13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History
These forces were among the first to move forward through the Karbala Gap establishing a Refuel on the Move (ROM) site aiding combat forces to successfully invade Bagdad, Iraq. The 13th CSSB was able to provide primary service support to 3rd Infantry and 101st Airborne divisional assets using Tennessee Army National Guard units from sites at Bagdad International Airport. The fuel and water assets proved crucial to establishing what would later become known as the "Green Zone".


13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History
During Operation Iraqi Freedom III, the HHD, 13th Corps Support Battalion (CSB) operated out of FOB Speicher, Iraq providing command and control for 11 subordinate units and attachments while planning and supervising the administration, training, and internal logistical support for the battalion. 13th CSB conducted over 3,000 combat logistics patrols logging over 3 million miles, completed over 85 recovery missions, and issued over 26 million US gallons (98,000 m3) of fuel. They also completed 3,094 direct support level maintenance job orders, processed 56,525 material release orders, produced 47.5 million US gallons (180,000 m3) of water, and issued over 4.9 million bottles of water and 1.9 million meals.


13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History
On 17 October 2006, the HHD, 13th CSB reflagged as the Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (CSSB) and attached to the 3rd Sustainment Brigade of Fort Stewart, GA. On 27 June 2007, the HHC deployed to LSA Anaconda, Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (07–09) providing command and control to ten subordinate units and attachments. During OIF (07–09), 13th


13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History
CSSB executes logistic support to MNC-I forces by operating the major distribution activities at LSAA, including the Corps Storage Area (CSA), Corps Distribution Center (CDC), Central Receiving and Shipping Point (CRSP), Central Issue Facility (CIF), Aerial Delivery, and Mortuary Affairs Collection Point (MACP). 13th CSSB provides reinforcing maintenance, water, and cargo handling support through forward-echeloned team operating at 11 Forward Operating Bases (FOB) through the Iraqi theater. 13th CSSB provided CSS training to Iraqi Security Forces to support the transition to national Iraqi control (Logistics Transition Teams).


13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), History
In October 2011 the unit relocated from Fort Benning, GA to Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA.


13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States), Subordinate units
HHC Commander Captain Jeremy D. Reed November 2019 - June 2021


13th Congress of Deputies
The 13th Congress of Deputies was a meeting of the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish Cortes Generales, with the membership determined by the results of the general election held on 28 April 2019. The congress met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and was dissolved prematurely on 24 September 2019.


13th Congress of Deputies, Election
The 13th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 28 April 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) became the largest party in the Congress of Deputies for the first time since 2008, but falling short of a majority.


13th Congress of Deputies, History
The new congress met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and after two rounds of voting Meritxell Batet (PSOE) was elected as President of the Congress of Deputies with the support of the Unidos Podemos–En Comú Podem (UP–ECP) and various nationalist and regionalist parties.


13th Congress of Deputies, History
Other members of the Bureau of the Congress of Deputies were also elected on 21 May 2019: Gloria Elizo (UP), First Vice-President; Alfonso Rodríguez (PSOE), Second Vice-President; Ana Pastor (PP), Third Vice-President; Ignacio Prendes (Cs), Fourth Vice-President; Gerardo Pisarello (ECP), First Secretary; Sofía Hernanz (PSOE), Second Secretary; Adolfo Suárez (PP), Third Secretary; and Patricia Reyes (Cs), Fourth Secretary.


13th Congress of Deputies, Government
In July 2019, caretaker Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez (PSOE) failed to secure the necessary votes in congress to form a government after the failure of coalition talks with UP–ECP.


13th Congress of Deputies, Government
Unable to obtain enough support in congress to form a government, Sánchez announced on 17 September 2019 that an election would be held on 10 November 2019, the fourth in as many years. The 13th Cortes Generales was formally dissolved on 24 September 2019.


13th Congress of Deputies, Deaths, disqualifications, resignations and suspensions
The 13th congress has seen the following deaths, disqualifications, resignations and suspensions:


13th Congress of the Philippines
The Thirteenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabintatlong Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was the meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. The convening of the 13th Congress follows the 2004 national elections, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the entire membership of the House of Representatives.


13th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Charter Change
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, in her several State of the Nation Addresses has repeatedly called on Congress to pave the way for the amending of the 1987 Constitution to provide for a unicameral–parliamentary–federal form of government. On December 8, 2006, the administration-dominated House of Representatives, bypassing the Senate, passed in haste House Resolution 1450, which called on Congress to convene into a Constituent Assembly (ConAss) to propose amendments to the Constitution.


13th Congress of the Philippines, Events, Charter Change
The House move however, was faced with stiff opposition from the outmaneuvered members of the opposition and all but 1 member of the Senate, which was later bolstered by support from several sectors of the civil society and the influential Roman Catholic Church, which threatened to hold nationwide protest rallies to denounce the House move. Succumbing to the mounting opposition and the apparent withdrawal of support of the President, House Speaker Jose De Venecia later on scrapped the entire resolution and called instead for a constitutional convention, challenging the Senate to concur it in 72 hours. But this too was rejected by the Senate, which preferred to hold a constitutional convention after the 2007 elections. Efforts to amend the constitution during the 13th Congress were eventually shelved.


13th Congress of the Philippines, Legislation
Laws passed by the 13th Congress: 149 (Republic Act No. 9333 to 9495), as of September 7, 2007


13th Congress of the Philippines, Members, House of Representatives
The term of office of the current members of the House of Representatives is from June 30, 2004, to June 30, 2007.


13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The 13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 23–31 May 1924 in Moscow. Of the delegates attending, 748 had voting rights, and 416 had consultative rights. The congress elected the 13th Central Committee.


13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
This congress was the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)' first to take place after the death of Vladimir Lenin, and represents a transition between the Lenin and Joseph Stalin regimes. It was also the first confrontation between the Left Opposition (led by Leon Trotsky) and the "troika" (led by Stalin, Grigory Zinoviev, and Lev Kamenev).


13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Background
By the time of Lenin's death on 21 January 1924, the New Economic Policy (NEP) had produced some economic stability after the famines and crises that had plagued the post-Civil War Soviet economy, such as the "sales crisis" of 1922. The posthumous cult of Lenin became a strategic tool for various Party leaders vying for the leadership. Party membership expanded by more than half during the February "Lenin Enrollment," while Stalin gave a series of lectures later titled Foundations of Leninism.


13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Background
Even though Stalin had been condemned as "too rude and... intolerable" and recommended for dismissal by the late Lenin in his "Last Testament," Stalin nonetheless successfully retained his position as General Secretary and crafted a powerful public association with Lenin's personality cult. Stalin's supporters used Trotsky's former disputes with Lenin to condemn him, and his theory of "permanent revolution" would become the main object of attack in the great theoretical debates following the 13th Party Congress.


13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Discussions
Among the many issues that dominated the 13th Party Congress, the factional split between the Left Opposition and the "troika" was a major divider. Trotsky and the Left Opposition argued that world revolution was required for the success of socialism, since the Soviet Union could not survive on its own without any aid from Western economies. On the other hand, Stalin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev of the "troika" argued that the Politburo should proceed to organize socialism on a national scale, a policy known as "socialism in one country." On 27 May, Stalin declared Trotsky's line a "petty-bourgeois deviation."


13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Discussions
Lenin's "Letter to the Congress" was also read out loud to the 13th Party Congress, and among its criticisms of the different leading personalities of the Politburo, the most condemning was of Stalin. Nonetheless, the Congress chose to not to publish this letter, and Stalin retained his post as General-Secretary until his death in 1953.


13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Aftermath
The 13th Party Congress marked the beginning of the Stalinist era, and the factionalism that emerged set the stage for the next five years, during which further struggles would emerge between factions over Soviet and international policy.


13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment
The 13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The 13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at New Haven, Connecticut, beginning November 25, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 7, 1862, under the command of Colonel Henry Warner Birge.


13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Department of the Gulf, to September 1862. Weitzel's Reserve Brigade, Department Gulf, to December 1862. Grover's Division, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, to March 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIX Corps, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. District of Savannah, Georgia, Department of the South, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Department of North Carolina, to April 1865. District of Georgia, Department of the South, to April 1866.


13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The 13th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service April 25, 1866, at Fort Pulaski, Georgia.


13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Connecticut for Ship Island, Mississippi, March 17, 1862, arriving there April 13. Operations against Forts St. Phillip and Jackson, Mississippi River, April 15–28, 1862. Occupation of New Orleans, Louisiana, May 1. Duty at Camp Parapet and Carrollton until October. Expedition to Pass Manchac and Ponchatoula September 13–15 (detachment). Ponchatoula September 14–15. Operations in District of La Fourche October 24-November 6. Occupation of Donaldsonville October 25. Action at Georgia Landing, near Labadieville, October 27. Thibodeauxville October 28. Duty at Thibodeauxville until December 27. Moved to Baton Rouge December 27, and duty there until March 1863.


13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Operations against Port Hudson March 7–27. Moved to Donaldsonville March 28. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Bayou Teche Campaign April 11–20. Porter's and McWilliams' Plantations at Indian Bend, April 13. Irish Bend April 14. Bayou Vermillion April 17. Expedition to Alexandria and Simsport May 5–18. Expedition from Barre's Landing toward Brashear City May 21–26. Siege of Port Hudson May 26-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Brashear City June 21 (detachment). Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Donaldsonville July 11, thence to Thibodeauxville and duty there until March 1864.


13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Red River Campaign March 25-May 22. Monett's Bluff, Cane River Crossing April 28. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 13–20. Mansura May 16. Duty at Morganza until July 3. Veterans on furlough July and August. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and Winchester until January 1865. Moved to Savannah, Georgia, January 5–22, and duty there until March 8. At Morehead City and New Bern, North Carolina, until May. Duty at Savannah, Augusta, Athens, Gainesville, and District of Allatoona, Georgia, until April 1866.


13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 204 men during service; 2 officers and 42 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 157 enlisted men died of disease.


13th Continental Regiment
The 13th Continental Regiment, also known as Read's Regiment, was raised April 23, 1775, as a Massachusetts militia regiment at Cambridge, Massachusetts, under Joseph Read. The regiment would join the Continental Army in June 1775. The regiment saw action during the Siege of Boston, the New York Campaign and the Battle of Trenton. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1777, at Morristown, New Jersey.


13th Cook Islands Parliament
The 13th Cook Islands Parliament is the previous term of the Parliament of the Cook Islands. Its composition was determined by the 2010 elections on 17 November 2010.


13th Cook Islands Parliament
Due to an electoral petition declaring the election of Tekii Lazaro invalid, the 13th Parliament initially consisted of only 23 members. A by-election was held for the vacant Pukapuka-Nassau seat.


13th Cook Islands Parliament
The Parliament sat for the first time on 18 February 2011. It was dissolved on 17 April 2014.


13th Cook Islands Parliament
The Speaker of the 13th Parliament was initially former Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry. Following Henry's death in May 2012, Niki Rattle was appointed Speaker.


13th Cortes Generales
The 13th Cortes Generales was a meeting of the Cortes Generales, the national legislature of Spain, with the membership determined primarily by the results of the general election held on 28 April 2019. The cortes met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and was dissolved prematurely on 24 September 2019.


13th Cortes Generales, Election
The 13th Spanish general election under the 1978 Constitution was held on 28 April 2019. It saw the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) become the largest party in the Senate, the upper house of the Cortes Generales, for the first time since 1993, as well as the largest party in the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes Generales, for the first time since 2008, but falling short of a majority.


13th Cortes Generales, History
The new Senate met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and elected Manuel Cruz (PSOE) as President of the Senate of Spain.


13th Cortes Generales, History
The new Congress of Deputies also met for the first time on 21 May 2019 and after two rounds of voting Meritxell Batet (PSOE) was elected as President of the Congress of Deputies with the support of the Unidos Podemos-En Comú Podem (UP-ECP) and various nationalist and regionalist parties.


13th Cortes Generales, History
In July 2019 caretaker Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez (POSE) failed to secure the necessary votes in congress to form a government after the failure of coalition talks with UP–ECP. Sánchez announced on 17 September 2019 that an election would be held on 10 November 2019, the fourth in as many years. The 13th Cortes Generales was formally dissolved on 24 September 2019.


13th Critics' Choice Awards
The 13th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 7, 2008, honoring the finest achievements of 2007 filmmaking. The ceremony was hosted by D. L. Hughley.


13th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Joel Coen and Ethan Coen – No Country for Old Men


13th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Daniel Day-Lewis – There Will Be Blood as Daniel Plainview


13th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Javier Bardem – No Country for Old Men as Anton Chigurh


13th César Awards
The 13th César Awards ceremony, presented by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma, honoured the best French films of 1987 and took place on 12 March 1988 at the Palais des Congrès in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Miloš Forman and hosted by Michel Drucker and Jane Birkin. Au revoir les enfants won the award for Best Film.


13th César Awards, Winners and nominees
Jean-Claude Laureux, Claude Villand, Bernard Leroux – Au revoir les enfants


13th Dalai Lama
Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal, abbreviated to Thubten Gyatso (Tibetan: ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་, Wylie: Thub Bstan Rgya Mtsho; 12 February 1876 – 17 December 1933) was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet, enthroned during a turbulent era and the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Referred to as "the Great Thirteenth", he is also known for redeclaring Tibet's national independence, and for his reform and modernization initiatives.


13th Dalai Lama
In 1878 he was recognized as the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. He was escorted to Lhasa and given his pre-novice vows by the Panchen Lama, Tenpai Wangchuk, and named "Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal". In 1879 he was enthroned at the Potala Palace, but did not assume political power until 1895, after he had reached his maturity.


13th Dalai Lama
Thubten Gyatso was an intellectual reformer and skillful politician. He was responsible for countering the British expedition to Tibet, restoring discipline in monastic life, and increasing the number of lay officials to avoid excessive power being placed in the hands of the monks.


13th Dalai Lama, Early life
The 13th Dalai Lama was born in the village of Thakpo Langdun, one day by car, south-east from Lhasa, and near Sam-ye Monastery, Tak-po province, in June 1876 to parents Kunga Rinchen and Lobsang Dolma, a peasant couple. Laird gives his birthdate as 27 May 1876, and Mullin gives it as dawn on the 5th month of the Fire Mouse Year (1876).


13th Dalai Lama, Contact with Agvan Dorzhiev
Agvan Dorzhiev (1854–1938), a Khori-Buryat Mongol, and a Russian subject, was born in the village of Khara-Shibir, not far from Ulan Ude, to the east of Lake Baikal. He left home in 1873 at age 19 to study at the Gelugpa monastery, Drepung, near Lhasa, the largest monastery in Tibet. Having successfully completed the traditional course of religious studies, he began the academic Buddhist degree of Geshey Lharampa (the highest level of 'Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy'). He continued his studies to become Tsanid-Hambo, or "Master of Buddhist Philosophy". He became a tutor and "debating partner" of the teenage Dalai Lama, who became very friendly with him and later used him as an envoy to Russia and other countries.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
After the British expedition to Tibet by Sir Francis Younghusband in early 1904, Dorzhiev convinced the Dalai Lama to flee to Urga in Mongolia, almost 2,400 km (1,500 mi) to the northeast of Lhasa, a journey which took four months. The Dalai Lama spent over a year in Urga and the Wang Khuree Monastery (to the west from the capital) giving teachings to the Mongolians. In Urga he met the 8th Bogd Gegeen Jebtsundamba Khutuktu several times (the spiritual leader of Outer Mongolia). The content of these meetings is unknown.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
According to report from A.D. Khitrovo, the Russian Border Commissioner in Kyakhta Town, the Dalai Lama and the influential Mongol Khutuktus, high lamas and princes "irrevocably decided to secede from China as an independent federal state, carrying out this operation under the patronage and support from Russia, taking care to avoid the bloodshed". The Dalai Lama insisted that if Russia would not help, he would even ask Britain, his former foe, for assistance.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
After the Dalai Lama fled, the Qing dynasty immediately proclaimed him deposed and again asserted sovereignty over Tibet, making claims over Nepal and Bhutan as well. The Treaty of Lhasa was signed at the Potala between Great Britain and Tibet in the presence of the Amban and Nepalese and Bhutanese representatives on 7 September 1904. The provisions of the 1904 treaty were confirmed in a 1906 treaty signed between Great Britain and China. The British, for a fee from the Qing court, also agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China agreed not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
The Dalai Lama is thought to have been involved with the anti-foreign 1905 Tibetan Rebellion. The British invasion of Lhasa in 1904 had repercussions in the Tibetan Buddhist world, causing extreme anti-western and anti-Christian sentiment among Tibetan Buddhists. The British invasion also triggered intense and sudden Qing intervention in Tibetan areas, to develop, assimilate, and bring the regions under strong Qing central control. The Tibetan Lamas in Batang proceeded to revolt in 1905, massacring Chinese officials, French missionaries, and Christian Catholic converts.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
The Tibetan monks opposed the Catholics, razing the Catholic mission's Church, and slaughtering all Catholic missionaries and Qing officials. The Manchu Qing official Fengquan was assassinated by the Tibetan Batang Lamas, along with other Manchu and Han Chinese Qing officials and the French Catholic priests, who were all massacred when the rebellion started in March 1905. Tibetan Gelugpa monks in Nyarong, Chamdo, and Litang also revolted and attacked missions and churches and slaughtered westerners. The British invasion of Lhasa, the missionaries, and the Qing were linked in the eyes of the Tibetans, as hostile foreigners to be attacked.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
Zhongtian (Chungtien) was the location of Batang monastery. The Tibetans slaughtered the converts, torched the building of the missionaries in Batang due to their xenophobia. Sir Francis Edward Younghusband wrote that At the same time, on the opposite side of Tibet they were still more actively aggressive, expelling the Roman Catholic missionaries from their long-established homes at Batang, massacring many of their converts, and burning the mission-house. There was anti Christian sentiment and xenophobia running rampant in Tibet.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
No . 10. Despatch from Consul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satow, dated Yünnan-fu, 28th April, 1905. (Received in London 14th June, 1905.) Pere Maire, the Provicaire of the Roman Catholic Mission here, called this morning to show me a telegram which he had just received from a native priest of his Mission at Tali. The telegram, which is in Latin, is dated Tali, the 24th April, and is to the effect that the lamas of Batang have killed PP. Musset and Soulie, together with, it is believed, 200 converts.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
The chapel at Atentse has been burnt down, and the lamas hold the road to Tachien-lu. Pere Bourdonnec (another member of the French Tibet Mission) begs that Pere Maire will take action. Pere Maire has accordingly written to M. Leduc, my French colleague, who will doubtless communicate with the Governor-General. The Provicaire is of opinion that the missionaries were attacked by orders of the ex-Dalai Lama, as the nearest Europeans on whom he could avenge his disgrace. He is good enough to say that he will give me any further information which he may receive. I am telegraphing to you the news of the massacre.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
In October 1906, John Weston Brooke was the first Englishman to gain an audience with the Dalai Lama, and subsequently he was granted permission to lead two expeditions into Tibet. Also in 1906, Sir Charles Alfred Bell, was invited to visit Thubten Chökyi Nyima, the 9th Panchen Lama at Tashilhunpo, where they had friendly discussions on the political situation.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
The Dalai Lama later stayed at the great Kumbum Monastery near Xining and then travelled east to the most sacred of four Buddhist mountain in China, Wutai Shan located 300 km from Beijing. From here, the Dalai Lama received a parade of envoys: William Woodville Rockhill, the American Minister in Peking; Gustaf Mannerheim, a Imperial Russian army colonel (who later became the President of Finland); a German doctor from the Peking Legation; an English explorer named Christopher Irving; R.F. Johnson, a British diplomat from the Colonial Service; and Henri D’Ollone, the French army major and viscount. The Dalai Lama was mounting a campaign to strengthen his international ties and free his kingdom from Chinese rule.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
In June 1908, C.G.E. Mannerheim met Thubten Gyatso in Wutai Shan during the course of his expedition from Turkestan to Peking. Mannerheim wrote his diary and notes in Swedish to conceal the fact that his ethnographic and scientific party was also an elaborate intelligence gathering mission for the Imperial Russian army. The 13th Dalai Lama gave a blessing of white silk for the Russian Czar. Worried about his safety, Mannerheim gave Tibet's spiritual pontiff a Browning revolver and showed him how to reload the weapon.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
"Obviously," the 14th Dalai Lama said, "The 13th Dalai Lama had a keen desire to establish relations with Russia, and I also think he was a little skeptical toward England at first. Then there was Dorjiev. To the English he was a spy, but in reality he was a good scholar and a sincere Buddhist monk who had great devotion to the 13th Dalai Lama."


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
In September 1908, the Dalai Lama was granted an audience with the Guangxu Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi. The emperor tried to stress Tibet's subservient role, although the Dalai Lama refused to kowtow to him. He stayed in Beijing until the end of 1908.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
When he returned to Tibet in December 1908, he began reorganising the government, but the Qing sent a military expedition of its own to Tibet in 1910 and he had to flee to India.


13th Dalai Lama, Military expeditions in Tibet
In 1911 the Qing dynasty was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution and by the end of 1912 the last Qing troops had been escorted out of Tibet.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
In 1895, Thubten Gyatso assumed ruling power from the monasteries which had previously wielded great influence through the Regent. Due to his two periods of exile in 1904–1909, to escape the British invasion of 1904, and from 1910 to 1913 to escape a Chinese invasion, he became well aware of the complexities of international politics and was the first Dalai Lama to become aware of the importance of foreign relations.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
The Dalai Lama, "accompanied by six ministers and a small escort" which included his close aide, diplomat and military figure Tsarong Dzasa, fled via Jelep La to Sikkim and Darjeeling, where they stayed almost two years. During this period he was invited to Calcutta by the Viceroy, Lord Minto, which helped restore relations with the British.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
Thubten Gyatso returned to Lhasa in January 1913 with Tsarong Dzasa from Darjeeling, where he had been living in exile. The new Chinese government apologised for the actions of the previous Qing dynasty and offered to restore the Dalai Lama to his former position. He replied that he was not interested in Chinese ranks and was assuming spiritual and political leadership of Tibet.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
After his return from exile in India in 1913, Thubten Gyatso assumed control of foreign relations and dealt directly with the Maharaja and the British Political officer in Sikkim and the king of Nepal rather than letting the Kashag or parliament do it.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
Documents from Russian Foreign Ministry archives contain detailed argumentation of the 13th Dalai Lama that Tibet was never a part of China. Thubten Gyatso declared independence from China in early 1913 (13 February), after returning from India following three years of exile. He then standardized the Tibetan flag in its present form. At the end of 1912 the first postage stamps of Tibet and the first bank notes were issued.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
Thubten Gyatso built a new medical college (Mentsikang) in 1913 on the site of the post-revolutionary traditional hospital near the Jokhang.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
Legislation was introduced to counter corruption among officials, a national taxation system was established and enforced, and a police force was created. The penal system was revised and made uniform throughout the country. "Capital punishment was completely abolished and corporal punishment was reduced. Living conditions in jails were also improved, and officials were designated to see that these conditions and rules were maintained."


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
A secular education system was introduced in addition to the religious education system. Thubten Gyatso sent four promising students to England to study, and welcomed foreigners, including Japanese, British and Americans.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
As a result of his travels and contacts with foreign powers and their representatives (e.g., Pyotr Kozlov, Charles Alfred Bell and Gustaf Mannerheim), the Dalai Lama showed an interest in world affairs and introduced electricity, the telephone and the first motor cars to Tibet. Nonetheless, at the end of his life in 1933, he saw that Tibet was about to retreat from outside influences.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
In the last decade of his life, the Dalai Lama's personal attendant, Thubten Kunphela rose to power and led several important projects for the modernization in Tibet. In 1931, a new factory complex consisting of currency mints and munition factories was established in Trapchi, with its machines driven by power from the first hydroelectric plant in Tibet. A modern army regiment was created in the same year, after the conflict broke out in Eastern Tibet.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
In 1930, Tibetan army invaded the Xikang and the Qinghai in the Sino-Tibetan War. In 1932, the Muslim Qinghai and Han-Chinese Sichuan armies of the National Revolutionary Army led by Chinese Muslim General Ma Bufang and Han General Liu Wenhui defeated the Tibetan army during the subsequent Qinghai–Tibet War. Ma Bufang overran the Tibetan armies and recaptured several counties in Xikang province. Shiqu, Dengke, and other counties were seized from the Tibetans. The Tibetans were pushed back to the other side of the Jinsha river. Ma and Liu warned Tibetan officials not to dare cross the Jinsha river again.


13th Dalai Lama, Assumption of political power
Ma Bufang defeated the Tibetans at Dan Chokorgon. Several Tibetan generals surrendered, and were demoted by the Dalai Lama. By August, the Tibetans lost so much land to Liu Wenhui and Ma Bufang's forces that the Dalai Lama telegraphed the British government of India for assistance. British political pressure led to Nanjing declaring a ceasefire. Separate truces were signed by Ma and Liu with the Tibetans in 1933, ending the fighting.


13th Dalai Lama, Prophecies and death
Very soon in this land (with a harmonious blend of religion and politics) deceptive acts may occur from without and within. At that time, if we do not dare to protect our territory, our spiritual personalities including the Victorious Father and Son (Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama) may be exterminated without trace, the property and authority of our Lakangs (residences of reincarnated lamas) and monks may be taken away. Moreover, our political system, developed by the Three Great Dharma Kings (Tri Songtsen Gampo, Tri Songdetsen and Tri Ralpachen) will vanish without anything remaining. The property of all people, high and low, will be seized and the people forced to become slaves. All living beings will have to endure endless days of suffering and will be stricken with fear. Such a time will come.


13th Dalai Lama, Prophecies and death
Approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, destroying the vast majority of historic Tibetan architecture.


13th Daytime Emmy Awards
The 13th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Thursday, July 17, 1986, on NBC to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from March 6, 1985-March 5, 1986. The telecast, lasting from 3-4:30 p.m., preempted Santa Barbara.


13th Daytime Emmy Awards, Outstanding Daytime Drama Series Writing
NOTE: The award was originally given to The Young and the Restless until a tally miscount forced The Young and the Restless to hand over the award to Guiding Light.


13th Delaware General Assembly
The 13th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1788, and was the third year of the administration of President Thomas Collins. He died March 29, 1789, and was replaced by President Jehu Davis.


13th Delaware General Assembly
The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.


13th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council
Councilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.


13th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly
Assemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.


13th Delta Operations Squadron
The 13th Delta Operations Squadron (13 DOS) is a United States Space Force unit. Assigned to Space Training and Readiness Command's Space Delta 13, it is responsible for providing operations support to the delta. It was activated on 16 September 2021 and is temporarily headquartered at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
The 13th Demi-Brigade of Foreign Legion (French: 13e Demi-Brigade de Légion Étrangère, 13e DBLE), was created in 1940 and was the main unit of the 1st Free French Division, Free French Forces (FFL). From the coast of Norway to Bir Hakeim, to Africa then the Alsace, while passing by Syria and Italy, the 13th Demi-Brigade would be part of most of the major campaigns of the armed forces of France during the Second World War.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
After having been engaged in Indochina from 1946 to 1954, the 13e DBLE joined the Algerian War, and left in 1962. The 13e DBLE was based until 2011 at Quartier-Général Monclar in Djibouti, in virtue of an accord between France and the Republic of Djibouti in 1977. During 2011, the unit moved to the United Arab Emirates. In 2016, the unit returned to France, based at the same camp where it was first formed (and took its designation on 27 March 1940) – Camp du Larzac.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Creation and different designations
This unit of the Legion was created on 1 March 1940 within the cadre of the Franco-British expeditionary corps intended to intervene in Finland. The first designation of this unit was 13th Mountain Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (13e DBMLE).


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Creation and different designations
On 1 July 1940, the 1st battalion, 900 men, were based in England as troops of the Free French Forces, the 14e DBMLE, while the remainder of the demi-brigade, 800 men principally from the 2nd battalion, returned to Morocco and preserved the designation of 13e DBMLE.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Creation and different designations
On 4 November 1940, the demi-brigade of Morocco was dissolved which allowed the troops which remained in England to readopt the designation of 13e DBLE.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
The unit was constituted in North Africa from volunteers of other foreign units stationed there. The unit was then commanded by lieutenant-colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey and was comprised at the start of two battalions:


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
Starting 13 May 1940, the unit took part in the Norwegian Campaign in the corps commanded by Général Béthouart, fighting in Bjerkvik and Narvik. The operation was a success, however, with the invasion of France, the unit was obliged to repatriate to the national territory. Losses in Norway were 8 Officers, and 93 Legionnaires including Chef de Bataillon Guéninchault.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
The unit disembarked in Brittany on 4 June to reinforce the proposed national redoubt(French: réduit Breton). On 21 June, the survivors of the demi-brigade embarked for Scotland. Those troops which did not hear the Appeal of 18 June (French: appel du 18) joined other units of the French Scandinavian Expeditionary Corps (French: Corps expéditionnaire français en Scandinavie) in the region of Trentham.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
Adhering to this appeal, recently promoted captain Pierre Kœnig adjoint (assistant) of lieutenant-colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey, convinced the latter to head to London, where they met Général De Gaulle. Magrin-Vernerey met with Général Antoine Béthouart, chief 1st Chasseurs Division of the French Scandinavian Expeditionary Corps (French: Corps expéditionnaire français en Scandinavie), who allowed him to meet the men at the garrisoned camp on the night of 30 June. Out of the 1,619 Legionnaires present on 28 June 1940, a little less than 900 rallied to Free France (French: France libre), the others joined Morocco under the command of Général Béthouard. Joining later the camp, where were regrouped the garrisoned Free French Forces, the 13e DBLE participated to the 14 July parade in London.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
The units of the Free French Forces took temporarily, between 1 July 1940 and 2 November 1940, the designation of 14th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion 14e DBLE, while composed of the following:


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
The demi-brigade had a strength of 25 officers, 102 NCOs and 702 other ranks.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
At the end of September 1940, the unit participated in the Battle of Dakar against Dakar. Following the failure of the landing in Senegal, the unit finished by disembarking, under the command of lieutenant-colonel Cazaud, in Equatorial French Africa (French: Afrique-Équatoriale française) to partake, in November 1940, to the Battle of Gabon (French: campagne du Gabon) and the rallying of Gabon to Free France (French: France libre), under the command of général de Larminat.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
The unit accordingly assumed its original denomination, and at the corps of the French Orient Brigade, the unit circled Africa and disembarked at Port Soudan on 12 February 1941 to take part in combats in the East African Campaign. The brigade accordingly distinguished itself during the Battle of Keren, on 27 March 1941, then Massaoua on 8 April 1941.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
In the following month, the unit joined Palestine in order to participate to the Syria–Lebanon Campaign. The demi-brigade entered into Syria on 8 June and following harsh combats, managed to enter into Damascus on 21 June. On 6 September 1941, lieutenant-colonel prince Amilakvari assumed command of the unit. In December, the 2nd battalion (commandant René Babonneau (French: René Babonneau)) and 3rd battalion made way to North Africa where the unit, at the corps of the Koenig Brigade, front faced the forces of the Afrika Korps.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
Promoted to chef de bataillon in September 1941, excellent instructor of men, René Babonneau assumed command of the 2nd Battalion, which at Bir Hakeim, on 27 May 1942, held back more than 70 tanks of the division Ariete, by destroying 35 out of them. His battalion received a citation at the orders of the armed forces. Remaining at the rear to uphold the unfolding, in the night of 10–11 June 1942, he was made prisoner and transferred to Italy, where he attempted to escape twice.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
From May to June 1942, a part of the unit was successful at Bir Hakeim. This would be the occasion for Pierre Messmer, captain commanding a company to write later, a book: the lost patrol (French: La patrouille perdue). Then the "13e" took part to the Second Battle of El Alamein, during which the commanding officer of the unit was killed.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
During the assembly of the 1st Free French Division (1re DFL), beginning of 1943, the DBLE disappeared as far as a troop corps and the three constituting units (1er BLE, 2e BLE and the anti-tank company) were incorporated into the 1st Brigade of the Division.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
The unit later engaged in combat at the corps of the French Expeditionary Corps then disembarked in Provence within the cadre of Operation Dragoon in mid-August 1944. The demi-brigade took part in the Liberation of France (French: libération de la France) as part of the 1st Free French Division (1st Army) (French: 1re Armée française), notably during the course of the Battle of the Vosges (French: Bataille des Vosges).


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
During late 1944, a nominally Ukrainian battalion of the FFI – composed of recent defectors from the 30th Waffen SS Grenadier Division — was attached to the 13th Demi-Brigade. Two groups from the SS division had defected to the FFI on 27 August. One included 818 Ukrainians based at Vesoul, under the direction of Major Lev (Leon) Hloba, who had shot their German officers and surrendered to the Haute-Saône arm of the FFI in the Confracourt Woods.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
They brought with them 45-mm antitank guns, 82-mm and 50-mm mortars, 21 heavy machine guns, as well as large amounts of small arms and small-caliber ammunition. That same day, a similar defection occurred near Camp Valdahon – hundreds of men brought with them an antitank gun, eight heavy machine guns, four mortars, and small arms and ammunition. The defectors became known as the Bataillon de Résistants Ukrainiens.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Second World War
On 6 April 1945, the unit was seen attributed the Ordre de la Libération.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War
Destined to be part of the French Expeditionary in Extreme-Orient, the 13eDBLE disembarked of the SS Ormonde on 6 February 1946 at Saigon and garrisoned north of the town, in the triangle of Gia Định -Thu Duc – Hoc Mon.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War
Operations commenced, with 19 June 1946, the first combat at Mat Cat (Cochinchine). The 13e DBLE was engaged in the frontiers of Siam until Tourane, while passing by the fields of Joncs. The battalions were spread.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War
The 13e DBLE participated to operations « Vega », « Dragon II et III », « Geneviève », « Jonquille », « Canigou »... with the adversary often leaving combatants behind, such as at Largauze on 26 March 1949. In 1950, the 13e DBLE, assembled in Cochinchine and received in support a 4th battalion. The latter was destined to join the units that had for mission to clean up the fields of Joncs.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War
The rhythm of operations accelerated with the beginning of the dry season: « Potager », « Normandie », « Ramadan », « Trois Provinces », « Tulipes », « Ulysse 3 », « Neptune », « Revanche ». Following this operation, the 13e DBLE was again split. Three battalions remained in Cochinchine where they participated to different operations: : « Araba », « Mandarine », « Pamplemousse », « Caïman ».


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War
On 31 January 1953, the 4th battalion was dissolved and the 3rd battalion transformed into an itinerary battalion: the latter would be found in Tonkin, then at Hué, Na Sam, Xoang Xa, at Than Hoa, engaged in a series of hard combats.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Hòa Bình 1952
The 13e DBLE participated in the Battle of Hòa Bình from 14 November 1951 to 24 February 1952. Hòa Bình (the name means "peace" in Vietnamese) was the capital of the Muong ethnic minority. By road, Hòa Bình lay a mere 67 kilometers of map distance from Hanoi via Colonial Route 6 (Fr: Route Coloniale 6). The Việt Minh had controlled Hòa Bình since October 1950 and used the district as a logistics staging area for operations in north central Vietnam. The French commander in Indochina, General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, ordered the retaking of Hòa Bình in late 1951.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Hòa Bình 1952
The 2nd Battalion of 13e DBLE fought in a key engagement at Xóm-Pheo from 8–9 January 1952. The legionnaires held a vital hill at Xóm-Pheo astride Colonial Route 6, and they fortified their positions with trenches, bunkers, barbed wire, and minefields. On the night of 8 January, troops from the Việt Minh 102nd Infantry Regiment infiltrated through the minefields and attacked the 2/13e DBLE positions. The Việt Minh forces overran the 5th Company position and destroyed bunkers with TNT satchel charges and Bangalore torpedoes. With many of their officers and NCOs killed or wounded, and half of their position overrun, the legionnaires counterattacked with fixed bayonets and hand grenades.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Hòa Bình 1952
The legionnaires later counted 700 Việt Minh dead around the position at Xon-Pheó.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953–1954
End of 1953, the 13e DBLE assembled at Tonkin, the 2nd battalion in the Delta, the 1st and 3rd battalion (French: les 1er et 3e bataillon) where at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, where they respectively held « Claudine » and « Béatrice ». On the night of 13 March 1954, after five assaults, « Béatrice » was submerged. The 3rd battalion was annihilated with Lieutenant-colonel Jules Gaucher, the regimental commander. The survivors barely represented the numbers of an actual company, and in the rear, efforts were made to reconstitute the battalion, however, time seemed to be missing.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953–1954
on 7 May, all was finished. The camp of Dien Bien Phu was submerged and 1st battalion disappeared to the turn. The Fanions of these units were destroyed at the last minute. Only a couple of fragments of the 2nd company were able to be brought back to Sidi bel-Abbès by a couple of legionnaires, whom share it before falling in the hands of the enemy.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953–1954
Lieutenant-colonel Gaucher was killed on the first day of the battle (13 March 1954), when his command post suffered a direct hit from Việt Minh artillery. Suffering from serious wounds – the loss of both arms, severe injuries to both legs, and an open chest wound – he died at the hospital. Gaucher was replaced as 13e DBLE commander on 23 March by Lieutenant-colonel Lemeunier who was helicoptered into the fortress. Until the end of the battle, Lemeunier would be the most senior Foreign Legion officer present at Dien Bien Phu.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953–1954
The unit suffered heavy casualties during fighting in March and April. On 14 April the Dien Bien Phu garrison reported that I/13e DBLE was reduced to 354 effectives and III/13e DBLE was reduced to 80 effectives.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953–1954
On 30 April, the legionnaires at Dien Bien Phu celebrated the anniversary of the Legion's historic Battle of Camarón (French: Bataille de Camerone). The celebration took place at the 13e DBLE command post where Lieutenant-colonel Lemeunier read the traditional Camarón proclamation over a radio hook-up that could be heard throughout Dien Bien Phu.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953–1954
The 13e DBLE was the only French unit present at Dien Bien Phu that saved one of its battle flags from destruction or capture. The guidon of 4th Company, III/13e DBLE was initially captured by the Việt Minh during the assault on "Béatrice" on 13 March. On 19 May, while the Việt Minh were celebrating Ho Chi Minh's birthday, Sergeant Beres, a Hungarian legionnaire serving with 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er B.E.P), crawled into a Việt Minh command post and rescued the flag. The seriously wounded Beres was evacuated by helicopter from Dien Bien Phu on 24 May with the guidon hidden under his clothes.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Indochina War, Dien Bien Phu 1953–1954
During its 9-year service in Indochina (1946–1955), the 13e DBLE suffered 2,721 killed in action (2334 Legionnaires, 307 Warrant Officers, 80 Officers). This included two commanding officers – Lieutenant-colonel Brunet de Sairigné and Lieutenant-colonel Gaucher.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War
In 1955, the 13e DBLE was found back on the African continent. Engaged in the operations of maintaining order (French: opérations de maintien de l'ordre en Algérie), the regiment disembarked in Tunisia on 28 June 1955. Based in Guelma, the regiment radiated in Constantinois, North and South in the Nemencha. Hiding places were found but no combatants. Accordingly, the phase of "pacification" commenced.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War
The 13e DBLE constructed or restored posts: Khsirane. The fight followed in the djebels, marked by hard combats: Zaouia, Bou Zakadane, Ouindj, djebel Seike. In July 1957, a combatant group of the ALN was destroyed.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War
Leaving then Nemenchta, the 13e DBLE reduced to two battalions garrisoned at Aurès. Steep pitons were succeeded by wooded massifs. At the beginning of 1958, three combats against the ALN, obliged the latter to refuse to get in contact, and accordingly reacted by taking up violence on the civilian population. Nearly 800 families came, in the middle of the winter, and massed around the post of Bou Hamama. Accordingly, On 7 May 1958, the unit responded and combat engaged at Oued Kelaa with firm resolution.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War
In October 1958, the 13e DBLE became an intervention regiment. The regiment was articulated into eight combat companies, including the mounted company, support company, employed at the exception, as companies of Fusiliers–Voltigeurs. Two tactical headquarter staff (EMT) mounted several companies on demand. In general, the first three were subordinated to FEMTI, the 4,5,6 to FEMT2, the CP and CA often in support of one or the other EMT. The composition number was 1778 men : 57 Officers, 249 Sous-Officiers and 1472 men. Such was put into effect for the officers due to a dozen of volunteers, out of which three were from the medical service, and lesser than a couple of dozens for the sous-officiers and the legionnaires. They had of a little harka, which was dissolved in June 1961.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Algeria War
The mission of this itinerary unit covered all Algeria, in a series of operations: « Emeraude », « Dordogne », « Georgevie », « Isère ». From Kabylie to the Atlas Mountains, Algiers to the Challe Line (French: Ligne Challe) designated as « Barrage est » at the Tunisian frontiers, then in the Aurès, where on 10 February 1961, the unit placed out of combat some 49 combatants and recuperated some 29 arms. The unit made way back to the « Bec de Canard », on the « Barrage est », where operations, patrols and ambushes succeeded until the end of combats in March 1962. At the independence of Algeria, the regiment left 214 tombs.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962–1977
A first detachment joined Bougie (French: Bougie) to be embarked at the end of April 1962, destination French Somaliland (French: Côte française des Somalis) (Actual Republic of Djibouti). Progressively, the remainder units would follow. The regimental colors arrived on the territory on 15 October of the same year. The companies disembarked one after the other in the new lieu. Having not known peace for the last 22 years since existence, the "13e" was at last able to justify reputation as "bâtisseur" which other units in the Legion rejoiced of.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962–1977
During this époque, the numbers in the regiment reached almost those of a sizeable battalion. On 1 October 1968, the regiment integrated a reconnaissance squadron. The 1st company ceded the respective lieu of implementation and went on to garrison in Dikhil. The 2nd company left Obock, took the denomination of 2nd works company (2e CT) and joined the headquarter staff and the CCAS at Gabode, Djibouti headquarters.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962–1977
On 25 August 1966, the President of the Republic, général de Gaulle, visited the territory. The units of the regiment in parade uniform rendered the respective honors of homage. Following the appearance of a banderole reclaiming the territory, manifestations were launched, and the sections of the 2nd company intervened in their parade uniform at 2000 and 2200 respectively. A dozen of ranked and legionnaires were wounded in the confrontation which caused officially thirty-six wounded with forces of the order and nineteen wounded with the manifesting groups.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962–1977
The next day, after the death of two manifesting individuals in the morning, at 1400, the regimental commander received the order to evacuate the place Lagarde where général de Gaulle was supposed to pronounce his speech. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th companies as well as two section of the CCAS were designated. The place was cleared in twenty five minutes starting at 1620. The confrontations continued at the level of blocked « Bender » by forces of the police reinforced by the Legion.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962–1977
In total, there were one killed and forty-six wounded in the forces of the order, three killed and two hundred and thirty eight wounded among the manifesting contingents. The following days, a cover fire was established on the « ville indigène », which was quarantined and searched by patrols. Starting 14 September, the « 13e » as well as the 5th Inter-arm Oure-Mer Regiment (French: 5e RIAOM) installed a barrage which encircled the town to filter the exit and entry points.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962–1977
Composed of rows of barbed wire («ribard») and miradors stretching over 14 kilometers, this barrier was maintained until the independence and beyond. The number of individuals killed trying to cross it remains undetermined. On 20 March 1967, the following day of a referendum on the autonomy of the territory, independent manifestations were suppressed again by the men of the 3rd company. The end of 1967 and the year of 1968 were again occasions of numerous tensions and operations of maintaining order.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1962–1977
In 1976, the regiment and notably the reconnaissance squadron intervened during the Loyada Hostage Rescue Mission (French: Prise d'otages de Loyada).


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
Following the independence of the Republic of Djibouti in 1977, the 13e DBLE participated regularly to military or humanitarian missions at the profit of the territories or in the Horn of Africa.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
In 1979, the 4th company was dissolved. The company's post of Holl-Holl was ceded to the National Army of Djibouti (AND). The regiment then conserved only of the 3rd company, the 2e CT, the CCAS, the squadron and a turning company of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP (company detached for 4 months), based in Arta.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
The operational engagements succeeded. In May 1991 the regiment assured the control of country's border, which were submerged by a massive influx of refugees coming from Ethiopia, while simultaneously rescue collecting some, welcoming others and disarming an Ethiopian division (Operation Godoria (French: Opération Godoria). In March 1992, it would be the turn of Operation Iskoutir (French: opération Iskoutir).


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
In December 1992, its Operation Oryx (French: opération Oryx), in Somalia, then a couple of month later, Operations of the United Nations in Somalia (French: ONUSOM II), where the legionnaires of the "13e" served for a first time in their history under the Blue-Helmets (French: Casque Bleu) of the United Nations U.N. In June 1994, the third company was rushed to Rwanda within the cadre of Operation Turquoise (French: Opération Turquoise) and the regiment participated also to Operation Diapason (French: Opération Diapason) in Yemen. During the same year, in May, the COMPARA (paratrooper company), stationed in Arta and which was armed by the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP was dissolved.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
It is convenient to add to all these operations, of the punctual assistance brought forth by the regiment to the young Republic during natural catastrophic disasters which saved the latter regularly. The legionnaires intervened also within the cadres of assuming relief measures, facing flooding disasters, but also facing dryness, to aid humanly populations affected harshly by weather circumstances as well. The 2e CT (works company) was regularly placed on call to execute diverse works, including various numerous constructions on the territory. The commemorative steles of the Legion marked the efforts of a section which worked for collective goals and these commemorations can be seen across all routes of the territory.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
in addition, this last specialty, the 2eCT would assume the denomination of 2e CAT (support and works company) by adding two support sections, one composed of six-120mm mortar and the other section composed of 8 missile launcher posts.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
This company was dissolved in 1998 to give place to an turning engineer company armed by the legionnaires of the 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment 1e REG, then the 2nd Foreign Engineer Regiment 2e REG.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
In 2000, it is the turn of the 3rd infantry company to disappear, also replaced by a turning company, armed however alternatively by units of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment 2e REI and 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP. This last infantry company of the "13e" had a unique character. In fact, at the instar of the companies of the 2e REP, each section had a specialty. The command section consisted of an 81 mm mortar group. The 1st section perfected the savoire-faire in the domain of sabotage and manipulation of explosives.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
The 2nd section regrouped the reconnaissance divers which were charged with infiltration missions by maritime means utilizing pneumatic boats or palms. The 3rd section regrouped the elite snipers of the regiment, equipping 12.7 mm Barret and 7.62 mm FRF2. The 4th section, consisted of five Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé VABs out of which two were equipped with 20mm cannons.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
In 2001, the maintenance company of French Forces stationed in Djibouti (French: Forces françaises stationnées à Djibouti, FFDj) was attached to the Demi-Brigade.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
In 2002, elements of the regiments were projected to the Ivory Coast within the cadre of Operation Unicorn (French: Opération Licorne).


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
After an intervention of a humanitarian character, where a section of the engineers were projected to Indonesia in 2005 (Opération Béryx (French: Opération Béryx), to assist and aid the victims of 2014 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean (French: Séisme du 26 décembre 2004 dans l'océan Indien), the "13e" revived operational capacities in March 2007. The tactical headquarter staff, the infantry company and an engineer detachment were sent in urgency, north of the Central African Republic to secure and contain the propagation of violence in the zone of the three frontiers (Tchad, RCA, Soudan) to Birao.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 1977–2011
In addition, the legionnaires of the unit are, since the beginning of the years 2000, regularly engaged under form of instruction operational detachment (French: détachements d'instruction opérationnels) (DIO) assisting neighboring countries (Ethiopia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait and numerous others).


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, 2011–2015: United Arab Emirates
On 31 July 2011, the 13e DBLE left Djibouti and garrisoned in the United Arab Emirates at the French military implementation in the United Arab Emirates as a result of a defense cooperation agreement with France. This move was at the occasion of restructuring, the unit passing from a unit status of combat operational arm to that of a projected support force unit. The unit also bridged operations around the region in 2012 (Operation Tamour (French: Opération Tamour) in Jordan) and sent a quick detachment of almost 50 personnel to assist the counter-terrorism units of Iraq.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Since 2016: Camp du Larzac
On 30 July 2015, the transfert of the 13e DBLE at Camp du Larzac in Aveyron, was announced in 2016. As of January 2016, with a demi-command company and logistics (CCL), two combat companies, numbers will pass from 69 to 390 then 450 legionnaires, followed in 2017 with the remainder of the CCL and two other combat companies, and in 2018 of a fifth combat company and the company of reconnaissance and support.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, History of campaigns, battles and garrisons, Since 2016: Camp du Larzac
In 2018, the constitution should reach 1200 legionnaires at the corps of five combat companies, one support company (CCL) and one reconnaissance and support company.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Organization, United Arab Emirates (2011)
The unit became, in 2011, the support corps Groupement terre of the French Military Implementation in the UAE (French: Forces françaises aux Émirats Arabes Unis)). The unit is decomposed of a support unit as well other units sent on the spot in short duration (4 months):


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Organization, France (2018)
In 2018, as an infantry regiment within the format defined in the cadre plan of the French Army « Au contact », the 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion will be composed of 1300 men grouped in eight companies:


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Traditions, Insignia
Regimental Insignia of the 13e DBLE, other known as the "La Phalange Magnifique"


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Traditions, Regimental Song
Chant de Marche : Nos Képis Blancs (Sous le soleil brulant d'Afrique) featuring:


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Traditions, Regimental Song
1st coupletSous le soleil brûlant d'Afrique,Cochinchine, Madagascar,Une phalange magnifique,A fait flotter nos étendards,Sa devise «Honneur et vaillance»,Forme des soldats valeureux,Son drapeau celui de la France,Est un emblème des plus glorieux. RefrainVive la Légion étrangère,Et quand défilent les képis blancs,Si leur allure n'est pas légère,Ils portent tous tête haute et fière,Et s'élançant dans la fournaise,Le cœur joyeux jamais tremblant,Au son de notre Marseillaise,Savent combattre les képis blancs. 2nd coupletC'est une chose d'importance,La discipline à la Légion,L'amour du chef, l'obéissanceSont de plus pure tradition,Et pour notre France chérie,Tous ces étrangers bravement,Viennent défendre la patrie,Avec honneur et dévouement.


13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion, Traditions, Decorations
The Regimental colors of the 13e DBLE is decorated with the following:


13th Destroyer Flotilla
The British 13th Destroyer Flotilla  also known as the Thirteenth Destroyer Flotilla was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from November 1915 – November 1918 and again from September 1939 to January 1944.


13th Destroyer Flotilla, History, World War One
The flotilla was first formed in November 1915 and was assigned to the Grand Fleet. Between 31 May and 1 June 1916 it was present at the Battle of Jutland as part of the Battle Cruiser Fleet. It remained with the Grand Fleet until November 1918 and was disbanded in March 1919.


13th Destroyer Flotilla, History, Second World War
In September 1939 the flotilla was re-established and assigned to the North Atlantic Command at Gibraltar. On 29 January 1943 it was operating within the command as part of the Gibraltar Escort Force until 2 July 1943. The flotilla remained in the North Atlantic Command until May 1945 when it was disbanded.


13th Directors Guild of America Awards
The 13th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1960, were presented in 1961.


13th Division (German Empire)
The 13th Division (13. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in November 1816 in Münster in Westphalia as a troop brigade and became the 13th Division on September 5, 1818. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VII Army Corps (VII. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Prussian Province of Westphalia and two small principalities in the Westphalian region, Lippe-Detmold and Schaumburg-Lippe.


13th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
The 13th Division served in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864, seeing action in the war's major battles: the Battle of Dybbøl (also called the Battle of the Düppeler Heights) and the Battle of Als. The division then fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, where it was part of the Army of the Main (Main-Armee) and saw action in the engagements against Austria's south German allies, including the siege of the Bavarian fortress at Würzburg. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in several battles and engagements, including the Battle of Borny-Colombey, also called the Battle of Colombey-Nouilly, and the Gravelotte, or Gravelotte-St. Privat, and the Siege of Metz.


13th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
In World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It participated in the initial German drive through Belgium and France, culminating in the First Battle of the Marne. After a period of trench warfare in various parts of the line, the division went to Verdun in 1916. Later that year, beginning in September, the division saw action in the later phases of the Battle of the Somme. During the 1918 German spring offensive, the division fought in the Second Battle of the Somme. The division bore the brunt of later Allied offensives, including the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Allied intelligence rated it a first class division.


13th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War
During wartime, the 13th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 13th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:


13th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization
German divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The organization of the 13th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:


13th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization
On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 13th Division was again renamed the 13th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:


13th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization
Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 13th Infantry Division's order of battle on March 8, 1918, was as follows:


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 13th Division (第13師団, Dai Jūsan Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its tsūshōgō code name was the Mirror Division (鏡兵団, Kyō-heidan), and its military symbol was 13D. The 13th Division was one of four new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War 1 April 1905, after it turned out what the entire IJA was committed to combat in Manchuria, leaving not a single division to guard the Japanese home islands from attack.


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Russo-Japanese War
The 13th Division was initially raised in Takada city in now Jōetsu, Niigata from men in Niigata Prefecture under the command of Lieutenant General Haraguchi Kensai. It was given the independent assignment of occupying Sakhalin before the conclusion of the Portsmouth Treaty, landing on Sakhalin on 7 July 1905, only three months after being formed, and securing the island by 1 August 1905. As a result of its successful operation, Japan was awarded southern Karafuto during the Portsmouth Treaty, one of Japan's few territorial gains during the war.


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Interwar period
The division returned on 6 November 1908 to its original divisional headquarters located in Takada, Niigata prefecture. Future Chinese premier Chiang Kai-shek served in the field artillery battalion of the 13th Division while it was based at Takada. Also while at Takada, under the command of Lieutenant General Gaishi Nagaoka, a military advisor from the Empire of Austria-Hungary, Theodor Edler von Lerch, was invited to teach mountain warfare and skiing to the troops of the IJA 58th Infantry Regiment in Takada. under the 13th Division in early 1913.


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Interwar period
On 12 April 1913, the division was ordered to Liaoyang in Manchuria, where it remained until 3 June 1915 on garrison duty under the command of Lieutenant General Akiyama Yoshifuru before returning to Takada. After a brief period on garrison duty in Korea, the 13th Division was one of the divisions selected to participate in the Japanese intervention in Siberia in 1920. The 13th division of what period has specialized in winter warfare, with all infantry on ski.


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Interwar period
However, on 1 May 1925, it was dissolved by Minister of War Ugaki Kazushige as part of a cost-saving measure during the Kato Takaaki administration, together with the 15th, 17th and 18th divisions.


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War
In July 1937, open hostilities broke out against China and the Second Sino-Japanese War commenced. The 13th Division was re-established in Sendai on 10 September 1937 as a triangular division, out of the reserve forces of the IJA 2nd Division, and ordered to China 11 September 1937 together with 9th division and 101st division. Under the command of Lieutenant General Rippei Ogisu, it was assigned to Shanghai Expeditionary Army and saw combat during the Battle of Shanghai and Battle of Nanjing, although as a reserve force it was not present at the subsequent Nanjing Massacre. It came under the control of the Central China Expeditionary Army from February 1938, the 13th Division it was at the Battle of Xuzhou, and as part of the Japanese Second Army from July 1938, it was at the Battle of Wuhan under the command of Lieutenant General Shizuichi Tanaka.


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War
From November 1938, the 13th Division was assigned to the Japanese Eleventh Army and remained in China throughout the Pacific War, participating in numerous campaigns and battles, notably the Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang, Battle of West Hubei and Battle of Changde. A particularly heavy Chinese attacks in Yichang were repulsed in October 1941 with the extensive use of chemical weapons by 13th division. In December 1942, the 58th infantry regiment was transferred to the 31st division, and 13th division has become a triangular division. It was also part of Operation Ichi-Go (the Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi).


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War
In the final stages of the campaign 1 November 1944, the 13th division has captured two airstrips at Guilin airbase. Later it was used to secure the front on the west of Liuzhou, between 3rd division to the south and 58th division to the north-east. 18 April 1945, it was assigned to directly to the China Expeditionary Army together with 3rd division and was retreating toward Nanjing. The capitulation of Japan 15 August 1945 has happened while the 13th division was in Changsha, Hunan Province.


13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second Sino-Japanese War
Although there were plans to send the 13th Division to Guam in September 1943 to counter the threat posed by the United States in the Pacific War, only a 300-man detachment was sent.


13th Division (North Korea)
The 13th Infantry Division was a military formation of the Korean People's Army during the 20th Century.


13th Division (North Korea)
It participated in the North Korean advance from Seoul to Daejeon.


13th Division (People's Republic of China)
The 13th Division (Chinese: 第13师) was created in January 1950 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the forces from Xinjiang National Army.


13th Division (People's Republic of China)
The division is part of 5th Corps. Under the flag of 13th division it took part in several battles and fights against anti-communist rebels during the incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China. In May 1953 it was disbanded and became Kashgar Military sub-district. Its 40th Regiment was reorganized and renamed as 3rd Cavalry Regiment, Xinjiang Military Region.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group)
The 13th Division (Arabic: الفرقة 13) is a Syrian rebel group sanctioned by the Syrian National Council. It was among the first armed Syrian opposition groups to receive U.S.-made BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles. The group's leader lieutenant colonel Ahmad al-Sa’oud said during an interview that the missiles were provided by the Friends of Syria, which also (according to al-Sa'oud) provided training on how to use the advanced weaponry. According to a spokesperson for the FSA's Supreme Military Council, the 13th Division is funded by sources within Qatar and Saudi Arabia.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History
The 13th Division originated in March 2012 under the name of the "Slaves of Mercy Brigade" and grew that year to 1,000 men according to its leader Lt. Col. Ahmad al-Saoud, who defected from the Syrian Army. In 2013 the group was incorporated into the Free Syrian Army as the 13th Division.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History
In December 2013, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) overran a Division 13 base in Kafr Nabl, seizing ammunition and weaponry. This came after a history of clashes between the two groups. The following day, Lieutenant Colonel Ahmad al-Sa’oud was ambushed and captured in Taftanaz by ISIL while he was trying to negotiate for their return. He was released after two weeks. The group is currently fighting the Syrian government and ISIL.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History
The group fought in Khan al-Asal, the Rashideen neighbourhood, and the Research Sciences Centre in Aleppo. In Idlib and Hama Governorates, the 13th Division fought at Mork, Khan Shaykhun, Heish, Qumeis, Baboulin, Wadi Al-Deif military base and Al-Hamdiyyeh military base.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History
On 6 May 2015, along with 13 other Aleppo-based groups, joined the Fatah Halab joint operations room.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History
On 18 September 2016 one of the 13th Division commanders, Abdul Karim Alito, was killed in action during the 2016 al-Bab offensive.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History
On 19 September 2016, the 13th Division, along with the Mountain Hawks Brigade and the Northern Division, formed the Free Idlib Army.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History
As a result of internal disputes between the 13th Division and the other factions in the Free Idlib Army, some members of the former reportedly released a statement on 11 April 2017 which claimed that the 13th Division will no longer be part of the Free Idlib Army and it will instead join the "central operations room" led by Col. Fadlallah al-Haji of the Sham Legion. This was denied by Lt. Col. Ahmed al-Assad, the overall commander of the 13th Division, who called the statement a "false report". Al-Saud called on all the member groups of the FIA to integrate under one organization.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda
In November 2014, the 13th Division and the al-Nusra Front clashed in Jabal Zawiya as part of the al-Nusra Front-SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict. Al-Nusra reportedly declared war on rebel factions receiving Western military support. However, fighting between the two groups soon ceased because the 13th Division "did not wanted to share the same fate as the Hazzm Movement", which was defeated and dissolved by al-Nusra.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda
On 13 March 2016, the al-Nusra Front and Jund al-Aqsa seized the headquarters of the 13th Division after an overnight battle for control of Maarrat al-Nu'man. Division 13 was involved in a truce with the Syrian army since February 27. Several fighters have deserted before the conflict with the Nusra began. Division 13 has confirmed that al-Nusra and Jund al-Aqsa captured all of their weapons. According to social media activists in support of the Syrian opposition, Jabhat al-Nusra attacked Division 13 after local demonstrations used the Syrian independence flag, rather than the black flag of jihad.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda
According to a report released by the Free Syrian Army, Jabhat al-Nusra and Jund al-Aqsa attacked their bases in Ma’arat al-Nu’man, killing 4 of their combatants and wounding as many as 20 others during a fierce battle between the groups. The Division 13 members stated that they could not hold their ground against al-Qaeda militants, so they surrendered two of their storage facilities that allegedly stored U.S. manufactured TOW anti-tank missiles as well as seizing armored vehicles, a tank, and other arms.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda
Experts have stated that ultimately, “There will be localized clashes, but not necessarily full-blown civil war. In Maarat al-Numan it’s easier to take on Nusra as Division 13 is stronger and there isn’t a Jaysh al-Fatah administration”.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda
On 18 July 2016, the al-Nusra Front was accused of kidnapping Zaher al-Ahmad, the commander of the division’s 56th Infantry Brigade en route from Maarat al-Numan to Aleppo.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda
On 30 September, Ahmad al-Sa'oud openly threatened al-Nusra on social media that the 13th Division has "no choice" but to "take revenge for the blood of its members", accusing people of "spreading lies and fabricating charges" against the 13th Division in order to ignite conflict.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda
On 5 April 2017, a vehicle carrying Lt. Col. Ahmad al-Saud and Colonel Ali al-Samahi, the chief of staff of the Free Idlib Army and formerly a commander in the 13th Division, came under fire from Tahrir al-Sham fighters at a checkpoint near Khan al-Subul, which was under complete control of Tahrir al-Sham. Al-Samahi and another fighter was killed in the shootout while al-Saud was wounded and was transferred to Turkey for treatment.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), History, Clashes with al-Qaeda
From 6 to 8 June, clashes broke out between Tahrir al-Sham and Sham Legion in Maarrat al-Nu'man. The 13th Division and the Free Police joined the fighting on 8 June. By the evening of 8 June, HTS captured both the 13th Division and the Sham Legion's headquarters in Maarat al-Nu'man and killed Col. Tayser al-Samahi, the brother of Col. Ali al-Samahi and the head of the Free Police in the town. On 9 June, Tahrir al-Sham announced the completion of their operations against the FSA and took full control of the town. Later that day, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the Free Idlib Army and Tahrir al-Sham in the town and the latter ordered the 13th Division to be disbanded.


13th Division (Syrian rebel group), Strength, structure
In March 2014, the 13th Division counted 1,800 men according to its leader Ahmad al-Saoud, split into 10 companies, with another 200 in support roles.


13th Division (United States)
The 13th Division was an infantry division of the United States Army. It was established at Camp Lewis, Washington, in 1918, during World War I. The war ended before the division saw combat, and it was inactivated in 1919.


13th Division (United States), Creation
The 13th Division was activated at Camp Lewis, Washington on July 16, 1918 as part of the U.S. military mobilization for World War I. It was manned and trained at Camp Lewis in preparation for combat in France, and formed from a few existing units as the organization's nucleus, while draftees, predominantly from the West Coast of the United States, filled out the majority of the division.


13th Division (United States), Creation
The "square" 13th Division's complement of four regiments included the 1st, 44th, 75th, and 76th Infantry Regiments. In August 1918, the regiments were organized to form two brigades—the 25th (1st and 75th Regiments, plus the 38th Machine Gun Battalion) -- and the 26th Brigade (44th and 76th Regiments, plus the 39th Machine Gun Battalion).


13th Division (United States), Community support
Cornelius Vanderbilt III served as the division's interim commander in the summer of 1918. As they had for the recently departed 91st Division, community leaders welcomed Vanderbilt at a formal reception which took place at the newly-constructed Camp Lewis gymnasium, and included an orchestra, and more than 1,000 guests, including Governor Ernest Lister. In addition to the reception for Vanderbilt, the civilian community welcomed the 13th Division's soldiers with public events, including a picnic and a track meet.


13th Division (United States), Community support
Horace R. Cayton Sr., the publisher of Cayton's Weekly and Seattle's first African American journalist, criticized Vanderbilt for barring black troops from Camp Lewis's most popular recreation center. He had also segregated the camp's Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) Hostess House, which was widely popular among soldiers. Vanderbilt lifted the bans in September as the result of the public outcry generated by Cayton's articles.


13th Division (United States), Service at Camp Lewis
The 13 Division was briefly commanded by Brigadier General Frank B. Watson, with Vanderbilt taking command of the 25th Brigade. When the permanent commander, Major General Joseph D. Leitch arrived in October 1918, Watson assumed command of the 26th Brigade.


13th Division (United States), Service at Camp Lewis
In late September 1918, the Spanish influenza epidemic reached Camp Lewis, and the post soon averaged 10 deaths per week. In early October, the 213th Engineer Regiment arrived for assignment to the 13th Division, and brought even more ill soldiers into the camp. In an effort to halt the widening epidemic, Leitch imposed a quarantine on October 19.


13th Division (United States), Service at Camp Lewis
A Tacoma Daily Ledger fundraising campaign to erect the world's largest flagpole at Camp Lewis culminated on October 12, 1918, when soldiers attempted to raise a 60-by-90-foot American flag which was mounted on a 314-foot-tall pole made from a Douglas fir tree. The event was sparsely attended because of the flu quarantine, and soon after the pole went up, a gust of wind whipped the flag hard enough to snap the pole in three places. An attempt to raise a 214-foot pole in November also met with failure, as the wind caught the flag during the dedication ceremony, snapped the pole into two pieces and shredded the flag. A third, more traditional flagpole was successfully erected later in November.


13th Division (United States), The death of Alexander P. Cronkite
Major Alexander P. Cronkhite was a company commander in the 213th Engineers and the son of Major General Adelbert Cronkhite. He arrived at Camp Lewis in early October, and was soon hospitalized with influenza. Major Cronkhite was released on October 21, and joined his company for a cross-country hike. Because he was still recovering, another officer was temporarily in command. When the group stopped to rest and eat lunch, Cronkhite used a borrowed handgun to engage in target practice by shooting at a tobacco tin on a nearby fence post. While engaged in this activity, Cronkhite sustained a gunshot wound and died at the scene. Subsequent investigation found that it was accidental and self-inflicted.


13th Division (United States), The death of Alexander P. Cronkite
Adelbert Cronkhite did not accept this finding, and pushed for several years to have the investigation reopened. In the mid-1920s, the sergeant and captain who had been with Alexander Cronkhite when he died were arrested and charged with murder. Because the captain was Jewish, Adelbert Cronkhite's cause was taken up by anti-Semitic newspapers, creating a nationwide story. When the sergeant was tried, defense attorneys were able to demonstrate that an accidental shooting was the most likely possibility. He was acquitted, and charges against the captain were soon dismissed.


13th Division (United States), Post-war
The armistice of November 11, 1918 ended World War I before the 13th Division could complete its training and depart for France. Within a few days, Leitch began permitting the release of officers who were no longer needed, as well as soldiers who requested discharge so they could return home to support their families. The 13th Division held a demobilization parade on November 22, 1918, with members of the local community watching primarily from their automobiles as a precaution against the spread of influenza.


13th Division (United States), Post-war
The division was nearly demobilized by February 1919, except for the 13th Field Artillery Brigade, which was briefly employed in Seattle to help restore order during a labor strike. Demobilization resumed again on February 25, and the soldiers of the 13th Field Artillery Brigade were soon discharged to civilian life.


13th Division (United States), Insignia
The 13th Division's shoulder sleeve insignia was approved by the War Department shortly before the division demobilized. It consisted of a blue circle featuring the number 13 in white. A black cat depicted above a red horseshoe open at the top were intended to represent hoodoo that the Germans could not defeat, and the good luck that the division expected to have during combat in France.


13th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)
The 13th Primorsko-Goranska Assault Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Trinaesta primorsko-goranska udarna divizija) was a Yugoslav Partisan division formed in Brinje on 19 April 1943. On the day of its formation it consisted of 1,986 soldiers in two brigades: the 6th and 14th Primorsko-Goranska Brigades. Commander of the brigade was Veljko Kovačević while its political commissar was Josip Skočilić. The division mostly operated in the regions of Croatian Littoral and Gorski Kotar. In January 1944, the division became part of the 11th Corps. By the end of the war the division grew in size to around 5,600 soldiers.


13th ECO Summit
The 2017 ECO summit was the 13th summit of the Economic Cooperation Organization, held on 1 March 2017 in Islamabad, Pakistan.


13th ECO Summit
The Summit was preceded by the 22nd Meeting of the ECO Council of Foreign Ministers (COM) on 28 February 2017 in Islamabad. Senior Officials from Member States met on 27 February 2017 in Islamabad and stayed for the duration of the summit.


13th ECO Summit
The summit highlighted the state of affairs of ECO in the light of the new and emerging global and regional circumstances and agreed on expanding regional economic cooperation among its member states. The new ECO Vision 2025 was expanded upon and several key guidelines have been taken into account. Pakistan plans to integrate the ECO Summit members with the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.


13th ECO Summit, Venue
According to The News International, Islamabad intended to use the five-billion rupees worth of resources initially allocated for 19th SAARC summit, will be used for ECO Summit. Prime Minister Sharif also hosted an informal dinner in the honour of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his wife Emine Erdoğan at the Prime Ministers House.


13th ECO Summit, Security Plan
On February 27, 2017, Pakistan's Ministry of Interior drafted a comprehensive security plan for the summit. Under the plan, local holiday was declared in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area on March 1 while on February 28, after 1 pm, educational institutions and offices were to be closed. Kashmir Highway will also be partially closed during the summit. The army was given responsibility for the security of the Red Zone within the city.


13th Empire Awards
The 13th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Sony Ericsson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2007 and took place on 9 March 2008 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 12 categories as well as three honorary awards. The awards for the Sony Ericsson Soundtrack and the Done In 60 Seconds competition were first introduced this year.


13th Empire Awards
The Best Newcomer returned to a single award, having last year been split into "Best Male Newcomer" and "Best Female Newcomer" awards and the honorary Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema was renamed to Outstanding Contribution to British Film. The ceremony was televised in the United Kingdom by ITV2 on March 10. Welsh actor Rob Brydon hosted the show for the first time. The awards were sponsored by Sony Ericsson for the fifth year, having last sponsored the 11th ceremony held in 2006.


13th Empire Awards
Atonement won the most awards with three including Best British Film. Other winners included Control with two awards and 28 Weeks Later, American Gangster, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hot Fuzz, Stardust and The Bourne Ultimatum with one. Ewan McGregor received the Empire Icon Award, Guillermo del Toro received the Empire Inspiration Award, and Shane Meadows received the Outstanding Contribution to British Film award. Nick Jesper from the United Kingdom won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for his 60-second film version of Titanic.


13th European Film Awards
The 13th European Film Awards were given on 2 December 2000 in Paris, France.


13th European Film Awards, Winners and nominees, Best European Actor
Sergi López - Harry, He's Here to Help (Harry un ami qui vous veut du bien)


13th European Film Awards, Winners and nominees, Best European Screenwriter
Agnès Jaoui and Jean-Pierre Bacri - The Taste of Others (Le goût des autres)


13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship
13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship took place between July 26 – August 3, 2003 in Rustenburg in South Africa.


13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship
There were 51 crews from 14 countries: South Africa (7), Poland (4), France (4), Czech Republic (4), Austria (6), United Kingdom (6), Germany (6), Russia (3), Spain (3), Chile (3), Greece (2), Hungary (1), Cyprus (1), Portugal (1).


13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Results, Individual
Pilot / navigator; country; penal points for observation + navigation + landings


13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship, Trivia
It was the first FAI World Rally Flying Championship since the 5th FAI World Rally Flying Championship in 1986, not won by the Poles.


13th Field Artillery Regiment
The 13th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916.


13th Field Artillery Regiment, History
The 13th Field Artillery was constituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army at Camp Stewart, Texas.


13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Constituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army the 13th Field Artillery


13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Relieved 4 October 1920 from assignment to the 4th Division


13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Assigned 1 March 1921 to the Hawaiian Division (later redesignated as the 24th Infantry Division)


13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Reorganized and redesignated 1 October 1941 as the 13th Field Artillery Battalion


13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
Relieved 31 March 1958 from assignment to the 24th Infantry Division; concurrently reorganized and redesignated as the 13th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System


13th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage
2nd 13th Artillery Battalion was organized in 1965 at Fort Sill OK and deployed to Vietnam under the II Field Force 23rd Artillery group.