149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
Before starting on the Atlanta campaign the Twelfth Corps was designated the Twentieth, its command being given to General Hooker. The regiment started on that campaign with 380 fighting men, of whom 136 were killed or wounded before reaching Atlanta. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles B. Randall, a gallant and skilful officer, was killed at Peach Tree Creek, in which action the regiment sustained its heaviest loss while on that campaign, its casualties there aggregating 17 killed, 25 wounded, and 10 missing.


149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The regiment after marching with Sherman to the Sea was actively engaged in the Siege of Savannah, and then marched through the Carolinas on the final campaign which ended in the surrender of Johnston.


149th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The regiment mustered out on June 12, 1865, after participating in the Grand Review of the Armies.


149th New York Infantry Regiment, Legacy
6 Medals of Honor were awarded to members of the 149th, including one to Colonel Barnum.


149th New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
The regiment lost 4 officers and 129 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and  78 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 211 fatalities. 18.3% of the men who served in the regiment would die during its time of service.


149th New York State Legislature
The 149th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 23, 1926, during the fourth year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.


149th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


149th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.


149th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1925, was held on November 3. No statewide elective offices were up for election.


149th New York State Legislature, Elections
Assemblywoman Rhoda Fox Graves (Rep.), of Gouverneur, a former school teacher who after her marriage became active in women's organisations and politics, was re-elected, and remained the only woman legislator.


149th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1926; and adjourned on April 23.


149th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


149th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


149th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


149th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 149th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 149th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 149th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in as an Ohio National Guard unit for 100 days service on May 8, 1864, under the command of Colonel Allison L. Brown.


149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Defenses of Baltimore, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to July 1864. 1st Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to July 1864. Kenly's Independent Brigade, VIII Corps, to August 1864.


149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 149th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Dennison on August 30, 1864.


149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Ohio for Baltimore, Md., May 11. Duty in the Defenses of Baltimore, and at different points on the eastern shore of Maryland until July 4. Moved to Monocacy Junction July 4. Battle of Monocacy Junction July 9. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 13. Advance to Snicker's Gap, Va., July 13–20. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley July 20-August 23. Action with Mosby at Berryville August 13.


149th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 42 men during service; 4 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 38 enlisted men died of disease.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 149th Pennsylvania Infantry, also known as the 2nd Bucktail Regiment, volunteered during the American Civil War and served a 3-year term from August 1862 to June 1865. Like their forerunners in the 1st Bucktail Regiment, each soldier wore a bucktail on his headwear as a trophy of marksmanship. During the first year of the Civil War, the 1st Bucktails distinguished themselves as skirmishers and sharpshooters, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton desired to raise an entire brigade of similar characteristics.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
Stanton enlisted Major Roy Stone of the 1st Bucktails to this task, and Stone raised 20 companies of recruits by the end of August 1862. These 20 companies became the 149th and 150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments. The Regiment is most noted for its service and sacrifice on July 1, 1863, at the Battle of Gettysburg. One source reports 53 soldiers killed, 172 wounded, and 111 missing or captured out of 450 soldiers engaged for a total casualty rate of 74.7% at the epic Battle.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude
After a long march, the I Corps was in the vicinity of Gettysburg on July 1. Fighting would begin that day before the Union infantry, including the Bucktails, were in position. By 9:30 am, the Bucktails were coming up fast from their overnight quarters at the Samuel White farm. Daugherty summarized research on the route:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude
Evidence suggests that the brigade moved from the Samuel White farm, where they had spent the night, to the Bull Frog Road, and then east on the Millerstown Road (now Pumping Station Road), crossed Sachs covered bridge, and arrived at the Millerstown Road intersection with the Emmitsburg Road at the Peach Orchard. (59)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude
As they neared Gettysburg, they were given instructions to leave the road and march, double-quick, 2 miles across fields to the Lutheran Theological Seminary. (60) Stone's brigade arrived in the seminary area soaked in sweat and panting with exhaustion. Many men had fallen out of the ranks but soon rejoined the brigade. (61)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude
General Reynolds had been killed that morning, struck at about 10:15 while directing movements on McPherson's Ridge. General Doubleday was, therefore, in command of the I Corps, when he came upon the men near the seminary. Chamberlin recalled Doubleday's comments after he learned they were from Pennsylvania:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude
[ He] addressed a few words of encouragement to the several regiments, reminding them that they were upon their own soil, that the eye of the commonwealth was upon them, and that there was every reason to believe they would do their duty to the uttermost in defense of their State. (62)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude
Doubleday ordered Stone to deploy his three regiments south of Chambersburg Pike, along McPherson Ridge between two other I Corps brigades, those of Brigadier General Solomon Meredith and Brigadier General Lysander Cutler. As Doubleday turned to leave, he told them, "Hold them boys when you get there." One of the men shouted back, "If we can't hold them, where can you get men that can? "(63) Then, shouting "We have come to stay," the line of Pennsylvanians went forward. (64)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude
The ridge was on a farm owned by Edward McPherson, whose political career had taken him to Washington as a two-term Congressman. He had lost his reelection bid in 1862 and was. At the time of the battle, in Washington serving as Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives. (65) The primary goal at McPherson Ridge was delay—to give the Union forces time to reach Gettysburg for the battle—and to inflict as many casualties as possible. The location assigned Stone made their delaying mission even more difficult than it would have been under any circumstance. Historian Hartwig D. Scott explained the difficulties:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Prelude
The McPherson's Ridge position was also fraught with difficulties in successfully defending it. As long as the Confederates approached from the west, it was a strong position, although there was no strong terrain feature for the left flank to rest upon. However, the position was dreadfully exposed to Oak Hill, one mile north of the Chambersburg Pike, from which the Confederates could enfilade Doubleday's entire line [sweeping fire from a line of troops] and make it untenable. (66)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement
Amidst bursting shells fired by Confederate artillerymen on Herr Ridge, Stone's brigade took its position between McPherson's house and the Chambersburg Road. Sending out skirmishers to cover the brigade's front, Stone ordered the remaining men to lie down behind the reverse slope of McPherson's Ridge and endure the pounding. (67) It was about 11:00 a.m.. Stone's official report of the battle set the scene:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement
As we came upon the field, the enemy opened fire upon us from two batteries on the opposite ridge, and continued it with some intermissions, during the action. Our low ridge afforded slight shelter from this fire, but no better was attainable, and our first disposition was unchanged until between 12 and 1 o'clock. (68)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement
At about 1 p.m., a Confederate battery under Major General Robert E. Rodes on Oak Hill, to the brigade's extreme right, opened fire on Cutler's and Stone's brigades. With permission, Cutler's brigade pulled back to prevent a possible attack from the northwest, leaving Stone's brigade exposed. Hartwig explained the importance of Stone's men at this point to the gradually emerging battle:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement
"I relied greatly upon Stone's Brigade to hold the post assigned them . . ." reported Doubleday, for after the corps was forced to respond to Rodes' threat, Stone held the angle in the line and Doubleday considered it, "in truth the key-point of the first day's battle. "(69)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement
[ A] new battery upon a hill on the extreme right opened a most destructive enfilade of our line, and at the same time all the troops upon my right fell back nearly a half mile to the Seminary Ridge. This made my position hazardous and difficult in the extreme, but rendered its maintenance all the more important. (70)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Engagement
He moved the troops under his command into a right-angle deployment, with some men still on the ridge but with others facing to the north along Chambersburg Pike. However, the movement attracted Confederate notice. Shelling from Herr's Ridge became intense.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode
The situation threatened to grow intolerable. Stone improvised. Colonel [Walton] Dwight [of the 149th] was instructed to detach his color guard to a point north of the Chambersburg Pike, about fifty yards to the left front of the regiment. [ Dwight's men] found a small breastwork of rails . . . and hunkered down with only their colors exposed to weather the storm.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode
The ruse worked [as the Confederates] spied the colors and assumed the 149th had changed their position again and shifted their fire at them, sparing Dwight's main body further punishment. (71)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode
The color guard was under the direction of Sergeant Henry G. Brehm. His men were Corporals John Friddell, Frederick Hoffman, and Franklin W. Lehman, and Color Guards Henry H. Spayd and John H. Hammel.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode
The Confederates, part of General A. P. Hill's forces, were massing for an attack on the Union line north of the Chambersburg Pike, as Stone could see from his position. Stone's official report described the attack, which began about 1:30. He had been able to watch their formation for at least 2 miles:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Color Episode
It appeared to be a nearly continuous line of deployed battalions, with other battalions in mass or reserve. Their line being formed not parallel but obliquely to ours, their left first became engaged with the troops on the northern prolongation of Seminary Ridge. The battalions engaged soon took a direction parallel to those opposed to them, thus causing a break in their line and exposing the flank of those engaged to the first of my two regiments in the Chambersburg road. (72)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
The Confederate troops began to scale a fence along a steep railroad cut that had been built some years earlier for an intended extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad parallel to the pike. (73) The 149th opened fire, nearly destroying one North Carolina brigade. Stone stated, "Though at the longest range of our pieces, we poured a most destructive fire upon their flanks, and, together with the fire in their front, scattered them over the fields."


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
Anticipating a second attack under General Junius Daniel, Stone ordered Colonel Dwight and the 149th to occupy the railroad cut. While Daniel's men directed their fire to the repositioned colors, the 149th held its fire until the North Carolinians had reached the fence 22 paces beyond the cut. Stone explained that, "when they came to a fence within pistol-shot of his line [Dwight] gave them a staggering volley; reloading as they climbed the fence, and waiting till they came within 30 yards, gave them another volley, and charged, driving them back over the fence in utter confusion. "(74)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
The 143rd had remained in its original position along Chambersburg Pike in support of the 149th. The volleys from the 143rd helped repulse Daniel's men. According to Colonel Dwight, "the enemy's dead and wounded [were] completely covering the ground in our front. "(75)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
Although many observers and historians considered these actions as heroic, Private Harris of the 143rd viewed them from the perspective of his grudge against Stone and the 149th. Years later, when he recalled watching Dwight's men of the 149th moving toward the railroad cut, he summarized his thoughts at the time:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
There go the men of the 149th with their tails just a bobbing. What does that mean? Have they got this job by contract? Stone is after a big chunk of glory for his tails and does not intend that the 143rd shall have any of it. (76)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
At about this point, between 1:30 and 2 p.m., as Colonel Wister faced attack from the railroad cut to the west, Colonel Stone was struck in the hip and arm. Chamberlin described the circumstances:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
Colonel Stone, who had ably directed the operations of his brigade, exposing himself fearlessly at all times, went forward a short distance to reconnoitre [sic], when he received severe wounds in the hip and arm, which entirely disabled him. (77)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
Stone turned over his command to Colonel Wister and was carried off the field to a makeshift hospital in the McPherson barn, where he was placed on straw in a horse stall.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, The Railroad Cut
With Stone out of action, his brigade held McPherson's Ridge until nearly 3:30. Soon, the barn was behind the Confederate line and Stone was among the prisoners of war.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
In the confusion, no one had ordered the 149th color guard to retreat from its successful ruse. Colonel Stone was incapacitated. Colonel Dwight was reportedly drunk. (78) Captain John H. Basler, whose Company C of the 149th, included the color guard, was also injured and out of action. Still, the failure to recall the guard would be one of the points of controversy for historians describing the events of July 1, 1863.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
Sergeant Brehm felt duty bound to remain at his post until relieved, but when it became clear the tide of battle was turning, he dispatched Corporal Hoffman to get revised orders. Finding that his comrades had retreated, Hoffman could not find an officer to issue new orders. Seeing that Sergeant Brehm's position was about to be overrun, Hoffman joined the retreat. The Confederates had been hesitant to approach the flags, which implied the presence of a regiment. Finally, a squad from the 42nd Mississippi moved forward cautiously to investigate. With a Rebel yell, they leaped into the hiding place. A frenzied fight over the colors took place, with the color guard desperately trying unsuccessfully to save the colors. In the end, Color Sergeant Brehm was killed trying to keep the colors from falling into enemy hands.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
The color episode would be debated for many years, first for its employment and second for the failure to recall the color guard. As to the first, Matthews considered it "an unlikely maneuver, not found in any military textbook of the time." He wondered why only the colors of the 149th, but not the 143rd and the 150th, were moved to deceive the Confederate forces. Was this, he wonders, another example of Stone favoring the 149th he had recruited in 1862? Perhaps, after all, as Stone and Dwight later claimed, the episode was simply intended to deceive the Confederates:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
We can therefore decide that while unconventional it was effective, though certainly not in keeping with mid-nineteenth century military tactics where honor on the battlefield dictated a great deal. Whatever the reason, we can be relatively certain that the ruse saved lives during Daniel's second advance on the Railroad Cut. (79)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
Years later, Captain Basler attempted to clear up what had happened, particularly in response to the controversy about why the color guard had not been recalled. In addition to pulling together accounts from the survivors of the color guard and others, he contacted General Stone, who replied to his "Dear Comrade" from Washington on September 26, 1896. He explained his plan:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
The colors of the 149th were a target for the 34 guns which practically enfiladed the Regiment from the ridge beyond the run and when they had got the range, there was no safety for the regiment from quick destruction, but in confusing and deceiving the enemy [as] to its location. My plan was to fire a volley or two from the edge of the R.R. cut and bring the regiment back under cover of the smoke, leaving the colors to draw the fire of the batteries.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
But the movement, as it was executed, had greater results than I had hoped. It deceived the enemy in our front also, with the idea that we had force enough to take the offensive, and they delayed their final attack on that account, and "every minute gained then and there was worth a regiment," as Col. Nicholson says.


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
He indicated that he would have ordered the color guard to return "if I had been spared." He added that the regiment "could not have lived to do the grand work it did later in the action" if he had not dispatched the color guard. Noting that General Doubleday referred to the Bucktails' position as the "key point" in the battle and that the enemy's official reports agreed, General Stone stated:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Annihilation of the Color Guard
I have proposed to the [U.S. Battlefield] Commission to establish the "key point" and mark it with a special monument, and shall ask the survivors of the 149th at their next reunion to co-operate in this work of justice to the Brigade. (80)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath
Overall, the new Bucktails had been severely weakened. The 149th had lost 336 men (killed, wounded, or missing in action) or 74.7 percent of the 450 men who began the day's battle. Elsewhere within the Bucktail Brigade, the 150th lost 264 out of 397 men (66.5 percent),  while the 143rd lost 241 of 465 men (51.8 percent). (81)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath
As Hartwig explained, these losses, high though they were, had served their purpose:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath
The stand on McPherson's Ridge had purchased time, but the cost had been staggering. Every regiment, except for three, had lost more than sixty percent of their men. Four had lost over seventy percent . . . . What had such ghastly sacrifice gained? The job of the 1st Corps was to buy time and inflict losses. Doubleday had purchased perhaps one and one-half precious hours by defending McPherson's Ridge. His defenders had also inflicted crippling losses upon their attackers . . . . The Confederates had won a tactical victory on July 1, but the delaying action of the I and XI Corps, and Buford's cavalry, had given the Federal army the strategic advantage, which ultimately proved to be decisive in the outcome of the battle. (82)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath
Stone, in his official report, gave all the credit to his men:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath
No language can do justice to the conduct of my officers and men on the bloody "first day" to the coolness with which they watched and awaited, under a fierce storm of shot and shell, the approach of the enemy's overwhelming masses; their ready obedience to orders, and the prompt and perfect execution, under fire, of all the tactics of the battle-field; to the fierceness of their repeated attacks, or to the desperate tenacity of their resistance. They fought as if each man felt that upon his own arm hung the fate of the day and the nation. (83)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath
Doubleday also praised Stone and the Bucktails in his official report:


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath
I relied greatly on Stone's brigade to hold the post assigned them, as I soon saw I would be obliged to change front with a portion of my line to face the northwest, and his brigade held the pivot of the movement. My confidence in this noble body of men was not misplaced . . . . They repulsed the repeated attacks of vastly superior numbers at close quarters, and maintained their position until the final retreat of the whole line. Stone himself was shot down, battling to the last. (84)


149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Gettysburg, Aftermath
The Battle of Gettysburg ended on July 3, the Union forces under General George G. Meade having defeated General Lee. The weakened Union forces allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia.


149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (149 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps that served in the Burma Campaign during World War II.


149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin
149th Regiment RAC was formed on 22 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 7th Battalion of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (KOYLI). Raised in 1940, 7th KOYLI had been serving with 207th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a Home Defence formation in Essex that was broken up in August 1941 and its battalions transferred to the RAC. In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their KOYLI cap badge on the black beret of the RAC.


149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Burma Campaign
7th KOYLI arrived in India on 24 October 1941, and was assigned for conversion to the Heavy Armoured Brigade, which was soon afterwards redesignated 50th Indian Tank Brigade.


149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Burma Campaign
149 RAC moved to the Manipur Road area in April 1944, and came under the command of 254th Indian Tank Brigade in July, when it was equipped with Grant Mk II tanks. The Brigade fought with the 5th Indian Division and the 7th Indian Infantry Divisions in Burma and was involved in the Battles at Imphal, Kohima, Kyaumaung Bridgehead, Meiktila, and Rangoon Road.


149th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Burma Campaign
In August 1944 149 RAC returned to Bombay in India, and then in April 1945 moved to Ahmednagar where it came once again under command of 50th Indian Tank Brigade and remained in India for the remainder of the war.


149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)
149th Street was a station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was located in "The Hub" in the South Bronx, at the intersection of 149th Street, Third Avenue, Willis Avenue, and Melrose Avenue. Opened as an express station in 1887 and later operating as the line's southern terminus, the station closed in 1973 and was demolished by 1977 due to political pressure in the area.


149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), Station layout
The station was built as an express station, with three tracks and two island platforms; the center express track was completed by 1916. North of the station, a spur track curved from Third Avenue east onto Westchester Avenue (150th Street) to connect with the IRT White Plains Road Line. A signal tower was located in between the mainline and the spur track.


149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), Station layout
After it became the line's southern terminal in 1955, the center track was removed and the platforms were connected into one large island platform. A diamond crossover switch was installed north of the station to relay terminating trains.


149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), History
The station was originally opened on June 16, 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company. On July 10, 1905, the underground Third Avenue–149th Street station of the IRT White Plains Road Line (which fed into the Lenox Avenue and West Side subways) was opened, and free transfers were provided between the two stations. In October 1911, the 149th Street Crosstown Trolley Line between Longwood and Harlem opened (the predecessor to the current Bx19 bus), in addition to the Third Avenue trolley line of the Third Avenue and Union Railway system. Between 1913 and 1916 during the Dual Contracts, the center track was added to facilitate express service along the line. Around this time, the name "The Hub of the Bronx" emerged due to the area's status as a major transportation, commercial, and amusement center.


149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), History
In 1921, a seven-car train derailed crossing the spur track north of the station, destroying a control tower and causing a fire on the trestle. Thirty passengers were injured, and the second of the wooden elevated cars was damaged beyond repair.


149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), History
On May 12, 1955, the Third Avenue elevated was closed south of 149th Street, ending service on the line between the Bronx and Manhattan. 149th Street station became the southern terminus of the Third Avenue Line. In the 1960s under the Program For Action, the city planned to close the remainder of the line, which fell into disrepair and was credited for blight in the area. The station closed on April 29, 1973 and was demolished in 1977.


149th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line), Current status
From 1973 to 2013, the Bx55 limited bus replaced elevated service between The Hub and Gun Hill Road. Free transfers, first via a paper transfer and later by MetroCard, were given between the bus and the 149th Street subway station. In 2013, the Bx55 was eliminated, replaced by the Bx15 limited bus which terminates at Fordham Plaza. Service to Gun Hill Road is provided by the parallel Bx41 Select Bus Service route along Webster Avenue.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station
149th Street–Grand Concourse is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the IRT Jerome Avenue Line and the IRT White Plains Road Line. It is located at East 149th Street and Grand Concourse in Mott Haven and Melrose in the Bronx. The complex is served by the 2 and 4 trains at all times, and by the 5 train at all times except late nights.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Exits
There are two exit stairs each to the southwest and southeast corners of 149th Street and Grand Concourse.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators
When the station was first opened, the only way to exit the station was through two elevators. The elevators had four levels: one at the northbound lower level platform, one at the level of a pedestrian overpass connecting the two lower level platforms at their southern ends, one at the mezzanine of the upper level platforms (added when those platforms were opened), and one at a street-level headhouse.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators
In 1920, a project to extend the Mott Avenue station platforms 230 feet (70 m) to the west to provide a connection with a proposed station on the New York Central Railroad was completed.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators
When the elevators were opened up for service, they were considered state-of-the-art at the time, holding up to 20 people. However, the elevators and areas near the elevators were closed in 1975 due to security reasons. The MTA initially stated in February 2014 that there were no plans to reopen them as the station itself "was not a main station". In 2013, several local institutions and groups of riders protested in support of restoring elevator access to the station.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators
All platforms are planned to receive full ADA accessibility as part of the MTA's 2015-2019 Capital Program. In December 2015, the MTA initially agreed to repair both elevators in addition to installing another one across the street. It was estimated that $45 million would go towards this previous elevator installation and repair plan.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Elevators
The MTA currently plans to rebuild one of the two original elevators so that it operates from the headhouse to the pedestrian overpass above the lower level platforms, and build two new elevators with three stops; one will have stops at both Manhattan-bound platforms and the overpass, and the other will have stops at both northbound platforms and the overpass. A new fare control area will be built somewhere in the overpass level. It is estimated that "over $50 million" will go towards the current installation and repair plan. Construction on new elevators and the refurbishment of the existing elevator started in August 2020 after a "preliminary design stage," and substantial completion is projected for July 2023.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, Station layout, Unbuilt New York Central Railroad station
There are some remaining signs on the walls that point to a never-built station of the New York Central Railroad lines (now part of Metro-North Railroad). The station had been approved in 1908 and would have been located at 149th Street and Park Avenue, one block east.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms
149th Street–Grand Concourse is an express station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line that has three tracks and two island platforms, with the center track used during rush hours in the peak direction. This station is on the upper level of the two-level station complex, with a free transfer to the IRT White Plains Road Line on the lower level.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, IRT Jerome Avenue Line platforms
The station was opened on June 2, 1917, and was the southern terminus of the Jerome Avenue Line until it was extended through Mott Haven Avenue into the Upper East Side extension of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms
149th Street–Grand Concourse on the IRT White Plains Road Line has two tracks and two side platforms. There is a high rounded ceiling that is visible at the west end of the station and is similar in design to those of 168th Street and 181st Street stations on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. The IRT White Plains Road Line platforms are located on the lower level of this two level complex.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms
Originally opened as Mott Avenue on July 10, 1905, 149th Street–Grand Concourse was the first subway station to be opened in the Bronx. The original headhouse is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Today, all of the original mosaic "Mott Avenue" name tablets have been covered over with metal "149 St–Grand Concourse" signs.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms
Only one name tablet, located on the downtown platform between the last two staircases at the northern end, remained uncovered and survived intact until a few years into the 21st century when a serious water leak after very heavy rainfall caused individual tiles to separate from the wall and fall off. There were no known plans by the MTA to repair or restore this name tablet. In late 2011, the MTA covered this name tablet with a metal "149 St–Grand Concourse" sign.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms
South of the station, there are track connections to the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. The line splits and makes a sharp turn to merge with the Jerome Avenue Line just south of the upper level station. Due to high usage levels and the sharp turn of the connection, it often causes delays on the 5 train. The White Plains Road Line continues straight under the Harlem River and merges with the IRT Lenox Avenue Line at 142nd Street Junction.


149th Street–Grand Concourse station, IRT White Plains Road Line platforms
From the station's 1905 opening until 2002, there were no columns between the northbound and southbound tracks, allowing an unobstructed view across the station. Thin supports for a communications conduit have since been installed.


149th meridian east
The meridian 149° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


149th meridian east
The 149th meridian east forms a great circle with the 31st meridian west.


149th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 149th meridian east passes through:


149th meridian west
The meridian 149° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


149th meridian west
The 149th meridian west forms a great circle with the 31st meridian east.


149th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 149th meridian west passes through:


14:59
14:59 is the third studio album by American rock band Sugar Ray, released on January 12, 1999. It entered the top 20 on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 17 and certified quadruple-platinum by the RIAA. The album shows the band moving into a more mainstream pop rock sound, due to the success of their single "Fly" off their prior album, Floored. The album's title is a self-deprecating reference to the "15 minutes of fame" critics claimed the band was riding on.


14:59, Background
In 1997, Sugar Ray released their second album, Floored. Late in the recording sessions, the band recorded a much poppier track, the reggae song "Fly". The track became a surprise hit. The track's massive success inspired the band to further pursue the sound on their following album, 14:59.


14:59, Sound
The album's sound has elements of alternative rock and pop rock. "Aim for Me" is a punk rock track in the vein of Green Day and "Falls Apart" and "Personal Space Invader" take influence from The Police's Synchronicity and Men Without Hats, while "Burning Dog" has a skate punk sound similar to The Offspring and "Live & Direct" features vocals from KRS-One. In addition, "Every Morning" (that has been called an acoustic pop number), "Someday" and "Ode to the Lonely Hearted" are reminiscent of previous hit single "Fly". The album also features two comedic songs titled "New Direction", the former being death metal and the latter a circus music instrumental.


14:59, Promotion and release
The song "Glory" was used in the film American Pie, and featured on the soundtrack album.


14:59, Reception
The album was generally well received by critics. Paul Pearson of AllMusic wrote, "Their third album showed an alarming overhaul in their approach...from their metal shellac toward a calmer, melodious pastiche of songs. and concluded that 14:59 has such catchiness and charm that it's a guilty pleasure of high order, and a bigger step than one might have expected from Sugar Ray."


14:59, Reception
NME's referred to the album as a "hellishly difficult record to hate...Not that this is especially inspired stuff, but, if you wanted a soundtrack for the kind of sun-kissed pool-party the sleeve depicts, 14:59 is maybe as good as you could get today." Rolling Stone praised the album for its diversity and for not sticking too closely to the sound of "Fly" stating that the band instead "...go[es] off the deep end with gorgeous psychedelic guitar hooks and drum loops, and Mark McGrath's wise-guy futon talk... everything they play is shaped by the cut-and-paste aesthetic of the sampler." Robert Christgau picked out the album's song, "Every Morning", as a choice cut.


14:59, Reception
David Browne of Entertainment Weekly was less positive and stated: "It's genuinely hard to hate Sugar Ray; [...] Still, listening to '14:59' is a somewhat sad, depressing experience. [ ...] The album is the sound of a band resigned to the possibility that they may be one-hit wunderkinds and that the 2 million fans who bought their last album may have moved on to Barenaked Ladies."


14:59, Track listing
All music is composed by Sugar Ray except where noted.


14:59, Track listing
Sugar Ray sold a different version of the 14:59 album to audiences that attended their live tour. This album included 5 tracks not found on the retail version. These tracks are:


14:9 aspect ratio
14:9 (1.555...) is a compromise aspect ratio between 4:3 and 16:9. It is used to create an acceptable picture on both 4:3 and 16:9 TV, conceived following audience tests conducted by the BBC. It has been used by most UK, Irish, French, Spanish and Australian terrestrial analogue networks, and in the US on Discovery Networks' HD simulcast channels with programming and advertising originally compiled in 4:3. Note that 14:9 is not a shooting format; 14:9 material is almost always derived from either a 16:9 or 4:3 shot, and no televisions have ever been made in 14:9.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 16:9 material
A common usage is for material shot in 16:9 format. During production, the important action is kept within the centre of the picture, known as the 14:9 safe area. When the material is broadcast in a 4:3 format (such as for analog television), the sides of the image are cropped to 14:9 and narrow black bars are added to the top and bottom.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 16:9 material
It is considered that viewers who are not used to wide-screen will find this less distracting than the letterbox format that would result from broadcasting the full 16:9 picture in analogue, while still seeing more of the picture than would be visible if cropped into 4:3. When the same material is broadcast in 16:9 (such as for digital television) the full 16:9 frame is left intact, but auxiliary signals tell the receiver that the picture is suitable for cropping to 14:9 if necessary (for example, when the receiver is connected to a 4:3 display).


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 16:9 material
The major benefit in shooting 16:9 with protection for 14:9 (rather than 4:3) is improving the usable screen real-estate for titles, logos and scrolling text. The visible enhancement is significant due to the restrictive requirements of overscan. When shooting in 16:9 for potential 4:3 distribution the "Shoot And Protect" method (from the BBC's "Widescreen Book") is employed. As the name suggests footage is shot in 16:9 but important visual information is protected inside the 14:9 or 4:3 safe areas.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 4:3 material
Another use is for material shot on a 4:3 format. When broadcast in 16:9, the top and bottom of the original frame are cropped to 14:9, and black bars (called pillarboxes) are added to either side. When broadcast in 4:3, the 14:9 crop is often used in preference to the original 4:3 frame.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, With native 4:3 material
This is especially common when 4:3 footage needs to be included in an otherwise 16:9 program, such as a news broadcast, and was used in the 2000s by the BBC's children's channels (CBBC & CBeebies) to broadcast older children's programming shot in 4:3 on a larger proportion of a 16:9 screen.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels
Viacom International Media Networks Europe uses 14:9 for its music videos that are in 4:3. Nearly all of VIMN Europe's music channels around Europe (with the exception of MTV 80s and the now-defunct VH1 Classic and MTV Classic Italy) transitioned to widescreen from 2011 until 2015, all of the 4:3 music videos are cropped to 14:9 (with the exception of the now-defunct MTV Adria, where all of the 4:3 music videos were stretched horizontally to 16:9).


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels
JimJam also uses 14:9 for reruns of classic children's programming as well.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, Philippines
CNN Philippines was the first Philippine TV channel to air in 14:9 until March 2017, when it was later transitioned to 16:9.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, UK
In the UK, most channels broadcast in 16:9. On Nick UK, the 14:9 cropping is used on adverts and shows which were produced in 16:9, such as House of Anubis, iCarly, Victorious and Big Time Rush, to present a more consistent output. Nick UK, along with its sister channels Nick Jr. UK and Nicktoons UK, were the only children's channels that were not shown in 16:9, but made the switch in 2013 (With Nicktoons UK remaining in 4:3 until February 2017). The HD channel, Nick HD UK, was already shown in 16:9 before this, with 4:3 programming shown in the pillarbox effect.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, US
The primary use of 14:9 in the US was for full screen channels in the 2000s to show content that had been produced in 16:9. One major show to receive this treatment was Star Trek: Enterprise.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, US
The use of 14:9 to adapt full screen content for widescreen channels, by contrast, is much less common in the US, where pillarboxing and stretching are more commonly used (stretching is primarily used by Turner's Flexview). Only the HD simulcast channels of Discovery Networks used 14:9 for its previous episodes of their productions. Weigel Broadcasting uses 14:9 extensively as a compromise format on older shows without widescreen versions airing on their networks, including Decades, Heroes & Icons, MeTV and Start TV. Some television networks use it on a more selective basis, with AMC and Sundance TV using it when showing episodes of M*A*S*H. The first disc of MythBusters: Big Blast Collection uses this ratio, as does the Mega Movie Myths disc.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, Argentina
It is also used on the ISDB-Tb HD service of the Argentinian public television, TV Pública, in order to adjust their old programs and 4:3 SD studio cameras to 16:9 format.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, Portugal
The public broadcaster RTP used the 14:9 format to convert 16:9 broadcasts to the 4:3 format it still used until 2013 (for the majority of the programs broadcast). However, since 8 June 2012, they began to broadcast 16:9 material in its original aspect ratio, with the correct flag, thus ending the broadcasts featuring the 14:9 format and since January 2013, the majority of broadcasts are in 16:9 (since late 2017 downscaled from the native HD feed). Private broadcaster TVI started using the 14:9 format in August 2012 to broadcast 16:9 material instead of using 4:3 Pan & Scan, as they refused to broadcast in 16:9. However, on 3 October 2015, it began to broadcast in full widescreen.


14:9 aspect ratio, Usage, Adoption by TV channels, Portugal
From 2005 to 2011, TRT broadcast (expect TRT HD) Eurovision Song Contest by cropping to 14:9. Many channels of TRT were broadcasting 4:3 at the time, narrow black bars are added to the top and bottom.


14:9 aspect ratio, Mathematics
The aspect ratio of 14:9 (1.555...) is the arithmetic mean (average) of 16:9 and 4:3 (12:9), ((16/9)+(12/9))÷2=14/9{\displaystyle ((16/9)+(12/9))\div 2=14/9}. More practically, it is approximately the geometric mean (the precise geometric mean is (16/9)×(4/3)≈1.5396≈13.8:9{\displaystyle {\sqrt {(16/9)\times (4/3)}}\approx 1.5396\approx 13.8:9}), and in this sense is mathematically a compromise between these two aspect ratios: two equal area pictures (at 16:9 and 4:3) will intersect in a box with aspect ratio the geometric mean, as demonstrated in the image at top (14:9 is just slightly wider than the intersection). In this way 14:9 balances the needs of both 16:9 and 4:3, cropping or distorting both about equally. Similar considerations were used in the choice of 16:9 by the SMPTE, which balanced 2.35:1 and 4:3.


14F
14F is the fourth compilation album and eight overall of reggaeton singer-songwriter and producer Wise (also known as Wise The Gold Pen, and formerly as Wise Da' Gangsta), who wrote all tracks and sang in two of them, this time accompanied by DJ Luian, who produced the entire album, with some work by Alex Killer, Little Genius, Yazid, Predikador, Noize, Santana, Young Hollywood, Muekka, Mambo Kingz, Hi-Flow and Los Metálicoz.


14F
The album was released on July 14, 2014 through Wise's Gold Pen Records and VIP Music Records, and his title refers to February the 14th: Valentine's Day, so the entire production is about romantic themes. It features Farruko, Arcángel, Zion & Lennox, De La Ghetto, Ñengo Flow, Jory, Maluma, Ken-Y, Baby Rasta & Gringo, J Álvarez, Cosculluela, Randy, Pusho, Luigi 21 Plus, Yomo, Gotay, Genio and Alexa, who performs in his respective songs. The album was scheduled to be released on March 14, 2015, but was postponed for unknown reasons.


14F
On its first day, it reached the top position on sales in the Latin ranking of iTunes, above other albums including Formula, Vol. 2 by Romeo Santos, The Last Don 2 by Don Omar, and Dale by Pitbull. It peaked at No.8 on Amazon's best sellers Latin albums ranking, and was also downloaded more than 195,000 times on the website ElGénero.com.


14F, Background
Wise's most recent production was his studio album The Gold Pen, released in 2014, featuring Héctor El Father, Zion & Lennox, Victor Manuelle, among others, including four singles: "La Calle No Juega" featuring Ñengo Flow, "Amores Como El Tuyo" featuring Ken-Y, "Fin De Semana" featuring Baby Rasta & Gringo, and "Bam Bam". Wise is known for his work as songwriter, being the author of hit songs including "Mayor Que Yo" (2005), "Noche De Entierro" (2006), "Down" (2006), "Zun Da Da" (2007), "Te Regalo Amores" (2008), "Hoy Lo Siento" (2010), "Pierdo La Cabeza" (2014), and others. In 2013, he signed with Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), one of the three United States performing rights organizations, who awarded Wise in 2015 because of his work as writer of "Prometo Olvidarte" (2014), performed by Tony Dize.


14F, Production
14F was recorded between 2014 and 2015, written entirely by Wise and produced by DJ Luian with work from other producers in some tracks. The album was announced in December 2014, presenting a different cover than the used one in the final product, and the official track list was announced in June 2015. Between those months, the artists who participate in the compilation announced their participation and demonstrated his interest and support in it. It has only one single, «Baby Boo», released in February 2015 and performed by Cosculluela. His music video was released in April 2015 in both Wise and Cosculluela official YouTube channels, with approximately 9 million views mixing both videos. A remix featuring Wisin, Daddy Yankee and Arcángel was released on July 18, 2015.


14F, Production
"During my entire career as songwriter I lived the bless of watching how the public dedicate my songs through the years. Thankful of all that I decided to make this product called 14F in which the public will have fourteen tracks to dedicate. Being one of the most important proyects in my career, I decided to recruit the bigger artists in the urban genre, starting with DJ Luian, the most famous reggaeton DJ as the captain of this big boat. I'm glad to have him into my plans, who became a brother and a good friend. The way to make productions will take another turn and we promise to direct it for a long time."


14F, Production
Regarding the track list, is the first time that Wise writes for Farruko, De La Ghetto, Jory, Ñengo Flow, Maluma, Baby Rasta & Gringo, J Álvarez, Cosculluela, Pusho, Yomo and Genio.


14F, Production
It is the second time that he writes for Arcángel, being "Lentamente" (2013, Sentimiento, Elegancia & Maldad) his first work with him, while is the third time that he writes for Ken-Y, with his hit songs "Down" (2006, Masterpiece) and "Te Regalo Amores" (2008, The Royalty) as his other works with the singer, when Ken-Y was part of his former duo R.K.M & Ken-Y. Finally, is the fourth time that Wise writes for Zion & Lennox, being his songs "Boom Boom" (2009, Pasado, Presente & Futuro), "Hoy Lo Siento" (2010, Los Verdaderos) and "Pierdo La Cabeza" (2014, Motivan2) his other works for the duo; while is the seventh time that he writes for Zion, because of his work as author of "Hello" (2006, Mas Flow: Los Benjamins), "Zun Da Da" and "Te Vas" (both in 2007, The Perfect Melody), with Zion as soloist.


14F, Commercial performance
14F managed to reach the top position on iTunes' Latin albums ranking, as well as peaking at No. 8 on Amazon's Latin best seller albums after, a day of its release. The album peaked at No. 9 on Billboard's Latin Rhythm Albums chart on the issue dated August 8, 2015 and spent three weeks charting. Its only single, Baby Boo, performed by Cosculluela, peaked at No. 20 on Billboard's Latin Rhythm Airplay chart and spent ten consecutive weeks there.


14F, Track listing
All lyrics are written by Gabriel "Wise" Cruz; all music is composed by DJ Luian (co-produced when noted).


14K (triad)
The 14K (十四K) is a triad group based in Hong Kong but active internationally. It is the second largest triad group in the world with around 20,000 members split into thirty subgroups. They are the main rival of the Sun Yee On, which is the largest triad.


14K (triad), Criminal focus
The 14K is responsible for large-scale drug trafficking around the world, most of it heroin and opium from China or Southeast Asia. This is their primary business in terms of generating income, but they are also involved in illegal gambling, loan sharking, money laundering, contract murder, arms trafficking, prostitution, human trafficking, extortion, counterfeiting and, to a lesser extent, home invasion robberies.


14K (triad), History
The 14K was formed by Kuomintang Lieutenant-General Kot Siu-wong in Guangzhou, China in 1945 as an anti-Communist action group. However, the group relocated to Hong Kong in 1949 when the Kuomintang fled from the Communists following the Chinese Civil War. Originally there were fourteen members who were part of the Kuomintang, hence the name 14K. However, other sources say 14 stands for the road number of a former headquarters and K stands for Kowloon.


14K (triad), History
Compared with other triad societies, the 14K is one of the largest and most violent Hong Kong-based triad societies, and its members appear to be more loosely connected. 14K factional violence is out of control because no dragonhead is able to govern all factions of 14K worldwide.


14K (triad), History
While Hong Kong's 14K triad gang dominates its traditional areas of operation and has expanded far beyond the former British colony, its focus remains Sinocentric. Hong Kong triads, including the 14K, have also expanded their activities in mainland China; a key motivation for members to cross into China is to avoid police security and anti-gang crackdowns in Hong Kong.


14K (triad), History
In 1997, there were a number of gang-related attacks that left 14 people dead. Under Wan Kuok-koi (nicknamed "Broken Tooth Koi", 崩牙駒), the 14K was being challenged by the smaller Shui Fong Triad. The next year, a gunman believed to be connected to the local 14K killed a Portuguese national and wounded another at a pavement café in Macau. In 1999, a Portuguese court convicted 45-year-old mob boss Broken Tooth Koi on various criminal charges and sentenced him to 15 years' imprisonment. His 14K gang was suspected of drive-by shootings, car bombings and attempted assassinations. Seven of his associates received lesser sentences. Since the crackdown in Macau, the 14K triad resurfaced in various cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago in the United States; Vancouver, Calgary and Toronto in Canada; Sydney in Australia; and also the UK.


14K (triad), International activity, Africa, South Africa
Two 14K groups, 14K-Hau and 14K-Ngai, are among seven Chinese criminal organizations operating in South Africa, represented in both Cape Town and Johannesburg, specializing primarily in extortion and abalone trafficking (in 2000, the estimated gross income from the illegal exportation of abalone to Hong Kong was US$32 million).


14K (triad), International activity, Asia, Japan
The National Police Agency stated in 1997 that the 14K had been expanding its operations in Japan since the 1980s and had branches in Fukuoka, Osaka, Sapporo and Tokyo, each with at least 1,000 members. The 14K in Japan has been involved in counterfeiting credit cards and has cooperated with yakuza groups in the importation large numbers of illegal Chinese migrants.


14K (triad), International activity, Asia, Philippines
The 14K triad has been involved in smuggling arms to Abu Sayyaf and has also reportedly cooperated with the Islamic group in laundering and transmitting ransom money, taking a percentage of the ransoms in exchange for their assistance.


14K (triad), International activity, Asia, Thailand
The 14K is the largest Chinese crime syndicate operating in Thailand. A haul of 100 kilograms of heroin bound for the United States confiscated during an operation in Bangkok in January 2000 was attributed to the 14K. In addition to heroin, the 14K is also involved in the smuggling and sale of the amphetamine ya ba; using Bangkok as a commercial and trafficking base, they transport and distribute the Burmese-manufactured drug to the Thai narcotics industry. The influx of other Chinese gangs and syndicates into Thailand has led to a series of turf wars between the 14K and smaller rival groups, fighting over territory in both Thailand and sections of neighbouring Cambodia.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Belgium and the Netherlands
The 14K triad has been active in the Netherlands since as early as the 1970s, when members of the gang controlled Chinese restaurants in numerous cities in the country. Dutch police authorities believe that the 14K took full control of heroin importation into the Benelux countries in 1987. The line established by the 14K is a direct connection with Hong Kong via Bangkok, the chief transit point. In the Netherlands, the 14K is divided into seven-to-ten-person cells (mainly in Amsterdam) that function as relay posts for moving heroin elsewhere in Europe.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Belgium and the Netherlands
However, authorities believe that Belgium now plays an equally important role; heroin laboratories that were discovered in the Netherlands have been reassembled in Flanders, with strong bases in Brussels and Antwerp. A foothold in Belgium also has brought the narcotics traffickers closer to the money-laundering banks of Luxembourg. In 1998, the chief of Belgium's security agency stated of Chinese criminal organizations in the country: “They include several hundred Asiatics and have a strong familial characteristic. Their activities are very diverse, also including [besides narcotics] gambling and illegal workshops. They also are developing money laundering, both small-scale (restaurants, etc.) and large-scale such as real estate and even industrial projects.” For example, the 14K controls illegal gambling casinos in Antwerp. Belgium and the Netherlands form two corners of a triangular narcotics route of the 14K Triad; the third corner is Paris.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, France
The 14K is among the leading triads in France, where it has cooperated with Turkish, Albanian and Nigerian crime groups in heroin trafficking.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Ireland
The first reported triad activity in Ireland came in July 1979 when the 14K attempted a takeover of a Dublin-based Chinese gang's protection rackets which led to a deadly gang fight resulting in two deaths. Tony Lee, allegedly a high-ranking member of the 14K's Cork branch, was killed along with Michael Tsin of the rival Dublin faction. In August 1983, twelve members of the 14K were arrested in Limerick in connection with attempting to extort money from the owners of Chinese restaurant in the city. Nine of the men were believed to have come over from the UK.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Ireland
During the operation, a hoard of weapons including knives, pickaxes, bars and clubs were found. The 14K and other triads gained a firm foothold in Ireland in the 1980s when large numbers of Chinese restaurants opened in Cork and Dublin. The triad association is still very much active but now operate in smaller groups run by members and distant relatives of the Nam and Tsin family. Underbosses, bosses and high ranking soldiers are believed to have "14k" tattooed on them using ink mixed with blood that's been blessed by Kuang Kong. This dilutes the ink and gives a faded effect which symbolises life in purgatory.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Ireland
Leaked diplomatic cables obtained by the Irish Independent in 2011 included intelligence reports by the Garda Síochána (Irish police) on Chinese organized crime in the country, specifically the activities of the 14K and their rival Wo Shing Wo. The reported criminal activities of the triads included the trafficking of women and children from China into Ireland, involvement in casinos, and money laundering. Gardaí also reported a great deal of interaction between the Chinese gangs operating in Ireland and Scotland.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, Spain
The 14K has a branch in Spain, operating from Madrid.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, United Kingdom
The 14K was the first triad society to arrive in the United Kingdom, emerging from the Chinese communities of London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester during the post-war period. Although nearly all triad groups operating in the UK at the time were affiliated with the 14K, each operated independently of the Hong Kong 14K and generally viewed each other as rivals. Other triad societies did not arrive in the country until 1964 when the Labour Party encouraged large-scale immigration, bringing a huge influx of Hong Kong diaspora.


14K (triad), International activity, Europe, United Kingdom
While active predominantly in Birmingham and the north of England, the 14K also has a strong presence in London where they have been involved in turf wars with their rival Wo Shing Wo as well as Fujianese snakehead gangs. On 3 June 2003, alleged 14K member You Yi He, who was the subject of a police investigation into people-smuggling at the time of his death, was shot and killed in London's Chinatown. The 14K has also battled Wo Shing Wo for control of rackets in Glasgow. Additionally, the two groups have also cooperated in cigarette smuggling in Scotland. In July 2003, 14K members were ambushed in a machete attack on Glasgow's Sauchiehall Street by Wo Shing Wo in a dispute over the control of protection rackets.


14K (triad), International activity, North America, Canada
The 14K has been among the most active triad societies in Canada, maintaining a chapter in Toronto. Initially, the group was made up of members from Hong Kong but later recruited from the Vietnamese community, while also absorbing the remnants of the defunct Ghost Shadows. In 1988, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC) estimated the number of members in the 14K's Toronto branch at 150, with around 40 criminally active in heroin trafficking, migrant smuggling, theft and extortion. The Sam Gor syndicate is composed of 14K and other Triads and has Canadian roots in and leadership from the Big Circle Boys.


14K (triad), International activity, North America, Mexico
Intelligence reports from the Attorney General of Mexico and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency have indicated that the 14K triad is among the suppliers of raw materials used in the manufacturing of methamphetamine to the Sinaloa Cartel.


14K (triad), International activity, North America, United States
The 14K has a presence in New York, California, Chicago, Boston and Houston. The 14K has had connections to the leadership of the Ping On triad in Boston and Wah Ching in San Francisco.


14K (triad), International activity, North America, United States
High-ranking 14K member Hui Sin Ma aka Frank Ma, who was born in China but illegally immigrated to the U.S. in the 1980s, began his criminal career in Boston and San Francisco before eventually settling in Queens, New York where he became associated with the On Leong Tong and their youth gang the Ghost Shadows, as well as the Hip Sing Tong along with their youth gang the Flying Dragons. In Queens, he oversaw heroin dealing, illegal gambling, a luxury car-theft ring, extortion rackets and immigrant smuggling. Ma ordered numerous killings to protect his criminal enterprise.


14K (triad), International activity, North America, United States
In 1996, he fled to China to avoid detection by police, but later returned to the U.S. and was arrested in 2003. In 2010, he was convicted of murder and narcotics charges and sentenced to life in prison. Frank Ma was described by law enforcement as “one of the last of the Asian godfathers.”


14K (triad), International activity, Oceania, Australia
The 14K is among the main groups responsible for heroin trafficking in Australia.


14K (triad), International activity, Oceania, New Zealand
New Zealand police have stated that the 14K is the most powerful Asian crime syndicate operating in the country, where they are involved in the importation of pseudoephedrine (a chemical precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine) from Hong Kong and mainland China which they sell to local drug trafficking gangs, the Head Hunters and the Hells Angels.


14K (triad), International activity, Oceania, New Zealand
In August 2008, the 14K was allegedly involved in a high-profile kidnapping of a Chinese family near Papatoetoe, Auckland. The plan was to demand a ransom, but they were found before the money was paid.


14P/Wolf
Max Wolf (Heidelberg, Germany) discovered the comet on September 17, 1884. It was later discovered by, but not credited to, Ralph Copeland (Dun Echt Observatory, Aberdeen, Scotland) on September 23.


14P/Wolf
Previously, the comet had a perihelion of 2.74 AU and an orbital period of 8.84 a; this changed to a perihelion of 2.43 AU and an orbital period of 8.28 a due to passing 0.125 AU from Jupiter on September 27, 1922. The current values have been from when the comet passed Jupiter again on August 13, 2005. Another close approach to Jupiter on March 10, 2041 will return the comet to parameters similar to the period 1925–2000.


14P/Wolf
The comet nucleus is estimated to be 4.7 kilometers in diameter.


14TP
The 14TP (Polish: czternastotonowy polski, English: 14-tonne Polish) was a Polish medium cruiser tank that was never completed due to the onset of World War II.


14TP, Design
The project began in 1938. The new tank, which was built off the 10TP design was to significantly improve the performance and quality of the medium tanks. The thickness of the armor on either side would have no less than 35 mm. The tank could mount two types of guns: 37 mm Bofors Cannon, or a new 47-mm gun. To improve speed characteristics it was planned to put in a more powerful 12-cylinder engine (planned capacity from 300 to 400 HP). The design provided that the tank to be fully tracked.


14TP, Design
The creation of the tank began with a search for an engine replacement for the American la France, which could not be installed on a new tank, as due to the large mass of the engine would move only under acceptable conditions on the roads. Engineers from BS PZ Inż. made new designs, but they remained only in drawings. As a consequence, it was decided to purchase the engines manufactured by Maybach, which meet the needs of engineers (300 HP).


14TP, Design
By the end of 1938, about 60% of the work was completed, and in March 1939, the first tests were planned. However, it turned out that the company had sent 2 defective copies. Talks about the requirement to replace the damaged goods to more powerful semi-automatic engines stalled, leading to a halt of the project. Before the second world war, Poles had not agreed with the firm for the supply of engines. The project remained open, and in September 1939, the plans fell into the hands of the Germans.


14U
14U (Hangul: 원포유) was a South Korean boy band formed by BG Entertainment in Incheon, South Korea. The group debuted on July 22, 2017, with a single album "VVV," and disbanded on May 10, 2019.


14WE
14WE is an electric multiple unit (EMU) produced by Newag in Nowy Sącz, Poland. It is a heavily modified version of the PKP class EN57 EMU, of early-1960s vintage.


14WE
The trainset consists of driver car (type 410B), motor car (type 309B) and driver car (410B), with four passenger doors per car (two on each side). The 14WE is designed for suburban commuter traffic, with the carrying capacity of 192 seats and (nominally) 255 standing places. It is air conditioned and can be used with platforms 760 to 1,060 mm (30 to 42 in) high.


14WE
The trainset has  Scharfenberg couplers, which are standard on all Polish EMUs. They are placed at the height of 1,040 mm (41 in), according to an UIC recommendation, whereas the Polish practice is 950 mm (37 in). This creates operational problems in cases of a breakdown.


14th & 15th century Africa
During the 200 year period between 1301 and 1500 (the 14th and 15th century) the main civilizations and kingdoms in Africa were the Mali Empire, Kingdom of Kongo, Benin Kingdom, Hausa City-states, Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopian Empire, Kilwa Sultanate and the Ajuran Sultanate. These kingdoms flourished in the first part of this period, especially the Mali Empire, which saw a cultural flowering within its empire centred on the University of Timbuktu.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade
The years between 1100 and 1600 were known as the “golden age” of trade, when West African gold was in high demand. This led to an increase in the need and use for trade routes. From 1300 the Trans-Saharan trade routes were used for trade, travel, and scholarship.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade
Much of what scholars know of the Trans-Saharan trade routes comes from the historical writings of Muslim scholars such as Ibn Battuta and Leo Africanus who both crossed the Sahara Desert in the 14th and 15th centuries. These literary narratives combined with archaeological data provide much insight into 14th century trade.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Geography
Throughout the 14th century, much of African trade revolved around the Trans-Saharan trade routes. Geographically, the Sahara Desert extends over 3.6 million square miles and is the second-largest desert on the planet behind Antarctica. While the Sahara Desert was often viewed as a barrier between the African countries, it actually linked them together rather than separated them.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Geography, Empires
While trade along the Trans-Sahara trade route was common in the 14th century, it was highly dependent on the powerful African Empires, such as the Mali Empire, Kingdom of Kongo, Benin Kingdom, Hausa City-states, Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopian Empire, Kilwa Sultanate, and the Ajuran Sultanate.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Muslim Influence, Ibn Battuta
In 1352–53, Ibn Battuta embarked on a pilgrimage from Morocco to the Mali empire. Throughout his travels, he described many aspects of the Trans-Saharan trade routes that he encountered on his journey to Mali. He passed through Morocco and the surrounding cities, and much of the Niger Bend. During his travels, Battuta chronicled everything he saw. The trade routes from Sijilmasa to Walata passed through the salt mines of Taghaza. The town of Takeda in the Niger Bend was a centre for copper mining and trade in Egyptian goods, like cloth. The routes from Morocco to Egypt were large distribution centres for gold.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Muslim Influence, Ibn Battuta
In his memoirs, Battuta also described the dangers of the trade routes. It took months for merchants to cross the Sahara Desert, and they faced challenges ranging from natural disasters to lost caravans. Travelers who ventured too far away from their caravans and got lost often died from the elements. If scouts died or strayed away from their groups, the caravans would get lost in the desert and wander. Even worse, natural disasters, such as sand storms or fluctuating temperatures, often forced merchants to abandon their goods to save their own lives, yet causing them to lose everything. In his memoir, Battuta described the Sahara as a “desert haunted by demons.”


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Muslim Influence, Mansa Musa
By the end of the 10th century, Islam had spread to many of the Northern and Western African empires. By the 14th century, empires such as Ghana and Mali, had strong ties with the Muslim world, and many of their most prominent leaders practised the Muslim faith. Mali's most famous ruler, Mansa Musa, travelled across the Trans-Saharan trade routes on his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1325. Because Islam became so prominent in North and West Africa, many of the trade routes and caravan networks were controlled by Muslim nations. In the 14th century, prominent trade and travel routes had been firmly established.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Trade Goods
During the 14th century, and later the 15th century, the primary trading goods along the Trans-Saharan trade routes were gold, salt, precious metals, such as copper and iron, ivory, spices, materials, such as skins, cloth, and leather, and also slaves.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Trade Goods, Trade Routes
Trade among the Sahara Desert was highly influenced by the prominent Western empires and the local people living along the trade routes. In the 10th-15th centuries the major empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay influenced many of the trade practices. These powerful empires would extend their hand of power over African trade by directing trade routes through the major cities and taxing the travelling merchants and their goods. Through the power of the empires, many of the trade routes were secured and the merchant profession became a prosperous one. When travelling, traders could travel individually or in groups, or they could attach themselves to an annual caravan.


14th & 15th century Africa, Trans-Saharan Trade, Trade Goods, Trade Routes
Along the trade routes, local or residential tribes would establish and maintain resting posts for the traveling merchants. The scouts often used these trading posts to guide the caravans along the correct trade routes.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Spread of Islam
Since the origin of the religion, Islam has had an evident influence in the culture where its followers would inhabit. Since the religion affects major aspects of its follower's lifestyle, this convert-focused religion would influence family values, social conduct, and even judicial practices of the surrounding communities. As Muslims conquered more land, the practices of Islam would spread wherever they went. Islam primarily spread its influence to the Northern and Eastern coast of Africa.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Spread of Islam, Northern Africa
After the Nomadic Almohad peoples overthrew the Almoravids of Spain and North Africa, by the 13th century its government had collapsed from within and split into 3 different states, consisting of both Almoravid and Almohad groups. Then in 1415, the Spanish Reconquista forced the most of the Muslims out of Spain and into North Africa. During this transition from the Almohad empire to the Muslim tri-state era, trade between Europe and North Africa increased the wealth of the primarily Muslim region, as well as their ability to maintain power in the Sahara. Their control of the gold trade routes led to the rise of the great Mali empire.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire
The Mali Empire was one of the great empires of West Africa, reaching its peak in the 14th century. Mali was founded by the legendary Sundiata Keita in approximately 1230 after defeating the Sosso at the battle of Krina. Its capital was at Niani, in modern Guinea. After Sundiata's death in 1255, the kingship remained in the Keita family line until 1285. In 1285, after a series of weak kings, a freed slave named Sakura took the throne. Sakura was an effective ruler, but died while returning from his pilgrimage to Mecca.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali
The Mali Empire's entrance into the 14th century was heralded by a return of the throne to the Keita family line with the reign of Mansa (king) Qu. Mansa Qu's successor was his son, Mansa Muhammad.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa
In 1312 the most famous Malian king, Mansa Musa, came to power. Mansa Musa's reign marks the golden age of the Mali empire, spreading its territory and fame far and wide. Under Mansa Musa, the empire reached as far as the Atlantic Ocean in the West and past the trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao in the East, encompassing the past kingdom of Ghana in its entirety, and was home to an estimated five to ten million people.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa's global renown came as a result of his Hajj in 1324. He set out with a vast entourage across the Sahara desert toward Mecca. In Cairo, he initially refused to visit the sultan, as the tradition at the time was for the visitor to bow before him, and Musa believed himself to be of superior rank and power. Eventually, he made a compromise and bowed before Allah in the presence of the sultan. After the encounter, the sultan honoured Mansa Musa by inviting him to sit beside him as an equal, and they spoke for some time.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa
According to the Islamic writer Al-Umari, Mansa Musa brought with him no less than 100 camels laden with 300 pounds of gold each, as well as 60,000 people wearing silk, 12,000 servants, and 500 gold-staff bearing slaves before him.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa
"Let me add that gold in Egypt had enjoyed a high rate of exchange up to the moment of their [Mansa Musa's] arrival. The gold medal that year had not fallen below twenty-five drachmas. But from that day onward, its value dwindled; the exchange was ruined, and even now it has not recovered. The mitqal scarcely touches twenty-two drachmas. That is how it has been for twelve years from that time, because of the great amounts of gold they brought into Egypt and spent there." — Al Umari


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa
On his return journey back to Mali, Mansa Musa brought with him many scholars, artisans, architects, and other men of learning. They built many magnificent structures, including the mosque of Gao, and buildings in Timbuktu. He also established a diplomatic relationship with the sultan of Morocco, with the two kings mutually sending ambassadors to the other's court. Mansa Musa had a lifelong dedication to education and sent many young men to be educated at the university in Fez, Morocco who eventually returned and began Quranic schools and universities in many Malian cities, namely Timbuktu.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Musa
The tale of the wealth of the Mansa of Mali spread far around the globe, making the Malian Empire one of the most famous African empires of its time—even being featured on ancient European maps. Mansa Musa has been claimed to have been the richest person to have ever lived, with an estimated net worth adjusted for inflation of $400 billion (as of 2012). Mansa Musa's reign ushered in a time of peace and prosperity in Mali that would last through the reign of his eventual successor, Mansa Suleyman.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Maghan
Mansa Maghan was the son of Mansa Musa, and was not a skilled leader. He ruled as Mansa of Mali beginning in 1337 but was in power for only four years before his uncle and Mansa Musa's brother, Suleyman Keita, became emperor in 1341. There was some question as to whether Suleyman had a hand in Meghan's deposition, and some internal conflict resulted from the change in leadership.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Suleyman Keita
Mansa Suleyman Keita succeeded Mansa Maghan, and was a proficient ruler, though his reign was not as peaceful as Mansa Musa's, and some land east of Timbuktu and Gao was lost to the Songhai people. Despite the growing unrest in the region, Mali still enjoyed a great level of political stability and security as noted by the famed Islamic explorer and writer Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali in 1352.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Suleyman Keita
"The negroes possess some admirable qualities. They are seldom unjust and have a greater abhorrence of injustice than any other people. Their sultan [the Mansa] shows no mercy to anyone guilty o the least act of it. There is complete security in their country. Neither traveller nor inhabitant has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence." — Ibn Battuta


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 14th Century Mali, Mansa Suleyman Keita
The death of Mansa Suleyman marked the beginning of the period of decline in the Mali Empire. The time leading into the 15th century was characterized by weak rulers, short reigns, and disputes over succession.


14th & 15th century Africa, The Mali Empire, 15th Century Mali
Though the Mali Empire was now in the hands of weak kings, it continued to exist well into the 15th century. Timbuktu was an important point of both trade and learning in Imperial Mali, so its loss to Tuareg Berbers in 1433 was a significant blow to the weakening state. In addition to Tuareg rebellion, the Mossi people revolted and began raiding towns deep within Mali. Eventually, the city of Gao in the East broke off from Mali, as did the Wolof cities along the coast in the West. Throughout the 15th century, Mali progressively shrunk in size as many of its territories abandoned the empire, though it continued existing as an independent entity well into the 16th century. However, in 1546, the Songhai kingdom sacked Mali's capital, Niani, formally ending Mali's rule as an independent empire.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Origins
The Marinid dynasty was composed of Berber tribes of the race of the Zenetes (Zenatas), as opposed to the Hilalian Arabs, and were under the rule of the Almohads. But early in the 12th century, they turned against a weakening Almohad to build a dynasty that lasted nearly two centuries. With the defeat of the last of the Almohads and the capture of Marrakech in 1269, the Marīnids, under Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb, became masters of Morocco.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Holy War on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa
During the 14th century the Marinids expanded their control in Norther Africa and fought Holy Wars with the Christians on the Iberian Peninsula. Marinids viewed jihad as the duty of Muslim sovereignty and to strengthened the dynasty. During the reign of Abu Sa'id Uthman II, the Marinids extended their authority over the Middle Maghrib. They also crossed into al-Andalus in response to a request from the governor of Granada. Abu Sa'id was succeeded by his son, Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Uthman, who seized Tilmisan in 1332.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Holy War on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa
In 1333, Abd al-Malik, crossed the Straits of Gibraltar and defeated the Castilians who occupied the region since 1309. When Abd al-Malik died his father, Abu al-Hasan, led another invasion in 1340 onto the Iberian Peninsula but was defeated by a coalition of forces from Castile and Portugal at the Salado River. While the war helped unite the Muslim Naṣrid dynasty of Granada and slowed the advance of the Christians toward the Strait of Gibraltar, no land was taken from the Christians. This defeat significantly changed the balance of power in favour of Christians forcing the Marinids to retreat to Morocco and to abandon their objective of domination of the Iberian Peninsula.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Holy War on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa
In addition to invasions on the Iberian Peninsula, the Marinids wanted to control the central Maghreb and Ifriqiya. Their first attacks were against the Abdalwadids of Tlemcen, the Marinids immediate neighbours to the east, whom they invade several times. In 1337 Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī, one of the Marīnid sultans, tried to restore the Almonad empire. He captured the Tunisia capital of Tilimsān (Tlemcen) but was unable to defeat the Ḥafṣid. But in 1347, Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Uthman also captured Tunis and the Hafsid amir. He later also captured Barqa and Tarablus.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Holy War on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa
During this time the Marinids united all of the Maghrib under one government. This expansion was temporary because the following year, Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Uthman's army was defeated in Kairouan by a coalition of Arab tribes. Eventually, the Near Maghrib and the Middle Maghrib seceded from the Marinid state when weak rulers rose to power causing it to return to its original borders. These military campaigns depleted the resources of the Marinid dynasty and led to a state of anarchy.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Decline of the Marinids
The defeat in Kairouan diminished the power of the Marinids, who slipped into a period of decline. In the West Maghreb, the Marinids are not able to control the entire population. The Arab tribes grow more restless, the tax receipts decline and the sultans lose their power in favour of the Arab viziers, who are representatives of a real caste of high officials which take control of the kingdom and declare themselves as sultans themselves.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Decline of the Marinids
The leaders are subjected to a close guardianship during this period of upheaval and the smallest amount of diffidence would lead to the overthrow or the assassination of the sultan. Both Abu Salim (1359-1361), and Abu Ziyan (1361-1366) were assassinated during this period of anarchy. The state of anarchy which existed during the late 14th century a led to a break down of unity in the empire and several contenders opposed the vizier which divided the country. Although the dynasty is in a state of decline during this time it was strong enough in 1389 to defuse the Abdalwadides and control the foreign relations of the sultans of Tlemcen.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Marinid Dynasty, Decline of the Marinids
The final blow to the Marinids came from the Spanish Christians who invaded Berber in 1401 and destroy the city of Tetouan. A few years later in 1415, the Portuguese took over the city of Ceuta. The Marinids, who could not repel these invasions, saw their control over the population greatly diminish. The dynasty was unable to resist the unrest and revolutions of palaces, which are getting worse. In 1420, the Sultan Abu Said was assassinated. His successors survived under the guidance of the Wattasides, the Berber dynasty that reigned after the fall of Marinids. In 1465, with the assassination of Sultan Abd al-Haqq, the Marinids disappeared permanently as a ruling force. The Wattasides dynasty collapsed in 1548 when the Saʿdī sharifs took Fès.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty
The Christian Solomonic Dynasty ruled in the highlands of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. To the east and south were the Muslim kingdoms of Ifat and Adal.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty
By the 14th century Solomonic Kings had been ruling for thirty years, having taken over from the previous Zagwe Dynasty in 1270. The Solomonic Kings claimed their heritage to the union of the Biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, and to the Axumite kings. The primary literature documenting this newly restored line is the Kebra Nagast. This heritage linked the crown and the church, which both saw growth during this period. The Solomonic Empire was an outpost of Christianity, neighbored by Muslim nations which it frequently fought with. Solomonic kings of this era did not maintain a capital, but rather moved the court from place to place. The primary ruling of day-to-day life was determined by local leaders.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty, 14th and 15th Century Emperors of the Solomonic Dynasty, Amda Seyon
Amda Seyon was emperor from 1314 to 1344, and his reign began with a tension between church and crown after he seduced his father's concubine and two sisters. This action causes a monk, Honorius, to openly rebuke him. In retaliation to the rebuke, Amda punished and banished many of the local monks. Throughout his reign Amda conducted many wars against Ethiopia's Muslim neighbours, primarily the kingdoms of Ifat and Adal. His conquests put pressure on Egypt to send a new abun, which for many years had been denied to the Ethiopian Church. His conquests also brought in many new territories, which rebelled on many different occasions.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty, 14th and 15th Century Emperors of the Solomonic Dynasty, Zara Yacob
Zara Yacob, who reigned from 1434 to 1468, was a reformer of the Church, an organizer of the government, and a warrior. Before his ascension to the throne, he was educated at an Eritrean monastery. During his reign, he did much to propagate the Church throughout his territories, including bringing in two co-buns and placing laws about the religious matter, with strict consequences. His coronation was held in Axum, reminiscent of the Axumite kings and his heritage. Zara Yacob intended to unite his kingdom with Christianity, as the main line of defence against its Muslim and pagan neighbours.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty, 14th and 15th Century Emperors of the Solomonic Dynasty, Zara Yacob
During his reign he sent a delegation to Europe to reunite the Ethiopian Church with its Roman counterpart, as well as to develop diplomatic connections. During his reign a number of religious text were written and translated, including the Berhan. Zara Yacob also reorganized the government, reallocating land and fixing the tribute. During this time there was continued warring with the Muslim kingdoms.


14th & 15th century Africa, 14th and 15th Century Solomonic Dynasty, Christianity in Solomonid Ethiopia
Solomonid rule was based on a biblical heritage and as such the kings and the country maintained Christianity as the state religion. The branch of Christianity that was followed during the 14th and 15th century was primarily Coptic Christianity, with the abuna's, or bishops, coming from Egypt. In the 14th century there was a break-off from the traditional Coptic Church in the form of Sabbatarians, who believed that they had purified their Christianity. These people would later be known as the Beta Israel, following a distinct pre-Talmudic faith.


14th (Light) Division
The 14th (Light) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, one of the Kitchener's Army divisions raised from volunteers by Lord Kitchener during the First World War. All of its infantry regiments were originally of the fast marching rifle or light infantry regiments, hence the title "Light". It fought on the Western Front for the duration of the First World War. The division was disbanded by March 1919, and was not reformed in the Second World War.


14th (Light) Division, Order of battle
The division comprised the following infantry brigades, which underwent major changes between February 1918 (the Army's brigade reorganisation from 4 to 3 infantry battalions) and June 1918 (rebuilt after the losses of the German spring offensive).


14th (band)
14th is an English electronic music duo consisting of Tracey Duodu (vocals) and Tom Barber (production), based in London, England.


14th (band)
Duodu and Barber first met at the University of Sussex while studying. In 2011 they located to London and created 14th. In November 2011, they released their debut EP entitled Hide Yourself. The EP received critical acclaim from The Times, Mixmag, RWD Magazine, Soul Train, and further plaudits from The Guardian Music Blog, Dazed and Confused, Time Out, The Fly (magazine) and Music Week. Amongst radio performances, they were invited to play a live session at the BBC's Maida Vale studios for Rob Da Bank's flagship Radio 1 show.


14th (band)
In February 2012, they followed their EP release with the single "Take Me There", which received support on BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra from Annie Mac, MistaJam, Kissy Sell Out, Skream and Benga and earned 14th their first daytime radio plays from Fearne Cotton.


14th (band)
The duo went on to tour the UK, culminating at Club NME at London's KOKO (venue), and played a string of live dates at festivals around Europe over the Summer. After supporting producer and multi-instrumentalist Jakwob on tour, 14th collaborated with him on his EP "The Prize", alongside artists including Ghostpoet, Kano, Mr Hudson and Roses Gabor.


14th (band)
In late 2012, 14th produced a remix of Lana Del Rey track "Ride" which was included on her "Ride Remixes EP" released by Interscope Records.


14th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The 14th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2014 made by and for people over the age of 50. The awards were announced by the magazine on January 10, 2015, with the winners recognized at a ceremony hosted by John Leguizamo at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel on February 2. Israel Horovitz won the award for Breakthrough Achievement for his directorial debut, My Old Lady, and Kevin Costner won the Career Achievement Award.


14th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


14th AVN Awards
The 14th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN), took place January 11, 1997 at Riviera Hotel & Casino, Winchester, Nevada, beginning at 7:45 p.m. PST / 10:45 p.m. EST. During the show, AVN presented AVN Awards (the industry's equivalent of the Academy Awards) in 41 categories honoring the best pornographic films released between Oct. 1, 1995 and Sept. 30, 1996. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Comedian Bobby Slayton returned as host, with actresses Nici Sterling and Kylie Ireland as co-hosts. At a pre-awards event held the previous evening, 60 more AVN Awards, mostly for technical achievements, were given out by hostess Dyanna Lauren and comedy ventriloquist Otto of Otto & George, however, the pre-awards event was neither televised nor distributed on VHS tapes as was the main evening's ceremony.


14th AVN Awards
Shock won the most awards with 11, however, Bobby Sox, an "off-beat period piece comedy" that received six statuettes, won for best film. Flesh and Blood was next with five awards including best gay feature.


14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 11, 1997. Missy was the first actress to win both Starlet of the Year and the AVN Female Performer of the Year Award in the same year. Kurt Young, however, was second to win the major gay awards in the same year, taking Gay Video Performer of the Year and Best Newcomer.


14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners
These awards were also announced at the awards show, most in a winners-only segment read by Kylie Ireland during the event:


14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners
The previous night, January 10, 1997, during AVN's pre-awards cocktail reception, hostess adult film actress hostess Dyanna Lauren and comedy ventriloquist Otto of Otto & George handed out these awards, mostly for technical excellence:


14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame
AVN Hall of Fame inductees for 1997, announced during AVN's pre-awards event, were: Bunny Bleu, R. Bolla, Michael Carpenter, Desiree Cousteau, Duck Dumont, Jeanna Fine, Gail Force, Ken Gibb (posthumously), Victoria Paris, Jeannie Pepper, John Stagliano, Joey Stefano (posthumously), John Travis, Dick Witte


14th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Multiple nominations and awards
Shock won the most awards with 11; Bobby Sox was next with six, followed by gay video Flesh and Blood with five. Buttman's Bend Over Babes 4, Conquest, The Show, Silver Screen Confidential and Unleashed had three apiece. American Tushy! Idol in the Sky, Night Walk and Switchhitters VIII had two each.


14th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers
The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers or comedy. The show's trophy girls were Midori and Stephanie Swift.


14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Comedian Bobby Slayton made a return engagement as host of the show. This year the show was centered around an international theme, “the world of adult,” with added emphasis on European presenters and awards. This was the first year the awards ceremony was split over two nights, with a pre-awards event held January 10, 1997, where awards for technical achievements were distributed, while the main awards were presented January 11, 1997.


14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Several other people were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Serenity was responsible for choreography and Mark Stone was musical director with original songs by Mark J. Miller.


14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The top selling and renting tape of the year was Shock, although it was tied in the best-selling category with World's Biggest Gang Bang 2. There were several new awards categories this year including Best Advertisement and the AVN Breakthrough Award to acknowledge "those who were carving new niches and forging new territories in the adult business."


14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The ceremonies were published on VHS tape by VCA Pictures.


14th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical response
The show received a negative reception from Hustler magazine, which said, “Long-winded speeches from several award winners threatened to bore everyone to death.” It went on to add that since AVN is a trade publication paid for by ads "from the same adult video companies it bestows awards upon, the critical value of such honors is subject to debate." Swank Video World magazine was a bit more positive, calling the show "the most glamorous night in the adult industry."