1422 Strömgrenia, Diameter, albedo and spectral type
On the Tholen taxonomy, Strömgrenia's spectral class is that of a S-type. According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, it measures between 4.64 and 6.03 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.209 and 0.40. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link, assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from the asteroid 8 Flora, the family's principal body and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 5.62 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.42.


1422 Strömgrenia, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Swedish-Danish astronomer Svante Elis Strömgren (1870–1947), professor of astronomy and director of the Copenhagen University Observatory. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128).


1423
Year 1423 (MCDXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1423 Jose
1423 Jose, provisional designation 1936 QM, is a stony asteroid of the Koronis family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 August 1936, by Belgian astronomer Joseph Hunaerts at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.3 hours. It was named for Giuseppina, daughter of Italian astronomer Giuseppe Bianchi.


1423 Jose, Orbit and classification
Jose is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a prominent asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,767 days; semi-major axis of 2.86 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first imaged on a precovery taken at the Lowell Observatory in June 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle in August 1936.


1423 Jose, Naming
This minor planet was named by Cesare Lombardi after Giuseppina Bianchi, a daughter of Giuseppe Bianchi who died young. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128). Lombardi published several studies on the orbit of this asteroid.


1423 Jose, Physical characteristics
In the SDSS-based taxonomy, as well as in the SMASS classification, Jose is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for the members of the Koronis family.


1423 Jose, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In November 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Jose was obtained from photometric observations by amateur astronomers Rui Goncalves (938) and Laurent Bernasconi (A14) in Portugal and France, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.307±0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.68 magnitude (U=3), indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape.


1423 Jose, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
During an extensive lightcurve survey of Koronian asteroids by visiting American astronomers using the 0.6-m telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory of the Institute for Astronomy in Hawaii during 1997–2005, another period of 12.313±0.003 with an amplitude of 0.80 magnitude was determined (U=3). French amateur astronomer René Roy and the team at the Palomar Transient Factory in California also measured as period of 12.28±0.01 and 12.294±0.0146 with an amplitude of 0.82 and 0.96, respectively (U=2/2). A modeled lightcurve derived from combined dense and sparse photometric data was published in 2013. It gave a concurring period of 12.3127±0.0005 hours and a spin axis at (78.0°, −82.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1423 Jose, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jose measures between 15.8 and 26.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.16 and 0.34. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1151 and a diameter of 25.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1424
Year 1424 (MCDXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1424 Sundmania
1424 Sundmania (prov. designation: 1937 AJ) is a large asteroid and rather slow rotator from the background population of the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 9 January 1937, by astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Turku Observatory in southwest Finland. The dark X-type asteroid has a notably long rotation period of 93.7 hours and measures approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) in diameter. It was named after Finnish astronomer and mathematician Karl F. Sundman.


1424 Sundmania, Orbit and classification
Sundmania is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,081 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A918 WA at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1918, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.


1424 Sundmania, Naming
This minor planet was named after Finnish mathematician Karl F. Sundman (1873–1949), who intensively worked on the n-body problem. Sundman worked as an astronomer at several observatories all over Europe. He became director of the Helsinki University Observatory and was appointed professor of astronomy at the University of Helsinki in 1907. The asteroids 1558 Järnefelt and 1559 Kustaanheimo were also named after astronomers from the University of Helsinki. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 129). The lunar crater Sundman was also named in his honor.


1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Sundmania is an X-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a primitive P-type by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The Lightcurve Data Base assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Sundmania is a rather slow rotator as most minor planets have a rotation period of less than 20 hours.


1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Sundmania was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 93.73 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.42 magnitude (U=2+). Observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and René Roy gave a period of 36 and 47 hours, of which the latter seems to be half the period solution obtained by Stephens (U=1/1+).


1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics, Spin axis
In 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a period of 94.537±0.005 hours and found two spin axes of (51.0°, 76.0°) and (275.0°, 58.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1424 Sundmania, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Sundmania measures between 64.691 and 84.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.030 and 0.0602. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0426 and a diameter of 70.56 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.


1425
Year 1425 (MCDXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1425 Tuorla
1425 Tuorla, provisional designation 1937 GB, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 April 1937, by Finnish astronomer Kustaa Inkeri at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku, southwestern Finland. The asteroid was named after the Tuorla Observatory of the University of Turku. It was Kustaa Inkeri's only asteroid discovery.


1425 Tuorla, Orbit and classification
Tuorla is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,542 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Turku, the night before its official discovery observation.


1425 Tuorla, Physical characteristics
Tuorla has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, in accordance with the overall spectral type for members of the Eunomia family.


1425 Tuorla, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2013, the so-far best-rated a rotational lightcurve of Tuorla was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Vladimir Benishek at Belgrade Observatory in Serbia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.75 hours (h) with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=3). Other lightcurves were obtained by Alfonso Carreno Garceran (6.76 h), Laurent Bernasconi (7.75 h), and the Palomar Transient Factory (7.748 h),


1425 Tuorla, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tuorla measures between 11.795 and 14.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2390 and 0.383. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2389 and adopts a diameter of 14.94 kilometers from IRAS, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.


1425 Tuorla, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Tuorla Observatory, the Research Institute for Astronomy and Optics, of the University of Turku, located in Piikkiö near Turku, Finland. The Tuorla Observatory was established by prolific minor-planet discoverer Yrjö Väisälä in 1952, as an alternative to the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory, where this asteroid was discovered. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2277).


1425 in France, Deaths
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1426
Year 1426 (MCDXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1426 Riviera
1426 Riviera, provisional designation 1937 GF, is a bright asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Marguerite Laugier at the Nice Observatory in 1937, the asteroid was later named for the Côte d'Azur, also known as French Riviera.


1426 Riviera, Discovery
Riviera was discovered on 1 April 1937, by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France. Two nights later, the asteroid was independently discovered by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg on 3 April 1937. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as A920 CA at the German Bergedorf Observatory in February 1920.


1426 Riviera, Orbit and classification
Riviera is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,515 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg Observatory in 1937, two weeks after its official discovery observation at Nice.


1426 Riviera, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Riviera was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Nathanaël Berger. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.4044 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3). Other lightcurves with a concurring period between 4.38 and 4.40 hours were obtained by René Roy, Horacio Correia and by a group of astronomers at the Pico dos Dias Observatory in Brazil (U=2/2/3-).


1426 Riviera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Riviera measures between 14.29 and 18.033 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2671 and 0.414.


1426 Riviera, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.3274 and a diameter of 15.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1426 Riviera, Naming
This minor planet was named after the French Riviera (Côte d'Azur), the Mediterranean coast in southeastern France, noted for its mild weather and where the discovering Nice Observatory is located. The asteroid's name was suggested by Frederick Pilcher, after whom 1990 Pilcher was named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6831).


1427
Year 1427 (MCDXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1428
Year 1428 (MCDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1428 Catalonia earthquake
The Catalan earthquake of 2 February 1428, known in Catalan as the terratrèmol de la candelera because it took place during Candlemas, struck the region of Catalonia, especially Roussillon, with an epicentre near Camprodon. The earthquake was one of a series of related seismic events that shook Catalonia in a single year. Beginning on 23 February 1427, tremors were felt in March, April, 15 May at Olot, June, and December. They caused relatively minor visible damage to property, notably to the monastery of Amer; but they probably caused severe weakening of building infrastructure. This would account for the massive and widespread destruction that accompanied the subsequent 1428 quake.


1428 Catalonia earthquake
Modern estimates of the intensity are VIII (Damaging) or IX (Destructive) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale. The ramparts of Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste were destroyed. The clocktower of Arles-sur-Tech collapsed. The monastery of Fontclara at Banyuls-dels-Aspres was devastated. The damage sustained by the monastery of Saint-Martin-du-Canigou marked the commencement of its decline. The belltower and lantern tower of Sant Joan de les Abadesses fell down. The chapel at Núria was destroyed. The villages of Tortellà and Queralbs were entirely destroyed. Among the damaged structures were Santa Maria de Ripoll and Sant Llorenç prop Bagà. As far away as Perpignan and Barcelona the populace was gripped by panic. In the latter, the intensity was estimated at VI (Strong) or VII (Very strong). The rose window of the Gothic church of Santa Maria del Mar was destroyed.


1428 Catalonia earthquake
Robin de Molhet, lord of Peyrepertuse, who was travelling in his domains when the earthquake struck, quickly came to the aid of victims, which earned the recognition of Alfonso V of Aragon, who was away in Valencia at the time of the tremors. He was informed by the President of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Felip de Malla, in a letter.


1428 Catalonia earthquake
It is estimated that hundreds of people were killed in the disaster: two hundred are estimated at Camprodon, one to three hundred at Puigcerdà (due to the collapse of the church), twenty to thirty at Barcelona (in Santa Maria del Mar), and almost the entire population of Queralbs. The fallout lasted well over a year. The quake was probably the worst in the history of the Pyrenees, though the first recorded only occurred in 1373. It remains to this day a point of reference for the study of seismic risk.


1428 Elm Street
1428 Elm Street, also known as [the] Elm Street House, is a fictional residential house and street address in Springwood, Ohio, and is an important location in the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise, where it has been the home of Nancy Thompson and her mother, later Jesse Walsh and his family, and finally Lori Campbell and her father throughout the film series. It has also been hinted at to have been Freddy Krueger's home when he was alive. It further appears in some form in nearly all the films, as well as literature, comics, video games and music videos. The house, like Nancy, Tina Gray, Kristen Parker as well as their mutual tormentor and eventual murderer Freddy Krueger, were all conceived by the late horror legend Wes Craven.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films
1428 Elm Street is first introduced in A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), where it is owned by Marge Thompson, who lives there with her teenage daughter Nancy. There is seemingly nothing out of the ordinary about the house at the time, but this changes when Nancy and her friends starts to have a series of nightmares all featuring the same disfigured, menacing stalker, culminating in Nancy's best friend Tina Gray being slaughtered in her bed by an unseen assailer in the Gray's house on the same street.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films
Piecing together the lore surrounding Freddy Krueger, Nancy learns that her parents along with others lynched and torched Freddy to death after he had murdered around 20 kids in the neighborhood; they also hid his old murder weapon, a glove with knives attached to it, in a boiler in the basement of the Thompson's home. Nancy finds a way to bring Freddy out of her dreams and confronts him in 1428 Elm Street, luring him through a series of boobytraps and setting him on fire.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films
He is temporarily vanquished when Nancy convinces him and herself that he has no power over her unless she believes he has, and tells him that she takes back the energy she gave him. The  comics Nightmares on Elm Street reveals that after this, Nancy moved away from Springwood and went to college in the span between the first film and Dream Warriors.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films
The sequel A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985) insinuates that the house had stood unoccupied following the conclusion of the first film. After about five years, the Walsh family moved in, but Freddy's spirit lingered as a residual memory in the house, geographically restricted to it for the moment, and started to invade the dreams of the new occupant Jesse Walsh as he did with Nancy, now with the additional goal of possessing him and making Jesse kill for him.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films
In A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), Freddy seems to have "adopted" the house in the dreamworld, luring his victims there even when their dreams do not start in the house. Freddy increasingly tended to blend the house together with the old factory he worked in and brought his victims to while he was alive; the factory was the place he lured Nancy into in her nightmare in school in the first film.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films
By the time of The Dream Master, the real life 1428 Elm Street has become an uninhabited and boarded up ghost house since the Walsh's moved out at an unknown date - with Dream Warriors having left their fates unresolved - and would continue being so for many years. Before the events of Dream Warriors, Kristen Parker builds a model of the house she keeps seeing in her nightmares. After being admitted to and later released from the Westin Hills Asylum, she had come to consider the house to be Freddy's "home" due to its recurrence in her nightmares.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films
Before Freddy kills Kristen, her dreams would see her return to the dream-house and its boiler room many times, even when Freddy was dormant. Though not seen in reality in The Dream Child, the dream version of the house is part of the vistas seen by Alice Johnson in her struggles with Freddy. By this stage Freddy had further perverted the dream-house into a M. C. Escher-esque labyrinth by also integrating the Westin Hills Asylum and the Dream Church from the two previous films into it. In Freddy's Dead, the house was visited by protagonists such as John Doe and Maggie Burroughs and the film often hinted of the idea that Freddy and his family had once lived there when he was alive.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Films
The house also appears in the climax of Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994), when a metafictional Heather Langenkamp channels her in-universe character Nancy Thompson and Heather's house followingly turn into 1428 Elm Street. In Freddy vs Jason (2003), the house is occupied by Dr. Campbell and his daughter Lori; Freddy murdered Mrs. Campbell in their bedroom after the events of Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare took place. In a scene that was cut from the theatrical film, Lori scratches the repainted door to discover the original red painting underneath.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Halloween Horror Nights
The house was one of the haunted houses at Universal Orlando's Halloween Horror Nights: Carnival of Carnage in 2007; the exterior had been modeled after the worn down dream version from Dream Warriors and The Dream Master. It was also recreated for Universal Studios Hollywood's 2008 event called "Nightmare on Elm Street: Home Sweet Hell" The house appeared again as a setting during Halloween Horror Nights 25 in 2015 at its "Freddy vs Jason" event.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Literature and comics
In the Nightmare on Elm Street comics first two issues, set in 1990, Nancy Thompson's former roommate Cybil Houch sees the house in her recent nightmares about someone who appears to be Jack the Ripper; the sight of the house leads her to track down Nancy only to find that she died three years ago. Nancy also uses her own version of the house as her "safe haven" in the dream world. The house is seen in Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #5, where a fight between Jason Voorhees and Ash Williams causes it to collapse.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Literature and comics
In the short story "Asleep at the Wheel" by Brian Hodge from the anthology book The Nightmares on Elm Street: Freddy Krueger's Seven Sweetest Dreams (1991), a band that has named themselves "Nancy Thompson Gravewatch" decides to spend the night at 1428 Elm Street, which "has sat idle and abandoned and vacant and boarded over for years" as described in the story. The band's idea with staying at the house is to confront their inner darkness and make it their own.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Literature and comics
They are warned against it by Nancy's ghost, but the band refuses to listen and are picked off one by one by Freddy. In the short story "Dead Highway, Lost Roads" from the same book the house alongside with most of Elm Street has been leveled to the ground and replaced with a shopping mall to help bury the bad reputation that it had gained; Alice Johnson lives nearby, to keep a vigil on Freddy's activities. In the novel A Nightmare on Elm Street: Suffer the Children, taking place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason, Lori Campbell has moved out of Springwood and 1428 Elm Street is now occupied by Alexandra Corwin and her mother.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Video games
The house is the central setting of an online game called "Escape from 1428 Elm Street".


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Music videos
In the music video for The Fat Boys' Are You Ready for Freddy, the band has to stay one night in the house of one of the Boys' recently deceased "Uncle Frederick". The music video for Dokken's Dream Warriors song is mostly set in the nightmare version of the house, as visited by Kristen Parker in the Dream Warriors film.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects
The house has been featured in several alternate screenplays that was never filmed. For the third film which became Dream Warriors, Robert Englund wrote his own treatment Freddy's Funhouse, where Freddy had claimed the house for his own in the dream world, setting up booby traps against dreamers like Nancy did against him.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects
In an alternate script for A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child by John Skipp & Craig Spector, a characteris painting a drawing of the Elm Street house, only to be interrupted by a bulldozer leveling the legally condemned building to the ground to make way for the Elm St. Mall.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects
In the original script for Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare by Michael Almereyda, a character walks up to the house and removes plates of the mailbox with the name Williams, the last owners, to reveal the name Thompson underneath, which in turn has the name Krueger underneath it. Several alternate drafts for Freddy vs Jason featured the house, including scripts by Peter Briggs, Reiff/Voris and Abernathy/Schow; in the latter, a rundown 1428 Elm Street is blown up following a shootout between a SWAT team and a twisted Freddy-worshipping cultist group, culminating in the latter detonating a bomb in the basement.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects
In David Bishop's finished but never published sequel to his novel A Nightmare on Elm Street: Suffer the Children, called House of 100 Maniacs, Alexandra Corwin was deemed insane, incriminated for eight murders in truth committed by Freddy and had to spend five years in a maximum security psychiatric ward before being released, brainwashed into thinking that Freddy was nothing but a delusion of hers.


1428 Elm Street, Appearances, Other appearances, Unrealized projects
As a final part of her therapy, her psychotherapist convinces her that she must go to her former home, the now once again boarded up 1428 Elm Street (now scheduled for demolition), in order to face her demons. The house however attracts many who are intrigued by its reputation as a haunted house, providing Freddy with yet another batch of victims to slaughter. Alex and a girl named Jenny survives, while in the epilogue the house would finally have been demolished. The unpublished novel would also have established that Freddy did live at 1428 as a child.


1428 Elm Street, Development
From the first film to the sequels, the Elm Street House develops from simply being the place where the action takes to becoming the embodiment of Freddy in the physical world, taking on the characteristics of a classic haunted house and acting as a portal between the waking life and the dream world when characters steps in through the door of the house.


1428 Elm Street, Development
In the original script from Dream Warriors, the house seen by the Elm Street children in their nightmares is revealed to not be 1428 Elm Street, but a ranch house where Freddy was born; this idea was omitted in the theatrical film. The novelization The Nightmares on Elm Street Parts 1, 2, 3: The Continuing Story, written by Jeffrey Cooper, uses the original script rather than the film script; thus, the ranch house also appears in the Dream Warriors chapter in the book.


1428 Elm Street, Development
A non-canonical alternate backstory for 1428 Elm Street was featured in The Life and Death of Freddy Krueger contained within Cooper's novelization, where the house is described to have once have been a mental asylum where Freddy was born to an unnamed schizophrenic female patient who died in childbirth; the former asylum at 1428 is also present in Cooper's novelization of Dream Warriors, where it's called the Hathaway House.


1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations
The house from the original film was filmed at a private home in 1428 North Genesee Avenue in Los Angeles which was constructed in the year 1919; on the other side of the street stands house 1419 which was used as the Lantz family home in the film, where it was also located on the other side of the street. House 1428 was also used in Freddy's Revenge and Wes Craven's New Nightmare.


1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations
On Bloody Disgusting, it has been suggested that the house was also used for pickup scenes in the extended TV version of the original Halloween film by John Carpenter, pointing out the common presence of a decorative wooden horse in the filmed scenes and the pre-renovation house at 1428 North Genesee Avenue as a clue to this. Sean Clark, host of Horrors Hallowed Grounds, was able to visit the house in 2006 before massive renovations completely erased any likeness to the interior as seen in the films.


1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations
According to Clark, Nancy's room as seen in A Nightmare on Elm Street had not been a room in the actual house, but one inside a studio set. Carpenter however had gained permission to film inside the actual house, whereas Heather Langenkamp as Nancy was only inside the house at 1428 North Genesee Avenue for scenes where she's looking out from her bedroom window.


1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations
The house was put up for sale during 2006. It was in a state of negligence and worn down when Angie Hill bought it in 2008; she paid $1.15 million for the house then and began a year-long renovation. According to Hill, the previous owners had neglected it to such an extant that it might have been the slummiest house on the street. She preserved its facade throughout the renovation to retain much of its original looks. Hill renovated as much as 90% of the original interior. The house switched owners in 2013 for the price of $2.1 million.


1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations
Heather Langenkamp and Sean Clark visited the house at 1428 North Genesee Avenue in the franchise documentary Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy from 2010, where Hill explains that the original numbers spelling out 1428 had been stolen; the original font could not be replaced as it was no longer being manufactured. Heather and Robert Englund (Freddy Krueger) also revisited the house together in 2013, while Lisa Wilcox (Alice Johnson) visited it in 2017.


1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations
The color of the front door was blue in A Nightmare on Elm Street, but was painted blood red for Freddy's Revenge; red would remain the preferred color throughout the franchise except for when Wes Craven had it restored to blue for New Nightmare, which was once again filmed at 1428 North Genesee Avenue, whereas parts 3-6 had all used facade sets for the likeness of the house's front. Freddy vs. Jason filmed with a different house than the other films as it was filmed in Vancouver and not Los Angeles.


1428 Elm Street, Development, Filming locations
In the film, the door was originally red but had been painted over with yellow color. According to production designer John Willett, the process of a finding a matching house in Vancouver was very difficult and earlier film teams from the Nightmare series had not preserved accurate drawing records that the new team could follow, but they eventually found a house that was an 80% match of its Los Angeles predecessor, and shot the scenes inside the house instead of a stage due to budget concerns.


1428 Elm Street, Description, Setting
The house is located on Elm Street in the fictional town of Springwood in Ohio. In the script for the 1984 film, Wes Craven mentions Los Angeles in California as the setting and has Elm Street located in an unnamed suburb, but this information is left out of the film until minor details like Glen is calling "the airport" on the phone, a few palm trees can be seen and in one shot at the cemetery you can clearly see the blue California license tag.


1428 Elm Street, Description, Setting
The change to Ohio was possibly done as a homage to Wes Craven, who was born in Cleveland in Ohio. Fact is, that the state Ohio was named for the first time in part 6 but never before. The name Springwood and its change from suburb to town was introduced in Freddy's Revenge. The script to Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare humorously refers to Elm Street as "The supreme "bad place" of the universe. A street that ranks right there with "The Flying Dutchman", and "The Bermuda Triangle".


1428 Elm Street, Description, Setting
The street that makes "The Amityville Horror" look like a Long Island tupperware party." Many of the other characters in the series lives on Elm Street, such as Glen Lantz, Rick and Alice Johnson, who refers to the child murders by pre-lynching Freddy Krueger to have happened "right here on Elm Street".


1428 Elm Street, Description, The house as Freddy's home
In The Dream Master, Kristen Parker refers to 1428 Elm Street as Freddy's home while visiting it in real life with her friends. Halloween Horror Nights and various media such as "Escape from 1428 Elm Street" propagates the idea of the Thompson/Walsh house also having been Freddy's house.


1428 Elm Street, Description, The house as Freddy's home
In the book "The Nightmare Never Ends: The Official History of Freddy Krueger and the 'Nightmare on Elm Street' Films", Andy Mangels supplies a "Key to Map of Springwood" which lists Elm Street residents and lists the Krueger's as living on 1665 Elm Street, and further argues that the houses might only look similar due to having the same designers, but the webmaster of Nightmare on Elm Street Companion argues that Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare definitely portrayed Freddy's original home as being in fact 1428 Elm Street, including a deleted scene where Maggie finds a hidden room in the basement of the house where Freddy kept all his weapons and tools designed for murder when he lived, and that the franchise has consistently referred to the house as "Freddy's house".


1428 Elm Street, Description, The house as Freddy's home
A Nightmare on Elm Street: The Beginning, Andy Mangels' comic book sequel to Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare that was never finished due to the bankruptcy of Innovation Publishing and only saw two issues released, would have established that the reason for why Freddy is consistently drawn to 1428 Elm Street is because his original glove is hidden in its cellar.


1428 Elm Street, Legacy
The house has been referred to as "beyond iconic", "one of the most legendary horror homes in movies" and "the star of A Nightmare on Elm Street". Mark Swift and Damian Shannon choose 1428 Elm Street alongside with Westin Hills Psychiatric Hospital as the token "classic locations" representing the franchise in Freddy vs. Jason, while Camp Crystal Lake represented the Friday the 13th series.


1428 Elm Street, Legacy
The horror blog 1428 Elm and the production company 1428 Films that has produced the documentaries Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy and Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th and helped produce films such as The Haunting of Sharon Tate have both derived their names from the fictional house. Mondo created a printing for MondoCon 2016 based on the 1428 Elm Street for their "Home" series of iconic horror locations, and the company Hawthorne Village has made a miniature of the "haunted house" version of the house as part of their "Village of Horror" series.


1428 Elm Street, Legacy
Fans have also set out to recreate the house through means such as with 3D rendering, with Lego bricks or as a dollhouse. 1428 Elm Street was second on GamesRadar's list of the "50 Scariest Horror Movie Houses", being beaten by the Saeki house. Because of its iconic status among horror fans, the 1428 North Genesee Avenue house is popularly referred to as the 'Nightmare on Elm Street House' and some fans make pilgrimages to see the real life location.


1428 Mombasa
1428 Mombasa, provisional designation 1937 NO, is a dark asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 56 kilometers in diameter.


1428 Mombasa
It was discovered on 5 July 1937, by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory, South Africa, and later named after Mombasa, Kenya.


1428 Mombasa, Orbit and classification
Mombasa orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.4–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,720 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic. Mombasa was first identified as 1933 WO at Lowell Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 4 years prior to its official discovery at Johannesburg.


1428 Mombasa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
American astronomer Robert Stephens obtained a rotational lightcurve of Mombasa in June 2012. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.67 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=2+). Previous lightcurves were obtained by French amateur astronomer René Roy in February 2006 (17.6 hours, Δ0.15 mag; U=2), as well as by Scot Hawkins and Richard Ditteon at Oakley Observatory in May 2007 (17.12 hours, Δ0.25 mag; U=2).


1428 Mombasa, Physical characteristics, Spectral type, diameter and albedo
On the SMASS taxonomic scheme, Mombasa is a Xc-type, an intermediate between the carbonaceous C and X-type, while it is also described as a darker P-type asteroid. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mombasa measures between 52.46 and 62.45 kilometers in diameter, ignoring a preliminary result of 127 km, and its surface has an albedo of 0.025 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0415 and a diameter of 56.83 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.3.


1428 Mombasa, Naming
This minor planet was named after Mombasa, chief-port and second largest city of Kenya on the coast of East Africa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).


1429
Year 1429 (MCDXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1429 Pemba
1429 Pemba, provisional designation 1937 NH, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 July 1937, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the Pemba Island off the coast of Tanzania.


1429 Pemba, Orbit and classification
Pemba is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,492 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.33 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1429 Pemba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 1982, a rotational lightcurve of Pemba was obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 20 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.3 magnitude (U=1). As of 2017, no secure period has been determined.


1429 Pemba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pemba measures between 8.71 and 10.75 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1316 and 0.196.


1429 Pemba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results, that is, an albedo of 0.1316 and a diameter of 10.37 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.74.


1429 Pemba, Naming
This minor planet was named for the Pemba Island, Tanzania, part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, which was once under the rule of the Sultan of Zanzibar. It is located off the East Coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).


142d Airlift Squadron
The 142d Airlift Squadron (142d AS) is a unit of the Delaware Air National Guard 166th Airlift Wing located at New Castle Air National Guard Base, Delaware. It is equipped with the C-130H Hercules.


142d Airlift Squadron, Overview
The mission of the 142d Airlift Squadron is to provide combat ready aircrew for state, national and worldwide deployment in support of any assigned mission. The squadron's mission capability includes all weather, day and night, airland, airdrop and aeromedical evacuation capability. The C-130 aircraft is capable to perform both inter-theatre and intra-theatre missions. The squadron is can also supply specially trained aircrews for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance operations when called upon. The squadron has pilots, navigators, flight engineers and loadmasters, life support, and administrative personnel assigned.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was activated on 30 September 1942 at Mitchel Field, New York as the 342d Fighter Squadron and equipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. It deployed to the Southwest Pacific Area, where the unit became part of Fifth Air Force in New Guinea. It engaged in combat operations until August 1945, then became part of the occupation forces in Japan. The unit returned to the United States during May 1946 and was inactivated.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
The squadron was redesignated as the 142d Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was activated on 6 September 1946, and its formal federal recognition was recognized at a ceremony in the Wilmington Armory. The ceremony was conducted by Brigadier General Paul R. Rinard, the Adjutant General and Colonel John B. Grier, U.S. Property and Disbursing Officer for Delaware. Shortly afterwards the squadron received its first fighter planes, P-47N Thunderbolts.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
Prior to being federalized during the Korean War on 1 February 1951, the unit received Republic F-84C Thunderjets. On 17 May 1951, the unit was redesignated the 142d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and in September 1951 the unit exchanged its F-84s for the Lockheed F-94 Starfire interceptor aircraft to fit the unit's new air defense mission.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
On 1 November 1952 the 142d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was released from active duty and reorganized in the Delaware Air National Guard. On 1 December 1952 the unit was redesignated the 142d Fighter-Bomber Squadron and reverted to a propeller-driven aircraft, the North American F-51H Mustang.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
In 1954 the unit received North American F-86A Sabre day interceptor fighters to replace the F-51Hs. In July 1956 Major David F. McCallister (142d Fighter-Bomber Squadron Commander) set a fighter record by flying his F-86 Sabre 1,922 miles in three hours, 30 minutes, to win the Earl T. Ricks Memorial Trophy. On 10 November 1958 the unit was redesignated the 142d Tactical Fighter Squadron and its mobilization gaining command changed from the Air Force's Air Defense Command to the Tactical Air Command (TAC).


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
On 7 April 1962 the Delaware Air National Guard expanded the unit and established the 166th Air Transport Group. The group and squadron's gaining command changed from TAC to Military Air Transport Service. The 142d squadron was assigned to the 166th and redesignated as the 142d Air Transport Squadron. The squadron was re-equipped with the four engine Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter cargo aircraft. During the period from 1964–1974 the Delaware Air National Guard flew missions to South Vietnam. In September 1965, only three years after receiving the C-97, the Delaware Air National Guard received the McCallister Trophy as the Air National Guard Outstanding Transport Unit.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
On 1 January 1966, the Military Air Transport Service was replaced by Military Airlift Command (MAC). In addition to that name change MAC-gained Air National Guard units were also redesignated. The 142d became the 142d Military Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1966. In April 1966, the unit was awarded the Outstanding Unit Trophy by the Air Force Association based on its impressive collection of achievements and safety record.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
On 12 May 1971 the Group became the 142d Tactical Airlift Squadron and replaced its C-97s with Lockheed C-130A Hercules prop-jet cargo plane, and its gaining command transferred from MAC back to TAC. Its antiquated C-130Bs were upgraded in October 1985 with the delivery of a brand new factory fresh C-130H models.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
On 25 January 1991 selected personnel were activated for the Persian Gulf War known as Operation Desert Storm (8 planes with crews and maintenance and support personnel.) A majority of the unit became part of the 1670th Tactical Airlift Group (Provisional) at Al Kharj Air Base, Saudi Arabia. On 30 June 1991 the aircraft and personnel were released from active duty.


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
Another name change occurred on 16 March 1992. The 142d dropped the "Tactical" and was redesignated the 142d Airlift Squadron. In conjunction with the redesignation, the unit's gaining command, MAC, was replaced by Air Mobility Command (AMC).


142d Airlift Squadron, History, Delaware Air National Guard
In September 1992, a group of personnel from the squadron participated in the Hurricane Andrew relief effort. On 26 October 1993 the gaining command for the squadron changed from AMC to Air Combat Command (ACC). On 20 November 1995 the squadron was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period 15 August 1993 through 14 August 1995. On 1 April 1997 the gaining command for the squadron changed from ACC back to AMC.


142nd (6th London) Brigade
The 142nd (6th London) Brigade (142 Bde) was an infantry brigade of the Territorial Army, part of the British Army, that served in the First and the Second World Wars, and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the latter.


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Origin
When the Territorial Force was created in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the existing Volunteer units in the London area were brought together into a new London Regiment and organised into two divisions with a full complement of infantry brigades and supporting arms. Four battalions from South London (formerly part of the Surrey Brigade) constituted the 6th London Brigade in 2nd London Division, with the following composition:


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War
The outbreak of war on 4 August saw 6th London Brigade at Perham Down on Salisbury Plain, where it had just arrived for its annual training camp with the rest of 2nd London Division. They were immediately recalled to London to complete their mobilisation and by mid-August 6 London Bde had reached its war station round Watford, Hertfordshire. The County of London Territorial Force Association immediately began raising '2nd Line' battalions, which quickly led to the formation of a duplicate 2/6th London Brigade (eventually 181st Brigade); consequently 6th London Brigade was renumbered 1/6th and its battalions were similarly prefixed (1/21st–1/24th).


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War
In October 1914, 2nd London Division was selected for service on the Western Front and progressive training was carried out through the winter. The division embarked for France in March 1915, concentrating round Béthune. In May the division (already known in France simply as 'The London Division' to distinguish it from the Regular Army 2nd Division) took its place in the line and was designated 47th (1/2nd London) Division, with the brigades numbered consecutively: 6th London became 142nd (1/6th London) Brigade.


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War
The division suffered casualties from shellfire while holding the line as neighbouring formations fought the Battle of Aubers Ridge, (9 & 15 May), but Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby's 142 Bde carried out the division's first offensive action, on 25 May during the Battle of Festubert. The attack on the 'S' Bend was timed for 18.30, to precede a Canadian night attack further along the line. The 23rd and 24th Londons swept across the open ground and immediately captured the German front trenches with few losses.


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War
However, German listening posts had given warning of the impending attack, and they had registered their artillery onto their own trenches. The divisional historian records that the Londoners now encountered  'a fierce and deadly enfilading fire from the German guns, and particularly from a heavy battery posted near Auchy-les-la Bassée, far to the south and out of range of the guns of our Division'.


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War
The brigade supports, 21st Londons, and the 20th Londons from divisional reserve, were brought up and desperate attempts made to extend the brigade's gains, 'but tremendous losses were suffered by the men crowded in the captured trenches. Nothing could be done to keep down this enfilading fire, and by the following morning much of the captured trenches had been knocked to bits and had to be abandoned, but a considerable part of their front line was retained and taken into our own trench system'.


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War, First World War order of battle
There were few changes to the brigade's Order of Battle during the war:


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, First World War, First World War order of battle
After the Armistice with Germany, 47th Division was engaged in railway repair and then settled down around Béthune (where it had started the war) to await demobilisation. This began in January, and the last troops left France on 10 May 1919. The brigade was demobilised at Felixstowe in May–June 1919.


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Interwar years
47th Division and its subformations began to reform in the redesignated Territorial Army in 1920. 142 Bde was reformed with its original battalions, and with brigade HQ at the Regimental Headquarters of the Welsh Guards at Wellington Barracks in Birdcage Walk.


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Interwar years
In the 1930s, reorganisation of the TA saw the brigade's traditional battalions being retasked (the 21st became 35th (1st Surrey Rifles) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA) and the 23rd became 42nd Royal Tank Regiment in 1935, 22nd and 24th became 6th (Bermondsey) and 7th (Southwark) battalions of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), transferred to 131st (Surrey) Infantry Brigade) and posted away. The brigade was disbanded in 1936.


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Second World War
The rapid expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis saw 6th London Brigade reformed in April 1939 as a Second Line TA formation within a new 2nd London Division. It consisted of battalions of the Middlesex Regiment organised in the machine gun role:


142nd (6th London) Brigade, History, Second World War
As its units were progressively posted away, the reduced brigade first came under the command of the brigadier of 3rd London Brigade, and was then disbanded on 4 May 1940. Neither the 6th London nor 142 Brigade titles was reactivated.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) formed during World War I from coast defence gunners of the Durham Royal Garrison Artillery. It served on the Western Front, including the Battles of Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele, the Lys, and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in 1918.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
In the years before World War I, the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) had been responsible for the coast defence artillery of the United Kingdom, with Regular Army units supplemented by the 'defended port units' of the part-time Territorial Force. These included the Durham RGA at West Hartlepool, manning the Tees and Hartlepool coastal guns with a mobile heavy battery at Sunderland. The Durham RGA was the only British coast defence unit to engage the enemy during the war, when the Imperial German Navy bombarded Hartlepool and Scarborough on 16 December 1914.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war, TF units had been invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
In this way duplicate brigades, companies and batteries were created. By the autumn of 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of heavy and siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO authorised 1st line TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service to increase their strength by 50 per cent.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation
142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, RGA, was authorised on 31 October 1915 and formed from 1/1st and 2/1st Heavy Batteries of the Durham RGA at Sunderland. It was one of one of only two all-TF heavy field batteries raised from defended ports units.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service
The 4-gun battery joined 41st Heavy Brigade, RGA, which formed at Woolwich on 25 February 1916 and mobilised four days later. The brigade embarked at Southampton for the Western Front on 21 March 1916. Officially, RGA brigades became 'Heavy Artillery Groups' (HAGs) from 2 April 1916. By 20 April, 41st HAG had joined Second Army in the Ypres sector, where low-level trench warfare was constant.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service
On 31 July the battery transferred to 55th HAG, which had just arrived from Southampton. This group then joined 'Reserve Army' (shortly to become Fifth Army) fighting in the Somme offensive, where the 60-pounder guns of the heavy batteries were called upon for counter-battery (CB) fire.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service
Earlier in the year the War Office had decided that four-gun heavy batteries should be increased to six guns. This was done for 142nd Hvy Bty on 5 October 1916 when it was joined by a section from 176th Hvy Bty.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Vimy Ridge
Fifth Army kept hammering away on the Somme front until November, and continued with Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917. 142nd Heavy Bty was then sent on 21 March to join 76th HAG in the north with First Army, arriving on 25 March. First Army was preparing for the forthcoming Arras Offensive, beginning with an effective CB programme beginning in early April. 76th HAG was positioned north of Bois de Berthonval, supporting Canadian Corps, which was to carry out the opening attack on Vimy Ridge.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Vimy Ridge
Maximum use was made of observation balloons and aircraft, when weather permitted, to pinpoint opposing batteries for the heavies. The ruling principle was that isolated enemy batteries should be dealt with first, since those that were closely grouped could be more easily and economically neutralised with high explosive and gas shell just before the assault. Huge amounts of ammunition were stockpiled before the operation, including 10,000 rounds for the nine 60-pdr batteries with Canadian Corps specifically to meet possible counter-attacks.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Vimy Ridge
After the preparatory fire, the bombardment began on 7 April, ending with a 'hurricane' bombardment at 05.30 on 9 April simultaneously with the attack. ' The artillery attack was a brilliant success. The German artillery was largely destroyed, and what was not was effectively neutralised'. Canadian Corps succeeded in taking almost all its objectives on the first day, and Vimy Ridge with its magnificent observation over enemy territory was in Allied hands.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
The Arras offensive continued for several weeks. On 22 April, 142nd Hvy Bty transferred to 44th (South African) HAG. At the end of June, the battery moved back to Fifth Army, now at Ypres preparing for the Flanders Offensive (the Third Battle of Ypres). 142nd Heavy Bty did not stay under Fifth Army long: it briefly joined 14th HAG on 29 June, then 4th on 1 July, but moved to 59th HAG with Third Army on 6 July. It therefore missed the early stages of the offensive.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Ypres
It came under 39th HAG on 9 August, but then on 1 September it rejoined Fifth Army with 65th HAG. The offensive was re-launched with the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge (20 September), followed by the battles of Polygon Wood (26 September), Broodseinde (4 October), Poelcappelle (9 October) and finally the First and Second Battle of Passchendaele (12 and 26 October). Conditions for the artillery were by now very bad: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and suffered badly from CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. The fighting died down after 10 November.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive
142nd Heavy Bty transferred to 79th HAG on 18 December 1917. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 142nd Heavy Bty remained with 79th Bde until the end of the war. When it joined, the brigade was part of Second Army in the northern part of the Ypres Salient, but on 22 December, Fourth Army HQ took over from Second. It reverted to Second Army before the German spring offensive began on 21 March 1918.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive
Second Army was hit by the second phase of the Spring Offensive, the Battle of the Lys, starting on 10 April. When it became clear that the army would have to retire, the heaviest guns were sent away first, but 60-pdrs remained for CB work when good targets were detected. They moved last, and remained with the field artillery firing in support of the hard-pressed infantry. By the night of 21/22 April the situation in front of the Forêt de Nieppe had stabilised. The Germans began nightly bombardments with mustard gas shells to drive 5th Division out. However the division had strong artillery support including 79th Bde RGA, which replied vigorously to the attack, bombarding the German billets and gun positions each night, and continuing harassing fire (HF) shoots throughout the day. The German offensive on this front ended on 29 April.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Spring Offensive
79th Brigade had shifted to First Army by 1 May, and on 28 June it supported XI Corps in Operation Borderland, a limited counter-attack on La Becque and other fortified farms in front of the Forest of Nieppe, in what was described as 'a model operation' for artillery cooperation. 79th Brigade then transferred with XI Corps to the command of the reconstituted Fifth Army on 1 July 1918.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
79th Brigade joined the reconstituted Fourth Army on 18 August, soon after the beginning of the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive that lasted to the end of the war. By the end of September Fourth Army had closed up to the Hindenburg Line. On 29 September IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 79th Bde amongst the mass of artillery supporting the operation.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
The canal defences had largely been destroyed by the heavy guns, which continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade stormed the outpost line and then scrambled across the canal in the morning mist. The objectives were taken by 15.30. 79th Brigade moved its battery positions forward during the night of 30 September/1 October.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
On 8 October, IX Corps attacked the next German defensive position, the Beaurevoir Line. Harassing fire had been carried out on the night of 6/7 October, and all through 7 October and up to Zero the heavies carried out CB fire and shelled important localities. Once the attack went in the heavies continued intense CB and long-range HF fire until the infantry were on the objective. On 11 October preparations began for IX Corps' assault on the German line along the River Selle.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
CB fire began on 13 October, but mist and rain disrupted air reconnaissance on 15 and 16 October. However, Zero for the Battle of the Selle was fixed on 16 October for 05.20 the next day. The first day of the battle went well, one German counter-attack being broken up when all available guns were turned onto it, but the attackers were still short of their objective, the Sambre Canal. Steady progress was also made on the second and third days as Fourth Army closed up to the canal.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
IX Corps renewed its advance on 23 October, with 79th Bde part of a massive corps artillery reserve. The attack went in at 01.20 in moonlight, after the heavy guns had done the usual CB and HF bombardments, and the results were extremely satisfactory. As the regimental historian relates, 'The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23 October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition'. After a pause to regroup and reconnoitre, IX Corps stormed across the canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving heavy guns could play little part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.


142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Service, Hundred Days Offensive
After its return to the UK the battery was disbanded at Sandling in Kent on 11 October 1919.


142nd Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 142nd Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.


142nd Battalion (London's Own), CEF
The 142nd (London's Own) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in London, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 23rd Reserve Battalion, CEF on November 11, 1916. The 142nd (London's Own) Battalion had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel C.M.R. Graham.


142nd Battalion (London's Own), CEF
Stewart reports that the 142nd Battalion was organized on December 22, 1915, with a strength of 574 men. The unit was disbanded after the Great War on September 15, 1920. The 142nd Canadian Infantry Battalion was absorbed by the 23rd Reserve Battalion to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The 142nd Battalion is affiliated with the 1st and 33rd CEF Battalions and is perpetuated by The Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR). The 142nd Battalion received the theatre of war honour THE GREAT WAR, 1916.


142nd Battalion (London's Own), CEF
Lieutenant George Van Wyck Laughton, M.C. (Vimy Ridge) of the 7th Regiment Fusiliers (Militia) attested to the 142nd Canadian Infantry Battalion in 1915. Details of the links between the Militia and the Canadian Expeditionary Force are provided on Lt. Laughton's web site.


142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
The 142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade (142nd BfSB) was located at Decatur, Alabama. The 142nd BfSB was a Major Command (MACOM) of the Alabama Army National Guard.


142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
The 142nd BfSB stood up as a brigade in the Alabama Army National Guard Surveillance Brigade of the United States Army in 2011.


142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
The brigade was tasked to improve the situational awareness for commanders at division level or higher, so they can adapt their units combat power for the current operations. For this the Battlefield Surveillance Brigades can deploy unmanned aerial vehicles, signals gathering equipment, human intelligence collectors and long range surveillance patrols.


142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
The 142nd BfSB conducted intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations. It held an inactivation ceremony on September 18, 2016 at the Fort Quarles-Flowers Armory in Decatur, Alabama.


142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, History
Symbolism of 142nd shoulder sleeve insigniaThe eight pointed star polygon, symbolic of Helios the Greek God of the Sun, who could see and hear everything, denotes alertness. The red diagonal cross of the white star polygon signifies the Alabama State flag, the home state of the Brigade. The crossed swords suggest the aggressive and protective requirements and the elements of physical danger inherent in the mission. The following colors represent the branches that form the Brigade:  oriental blue refers to the Military Intelligence functions and yellow and red indicates the Cavalry capabilities to accomplish its reconnaissance mission. The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 3 March 2011. (TIOH Dwg. No. A-1-1045)


142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, History
Symbolism of 142nd unit crestThe shield, a warrior’s primary piece of equipment, represents the Brigade’s responsibility to the defense of national security. The lightning bolt symbolizes swiftness of communication, a basic category to Military Intelligence. The following colors represent the branches that form the Brigade:  oriental blue refers to the Military Intelligence functions and yellow and red indicates the Cavalry capabilities to accomplish its reconnaissance mission. The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 3 March 2011.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (142nd CSSB) is a multifunctional logistics headquarters. It is task organized as a Division Sustainment Support Battalion with capability required to support specified mission requirements. The CSSB supports echelon above brigade units, multifunctional brigades (maneuver enhancement brigade, field artillery brigade, and combat aviation brigade), functional support brigades (military police, signal, and engineer brigades), and brigade combat teams. The CSSB may support Army special operations forces as part of their area support task. The 142nd CSSB is currently stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas, and is a subordinate unit of the 15th Sustainment Brigade.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Capabilities
The role of a CSSB is to exercise mission command for task organized companies, teams, and detachments executing logistics operations. The CSSB is task organized with functional companies, teams, and detachments. It is designed to employ and control up to six company-sized units conducting logistics operations. The requirements for the number and type of units attached to a CSSB is mission dependent. Attaching additional units to a CSSB task organization may increase responsiveness but reduces agility of the CSSB specifically in the ability to provide effective mission command. See ADRP 6-0, Mission Command.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War
The Pittsburgh Press - Oct 20, 1951	Missing 'Epistle' Bronze Star Clue


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War
Capt. Thomas H. Westermann is a letter writer with a system. First of all, he has written his wife, Mary, of 104 W. Steuben St., Crafton, every day since he left Pennsylvania Station and home last Dec. 27. Every day, that is, except one. This day has gone down on the family calendar as an eventful day. Capt . Westermann copped the Bronze Star on this occasion for heroic deeds in Korea proved his undoing. Try as he did to conceal his exploits from the family, his letter-writing system proved his undoing. Seems he numbers every letter he writes.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War
When Mrs. Westermann last heard from him on Oct. 8, he had been away from home 285 days. Thus the note that day was labeled "Daily Epistle No. 285." Capt. Westermann, a native of Carnegie, is plans and operations officer of the 142nd Quartermaster Battalion in Korea. His outfit operates one of the largest supply depots on this side of the 38th Parallel. The supply dump bulges with ammunition, shells, food, and vital fuel. On Feb. 11, a train loaded with ammunition and high explosive shells caught fire at the depot.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War
In a matter of minutes, it seemed the whole dump was going to blow up. Rations, arms, and fuel which had been lugged overseas for months to put a muscle in the U.N. punch were being destroyed. Capt . Westermann refused to quit the supplies although explosions were rocking the area a mile around the dump. He and a small band of GIs braved the flying shell fragments and exploding ammo to save 43 carloads of supplies and several hundred tons of ammunition. They battled the fire 24 hours. Capt . Westermann missed writing Letter 46 that night.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean War
Next evening, before he sank into his bed, he wrote: "Dear Mary: Sorry I couldn't write last night. We had a little fire here." At the top of the note, he scribbled Nos. 46-47. "I didn't worry," Mrs. Westermann explained, "but I knew something serious had happened." A few weeks ago, she received a small box mailed from Korea. Inside was the Bronze Star. The accompanying citation, describing Capt. Westermann's bravery revealed for the first time what had happened to "Daily Epistle No. 46."


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean Armistice
Pusan, South Korea, December, 1957: The picture to the right shows Master Sgt. Robert S. Boyd, left, and Pvt. Allen G. Ladwig check a mountain of boxes containing stored meals at the 142nd Quartermaster Battalion's Plant No. 1. The giant supply operation was responsible for, among other things,  receiving, storing and issuing all perishable foods arriving at Pusan port from the U.S., Japan and Okinawa. The 142 used 100 tons of ice and 1.5 million pounds of salt to keep everything fresh during the summer; a bakery unit attached to the battalion baked about 45,000 one-pound loaves of bread per month for troops in the Pusan Area Command.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Korean Armistice
1 May 1955, the 55th Quartermaster Base Depot was relocated to Bupyong (ASCOM city), subsequently named Camp Market. The 142nd Quartermaster Battalion was moved from Masan and assumed the mission of providing Quartermaster support to US/UN Forces in the Southern area plus Class I perishable support for all US Forces in Korea.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I
The Battalion was deployed to Iraq from 6 April 2003 to 8 April 2004. Crossed LD ISO 3d ACR providing DS CSS to Corps units within 3d ACR task organization. Occupied Forward Log Base PECAN and supported 3d ACR and 2/3 ID throughout Al Anbar Province (MND-W). Supported the relief in place of 3d ACR and 82d ABN DIV by providing direct support to 82d combat forces until closure of the 82d Division Support Command (DISCOM). Supported non-divisional forces in 82d Task Organization, provided reinforcing support to 82d DISCOM and provided DS CSS on an area basis upon closure of the 82d DISCOM. Provided initial support to 1 MEF & 1 FSSG (USMC) during the TOA with TF 82.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III
The 142nd Corps Support Battalion deployed to LSA Daimondback Mosul Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 05-07 between 23 July 2005 and 7 July 2006. The unit preceded the arrival of the 101° Sustainment Brigade by one month and immediately established command relationships with the 917" Corps Support Group and the I" Corps Support Command.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III
Over the course of the deployment over 1,400 Soldiers fell under the 142nd command and control in 15 different units spread across five locations in MND-N. The 142nd became an integral team player and provided unmatched support to Task Force Freedom in Multi-National Forces-North West (MNF-N W) and its highly-diversified subordinates, including the 3s Armored Cavalry Regiment and 1/25 SBCT. The unit launched on average 7 Combat Logistical Patrols every night along the IED-infested roads of northern Iraq constantly, ranging from downtown Mosul to remote sites.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III
The unit orchestrated incredibly detailed, comprehensive combined-arms mission sets which set the standard for Combat Service Support conduct of Combat Logistics Patrols (CLPs). It supervised the movement of Combat Logistics Patrols escorting 106,623 TCN Commercial Trucks traveling 1,746,812 miles, transporting 5,844 20 foot containers of various supplies throughout the theatre. The 142nd accomplished this with a varied unit set of Active Component (AC) and Reserve Component (RC), including two AC artillery batteries serving in lieu of transportation companies.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III
Besides the more traditional reinforcing Direct Support (DS) to an Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR), two consecutive Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs) and a mechanized Brigade Combat Team (BCT), these missions also involved the daily escort of up to two 90-white-truck Third Country National (TCN) CLPs each way from the Iraqi-Turkish border with its rugged mountainous approaches to the General Support (GS) Hub for MND-N as well as the DS Hub. The unit relentlessly and meticulously sought ways to harness the latest technology in the counter-IED fight.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III
In the process, the 142nd leadership became the Subject Matter Expert (SME) in the most effective placement and utilization of Electronic Counter-Measures (ECM). The 142nd also provided battalion-level command and control of both the internal and external Military Transition Teams (MiTTs) for the Iraqi Army (IA) 3s Division's Motorized Transportation Regiment (MIII). Under the mentorship of the 142nd the 3" MTR became the premier MTR of the Iraqi Army, a living symbol of Iraqi Soldiers serving brother Soldiers and civilians, including support during the historic 15 October 2005 Referendum and the 15 December 2005 Election.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, History, Operation Enduring Freedom III
The unit lost two soldiers during the deployment, one to a HMMWV roll over accident and another to enemy small arms fire. After the roll over incident the 142nd worked to mitigate the risk by unveiling the first and only HMWVV Egress Assistance Trainer, or HEAT, in Iraq June 14, 2006, giving the Soldiers another weapon in the safety arsenal to combat HMWVV rollovers, which claimed 13 lives throughout Iraq in 2006 alone.


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Subordinate units
2020 - 2021 Kuwait Operation Spartan Shield 25 August 2020 – 24 April 2021


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Subordinate units
2014 Afghanistan Taskforce Muleskinner 1 May 2014 to 14 October 2014


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Subordinate units
2007-2009 Operation Iraqi Freedom V/VI 13 October 2007 to 5 January 2009


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Subordinate units
2003-2004 Operation Iraqi Freedom I, 6 April 2003 to 8 April 2004


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Miscellaneous News Articles
142nd S&S Batalion's 26th S&S Company trained for Mass BurialCpl. William T. Westerdick


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Miscellaneous News Articles
Soldiers, Families Not Alone In Maintaining Mental Health During COVID-19


142nd Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, Miscellaneous News Articles
Central Texas soldier hailed as hero after El Paso rampage found dead


142nd Delaware General Assembly
The 142nd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 2003, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Democratic Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor John Carney from New Castle County.


142nd Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the first time the interpretation of the federal 2000 census. Therefore, it resulted in new district boundaries and elections for all the districts. It was ruled that the election districts would abandon county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


142nd Delaware General Assembly
In the 142nd Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


142nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


142nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


142nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)
The 142nd Division (Chinese: 第142师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 31st Division, 11th Column of the PLA Dongbei Field Army. Its origin can be traced to 17th Independent Brigade of Reliao Military Region, formed in September 1946.


142nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)
The division is part of 48th Corps. Under the flag of 142nd division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War.


142nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)
In November 1950 the division was inactivated and converted to 5th Artillery Training Base.


142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
142nd Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第142师)(3rd Formation) was formed in November 1969 and designated in December.


142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division was directly belonged to Guangzhou Military Region, while administrated by 42nd Army Corps.


142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division stationed in Huiyang, Guangdong for agricultural production mission.


142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In March 1977 the division was disbanded and absorbed by Independent Division of Guangdong Provincial Military District.


142nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


142nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 142nd Division (第142師団, Dai-hyakuyonjūni Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Sendai Protection Division (護仙兵団, Kosen Heidan). It was formed 28 February 1945 in Sendai as a square division. It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th.


142nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
The 142nd division headquarters was located at Yoshoka-machi (now Kurokawa District). It was tasked with the defence of the coasts in Sendai Bay and Ishinomaki Bay. 407th infantry regiment was severely understrength. The division did not see any combat until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States)
The 142nd Field Artillery Battalion was a Field Artillery Branch battalion of the Colorado Army National Guard.


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Organized 27 July 1885 in the Colorado National Guard as Company C, 1st Regiment Infantry (Greeley Guards).


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 23 November 1895 at Greeley as Company D. 1st infantry Regiment.


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Mustered out of Federal service 8 September 1899 at San Francisco, California and consolidated with Home Guard company D. 1st Infantry Regiment Colorado National guard.


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 16 September 1921 at Greeley as Headquarters Company, 177th Infantry Regiment.


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Redesignated Headquarters Company (less antitank platoon), 157th Infantry Regiment and assigned to the 45th Infantry Division 1 September 1939


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Converted, reorganized and redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Battery 142nd Field Artillery Battalion, 1 August 1955 ; concurrently remainder of battalion organized from existing units as follows.


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage
Battalion broken up 1 February 1959 and elements reorganized or consolidated as follows.


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Decorations
French Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, streamer embroidered Italy


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
Per fess embattled or and gules, in chief two wigwams of the second, garnished of the first and in base a sea lion brandishing a sword in dexter paw of the last


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Colorado National guard


142nd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms
The shield is that of the coat of arms of the 157th Infantry with the colors reversed to indicate descent from that regiment. The colors scarlet and yellow are used for artillery. These colors are also the Spanish colors and with embattled partition line and the Philippine sea lion refer to the walled city of Manila in the Philippine Islands. The wigwams refer to Indian service in the frontier days.


142nd Field Artillery Brigade
The 142nd Field Artillery Brigade is a field artillery brigade in the Arkansas Army National Guard (ARNG). The 142nd is currently under administrative control of the 29th ID.


142nd Field Artillery Brigade, History
The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery of the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade carries the lineage of Company B, 2nd Infantry Regiment, Arkansas State Guard, first organized 1905-1910. As an infantry unit, the unit mobilized for the Mexican Expedition, but did not actually participate in operations.


142nd Field Artillery Brigade, History
Mobilized again for World War I, the unit was reorganized as Battery B, 142nd Field Artillery, an element of the 39th Division. Arriving in France in September 1918, the 142nd was detached from the 39th Division to serve as corps artillery with the 64th Field Artillery Brigade, but only completed training on 8 November 1918, and did not participate in combat operations before the Armistice on 11 November. The unit did earn campaign participation credit, recognized by a World War I victory streamer without inscription, before returning to the United States and demobilizing 26 June 1919.


142nd Field Artillery Brigade, History
Between the world wars, the unit was reorganized as a coast artillery unit from 1923-1931, before being reconverted to field artillery as Battery A, 142nd Field Artillery. Mobilized again for World War II in 1941, the 142nd Field Artillery Regiment was broken up in 1943 to form the 142nd Field Artillery Group, the 936th Field Artillery Battalion, and the 937th Field Artillery Battalion. Battery A, 142nd, became Battery A, 936th Field Artillery Battalion, and served in Italy from 1943-1945. The unit earned four campaign streamers before inactivating on 16 October 1945.


142nd Field Artillery Brigade, History
Batteries A and B, 936th Field Artillery Battalion were consolidated, reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB), 142nd Field Artillery Group in 1946 as part of the rebuilding of the Army National Guard following the war. As part of the Korean War mobilization, HHB, 142nd FA Group was activated on 3 September 1950 and deployed to Germany as part of V Corps Artillery. Stationed at Wertheim, Germany, the group controlled four battalions of artillery. The group was inactivated and returned to Arkansas state control on 17 December 1954.


142nd Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage and Honors, Lineage
Note: Italicized sections of the lineage are not posted on the CMH lineage database as of 2014, but are listed by McKenny as of 2010. Included because the CMH lineage doesn't make sense, since the 142nd FAB participated in Operation Desert Storm  as a Field Artillery Brigade.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment
The 142nd Field Artillery Regiment ("Second Arkansas") is a United States Army field artillery regiment currently represented in the Arkansas Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas; 2nd Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery, headquartered in Barling, Arkansas; and Battery F (Target Acquisition), 142nd Field Artillery stationed in Fayetteville, Arkansas, elements of the 142nd Field Artillery Brigade which is headquartered in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The regiment was created in 1917 from the former 2nd Arkansas Infantry.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment
The 142nd Field Artillery shipped to France during World War I but did not see combat before the cessation of hostilities. The regiment was activated for World War II, but its battalions were redesignated as separate battalions, 1–142nd became the 936th Field Artillery Battalion, the 2–142nd became the 937th Field Artillery Battalion. The battalion's served throughout the European Theater of Operations. The battalions were activated again for the Korean War and served throughout the war. Following the Korean War, the separate battalions resumed their former designations of 1–142nd FA and 2–142nd FA.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment
The 142nd Field Artillery Brigade, including both battalions, was activated for Operation Desert Storm. Elements of the 142nd Fires Brigade have been activated for service in Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 142nd Fires Brigade was instrumental in support and recovery operations located in New Orleans, Louisiana after hurricanes Katrina and Rita devastated the Gulf Coast.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
In the winter of 1892, the Arkansas State Guard conducted its first annual encampment. An encampment was also conducted in the summer of 1893 at Hot Springs. The favorable publicity for these militia encampments led to efforts to improve the organization of the Guard probably resulted in the organization of new military companies:. As Arkansas State Guard grew in the number of companies, and plans were made to divide the state into two regiments shortly after the summer encampment of 1893. The division was not made until 16 January 1894. The dividing line was the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
The 1st Regiment, Arkansas State Guards, command by Col. F. B. T. Hohenburg, comprised the southern part of the state and a new 2nd Regiment, ASG was formed to include the northern part of the state. Companies in the 2nd Regiment (the northern division) were located at Van Buren, Magazine, Conway, Paragould, Marion, Newport, Fort Smith, Clarksville, Rector and Yellville.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
Lancelot Minor, a Newport attorney who had been active in support of the Newport militia company, was appointed Colonel of the 2nd Regiment, Arkansas State Guard. Lieutenant W. R. Samples of the United States Army was assigned to the Arkansas State Guard during the period of reorganization. Lieutenant Samples wrote to Lancelot Minor, 3 January 1893:


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
For some time I have postponed writing you to inquire if you will accept appointment as Colonel of the 2nd Regt. of Infantry. Please consider the matter and I trust you will accept for the good of the service.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
Lieutenant Samples then wrote Governor William M. Fishback, on 5 January 1894:


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
With your approval I shall recommend for Colonel Hon. L. Minor of Newport, who is well fitted for the office and is actively interested in the State Guard.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
I have the honor to inform you that the Governor has today in accordance with the wishes of the officers of the 2d Regt. of Infantry, appointed you as Colonel of Infantry & you will be assigned to the comm. and of the 2d Regt.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
In discussing the appointment, the Arkansas Gazette described Col. Minor as "one of the best fellows and best-known lawyers in the State". On 23 January, the Gazette reported: "Col. Minor, of Newport, detailed as Colonel of the Second Regiment of Arkansas State Guard, has assumed command and directs that all company commanders make out and forward to him at once a complete roster of their companies, stating time and place of drills."


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
Colonel Minor appointed Lieutenant Rush H. Davis, of Company F, to serve as adjutant for the regiment, and John Frank Caldwell of Newport (and a Confederate veteran), was appointed regimental quartermaster with the rank of 2nd Regiment. On 24 March 1894, Rev. R. B. Willis, of Newport was named chaplain of the Second Regiment. In May 1894, Lieutenant George A. Hillhouse, of Newport, was appointed Major.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Origins
In early March 1894 companies began receiving complete uniforms, blankets, and Rifles. Colonel Minor and his official staff were also supplied with appropriate uniforms, including a saber, belt and shoulder straps for the colonel.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Reorganization of 1897
In January 1897 Governor Daniel W. Jones took office and appointed Brigadier General Arthur Neill as his Private Secretary and Acting Adjutant General (the position of Adjutant General had still not been reauthorized by the state legislature at this time). The new Governor and Adjutant General began a massive reorganization of the Arkansas State Guard. Two additional regiments of Infantry, another troop of cavalry, and another battery of artillery were added to the organization. The state was divided into two military districts, with the Arkansas River being the dividing line.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Reorganization of 1897
Major General R.G. Shaver was commissioned and placed in overall command of the State's Forces. Brigadier General C. R. Shaer was commissioned and placed in command of the Southern District, which included the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments, two batteries of artillery and a signal company. The units were poorly equipped and outdated equipment.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Spanish–American War
On 25 April 1898, President William McKinley called upon the State to supply two infantry regiments for the Spanish–American War. None of the regiments were in acceptable condition to deploy, and only two companies were determined fit to be mustered into service intact. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Regiments of Infantry, Arkansas State Guard, were reorganized, redesignated and mustered into Federal Service between 14 and 25 May 1898, at Little Rock as the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry for service in the Spanish–American War. Governor Jones intended that all sections of the State be represented as far as possible, so the two new regiments were created from selected State Guard companies and from different sections of the state. Pursuant to the Governor's direction the 2nd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry was organized as follows:


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The Spanish–American War
The newly formed Arkansas Volunteer Infantry Regiments did not see combat during the Spanish–American War. The 2nd Arkansas, now under the command of COL V.Y. Cook, moved to Camp George H. Thomas at Chickamauga Park, Georgia in May 1898. The two Arkansas Volunteer Infantry Regiments were still there participating in basic training when the war effectively ended with the fall of Cuba and the signing of an armistice in early August. The 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry mustered out of federal service on 25 October 1899 at Little Rock, Arkansas. The 2nd Regiment continued in service until 25 February 1899, when they were mustered out at Anniston, Alabama. While the units saw no actual fighting, the deployment did have its casualties. Fifty-four Arkansas Soldiers died of disease or accident during the mobilization.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, Reorganization following the Spanish American War
Pursuant to an April 1899 Act of the Legislature of the State Arkansas, the 2nd Arkansas Infantry reorganized and was stationed as follows:


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard
The Militia Act of 1903 (32 Stat. 775), also known as the Dick Act, organized the various state militias into the present National Guard system. The act was passed in response to the demonstrated weaknesses in the militia, and in the entire U.S. military in the Spanish–American War of 1898.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard
U.S. Senator Charles W. F. Dick, a Major General in the Ohio National Guard and the chair of the Committee on the Militia, sponsored the 1903 Act towards the end of the 57th U.S. Congress. Under this legislation, passed 21 January 1903, the organized militia of the states were given federal funding and required to conform to Regular Army organization within five years. The act also required National Guard units to attend twenty four drills and five days annual training a year, and, for the first time, provided for pay for annual training. In return for the increased federal funding which the act made available, militia units were subject to inspection by Regular Army officers, and had to meet certain standards.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard
In Arkansas, re-organization of the Arkansas State Guard actually began in 1901 under Governor Jeff Davis. Major General W.M. Maynes, in a biannual report dated 31 December 1906 provided an overview of the status of the Arkansas Militia. The Militia was subdivided by statute into parts, (1) the State Guard, or active organize militia: and (2) the Reserve Militia. The State Guard, or regularly enlisted, organized and uniformed militia, was at a total strength of 1,274 personnel. The Federal Government appropriated $35,956.86 for the support of the Arkansas State Guard in that year, and the Adjutant General asked the General Assembly for a matching appropriation of one-half the Federal appropriation.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Geographic reorganization
In 1909 a change was made in the organization of the Arkansas National Guard. For several years, the state had been organized with the 1st Infantry being stationed north of the Arkansas River and the 2nd Infantry stationed south of the river. The Adjutant General, General Green determined that the building of railroads and highways had made this stationing plan inefficient and issued General Order No 35 which reorganized the regiments and battalions and changed the letter designations of some of the companies. The regiments were re-stationed so that the 1st Infantry was situated in the eastern part of the state, with its principal "concentration point" being Little Rock, and the 2nd Infantry was stationed in the western part of the state with its "concentration point" at Fort Smith.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Increased training with new funding
With the new federal funding in place National Guard units were encouraged to participate in bi-annual encampments with the Regular Army. In 1906 Arkansas sent one provisional regiment to Fort Riley, Kansas for training. In 1908 a provisional Regiment trained at Leon Springs, Texas. In 1910 Arkansas Troops were invited back to Leon Springs, Texas, for a twelve-day encampment, and the federal government provided $25,000 to defray the costs of the encampment.


142nd Field Artillery Regiment, The State Guard becomes the National Guard, Increased training with new funding
Companies A-B-F-C-I and M of the Second Infantry participated in an encampment at Dardanelle, Arkansas from 9–18 August 1909. The units were trained by members of the 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry, U.S. Army.