13Hrs, Plot
After spending a few years in Los Angeles, Sarah Tyler (Isabella Calthorpe) returns to her home in England. She arrives to find her brothers having a party in the barn, among which are Stephen Moore (Peter Gadiot), his girlfriend Emily (Gemma Atkinson), Charlie Moore (Gabriel Thomson), Gary Ashby (Tom Felton), Doug Walker (Joshua Bowman), their youngest brother Luke Moore (Antony De Liseo) and their dog, Stoner. Luke tells Sarah about their parents' arguments over bills, and their mother's supposed love affair. When Sarah inquires about this, Stephen reveals that her stepfather has accused her mother of having an affair with a man to whom she is paying large sums of money.


13Hrs, Plot
The brewing storm outside causes a power outage. The group notice blood at the top of the stairs. Gary leaves the group to look for candles; meanwhile the group sees that the blood is coming from their father's room. They find his lifeless body, which appears to have been attacked by some wild animal. At the same time, Gary discovers Stoner's bloody remains. The group encounters a beast-like creature and narrowly escape. When Gary calls to them, it catches and kills him. The group flees to the bathroom, and Sarah discovers a passageway leading up to the attic. Momentarily safe, the group contemplate their situation. Emily sees a pathway leading to another room, and the group decides that Sarah shall go down and distract the beast while Charlie goes to call for help on their father's phone.


13Hrs, Plot
While Sarah distracts the monster, Charlie contacts the police. However, the beast kills and devours him. When Sarah witnesses this, the monster pursues her, and manages to bite her leg. On the other side of town, McRae, a trained dog-catcher, is picked up by police officer May, who believes the call is a hoax, on the way to investigate Charlie's call. Back in the attic, as Doug tends to Sarah's leg, Stephen and Emily discover another passageway into a room containing a shotgun. Armed with a stake, Sarah makes her way down and injures the beast before it attacks Emily. She attempts to kill the beast with the gun, but accidentally shoots herself.


13Hrs, Plot
McRae and May find an abandoned car in the middle of the road, and upon discovering several evidences, conclude that Charlie's call might not have been a hoax. Luke returns to the house, unaware of what's happening. He finds Gary's body and is soon pursued by the beast. After falling through the ceiling, Sarah takes Luke and the remaining survivors to the roof. McRae and May arrive but are both slain by the beast. Sarah reaches their vehicle and takes the handbag inside, which she realizes is her mother's. At the barn, Stephen tries to fix the Jeep, which he had tampered with to prevent their mother from seeing her lover.


13Hrs, Plot
Sarah blames Stephen for the possible death of her mother, and they get into a fight. He then runs out of the barn and is attacked by the beast, while Sarah begins to transform into one as well. Luke and Doug return to the house and hide from the beast. A beast-like Sarah attacks and fights with the other beast. Doug, trying to shoot at the beast, is killed by Sarah; Luke runs back to the car. In the morning, Sarah is human again, and it is revealed that the other beast is their mother who had left to go somewhere where she could not hurt anyone, not to have a love affair. Sarah and Luke leave to go somewhere safe like their mother did.


13Hrs, Plot
The film finishes by looking at the mauled and bloody body of Gary, who then opens his eyes and takes a breath before the screen cuts to black. This implies that the others who were bitten will come back to life.


13Hrs, Reception
Mike Noyes from the website "Inside Pulse" wrote: "Night Wolf is based on a solid premise and with a better script and a higher budget for Werewolf effects it could have been a solid entry in the genre. But the film brings nothing new or interesting to the genre and leaves you with a bad, unsatisfied taste in your mouth instead."


13Hrs, Home media
The film was released on both DVD and Blu-ray on 25 October 2010 in the United Kingdom by High Fliers Films.


13N (Argentina)
The 13N was a Cacerolazo against President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner that took place in Argentina on November 13, 2014. It was organized by social networks. The people in the demonstration protested against the high crime rate, the high inflation and the corruption scandals. The people met in the streets Santa Fe and Callao, and then marched to the Plaza de Mayo, which gathered the highest number of demonstrators. There was a strong security network at the Plaza de Mayo and the Congressional Plaza. The demonstration a lower number of demonstrators than previous ones such as the 8N and the 18A.


13N (Argentina)
Jorge Capitanich, chief of the cabinet of ministers, rejected the demonstration and said that people should voice their opinion about the government only at the 2015 elections.


13P/Olbers
13P/Olbers is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 69 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years).


13P/Olbers
Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers (Bremen) discovered the comet on March 6, 1815. Its orbit was first computed by Carl Friedrich Gauss on March 31, Friedrich Bessel calculated an orbital period as 73 years, later as 73.9 years, calculations by other astronomers during that era resulted anywhere between 72 and 77 years.


13P/Olbers
The comet was last detected in 1956. It will next come to perihelion on June 30, 2024. the comet will be closest to the Earth on January 10, 2094 when it passes at a distance of 0.756 AU.


13P/Olbers
There is some speculation that 13P/Olbers has an associated meteor shower on Mars coming from the direction of Beta Canis Major.


13cabs
13cabs is an Australian taxi network with a fleet of over 10,000 vehicles. Named after their phone number (13 2227 or “13cabs”), and a part of A2B Australia, 13cabs operates in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Newcastle.13cabs has expanded to the Northern Territory, regional Victoria and regional Queensland, providing a 24/7 booking service via three Australian-based contact centres.


13cabs
13cabs began a delivery service in March 2020, offering to pick up and deliver goods and parcels, in an effort to counter the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the taxi industry.


13cabs
Bookings can be made through the 13cabs app, enabling users to book a taxi as they would if they were travelling. They then fill in an option to mark it as a parcel.


13cabs, Community
13cabs supports and creates community programs such as the 13cabs Taxi Driver Memorial Cup, an annual cricket match between a team of taxi drivers and a team of professional athletes. In 2019, they facilitated over 8 million trips supporting passengers with a disability. Other initiatives include helping to deliver medical goods to hospitals, partnering with charitable organisations like Guide Dogs Australia, the Royal Children's Hospital and the Good Friday Appeal.


13cabs, Locations
13cabs operates in NSW, QLD, SA, VIC, TAS, ACT and will be soon in WA.


13cabs, 2013-2014 Monash Business awards
On 25 July 2014, 13cabs was awarded the Monash Business Awards Business of the Year 2013–2014.


13eaver (album)
13eaver is the debut album from Stoner rock band Beaver. It is out of print.


13i
13i (or Canal 13 Internacional) is a Chilean pay television channel, that was launched as Channel 13's international broadcasting service.


13i, History
Its programming consists of direct live broadcasts from channel 13 of Santiago, with additional news bulletins and programmes especially produced for the international feed.


13i, History
From 1995 until 2001, Canal 13 has an international channel, called UCTV Chile, which was rebranded as 13i on 30 June 2014, available as both a pay television channel and a subscription-based online livestream.


13q deletion syndrome
13q deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disease caused by the deletion of some or all of the large arm of human chromosome 13. Depending upon the size and location of the deletion on chromosome 13, the physical and mental manifestations will vary. It has the potential to cause intellectual disability and congenital malformations that affect a variety of organ systems. Because of the rarity of the disease in addition to the variations in the disease, the specific genes that cause this disease are unknown. This disease is also known as:


13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
Variations of the signs and symptoms occur depending upon the area of chromosome 13 that is deleted. Deletions from the centromere to 13q32 or any deletions including the 13q32 band are associated with slow growth, intellectual disability, and congenital malformations. Deletions from 13q33 to the end of the chromosome are associated with intellectual disability. Intellectual disabilities range from very mild to very severe, and can co-occur with behavioral disorders and/or autism spectrum disorders.


13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
At birth, the main symptoms include low weight (due to intrauterine growth restriction), hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Infants may also have cleft palate.


13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
13q deletion syndrome gives a characteristic appearance to affected individuals, potentially including microphthalmia (small eyes), hypertelorism (wide-set eyes), thin forehead, high palate, underdeveloped midface, small mouth, small nose, broad, flat nasal bridge, short neck, low hairline, irregular or wrongly positioned teeth, low-set ears, micrognathia (small jaw), tooth enamel defects, short stature, microcephaly (small head), a prominent, long philtrum, and earlobes turned inwards.


13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
Congenital heart disease is also associated with 13q deletion syndrome. Common defects include atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. Defects of the endocrine system, digestive system, and genitourinary system are also common. These include underdevelopment or agenesis of the pancreas, adrenal glands, thymus, gallbladder, and thyroid; Hirschsprung's disease; gastric reflux, imperforate anus, retention testis, ectopic kidney, renal agenesis, and hydronephrosis.


13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
A variety of brain abnormalities are also associated with 13q deletion. They can include epilepsy, craniosynostosis (premature closing of the skull bones), spastic diplegia, cerebral hypotrophy, underdevelopment or agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia, deafness, and, rarely, hydrocephalus, Dandy–Walker syndrome, and spina bifida. The eyes can be severely damaged and affected individuals may be blind. They may also have coloboma of the iris or choroid, strabismus, nystagmus, glaucoma, or cataracts.


13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
Other skeletal malformations are found with 13q deletion syndrome, including syndactyly, clubfoot, clinodactyly, and malformations of the vertebrae and/or thumbs.


13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
Deletions that include the 13q32 band, which contains the brain development gene ZIC2,  are associated with holoprosencephaly; they are also associated with hand and foot malformations. Deletions that include the 13q14 band, which contains the tumor suppressor gene Rb, are associated with a higher risk of developing retinoblastoma, which is more common in XY children. Deletion of the 13q33.3 band is associated with hypospadias. Other genes in the potentially affected region include NUFIP1, HTR2A, PDCH8, and PCDH17.


13q deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms
In males with 13q deletion syndrome, genital abnormalities are common. The meatus, or urinary opening, may appear on the underside of the penis (hypospadis), and/or the testes will not descend into the scrotum (cryptochidism). The scrotum will often be unusually small or abnormally divided into two sections (bifid scrotum); the penis may be unusually small (micropenis), and/or abnormal passage may be present between the scrotum and the anus (perineal fistula). In rare cases, the anal opening may be absent or covered by a thing membrane which can cause obstruction (anal atresia).


13q deletion syndrome, Causes
Although one can inherit 13q deletion syndrome, the most common way to obtain the disease is through genetic mutations. All human chromosomes have 2 arms, the p (short) arm and the q (long) arm. They are separated from each other only by a primary constriction, the centromere, the point at which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. When portions of the long arm of chromosome 13 are altered during gametogenesis, 13q deletion syndrome results. Because the 13th chromosome holds between 300 and 400 genes, a deletion of any part of this chromosome (locus (genetics)) or mutation of any codon can lead to a large variety of malfunctions within the system. {{cn}]


13q deletion syndrome, Mechanism
This disorder is caused by the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13, which can either be deleted linearly or as a ring chromosome. It is typically not hereditary— the loss of a portion of the chromosome typically occurs during gametogenesis, making it a de novo mutation. When it is hereditary, it is usually caused by a parent having mosaicism or a balanced translocation. The severity of the disorder is correlated with the size of the deletion, with larger deletions causing more severe manifestations. There are three common anomalies predominately observed in 13q deletion syndrome: congenital heart disease, anorectal/genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tract malformations. These are all part of the VACTERL associations which is a disorder that is characterized by vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac defect, tracheoesphageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb defects.


13q deletion syndrome, Diagnosis
13q deletion syndrome can only be definitively diagnosed by genetic analysis, which can be done prenatally or after birth. Family and medical history is important when diagnosing a child with 13q deletion syndrome. Chromosome testing of both parents can provide more information on whether or not the deletion was inherited. Increased nuchal translucency in a first-trimester ultrasound may indicate the presence of 13q deletion. It is important to follow through with genetic testing because there are many other diseases that have similar clinical manifestations of 13q deletion syndrome. Special imaging tests, enzyme assays, electrocardiogram (EKG), echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization and more can be run on a patient who has 13q deletion syndrome in order to diagnose their accompanying defects.


13q deletion syndrome, Treatment
Although there is no cure for 13q deletion syndrome, symptoms can be managed, usually with the involvement of a neurologist, rehabilitation physician, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, psychotherapist, nutritionist, special education professional, and/or speech therapist. No treatment for 13q deletion syndrome will ever be identical due to the variations in the disease which is why the use of personalized teams with members from different medical fields is vital to the patient. If the affected child's growth is particularly slow, growth hormone treatment can be used to augment growth.


13q deletion syndrome, Treatment
Plastic surgeries can repair cleft palates, and surgical repair or monitoring by a pediatric cardiologist can manage cardiac defects. Some skeletal, neurological, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and ophthalmic abnormalities can be definitively treated with surgery. Endocrine abnormalities can often be managed medically. Even if a child is responding to well to his medical treatment, it is important to utilize special educators, speech and occupational therapists, and physiotherapists to help the child develop skills that will aid in his/her life in and out of the classroom.


13q deletion syndrome, Prognosis
Affected individuals may have a somewhat shortened lifespan without treatment. The maximum lifespan without treatment is 67 years. When a 13q deletion is detected, such as in a bone marrow biopsy for Multiple Myeloma, chemo treatments in recent years have the ability to extend life expectancy without limitations depending on response to treatments. It is not uncommon for adults with 13q deletion syndrome to need support services to maintain their activities of daily living, including adult day care services or housing services.


13q deletion syndrome, Epidemiology
It is incredibly rare, with fewer than 190 cases described. Although rare, deletions involving chromosome 13q are among the most commonly observed monosomies  Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q appears to affect females slightly more frequently than males. Since the disorder was originally reported in 1963, more than 125 cases have been recorded in the medical literature. The age of onset can vary from patient to patient because of the differences in deletions.


13q deletion syndrome, Epidemiology
For example, a study was able to demonstrate for the first time that a patient with a hemangioendothelioma of the liver with a simultaneous deletion in chromosome 13q of 28Mb did not develop Rb until the age of 3 years  while other patients with similar deletions have immediate clinical manifestations upon birth.


13q deletion syndrome, Research
As previously stated, partial deletions on the long arm of chromosome 13 can cause numerous different effects. These effects are due to the size and position of the deleted region. A recent study done in 2017 by Wang, Wang, Niu, and Cui looked at two patients with 13q terminal (13qter) deletion syndrome. The manifestation of these patients was anal atresia with rectoperineal fistula, complex type congenital heart disease, esophageal hiatus hernia with gastroesophageal reflux, facial anomalies and developmental and mental retardation. Using array comparative genomic hybridization, two regions were identified as deleted on 13q31-qter.


13q deletion syndrome, Research
These were 20.38 Mb in 13q31.3-qter and 12.99 Mb in 13q33.1-qter in patients 1 and 2, respectively. The authors were able to show that the gene encoding ephrin B2 (EFNB2) located in the 13q33.3-q34 region, and the gene coding for endothelin receptor type B, in the 13q22.1–31.3 region, may be suitable candidate genes for the observed urogenital/anorectal anomalies.


13q deletion syndrome, Research
In addition, the microRNA-17-92a-1 cluster host gene and the glypican 6 gene in the 13q31.3 region, as well as EFNB2 and the collagen type IV a1 chain (COL4A1) and COL4A2 genes in the 13q33.1-q34 region could possibly contribute to cardiovascular disease development together. The authors showed that it is possible that those genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of complex type congenital heart disease in patients with 13q deletion syndrome. Unfortunately, there are no current clinical trials that are ongoing but research is continuing in search for clear connections between the clinical manifestations and the particular deletions that a patient has.


13q deletion syndrome, History
13q deletion syndrome was first described in 1963 and fully characterized in 1971. There has not been much research done in the past with 13q deletion syndrome but more and more research is surfacing every year about the rare disease.


13th "Shavnabada" Light Infantry Battalion
The 13th "Shavnabada" Light Infantry Battalion (Georgian: მე-13 "შავნაბადა"-ს მსუბუქი ქვეითი ბატალიონი) also known as the (official name) 13th Light Infantry Battalion (formerly the 113th mechanized infantry Battalion) is a military unit within the Georgian Armed Forces, so named for a type of cloak worn by medieval warriors. The most famous cloak is said to have worn by the patron saint of Georgia, Saint George, when he, according to a legend, appeared to lead Georgian army to a victory. The battalion's crest includes the word "Shavnabada" in Georgian, the battalion's symbol, the Griffin, and the number "13".


13th "Shavnabada" Light Infantry Battalion
The "Shavnabada" Light Infantry Battalion was established with the independence of Georgia from the Soviet Union in 1991. It saw combat in Abkhazia in the course of the 1992-93 war conducting an amphibious assault against Gagra from the Black Sea. In 2003, the battalion received Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP) from the U.S. Marine Corps.


13th "Shavnabada" Light Infantry Battalion
More than 90 percent of the soldiers served in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) in 2005 with the United States Army's 3rd Infantry Division in the Green Zone of Baghdad. Veterans of that deployment in Baghdad's Green Zone with the U.S. Army's 3rd Infantry Division wear the 3ID's famous division patch on their right shoulders. It is a point of considerable pride in the Georgian Army to be one of those members who fought alongside the 3ID in Baghdad. Many are also veterans of fighting a guerilla insurgency in the South Ossetia region of the country in October 2004. From 2010 to 2011, the battalion served as part of ISAF in Helmand, Afghanistan.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion
The 13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, raised by the British Army during the Second World War. The battalion was formed in May 1943 by the conversion of the 2/4th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment to parachute duties and was assigned to the 5th Parachute Brigade in the 6th Airborne Division.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion
In June 1944, the battalion took part in Operation Tonga, the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, and the 6th Airborne Division advance to the River Seine, before being withdrawn back to England. Three months later they were sent to Belgium to help counter the surprise German Ardennes offensive, which became known as the Battle of the Bulge. Later, in March 1945, the battalion took part in the last airborne operation of the war: the River Rhine crossing in Germany.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion
After the war in Europe ended, they were sent to India to conduct operations against the Japanese Empire, however, the war ended before they could begin. As a result, the battalion was sent to British Malaya, Singapore and Java to help disarm the Japanese occupiers and restore law and order. While in the Far East 252 men of the battalion were convicted of mutiny and soon afterwards, in May 1946, the battalion was disbanded.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion
A new 13th Parachute Battalion (TA) was raised when the Territorial Army was reformed in 1947. Over the years, as a result of a number of amalgamations, this battalion eventually became part of the present day 4th Battalion.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Background
Impressed by the success of German airborne operations during the Battle of France, the then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. The standards set for British airborne troops were extremely high, and from the first group of 3,500 volunteers only 500 men were accepted to go forward to parachute training.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Background
Additionally on 22 June 1940, a Commando unit, No. 2 Commando, was turned over to parachute duties and on 21 November re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing. It was these men who took part in the first British airborne operation, Operation Colossus, on 10 February 1941.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Background
The 11th SAS Battalion later became the 1st Parachute Battalion The success of the raid prompted the War Office to expand the existing airborne force, setting up the Airborne Forces Depot and Battle School in Derbyshire in April 1942, and creating the Parachute Regiment as well as converting a number of infantry battalions into airborne battalions in August 1942.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Battalion
The 13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion was formed in May 1943, by the conversion of the 2/4th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment to parachute duties. This was the last British parachute battalion formed before the invasion of France, and was assigned to the 5th Parachute Brigade, part of the 6th Airborne Division. The first commanding officer (CO) was Lieutenant-Colonel Russell, who was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Luard. Upon formation, the battalion was based at Larkhill and had an establishment of 556 men in three rifle companies. The companies were divided into a small headquarters and three platoons.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Battalion
The platoons had three Bren machine guns and three 2-inch mortars, one of each per section. The only heavy weapons in the battalion were a 3 inch mortar and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a headquarters or support company, was added to the battalion. It comprised five platoons—motor transport, signals, mortar, machine-gun and anti-tank—and was equipped with eight 3-inch (76 mm) mortars, four Vickers machine guns and ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Battalion
All members of the battalion had to undergo a 12-day parachute training course which was carried out at No. 1 Parachute Training School, RAF Ringway. Training consisted of an initial parachute jump from a converted barrage balloon and finished with five jumps from an aircraft. Anyone failing to complete a descent was returned to his old unit, while those men who successfully completed the parachute course were presented with their maroon beret and parachute wings.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Formation history, Battalion
Airborne soldiers were expected to fight against superior numbers of the enemy, armed with heavy weapons, including artillery and tanks. As a result, training was designed to encourage a spirit of self-discipline, self-reliance and aggressiveness. Emphasis was given to physical fitness, marksmanship and fieldcraft. A large part of the training regime consisted of assault courses and route marching. Military exercises included capturing and holding airborne bridgeheads, road or rail bridges and coastal fortifications. At the end of most exercises, the battalion would march back to their barracks. An ability to cover long distances at speed was expected: airborne platoons were required to cover a distance of 50 miles (80 km) in 24 hours, and battalions 32 miles (51 km).


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy
At 00:50 on 6 June 1944, as part of Operation Tonga, the 13th Parachute Battalion landed in Normandy. The battalions drop was scattered over a large area and only around sixty percent of the battalions men were at the forming up point when they headed off towards their objectives. The battalion had been tasked with securing the area around Drop Zone 'N' and the River Orne and Caen canal bridges that had been captured in a coup-de-main by a glider-borne force from the 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, part of 6th Airlanding Brigade.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy
The battalion also had to secure the town of Ranville, which it achieved at around 04:00 against heavy resistance from the Germans. One company from the battalion remained at the landing-zone to provide protection for 591st (Antrim) Parachute Squadron, Royal Engineers, who were to demolish poles and explosives positioned to prevent a glider landing, so that the divisional headquarters could land safely. By midnight the battalion, less 62 men who were missing, was occupying Ranville. Dug in around Ranville the battalion was subjected to artillery and mortar bombardments, and sporadic infantry assaults. This lasted until 17 June when they were relieved by the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion and move to Le Mesnil. On 25 June the battalion was sent to rest in the Benourville area.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy
On 3 July 100 infantry replacements arrived, and on 5 July the battalion returned to the front line taking over their original positions from the Canadians. By now German activity had lessened, while in the front line the battalion kept up a programme of patrols. Around half of July was spent in the rear areas training as the divisional assault battalion or resting. The battalion returned to the front on 7 August taking over the positions of the No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando near Sallenelles. German activity was light and the Battalion was employed in carrying out patrols until 13 August when it was once again relieved and went into reserve. While in reserve it practised manoeuvre warfare in anticipation of the expected advance.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy
The 6th Airborne Division's advance started 17 August 1944. The 13th Battalion followed up the leading elements on 18 August when it crossed the River Dives at Troarn and attacked Putot en Auge. On 19 August, the battalion was involved in the battle of Hill 13, which cost them 70 dead and wounded. On 22 August, they had reached Pont L'Eveque. By 14:15 the whole battalion had entered the town, in the face of heavy resistance which included fire from anti-aircraft guns that were being used in a ground role.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Normandy
Supported by a troop of Cromwell tanks from the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment, the town was secured up to the bridge. The following day at 06:00 'B' Company assaulted the bridge securing a bridgehead on the far bank. The rest of the battalion soon followed, but by 1330 following fierce German resistance, the battalion was forced to withdraw covered by the 7th Parachute Battalion. The next day, 24 August, the Germans withdrew from the bridge followed by the battalion which established a blocking position at Les Authieux sur Calonne to cut off the German retreat. Remaining in position until 26 August they resumed the advance, passing through Saint Maclou to Pont Audemer, and eventually reached Genneville where the advance was stopped. On 3 September the battalion's remaining 16 officers and 270 men left France for Southampton.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes
In December 1944, the battalion was still reforming after the Normandy battles when they were moved to Belgium to help counter the German advance in the Ardennes, known as the Battle of the Bulge. By 29 December, the 6th Airborne Division was established along the River Meuse. The 13th Parachute Battalion was attached to the 29th Armoured Brigade of 11th Armoured Division. On 2 January 1945, they were ordered to capture the villages of Bure and Grupont supported by the Sherman tanks of the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry. Once these had been captured a crossing over the River Lhomme would be seized to stop the German breakthrough.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes
The following day the battalion left Resteigne on foot and at 13:00 started the attack on Bure. ' A' Company was to secure the village, while 'B' Company secured the high ground and 'C' Company was in reserve. The village was defended in force and the assault was met with sustained and heavy mortar and machine gun fire, supported by armoured vehicles. Despite the heavy fire both 'A' and 'B' Companies managed to capture half the village. At 17:00 'C' Company was sent in to reinforce them, supported by tank and artillery fire.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes
The battalion formed a number of strong points in their half of the village, carried out fighting patrols and fought off four German counterattacks. One attack on 'A' Company, was only defeated when they called down artillery fire on their own positions. In the closeness of the fighting, the paratroopers used their fighting knives to avoid giving away their locations and casualties could not be evacuated or supplies brought forward.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Ardennes
On 4 January the battalion was subjected to a continuous artillery barrage, and fought off another five German counterattacks. Later that day they were reinforced by a company from the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry. In the early hours of 5 January the battalion started another attack and had successfully captured the rest of the village by 21:00. During the same time the 7th Parachute Battalion had captured Grupont and at 22:00 the battalion became the brigade reserve. The battle for Bure had cost the 13th Battalion 68 killed and 121 wounded.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany
The battalion was next in action during Operation Varsity the airborne assault crossing of the River Rhine. The 5th Parachute Brigade arrived around ten minutes after the 3rd Parachute Brigade had already landed and as a result the German defenders were already alert and waiting. The brigade was designated to land on Drop Zone B and achieved this, although not as accurately as 3rd Parachute Brigade due to poor visibility around the drop zone, which also made it more difficult for paratroopers of the brigade to rally.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany
The drop zone came under heavy fire from German troops stationed nearby, and was subjected to shellfire and mortaring which inflicted casualties in the battalion rendezvous areas. However, 7th Parachute Battalion soon cleared the DZ of German troops, many of whom were situated in farms and houses, and the 12th and 13th Parachute Battalions rapidly secured the rest of the brigade's objectives. The brigade was then ordered to move due east and clear an area near Schnappenberg, as well as to engage German forces gathered to the west of the farmhouse where the 6th Airborne Division Headquarters was established. By 15:30 Brigadier Poett reported that the brigade had secured all of its objectives and linked up with other British airborne units.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany
The 13th Battalion's advance out of the bridgehead began the next day on 27 March, reaching Brunen without any opposition. Until then the 7th Parachute Battalion had been leading the brigade but the 13th Battalion then took over and secured the high ground overlooking the village of Erle, which was captured that night by the 12th Parachute Battalion. By the beginning of April, the brigade was supported by tanks from the 6th Guards Tank Brigade and heading towards Osnabrück, which was reached with the battalion leading on the night 4 April.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Germany
After a short rest the brigade's advance began again on 8 April with orders to head for Neustadt and Bordenau to secure crossings over the River Leine. The battalion was in reserve as the 7th and 12th battalions headed towards the two towns, securing the bridge at Bordenau intact. The 13th Battalion continued the advance into Germany behind the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division until 30 April when they were ordered to head towards Wismar on the Baltic Sea, arriving just before the lead units of the Red Army.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East
When the war in Europe ended, it was intended to send the 6th Airborne Division to the Far East to take part in operations against the Japanese Empire alongside the 44th Indian Airborne Division. However, only the advance party of the 5th Parachute Brigade had reached India by the time that the war ended and, as a result, the battalion took no active part in the fighting against the Japanese. Nevertheless, the brigade landed from the sea in northern Malaya and then moved to Singapore to re-establish British control.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East
The 13th Battalion, still with 5th Parachute Brigade, were initially deployed to Batavia in Java, where they were placed under the command of the 23rd Indian Infantry Division. It was soon moved to Semarang on the northern coast, however, arriving there on 9 January 1946. Upon arrival the 13th Battalion assumed responsibility for the docks and the town centre. They also carried out patrols around local villages to deter extremists and guerrilla groups infiltrating into the town. In April a Dutch brigade arrived and the battalion returned to Singapore.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East
On 13 May 1946, while stationed at Muar Camp Malaya, 255 men refused to obey the commanding officer's orders and were later charged with mutiny. Of the 255 men, three were acquitted, and eight were sentenced to five years' penal servitude and to be discharged from the army. The rest were given two years imprisonment with hard labour and discharged. Two days after sentencing, after a review by the Judge Advocate-General the sentences were quashed. Commenting "there was a number of irregularities of a substantial nature which may well have prejudiced the accused individually. These irregularities in his opinion rendered the trial as a whole so unsatisfactory that the convictions ought not to be allowed to stand."


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Operational history, Far East
The 5th Parachute Brigade then left the Far East to rejoin the 6th Airborne Division now serving in Palestine. The 13th Parachute Battalion, however, was disbanded just before leaving Malaya.


13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion, Territorial Army
In 1947 when the Territorial Army was reformed, a new 13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion (TA) was raised. The battalion served in the 44th Independent Parachute Brigade Group (TA) alongside the 10th (City of London) Parachute Battalion, 12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion, 15th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion and the 17th (Durham Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion. In October 1956 following defence cuts, the 13th Battalion was amalgamated with the 12th Battalion to form 12/13 PARA (TA). The 12/13 Battalion was itself amalgamated with the 17th Battalion in 1967, forming the 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment.


13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment
The 13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment was a British New Army infantry battalion during the First World War. Formed in 1915 as a hostilities-only battalion, it was part of the East Surrey Regiment garrisoned at Witley, England. Going to France in 1916, it saw action at the battles of the Somme, Cambrai, Arras and the Lys.


13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Formation
The battalion was formed in Wandsworth by the Mayor on 16 June 1915, and the War Office recognised the battalion on 28 August 1915. The separate 14th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth) East Surrey Regiment was absorbed into other training reserve battalions in June 1916.


13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Formation
The 13th Battalion wore a special cap badge, authorised by the War Office. The arms of Wandsworth were displayed at the centre of the badge, instead of the arms of Guildford, worn more generally by the East Surrey Regiment.


13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Western Front, 1916
After training in southern England, the battalion landed at Le Harve on 4 June 1916. They were then moved to Lens and from there with the 40th Division moved to the Hohenzollern Redoubt where they relieved the 12th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment. They were not involved in major actions at the Hohenzollern Redoubt, but artillery bombardment was starting to take a toll, with casualties of 16%. The battalion was then put into reserve for the next months while the 40th Division was being relieved.


13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Western Front, 1916
The battalion was then temporarily attached to the 49th Division to help relieve the 4th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry at Hébuterne near the town of Albert, during the Battle of the Somme. They soon rejoined the 40th Division and marched to Bouchavesnes Area near the Somme Valley where they spent Christmas.


13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Western Front, 1917
During the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line in the spring, the 13th Battalion were in the front line near Bouchavesnes. It was here, on 24 April during the Battle of Arras, that Corporal Edward Foster of the battalion won the Victoria Cross when he entered a heavily protected enemy trench and knocked out two machine guns, enabling the advance to continue. In the autumn, the battalion were heavily engaged in the Battle of Cambrai.


13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Western Front, 1918
The battalion fought at the Battle of the Lys during the German spring offensive and suffered severe loses when surrounded at Fleurbaix. In May, the battalion was reduced to cadre strength. After a period attached to the US Army for training purposes, the battalion returned to England on 30 June. Stationed in Lowestoft, they absorbed the newly formed 15th Battalion East Surrey Regiment and were disbanded on 3 November 1918.


13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment, Post war
After the war, to recognise their service, each Service Battalion that served overseas was presented with a King’s Colour. The colour of the 13th Battalion was presented at a special ceremony on Wandsworth Common on 16 July 1921, in the presence of over 350 former members of the battalion.


13th (Western) Division
The 13th (Western) Division was one of the Kitchener's Army divisions in the First World War, raised from volunteers by Lord Kitchener. It fought at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia (including the capture of Baghdad) and Persia.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, 1914
The 13th (Western) Division was formed as part of the First New Army at Salisbury Plain in August 1914. During the formation of the division, Major-General Robert Kekewich was appointed as its first commander. On 5 November 1914, while on sick leave he committed suicide. Although initially meant for service in France, with the rest of the Kitchener New Armies, it was ordered to the Mediterranean as reinforcements for the Anglo-French expedition at Gallipoli.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, Gallipoli 1915
The 13th (Western) Division landed at Anzac on the Gallipoli peninsula in July 1915 in preparation for the Battle of Sari Bair (The August Offensive) beginning on 6 August. Although all of its component infantry battalions arrived, the Division's artillery did not arrive for some months. Initially in reserve to the main break-out from Anzac by units of the New Zealand and Australian Division, the 38th and 39th Brigades were sent in as reinforcements as the attack stalled.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, Gallipoli 1915
The 7th Gloucesters and the 8th Royal Welch Fusiliers were sent to support the Wellington battalion of the New Zealand Infantry Brigade when it made the decisive assault on Chunuk Bair on the morning of 8 August. Battalions of the division formed the core of the force (known as "Baldwin's Brigade" after the commander, Brigadier General Anthony Baldwin) to capture Hill Q on 9 August but were not in position in time and so spent the day encamped on a small plateau beneath Chunuk Bair known as "The Farm". When the Ottomans counter-attacked on the morning of 10 August the 13th (Western) Division troops on Chunuk Bair and at The Farm, suffered many casualties.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, Gallipoli 1915
By September 1915, the 13th (Western) Division as a whole had suffered nearly 5,500 killed, wounded or missing out of its original strength of 10,500 men. Of the thirteen battalion commanders, ten had become casualties. On 23 August, Major-General Sir Stanley Maude took over the shattered 13th (Western) Division, Shaw being invalided home. At the beginning of October the Division was moved from Anzac to Suvla Bay. Even though the Division was once again in reserve, it suffered casualties from the Ottoman artillery. The commanders at Gallipoli already realised that the Dardanelles Campaign was a lost cause. To Maude fell the task of making sure that the 13th (Western) Division slipped away in the night during the evacuation of the Suvla Bay positions. Maude, the methodical commander, recorded:


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, Gallipoli 1915
I do not think we left behind us £200 worth of stuff worth having. I got away all my guns and ammunition and we even destroyed the sandbags which we had to leave in the parapets by ripping them with bayonets or clasp knives to make them useless. The withdrawal was apparently a complete surprise for the Turks, for nothing happened on either night beyond the usual sniping and firing.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, Gallipoli 1915
In a way I could not help feeling a little sorry that they did not find us out, for my division had two strongly prepared lines, each with an excellent field of fire to fall back upon, and if they had only come on we should have given them a real good dressing.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, Gallipoli 1915
After being evacuated from Suvla, the 13th (Western) Division was ordered in December to reinforce the British forces at Cape Helles. No sooner than the division had arrived through W Beach, than the decision was made to evacuate this last foothold. As the Division was preparing to fall back to the beaches, it was attacked by Ottoman units in the late afternoon and evening of 7 January 1916. The main thrust of the attack, the first action under the Division's new commander, fell on the 39th Brigade, and in particular the 7th North Staffords defending Fusilier Bluff, who drove off the attackers.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, Gallipoli 1915
The British evacuation from Helles occurred on the night of 8/9 January 1916. The 13th (Western) Division, fresh from its defensive victory began to fall back to Gully Beach at 5:00 p.m. By 1:15 a.m. the last detachments holding the division's trenches were on the beach waiting to be loaded onto the transports. At 2:30 a.m., Maude was informed that there were not enough transports coming to Gully Beach to carry off the division.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1914–1915, Gallipoli 1915
Maude and his headquarters staff, as well as the pickets that had been covering the beach site, had to make the 2 mi (3.2 km) run in the dark to W Beach in order to be transported out of the Helles. General William Birdwood wrote that he considered the 13th (Western) Division was the best division in the Dardanelles Army. Following its withdrawal, the 13th (Western) Division was sent to Egypt, where it was reunited with its artillery units, many of which had been stationed in Egypt while the rest of the division had been fighting in Gallipoli.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March–April 1916
After a brief refit in Egypt where the Division's battalions were being brought back up to strength, the Division was dispatched to Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), as reinforcements for Anglo-Indian forces attempting to relieve the siege of Kut. It took until the end of March for the entire division to make the journey from Egypt to Basra and then from Basra up to the Tigris to join the rest of the Tigris Corps.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March–April 1916
The 13th (Western) Division discovered that the supply situation in Mesopotamia was very difficult, the port facilities at Basra were inadequate and lacking good roads or a railway, river transport was necessary to move supplies into the hinterland. There were insufficient numbers of boats to keep the Anglo-Indian force, which the 13th (Western) Division was joining, adequately supplied.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March–April 1916
The 13th (Western) Division brought with it modern, heavy artillery, including howitzers and as the strongest unit available, became the spearhead of the attempt by the Tigris Corps to relieve the Kut garrison, beginning on 6 April 1916. The division fought at Hanna, Fallahiya, and Sanniyat. After taking the first two places, the 13th (Western) Division was stopped by the Ottoman forces under the command of Khalil Pasha at the Battle of the Sanniyat on 9 April 1916. During the fighting on 5–9 April 1916, four 13th (Western) Division men were awarded the Victoria Cross. The first was Captain Angus Buchanan for his actions on 5 April 1916. On 9 April 1916, Chaplain William Addison, Private James Fynn and Lieutenant Edgar Myles were awarded the Victoria Cross for saving wounded soldiers. In three days of battle, the division was reduced to 5,328 effectives.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March–April 1916
Exhausted by its three days of fighting, the 13th (Western) Division became the reserve for the Tigris Corps during the next phase of the operation. On 16 April 1916, it supported the 3rd (Lahore) Division on the right bank of the Tigris, as it captured the Bait Isa line, part of the Es Sinn defences supporting the Sanniyat position on the opposite bank. Taking the Bait Isa line exposed the flank of the Sanniyat position to enfilading artillery and machine-gun fire.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March–April 1916
On the night of 16/17 April 1916, the Khalil Pasha committed his reserves to a counter-attack to retake Bait Isa. The counter-attack struck as the 13th (Western) Division was preparing to storm the next defensive position. Although the 13th (Western) Division and 3rd (Lahore) Division hung on to their gains, the Ottoman counter-attack had taken the steam out of the Anglo-Indian offensive.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Mesopotamia (Kut) March–April 1916
With the 13th (Western) Division so depleted, it was reduced to providing machine-gun and artillery fire for the 7th (Meerut) Division when it made the final push to break the Ottoman lines at the Sanniyat. On 22 April 1916, the divisional artillery and machine-guns were used to support the abortive attack by the 7th (Meerut) Division. On 29 April 1916, following the Tigris Corps' failure to break the Ottoman siege and the sinking of the steamer Julnar as it attempted to steam upriver past the Ottoman defenders, the Kut garrison surrendered. At the end of August 13 (Western) Division was withdrawn to Amara to ease the supply situation.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Baghdad, December 1916 – March 1917
Between May and December 1916, the 13th (Western) Division refitted and re-equipped in preparation for the drive northward to capture Baghdad. In July, Major-General Maude was elevated to command the expanded and renamed Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force. In his place, Brigadier General Cayley, formerly the commander of the 39th Brigade, was elevated to command of the division. On 12 December 1916, the division advanced from Sheik Sa'ad on Kut. At the Second Battle of Kut, the division helped drive the Ottoman forces from the town.


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Baghdad, December 1916 – March 1917
After a brief pause, the division drove north, crossing the Diyala River, and participated in the capture of Baghdad on 11 March 1917. Following the capture of Baghdad, the 13th (Western) Division fought a number of battles to consolidate British control over the Baghdad vilayet. This included fighting at Dellis Abbas (27–28 March 1917), Duqma (29 March 1917), Nahr Kalis (9–15 April 1917), the passage of the Adhaim (18 April 1917) and the action of the Shatt al 'Adhaim (30 April 1917). Despite the relative inaction of the British to advance further, the division also fought at the Second and Third Action of Jabal Hamrin (16–20 October 1917 and 3–6 December 1917).


13th (Western) Division, War service 1916–1918, Mosul, February–October 1918
Along with the rest of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, the 13th (Western) Division remained in the Baghdad vilayet for the rest of 1917 and the early part of 1918. The division fought its last engagement as a whole at the action of Tuz Khurmatli on 29 April 1918. In July 1918, the 39th Brigade was detached from the division and be assigned to Dunsterforce (General Lionel Dunsterville). The 40th Brigade was detached from the division, along with the divisional artillery, to support the drive to Mosul and north.


13th (Western) Division, Occupation and Demobilization
With the conclusion of the war, the 13th (Western) Division remained in the Mosul area on occupation duties until evacuated at the end of 1918. In 1919, two of the division's battalions, 6th East Lancashire and 6th Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, were transferred to the Army of Occupation. The rest of the division proceeded to Amara where it was demobilised on 17 March 1919.


13th (Western) Division, Order of battle
Data taken from Moberly 1997 unless indicated. The division consisted of the following brigades (15 July 1916)


13th (Western) Division, Order of battle
(left the Division between 10 July and 19 August 1918, and attached to North Persia Force)


13th (film)
13th is a 2016 American documentary film by director Ava DuVernay. The film explores the "intersection of race, justice, and mass incarceration in the United States;" it is titled after the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended involuntary servitude except as a punishment for conviction of a crime.


13th (film)
DuVernay contends that slavery has been perpetuated since the end of the American Civil War through criminalizing behavior and enabling police to arrest poor freedmen and force them to work for the state under convict leasing; suppression of African Americans by disenfranchisement, lynchings, and Jim Crow; politicians declaring a war on drugs that weighs more heavily on minority communities and, by the late 20th century, mass incarceration affecting communities of color, especially American descendants of slavery, in the United States. She examines the prison-industrial complex and the emerging detention-industrial complex, discussing how much money is being made by corporations from such incarcerations.


13th (film)
13th garnered acclaim from a number of film critics. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 89th Academy Awards, and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards.


13th (film)
It experienced a surge in viewership by 4,665 percent in June 2020 during the George Floyd protests.


13th (film), Synopsis
The film begins with an audio clip of President Barack Obama stating that the US had 5 percent of the world's population but 25 percent of the world's prisoners. This film features several activists, academics, political figures from both major US political parties, and public figures, such as Angela Davis, Bryan Stevenson, Michelle Alexander, Jelani Cobb, Van Jones, Newt Gingrich, Cory Booker, Henry Louis Gates Jr., and others.


13th (film), Synopsis
It explores the economic history of slavery and post-Civil War racist legislation and practices that replaced it. DuVernay contends as "systems of racial control" and forced labor from the years after the abolition of slavery to the present. Southern states criminalized minor offenses, arresting freedmen and forcing them to work when they could not pay fines; institutionalizing this approach as convict leasing (which created an incentive to criminalize more behavior).


13th (film), Synopsis
She contends they disenfranchised most black people across the South at the turn of the 20th century, excluding them from the political system (including juries), at the same time that lynching of black people by white mobs reached a peak. In addition, Jim Crow legislation was passed by Democrats, to legalize segregation and suppress minorities, forcing them into second-class status.


13th (film), Synopsis
Following the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1960s that restored civil rights, the film notes the Republican Party's appeal to southern white conservatives, including the claim to be the party to fight the war on crime and war on drugs, which began to include mandatory, lengthy sentencing. A new wave of minority suppression  began, reaching African Americans and others in the northern, mid-western and western cities where many had migrated in earlier decades. After their presidential candidates lost to Republicans, Democratic politicians such as Bill Clinton joined the war on drugs.


13th (film), Synopsis
As a result, from the early 1970s to the present, the rate of incarceration and the number of people in prisons has climbed dramatically in the United States, while at the same time the rate of crime in the United States has continued to decline since the late 20th century. As late as the 2016 presidential election, the eventual winner Donald Trump worked to generate fear of crime, claiming high rates in New York City, for instance, which was not true according to the documentary.


13th (film), Synopsis
The documentary states that crime was lower overall than it had been in decades, but that Republican candidates raised it to generate fear. Private prison contractors entered the market to satisfy demand as arrests and sentences increased, forming an independent group with its own economic incentives to criminalize minor activities and lengthen sentences in order to keep prisons full. Politicians and businessmen in rural areas encouraged construction of prisons to supply local jobs, and they also allegedly have had incentives to keep prisons full.


13th (film), Synopsis
The federal Bureau of Prisons announced in 2016 its intention to stop contracting with private providers for prison services. According to the film, the "over-incarceration" of adults has severely damaged generations of black and minority families and their children.


13th (film), Synopsis
The film explores the role of the American Legislative Exchange Council, backed by corporations, that has provided Republican state and federal legislators with draft legislation to support the prison-industrial complex. It contends that only after some of the relationships were revealed did corporations like Walmart and others receive criticism and drop out of the organization.


13th (film), Synopsis
The film explores the demonization of minority poor through these decades putatively to serve political ends, contributing to fears of minorities by whites and to problems of police brutality against minority communities.


13th (film), Synopsis
In the 21st century, the regularity of fatal police shootings of unarmed minorities in apparently minor confrontations has been demonstrated by videos taken by bystanders and by the increasing use of cameras in police cars or worn by officers; DuVernay ends the film with graphic videos of fatal shootings of black people by police, what Manohla Dargis describes as, after the previous discussion, having the effect of "a piercing, keening cry."


13th (film), Production
The film was written by Ava DuVernay, who wrote and directed Selma (2014), and Spencer Averick. Averick also edited the film. Produced and filmed in secrecy, 13th was revealed only after it was announced as the opening film for the 2016 New York Film Festival, the first documentary ever to open the festival.


13th (film), Release
The film was released on October 7, 2016, on Netflix. A companion piece 13th: A Conversation with Oprah Winfrey & Ava DuVernay was released on January 26, 2017, in the United States and on January 31, 2017, worldwide on the service. On April 17, 2020, Netflix released the film for free on YouTube.


13th (film), Reception, Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 97% based on 102 reviews, with an average rating of 8.77/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "13th strikes at the heart of America's tangled racial history, offering observations as incendiary as they are calmly controlled." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 83 out of 100, based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


13th (film), Reception, Critical response
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised what she called the power of DuVernay's film and its meticulous marshaling of facts. She said, summarizing the film, "The United States did not just criminalize a select group of black people. It criminalized black people as a whole, a process that, in addition to destroying untold lives, effectively transferred the guilt for slavery from the people who perpetuated it to the very people who suffered through it." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film four stars and named it one of the best films of 2016.


13th (film), Reception, Critical response
Kyle Smith of The New York Post gave the 13th a negative review, stating it was riddled with falsehoods and furthermore insulting to civil rights pioneers whose contributions are minimized: "Viewers (such as film critics) who don’t pay especially close attention to the news pages are likely to be suckered by the misinformation in the movie." Dan Berger of Black Perspectives wrote 13th was at its best in chronicling the lives of individuals in the American prison system, but also said the film "makes several significant factual errors" such as using outdated statistical data and overstating the role of for-profit prisons.


13th (film), Reception, Viewership
On a panel about the future of film published in The New York Times, DuVernay said:


13th (film), Reception, Viewership
I'm told by the system that [a theatrical release] is what matters, but then people aren't seeing your movies. Take the number of people who saw Selma, a Christmas release with an Oscar campaign about Dr. Martin Luther King. Well, more than a quadruple amount of people saw 13th, about the prison-industrial complex. If I'm telling these stories to reach a mass audience, then really, nothing else matters.


13th (film), Reception, Viewership
In 2020, the film saw a surge in viewership by 4,665 percent during the George Floyd protests.


13th (film), Reception, Accolades
The film was nominated for dozens of awards, winning best documentary at the British Academy Film Awards and the Primetime Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award for excellence, and receiving a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. DuVernay received a Primetime Emmy Award for her writing, and was nominated for directing. The song "Letter to the Free" was nominated for several awards with Common, Robert Glasper, and Karriem Riggins winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics.


13th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The 13th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2013 and were announced on January 9, 2014. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony, held a month later on February 10, 2014, was hosted by actress and comedian Kathy Griffin.


13th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


13th ALMA Awards
The 13th ALMA Awards honors the accomplishments made by Hispanics in film, television, and music in 2011. The awards were taped on September 16, 2012 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium for broadcast on NBC on September 21, 2012. The show was co-hosted by Eva Longoria and George Lopez, marking their third consecutive year as hosts. The awards ceremony was sponsored by the National Council of La Raza.


13th ALMA Awards
The winners were chosen based on online voting, box office figures, Nielsen and Billboard rankings, and Comedy..l of the NCLR ALMA Awards production leadership team.


13th ALMA Awards
Jennifer Lopez had nominations in all three media formats: Favorite Movie Actress Comedy/Musical; Favorite TV Reality, Variety, or Comedy Personality or Act; and Favorite Female Music Artist. Naya Rivera won both of her nominations: Favorite Female Music Artist and Favorite TV Actress Comedy. The film Savages had four overall nominations in the Favorite Acting categories, while the films The Way and Cristiada (For Greater Glory) had three overall nominations, including Favorite Movie, which was won by triple-nominee Girl in Progress.


13th ALMA Awards
The ceremony aired on NBC for the second consecutive and last year before moving to sister channel MSNBC.


13th ALMA Awards, Winners and nominees
The following is a list of the 65 nominees from film, television, and music. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold:


13th ALMA Awards, Televised ceremony ratings
The ceremony, which was televised by NBC on September 21, 2012, was watched by 2.41 million viewers.


13th AVN Awards
The 13th AVN Awards ceremony, organized by Adult Video News (AVN) honored the best pornographic films of 1995 and took place on January 7, 1996 at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Paradise, Nevada, beginning at 8:15 p.m. PST / 11:15 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in 97 categories. The ceremony, taped for broadcast in the United States by Spice Networks, was produced and directed by Gary Miller and Mark Stone. Comedian Bobby Slayton hosted the show for the first time, alongside actress co-hosts Jenna Jameson and Julia Ann. Hall of Fame inductees were honored at a gala held a month earlier.


13th AVN Awards
Latex won the most statuettes, taking 11. Other winners included Blue Movie with four awards and gay video The Renegade with three.


13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 7, 1996. Latex won 11 of the 14 categories in which it was nominated. Rocco Siffredi became the first two-time winner of the Male Performer of the Year award. Jenna Jameson was the first Best New Starlet award winner to also take home a Best Actress award. Mike Horner won his fourth Best Actor—Film award.


13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional award winners
These awards were also announced at the awards show, most in a winners-only segment for technical achievements read by Dyanna Lauren or a second winners-only segment read by Julia Ann.


13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame
AVN Hall of Fame inductees for 1996, announced at a gala a month prior to the AVN Awards show, were: Andrew Blake, Gino Colbert, The Dark Brothers, Ashlyn Gere, Savannah, Matt Sterling, Jennifer Welles, Tori Welles


13th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Multiple nominations and awards
Latex won the most statuettes, taking 11 of the 14 categories in which it was nominated. Other winners included Blue Movie with four awards and gay video The Renegade with three. Two statuettes went to each of Borderline, Bottom Dweller 33 1/3, Cinesex 1 & 2, Dear Diary, Jawbreaker, Private Video Magazine 20, Remembering Times Gone Bi and Risque Burlesque.


13th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers
The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers or comedy. The show's trophy girls were Houston and Tracy Love.


13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The 13th AVN Awards Show marked the first time the awards show was open to the public. In addition, Bobby Slayton was the show's first host who was not affiliated with the adult film industry. The theme of the show was "Give me liberty."


13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Several other people and elements were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Gary Miller and Mark Stone served as producer and director for the show while Marco Polo served as director of the broadcast. Mark Stone served as musical director for the ceremony. Choreographer Serenity supervised the performances of the dance numbers. Ventriloquist act Otto & George performed standup comedy during the proceedings.


13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Best Sex Comedy was a new category at this year's show.


13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Latex was announced as both the top selling movie and the top renting movie of the year.


13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
Adult PC Guide magazine noted the show was videotaped for broadcast on Spice Networks and featured "a huge set, motion-controlled cameras and a production that would have rivaled the Oscars." A VHS videotape of the show was also published and sold by VCA Pictures.


13th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews
High Society magazine said, "Nothing that happened at the Oscars could possibly top this evening for excitement." Adult Cinema Review called the show "dazzling." It noted serving food in an auditorium gave way to chaos and "thousands of jabbering people made it hard to accomplish anything but light conversation," however, "there were no real complaints."


13th AVN Awards, In Memoriam
Paul Fishbein "memorialized three performers in the industry who passed away this year:" Alex Jordan, Cal Jammer and Kristi Lynn.


13th Academy Awards
The 13th Academy Awards honored American film achievements in 1940. This was the first year that sealed envelopes were used to keep secret the names of the winners which led to the famous phrase: "May I have the envelope, please?" The accounting firm of Price Waterhouse was hired to count the ballots, after the fiasco of leaked voting results in 1939 by the Los Angeles Times.


13th Academy Awards
For the first time, the award for Best Screenplay was split into two separate categories: Best Original Screenplay and Best Screenplay.


13th Academy Awards
Independent producer David O. Selznick, who had produced the previous year's big winner Gone with the Wind (1939), also produced the Best Picture winner in 1940, Rebecca – and campaigned heavily for its win. Selznick was the first to produce two consecutive winners of the Best Picture Oscar. Although Rebecca had eleven nominations, it only won for Best Picture and Best Cinematography (Black and White), marking the last time a film would win Best Picture but not win for either directing, acting, or writing.


13th Academy Awards
The film's distributor – United Artists – was the last of the original film studios (the others were Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Columbia, 20th Century-Fox, Warner Bros., RKO Radio, Universal, and Paramount) to win the Best Picture Oscar. Rebecca was the first American-made film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and the only film from him to win Best Picture. Hitchcock had two films nominated for Best Picture, the other being Foreign Correspondent. Two other directors also had two films in the running this year: Sam Wood (Our Town and Kitty Foyle) and John Ford (The Long Voyage Home and The Grapes of Wrath, which won Best Director).


13th Academy Awards
Pinocchio was the first animated film to take home competitive Oscars, for both Best Original Score and Best Original Song, starting a long tradition of animated films winning in these categories.


13th Academy Awards
The Thief of Bagdad received the most Oscars of the evening, three, the first time a film not nominated for Best Picture won the most awards. This and Pinocchio were the first films not nominated for Best Picture to receive multiple awards.


13th Academy Awards, Awards
Nominations announced on February 10, 1941. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.


13th Academy Awards, 1941 Oscar firsts
For the first time, names of all winners remained secret until the moment they received their awards.


13th Academy Awards, 1941 Oscar firsts
Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a six-minute direct radio address to the attendees from the White House. It is the first time an American president participated in the event.


13th Aero Squadron
The 13th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.


13th Aero Squadron
The squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the 2d Pursuit Group, First United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in March 1919 and demobilized.


13th Aero Squadron
On 16 October 1936 the squadron was re-constituted, and consolidated with the United States Army Air Corps 13th Attack Squadron. Today, the current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 13th Bomb Squadron, assigned to the 509th Operations Group, Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The 13th Aero Squadron was organised at Kelly Field, Texas on 14 June 1917. After a short period of organization, which included "snake-chasing and cactus-cutting", the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Ohio in the beginning of July where its aviation cadets began flight training on the Curtiss JN-4 Jenny trainer. Training in Ohio lasted until 1 November when it received orders for overseas duty. The squadron proceeded to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, New York, where it awaited transport to Europe.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
At the end of November, the squadron moved to Philadelphia, where it boarded the SS Northland, and departed the United States on 4 December. The ship arrived at Liverpool, England on 25 December where the same day, they boarded a train for Winchester, England where they were temporarily assigned to a Rest Camp. After a cross-channel crossing from Southampton to Le Havre, France, the squadron boarded a French train south, arriving at the Air Service Replacement Concentration Barracks in St. Maixent, 1 January 1918.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
At St. Maixent the squadron waited for several weeks and largely performed construction and other activities designed to improve the newly established base. At the end of January, orders were received to proceed to the 3d Air Instructional Center at Issoudun Aerodrome for advanced flight and air combat training. For the next four months the squadron trained at Issodun, with detachments sent to French Air Force gunnery ranges at Meucon and Haussimont Aerodromes.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
Finally, in the beginning of June, training was completed and the squadron moved to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome where the 13th Aero Squadron was classified as a Pursuit Squadron and received French SPAD XIII aircraft. Once equipped the squadron was ordered to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul, in the "Zone of Advance". There the 13th received its combat assignment to the 2d Pursuit Group where it joined the 22d, 49th and 139th Aero Squadrons.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
The 13th was charged with protection of the St. Mihiel sector, and its pilots soon were active in intercepting and attacking enemy aircraft that attempted reconnaissance over Allied lines. The Spads also escorted Allied observation planes deep into enemy territory where their pilots sometimes engaged enemy planes and attacked hostile balloons.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
While participating in the St. Mihiel Offensive, which was undertaken to eliminate the salient in the front lines around St. Mihiel that had existed since early in the war, the 13th fought with vigor. While ground forces were attacking and destroying, men, material, and morale, the 13th's pilots kept busy destroying enemy aircraft and balloons, and making the sky safe for Allied observation planes. The squadron suffered its first combat loss on 13 September when Lt. Robert Converse was shot down on a late afternoon patrol and reported missing in action.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
On 14 September 1918 a squadron-strength patrol led by Charles Biddle was ambushed by a flight of the red and white Fokker D VII aircraft of Jasta 18, led by Leutnant der Reserve August Raben, one of a number of times the same two opposing squadrons would meet before the Armistice, starting with the aerial action over the St. Mihiel salient. Four original squadron members were downed in a matter of minutes: Lt. Charles Drew, Lt Alton Brody, Lt. Harry B. "Buck" Freeman and Lt. George P. Kull. Lts. Converse, Drew, Freeman and Brody were captured and repatriated after the Armistice. George Kull was confirmed killed in action, the first combat fatality of the 13th Aero Squadron.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
The Meuse-Argonne campaign was launched on 26 September 1918 to further reduce the St. Mihiel salient. The 13th Aero Squadron moved on 23 September to Belrain Aerodrome, and from there inflicted heavy losses upon enemy aircraft and balloons. As its pilots gained domination of the air, their responsibilities were expanded to include protection of ground forces, strafing of enemy troops and bombing of targets that could be observed within enemy lines. During the Meuse Argonne Offensive, the squadron lost Lts. Gerald D. Stivers, Henry Guion Armstrong, Clarence A. Brodie and Robert H. Stiles killed in action.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
On 7 November, the squadron moved to Souilly Aerodrome and continued combat operations until the Armistice with Germany was signed and combat ended on 11 November 1918.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France
The 13th claimed several "aces" from this period of its history: Charles J Biddle, Murray K Guthrie, Frank K Hays, John J Seerley, and William H Stovall. Major Carl Spaatz, although on orders to return home, sought and received permission to serve with the 13th Aero Squadron as a pursuit pilot. He subordinated himself to men of lower rank, but as a result of his ardent zeal and ability, he was soon a flight leader and was credited with destroying two Fokkers during the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensive. and is also credited with an out of control enemy aircraft.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
After the armistice, the squadron remained at Souilly until 16 December 1918 when orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at Le Mans, France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. From 6 February to 3 March 1919, the squadron was at the port of Brest before crossing the Atlantic aboard the SS America. From 13 to 29 March 1919 the squadron was at Mitchell Field, New York, where it was demobilized. It remained inactive until it was reconstituted in 1936.


13th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel
DSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; POW: Prisoner of War


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron
The 13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force, last stationed at Travis Air Force Base. The squadron's first predecessor was the 13th Combat Cargo Squadron, which flew men and material in the China Burma India Theater during World War II. That squadron was disbanded in 1948, but was reconstituted in 1985 and consolidated with the unit's second predecessor.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron
The second predecessor of the squadron was organized in 1956 as the 13th Aeromedical Transport Squadron. It flew aeromedical evacuation missions until inactivating in 1968. The squadron received its most recent designation in 1966. It has not been active since its 1985 consolidation.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Syracuse Army Air Base, New York in June 1944 as the 13th Combat Cargo Squadron, one of the four operational squadrons of the 4th Combat Cargo Group. Combat cargo squadrons were organized to operate independently, with logistics and administrative support from an attached airdrome squadron. In the case of the 13th, this support was provided by the 348th Airdrome Squadron.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was initially equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrains. In August, the squadron moved to Bowman Field, Kentucky, where it continued its training and equipped with larger Curtiss C-46 Commandos. The squadron completed its training and began its move to the China Burma India Theater in early November 1944.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron arrived in theater in late November 1944 and began operations the following month. In December, it transported material and equipment for the construction of the Ledo Road. Until May 1945, it concentrated on transporting materiel and reinforcements for forces operating in Burma. In February 1945, it transported "men, mules and boats" as forces crossed the Irrawaddy River. In May, the 13th dropped Gurkha paratroopers during the assault on Rangoon. In June, the squadron moved to Namponmao Airfield, Burma and transported supplies and personnel over the Hump to China. The squadron returned to India in November and was inactivated in late December 1945. The squadron was disbanded on 8 Oct 1948.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical evacuation
The 13th Aeromedical Transport Squadron was activated at Travis Air Force Base, California on 8 November 1956 as the 1st Aeromedical Transport Group replaced the 1706th Air Transport Group (Aeromedical Evacuation). Military Air Transport Service (MATS) had begun aeromedical evacuation operations at Travis on 16 December 1948, when it moved the 1733d Air Transport Squadron (Aeromedical Evacuation) to Travis from Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, where it had been organized on 9 October 1948 and assigned to the 1702d Air Transport Group.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical evacuation
In July 1950, the 1702d Group was discontinued and the 1733d was transferred to the 1704th Air Transport Wing at Travis, and became the primary unit for the air movement of casualties from the Korean War once they reached the United States. On 1 February 1953 MATS centralized its aeromedical transport squadrons in the United States under the 1706th Group and the 1733d Squadron was reassigned to it. The 13th absorbed the 1733d's mission, personnel, and equipment on activation and the 1733d was simultaneously discontinued.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical evacuation
On 1 June 1964, the 1405th Air Base Wing at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois was redesignated the 1405th Aeromedical Transport Wing, and assumed responsibility for the aeromedical transport mission from the 1st Group. Under the 1405th, responsibility for aeromedical evacuation missions expanded to include all of North America and the Caribbean, not only missions within the United States. The expanded mission called for augmentation of the 13th and the wing's other regular squadrons by squadrons of the Air National Guard.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, History, Aeromedical evacuation
In January 1966, the 1405th Wing transferred it mission, personnel and components to the 375th Aeromedical Airlift Wing, as Military Airlift Command replaced its operational Major Command controlled (MAJCON) units that could not carry a permanent history with Air Force controlled units. The squadron was inactivated on 8 December 1968 as the C-131 was phased out of the aeromedical evacuation fleet and replaced by the Douglas HC-9 Nightingale.


13th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


13th Africa Movie Academy Awards
The 13th Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony was held on 15 July 2017 at Eko Hotel and Suites, Lagos, Nigeria.


13th Age
13th Age is a d20 fantasy role-playing game designed by Rob Heinsoo (lead designer of Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition) and Jonathan Tweet (lead designer of D&D 3rd Edition), and published by Pelgrane Press. 13th Age has been well supported with over 25 supplements published since its 2013 release, the most recent in 2020.


13th Age, Publication history
13th Age was released on August 3, 2013, and the pre-release version was a nominee for the RPG Geek RPG of the Year 2013.


13th Age, Setting
The setting of 13th Age is intended to be fleshed out in the course of play. Although there are default places, 13 default Icons that are archetypes of powerful gods and NPCs in standard fantasy settings, and a default bestiary, a lot of the setting is dependent on character creation.


13th Age, Setting
This is done by means of having freeform backgrounds rather than predefined skills, and by each character having One Unique Thing that can be anything which has no direct mechanics; examples in the rulebook include I am the only halfling knight of the Dragon Emperor and I have a clockwork heart made by the dwarves, both of which affect both character and the entire setting. In 2018, Rob Heinsoo Games and Chaosium published an alternate setting supplement for Greg Stafford's Glorantha. 13th Age Glorantha was Kickstarter funded, along with a companion volume further detailing the world, The Gloranthan Sourcebook".


13th Age, System
13th Age was designed to be familiar in terms of setting concepts to D&D players, so it is a class-based game with the main rulebook containing standard D&D classes. It is also level-based, with ten levels grouped into three tiers. 13th Age was designed from the ground up to not use miniatures or a grid, and instead uses abstract distances and positioning. In order to speed up combat the Player Characters gain an escalating bonus to hit equal to the number of rounds that have passed starting to count from the second round, known as the "escalation die" (it's a six-sided die, so maximum bonus is +6).


13th Age, System
The skills systems often associated with recent versions of Dungeons & Dragons have been replaced with "backgrounds" in 13th Age. Players are encouraged to create backstories for their characters that give them bonuses to actions in the game, often asking them to refer to a time in their fictional past when they have dealt with a similar obstacle and how they overcame it or what they learned from the experience.


13th Age, System
Other differences from standard d20 games include the backgrounds taking the place of most utility magic, weapon damage dice being determined by class, spells that are only expended on bad rolls, and recoveries that resemble D&D 4e healing surges.


13th Age, System
Like many d20-variant games, The Archmage Engine – 13th Age SRD was released under the Open Game License, so that its open game content can be copied or modified.


13th Age, History
After they had both left Wizards of the Coast, long-time friends and gaming partners Heinsoo and Tweet decided to create a game together. By GenCon 2012 the game was ready for playtesting, and they used the hype created at GenCon to Kickstart a supplement called 13 True Ways even before 13th Age was released. The game was officially launched a week before GenCon 2013.


13th Air Defense Division
The 13th Air Defense Division (Serbo-Croatian: 13. divizija protivvazdušne odbrane/ 13. дивизија противваздушне одбране) was an air defense division established in 1968.


13th Air Defense Division, History
The 13th Air Defense Division was formed on January 20, 1968. The divisions command was first at Skoplje. It has failed to develop into a unit volume of other air defense divisions. It has been disbanded by order from September 14, 1972.


13th Air Expeditionary Group
The 13th Air Expeditionary Group is a provisional United States Air Force unit.


13th Air Expeditionary Group, History, World War II
The group was first activated at Langley Field, Virginia in January 1941 as the 13th Bombardment Group, with the 39th, 40th, and 41st Bombardment Squadrons assigned and the 3d Reconnaissance Squadron attached. The group was equipped with a mix of Douglas B-18 Bolos and North American B-25 Mitchells. In June, the group moved to Orlando Army Air Base, Florida.


13th Air Expeditionary Group, History, World War II
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the group was ordered to search for German U-boats off the southeast coast. Although the Navy was responsible for long range patrolling, it lacked the aircraft to perform the mission and the Army Air Forces (AAF) performed the mission, even though its crews lacked proper training. As antisubmarine warfare assets were realigned to meet the growing threat in the North Atlantic, the 13th Group moved to Westover Field, Massachusetts in January 1942. The following month, the 3d Reconnaissance Squadron was assigned to the group, and, in April, became the 393d Bombardment Squadron.


13th Air Expeditionary Group, History, World War II
In October 1942, the AAF organized its antisubmarine forces into the single Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command, which established the 25th Antisubmarine Wing the following month to control its forces operating over the Atlantic. Its bombardment group headquarters, including the 13th, were inactivated.


13th Air Expeditionary Group, History, Expeditionary operations
The group was converted to provisional status, redesignated the 13th Air Expeditionary Group and assigned to Pacific Air Forces to activate or inactivate as needed. It has been used primarily to control operations or exercises for Thirteenth Air Force. This has included acting as the air component of Joint Task Force-Support Forces Antarctica. The group commander is dual hatted as the deputy commander, JTF-SFA.


13th Air Expeditionary Group, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


13th Air Force Corps (People's Republic of China)
The 13th Air Force Corps (Chinese: 空军第13军) of the People's Liberation Army Air Force was a military formation. It was activated in January 1971 in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province. The corps commander was Zhu Futian, and its commissar was Fang Zhongying. It was located within the Beijing Military Region for its entire period of service.


13th Air Force Corps (People's Republic of China)
From August 1, 1975, the Corps' code-number was 39133. The exact composition of the corps remains unknown.


13th Air Force Corps (People's Republic of China)
The Corps was disbanded in January 1976 (163.com) or March 1976.


13th Air Support Operations Squadron
The United States Air Force's 13th Air Support Operations Squadron is a combat support unit located at Fort Carson, Colorado. The squadron provides tactical command and control of close air support assets to US Army ground commanders of the 4th Infantry Division during combat operations.


13th Air Support Operations Squadron, Mission
The squadron's mission is to provide mission ready airmen to advise, integrate & control air and space power in support of the 4th Infantry Division; to train, deploy, & focus combat airpower and integrated weather operations for the joint force commander alongside III Corps or a supported land force commander.


13th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was first activated in January 1943 at Birmingham Army Air Base, Alabama, where it trained with III Air Support Command for the next six months. In June, it moved to Thermal Army Air Field, California, where it was assigned to IV Air Support Command. In California, it helped train ground units and participated in exercises and maneuvers with the Desert Training Center. By 1944, the need for ground forces to train for desert warfare had been reduced.


13th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, World War II
Also, the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving not well adapted to the training mission and decided to replace them with a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. As a result, the squadron, now the 13th Tactical Air Communications Squadron, was disbanded in April 1944.


13th Air Support Operations Squadron, History, Current operations
The squadron was redesignated the 13th Air Support Operations Squadron and activated on 1 July 1994 at Fort Carson, Colorado.


13th Air Support Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


13th Air Transport Squadron
The 13th Air Transport Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was to the 2nd Aircraft Delivery Group of Tactical Air Command at Dobbins Air Force Base, Georgia, where it was inactivated on 30 September 1970.


13th Air Transport Squadron
The squadron was first activated during World War II and served in the Air Transport Command in the China Burma India Theater, where it flew airlift missions over The Hump.


13th Air Transport Squadron
The squadron was reactivated under Military Air Transport Service (MATS) in 1952 as a medium airlift unit and served in that role until MATS inactivated its 1703d Air Transport Group and drew down its operations at Brookley AFB. Alabama.


13th Air Transport Squadron
It was active for a short period at Dobbins AFB, Georgia as a VIP airlift unit before its final inactivation.


13th Air Transport Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was first activated as the 13th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron, a C-46 Commando squadron at Pope Field, North Carolina, serving with the 1st Ferrying Group. It deployed to India where it was an element of Tenth Air Force until it was transferred to the India-China Wing of the Air Transport Command (ATC) in India where the squadron flew the India to China route over The Hump. It was disbanded in December 1943 in a reorganization of ATC and was replaced by Station 6, India-China Wing, Air Transport Command.


13th Air Transport Squadron, History, Service with Military Air Transport Command
The 13th was reconstituted and reactivated in 1952 as the 13th Air Transport Squadron, Medium at Brookley Air Force Base, Alabama, where it replaced the 1281st Air Transport Squadron when MATS converted its table of distribution air transport squadrons to table of organization units controlled by Headquarters, USAF. The squadron equipped with C-124 Globemaster II intercontinental strategic transports, it flew long range strategic airlift missions until 1957 when the unit was inactivated as part of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) pullout from Brookley.


13th Air Transport Squadron, History, VIP Airlift
The squadron again replaced a unit controlled by a major command in 1969 when Tactical Air Command (TAC) activated it to replace the 4433d Air Transport Squadron at Dobbins AFB, Georgia. The 4433d had been providing VIP transport, primarily for Army officers, under various designations since 1948. The 4433d was originally organized as the 5th Special Air Missions Squadron under Bolling Field Command in the spring of 1948.


13th Air Transport Squadron, History, VIP Airlift
on 19 July 1948 it became the 1115th Special Air Missions Squadron when Headquarters, USAF required units controlled by its major air commands to be numbered with four digits in assigned blocks of numbers. In November 1952, the squadron was transferred to Continental Air Command, which required renumbering to the 2315th Air Transport Squadron, Light. Transfer to TAC in July 1960 resulted in another designation, the 4433d Air Transport Squadron, Light, but the squadron mission remained the same. TAC finally inactivated its VIP airlift squadrons, including the 13th, in 1970.


13th Air Transport Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


13th Airborne Division (United States)
The 13th Airborne Division was an airborne forces formation of division-size of the United States Army that was active during World War II. The division was commanded for most of its existence by Major General Elbridge G. Chapman. It was officially activated in the United States in August 1943 at Fort Bragg in North Carolina, remaining active until February 1946, however it never saw combat.


13th Airborne Division (United States)
After activation the division remained in the United States to complete its training. This training was completed by September 1944, but had to be extended by a further four months when the division provided replacements for the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions. The division also encountered delays in mounting large-scale training exercises due to a lack of transport aircraft in the United States. This shortage was caused by the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions taking priority over the 13th in terms of equipment due to the two divisions serving in combat in Europe. As a consequence of these delays the division was not fully trained and combat-ready until January 1945, and was transferred to France and the European Theater of Operations in February.


13th Airborne Division (United States)
When the division arrived in France, it came under the command of the First Allied Airborne Army, which controlled all Allied airborne formations. The division, along with two others, was selected to participate in Operation Varsity, the airborne operation to support the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group crossing the River Rhine, but was removed from the operation due to there being insufficient transport aircraft to carry all three divisions into combat.