135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom
The end of the C-27J program "....would leave the Maryland Air Guard without the airlift capability it has used to deliver troops, equipment and supplies to isolated terrain in combat overseas and disasters in the United States.


135th Airlift Group, History, Tactical airlift, Operation Enduring Freedom
"It also would leave the 250 pilots, loadmasters, maintenance workers and other personnel of the 135th Airlift Group without an assignment. It is unclear what will become of the group."


135th Airlift Squadron
The 135th Airlift Squadron (135 AS) was a unit of the United States Air Force, allotted to the Maryland Air National Guard 135th Airlift Group, located at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. The 135th was active as a flying organization from 10 September 1955 to 30 September 2013. After 2013, it remained active but without assigned personnel or aircraft. In 2014, the Maryland Air National Guard requested the unit be reorganized and redesignated as the 135th Intelligence Squadron, and this request was approved by the National Guard Bureau effective 1 May 2016.


135th Airlift Squadron, Mission
Operated combat-ready aircrew and aircraft to mobilize, deploy and provide intra-theater C-27J aircraft in support of U.S. interests worldwide. Supported theater commanders' requirements for combat delivery capability through tactical airland/airdrop operations and humanitarian aeromedical evacuations.


135th Airlift Squadron, Heraldry
Symbolism: Ultramarine blue and golden yellow are the Air Force colors and symbolize that the unit is a part of the Air Force. The escutcheon portrays the coat of arms of the State of Maryland and signifies the home location of the unit. The crossed jousting lances reflect the military preparedness of the squadron and allude the Maryland state sport.


135th Airlift Squadron, Heraldry
Background: Designed by Lt Col Ronald James and approved for the 135th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 3 October 1990. Re -designated for the 135th Airlift Squadron in 1992. The motto, "Baltimore's Best" was suggested by Master Sgt. Lee Cherry and arose from the unit having been recognized by the Baltimore Is Best Committee on 18 February 1987. This insignia superseded one approved by the Air Force for the squadron in October 1960.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
The Maryland Air National Guard's introduction to the world of special operations began when Air Force leaders decided to phase out active duty air commando units in 1954. Despite the decision, there was still a need to maintain a limited number of crews and aircraft to support unconventional warfare missions. After lengthy deliberations, the Air Force decided in 1955 to establish four special air warfare units within the Air National Guard: the 129th Air Resupply Group in California, the 130th in West Virginia, the 143d in Rhode Island, and the 135th in Maryland.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
The 135th Air Resupply Squadron was established in September 1955 as a new Maryland Air National Guard unit with no previous United States Air Force history or lineage by the National Guard Bureau. Activated on 10 September at Harbor Field, Baltimore, Maryland, the squadron was assigned to the 135th Air Resupply Group, allocated to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and equipped with C-46D Commando transports.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
The 135th was designated at the time as a special operations unit that supported USAF unconventional warfare (guerrilla warfare), direct action (commando-type raids), strategic reconnaissance (intelligence gathering), and psychological operations. The C-46 was supplemented by SA-16 Albatross amphibious aircraft beginning in 1956. The SA-16 (later redesignated HU-16) completely replaced the C-46s in late 1958. Training for water landings with the SA-16 was extremely hazardous. To make matters worse, doctrine required pilots to land their aircraft on water at night, with no landing lights. Night water landings were practiced at Patuxent River Naval Air Station in southern Maryland. Three crewmen were killed when their plane crashed while attempting a water landing in May 1956.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
Ultimately, the 135th's mission included counterinsurgency, military civic action, psychological operations, tactical air operations, and unconventional warfare. In addition to blacked-out water landings, the SA-16 crews practiced pulling personnel from the ground by means of the Fulton Recovery System, which retired Col. Richard T. Lynch, a former 135th commander, described as being "like bungee jumping in reverse."


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
Exercise Swamp Rat followed a fairly typical training scenario. In October 1959, nine Maryland SA-16s flew to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to work with soldiers of the 77th Special Forces Group. The paratroopers and their equipment were loaded aboard the SA-16s and dropped near the swamps of Fort Stewart, Georgia. 135th crews then flew resupply missions for the troops and extracted them when their mission was complete.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
In 1960, it relocated to the south side of the Martin Company Airport (now the Martin State Airport) in Middle River, Maryland. It was reassigned to Tactical Air Command in 1962 and re-designated as Air Commando unit, following the revival of an active duty air commando unit at Hurlburt Field, Florida in line with President John F. Kennedy's initiative to bolster the United States military special forces during the early involvement in the Vietnam War.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
In 1963, the 135th added U-10 Super Couriers to its inventory. The U-10s were used for infiltration, extraction, and psychological operations. These aircraft were temporarily replaced by U-6 Beavers from 1965 to 1967, due to a need for U-10s in Vietnam. In 1963, the 135th participated in Exercise Swift Strike III, one of the largest military maneuvers since World War II. During the exercise, the unit not only flew a variety of special air warfare missions, but received an operational readiness inspection from Tactical Air Command to boot.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
The 135th also worked with U.S. intelligence agencies. A common mission was to pick up agents in training, fly a zig-zag course to make sure they didn't know where they were headed, then have them parachute out over western Maryland. The trainees then had to make their way to Patuxent with only the resources they carried –  sometimes taking as much as six weeks to do so. The 135th would then fly down to "extract" the trainees and bring them home.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
The unit's loudspeaker-equipped U-10s were used to broadcast orders to student protesters at the University of Maryland during demonstrations in 1971; this was their only actual operational use by the 135th.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Special operations
It remained a special operations-type unit until 1971, when it was reorganized as a tactical air support unit. In this role, it was tasked with providing Forward Air Controllers to direct air strikes in support of troops on the ground.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift
In 1977, it was again reorganized, this time as a tactical airlift unit as part of a general program to upgrade Air National Guard units. Was assigned the C-7A Caribou light transport, the aircraft being Vietnam War veterans. In 1980, the unit converted to the C-130B Hercules. In 1981, it moved across the field to join other Maryland Air National Guard units based on the north side of the field. The military facilities are named Warfield Air National Guard Base. During the early 1990s, the 135th participated in humanitarian relief efforts in Somalia, peacekeeping and humanitarian relief in Bosnia, the U.S. intervention in Haiti and the enforcement of U.N. sanctions against Iraq during the 1990s.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift
In 1999, it dedicated its first C-130J, the latest and most advanced version of the venerable transport. The 135th had played a major role in the test and evaluation of the aircraft and its procedures and was the first fully equipped C-130J unit in the U.S. Air Force.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift
In February 2000, the 135th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (135th EAS) was first formed from 135th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Lambaréné Airport, Gabon, for an exercise, "Gabon 2000", with the objective of increasing the capacity of ECCAS states in the field of peacekeeping and conflict prevention and management. This exercise represented a direct application of the French RECAMP-concept (reinforcement of African peacekeeping capacities).


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift
BRAC 2005 saw the 8 C-130J aircraft of the squadron being transferred to 314th Airlift group, Little Rock Air Force base. In 2011, the first C-27J Spartan light transport was received. The squadron will obtain four of the C-27Js.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift
Beginning in July 2011, the 135th AS along with the Ohio Air National Guard 164th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron began rotational deployments for joint operations of the C-27J from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan as the 702d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron. The 702d EAS flew the two aircraft on 3,200 missions, moved 1,400 tons of cargo, transported 25,000 passengers and executed 71 airdrops, according to Air Force data.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift
In June 2012, operations of the 702d EAS were suspended by the Air Force and returned to the United States. Originally, C-27J aircraft were supposed to remain in theater through 2014, but the Air Force decided to bring all of the aircraft back to the U.S. before the end of July after it submitted its 2013 budget proposal, which recommended terminating the C-27J and retiring the aircraft.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Tactical Airlift
In 2013, the Air Force divested itself of the C-27J program. An inactivation ceremony was held at Warfield ANGB on 27 September 2013, and the 135th Airlift Squadron was scheduled to officially inactivate on 30 September, but for undetermined reasons, an inactivation request was never processed.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Intelligence
Although scheduled to inactivate on 30 September 2013, an organizational change request to that effect was apparently never processed and the unit remained on the books as an active part of the Maryland Air National Guard, albeit without assigned personnel or aircraft. As part of an increased emphasis on cyber warfare, the Maryland Air Guard gained a number of new units supporting this mission set, including a new intelligence squadron. This squadron was initially formed as a detachment of the 175th Wing.


135th Airlift Squadron, History, Intelligence
In keeping with Air Force historical policy, which, in part, emphasizes keeping units with long histories on the active rolls if possible, an organizational change request was submitted to the National Guard Bureau in 2014 requesting the 135th Airlift Squadron be reorganized and redesignated as the 135th Intelligence Squadron. While the request was still pending approval, the detachment began unofficially using the new designation. On 1 May 2016, the placeholder detachment was inactivated and its personnel officially became the 135th Intelligence Squadron.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 135th Aviation Regiment is an Aviation Branch regiment of the United States Army, first formed in August 1985.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The regiment was constituted in August 1985 with the activation of the 35th Infantry Division as an Attack Battalion flying AH-1S Cobra's. The regiment was originally formed as a part of the 135th Aviation Regiment with Regimental Headquarters located in Frankfort, Kentucky, 1st Battalion in Missouri and 2nd Battalion as a part of the Colorado Army National Guard as 2nd Battalion 135th Aviation, under the United States Army Regimental System. It was concurrently organized from new and existing units to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Companies D, E, and F, elements of the 35th Infantry Division, and Company G.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States)
It was reorganized 1 December 1987 to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Companies D, E, and F, elements of the 35th Infantry Division, the 3d Battalion, and Company G.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States)
Reorganized 1 September 1996 in the Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, and Missouri Army National Guard to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Company F, elements of the 35th Infantry Division, the 3d Battalion, and Company G.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States)
Reorganized 1 September 1998 to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Company F, elements of the 35th Infantry Division, and the 3d Battalion.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment
1st Battalion currently only flies the Boeing AH-64D Apaches but a number of Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk are to join during 2016.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)
The 2nd Battalion (General Support), 135th Aviation Regiment first became a part of the Colorado Army National Guard in the mid-1980s. The original unit, a single company, was made a part of the 40th Infantry Division's aviation brigade, predominantly located in California. The battalion flies the UH-60 Black Hawk, Boeing CH-47 Chinook. They are based out of Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado, as part of the Colorado Army National Guard Aviation Command.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)
The 2-135th deployed to Iraq in September 2006 through August 2007 as part of Task Force Mustang. In 2006 the 2d Battalion was deployed for Iraq War service. The 2-135th deployed on 19 March 2006 for five months of Theater Immersion Training at Fort Hood, Texas and Fort Sill, Oklahoma. They were certified "Fit to Fight" by Lt. Gen. Russel L. Honoré, commanding general, First United States Army, on 30 July 2006.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)
The unit shipped to Kuwait in August 2006, completed a couple of weeks of "boots on the ground" training at Camp Buehring, and entered Iraq in the first half of September as one of five battalions of Task Force Mustang. The battalion principally flew out of Balad Air Base (aka Camp Anaconda) and is flew missions all over Iraq. The total deployment for the 2-135th was expected to last approximately 18 months.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)
The battalion became fully engaged in the OIF mission on 17 Sep 2006, crosstraining with the previous unit, and had an official transfer of responsibility from the 7–101st on 24 Sep 2006. Soldiers wore the shoulder sleeve patch of the 36th Infantry Division while in Iraq.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)
The Iraq formation of the 2-135th (as a unit of Task Force Mustang) consisted of approximately 550 soldiers and was approximately 60% made up of Colorado Army National Guard personnel. It also included Army aviation Guard personnel from three additional primary states, Minnesota, Nebraska, Utah with smaller contingents from Arkansas, Wyoming, Missouri and Florida.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support)
The Iraq mission involved operations over a large expanse of the country of Iraq. The unit distinguished itself as one of the premier air assault units in the US Army, conducting 111 major, multi-night air assault operations—inserting over 15,500 troops into enemy landing zones across the Iraq theater in the span of only a year. "The Blackjacks" earned the Army Aviation Association of America's top National Guard aviation unit in 2007 for this.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2006–07 Iraq units
Company A of 2-135th from the Colorado ARNG was deployed to Iraq for one year, from the fall of 2005 to October 2006. This company is the normally organic Company A located with the battalion in Colorado. This company was selected to deploy with the 7th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment as the first Guard aviation unit to deploy from Colorado. They also informally served as a year-long advanced party for the battalion until they took over the mission of 7-101st in September 2006.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005–06 Iraq units
Company A, 2-135th during the Iraq deployment was (attached). Company A of the 2-211th from the Utah ARNG (home base West Jordan, Utah) serving, in Iraq as part of the beefed up 2-135th. It replaced Colorado's Company A after cross-training and handoff in September 2006.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005–06 Iraq units
Companies B, C, D, E and HHC of the 2-135th of the Colorado Army National Guard were all deployed to Iraq.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005–06 Iraq units
Company B, 2-135th (Colorado) was augmented by Company B of the 2d Battalion (General Support), 211th Aviation Regiment, Minnesota ARNG from Holman Field, St Paul, Minnesota.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005–06 Iraq units
Company C, 2-135th (Nebraska) was augmented by a detail from the Colorado ARNG.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005–06 Iraq units
All six companies were augmented for the Iraq deployment by additional ARNG personnel from other states as well as a few Individual Ready Reserve soldiers from across the United States. The battalion had approximately 550 personnel in Iraq fully augmented, whereas the more normal staffing in the Colorado guard is 300. The total distribution of personnel at the brigade level is available on the CAB, 36th Inf Div state personnel contributions page.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2005–06 Iraq units
Company C, 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment of the Florida National Guard, and Detachment 1, Company C, 1st Battalion, 111th of the Arkansas National Guard were commanded by LTC Michael J. Rung, and were attached the 2d Battalion, 135th Aviation for additional medevac support during the OIF 06–07 rotation.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2010–11 Afghanistan units
Company F, 2-135th (Louisiana and California) deployed to RC West and RC North in direct support of MEDEVAC missions for all coalition forces. While deployed and supporting MEDEVAC missions, CO F, 2-135th received the Valorous Unit Award (VUA) for "extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy."


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2012–2013, OEF-KU
Soldiers of the 2d Battalion (General Support), 135th Aviation Regiment were deployed as part of two Combat Aviation Brigades in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2012–2013, OEF-KU
While deployed, the 2-135th played a significant role in more than 3,000 flight missions, accounting for more than 9,800 hours of flight moving 9,658 passengers and more than 825,000 pounds of cargo. The unit also helped transport nearly 5,600 distinguished visitors.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2012–2013, OEF-KU
CAB medevac companies completed 234 medevac missions, four mass-casualty rehearsals and exercises, more than 25 medevac training iterations, and logged more than 765 hours.


135th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (General Support), 2012–2013, OEF-KU
On three separate expeditionary partnership missions, Task-Force Blackjack forward deployed to three additional countries, all while sustaining flight operations in Kuwait.


135th Delaware General Assembly
The 135th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the states government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1989, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Republican Governor Michael N. Castle from New Castle County and the first year for Republican Lieutenant Governor Dale E. Wolf, also from New Castle County.


135th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1980 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


135th Delaware General Assembly
In the 135th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


135th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


135th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 135th Division (第135師団, Dai-hyakusanjūgo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Cordiality Division (真心兵団, Shinshin Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in Mishan as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th, 135th,  136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation were the 2nd (Suifenhe) (or 3rd), 4th (Hulin) border guards groups, 46th transport guards group and 77th Independent Mixed Brigade.


135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 135th division took the defensive sector previously occupied by the 11th division and later by 77th Independent Mixed Brigade.


135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
With the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945, the Red Army immediately pierced in the sector of 135th division, manned by 15th border guards group at Hutou. The 15th border guards group was assigned to 135th division at the beginning of the battle. Nonetheless, because of the more threatening Soviet breakthrough at Suifenhe, two infantry battalions were detached from the 135th division 9 August 1945 and were reassigned to the 124th division.


135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 135th division, catch off-guard, with majority of officers attending a war game at Yangming District was ordered to withdraw to Yangming District in the evening 10 August 1945. 15 August 1945 it was ordered to retreat further to Mudanjiang, and finally order to surrender was received 17 August 1945 as the part of the surrender of Japan.


135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The lack of equipment was severe. Some of the required bayonets and swords of the division were forged locally from the available material like the steel salvaged from automotive suspensions. The artillery of the 135th division was the worst among 5th army, with only about two-thirds complement represented by Type 41 75 mm Cavalry Guns, trench mortars and other miscellaneous weapons. Before the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the Kwantung Army command has estimated the 135th division being at 15% of the nominal combat strength. The 135th division has suffered 1631 men killed during the short campaign.


135th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The majority of the troops of the 135th division were taken prisoner by Red Army and sent to the Siberian labour camps.


135th Georgia General Assembly
The 135th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 8, 1979, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 135th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 134th and served as the precedent for the 136th General Assembly in 1981.


135th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives
*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1979-80 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.


135th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 135th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 6 and September 28, 1864, during the American Civil War.


135th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Mattoon, Illinois, with a strength of 852 men, and mustered in for one-hundred-day service on June 6, 1864. On June 10, the regiment departed for Benton Barracks, Missouri, where they reported to General William Rosecrans.


135th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
From there five companies of the regiment were stationed on the Iron Mountain railroad. Three companies of the regiment were stationed at the Gasconade railroad crossing and a further two companies stationed at the Osage railroad crossing of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and at Jefferson City, Missouri. The regiment was mustered out on September 28, 1864. During its service the regiment lost one man at Gasconade crossing and sixteen men to disease.


135th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 135th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 23 and September 29, 1864, during the American Civil War.


135th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 23, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 29, 1864. During its service the regiment lost twenty-eight men to disease.


135th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 135th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the Army National Guard.


135th Infantry Regiment (United States)
During the Civil War, the First Minnesota Regiment, today the 2nd Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment (2/135) was the first volunteer regiment to offer its services to President Lincoln. The men of the 1st Minnesota are most remembered for their actions on the late afternoon of 2 July 1863, during the second day's fighting at Gettysburg, resulting in the prevention of a serious breach in the Union defensive line on Cemetery Ridge.


135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry organized 27 April 1861 at Fort Snelling. (Company A Pioneer Guards organized 17 April 1856 at St. Paul).


135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
reorganized in 1870 from Regimental Veteran Association as 1st Regiment Minnesota Enrolled Militia


135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Expanded and redesignated in 1883 as 1st Infantry Regiment Minnesota National Guard.


135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Argent, on a saltire Azure between in chief a fleur-de-lis Gules, in fess the Corps badge of the 2d Division, 8th Army Corps during the Spanish War Proper (two Silver circles overlapping each other one-third radius, resembling the figure "8") fringed of the third and two bolos saltirewise and in base a bull's skull of the like, the 2d Division, 2d Corps badge of the Civil War of the fourth (a Silver three-leaf clover with stem, voided). Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Silver scroll inscribed "TO THE LAST MAN" in Blue letters.


135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The shield is white (silver), the old Infantry colors. The blue saltire is taken from the Confederate flag - for Civil War service. At the battle of Gettysburg the 1st Minnesota Infantry Volunteers were in the 2d Division, 2d Corps (Hancock's), whose badge was the three-leaf clover. The figure "8" represents the Spanish War service and the crossed bolos the Philippine Insurrection service, while the fleur-de-lis represents World War I service of the 135th Infantry. The bull's skull (shoulder sleeve insignia of the 34th Division) indicates service with this Division during the period of peace and through World War II.


135th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 135th Infantry Regiment on 18 June 1926. It was amended to show additional war service on 19 December 1951.


135th New York State Legislature
The 135th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to March 29, 1912, during the second year of John Alden Dix's governorship, in Albany.


135th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


135th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.


135th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1911, was held on November 7. No statewide elective offices were up for election. For the first time, a Socialist was elected to the Assembly.


135th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1912; and adjourned on March 29.


135th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Edwin A. Merritt, Jr. (R) was elected Speaker with 95 votes against 45 for Al Smith (D).


135th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On April 19, Bronx County was created by the Legislature, to be effectively separated from New York County on January 1, 1914. To date, this was the last county created in the State of New York.


135th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


135th New York State Legislature, State Assembly
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


135th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 135th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 135th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 135th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in May 11, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Andrew Legg.


135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Cumberland, Maryland, May 11. It was assigned to duty as railroad guard on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at North Mountain, Opequan Station, and Martinsburg until July 3. At North Mountain, a portion of the regiment was captured and sent to Andersonville Prison. It participated in operations around Harpers Ferry July 4–7, and performed guard duty at Maryland Heights until September. Participated in the actions at Maryland Heights July 3–7.


135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 135th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Chase on September 1, 1864.


135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


135th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 73 men during service; 7 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 66 enlisted men due to disease.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
135th Siege Battery was a heavy howitzer unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It saw active service on the Western Front at the Somme and Arras, against the German spring offensive, and in the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training
Once the fighting on the Western Front had bogged down into Trench warfare in 1914, there was an urgent need for siege artillery. 135th Siege Bty was formed at Tynemouth in Northumberland under Army Council Instruction 996 of 13 May 1916. The gunners were drawn from Nos 12 and 47 Companies, RGA, which manned coast artillery in the Tynemouth Garrison (66 from No 12 Co and 44 from No 47). Most of them were recent recruits under the Derby Scheme with just a few weeks' training.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training
The first officers and warrant officers set up battery headquarters (BHQ) at the Temperance Hotel at Cullercoats. Ten non-commissioned officers (NCOs) arrived from the RGA's B Depot at Bexhill-on-Sea, together with the signal detachment of three NCOs and eight men from A Depot at Bexhill. Captain D.B.C. Sladen was appointed to command the battery.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training
The battery left Cullercoats on 4 June to join R Siege Brigade (Training) at Horsham and after a month moved to Lydd to complete its training, first with B Bde, then with C Bde. On 29 July the battery began to move to Bristol to mobilise, where its guns were waiting. The battery was equipped with four 8-inch howitzers. At this stage of the war the 8-inch howitzers in use (Marks I–V) were improvised from cut-down and bored-out barrels of 6-inch coast defence guns, with the recoil checked by enormous wooden wedges.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front
135th Siege Bty went out to Western Front in the summer of 1916, the advance party leaving on 11 August, and on 13 August the guns and the motor transport column of the Army Service Corps (ASC) – four caterpillar tractors, over 30 lorries, plus a car and assorted motorcycles – went to Avonmouth Docks to be shipped to France. The rest of the personnel embarked on the Golden Eagle at Folkestone Harbour on 19 August. After unloading the guns at Boulogne the battery entrained and joined the advance party at La Houssoye on 23 August, where it joined III Corps' Heavy Artillery on 23 August.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme
While at La Houssoye the battery was visited by the official war photographer John Warwick Brooke, several of whose pictures of the battery are in the collection of the Imperial War Museum. On 29 August 135th Siege Bty was assigned to 27th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG). At that stage of the war a heavy artillery group (HAG) was a lieutenant-colonel's command controlling  a fluctuating number of RGA heavy and siege batteries. The battery was temporarily split up and attached to experienced batteries for  initiation into front-line service.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme
Left Half Battery was attached to 19th Siege Bty (of 27th HAG) outside Mametz, Right Half Battery to 57th Siege Bty (of 30th HAG) with No 1 gun near Contalmaison with the forward section, and No 2 gun at Fricourt with the rear section. These batteries were supporting Fourth Army conducting the Somme Offensive; although the gun positions were rarely under fire, the forward observation officers (FOOs) and signallers were in Observation Posts (OPs) in the midst of fighting in High Wood and Delville Wood.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme
After a month the battery was pulled out on 21 September, but immediately sent forward to new positions, with Right Half to 67th Siege Bty and Left Half to 47th Siege Bty, both close to Montauban in XV Corps' Heavy Artillery. From these positions the battery supported the attacks of September that cleared High Wood and Delville Wood, and captured Flers, Guillemont and Ginchy, and then Gueudecourt.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme
135th Siege Bty had been subordinated to 14th HAG since 12 September, and on 29 September the sections began moving forward to prepare four new positions on the Longueval–High Wood road and reunite the battery. The gunners worked in mud and rain, and had to carry their ammunition down the last 500 yards (460 m) along the shell-damaged road. Eventually the exhausted gunners were helped by fatigue parties from the British West Indies Regiment. The gunners were accommodated in old German dugouts that were collapsing under shellfire and rain.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme
The OPs, however, were 3,000 yards (2,700 m) behind the front line, only just in front of the battery. The battery's targets were usually over the Ligny-Thilloy sector and round the Butte de Warlencourt. It suffered its first few fatal casualties in early October. Fourth Army's offensive was now completely held up, and XV Corps was relieved by I ANZAC Corps, taking over the batteries in position. 135th Siege Bty was transferred to the command of 3rd HAG on 16 October.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme
3rd HAG's primary target was the troublesome 'Gird Trench' nd associated strongpoints, which had withstood many attacks in the Battle of the Transloy Ridges. The shelling of the German positions continued, with 135th Siege Bty putting down a particularly heavy bombardment on 13 November to support Fifth Army's attack further north (the Battle of the Ancre).


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1916–17
The Somme Offensive died down after the Ancre and 135th Sieg Bty pulled its guns out on the night of 1/2 Decemberx. It exchanged with ASC ammunition column with 67th Siege Bty and then moved to Bonnay for rest. The BEF was taking over part of the line from the French, so 135th Siege Bty moved south to rejoin XV Corps in this new sector, transferring to 6th HAG on 11 December.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1916–17
Its new gun positions were in the valley below 'Saverake Wood;, SW of Combles, at least half a mile from any road, so the only way to get the guns in was to dismantle them at the railhead and send the pieces up on small light railway trucks. The battery had to construct a railway siding connecting to the Decauville Railway while the gunners lived in camouflaged tents in the snow, until some experience miners in their ranks constructed deep dugouts in the underlying chalk. The first gun was registered on 21 December and all four were in position and ready for action on 25 December. Major Sladen was invalided to England on 18 December and was succeeded on 17 January 1917 by Acting-Maj C.P. Heath from 66th Siege Bty.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1916–17
The battery's miners also constructed camouflaged OPs for the brigade, despite alternate frosts and thaws. From February the battery was engaged in shelling the enemy's 'Jupiter' trenches along the edge of St Pierre Vaast Wood, for which the OP was in the infantry's lines, at the end of a 800 yards (730 m) telephone line that frequently had to be reapired after bing cut by enemy shellfire. The battery's bombardments continued daily until 4 March, when 8th Division of XV Corps carried out a surprise local attack on Bouchavesnes.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1916–17
The battery pushed its OPs forwards and attempted to shell a group of German batteries that were now in sight. Unfortunately, they were beyond the limited range of the Mk V 8-inch howitzers. On 13 March the battery was ordered to pull out, and on 16 March it was officially transferred to 32nd HAG.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
32nd HAG was with VI Corps in the Arras sector under Third Army, and the battery joined it on 21 March. Third Army was preparing for the forthcoming Arras Offensive, in which 135th Siege Bty's role was counter-battery (CB) fire. Positions had been selected for it in private gardens off the Place Vauban in the middle of Arras, only 2,800 yards (2,600 m) behind the front line. The flowerbeds had to be carefully protected as the guns were pulled in, because any changes would have been obvious to German air observers.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
The battery remained silent for several days while 3600 rounds of ammunition were stockpiled. The artillery plan for Arras was much more carefully worked out than previous operations. It began with systematic CB work to put the German artillery out of action, 135th Siege Bty's targets, beginning on 1 April being mainly in 'Battery Valley' (east and north-east of Tilloy ), in the valley of the River Scarpe, and behind 'Orange Hill'. Occasionally the battery also bombarded the villages of Feuchy, Fampoux and Athies.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
The main bombardment was planned to last for five days (V, W, X, Y and Z) beginning on 4 April. given the mass of guns firing, the area bombarded was divided into small zones without overlapping fire, to help the FOOs spot the fall of shot of their own guns. However, visibility was poor on some of the days, so an additional day (Q) was inserted on 7 April and Z day for the attack (the First Battle of the Scarpe) became 9 April.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
135th Siege Bty was badly shelled in the Place Vauban on V day, with the Battery Quartermaster-Sergeant mortally wounded and the Battery Sergeant-Major wounded and evacuated. On Z day 135th Siege Bty was manning the brigade OP, with the FOOs and signallers tasked with following the attacking infantry as closely as possible, jumping off from the same tunnels under Arras and laying out a telephone line as they advanced. The enemy's SOS barrage came down too late, and slackened off as their batteries were captured, the infantry sweeping forward against scattered resistance. VI Corps had captured Orange Hill and the Wancourt–Feuchy lines by the end of the day, an advance of 5,000 yards (4,600 m).


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
Although VI Corps' attack on 9 April had been successful, the follow-up over succeeding days was less so, the guns having to be pushed forward through mud and destruction to bring the enemy into effective range. On 11 April the loaded guns of 135th Siege Bty were ordered to cease fire until  midnight, when they were fired off into Guémappe, which they could just reach.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
Next day 135th Siege Bty began moving forward to Feuchy Chapel, but the traffic congestion was so bad that the leading section could not pull its guns into position until after daybreak on 13 April, when it came under considerable enemy shelling. The two guns were in position by 13.30 and registered by 15.00; the other two came up during the day and were ready for action by 18.30. Large numbers of guns were crammed together in the open in a small area, under incessant harassing fire (HF) by enemy field guns and repeated CB bombardments by heavy guns.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
Apart from a few captured dugouts the gunners had to shelter from weather and shellfire in nearby trenches when not serving the guns. Keeping lines open to the OP on Orange Hill and later in Monchy-le-Preux was difficult, as wqs bringing up ammunition lorries under shellfire. A particularly destructive CB shoot ranged by aircraft hit the battery on 21 April, when ammunition dumps, camouflage and nearby supply tanks were destroyed.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
When the gunners emerged from shelter only one gun was completely knocked out, and another was soon repaired, giving the battery three guns to begin next morning's bombardment for the Second Battle of the Scarpe. However, the later bombardments were rushed and less effective than the opening of the offensive. During April 1917 135th Siege Bty fired more rounds than any similar period of its history. A fresh bombardment began on 1 May for the Third Battle of the Scarpe two days later, but the attack was largely unsuccessful.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras
After a period of rest the gunners returned to their guns at Feuchy Chapel on 15 May, but pulled them out next day when 135th Siege Bty was transferred to 48th HAG with VII Corps for the final attacks on the Hindenburg Line. It took up positions near Tilloy and began registering new targets. It then carried out CB shoots nearly every day with air observation while improving its positions, the miners digging new dugouts including an underground battery command post and telephone exchange.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Nieuport
The BEF's next planned operation was the Flanders Offensive, aiming to break through at Ypres, with a follow-up attack by Fourth Army along the coast supported by amphibious landings (Operation Hush). On 1 July 1917 the battery was ordered to Oostduinkerke to rejoin XV Corps with Fourth Army. It travelled by train and arrived on 7 July, being assigned to 34th HAG. The gun pits were dug into the sand dunes, and the guns had to be dragged in pieces over 1 mile (1.6 km) of sand, followed by the ammunition.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Nieuport
The position being prepared was under shellfire, and on the night of 9/10 July this became severe, including large numbers of gas shells. This was the preparation for a spoiling attack by the Germans that captured the British front line trenches and pushed the infantry back over the canal. 135th Siege Bty pulled its guns in over the next two nights. 256th Tunnelling Company, Royal Engineers, helped the gunners to construct dugouts and galleries under the dunes. The OPs were at Nieuport, one being a concrete tower built into one of the houses.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Nieuport
The guns of both sides were very active throughout the summer and the batteries round Oostduinkerke suffered a steady drain of casualties and damaged guns. On one occasion 135th Siege Bty came under accurate shelling while conducting a shoot with air observation; the observer found the enemy battery and called down fire from a 9.2-inch howitzer battery to silence it, returning to the task with 135th afterwards. After Operation Hush was abandoned, the battery came under  the command of 36th HAG on 3 September and then of 1st HAG on 6 October but this did not alter its tasks.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917–8
On 5 December the battery was ordered back to the Arras sector to join 83rd HAG in XIII Corps with First Army. The battery moved by road, arriving on 12 December. It established a Forward Section of two guns at Bailleul-Sir-Berthoult ('M') on the forward slope of Vimy Ridge and the other two as the Rear Section at Maison de la Cote ('X2') on the Arras–Bailleul road, while also digging gun pits in a sunken road as an alternative position for two guns ('N').


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917–8
On 24 December 1917 the battery was joined by a section of 258th Siege Bty, which joined Rear Section and brought 135th Siege Bty up to a six gun establishment. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 January 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. For the rest of the war the battery remained part of 83rd (Mixed) Bde, RGA, along with two heavy batteries (60-pounders), two 6-inch howitzer batteries and one of 9.2-inch howitzers.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917–8
Around two-thirds of the battery's personnel were sent for rest from 15 to 30 January 1918 while junior officers under training manned some of the guns. However, duties during the 'rest' period were still heavy, with two new Mk VI howitzers having to be dragged into an old German gun position ('S') near Bailleul (just 2,500 yards (2,300 m) from the current German front line) to begin replacing the worn-out Mk V guns.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917–8
83rd Brigade's role was CB work on XIII Corps' front, and with its excellent observation from Vimy Ridge 'S' and 'X2' positions (the latter shared with the 9.2-inch howitzers of 69th Siege Bty) were able to carry out some effective shoots against hostile batteries around Crest Wood. During February and March German retaliatory fire on Bailleul, was heavy, especially with Mustard gas shells, which caused numerous casualties.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Winter 1917–8
The Germans were expected soon to launch a Spring Offensive, so all gun positions were well stocked with ammunition and equipped with gas-proof dugouts and buried telephone cables. The positions were prepared for defence with rifles and machine guns, and means to destroy the guns if overrun. A detachment of the Middlesex Regiment was attached to protect the battery. On 5 March six new Mk VII howitzers arrived to re-equip the battery at 'S' and 'X2' positions.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive
The German Spring Offensive was launched on 21 March. Although the battery came under shellfire, particularly round 'X2', the Arras front remained quiet. Next day the batteries were ordered to get their guns onto emergency platforms, which allowed greater fields of fire. When the German attack extended to the Scarpe on 23 March, 135th Siege Bty was able to assist the defenders. It also pulled two guns out of the exposed S position and moved them to prepared gun pits on the reverse slope of Vimy Ridge. The battery carried out some effective CB work on the German batteries that were being moved up in front.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive
On 28 March the German extended their offensive north to First Army's front (the Third Battle of Arras), beginning with a massive bombardment at 03.00. The batteries of 83rd Bde were supporting 56th (1st London) Division, but the attack initially came in on the adjacent XVII Corps. The batteries opened fire on prearranged 'SOS' targets for XVII Corps at 04.00 but remained under fire themselves until 12.00. Many guns were temporarily put out of action when they were buried by debris from shell explosions, particularly at 'X2'.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive
135th Siege Bty received the heaviest fire in the brigade and Major Heath pulled his men back from the gun pits until he was ordered to continue fighting his guns regardless of casualties. The battery was finally ordered to pull back that night to Écurie station; one gun with a damaged wheel had to be left at X2 until it could be recovered later, but the rest of the battery got away and resumed fire next day from primitive platforms. However, the infantry battle had dwindled away by nightfall on 28 March. Although 56th (1st L) Division had been forced out of its forward zone, there was no breakthrough, Vimy Ridge had been held and German losses were severe.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive
On 1 April 135th Siege Bty's five guns were in action from Springfield Camp on the Arras–Lens road, establishing a new forward position (the Plank Road position) on the Roclincourt–Thélus road on 11 April. The battery also recovered gun platforms and ammunition that had been abandoned at the old S position. From these new positions (as yet undiscovered by the enemy)  they resumed HF shoots against the Germans in support of 4th Canadian Division, which had taken over the line.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive
The work included nightly 'corps salvoes' and concentrations against enemy trenches, dispersing working parties, occasional CB shoots with the flash spotters and sound rangers, and regular aeroplane shoots during daytime, as well as the battery's own OP on Vimy Ridge. It was not until 12 May that the Germans spotted the Plank Road position and subjected it to occasional HF shelling that inflicted a few casualties. It came under heavy fire while conducting a morning aeroplane shoot on 22 May, and one gun was damaged.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Spring Offensive
On 28 May the section moved to a new camouflaged position that had been prepared some 800 yards (730 m) away in Roclincourt village. In June the battery was reinforced by an officer and 48 gunners of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to gain experience with heavy artillery. 83rd Brigade was withdrawn into GHQ Reserve on 19 July, and 135th and 69th Siege Btys temporarily joined 67th Bde, moving to new positions at Souchez. They pulled out again on the night of 30/31 July and entrained to rejoin 83rd Bde, which was reassembling at Gentelles Wood, near Amiens.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
83rd Brigade was once again supporting Canadian Corps, now under Fourth Army. The gunners found it difficult to move the heavy platforms through the wood into their designated positions, a wooded ravine about 400 yards (370 m) from the road, which was under shellfire. There was not time to dig gun pits before daylight so they were camouflaged and the men withdrawn to billets in Boves. It took several more nights' work to get the guns and ammunition into position and hidden. This was completed just in time to participate in the Battle of Amiens on 8 August.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
The heavy batteries remained hidden and silent until Zero hours, so no registration could be carried out, relying instead on the Field Survey Section to lay the guns accurately on their targets. The attack went in at 04.20 and 135th Siege Bty's task was to neutralise six enemy batteries, with one howitzer firing at each target, and later to take part in concentrations on likely enemy assembly points. The advance by infantry and tanks was rapid, and the German artillery withdrew rather than replying to the overwhelming fire.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
By 09.20 the enemy had been driven back out of range of the battery's howitzers. 83rd Brigade then ordered the battery to send forward a party to man some of the captured German guns. The volunteers from 135th Siege Bty under Lt O.L. Gill took over a 100 cm gun and continued rapid fire at the retreating Germans until nightfall. This was also out of range by next morning but the battery commander managed to obtain two lorries and the captured gun advanced with the lighter (60-pdr and 6-inch) guns of the brigade.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
By 16 August Capt C.E.L. Phillips of 135th Siege Bty was commanding a battery of captured 5.9-inch howitzers and Lt Gill had a full battery of 10 cm guns, all manned by gunners drawn from all the batteries of 83rd Bde. Meanwhile, the brigade had left behind the slow-moving 8- and 9.2-inch howitzers of 135th and 69th Siege Btys, and it was not until the night of 12/13 August that 135th moved up to Le Quesnel. Next morning the gunners began emplacing the platforms, but the work had to be redone twice due to changes in orders. The main body of the battery therefore played little part in the Canadians' follow-up attack on 15 August.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
During the Battle of Albert (23 August) 83rd Bde's batteries fired in support of the French XXXI Corps, which had relieved the Canadians but made little progress. The French finally captured Fresnoy-lès-Roye on 26 August and 83rd Bde advanced, leaving 135th and 69th Siege Btys behind once more. An advance party of 135th joined the rest of the brigade near Nesle on 30 August, ready to begin preparing new positions and the guns were ordered up that evening; they were in action at Herly by 12.00 next day.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
Although the OP came under some fire and the gun lines were bombed by aircraft nightly, 83rd Bde noted that hostile shelling was well below normal levels, and as the enemy pulled back out of range its batteries were placed in GHQ Reserve at Renancourt near Amiens on 5 September to undergo training.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
83rd Brigade rejoined Fourth Army on 14 September and that night the caterpillar tractors began dragging the heavy guns up via Villers-Brettoneux to Attilly to support the next phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. By 18 September the guns were in position, ammunition had been brought up to forward dumps and the battery fired in support of the surprise attack of the Battle of Épehy that morning. 83rd Brigade was supporting 6th Division on the Army's extreme right, adjacent to the French.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
Although the assault was generally successful, 6th Division was held up at Holnon, 'the Quadrilateral'  and Fresnoy-le-Petit, but the artillery crushed a German counter-attack. The battery then fired on SOS lines during the night in support of the infantry, suffering a number of casualties itself. 6th Division captured Holnon and Fresnoy next day. On 20 September the Germans began a destructive CB shoot against the battery, ranged by an aircraft, but caused no casualties or damage to guns, although some ammunition was destroyed.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
On the night of 21/22 September the whole brigade area came under heavy shellfire of various calibres, including some gas shelling. One gun received a direct hit and considerable amounts of ammunition were destroyed, and several gunners were wounded or gassed. After that, 83rd Bde arranged to have all its unengaged guns laid on fuve known enemy batteries, to fire retaliatory CB tasks whenever the Germans fired.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
Before 135th Siege Bty left the dangerous positions at Attilly, its five remaining guns supported a limited attack on the Quadrilateral on 24 September, a preliminary operation allowing Fourth Army to close up to the Hindenburg Line. The battery then repositioned on the night of 25/26 September to support IX Corps' planned attack on the St Quentin Canal. From well-dispersed gun positions west of St Quentin Wood untroubled by German artillery but subjected to night bombing, the battery participated in two days' bombardment of enemy trenches and machine gun positions. The infantry assault went in on 29 September.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
46th (North Midland) Division, which had to storm the canal itself, had the heaviest level of artillery support of any British division in the war and its assault was a smashing success. 135th and 69th Siege Btys' role was to breach the canal embankment from Bellenglise to the canal bend in an attempt to drain the water. 46th (NM) Division swarmed over the canal across captured bridges and dams, using lifebelts and planks, and took its final objectives before nightfall. The battery's five howitzers had fired 2107 rounds (approximately 200 tonnes) of ammunition in just over 62 hours, while suffering no casualties itself. Next day 83rd Bde fired on Thorigny (near Lehaucourt) supporting 1st Division's successful follow-up attack.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
83rd Brigade now began moving its lighter guns forward across the canal to support 46th (NM) Division in the pursuit, leaving behind the 8- and 9.2-inch howitzers of 135th and 69th Siege Btys under the temporary command of 14th Bde. On the night of 3/4 October three caterpillar tractors were made available to move half of the battery 10 miles (16 km) to Magny-la-Fosse, where it was ready for action by 08.00. The remaining guns came up next night. However, early on 6 October 135th Siege Bty was badly bombed, suffering a number of casualties and damage to equipment.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
On 8 October IX Corps attacked Mericourt as part of the Second Battle of Cambrai, and 135th Siege Bty supported this with CB fire from four howitzers, one being unserviceable. By 08.00 the Germans had retreated and the battery was almost out of range. Next the battery was ordered up to Bohain to prepare for Fourth Army's next setpiece operation, the Battle of the Selle. Launched at 05.20 on 17 October the attack quickly achieved an advance of 4,000 yards (3,700 m) and after firing on enemy batteries 135th Siege Bty found itself out of range soon after 11.20. The Germans retired across the Sambre–Oise Canal and destroyed the bridges behind them.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
Once again 135th and 69th Siege Btys had to be left behind as the lighter guns followed the pursuit. 135th Siege Bty spent the period 18–28 October out of action at Bohain, untroubled apart from an occasional long-range shell. After preparing fresh positions at Écaillon, the battery moved its platforms up on 31 October, despite problems on the crowded and slippery roads, and the first four guns arrived in the evening. That night the new position was heavily shelled and the battery suffered a number of casualties while emplacing its guns.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Hundred Days Offensive
After registering the guns, the whole of 83rd Bde supported 1st Division's successful attack across the Sambre–Oise Canal on 4 November. Zero was at 05.45, and each of 135th's five howitzers was laid on a different hostile battery. As the attack progressed, it responded to calls from observation aircraft. The 12 rounds fired in response to one such call at 15.12 were the last fired by the battery. The infantry had established  bridgeheads over the canal and advanced 3,000 yards (2,700 m) beyond. Next day the German artillery could be seen pulling out and retreating. Left behind once more, the battery was quartered at Wassigny when the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment
After the Armistice 83rd Bde was selected to form part of the British Army of Occupation in Germany, but 8-inch howitzers were not to be taken, so 135th Siege Bty was left behind once more. It moved on 11 December from Wassigny to Fontaine-au-Pire where it remained through the winter. In March 1919 it supplied a large draft to 25th and 70th Siege Btys in British Army of the Rhine and demobilisation proceeded for the rest.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment
By 26 June a cadre of about 30 men left for England leaving the officer commanding and an equipment guard to entrain the guns and then embark them from Dunkirk on 6 August. One of the battery's 8-inch Mk VII howitzers was put on display at The Crystal Palace in an exhibition that formed the basis of the Imperial War Museum.


135th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment
During its service the battery lost 29 men killed or died of wounds and had 108 wounded and 70 gassed (almost all the latter in March 1918). Commonwealth War Grave Commission records include three other men of the battery who died in service, two of them after the Armistice.


135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)
135th Street is a local station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 135th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue in Harlem and Hamilton Heights in Manhattan, it is served by the B on weekdays, the C train at all times except nights, and the A train during late nights only.


135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History
The station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street.


135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout
There is no trim line at this station, but there are mosaic name tablets reading "135TH ST." in white sans-serif lettering on a Prussian green background and black border. Small tile captions reading "135" run along the wall at regular intervals between the name tablets, and under the name tablets are directional captions, all in white lettering on a black background. Hunter green I-beam columns run along the platforms at regular intervals, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.


135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout
This station is the only local station with six tracks between two side platforms and is one of only three stations in the entire subway system that features six tracks on the same level, within the same tunnel (the others are DeKalb Avenue and Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets, both in Downtown Brooklyn). The two outermost tracks are used by local trains stopping at this station, while the two innermost tracks are used by express trains. The middle tracks in each direction are lay-up tracks and not used in revenue service. All fare controls are at platform level and there are no mezzanines, crossovers, or crossunders.


135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout
This station is located close to the nearby City College of New York.


135th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
The full-time booths are at the 135th Street end, at 137th Street there is a part-time exit. The booth at the 137th Street exit has been removed. There were restrooms at the 137th Street end of the southbound platform. Both street staircases at this end were built with their entry points facing St. Nicholas Park and have an old-fashioned appearance.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
135th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, it is served by the 2 and 3 trains at all times.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
The 135th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction on the tunnel segment that includes the 135th Street station started on October 2 of the same year. The station opened on November 23, 1904. The station platforms were lengthened in 1910.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
The 135th Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 135th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control. The platforms contain elevators from the street, which make the station compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
The 135th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line). Farrell & Hopper began building the section from 110th Street to 135th Street on August 30, 1900, subcontracting the section north of 116th Street to John C. Rodgers. The excavation was relatively easy because the subway was under one side of Lenox Avenue and there were no street railway tracks to work around.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening
On November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch opened to 145th Street. Initially, the station was served by East Side local and express trains. Local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street). Express trains to 145th Street were eliminated in 1906, and West Farms express trains operated through to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.2 million in 2019) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,719,643 in 2019) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The platforms at the 135th Street station were extended 110 feet (34 m) to the north and 30 feet (9.1 m) to the south. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the East Side Branch.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an "H"-shaped system. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
The IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to White Plains Road, formerly the route to West Farms, became known as the 2, while the route to Lenox Avenue–145th Street became the 3. In 1959, all 2 and 3 trains became express.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
Starting on March 2, 1998, the tunnel was reconstructed along with the cracked tunnel floor. This was done to correct a major water problem that had existed for many years due to the presence of the Harlem Creek and other underground streams, which caused extensive flooding, water damage, and seepage problems that occasionally contributed to severe service disruptions. The project cost $82 million and was finished on October 12, 1998.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations
During the reconstruction, many 2 trains were rerouted via the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, while the 3 trains were rerouted to the 137th Street–City College station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Each of the two Lenox Avenue Line tracks were alternately taken out of service and supplemental shuttle bus service connecting to other lines in the area were provided for much of this time.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout
The station has three tracks and two side platforms; the center track is not used in regular service. The 2 and 3 trains stop here at all times. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110 m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street. The platform extensions are at the north ends of the original platforms. Fare control is at platform level. There are no crossovers or crossunders between the two side platforms to allow free transfer between directions.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout
The northbound outer track merges with the center track just north of the station and the center track merges with the southbound outer one just south of the station. North of the station, a diamond crossover allows trains to switch between the two tracks. At the 142nd Street Junction, the 2 train provides service to the Bronx via the IRT White Plains Road Line while the 3 continues on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line to 145th Street and Harlem–148th Street.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a "U"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. The platforms consist of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m), while the platform extensions contain I-beam columns. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
The original decorative scheme consisted of blue/green tile station-name tablets, violet tile bands, a white terracotta cornice, and green terracotta plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and terracotta contractor Atlantic Terra Cotta Company. Many of the original name tablets have since been replaced with newer renditions, but most of the plaques remain intact.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Design
The 1995 artwork here is called Harlem Timeline by Willie Birch. It features mosaics of notable Harlem residents on the station platforms. The one on the southbound side includes Adam Clayton Powell, Joe Louis, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Charlie Parker, Clara Ward, and Louis Armstrong while one on the northbound side includes the Harlem Globetrotters, the NAACP, Abyssian Baptist Church, Cotton Club, and Randall's Island football team.


135th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits
Each platform has one same-level fare control area at the center, containing a turnstile bank, token booth, two stairs to street-level, and an elevator. The northbound platform has exits to the eastern corners of Lenox Avenue and West 135th Street and the southbound side has exits to the western corners of that intersection. The elevators make this station fully ADA-accessible. The elevator for the southbound platform leads to the southwestern corner of West 135th Street and Lenox Avenue, while the elevator for the northbound platform leads to the northeastern corner.


135th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)
135th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station. It opened on September 17, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was 130th Street. The next northbound stop was 140th Street.


135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
The 135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (ESC) is an independent major command (MACOM) of the Alabama Army National Guard, and until 2014 was a subordinate unit of the 167th Theater Sustainment Command. It is one of two Expeditionary Sustainment Commands assigned to the National Guard, the other unit is the 184th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) assigned to the Mississippi Army National Guard.


135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Mission
The mission of the 135th Expeditionary Sustainment Command is to provide Command and Control of all assigned, attached, and operationally controlled units. The 135th ESC provides sustainment planning, guidance, and support to forces in an area of operation.


135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Operation Enduring Freedom
The 135th ESC mobilized for Operation Enduring Freedom from its home station in Birmingham, Alabama on 30 October 2009. Their mission in Afghanistan was to coordinate supply and logistics in the Afghan theater. While in Afghanistan the unit will supply more than 200 forward operating bases, supply more than 1 million cases of bottled water per month and food for more than 210,00 meals per day. The command conducted pre-mobilization training at Ft. Hood, TX, in November and December 2009. The 135th took command of Joint Sustainment Command - Afghanistan from the U.S. Army Reserve 143rd ESC in early December 2009. The 135th ESC turned over control of Joint Sustainment Command - Afghanistan to the 184th ESC on 17 October 2010.


135th meridian east
The meridian 135° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


135th meridian east
The 135th meridian east forms a great circle with the 45th meridian west.


135th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 135th meridian east passes through:


135th meridian west
The meridian 135° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


135th meridian west
The 135th meridian west forms a great circle with the 45th meridian east.


135th meridian west
The Alaska Time Zone is based on the mean solar time of this meridian.


135th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 135th meridian west passes through:


136 (number)
136 (one hundred [and] thirty six) is the natural number following 135 and preceding 137.


136 (number), In mathematics
136 is itself a factor of the Eddington number. With a total of 8 divisors, 8 among them, 136 is a refactorable number. It is a composite number.


136 (number), In mathematics
136 is a centered triangular number and a centered nonagonal number.


136 (number), In mathematics
The sum of the ninth row of Lozanić's triangle is 136.


136 (number), In mathematics
136 is a self-descriptive number in base 4, and a repdigit in base 16. In base 10, the sum of the cubes of its digits is 13+33+63=244{\displaystyle 1^{3}+3^{3}+6^{3}=244}. The sum of the cubes of the digits of 244 is 23+43+43=136{\displaystyle 2^{3}+4^{3}+4^{3}=136}.


136 (number), In mathematics
136 is a triangular number, because it's the sum of the first 16 positive integers.


136 Austria
Austria (minor planet designation: 136 Austria) is a main-belt asteroid that was found by the prolific asteroid discoverer Johann Palisa on 18 March 1874, from the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pola, Istria. It was his first asteroid discovery and was given the Latin name of his homeland.


136 Austria
Based upon its spectrum, it is classified as an M-type spectrum, although Clark et al. (1994) suggest it may be more like an S-type asteroid. It shows almost no absorption features in the near infrared, which may indicate an iron or enstatite chondrite surface composition. A weak hydration feature was detected in 2006.


136 Austria
Photometric observations of this asteroid at the European Southern Observatory in 1981 gave a light curve with a period of 11.5 ± 0.1 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 in magnitude. As of 2013, the estimated rotation period is 11.4969 hours.


136 BC
Year 136 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Philus and Serranus (or, less frequently, year 618 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 136 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


136 Tauri
136 Tauri is a white-hued binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.56, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 7.71±0.22 mas as seen from Earth's orbit, it is located approximately 420 light years from the Sun. The system is moving nearer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −17.2 km/s, and is expected to make its closest approach in 6.5 million years at a distance of 150 ly (45 pc).


136 Tauri
This is a close, double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 5.96 days and an eccentricity of 0.00. Tidal effects between the pair may have circularized their orbit and slowed their rotation rates – the primary has a projected rotational velocity of 10 km/s. They have a combined stellar classification of A0 V, and both are most likely A-type main-sequence stars of the same class.


1360
Year 1360 (MCCCLX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1360 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1360 kHz: 1360 AM is a regional broadcast frequency. Class B and D stations broadcast on 1360 AM.


1360s
The 1360s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1360, and ended on December 31, 1369.


1360s BC
The 1360s BC is a decade which lasted from 1369 BC to 1360 BC.


1360s BC, Significant people
This BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1360s in art
The decade of the 1360s in art involved some significant events.


1360s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1360s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1360s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1361
Year 1361 (MCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1361 Leuschneria
1361 Leuschneria, provisional designation 1935 QA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 August 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium, and named after American astronomer Armin Otto Leuschner.


1361 Leuschneria, Orbit
Leuschneria is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid that orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,976 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed at Johannesburg Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 3 days prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1361 Leuschneria, Naming
This minor planet was named after American astronomer Armin Otto Leuschner (1868–1953), on a proposal by Sylvain Arend during a visit to Berkeley, where Leuschner was the director of the Leuschner Observatory at University of California. He is known for his books Celestial Mechanics and The Minor Planets of the Hecuba Group. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 123). The lunar crater Leuschner is also named in his honor.


1361 Leuschneria, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
In May and June 2015, two rotational lightcurves of Leuschneria were obtained from photometric observations by Maurice Clark at Preston Gott Observatory of Texas Tech University, United States, and by Giovanni Casalnuovo at Eurac Observatory (C62) in Bolzano, Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.0893 and 9.646 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.75 and 0.19 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2-).


1361 Leuschneria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Leuschneria measures between 29.637 and 33.47 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a respective albedo between 0.066 and 0.0779. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0773 and a diameter of 30.16 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.0.


1361 Shōhei earthquake
The 1361 Shōhei earthquake (Japanese: 正平地震) was a major earthquake that occurred on August 3, 1361 (Gregorian calendar) in Japan. It is believed that this quake was one of the Nankaidō earthquakes. The magnitude was 8.4 Ms (Richter Scale Magnitude was 8.2 - 8.5) and it triggered a tsunami.


1362
Year 1362 (MCCCLXII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1362 Griqua
1362 Griqua, provisional designation 1935 QG1 is a dark, Jupiter-resonant background asteroid on an eccentric, cometary-like orbit and the namesake of the Griqua group, located in the Hecuba gap in the outermost region of the asteroid belt. The carbonaceous asteroid measures approximately 28 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter and has a rotation period of 6.9 hours. It was discovered on 31 July 1935, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the Griqua people in South Africa and Namibia.


1362 Griqua, Orbit and classification
Griqua is an asteroid in a cometary orbit (ACO), with no observable coma but with a Tisserand's parameter of 2.95, below the threshold of 3.0 defined for main-belt asteroids. ACO's may be extinct comets. It is the namesake and largest member of the small dynamical Griqua group (known as the "Griquas"), a marginally unstable group of asteroids observed in the Hecuba gap, a resonant zone with the gas giant Jupiter (2/1J). Griqua itself is background asteroids and does not belong to any known asteroid family.


1362 Griqua, Orbit and classification
This asteroid orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–4.4 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,107 days; semi-major axis of 3.22 AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.37 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic.


1362 Griqua, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1931 BN at Lowell Observatory in January 1931, more than 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1362 Griqua, Orbit and classification, Groups in the Hecuba gap
The marginally unstable Griqua group includes 3688 Navajo, 4177 Kohman and 11665  Dirichlet, while the stable 2:1 resonant group are the "Zhongguos", named after 3789 Zhongguo. The transition between these two groups, however, is not clear. The unnamed, third group in the Hecuba gap are strongly unstable. Their largest members are the asteroids 1921 Pala, 1922 Zulu and 5201 Ferraz-Mello, as well as 5370 Taranis, 8373 Stephengould, and 9767 Midsomer Norton.


1362 Griqua, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Griqua's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a common C-type asteroid and somewhat similar to an primitive P-type asteroid (CP). The asteroid has also been characterized as a "brighter" B-type asteroid in both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2).


1362 Griqua, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Griqua was obtained from photometric observations by Colin Bembrick at the Mount Tarana Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.907 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3). In 2009, follow-up observations by Jean and Milan Strajnic (511), Alain Klotz and Raoul Behrend as well as observations in the S-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave a concurring period of 6.891 and 6.9 hours with an amplitude of 0.23 and 0.24 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). The result supersedes a measurement of 7 hours made in the 1970s (U=1).


1362 Griqua, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Griqua measures between 25.60 and 30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0667 and 0.091.


1362 Griqua, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0667 with a diameter of 29.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.18, while fragmentary radiometric observations in the 1970s determined a diameter of 31.0	kilometer and a derived albedo of 0.055 (TRIAD).


1362 Griqua, Naming
This minor planet is named after the Afrikaans-speaking Griqua people, a mixed tribe of Bushman and Khoikhoi descent in Griqualand in South Africa and Namibia. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 24).


1362 papal conclave
The 1362 papal conclave elected William Grimoard as Pope Urban V to succeed Pope Innocent VI in the Palais des Papes of Avignon, continuing the Avignon Papacy.


1362 papal conclave, Balloting
Twenty cardinals entered the conclave on September 22, divided roughly into the factions of the French and Gascon cardinals (the latter being subjects of the King of England, in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine). Eleven or twelve of the twenty cardinals were Limousin, including three cardinal-nephews of Innocent VI and six nephews of Pope Clement VI.


1362 papal conclave, Balloting
After six days, the cardinals agreed upon the election of Hugues Roger, a cardinal and nephew of Clement VI, who refused the election in no uncertain terms (unlike many popes who made a show of "refusing" only to accept soon afterwards). Thereafter, cardinal Raymond di Canillac emerged as papabile but was unable to receive the requisite supermajority.


1362 papal conclave, Balloting
It became clear that none among the cardinals could receive a two-thirds majority, and thus discussion shifted to names outside the College. Disagreements continued until October 28, when the cardinals agreed on Abbot William Grimoard, the Apostolic Legate to the Kingdom of Naples, at the time residing in Florence. Fearing that Italians wishing to return the papacy to Rome would detain Grimoard, the French cardinals summoned him to Avignon, stating that they wished to consult with him, rather than informing him of his election. It took five weeks for Grimoard to reach Avignon, where he was crowned as Urban V.


1362 papal conclave, Balloting
Five years after his election, Urban V finally bowed to intense pressure from every direction, and did temporarily return the papacy to Rome on October 16, 1367. He returned to Avignon three years later, however, on August 26, 1370. He died in December of that year.


1362 papal conclave, List of participants
Twenty out of twenty one cardinals participated in the conclave:


1363
Year 1363 (MCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1364
Year 1364 (MCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1364 Safara
1364 Safara, incorrectly designated 1935 VB, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 November 1935, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid should have been designated 1935 WB, as the letter "V" only covers discoveries made during 1–15 November. It was named after André Safar, presumably an acquaintance of the discoverer from Algiers.


1364 Safara, Orbit and classification
Safara is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,910 days; semi-major axis of 3.01 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.


1364 Safara, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1932 EK at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1932. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers with its official discovery observation in November 1935.


1364 Safara, Physical characteristics
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes Safara to be a stony S-type asteroid, while it has also characterized as a rare L-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.


1364 Safara, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In February 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Safara was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.25 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3-).


1364 Safara, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In 2018, the body's lightcurve has also been modeled in a focused study of Eoan asteroids. Modeling gave a period of 7.14908 hours and two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) of (197.0°, 32.0°) and (10.0°, 12.0°).


1364 Safara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Safara measures between 21.197 and 32.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.087 and 0.2231.


1364 Safara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
CALL assumes an albedo of 0.14 – derived from 221 Eos, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 25.73 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.


1364 Safara, Naming
This minor planet was named after André Safar, presumably an acquaintance of the discoverer from Algiers. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 124).


1364 in Italy
A series of events, births and deaths in AD 1364 in Italy:


1365
Year 1365 (MCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1365 Henyey
1365 Henyey, provisional designation 1928 RK, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany on 9 September 1928, and named for American astronomer Louis Henyey.