.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment
The origin of 144th Regiment RAC was a company of men of the East Lancashire Regiment in a Mixed Holding Battalion formed at Huyton, near Liverpool, Lancashire early in World War II. The company formed the nucleus of the 50th (Holding) Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, and after the Fall of France a draft of veterans from the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was added and the battalion became the 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment
On 26 July 1941, 8th East Lancashires joined 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a static defence brigade in Dorset County Division. The battalion left on 19 November (shortly afterwards, the brigade was converted into 34th Army Tank Brigade).


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 144th Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps
144th Regiment RAC was formed at Rufford Abbey on 22 November 1941 by the conversion of the 8th East Lancashire Regiment to the armoured role. The Commanding Officer (CO), Lieutenant Colonel S.T. James, remained in command. In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their East Lancashire cap badge on the black beret of the RAC. 144th Regiment RAC was assigned to the 33rd Tank Brigade for training in the United Kingdom, and remained with this brigade for virtually its entire service.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 144th Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps
The regiment trained in the infantry tank ('I' tank) role on Churchill tanks, and in the winter of 1942–43 was mobilised for the Allied invasion of Sicily. But the orders were changed, 144 RAC had to hand its Churchills over to a Canadian regiment, and was re-equipped instead with Sherman tanks. The following autumn it reverted to Churchills, then finally, in the winter of 1943–44, it was converted back to Shermans for the Normandy landings. The training was also broadened and 33rd Tank Brigade was redesignated 33rd Armoured Brigade.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, 144th Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps
The plan was still for it to land in the infantry tank role, supporting 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, but if one of the armoured divisions suffered heavy casualties, 33rd would be ready to switch roles and replace its armoured brigade. It was therefore equipped with a proportion of Sherman Firefly tanks armed with the 17-pounder, and the tank gunners practised with this weapon at Holkham Field Firing Range. Lieutenant Colonel A. Jolly, Royal Tank Regiment, (later General Sir Alan Jolly), took command on 10 April 1944.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45
Elements of the 144th landed as early as the 8th June 1944, they used Crusader Tanks with twin Oerlikons acting as infantry support for the 51st Highlanders. 144th Regiment RAC began to land in Normandy on 14 June 1944 and went into 'harbour' near Bayeux. 33rd Armoured Brigade had been delayed in landing, and its absence was sorely felt by the British Second Army during the tough fighting around Villers-Bocage (13–16 June).


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45
As an independent brigade under GHQ, 33rd Armoured could be assigned to support any infantry division that required the assistance of tanks, it was usually split up, the regiments forming Brigade groups with the infantry, with squadrons assigned to support individual battalions. During June and July 1944 the brigade moved between 49th (West Riding) Division, British I Corps and First Canadian Army as required.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, Operation Pomegranate
Apart from reconnaissance on 8 July, in which the regiment captured some prisoners, 144 RAC's first action was during Operation Pomegranate, supporting the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division in an attack on Noyers. This was a deliberate infantry assault preceded by an artillery barrage, with the tanks of 144 RAC in close support, assisted by flail tanks, Churchill AVREs with petard mortars, and Churchill Crocodile flamethrower tanks, all from 79th Armoured Division, which operated 21st Army Group's specialist armour.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, Operation Pomegranate
The advance was badly hampered by minefields (both Allied and German), and 144 RAC had 20 tanks disabled, mostly by 'friendly' mines. This seriously reduced the force that could be used. The Official History records that 'Noyers was attacked again and again' for two days, but the garrison drawn from the 277th Infantry Division held out, except around the station and Point 126, which was taken at bayonet point by 'A' Company, 2/6th Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment (part of 177th Brigade of 59th (Staffordshire) Division) following 'A' Squadron 144 RAC.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, Operation Pomegranate
In three days' fighting, 144 RAC lost 13 officers and other ranks killed, 9 missing, and 61 wounded. In addition to the tanks disabled by mines, it had five tanks 'brewed up', one written off and 11 damaged or ditched, as well as a scout car and a half-track lost. Lt -Col Jolly wrote a detailed report after the battle to highlight the tactical lessons learned. He commented that 144 RAC's earlier 'I' tank training had proved useful, even though it was now equipped with Shermans. Jolly became regarded as a good tactician, and infantry commanders bowed to his tactical judgement when planning joint operations.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, Operation Pomegranate
After Noyers, the regiment received a much-needed draft of replacements from 148 RAC, which was being disbanded.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, Operation Astonia
From 3 August until 14 September, 33rd Armoured Brigade was attached to 51st (Highland) Infantry Division. From 16 August 144 RAC regularly worked with 153rd (Highland) Brigade of 51st Highland. ' On arriving at Brigade Headquarters, Major Secretan found that he was to support the 1st Gordons, the beginning of a long association between B Squadron and that battalion ... this was really the beginning of our close connection with 153 Infantry Brigade, an association which was to continue for the remainder of the campaign.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, Operation Astonia
Each infantry battalion also grew accustomed to being supported by the same squadron and in this way very close ties of confidence and friendship were established between A Squadron and the 5th Black Watch, B squadron and the 1st Gordons, and between C Squadron and the 5/7th Gordons ... In order to make us feel part of the family, the 51st Highland Division asked us to wear the famous HD flash and issued every man in the brigade with one, a gesture which was very much appreciated'.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, Operation Astonia
On 8 September, 144 RAC supported 153 Brigade in the assault on the German-held French port of Le Havre (Operation Astonia). This involved clearing minefields and crossing an anti-tank ditch. For this operation, 144 RAC had under command the Sherman Crab flail tanks of C Squadron, 1st Lothians and Border Horse and tanks to lay scissors bridges. This operation was successful.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, New role
In January 1945, 144 RAC operated with 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division in the British counter-attacks against the northern side of the 'Bulge' developed by the German Ardennes offensive. Then, on 18 January, 33rd Armd Brigade became part of 79th Armoured Division; from 30 January, 144 RAC re-equipped with Buffalo LVT amphibious vehicles to begin training for the assault crossing of the Rhine.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, North-West Europe 1944–45, New role
Major Martin Lindsay, second-in-command of 1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders, wrote: 'We had a party for Bob Secretan and his officers. It was a sad occasion for they [144 RAC] were giving up their Sherman tanks to be converted into an amphibious regiment. We had had this squadron supporting us on most of our operations since Normandy, and could not have wished for a better. They looked on themselves as being almost Gordon Highlanders'. (By contrast, 1st Gordons was supported in its next operation by a troop of Churchill tanks from 107 RAC, whose performance Lindsay described as 'The windiest and wettest imaginable').


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, New identity
On 1 March 1945, 144 RAC was redesignated 4th Royal Tank Regiment to replace the original 4 RTR, which had been captured at Tobruk in the North African Campaign in 1942. It happened that the band of the East Lancashire Regiment was touring the NW Europe theatre, so they played the regimental march for the final parade of 144 RAC on 28 February, to mark the original link with the 8th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, New identity
The first parade of the new regiment the following day was inspected by Sir John Crocker, commander of I Corps and the most senior RTR officer in the theatre. The RTR band played the regimental march, My Boy Willie and each man wore a new black beret and RTR badge, specially sent from England by the Director, RAC. They also adopted the blue shoulder flash of 4 RTR.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, New identity
Under its new title, the regiment took part in Operation Plunder, ferrying troops of 51st (Highland) Division across the River Rhine on the night of 23/24 March 1945. On landing, Lt-Col Jolly planted the World War I standard of the original 4th RTR (D Battalion Tank Corps) on the far bank.


144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, New identity
4 RTR continued postwar as a regular regiment of the British Army.


144th meridian east
The meridian 144° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


144th meridian east
The 144th meridian east forms a great circle with the 36th meridian west.


144th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 144th meridian east passes through:


144th meridian west
The meridian 144° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


144th meridian west
The 144th meridian west forms a great circle with the 36th meridian east.


144th meridian west
The 144th meridian west is the western edge of the grid indexing scheme for Canada's National Topographic System.


144th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 144th meridian west passes through:


145 (dinghy)
The 145 is a 14 ft 8 in (4.47 m) two person intermediate sailing dinghy complete with main, jib, spinnaker and trapeze. The class is a lengthened version of the 125 class of sailing dingy. The 145 class had a following within Australia, although not as strong as its smaller cousin. Eventually, the class fell out of popularity and the class associations disbanded in the early to mid 2000s. Some examples are still raced around Australia.


145 (number)
145 (one hundred [and] forty-five) is the natural number following 144 and preceding 146.


145 Adeona
Adeona (minor planet designation: 145 Adeona) is a large asteroid from the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 150 kilometers (93 miles) in diameter. Its surface is very dark, and, based upon its classification as a C-type asteroid, is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration. The Adeona family of asteroids is named after it.


145 Adeona
It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on June 3, 1875, from the observatory at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York. Peters named it after Adeona, the Roman goddess of homecoming, because he had recently returned from a journey across the world to observe the transit of Venus. Peters also discovered 144 Vibilia on the same night.


145 Adeona
During 2001, Adeona was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory. The returned signal matched an effective diameter of 151 ± 18 km. This is consistent with the asteroid dimensions computed through other means.


145 Adeona
Two stellar occultations by Adeona have been observed: The first one on July 9, 2002 when it occulted an 11.8 mag star, and then again on February 3, 2005 when several observers in Japan recorded the occultation of a 10.4 mag star. The latter was consistent with a diameter of 151 km.


145 Adeona
The Dawn mission team discussed performing a flyby of this object, however NASA decided against it in July 2016. At the time this was considered Dawn was orbiting the large asteroid/dwarf planet 1 Ceres, and went on studying that body later that year. Dawn had previously orbited asteroid 4 Vesta, before traveling to Ceres.


145 BC
Year 145 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aemilianus and Mancinus (or, less frequently, year 609 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 145 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


145 George Street, The Rocks
145 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed duty-free store complex and former retail building and residence located at 145 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built in 1892. It is also known as Currently part of Duty Free Store complex. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.


145 George Street, The Rocks, History
As indicated by James Meehan's Survey of 1807 this site was first occupied by Surgeon General John White at Lot No. 4 and Captain William Raven at Lot No. 5. In c. 1835 Mrs Underwood was the owner of three storey stone shops and houses each with seven rooms. By 1845 a two-storey brick house and shop with a shingle roof and five rooms was built. Also on this same allotment at the corner of George and Globe Streets a two-storey stone and brick house and store was erected. The five roomed house had "every convenience".


145 George Street, The Rocks, History
In 1861 this building was used as a "Bowling Alley" managed by William Ogilvie. In 1871 in the tenements erected by Underwood, a public house was opened. The inn was called the "Nil Desperandum Hotel". By 1882 three two storey tenements were erected between the butcher shop and the brick and stone shop on the north side of the Public House, known as the New York Hotel. These shops and dwelling were constructed of brick and they were roofed in iron. In 1891 the building to the south corner of Globe and George Streets was pulled down.


145 George Street, The Rocks, History
By 1891 George McEvoy had erected houses to the Harrington Street frontage. The four storey buildings were of brick and stone and the roofs were slated. In c. 1906 these houses were pulled down. In 1892 a three-storey brick and slate roofed shop and dwelling was erected for the Trustees of the Church of England to 145 George Street. In 1900 the area was resumed under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act. In c. 1907 the New York Hotel was demolished and by 1908 Tooth & Co. Ltd. erected the brick and iron roofed building to 153-155 George Street.


145 George Street, The Rocks, History
In 1912 the tenements to 149 and 151 George Street were pulled down, and in the same year a two-storey brick office building was erected to the rear of 145 George Street. During 1913 Quay Chambers at 149-151 George Street were erected. The tenement to 147 George Street was demolished in 1914 and in that same year the present three storey brick building was erected. In the 1970s the ground floor shop was occupied by Downtown and Dyer, Grocers.


145 George Street, The Rocks, History
In the 1980s the Duty Free Shop Group complex was constructed and the interior of the building gutted for the complex.


145 George Street, The Rocks, History
The site was identified as having European occupation since at least 1791, with other structures by 1822. From then on, site development was intense. In the 1890s, and following the resumption in 1900 the current buildings facing George Street were constructed.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Description
The building is a three-storey face brick building on the corner of Globe Street, erected in 1892 as shops and offices. The building design can be described as an example of the transitional architecture of the late Victorian and early Federation periods. The upper parapet, rendered sills and keystones are typical of Victorian period detail, with the use of face brick more typical of the Federation period. As part of the development works of the 1980s a section of the building in Globe Street was demolished. At the time of the redevelopment the original awning and shopfront were reconstructed. In Globe Street a large services panel was inserted onto the rear of the ground floor and a new angled corner and false rear wall with blind windows facing the open gallery was created at that time.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Description
Style: Late Victorian and Early Federation; Storeys: 3; Facade: Brick.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition
As at 27 April 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Destroyed? Assessment Basis: Modern development. Basement car parks. No archaeological work appears to have been undertaken for this site although the 1986 Assessment indicated a potential, and important, resource. The subsequent building operations appear to have obliterated much of this resource. Possible deposits survive beneath shops on George Street frontage. Investigation: Historical research and assessment of archaeology: destroyed.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
As at 18 November 2008, 145 George Street, The Rocks, was constructed in 1893 as part of a group of four buildings and has State heritage significance for its historic and social cultural values.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
145 George Street has historic significance at State level for having been the site of early European settlement and has been continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788. The site has historic significance at local level for its associations with several phases of late 19th and 20th century urban renewal.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
Firstly, the commercial development of The Rocks in the last decade of the 19th century when the building was purpose-built as a grocery store; secondly, the demolition and rebuilding of much of The Rocks under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act following the 1900 plague outbreak; thirdly association with infrastructure works, including the construction of the City Railway link and the Cahill Expressway, which dramatically changed the visual curtilage of the group; and lastly, the 1980s creation of The Rocks as a tourist destination, when the interior and rear of the building was altered to accommodate the Duty Free Store Complex.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
145 George Street has historic significance at local level for its associations with Downton & Dyer, a prominent local business that started as a grocery store in the late 19th century, developed as a wholesale business and is currently a major dry food supplier company that continues to operate in Sydney in larger premises under the same company name.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The East Elevation of 145 George Street has high aesthetic significance at local level associated with being a representative example of a Victorian Regency style commercial building designed in the last decade of the 19th century. In the 1980s the West Elevation, much of the ground floor and upper floor interiors were altered. While this has reduced the ability to interpret the building's significance, the eastern façade contributes to the aesthetic and historic diversity of the George Street streetscape. A street awning, in keeping with the original design, was reinstated. Shopfronts while not identical to the original, were sympathetic in design and character to turn of the century shopfronts.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
145 George Street forms part of a group of four commercial buildings (Nos. 145, 147, 149-151 and 153-155 George Street) which front the eastern portion of the DFS (Duty Free Store) complex. This group of buildings, bounded by Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway, mark George St's southern entry to The Rocks precinct. The facades of the four late 19th century and early 20th century buildings have streetscape qualities and character that contribute to the overall richness of a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group of buildings located within The Rocks.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
Within its location in The Rocks, which has State heritage significance, the subject site and the building group as a whole, contributes to a precinct unique to NSW with its historic associations and streetscape character. The group is an important part of The Rocks Heritage Conservation Area being sympathetic in scale and character and an extension of the remaining earlier buildings of George St, presenting a unified streetscape. The buildings are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the last decade of the 19th century and first decade of the 20th century. 145 George Street has high social significance as a contributory element associated with the historic character of The Rocks, which is held in esteem by the local community and the people of NSW.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
Shop and Residence was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
145 George Street is a three-storey face brick building on the corner of Globe Street. The building was erected between 1892 and 1893 as shops and offices. 145 George Street has associations as a built element within George Street and Globe Street. George Street is the oldest street in Australia and Globe Street is one of the earliest cross streets. 145 George Street has high significance at local level associated with a corner shop operating continuously on the site and managed by the same proprietor, for almost ninety years.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The business changed in over 80 years from a single-owner grocery store to a wholesale providores. The company moved from The Rocks to accommodate an expanding business. 145 George Street has moderate significance at local level for its associations with the phase of redevelopment of The Rocks in the 1980s when the precinct was transformed into a major tourist attraction. The item meets this criterion at State level.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
145 George Street has moderate historic significance at local level for its association with the grocery company, Downton & Dyer Ltd, who operated from The Rocks from 1879 before Jesse Dyer moved to the premises at the corner of Globe and George Streets in 1893. The company amalgamated to become Downton & Dyer in 1918.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The four brick buildings (Nos. 145; 147, 149-151 and 153-155 George Street) of heritage significance, which as a group, provide evidence of two phases of commercial activity in The Rocks just before and just after the plague outbreak and subsequent resumption of land at the turn of the century. Although compromised by the loss of rear sections, ground floor interiors and street awnings in the 1980s, it remains a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group. The buildings are the representative of the commercial architecture of the Federation period and the transitional phase prior to the turn of the century.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
They are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the early 20th century and also the more recent redevelopment period associated with the SCA. These buildings also provide evidence of historical association with prominent local business such as W. A. Grubb butchers.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The Central Sydney Heritage Inventory contains separate listings for the building facades of 145-151George St. and the former New York Hotel at 153-155 George Street: "Of environmental significance for its contribution to an architecturally diverse and historically important commercial streetscape of heritage significance as physical evidence of the growth and consolidation associated with the maritime activities at Circular Quay".


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The group of four buildings was classified as part of the George Street Business Precinct by the National Trust of Australia in the mid 1970s: "A group of four compatible Edwardian buildings containing interesting and lively fenestration which combine to present a picturesque street elevation. The group acts as a sympathetic extension to the remaining earlier buildings of George Street in scale and character to present a unified streetscape". The above listings indicate that the primary significance of the group is their contribution to the historic streetscape as well as their aesthetic value as a group of Federation period commercial buildings.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The Rocks in general has considerable significance to the general community of Sydney and the people of NSW as a heritage precinct. The Rocks of which the subject site forms a part, is important to the community's sense of place and is subsequently held in esteem. Shopping is a major activity within The Rocks area. As the first commercial district of Sydney relating directly to the ports and shipping, the area has developed a strong commercial focus, which is currently maintained by tourism. The subject site has maintained its historic association with shopping and retail. The item meets this criterion at State level.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The earliest and most substantial phase of building on the subject site and in close proximity occurred by 1822. These earliest buildings, located along the George Street frontage, comprised the Underwood Buildings, an adjacent shop to the north and Thomas Moore's house. Archaeological evidence from a series of cottages erected on the southern section of the site during the 1820-30s has probably been removed by later 19th and 20th century developments. Due to considerable disturbance related to construction works, the subject site has little scientific/ research significance and does not meet this criterion.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
There are numerous examples of Victorian/Federation style corner shop buildings within The Rocks that are similar to 145 George Street. The item does not meet this assessment criterion.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.


145 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing
The shops and shopping district of The Rocks are representative of the continuing commercial use of the area and the change to tourism. 145 George Street is one of the group of shop buildings that operated in The Rocks from the end of the 19th century until the late 20th century. 145 George Street is representative of this group and meets the criterion at local level.


145 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1584 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.


145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force
The 145 Squadron "Hornet" is a strike fighter squadron of the Republic of Singapore Air Force based currently at Changi Airbase (East) which is a new airbase, opened in 2004, to the east of Singapore Changi Airport on reclaimed land. With the hornet as its mascot, the squadron's motto is "Swift & Valiant".


145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History
First formed on 1 April 1984 at Tengah Air Base, the founding CO was Capt Chir C. P  " Hawkeye ", the squadron flew the A-4S Skyhawk and later, the locally upgraded A-4SU Super Skyhawk, along with her sister squadron, the 142 Squadron.


145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, History
When the A-4SU was retired from active combat service, however, 142 Squadron was disbanded, while the 145 Squadron was retained to operate the newly upgraded F-16Ds from the new air base, an unsurprising decision considering the fact that the 145 Squadron had emerged as the best fighter squadron for five consecutive years since the year 2000 in the annual Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition.


145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, New role
The twenty aircraft of the squadron are upgraded versions of the F-16D Block 52, hence known as the Block 52+ or F-16D+, are equipped with state-of-the-art Conformal Fuel Tanks, an enhanced radar with greater detection range and improved mapping capabilities, and an improved targeting pod, this enables the squadron to conduct precision day and night operations at a greater combat range and duration. This made it a unique squadron within the RSAF as all its aircraft are tandem seaters and every mission is flown with a Pilot and Weapon System Officer (WSO), until the arrival of the F-15SG Eagles with 142 and 149 Squadrons.


145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Information
The tail is adorned with a toned down squadron logo in the center of the tail with the serial number on the base. It is the only fighter squadron which chose an insect as its mascot.


145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Achievements
The squadron clinched the Best Fighter Squadron award in the following years: 1998, 2000, 2012 and 2014.


145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Latest photo
A fully bombed-up F-16D Block 52+ of 145 Sqn on static display during RSAF Open House 2008


145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Latest photo
Another view, note the inert Sidewinder missiles and Paveway II LGBs


1450
Year 1450 (MCDL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1450 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1450 kHz: 1450 AM is a Regional and Local broadcast frequency.


1450 Brickell
1450 Brickell, is an all-office skyscraper in the City of Miami, Florida, United States. It is 540 feet (165 m) tall with 35 floors. It is adjacent to One Broadway in Downtown Miami's southern Brickell Financial District. The building is located on the corner of Brickell Avenue and Broadway. The architect is Nichols, Brosch, Wurst, Wolfe & Associates, Inc. The building contains more than 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of office space. The project is one of several new office buildings to open in Downtown Miami.


1450 Brickell, Energy efficiency
1450 Brickell is Miami's first LEED Gold office building. Hill York, a mechanical contractor, built the utiliVisor system in the building to continuously commission the building's HVAC systems.


1450 Brickell, Hurricane resistance
At the time of completion, 1450 Brickell incorporated the strongest curtainwall window system of any commercial building in the nation. The entire 35-story glass curtainwall system is designed for large-missile impact (hurricane resistance), even though Miami-Dade County only requires glass in the first 30 feet (9.1 m) of a building to be large-missile impact-resistant. DeSimone Consulting Engineers is the structural engineering firm for the project.


1450 Raimonda
1450 Raimonda, provisional designation 1938 DP, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 February 1938, by astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku, Finland. The asteroid was named after Dutch astronomer Jean Jacques Raimond, Jr..


1450 Raimonda, Orbit and classification
Raimonda is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,542 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1450 Raimonda, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A915 TF at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1915, more than 22 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.


1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics
Raimonda is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, despite its rather low albedo.


1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In December 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Raimonda was obtained from photometric observations at the Oakley (916) and Tenagra Observatory (848). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.66 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.64 (or 0.57 at LCDB) magnitude (U=2), indicative of an elongated shape.


1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In 2013, a lightcurve was modeled from photometric data collected by the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and individual observers, as well as sparse-in-time photometry from the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station, the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, and the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory at La Palma. Modelling gave a similar period 12.6344 hours. The study also determined two spin axis of (231.0°, −56.0°) and (71.0°, −60.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Raimonda measures between 14.76 and 20.80 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.074 and 0.1387.


1450 Raimonda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0976 and a diameter of 14.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.


1450 Raimonda, Naming
This minor planet was named after Jean Jacques Raimond, Jr. (1903–1961), a Dutch astronomer who was the president of the Dutch Astronomical Society (Dutch: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Weer- en Sterrenkunde; Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy) and director of the Zeiss planetarium at The Hague.


1450 Raimonda, Naming
The naming was suggested by Belgian astronomer Jean Meeus, and the official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1965 (M.P.C. 2347). The lunar crater Raimond was also named in his honor.


1450s
The 1450s decade ran from January 1, 1450, to December 31, 1459.


1450s BC
The 1450s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1459 BC to December 31, 1450 BC.


1450s in Denmark, Events
13 May – Christian I of Denmark becomes King of Norway


1450s in art
The decade of the 1450s in art involved many significant events, especially in sculpture.


1450s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1450s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1450s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1451
Year 1451 (MCDLI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1451 Granö
1451 Granö, provisional designation 1938 DT, is a stony Florian asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and later named for Johannes Gabriel Granö, rector of the University of Turku.


1451 Granö, Orbit and classification
The asteroid is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,194 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no previous identifications were made, Granö's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1938.


1451 Granö, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator
A rotational lightcurve of Granö was obtained from photometric observations made by amateur astronomer Robert Stephens at GMARS and Santana Observatories in March 2010. Analysis gave a long rotation period of 138 hours with a brightness variation of 0.65 magnitude (U=2+). This makes Granö a slow rotating asteroid. The result supersedes a previous period of 5.1 hours from May 2007 (U=2-).


1451 Granö, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Granö measures between 6.17 and 9.70 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.171 and 0.429. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 6.81 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 13.2.


1451 Granö, Naming
This minor planet was named after Johannes Gabriel Granö (1882−1956), Finnish professor of geography and rector at University of Turku from 1932 to 1934. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).


1452
Year 1452 (MCDLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1452 Hunnia
1452 Hunnia, provisional designation 1938 DZ1, is a carbonaceous Meliboean asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 February 1938, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest. The asteroid was named in honor of the Hungarian nation.


1452 Hunnia, Orbit and classification
Hunnia is a member of the Meliboea family (604), a smaller asteroid family of a few hundred carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids, named after 137 Meliboea. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.5–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,003 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.


1452 Hunnia, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Goethe Link Observatory in March 1949, more than 11 years after its official discovery observation at Konkoly. (The large time span without astrometric follow-up observations coincides with the period of WWII.)


1452 Hunnia, Physical characteristics
Hunnia is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, in agreement with the overall spectral type of the Meliboea family.


1452 Hunnia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Between February and March 1998, a rotational lightcurve of Hunnia was obtained from photometric observations by Hungarian astronomers Krisztián Sárneczky, Gyula Szabó and László Kiss. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.2 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=2). No other lightcurves have since been obtained.


1452 Hunnia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hunnia measures between 18.76 and 20.910 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.0435 and 0.06.


1452 Hunnia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 21.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


1452 Hunnia, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the Hungarian nation. Also known as Magyars, the Hungarians are believed to be of Hunnic heritage. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).


1452 Yellow River floods
The 1452 Yellow River floods were major natural disasters affecting hundreds of thousands of farmers along the Yellow River in Shandong and Henan, as well as the Huai River valley.


1452 Yellow River floods
The first flood destroyed the extensive public works created at Shawan just four years before as a result of the 1448 flood at Linqing. The silt flooded into the Grand Canal in Shandong required major effort to repair. After the earthworks had been repaired, the Jingtai Emperor ordered the construction of two temples – one at Heiyangshan and the other at Shawan – and committed himself to praying personally to the river gods for flood prevention.


1452 Yellow River floods
By the sixth lunar month, the northern bank burst at Shawan again and the entire Grand Canal fleet was stranded by the sand thrown into its course.


1453
Year 1453 (MCDLIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4th year of the 1450s decade. It is sometimes cited as the notional end of the Middle Ages by historians who define the medieval period as the time between the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire.


1453 Fennia
1453 Fennia, provisional designation 1938 ED1, is a stony Hungaria asteroid and synchronous binary system from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Yrjö Väisälä at the Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Nordic country of Finland. The system's minor-planet moon was discovered in 2007. It has a derived diameter of 1.95 kilometers and is orbiting its primary every 23.55 hours.


1453 Fennia, Discovery
Fennia was discovered on 8 March 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku, southwest Finland. Fifteen days later, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, which also served as a confirmation of the first observation. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.


1453 Fennia, Orbit and classification
Fennia is a bright member of the Hungaria asteroids, a dynamical group that forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. The group includes all members of large asteroid family of the same name (003). When applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements, Fennia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population.


1453 Fennia, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.0 AU once every 2 years and 7 months (954 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory (or at Simeiz Observatory), 15 days after its official discovery observation at Turku.


1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Fennia is a common, stony S-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a rare K-type asteroid.


1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Since 1991, a large number of rotational lightcurves of Fennia have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 4.4121 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.10 and 0.20 magnitude (U=0/3/3/3/3/3-). Due to its relatively low brightness amplitude, Fennia is likely spheroidal in shape.


1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics, Moon
In 2007, these photometric lightcurve observations revealed that Fennia is a synchronous binary asteroid, orbited by a minor-planet moon. The moon has an orbital period of 22.99 hours, later revised to 23.55 hours. It is at least a quarter the size of Fennia itself – a secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of 0.28±0.02) – which translates into a diameter of 1.95±0.18 kilometers based on current estimates.


1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Fennia measures between 6.36 and 8.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.140 and 0.50.


1453 Fennia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Johnston's archive derives a diameter of 6.96 kilometers, while Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.244 and a diameter of 7.32 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.835, taken from the revised WISE-results.


1453 Fennia, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the Nordic country of Finland. "Fennia" is the Latin word for Finland. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 130).


1453 Yellow River flood
The 1453 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster in the area surrounding Shawan in Shandong, China, during the Ming dynasty. The banks – repaired just the year before – burst again in the fourth lunar month and again in the fifth.


1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation
1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation (Greek: 1453–1821: Η Ώρα της Απελευθέρωσης) is a real-time strategy video game developed by Greek game developer S.D.S. Game Studios and published by Centric Multimedia. Released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, it is the first Greek real-time strategy video game to receive a physical retail release.


1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation
The game is set during the Greek War of Independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. Players assume command over the Greek forces aiming to liberate 20 Ottoman-held territories in the Peloponnese and Central Greece. Development of The Coming of Liberation began in August 2006 and was completed in May 2008 by a team of four people. After its release in 2008, the game became a best-seller for several months in both Greece and Cyprus having sold over 7,000 units in those countries.


1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation, Gameplay
1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation combines elements of both turn-based and real-time strategy games, where the player takes control of Greek troops and decides how to strategically place them before battle. Troop placement is followed by a real-time battle phase, where players maneuver the units under their control in hopes of eliminating the enemy.


1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation, Gameplay
The game's map is divided into 20 territories, corresponding to districts in the Peloponnese and Central Greece. Each region has its own characteristics, such as population, guard, available men for military equipment and level of trade. The goal of the game is to liberate all territories within the allotted time. As the game closely follows historical facts, each round takes place during pre-specified points in time between 1821 and 1830. This means time progression can vary from one day to several years between rounds, depending on the historical developments of that time.


1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation, Development
Development of The Coming of Liberation began in August 2006 when cousins Anargyros Prosilis and Anargyros Chatzitofis, both university freshmen at the time, set up S.D.S. Game Studios and began working on their own strategy game, as both were huge fans of the genre. After one year of work, they decided to show the game to friends and acquaintances, gathering feedback, comments and remarks. As they moved forward, the scope of the project grew larger, and the decision was made to release the game commercially. This was followed by an expansion of the creative team with Georgios Papas as a music composer for the game, and writer Panagotis Papathanasiou to flesh out the game's story.


1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation, Development
Nearing completion at the end of February 2008, S.D.S. reached an agreement with Centric Multimedia to handle the publishing and distribution of The Coming of Liberation. The game received an official retail release on May 9, 2008.


1453–1821: The Coming of Liberation, Sales
Following its release, The Coming of Liberation became a best seller in both the Greek and Cypriot markets, with reported significantly larger sales numbers than foreign games for several months. It is estimated that more than 7,000 copies of the game were sold, mainly in Greece and Cyprus, as well as a small amount of units sold abroad, mostly by the Greek and Greek-speaking community.


1454
Year 1454 (MCDLIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1454 in France, Deaths
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1455
Year 1455 (MCDLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1455 Mitchella
1455 Mitchella, provisional designation 1937 LF, is a Florian asteroid, slow rotator and suspected tumbler from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 June 1937, by astronomer Alfred Bohrmann at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Maria Mitchell.


1455 Mitchella, Orbit and classification
Mitchella is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. It has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.


1455 Mitchella, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,230 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, one month after its official discovery observation.


1455 Mitchella, Physical characteristics
Mitchella is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Flora family.


1455 Mitchella, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In June 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Mitchella was obtained from photometric observations by Australian astronomer David Higgins at the Hunters Hill Observatory (E14). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 118.7 hours with a brightness variation of 0.60 magnitude (U=2+). With a period above 100 hours, Mitchella is one of few hundred slow rotators currently known to exists. Its high brightness amplitude is indicative for a somewhat elongated shape. Also, the photometric observations suggested that it might be in a tumbling motion.


1455 Mitchella, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mitchella measures between 6.449 and 7.00 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.26 and 0.353.


1455 Mitchella, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the Flora family's parent body – and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.


1455 Mitchella, Naming
This minor planet was named after Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), an American professor of astronomy and director of Vassar College Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 131). The lunar crater Mitchell is also named in her honor, as is the Maria Mitchell Observatory in, Massachusetts, United States.


1455 defter of the District of Branković
The Ottoman cadastral tax census (defter) of 1455 in the District of Branković (defter Vuk-ili) is one of the oldest Ottoman tax registers in the Balkans. The District of Branković at the time of the defter included parts of central Serbia (present-day Toplica District and the historical Raška region), part of northeastern Montenegro and parts of eastern Kosovo (the Kosovo plain). The defter recorded:


1455 defter of the District of Branković
In 1972 the Sarajevo Institute of Middle Eastern Studies translated the original Turkish census and published an analysis of it Kovačević Mr. Ešref, Handžić A., Hadžibegović H. Oblast Brankovića – Opširni katastarski popis iz 1455. godine, Orijentalni institut, Sarajevo 1972. Subsequently others have covered the subject as well such as Vukanović Tatomir, Srbi na Kosovu, Vranje, 1986.</ref>


1455 defter of the District of Branković
Out of all names mentioned in this census, conducted by the Ottomans in 1455, covering a part of Eastern Kosovo,96.3% of the names were of Slavic origin, 1.90% of Roman origin, 1.56% of uncertain origin, 0.26% of Albanian origin, 0.25% of Greek origin, etc. Serbian scholars consider that the defter indicates an overwhelmingly Serbian local population.


1455 defter of the District of Branković
Madgearu instead argues that the series of defters from 1455 onward "shows that Kosovo... was a mosaic of Serbian and Albanian villages", while Prishtina and Prizren already had significant Albanian Muslim populations, and that the same defter of 1455 indicates the presence of Albanians in Tetovo This interpretation of nationals living there is vague and unreliable to actually determine the Serb, Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Jews and Croats who lived in Kosovo in 1455 for the reason that the ottomans never conducted populations censuses based on nationality or language.


1455 defter of the District of Branković
The Ottomans cadastral tax records only mention the religion of the dwellers in Kosovo not nationalities. The accuracy and the consistency of the registration has been doubted as shown in the example of Janjevo (a primarily Catholic Croat  village in eastern Kosovo) which according to the reading of the register had only one Croat household.


1455 defter of the District of Branković
As the defter only recorded timar holders and dependent farmers, groups which socially weren't part of any of these two classes were not included in the defter. That is most probably the reason why Vlachs (as a social category which was not part of the Ottoman feudal hierarchy) were not recorded in the region which the defter covered.


1455 papal conclave
The 1455 papal conclave (April 4–8) elected Alfons Borja Pope Callixtus III following the death of Pope Nicholas V. The conclave was the first in the Apostolic Palace, the site of all but five papal conclaves thereafter. The conclave was also the first to feature accessus voting (votes cast in accessit), derived from a practice of the Roman Senate, where a cardinal could change their vote after an unsuccessful scrutiny to any cardinal already receiving votes.


1455 papal conclave
The early defeat of Greek Cardinal Basilios Bessarion—a potential compromise candidate between the Colonna and Orsini factions—is a notable display of the lingering antipathy towards certain characteristics of the Eastern church, such as bearded priests, centuries after the East-West Schism. Although Western canon law had prohibited beards for priests since at least the eleventh century, the issue would continue to be debated well into the sixteenth century.


1455 papal conclave, The election
The two main factions of the cardinals were divided between the followers of Prospero Colonna and Latino Orsini; among the papabile were Barbo, Trevisan, Capranica, Orsini, and Bessarion. Capranica received a plurality on the first three scrutinies, with the other votes scattered; Orsini and the French cardinals rallied against Capranica because he was close to Colonna.


1455 papal conclave, The election
On April 6, Easter Sunday, the factions began to consider neutral candidates. In this capacity, Basilios Bessarion (noted for defecting from the Eastern Church following the East–West Schism) was able to receive eight votes, before his candidacy was scuttled following a speech by Alain de Coëtivy—recorded by eyewitnesses—which emphasized Bessarion's former membership in the Eastern Orthodox Church and his retention of Greek mannerisms, such as a full beard. The French cardinal is reported to have remarked:


1455 papal conclave, The election
Shall we select for Pope, for head of the Latin Church, a Greek, a mere interloper? Bessarion still wears his beard—and forsooth, he is to be our Lord! How poor, then, must be our Latin Church, if we can find no worthy man in it, but must needs resort to a Greek, and to one, too, who but yesterday attacked the Roman faith! And because he has now returned shall he be our master and the leader of the Christian army? Behold, such is the poverty of the Latin Church that she cannot find an apostolic sovereign without resorting to a Greek! Oh, Fathers! Do what you think fit; but for myself and those who think with me, we will never consent to a Greek head of the Church!


1455 papal conclave, The election
Bessarion made no attempt to defend himself, claiming he was not interested in being elected; his reputations for reform and austerity also would have been unpopular with many of the Renaissance cardinals. Nevertheless, the renowned humanist scholar remained a strong candidate in the following 1464 conclave as well.


1455 papal conclave, The election
It is known that the early scrutinies the following Monday were disorganized; for example, non-cardinal Antonio de Montefalcone received at least one vote. de Coëtivy and Trevisan pushed for Borja's election, gaining momentum until Borja prevailed the following Tuesday.


1455 papal conclave, The election
The core of the requisite two-thirds majority was likely composed of the French, Spanish, and Venetian cardinals: Trevisan, de Coëtivy, Barbo, Orsini, d'Estaing, de Carvajal, de La Cerda, Rolin, and Torquemada; the vote of Isidore or Calandrini, or both, likely was also required as Borja very likely did not vote for himself; Borja almost certainly did not receive the votes of Colonna, Capranica, or Bessarion.


145523 Lulin
145523 Lulin, provisional designation 2006 EM67, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.9 kilometers (2.4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 2006, by Taiwanese astronomers Hung-Chin Lin (林宏欽) and Ye Quanzhi (葉泉志) at Lulin Observatory in central Taiwan. It was named for the Lulin mountain and the observatory site.


145523 Lulin, Orbit and classification
Lulin is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,664 days; semi-major axis of 2.75 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The earliest precovery was taken at ESO's La Silla Observatory in March 1992, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 14 years prior to its discovery observation.


145523 Lulin, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Lulin mountain in central Taiwan, location of the discovering Lulin Observatory at an altitude of 2862 meters. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59389). At the observatory, Comet Lulin was discovered in 2007.


145523 Lulin, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 3.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of 0.073, which is rather typical for a carbonaceous C-type body. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Lulin has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


145534 Jhongda
145534 Jhongda, provisional designation 2006 GJ, is an asteroid and member of the stony Merxia family, orbiting in the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 2–3 kilometers (1–2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by Taiwanese astronomers Yang Tingzhang and Ye Quanzhi at the Lulin Observatory on 1 April 2006. The likely elongated asteroid has a rotation period of 4.5 hours. It was named for the Taiwanese National Central University.


145534 Jhongda, Orbit and classification
Jhongda is a member of the Merxia family (513), a large family of stony S-type asteroids named after its parent body 808 Merxia. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,625 days; semi-major axis of 2.71 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken by Spacewatch in February 1992, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 14 years prior to its discovery at the Lulin Observatory.


145534 Jhongda, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Taiwanese National Central University, which controls the discovering Lulin Observatory. "Jhongda" is the University's abbreviation in Mandarin Chinese. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59389).


145534 Jhongda, Physical characteristics
In January 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Jhongda was obtained from photometric observation by astronomers at the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.490±0.040 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.67 in magnitude (U=2) indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 3.54 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.98. Conversely, Jhongda measure only 2.1 kilometers for an albedo of 0.23, which is typical for the stony members of the Merxia family.


1456
Year 1456 (MCDLVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1457
Year 1457 (MCDLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1457 Ankara
1457 Ankara, provisional designation 1937 PA, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and later named for the Turkish capital city of Ankara.


1457 Ankara, Orbit and classification
Ankara orbits the Sun in the middle of the main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,618 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as 1933 SA at Uccle Observatory in 1933, extending the body's observation arc by 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1457 Ankara, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Ankara was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy in September 2004. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Ankara's spin rate is slower than that of most asteroids, which typically rotate within 20 hours once around their axis.


1457 Ankara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ankara measures between 17.834 and 19.82 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.258 and 0.320.


1457 Ankara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a lower albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value that lies between the albedos for stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroids, chosen by CALL for all non-family asteroids with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7 AU – and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 29.08 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.8, as a body's diameter and albedo are inversely related to each other.


1457 Ankara, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Turkish capital Ankara. The official naming citation was proposed by Wolfgang Gleißberg, a German Solar astronomer, who immigrated to Turkey, after he was dismissed at the Breslau Observatory in Nazi Germany in 1933, because he had a Jewish grandfather. The citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 131).


1457 in France, Deaths
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1458
Year 1458 (MCDLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1458 (number)
The maximum determinant of an 11 by 11 matrix of zeroes and ones is 1458.


1458 (number)
1458 is one of three numbers which, when its base 10 digits are added together, produces a sum which, when multiplied by its reversed self, yields the original number:


1458 (number)
The only other non-trivial numbers with this property are 81 and 1729, as well as the trivial solutions 1 and 0. It was proven by Masahiko Fujiwara.


1458 in France, Death
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1458 papal conclave
The 1458 papal conclave (August 16–19), convened after the death of Pope Callixtus III, elected as his successor Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini who took the name Pius II.


1458 papal conclave, Death of Callixtus III
Pope Callixtus III, the first pope of the House of Borgia, died on August 6, 1458. He was severely criticized due to his nepotism and devotion towards his compatriots of Catalonia, making him very unpopular among the rather xenophobic Roman populace. After the Pope's death an open revolt against him broke out and some of his partisans (e.g. his nephew Pedro Luis de Borja) had to flee Rome.


1458 papal conclave, List of participants
At the time of Callixtus' death, there were 27 living cardinals, of whom 19 were in Rome, but on August 14 Cardinal Domenico Capranica, archpriest of the College, unexpectedly died. Participating in the conclave were 18 out of the 26 members of the Sacred College:


1458 papal conclave, List of participants
Eight electors were Italian, five Spaniards, two French, two Greeks and one Portuguese. Seven of them were created by Callistus III, six by Eugenius IV, four by Nicholas V and one by Martin V.


1458 papal conclave, Absentees
Of the absentee cardinals four were creations of Eugenius IV, two of Nicholas V and one of Callixtus III. Pierre de Foix was the last surviving cardinal of the Great Western Schism and was elevated by Pisan Antipope John XXIII.


1458 papal conclave, Absentees
Among them there were three French, two Germans, one Spaniard, one Italian and the one Hungarian.


1458 papal conclave, Candidates to the papacy
The principal concerns in the conclave of 1458 arose from the rapid rise of the effective power and influence of the French monarchy in the closing years of the Hundred Years War, which had recently ended with the French victory. The principal Italian states – Kingdom of Naples, Republic of Genoa and Duchy of Milan – feared a rebirth of French interest in Italian affairs and tried to prevent the elevation of a French pope at all costs. The official candidate of the Milanese was Domenico Capranica.


1458 papal conclave, Candidates to the papacy
The campaign for his election in the pre-conclave period was so successful that it appeared almost certain that he would be elected to the papacy. But Cardinal Capranica died suddenly on August 14, 1458, two days before the beginning of the conclave, leaving his party in great confusion. Ottone de Carretto, ambassador of Milan in Rome, made the quick and unconsulted decision to support Cardinal Enea Piccolomini and managed to convince Latino Orsini, one of the most influential cardinals, to back him in this action. The principal candidate of the pro-French party was d'Estouteville. Bessarion, Torquemada and Calandrini also were considered papabile.


1458 papal conclave, The conclave
Eighteen cardinals entered the conclave in Vatican on August 16. Initially they subscribed to the conclave capitulation, which obliged the elect to continue the crusade against the Ottoman Empire and to give more welfare to poorer cardinals.


1458 papal conclave, The conclave
The first scrutiny took place only on August 18. Cardinals Piccolomini and Calandrini received five votes each, while none of the others obtained more than three. At this point French Cardinal d'Estouteville started an intensive simonical campaign for his own candidature. He promised the office of Vice-Chancellor to the Cardinal of Avignon and offered other bribes to the Greek cardinals. On August 18 in the evening he was certain that he would obtain at least eleven votes on the following morning But the opposite Italian party also lost no time. During the night Cardinal Pietro Barbo called together all the other Italian cardinals except Prospero Colonna and proposed to them that, of them all, the one most likely to obtain the required majority of two thirds was Piccolomini, and that all should support him on the following day.


1458 papal conclave, Election of Pius II
The results of the second ballot on August 19 in the morning were a greatly disappointing surprise for d'Estouteville. He received only six votes – those of de Coëtivy, Colonna, Bessarion, Fieschi, Torquemada, and Castiglione. Cardinal Piccolomini obtained nine votes – those of Barbo, Orsini, Calandrini, Isidore of Kiev, de Mella, de La Cerda, Jaime de Portugal, del Mila y Borja, and that of d'Estouteville, who hesitated to vote for himself but certainly did not consider Piccolomini a serious rival. The votes of Rodrigo Borgia, Giacomo Tebaldi and Enea Piccolomini fell to other candidates.


1458 papal conclave, Election of Pius II
After announcing the results, Cardinal Dean opened the customary procedure of the accessus. There was a long silence broken by Rodrigo Borgia who changed his vote to Piccolomini. Then the partisans of d'Estouteville made an attempt to adjourn the session, but Cardinal Tebaldi also changed his vote to Piccolomini, who needed only one vote more for the election. At this point Cardinal Colonna arose to give his vote.


1458 papal conclave, Election of Pius II
Cardinals Rouen and Bessarion attempted to subdue him forcefully but Colonna was able to free himself from the scuffle to proclaim "I also vote for the Cardinal of Siena, and I make him Pope!" The rest of the adherents of the Cardinal of Rouen could do nothing but change their votes too, and a few minutes later Cardinal Bessarion congratulated Piccolomini on his unanimous election to the papacy.


1458 papal conclave, Election of Pius II
Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini accepted his election and took the name Pius II. On September 3, 1458, he was solemnly crowned on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Prospero Colonna, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.


1458 papal conclave, In popular culture
The proceedings of the election of Pius II were the basis of the 2006 film The Conclave.


1459
Year 1459 (MCDLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1459 Magnya
1459 Magnya, provisional designation 1937 VA, is a basaltic, slightly elongated asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory in 1937, this background asteroid was later named from the Latin word "Magnya", which means "clear, bright, wonderful" when literally translated into Russian. It is the only known basalt asteroid orbiting beyond 4 Vesta.


1459 Magnya, Discovery
Magnya was discovered on 4 November 1937, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Two nights later, it was independently discovered by French astronomer André Patry at Nice Observatory on 6 November 1937. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer, although Patry was first to announce the discovery. However, André Patry later received the honor to name the asteroid (see below).


1459 Magnya, Orbit and classification
Magnya is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.9 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,036 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Nice Observatory, 22 days after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Spectral type and mineralogy
Magnya is a V-type asteroid in the Tholen classification. The spectrum of this object show that it has a basaltic surface, which may indicate that it is a remnant from a larger parent body that underwent differentiation prior to breaking up. As of 2000, it is the only known basalt asteroid orbiting beyond 4 Vesta in the outer main belt.


1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
Several rotational lightcurves of Magnya have been obtained from photometric observations since 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 4.678 hours with a brightness variation between 0.57 and 0.84 magnitude (U=3/3/2/3). A high brightness amplitude is indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape.


1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
The asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled several time using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources. Modelling gave a concurring (sidereal) period of 4.679100, 4.679102 and 4.67911 hours. The studies determined two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β): (73.0°, −54.0°) and (198.0°, −55.0°), as well as (72.0°, −59.0°) and (207.0°, −51.0°). Modeling also confirmed that the body is a slightly elongated ellipsoid, and revealed that it is rotating along the smallest axis and that it has an almost homogeneous surface.


1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, as well as interferometric observations with the VLTI, Magnya measures between 17 and 29.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2168 and an exceptionally high 0.909.


1459 Magnya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by the VLT, that is an albedo of 0.37 and takes a diameter of 17.4 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.


1459 Magnya, Naming
This minor planet was named after "Magnya", which means "clear, bright, wonderful" when literally translated from Latin into Russian. The name was proposed by the second, unofficial discoverer André Patry, who was also the first to compute the asteroid's orbit (research by the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz D. Schmadel, is based on private communications with Crimean astronomers N. Solovaya and N. S. Chernykh).


1459 in France, Death
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1459 in Ireland, Deaths
Edmund Oldhall, an English-born cleric and judge in fifteenth-century Ireland. He was Bishop of Meath and acting Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He was a brother of the leading Yorkist statesman Sir William Oldhall.


145th Air Refueling Squadron
The 145th Air Refueling Squadron (145 ARS) is an inactive unit of the Ohio Air National Guard 121st Air Refueling Wing located at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, Ohio. The 145th was equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker. The squadron was inactivated during 2014.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History
The 145th Air Transport Squadron was allotted to the Ohio Air National Guard in early 1956 by the National Guard Bureau to replace the 112th Fighter-Bomber Squadron at Akron-Canton Airport. The 112th was forced to move from Akron to Toledo Municipal Airport, on 1 April 1956 when the F-84E Thunderjet aircraft it was programmed to receive were unable to use the short runways at Akron.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History
The 145th ATS was a new Air National Guard organization, not having any prior USAF history or lineage. The 145th ATS, gained by the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), was assigned to the 121st Tactical Fighter Wing at Columbus for administrative and logistical support. The 145th received federal recognition on 17 March 1956.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History
Initially assigned C-46D Commando twin-engine propeller transports, the squadron was upgraded in 1958 to C-119J Flying Boxcar transports, fitted for aeromedical transport of personnel to medical facilities.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command
The mission of the squadron was realigned to air refueling of Tactical Air Command aircraft in July 1961 with the expansion of the unit to group level, and the authorization by the National Guard Bureau of the 160th Air Refueling Group. Again, the short runways at Akron led to the movement of the squadron to Clinton County Air Force Base when it received large, four-engined KC-97 Stratotankers. In 1964, it participated in Operation "Ready Go", the first all United States Air National Guard (ANG) non-stop deployment of fighter aircraft to Europe.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command
In 1965, the KC-97Gs were upgraded to KC-97Ls with addition of jet engine pods mounted to the outboard wings. 1967 saw the beginning of Operation Creek Party, a continuous rotational mission flying from Rhein Main Air Base, West Germany, providing air refueling to United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) tactical aircraft. The success of this operation, which would continue until 1975, demonstrated the ability of the Air National Guard to perform significant day-to-day missions without being mobilized. The 160th was one of the mission's "Charter" units and when its Creek Party participation ended it had safely flown 426 transatlantic crossings. The unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period of 5 June 1967 to 10 May 1968.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command
The Group Commander at the time, Colonel Frank Cattran, considered aircraft tail number 52-2630 to be "his" bird and often flew it in preference to any of the others. This aircraft became involved in a "Sister City" ceremony with Zeppelinheim, Germany - a small town near Rhein-Main AB - near the end of the Creek Party operation. Upon the Unit's conversion from KC-97s to KC-13's this aircraft was transferred to the USAF Museum at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, in Dayton, Ohio, where it can be seen today with its Ohio Air National Guard and Zeppelinheim markings.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command
In 1971, Clinton County Air Force Base was closed as a result of the Nixon Administration looking to save money because of the Vietnam War. As part of the moving out of units from Clinton County AFB, the 160th ARG was moved to Lockbourne Air Force Base near Columbus, Ohio.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Tactical Air Command
A second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award was received for the period of 11 May 1968 to 30 June 1975.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command
In December 1974 Tactical Air Command transferred its Air Refueling units to Strategic Air Command. Later in 1975, the 160th ARG became the first Air National Guard unit to convert to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker all jet tanker aircraft as part of SAC's Eighth Air Force. The group was the first ANG unit to perform the SAC 24-hour Alert mission and pass a SAC Operational Readiness Inspection in July 1976.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command
The 160th also participated in SAC overseas Tanker Task Forces and other priority missions worldwide. In 1984, the KC-135As were re-engined and redesignated as KC-135Es. The upgrade to turbofan engines provided a significant increase in performance, safety and reliability.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command
In August 1990, the 160th was one of the first Air Guard units to deploy aircraft to the Middle East after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Aircraft, aircrews and support personnel began volunteer rotational Desert Shield deployments to a provisional Tanker Task Force at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (1709th ARS (P)). The 160th was called to active duty on 20 December 1990.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command
Deployment began on 28 December and the 160th became part of three Provisional Air Refueling Wings at Al Banteen Air Base, Abu Dhabi (1712th ARS (P)), Al Dhafra Air Base, Dubai (1705th ARS (P)), and Jeddah. Additional personnel augmented a regional support base at Moron AB, Spain while others deployed to various bases to "backfill" for deployed active duty personnel. Aircraft and volunteer aircrews were heavily involved in "Air Bridge" refueling missions supporting deployment of combat forces to Southwest Asia.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command
Combat flying missions for Operation Desert Storm commenced on 17 January 1991. The 160th compiled a remarkable record of mission accomplishment during combat operations. When hostilities ended, the 160th returned home in March 1991 to a tremendous welcome by families and friends.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command
September 1991 brought the stand down of the SAC Alert mission which the 160th ARG had maintained continuously for more than 15 years. The 145th ARS began the conversion to KC-135R aircraft in October 1991, and in June 1992, the Strategic Air Command was inactivated with 160th ARG becoming part of the new Air Mobility Command.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command
In September 1993, the 145th Air Refueling Squadron's parent 160th ARG was inactivated when budget reductions forced a reorganization of the Ohio Air National Guard units at Rickenbacker AGB. The 145th ARS was reassigned to the new 121st Operations Group under the re-organized 121st Air Refueling Wing, joining with the 166th Air Refueling Squadron, which had become a KC-135R squadron in 1992 when it retired its A-7D Corsair II ground support aircraft. With the addition of the 145th ARS, the 121st ARW became one of only a few "Super Wings" in the ANG, with twice as many aircraft assigned as other units.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command
Under the 120th ARW, the squadron began flying from bases in southern France to support strike aircraft during Operation Deny Flight missions over the Balkans. The unit was a fixture at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, as well as Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, supporting Operations Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch, respectively, over Iraq.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command
After the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the 121st Air Refueling Wing launched into immediate action supporting armed aircraft over the United States during Operation Noble Eagle. The 121st ARW had the distinction of flying more missions than any other unit during this time. The 121st ARW has also deployed and participated in Operation Enduring Freedom over Afghanistan, as well as Operation Iraqi Freedom over Iraq.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command
In addition to the combat deployments, the unit has also been very heavily tasked with airlift missions during national emergencies. Immediately following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the 121ARW was one of the first units to send aircraft into Louisiana filled with supplies and troops. Similar missions were flown in September 2005, after Hurricane Rita.


145th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Air Mobility Command
The squadron conducted its final KC-135R flight on 24 September 2013. The 145th stood down during 2014.


145th Airlift Wing
The 145th Airlift Wing (145 AW) is a unit of the North Carolina Air National Guard. It is assigned to Charlotte Air National Guard Base, North Carolina and is equipped with the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. If activated to federal service in the United States Air Force, the 145th is gained by Air Mobility Command.


145th Airlift Wing, Units
The 145th Airlift Wing consists of the following major units:


145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
15 March 1948, the 156th Fighter Squadron was established and assigned to the North Carolina Air National Guard. It was federally recognized and activated at Morris Field, near Charlotte and was equipped with F-47 Thunderbolts. Its mission was the air defense of the state.


145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
In 1950 the 156th was re-equipped with former World War II F-51 Mustangs, now designated RF-51D which had been used in the United States in a training role. The squadron became part of Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.


145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
The 156th Fighter Squadron was federalized due to the Korean War on 10 October 1950. During its federalization period, the 156th was deployed to Toul-Rosières Air Base in France, departing for Europe in January 1952. On 9 July 1952 the activated North Carolina Air National Guard was released from active duty and returned to state control. Flying F-84D/E from 1950 to 1952.


145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
In 1955 the facilities at Morris Field (now Charlotte Douglas International Airport) were expanded, two years later the 145th Fighter Group was organized consisting of the 156th Fighter Squadron and subordinate units.


145th Airlift Wing, History, World War II
The 145th Fighter Group was constituted and allocated to the Illinois Air National Guard, Chicago, IL on 28 May 1957. The unit began trading their F-86A Sabre, for the more capable F-86E Sabre.


145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
The 145th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was assigned to the 126th Fighter Interceptor Wing, Illinois Air National Guard, Chicago, IL for mobilization. On 1 February 1961, The 145th Fighter Group (Air Defense), NCANG, was redesignated as the 145th Aeromedical Transport Group, NCANG and convert to C-119C Flying Boxcars.


145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
The group was assigned to 1st Aeromedical Group, USAF, and Western Transport Air Force, (MATS), Travis AFB, CA, for training and flying evacuation missions. Transiting to C-121C/G transporters during 1962–1965.


145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
On 25 January 1964 the 145th ATG was redesignated 145th Air Transport Group (Heavy). The unit began to convert to C-124C transporters during 1965. From 1966 to 1971 the 145th ATG was deployed to Vietnam, flying over 20 million km without an aircraft accident.


145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
Re -designated 145th Tactical Airlift Group, 15 May 1971 and re-equipped with C-130B transport aircraft. In 1990 saw the unit mobilized for Operation Desert Shield, followed by Operation Desert Storm in 1991. On 15 Mar 1992, brought about another name change with the 145th Tactical Airlift Group become the 145th Airlift Group. During 1993 the group started to replace their elderly C-130Bs and take delivery of the more modern C-130H3.


145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
1 Oct 1995, re-designated 145th Airlift Wing. On 7 September 2016 saw the end of its aerial firefighting mission using MAFFS (Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System) when it was transferred to the 152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada Air National Guard. There are two other C-130 Air National Guard MAFFS trained units, 153rd Airlift Wing, Wyoming Air National Guard, Cheyenne; the 146th Airlift Wing, California Air National Guard, Channel Islands, CA; and one Air Force Reserve unit, 302nd Airlift Wing, Air Force Reserve, Peterson Air Force Base, CO.


145th Airlift Wing, History, North Carolina Air National Guard
Wing's last C-130 departed on 22 December 2017 before the wing received its first C-17 Globemaster III on Saturday 7 April 2018.


145th Airlift Wing, Notes
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


145th Armored Regiment
The 145th Armored Regiment, Ohio Army National Guard, is a parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, with headquarters at Stow, Ohio. It currently consists of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, a 600-soldier combined arms battalion of the Ohio Army National Guard located throughout northeast Ohio.


145th Armored Regiment
For command and control purposes within the Ohio Army National Guard, 1st Battaltion, 145th Armored Regiment, is a subordinate battalion of the 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. In 2013, the battalion entered into an alignment-for-training relationship with the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division. In May 2016, the battalion donned the Shoulder Sleeve Insignia of the 34th Infantry Division in anticipation of formal alignment with the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team in September 2016. As a combined arms battalion, the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, is able to deploy two mechanized infantry companies, two armor companies, a support company, a headquarters company, and a battalion headquarters in order to accomplish its federal, state, and community missions.


145th Armored Regiment
Its Headquarters Company (HHC) and three line companies are organic to the battalion. While combined arms battalions traditionally receive their support companies from their organic Brigade Support Battalion (BSB), since the battalion is not organic to an Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT), the 134th Support Company exists independently and is attached to the battalion. As of 2014, the battalion's fire support platoon was redesignated and currently exists as Detachment 2, Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery, and is re-attached to the battalion.


145th Armored Regiment, Introduction
Reorganized and redesignated from the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment on 1 September 2007, the first mobilization and deployment of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment in its current form was the 2009 Multinational Force and Observers MFO-52 mission responsible for multiple observation posts throughout Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the operation of MFO South Camp at Sharm el Sheik, Egypt, in partnership with ten other participating nations.


145th Armored Regiment, Introduction
Since 11 September 2001, however, subordinate elements and individual soldiers that now comprise the unit have deployed to Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom (Europe), Kosovo Force, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Joint Task Forces Katrina and Rita. The battalion has also deployed select individual soldiers in support of the combined Hungary-United States Operational Mentor and Liaison Team with service in Afghanistan.


145th Armored Regiment, Introduction, Mission, training, and capabilities
In support of their federal mission, soldiers of the battalion train as members of M1A1 Abrams main battle tank crews, M2A2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle crews, and as mechanized infantry platoons, squads, and fire teams. Additionally, the battalion has a scout platoon, a 120-mm M120 heavy mortar platoon, a fire support platoon, a medical platoon, a signal section, a sniper squad, and a unit ministry team.


145th Armored Regiment, Introduction, Mission, training, and capabilities
When training in a traditional National Guard status, the battalion will typically complete tank gunnery tables, Bradley Fighting Vehicle gunnery tables, or dismounted infantry squad and fire team training lanes. The battalion has also conducted successful training cycles providing training and validation to prepare other Ohio Army National Guard units for deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. Additionally, the battalion incorporates elements of stability operations, support operations, and counterinsurgency operations into larger training events.


145th Armored Regiment, Introduction, Heraldry, Coat of arms
The service of the original organization, the 145th Infantry Regiment is indicated by the white shield for Infantry. The falcon from the arms of Montfaucon, France and the wavy bend for the Escaut (Scheldt) River symbolize the most outstanding feats of the regiment during World War I. The giant cactus represents service on the Mexican border.


145th Armored Regiment, Introduction, Heraldry, Coat of arms
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 145th Infantry Regiment on 5 September 1928. It was amended on 27 November 1928. It was cancelled on 29 May 1935. It was reinstated and redesignated for the 145th Infantry Regiment on 19 May 1936. The insignia was redesignated with description and symbolism revised for the 145th Regiment on 15 April 1997. It was redesignated effective 1 September 2007, for the 145th Armored Regiment with the symbolism revised.


145th Armored Regiment, From statehood to the Civil War
Units of the battalion originated as independent companies of the organized militia throughout northeast Ohio. For federal service during the Civil War, the unit was organized as the 7th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with companies from Cleveland and northeastern Ohio. The 7th Regiment was mustered into federal service 28 April 1861 for 3 months and then reorganized for three years on 16 June 1861 at Camp Dennison, Ohio. The regiment saw action throughout the Eastern Theater with the Army of Virginia and the Army of the Potomac, until it was transferred to the Western Theater where it joined the Army of the Cumberland at the Second Battle of Chattanooga.


145th Armored Regiment, From statehood to the Civil War
The 7th Regiment saw action at Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and in the Atlanta Campaign. At the end of their three-year enlistment, soldiers of the 7th Regiment who wished to remain in service transferred to the 5th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The regiment mustered out of federal service on 7 July 1864 in Cleveland, Ohio.


145th Armored Regiment, Post–Civil War to World War I
Between the Civil War and World War I, units now comprising the battalion underwent numerous consolidations and reorganizations typical of a peacetime militia force. From 1870–1877, units were independent companies of the organized militia. On 30 June 1877, companies in northeastern Ohio were consolidated as the 15th Infantry Regiment, headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. On 22 March 1881, the regiment was disbanded, with Companies D, G, H, and K remaining as independent companies. Later that year on 7 July, Companies D, G, H, K, and other elements of the organized militia were reorganized and redesignated as the 5th Infantry Regiment.