11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
11α-OHP is a more potent inhibitor of 11β-HSD than enoxolone (glycyrrhetinic acid) or carbenoxolone in vitro (IC50 = 0.9 nM; IC50 = 5 nM in transfected cells). The compound has been found to be highly active in conferring mineralocorticoid sodium-retaining activity of corticosterone in vivo in rat bioassays and in increasing blood pressure, effects that it mediates by preventing the 11β-HSD-mediated inactivation of endogenous corticosteroids. Because of its inhibition of 11β-HSD and consequent potentiation of corticosteroids, 11α-OHP has recently been patented for the treatment of skin diseases, particularly psoriasis in combination with clobetasol propionate and minoxidil.


11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
11α-OHP is used as a precursor in chemical syntheses of cortisone and hydrocortisone.


11β-Chloromethylestradiol
11β-Chloromethylestradiol (11β-CME2; developmental code name ORG-4333) is a synthetic steroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It has very high affinity for the estrogen receptor and dissociates from it relatively slowly. It was originally thought that 11β-CME2 might be a covalent ligand of the estrogen receptors, but its binding was subsequently shown to be fully reversible. The relative binding affinity of 11β-CME2 for the estrogen receptors ranges from 230 to 3,320% of that of estradiol depending on the study. 11β-CME2 also has about 14% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The compound has been developed as a radiolabel for the ERs.


11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione (11β-OHA4), also known as 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and androgen prohormone that is produced primarily, if not exclusively, in the adrenal glands. It is closely related to adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione; 11-KA4), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT), which are also produced in the adrenal glands.


11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
It can be used as a biomarker for guiding primary aldosteronism subtyping in adrenal vein sampling where blood samples are taken from both adrenal glands to compare the amount of hormone made by each gland.


11β-Hydroxyprogesterone
11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (11β-OHP), also known as 21-deoxycorticosterone, as well as 11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a naturally occurring, endogenous steroid and derivative of progesterone. It is a potent mineralocorticoid. Syntheses of 11β-OHP from progesterone is catalyzed by the steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) enzyme, and, to a lesser extent, by the aldosterone synthase enzyme (CYP11B2).


11β-Hydroxyprogesterone, Function
Along with its epimer 11α-hydroxyprogesterone (11α-OHP), 11β-OHP has been identified as a very potent competitive inhibitor of both isoforms (1 and 2) of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD).


11β-Hydroxyprogesterone, Outcome of 21-hydroxylase deficiency
It has been known since 1987 that increased levels of 11β-OHP occur in 21-hydroxylase deficiency. A study in 2017 has shown that in subjects with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, serum 11β-OHP concentrations range from 0.012 to 3.37 ng/mL, while in control group it was below detection limit of 0.012 ng/mL. 21-hydroxylase is an enzyme that is also involved in progesterone metabolism, producing 11-deoxycorticosterone. In normal conditions, 21-hydroxylase has higher activity on progesterone than steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) that convert progesterone to 11β-OHP.


11β-Hydroxyprogesterone, Outcome of 21-hydroxylase deficiency
That's why in 21-hydroxylase deficiency, given the normal function of the CYP11B enzymes, the progesterone is directed towards 11β-OHP pathway rather than towards 11-deoxycorticosterone pathway, that is also usually accompanied by an increase in progesterone levels. In the normal route to aldosterone and cortisol, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone are first hydroxylated at position 21 and then hydroxylated at other positions. In 21-hydroxylase deficiency, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone accumulate and are the substrates of steroid 11β-hydroxylase, leading to 1β-OHP and 21-deoxycortisol, respectively.


11β-Hydroxyprogesterone, Outcome of 21-hydroxylase deficiency
In the 2017 study above mentioned, serum progesterone concentrations in boys (10 days to 18 years old) with 21-hydroxylase deficiency reached levels similar to female luteal values (up to 10.14 ng/mL, depending on severity and treatment), while in the control group of boys progesterone was 0.07 ng/mL (0.22 nmol/L) on average, ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 ng/mL.


11β-Hydroxyprogesterone, Outcome of 21-hydroxylase deficiency
While studies suggest that 11β-OHP, also known as 21-deoxycorticosterone, can be used as marker for adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency, another 21-carbon steroid — 21-deoxycortisol (produced from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone) gained acceptance for this purpose.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD-11β or 11β-HSD) enzymes catalyze the conversion of inert 11 keto-products (cortisone) to active cortisol, or vice versa, thus regulating the access of glucocorticoids to the steroid receptors.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
The human genome encodes two distinct HSD-11β isozymes (HSD-11β Type 1 and HSD-11β Type 2) on distinct genes. The dehydrogenase activity of a HSD-11β converts a 11beta-hydroxysteroid to the corresponding 11-oxosteroid by reducing NADP+ or NAD+. HSD-11βs are part of the larger class of oxidoreductases and HSD-11β Type 1 has oxidoreductase activity (the reverse of dehydrogenase activity). HSD-11βs participate in c21-steroid hormone metabolism and androgen and estrogen metabolism.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Structural studies
Several structures for HSD-11β Type 1 have been solved to date with various mutations and inhibitors. There are no known structures for HSD-11β Type 2.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Function
Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, binds the glucocorticoid receptor. However, because of its molecular similarity to aldosterone it also binds the mineralcorticoid receptor at higher concentrations. Both aldosterone and cortisol have a similar affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor; however, there is vastly more cortisol in circulation than aldosterone. To prevent over-stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by cortisol, HSD-11βs convert the biologically active cortisol to the inactive cortisone, which can no longer bind the mineralocorticoid receptor. HSD-11βs co-localizes with intracellular adrenal steroid receptors. Licorice, which contains glycyrrhizinic acid and enoxolone, can inhibit HSD-11β and lead to a mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Cortisol levels consequently rise, and cortisol binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor produces clinical signs and symptoms of hypokalemia, alkalosis and hypertension (i.e. mineralocorticoid excess).


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application
HSD-11βs are enzymes involved in steroid hormone physiology. HSD-11β Type 1 is found in metabolic tissues targeted by glucocorticoids and converts cortisone to active cortisol. HSD-11β Type 1 acts as a reductase producing active cortisol and the amplification of glucocorticoids. This enzyme is most abundant in the liver but can be found in most tissues in the body. HSD11B- Type 1 amplifies glucocorticoid concentrations in the liver and adipose tissue, glucocorticoid excess induces obesity with other features such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application
HSD-11β Type 2 is expressed by aldosterone-selective tissues and protects the mineralocorticoid receptor from the activation by cortisol by converting it to cortisone using the enzyme 11-Oxoreductase. HSD-11β Type 2 protects tissues from continuous activation by decreasing local cortisol levels and preventing 11-Oxoreductase from activating. In tissues that do not express the mineralocorticoid receptor, such as the placenta and testis, it protects cells from the growth-inhibiting and/or pro-apoptotic effects of cortisol, particularly during embryonic development. Mutations in this gene cause the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application
The since the main functions of this  HSD-11βs are for the regulation of glucocorticoids, the two isozymes are linked to various overstimulation or depletion of glucocorticosteroids that result in chemical imbalances in the human body. The effects of the enzyme as it relates to specific body functions and its associated disorders are listed below.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application
Hyperlipidemia has a great effect on 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase. Glucocorticoid is dependent  on Glucocorticoid plasma concentration, cellular glucocorticoid receptor expression and the pre-receptor hormone metabolism that is catalyzed by 11β-HSD. There are two types of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that control cortisol concentration: HSD-11β Type 1 and HSD-11β Type 2. HSD-11β Type 1 is responsible for converting cortisone to cortisol by acting as an oxo-reductase because it is NADP(H) dependent, while HSD-11β Type 2 inactivates cortisol to cortisone via NAD. 10-d hyperlipidemia increases the HSD-11β Type 1 expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application
Hyperlipidemia decreases HSD-11β Type 2 expression in the liver and adipose tissue. Hyperlipidemia has a great influence on HSD-11β Type 1 and HSD-11β Type 2. This demonstrates that there is likely a relationship between hyperlipidemia and cortisol metabolism. Cushing's Disease, synonymous with hypercortisolism, involves overwhelming the cortisol-neutralizing ability of 11β-HSD2 with high concentrations of cortisol. This allows cortisol to outcompete aldosterone and bind to mineralocorticoid receptors, resulting in the activation of several pathways that increase blood pressure.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Activity of HSD-11βs in organs
HSD-11βs are active in organs and in the adrenal gland. The two isoenzymes take on various duties. During an active state, HSD-11β promotes the increase in glucocorticoids in the hepatocytes and also enhances gluconeogenesis. The type 2 isozyme converts active glucocorticoid hormones to inactive metabolites  in target tissues such as kidney, salivary glands, intestines, etc. The activation of the two isozymes of HSD-11β in the kidneys and liver triggers the extra-adrenal formation in alloxan diabetes, which affiliates with the reduction in the synthesis of glucocorticoid hormones in the adrenal glands.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Activity of HSD-11βs in organs
The extra-adrenal formation leads to the increased local formation of corticosterone in the liver and has a high activity of reactions with gluconeogenesis. These gluconeogenesis reactions add to the continued metabolic disorders similar to that of diabetes. Thus HSD-11β Type 1 can serve as a potential treatment agents for diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome due to increasing local corticosterone.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Activity of HSD-11βs in organs, Involvement in the brain
HSD-11βs are expressed in the central nervous system of aged individuals. It is essential in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis function. HSD-11βs also partakes involvement in the decline of conscious intellectual activity due to aging. The enzyme also contributes to central effects are also during the development stages. For instance, the HSD-11βs Type 2shows frequently in fetal tissues such as a newborn's brain and placenta. If there is an absence or decline in HSD-11βs Type 2 in the fetus tissues, there are negative developmental consequences such as anxiety.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Activity of HSD-11βs in organs, Involvement in the brain
HSD-11βs are partly responsible for  intracellular metabolism that determine the operation of glucocorticoids within cells. Glucocorticoids impact the brain development and ultimately the function of the central nervous system. So much so, that if there is a surplus or scant amounts of it, the consequences are deformities throughout one's entire life. HSD-11β Type 1 is responsible for activating glucocorticoids while HSD-11β Type 2 is responsible for deactivating them. The consequences for HSD-11β Type 1 activating glucocorticoids is that there is a decline in cognition especially as one ages. Contrarily, the effects of HSD-11β Type 2 occur during development. Some consequences of a high expression HSD-11β Type 2 are anxiety and cardiometabolic disorders, both of which are part of the early age glucocorticoid programming.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical Application, Involvement in Preterm Births
Infants born underweight are susceptible to having metabolic disease throughout their lives. The presence of glucocorticoids has contributed to the relatively low infant birth weight. A decrease in HSD-11β Type 2 in the placenta can lead to infant restriction in growth, specifically during the first 12 months of an infant's life. The reason for this is because the HSD-11β Type 2 is meant to be expressed in high quantities in the placenta,  This is so because the enzymes secure the fetus from exposure to increased levels of glucocorticoids, which are linked to underweight newborns.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, also known as cortisone reductase, is an NADPH-dependent enzyme highly expressed in key metabolic tissues including liver, adipose tissue, and the central nervous system. In these tissues, HSD11B1 reduces cortisone to the active hormone cortisol that activates glucocorticoid receptors. It belongs to the family of short-chain dehydrogenases.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the stress hormone cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol can lead to central obesity, and a particular variation in this gene has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance in children. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Clinical significance
11β-HSD1 is inhibited by carbenoxolone, a drug typically used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. Moreover, 18alpha-glycyrrhizic acid from the root of glycyrrhiza glabra was discovered as an inhibitor.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Clinical significance
Salicylate downregulates 11β-HSD1 expression in adipose tissue in obese mice and hence may explain why aspirin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea can also potently inhibit this enzyme; green tea is a complex mixture of various phenolics with contents varying with production and processing, and some of the phenolics are known HDAC inhibitors that alter genetic expression. EGCG as usually consumed in green tea is poorly absorbed into the bloodstream. More research is needed to reach firm conclusions.


11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, Further reading
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11β-Methoxyestradiol
11β-Methoxyestradiol (11β-MeOE2; developmental code name RU-2504) is a synthetic steroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It has about 86% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for the estrogen receptor. 11β-MeOE2 is structurally related to moxestrol (11β-methoxy-17α-ethynylestradiol). 11β-MeOE2 and moxestrol are substantially more potent than their non-methoxylated analogues (estradiol and ethinylestradiol, respectively) in mice.


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (11β-MNT) is a synthetic and orally active anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) which was developed by the Contraceptive Development Branch (CDB) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and has not been marketed at this time.


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
The C17β dodecylcarbonate ester of 11β-MNT, 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone 17β-dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC) (CDB-4754), is a prodrug of 11β-MNT. Along with the closely related AAS dimethandrolone (7α,11β-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone; CDB-1321) and its ester prodrug dimethandrolone undecanoate (CDB-4521), 11β-MNT and 11β-MNTDC are under investigation as potential male contraceptives and to treat male hypogonadism.


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics
11β-MNT does not undergo aromatization into the corresponding estrogenic metabolite 11β-methylestradiol, and for this reason, has no potential for estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia. In addition, unlike testosterone, 11β-MNT does not appear to undergo 5α-reduction into the corresponding 5α-dihydrogenated metabolite 5α-dihydro-11β-MNT (5α-DHMNT). This conclusion is based on the fact that 5α-DHMNT is 4 to 8 times as potent as 11β-MNT in terms of androgenicity in animal bioassays, yet the co-administration of the 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride with 11β-MNT had no influence on its potency in assays using tissues that express 5α-reductase like the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles. Due to lack of potentiation by 5α-reductase in androgenic tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland, 11β-MNT may have a lower risk of certain side effects such as oily skin, acne, androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss), prostate enlargement, and prostate cancer than testosterone and certain other AAS.


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics
Similarly to nandrolone, dimethandrolone, and other 19-nortestosterone derivatives, 11β-MNT has been found to possess progestogenic activity. Because of its dual activity as an AAS and progestogen, 11β-MNT may have greater efficacy in suppression of spermatogenesis and hence male fertility than pure AAS like testosterone.


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics
Oral 11β-MNT has shown little to no potential for hepatotoxicity in animals, similarly to testosterone but unlike 17α-alkylated AAS like methyltestosterone. The drug notably shows a much lower hepatotoxic potential than dimethandrolone and trestolone (7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone; MENT), which may have an increased risk due to their shared C7α methyl group (although a risk that is still significantly lower than that of 17α-alkylated AAS).


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone, Chemistry
11β-MNT, or 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone, also known as 11β-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a non-17α-alkylated derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone).


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone 17β-dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC) (developmental code name CDB-4754) is a synthetic and orally active anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) which was developed by the Contraceptive Development Branch (CDB) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and has not been marketed for medical use at this time. It is an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β dodecylcarbonate ester of 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone (11β-MNT) – and acts as a prodrug of 11β-MNT in the body.


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
11β-MNTDC is under development as a birth control pill for men. It has been described as the "sister compound" of dimethandrolone undecanoate, which is also under development as a birth control pill for men.


11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
Because 11β-MNTDC is not 5α-reduced, in contrast to testosterone, it may have less risk of scalp hair loss.


12 'O' Clock
12 'O' Clock is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language horror film directed by Ram Gopal Varma and starring Mithun Chakraborty, Flora Saini, Manav Kaul, Krishna Gautam and Makarand Deshpande. The film was first announced with the name Geher, but the following trailer revealed it had been renamed 12 'O' Clock on 3 July 2020. It was released to the public in India on 8 January 2021.


12 'O' Clock, Production
As Mithun Chakraborty visited Ram Gopal Varma to wish him on his birthday, rumours surfaced that RGV is making a film with Chakraborty in the lead, but RGV rubbished the rumours saying he is making a film with Abhishek Bachchan after Sarkar 3, but weeks later he announced the project with Chakraborty, a horror film starring Flora Saini, Manav Kaul and Makarand Deshpande as well. Actor Amit Sadh was also in consideration for a role. The principal photography of the film started in mid-April 2019. Actors Ashish Vidyarthi and Ali Asgar joined the project later. The film was earlier titled as Geher, but later it was rechristened into 12 'O' Clock, before its trailer release.


12 (+6) In a Row
12 (+6) In a Row is an album by Paul Bley with Hans Koch and Franz Koglmann recorded in Switzerland in 1990 and released on the hat ART label the following year.


12 (+6) In a Row, Reception
Thom Jurek of AllMusic states, "In all, this is one of Bley's most curious and intimate works, where his own musical mind is given problems -- presented by serialism and its own undoing -- and his ways of resolving them or casting them out of his vocabulary. Brilliant". The Guardian review by John Fordham awarded the album 4 stars noting "This is perhaps predominantly a set for free-jazz fans; however, it's jostling with absorbing melody, and all 18 tracks are invitingly short".


12 (+6) In a Row, Track listing
All compositions by Paul Bley, Hans Koch & Franz Koglmann except as indicated


12 (2003 film)
12 is an independent feature film written, directed, edited and produced over the course of 10 years by filmmaker Lawrence Bridges. Considered the longest continuous production in film's history, up to that point, 12 is also the first film to use the aging of its actors as a practical effect. The film received acclaim from such notable publications as Variety, Shoot, and The Los Angeles Times, while playing at over 15 festivals worldwide.


12 (2003 film), Synopsis
The film is a postmodern spoof that tells the story of Zeus' modern day illegitimate children, Filmore (Tony Griffin) and his half-sister Marie-Noel (Alison Elliott), who are forced to move from their Channel Island ranch because their neighbors have grown suspicious of the fact they haven't aged for decades. Meanwhile, the U.S. government wants to turn their land into a national park.


12 (2003 film), Synopsis
When the twelve Greek Gods return to Los Angeles for relaxation Zeus expects them to correctly identify the play fated and modeled around their current lives—Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest—and perform the work flawlessly, in its entirety, for the Gods' entertainment. By such means, as the play's plot unfolds, the children are guaranteed new, credible lives. "Act or die," he commands. But if they fail to perform the play to its conclusion, or if they rebel, they will be killed by jealous Hera. The mere existence of these illegitimate children are an outrage to her, representing Zeus' countless infidelities.


12 (2003 film), Synopsis
12—whose title is often mistakenly derived from the number of years it took to create the film (10 actually)—is described by Variety as "equal parts L.A. love story, The Importance of Being Earnest, spoof on Greek gods and personal diary of actual events from 1988 to 1998." The director used more than 500,000 feet (150,000 m) of film.


12 (2003 film), Production
Shot over the course of a decade, Bridges filmed 12 whenever the actors were available and "never imposed a deadline" on the project. Throughout the course of shooting, Bridges captured footage of natural disasters and major political events, including the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the Malibu fires, four lunar eclipses and two eclipses of the sun and the Rodney King riots, which were all included in the film. Bridges explained, "My camera was always loaded and the batteries charged and often it traveled with me in my car to and from work. When there was a disaster, I was always ready to document it."


12 (2003 film), Production
In a rare twist of fate, nearly all of the original actors cast participated in the entire shoot, despite some road blocks along the way. While on a separate commercial shoot in Minneapolis, Allen Lulu suffered a heart attack caused by Phen-Phen. Additionally, Golde Starger' was diagnosed with cancer in the middle of the shoot, and thankfully, recovered. "There were divorces and there were babies born. I guess when you look at all the things that could have gone wrong and didn't, I'm a very lucky man," Bridges told Indie Slate. Additionally, Bridges adopted a flexible mentality in regards to continuity. As the actors aged and evolved, the one factor that remained semi-constant was wardrobe. For example, Griffin, who played Filmore, wore the same suite for 10 years. Dramatic hair and weight change was even accounted for in the storyline.


12 (2003 film), Production
The film was shot on 35mm Kodak short ends using Arri cameras and Zeiss Superspeed prime lenses. The short ends were stock test samples from 1989-1999. The production used minimal on-set lighting, mostly opting for available light. The camera dolly used throughout the production of the film was actually a homemade dolly that Bridges converted from a baby stroller.


12 (2003 film), Themes
12 explores a variety of themes and attitudes that relate to a postmodern perspective on Greek mythology set within modern day Los Angeles. The idea of juxtaposition—Oscar Wilde / Greek mythology, mortals/immortals, grand scenery/run down Los Angeles streets is evidenced throughout. As Bridges himself states, "12 is a diary of L.A., a cinematic record of the natural and political convulsions gripping our town during the late-1980s and into the millennium."


12 (2003 film), Themes
Bridges explained his rationale in making 12 to Shoot saying,"Being the filmmaker, I clearly am defining myself as a radical independent. That's why I made the film. It's anti-everything in Hollywood. Not because of Hollywood--this is what I would do under any circumstance. I'm in love with the aesthetic, poetic and literary potential of film, and that's what I wanted to express."


12 (2003 film), Style
More than its plot and themes, 12 is recognized for its unique—and rarely before seen—style. Drawing inspiration from French New Wave films, poetry and improvisation techniques, Bridges' film is inconsistent in tone, which some believe occurred because of the large span of time in which it was produced. One journalist described 12 as "shifting capriciously between the near-profound and the pointlessly silly." The first half of the film especially has been considered nonlinear in regards to its narrative structure.


12 (2003 film), Music
None of the music in 12 was original score, yet the film incorporated over 100 different cues of music. More than 60 of those cues were classical in nature, incorporating Mozart, Beethoven, Bach and the like. Also of note is the fact that 12 is the first film for which the composer John Adams has allowed his music to be used.


12 (2003 film), Distribution and publicity
Just as the film blurs the boundaries of life and art, so does its distribution. 12 is shown via guerrilla drive-ins, a movement the filmmaker created, which entails projecting the piece on walls of buildings throughout Los Angeles and instructing viewers to tune their car radios to a specified station. Locations have included a Staples store on Sunset Boulevard, a parking lot behind the Los Angeles Police Department's Hollywood offices and a parking lot near a Sportmart in West Los Angeles, to name a few.


12 (2003 film), Distribution and publicity
Bridges said he created the  guerrilla drive-in in an effort to "paint the artwork back on the subject of its inception -- projecting what you filmed back on to the wall at night." Although the film was an out of pocket expense for Bridges, he has said he is "waiting for the audience to find it, in terms of the marketplace," but also considers 12 to be public art that was privately funded.


12 (2003 film), Distribution and publicity
In 2002, Bridges began a grassroots effort to be considered for Academy awards and passed out 12 T-shirts to members of the Academy. However, police mistook him as a street vagrant and had him taken into custody. Coincidentally, the Los Angeles Times caught the incident on camera and published an image of Bridges being arrested wearing the '12 for Best Picture' shirt.


12 (2003 film), Critical reception
Although it never saw commercial success, 12 is considered an underground cult film that has played at more than 15 festivals worldwide and was honored with a "Best of Fest" award at the Syracuse International Film and Video Festival in 2004. It is critically acclaimed for its unique production process, complex and current themes and stunning visuals.


12 (2003 film), Critical reception
LA Weekly film critic Paul Malcolm praised the filmmaker's inventive nature, writing, "Bridges, a director of television commercials, has a feel for transformative compositions that can remake even the most familiar environment -- a kitchen pantry, a corner on Wilshire Boulevard -- into a place of wonder."


12 (2003 film), Critical reception
Variety reviewer Robert Koehler applauded Bridges for his "dizzying, unforgettable adventure," writing, "Griffin and Elliott provide a good grounding for the viewer's attention as the deconstructed stream of images and story roll by, but much of the fascination here is not in the highly uneven perfs, but in pic's raw enthusiasm for the film medium, montage, the juxtaposition of image and sound and the reimagining of Greek classicism in a SoCal setting."


12 (2003 film), Critical reception
Tod Booth of the San Francisco Film Society called 12 "ambitious, discursive and hilarious" and described the film to be "as challenging and sweeping as a Pynchon novel-a Marx Brothers version of a Wagnerian opera, with Jean-Luc Godard mixed in."


12 (2003 film), Critical reception
In his monthly Media Matters column on Hollywood Network, Miles Beller wrote, "12 is by turns funny and infuriating, loony and inspire. Here is a movie that juggles actualities and artifice with manic glee. [ ...] [Bridges'] 12 is a daring, new vision of the human condition, a work of art that sublimely shows the folly and fulfillment of the ascent of man."


12 (2007 film)
12 is a 2007 legal drama film by Russian director, screenwriter, producer and actor Nikita Mikhalkov. The film is a Russian-language remake of Sidney Lumet's 1957 film 12 Angry Men, which in turn was based on Reginald Rose's 1955 stage play, Twelve Angry Men, itself based on Rose's 1954 teleplay of the latter's same name.


12 (2007 film)
Mikhalkov was awarded the Special Lion at the 64th Venice International Film Festival for his work on the film, which also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film. It received generally positive reviews from critics.


12 (2007 film), Plot
A 12-men jury decides whether a young Chechen boy is guilty of the murder of his stepfather, a Russian military officer. Initially it seems that the boy was the murderer. However, one of the jurors, a foreman, votes in favour of acquittal. Since the verdict must be rendered unanimously, the jurors review the case, and one by one come to the conclusion that the boy was framed. The murder was performed by criminals involved in the construction business. The discussion is repeatedly interrupted by flashbacks from the boy's wartime childhood.


12 (2007 film), Plot
In the end the foreman states that he was sure the boy did not commit the crime but he will not vote in favour of acquittal since the acquitted boy will be subsequently killed by the same criminals. In addition, the foreman reveals that he is a former intelligence officer. After a brief argument, the foreman agrees to join the majority. Later the foreman tells the boy that he will find the real murderers.


12 (2007 film), Reception
The movie received generally positive critical opinion in Russia and abroad. 12 has an approval rating of 77% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 60 reviews, and an average rating of 6.88/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Loosely based on 1957's 12 Angry Men, Nikita Mikhalkov's superbly acted 12 is clever and gripping like its predecessor, but with a distinctly Russian feel". It also has a score of 72 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


12 (2007 film), Reception
Russian president Vladimir Putin together with the film crew, Chechnya's president Ramzan Kadyrov and Ingushetia's president Murat Zyazikov watched the film in Putin's residence in Novo-Ogarevo; after the screening Putin remarked that the film "brought a tear to the eye". Opposition journalist Zoya Svetova labeled the film as pro-Putin, assuming that some of the characters are caricatures of Russian opposition politicians Valeriya Novodvorskaya and Mikhail Khodorkovsky as well as producer Dmitry Lesnevsky.


12 (2007 film), Reception, Awards
12 received a special Golden Lion for the "consistent brilliance" of its work and was praised by many critics at the 64th Venice International Film Festival. The Venice jury defined the movie as "confirmation of his [Mikhalkov's] mastery in exploring and revealing to us, with great humanity and emotion, the complexity of existence". It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.


12 (American Song Book)
12 (American Song Book) is an album by Italian singer Mina, released in 2012.


12 (American Song Book)
In the album, Mina covers 12 standards of American music, originally published between 1930 ("Just a Gigolo") and 1970 ("Fire and Rain"). Among the others, she sings "Everything Happens to Me" for the third time (previously recorded in 1964 for the album Mina and in 1993 for Lochness) and "Love Me Tender" for the second time (previously covered for the 1991 album Caterpillar).


12 (American Song Book)
The album was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.


12 (BMT rapid transit service)
12 was the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation's designation for trains that used the BMT Lexington Avenue Line. This number was used on service listings on company maps, but was never displayed on train equipment, nor were trains referred to as "12 trains" in the manner of the current system, but were called Lexington Avenue Line trains.


12 (BMT rapid transit service)
The BMT assigned numbers to its services in 1924, and 12 was applied to trains between Park Row and Eastern Parkway via the Brooklyn Bridge, BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, BMT Lexington Avenue Line and BMT Jamaica Line. During rush hours, service extended east to Crescent Street; some afternoon rush hour trains continued to 111th Street or 168th Street.


12 (BMT rapid transit service)
Between 1925 and 1931, all rush hour service was extended to 111th or 168th Street. In addition, some afternoon rush hour trains were added between Sands Street (on the Brooklyn side of the Brooklyn Bridge) and 111th Street.


12 (BMT rapid transit service)
By 1937, normal service had been truncated to the Brooklyn side of the bridge; rush hour trains still crossed the bridge to Park Row. Additionally, trains no longer ran to 168th Street, with all rush hour trains going to 111th Street. The extra afternoon rush hour trains from Sands Street to 111th Street remained.


12 (BMT rapid transit service)
On May 31, 1940, service was ended on the BMT Fulton Street Line west of Rockaway Avenue and the full length of the BMT Fifth Avenue Line and BMT Third Avenue Line. All Lexington Avenue trains were once again extended across the Brooklyn Bridge to Park Row, and a new service called Fulton – Lexington Avenue was inaugurated, replacing service that had been provided by Fulton Street trains, and operating to the Fulton Street Line terminus at Lefferts Avenue.


12 (BMT rapid transit service)
On March 5, 1944, the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line was closed west of Jay Street and the Bridge Street station at that location was renamed Bridge–Jay Streets; all 12 trains were truncated there (with a free transfer first to streetcars, and then to the IND at Jay Street – Borough Hall) – see List of New York City Subway transfer stations for details.


12 (BMT rapid transit service)
By 1948, Fulton – Lexington Avenue trains were truncated to Grant Avenue. The BMT Lexington Avenue Line closed on October 13, 1950, ending all 12 service.


12 (Fiskales Ad-Hok album)
12 is the eighth album of the Chilean band Fiskales Ad-Hok. It consists of 12 covers.


12 (Force Support) Engineer Group
12 (Force Support) Engineer Group is an engineer formation of the British Army.


12 (Force Support) Engineer Group, History
The group can trace its origins to 12th Engineer Brigade which was originally created to command the reserve Airfield Damage Repair regiments. In 1989 the brigade was under the command of the Eastern District, United Kingdom Land Forces and was headquartered at Waterbeach. By 1989, the brigade had a mix of regular and reserve units. and the brigade had the following structure:


12 (Force Support) Engineer Group, History
After the Options for Change force reductions, the brigade was re-titled as the 12 (Air Support) Engineer Group, however it remained at RAF Waterbeach.


12 (Force Support) Engineer Group, History
The 12th Engineer Group was formed after the conversion of the former 12th Engineer Brigade. In 2005, as a result of the Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper, the group was moved under the command of the new 8th Force Engineer Brigade. Before the initial Army 2020 changes, the group had the following structure:


12 (Force Support) Engineer Group, Current Organisation
After the Army 2020 Refine reforms, the group was retitled as 12 (Force Support) Engineer Group remaining under the 8th Engineer Brigade. Its responsibilities changed from Airfield Support to "support to Theater Entry, Route Maintenance, and Enabling Airfield Operations". The group's current structure is:


12 (Herbert Grönemeyer album)
12 is the twelfth full-length album by German singer Herbert Grönemeyer, released in March 2007. It was recorded between 2006 and 2007 in London and was produced by Alex Silva and Herbert Grönemeyer. All songs were written by Grönemeyer, except the song "Spur" to which Arezu Weitholz contributed parts of the lyrics.


12 (Herbert Grönemeyer album)
The Album reached # 1 – Position in German Charts. The first single "Stück vom Himmel", became his third number-one single in Germany after "Mensch" and "Zeit, dass sich was dreht".


12 (Keller Williams album)
12 is the twelfth album by Keller Williams, released in 2007. It features one song from each of his previous 11 albums, as well as one previously un-recorded song (Freshies).


12 (Sloan album)
12 is the twelfth studio album by Canadian rock band Sloan. The album debuted at #11 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart,  which is the band's highest position on that chart in their history.


12 (The Notwist album)
12 is an album by The Notwist, released in 1995. It has been described as a transition album between the earlier, punk rock and metal sound of The Notwist and Nook and the later, electronica and plinkerpop Shrink and Neon Golden. It was re-released in 2003 following the success of Neon Golden.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance
12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance is a Canadian Forces Primary Reserve medical unit in Vancouver, British Columbia.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History
This unit has a long and distinguished history that lives up to the medical corps tradition of being faithful in adversity. It is the latest in a line of Vancouver army medical units dating back to 18 Field Ambulance of World War I.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, World War I
This unit started out initially as a local militia unit. In World War I, the field ambulance was sent to the 5th Canadian Division and stationed with the 72nd Battalion (Seaforth Highlanders of Canada), CEF, for a period of time. After the war, it was set up as a reserve unit and renamed 12 Field Ambulance. The unit was called to active service in World War II in 1939.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, World War II
In 1942 the unit, now known as 12 Canadian Light Field Ambulance (the term "light" indicated that it was equipped to be particularly fast moving and so able to keep up with a swiftly advancing armoured division), sailed to England with the 4th (Canadian) Armoured Division. Providing medical support to the Division as they participated in operations within Europe. One of the unit's most significant action was in support of the 4th Armoured Division during the battle of Hochwald Forest. Captain Nathan Kaufman was Section Officer.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, World War II
His OBE award states that "On 2 March 1945, Captain Kaufman sited the most forward casualty collecting post in the Hochwald Gap and its position was responsible for the fact that early medical attention was given to the wounded in that sector. Through all operations this officer has shown a consistent devotion to duty combined with an ability to get forward and complete his job despite the personal risk involved. His willingness to serve and his efficient handling of casualties has been an inspiration to all ranks of his unit."


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, World War II
12 Field Ambulance made Canadian medical corps history becoming the only field ambulance to engage the enemy in combat. This occurred one morning in April 1945 in the German town of Sogel. German soldiers approached, and fired upon the casualty treatment facility under cover of darkness. The commanding officer quickly organized two platoons, and placed them at the approaches to the dressing stations. They held off the enemy for two hours; with weapons borrowed from the wounded – at the time medics did not carry weapons – until a squadron of tanks arrived to relieve them. During the fighting the dressing station continued treating patients. The commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A.D. MacPherson received the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership in this action; Corporal F.F. Thompson was awarded the Military Medal, and Captain Harry Jolley was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, Post-World War II to 1999
After the war, 12 Field Ambulance was reverted to the Army Reserve (Militia) and moved to Jericho Garrison in 1947. The unit was then renamed 24 Medical Company following another move to Bessborough Armoury. In 1969, the medical unit became attached to 12 Vancouver Service Battalion. In the early 1970s, the unit was disbanded along with all militia medical units across Canada. After existing as a medical station at 12 Service Battalion for several years, the unit was raised as 12 (Vancouver) Medical Company in 1980 and is relocated back to its present location at Jericho Garrison later that year. During this period, the unit participated in numerous peace keeping missions and served on tours in Bosnia, Croatia, Cypress, Aviano and the Golan Heights.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, History, 2000 to present
12 Field Ambulance was involved with local operations ranging from G8 Security in 2002 to fighting BC Forest Fires in the year 2003. Recently, the unit was awarded Freedom of the City from the city of Vancouver in 2007. In addition to domestic operations, the unit participated in operations overseas, most recently in Operation Athena in Afghanistan.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, Awards
Freedom of the City of Vancouver was given to the 12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance on April 14, 2007.


12 (Vancouver) Field Ambulance, Operations
12 Field Ambulance had members deployed in many domestic and foreign operations, including:


12 (Vancouver) Service Company
12 (Vancouver) Service Company (12 Svc Coy) is a Canadian Army Primary Reserve combat service support unit  of the Canadian Forces that can fight in a defensive role and provides logistical support to the units within 3rd Canadian Division's 39 Canadian Brigade Group, which consists of all Primary Reserve units in British Columbia.


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Service battalion background
In Canada, service battalions were originally created from many corps that were once part the Canadian Forces. The units which were amalgamated to form service battalions were:


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history
No . 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion was created on 15 February 1965 and received royal assent in June 1977. Originally, the battalion was based at the North Jericho Complex and was named Vancouver Militia Service Battalion. In 1971, the battalion was reassigned to the South Jericho Complex. In 1974, changes to Militia service battalions of the Canadian Forces occurred and then led to the change in the battalion's name from Vancouver Militia Service Battalion to the current title, 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion.


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history
On 10 April 1988, 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion moved for the final time, from the South Jericho Complex to the current location where the battalion is headquartered, the Colonel Sherman Armoury in Richmond, British Columbia. On 8 March 1993, the City of Richmond awarded 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion with  and then on 17 April 1993, 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion marched "through the city streets with drums beating, flags flying, and bayonets fixed."


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history
In 2010, the two Service Battalions within 39 CBG, 11 (Victoria) Service Battalion and 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion, were amalgamated and changed to companies. The two units now make up two companies of 39 Service Battalion. As a result, 11 (Victoria) Service Battalion was renamed: 11 (Victoria) Service Company, and 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion was renamed: 12 (Vancouver) Service Company. The Armoury was used as a communications operations base for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games.


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history, 12 Military Police Platoon
12 Military Police Platoon (12 MP Pl) is not attached to 12 Svc Coy, but works within the same armoury. It is part of 15 Military Police Company (15 MP Coy), 1 Military Police Regiment (1 MP Regt). The platoon has two sections located in Richmond, British Columbia and one section located in Victoria, British Columbia. The role of the Primary Reserve Military Police is to augment the Regular Force.


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Battalion history, 12 Military Police Platoon
Their role is less comprehensive than that of Regular Force Military Police and includes the provision to the Department of National Defence of security and custodial services in both operational and non-operational theatres and on CF establishments; the protection of personnel, information and material against subversion, sabotage, espionage, terrorism and other forms of threat, the enforcement of discipline, the control and documentation of prisoners of war, NBC monitoring and traffic control in support of field operations.


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury
The Colonel Sherman Armoury was built specifically for the needs of 12 Svc Coy and was the first armoury in Canada that was built for the needs of a Primary Reserve (Militia) service battalion. The armoury includes:


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury
In addition to hosting 12 Svc Coy, the armoury also houses two Royal Canadian Army Cadets units, and one Royal Canadian Air Cadets unit:


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury
2947 RCACC is affiliated to 12 (Vancouver) Service Coy and receives logistical and training support.


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury
After the amalgamation of 11 and 12 Service Battalions, 2947 RCACC retained its name of 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion at the request of the Unit.


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, Colonel Sherman Armoury
Cadets are not members of the Canadian Forces. Cadets is a youth program for 12- to 18-year-olds, the aim of which is to instil in youth the attributes of good citizenship and leadership, promote physical fitness and foster an interest in the sea, land, and air activities of the Canadian Forces.


12 (Vancouver) Service Company, 12 Service Battalion Museum
The museum collects, preserves, interprets and exhibits artifacts/archives related to 12 ServiceBattalion, its predecessor corps and other organizations connected to the military and socialdevelopment of the unit. The museum is affiliated with: Canadian Museums Association,  Canadian Heritage Information Network, Organization of Military Museums of Canada and Virtual Museum of Canada.


12 (number)
12 (twelve) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. Twelve is a superior highly composite number, divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6.


12 (number)
It is the number of years required for a full cycle of Jupiter, historically considered to be the brightest "wandering star". It is central to many systems of timekeeping, including the Western calendar and units of time of day, and frequently appears in the world's major religions.


12 (number), Name
Twelve is the largest number with a single-syllable name in English. Early Germanic numbers have been theorized to have been non-decimal: evidence includes the unusual phrasing of eleven and twelve, the former use of "hundred" to refer to groups of 120, and the presence of glosses such as "tentywise" or "ten-count" in medieval texts showing that writers could not presume their readers would normally understand them that way. Such uses gradually disappeared with the introduction of Arabic numerals during the 12th-century Renaissance.


12 (number), Name
Derived from Old English, twelf and tuelf are first attested in the 10th-century Lindisfarne Gospels' Book of John. It has cognates in every Germanic language (e.g. German zwölf), whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *twaliƀi..., from *twa ("two") and suffix *-lif- or *-liƀ- of uncertain meaning. It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian dvýlika, although -lika is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19 (analogous to "-teen"). Every other Indo-European language instead uses a form of "two"+"ten", such as the Latin duōdecim.


12 (number), Name
The usual ordinal form is "twelfth" but "dozenth" or "duodecimal" (from the Latin word) is also used in some contexts, particularly base-12 numeration. Similarly, a group of twelve things is usually a "dozen" but may also be referred to as a "dodecad" or "duodecad". The adjective referring to a group of twelve is "duodecuple".


12 (number), Name
As with eleven, the earliest forms of twelve are often considered to be connected with Proto-Germanic *liƀan or *liƀan ("to leave"), with the implicit meaning that "two is left" after having already counted to ten. The Lithuanian suffix is also considered to share a similar development. The suffix *-lif- has also been connected with reconstructions of the Proto-Germanic for ten.


12 (number), Name
As mentioned above, 12 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English (dozen), Dutch (dozijn), German (Dutzend), and Swedish (dussin), all derived from Old French dozaine. It is a compound number in many other languages, e.g. Italian dodici (but in Spanish and Portuguese, 16, and in French, 17 is the first compound number), Japanese 十二 jūni.


12 (number), Name, Written representation
In prose writing, twelve, being the last single-syllable numeral, is sometimes taken as the last number to be written as a word, and 13 the first to be written using digits. This is not a binding rule, and in English language tradition, it is sometimes recommended to spell out numbers up to and including either nine, ten or twelve, or even  ninety-nine or one hundred. Another system spells out all numbers written in one or two words (sixteen, twenty-seven, fifteen thousand, but 372 or 15,001). In German orthography, there used to be the widely followed (but unofficial) rule of spelling out numbers up to twelve  (zwölf). The Duden (the German standard dictionary) mentions this rule as outdated.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
Twelve is a composite number, the smallest number with exactly six divisors, its divisors being 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. Twelve is also a highly composite number, the next one being twenty-four.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
Twelve is the smallest abundant number, since it is the smallest integer for which the sum of its proper divisors (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16) is greater than itself. Twelve is a sublime number, a number that has a perfect number of divisors, and the sum of its divisors is also a perfect number. Since there is a subset of 12's proper divisors that add up to 12 (all of them but with 4 excluded), 12 is a semiperfect number.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
If an odd perfect number is of the form 12k + 1, it has at least twelve distinct prime factors.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
A twelve-sided polygon is a dodecagon. A twelve-faced polyhedron is a dodecahedron. Regular cubes and octahedrons both have 12 edges, while regular icosahedrons have 12 vertices. Twelve is a pentagonal number. The densest three-dimensional lattice sphere packing has each sphere touching 12 others, and this is almost certainly true for any arrangement of spheres  (the Kepler conjecture). Twelve is also the kissing number in three dimensions.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
Twelve is the smallest weight for which a cusp form exists. This cusp form is the discriminant Δ(q) whose Fourier coefficients are given by the Ramanujan τ-function and which is (up to a constant multiplier) the 24th power of the Dedekind eta function. This fact is related to a constellation of interesting appearances of the number twelve in mathematics ranging from the value of the Riemann zeta function at −1 i.e. ζ(−1) = −1/12, the fact that the abelianization of SL(2,Z) has twelve elements, and even the properties of lattice polygons.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
There are twelve Jacobian elliptic functions and twelve cubic distance-transitive graphs.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
There are 12 Latin squares of size 3 × 3.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
The duodecimal system (1210 [twelve] = 1012), which is the use of 12 as a division factor for many ancient and medieval weights and measures, including hours, probably originates from Mesopotamia.


12 (number), Mathematical properties
In base thirteen and higher bases (such as hexadecimal), twelve is represented as C. In base 10, the number 12 is a Harshad number.


12 (number), In nature
Notably, twelve is the number of full lunations in a solar year, and the number of years for a full cycle of Jupiter (the brightest of the ancient "wandering stars"), hence the number of months in a solar calendar, as well as the number of signs in the Western and the Chinese zodiac.


12 (number), Religion
The number twelve carries religious, mythological and magical  symbolism, generally representing perfection, entirety, or cosmic order in traditions since antiquity.


12 (number), Religion, Judaism and Christianity
Ishmael - the first-born son of Abraham - has 12 sons/princes (Genesis 25:16), and Jacob also has 12 sons, who are the progenitors of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. This is reflected in Christian tradition, notably  in the twelve Apostles. When Judas Iscariot is disgraced, a meeting is held (Acts) to add Saint Matthias to complete the number twelve once more. The Book of Revelation contains much numerical symbolism, and many of the numbers mentioned have 12 as a divisor.


12 (number), Religion, Judaism and Christianity
mentions a woman—interpreted as the people of Israel, the Church and the Virgin Mary—wearing a crown of twelve stars (representing each of the twelve tribes of Israel). Furthermore, there are 12,000 people sealed from each of the twelve tribes of Israel, making a total of 144,000 (which is the square of 12 multiplied by a thousand).


12 (number), In the arts, Film
Movies with the number twelve or its variations in their titles include:


12 Again
12 Again is a show that premiered on CBBC on 13 February 2012. It is presented by Iain Stirling, and each episode is 30 minutes long. The show sees various celebrities talking about what their life was like at the age of 12, usually covering news stories, what they would gossip about, favourite television programmes, favourite music, their favourite celebrities and what they would have done differently if they were 12 again.


12 Again, Episodes, "End of Summer" special
On Monday 3 September 2012 at 5:45 pm, a brand new 12 Again special premiered, where many special celebrity guests revisit their favourite summer memories of when they were 12.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
A second series of 12 Again began on Friday, 21 September 2012, at 5 pm, to run for 13 episodes.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Dionne Bromfield, Ed Petrie and John Humphrys revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, American Idol Adam Lambert talks about what he was like at 12.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Young Dracula's Clare Thomas and Gerran Howell, Professor Green and Susanna Reid revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, girl band Stooshe look back at their 12-year-old selves.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Edith Bowman, Roll Deep and Newsround legend John Craven revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, American band Hot Chelle Rae reveal what they were like at 12.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Antony Cotton, Winter Olympian Amy Williams and radio legend Tony Blackburn revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, R&B megastar Usher reveals what he was like at 12.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Conor Maynard, Ore Oduba and impressionist Debra Stephenson revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also the Scissor Sisters reveal what they were like at 12.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
A special Halloween edition of 12 Again, in which a host of top celebrities look back on their Halloween experiences when they were 12. What did they get dressed up as? What used to scare the pants off them on TV? And which spooky songs did they love? This special show celebrates the scariest, spookiest night of the year.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Countdown's Rachel Riley, Ronan Keating, and rockers Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley from Kiss revisit the music and TV shows they loved - and the big news stories that happened - when they were 12. Plus Charlie from Lonsdale Boys Club reveals what he was like when he was a kid.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Marcus Collins, Porter Robinson, and Christine Bleakley revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, Alyssa Reid reveals what she was like when she was 12.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Dominique Moore, "H" from Steps and TV legend Angela Rippon revisit the music and TV shows they loved and the big news stories that happened when they were kids. Also, pop band Lawson reveal what they were like when they were 12.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
CBBC's Cel Spellman, Dan Walker from Football Focus and soap star Sally Dynevor revisit the music and TV shows they loved when they were 12, as well as the big news stories back then. And Little Mix reveal what life was like when they were 12.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
Rita Ora, Chris Bisson and chef Simmon revisit the music and TV shows they loved when they were 12, as well as the big news stories back then. And kings of grime Clement Marfo and the Frontline reveal what life was like when they were 12


12 Again, Episodes, Series 2: 2012
A dance-tastic special edition of 12 Again, in which we tango back in time with the stars of Strictly Come Dancing. What were they like at school, what tunes did they jive along to, and which favourite TV shows got their toes tapping? Featuring Craig Revel-Horwood, Bruno Tonioli, James and Ola Jordan and many more.


12 Again, Episodes, Series 3: 2013
Special guests: Kirstie Steele, Richard McCourt, Dominic Wood, Hayley Cutts, Ricky Boleto,


12 Again, Future
A fourth series was confirmed for last 2014. It will air on Thursdays at 5 pm.


12 Again, Premiere
The show premiered in February 2012, during the half-term break, with new episodes every day. Re -runs of the show air as of April 2012. New episodes premiere at different times; there is usually at least one episode in 2 months. New episodes will premiere every day at 10 am and repeated at 3 pm from 2 to 11 June so there will be 7 episodes premiering.


12 Again, Premiere
Series 2 began on Friday 21 September 2012 at 5 pm, with brand new episodes premiering every Friday until Friday 14 December 2012.


12 Andromedae
12 Andromedae is a single star in the northern constellation of Andromeda. The designation is from the star catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.87, which indicates it is just visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions. An annual parallax shift of 23.83 mas provides a distance estimate of 137 light years. The star is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −10.5 km/s.


12 Andromedae
This is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F5 V.  It is about 2.5 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 12 km/s. The abundance of iron is similar to that in the Sun. The star has an estimated 1.25 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating just over 7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 6,454 K.


12 Angry Lebanese: The Documentary
12 Angry Lebanese: The Documentary is a 2009 Lebanese documentary film directed, written and produced by Zeina Daccache, which chronicles efforts to stage an adaptation of Reginald Rose's 1954 teleplay Twelve Angry Men with inmates inside Beirut's Roumieh Prison It premiered at the 2009 Dubai International Film Festival.


12 Angry Lebanese: The Documentary, Production
The film was directed, written and produced by Zeina Daccache.


12 Angry Men (1957 film)
12 Angry Men is a 1957 American courtroom drama film directed by Sidney Lumet, adapted from a 1954 teleplay of the same name by Reginald Rose. The film tells the story of a jury of 12 men as they deliberate the conviction or acquittal of an 18-year old defendant on the basis of reasonable doubt, forcing the jurors to question their morals and values. It stars Henry Fonda (who also produced the film with Reginald Rose), Lee J. Cobb, Ed Begley, E. G. Marshall, and Jack Warden.


12 Angry Men (1957 film)
12 Angry Men explores many techniques of consensus-building and the difficulties encountered in the process among this group of men whose range of personalities adds to the intensity and conflict. It also explores the power one person has to elicit change. The jury members are identified only by number; no names are revealed until an exchange of dialogue at the very end. The film forces the characters and audience to evaluate their own self-image through observing the personality, experiences, and actions of the jurors. The film is also notable for its almost exclusive use of one set, where all but three minutes of the film takes place.


12 Angry Men (1957 film)
The film was selected as the second-best courtroom drama ever (after 1962's To Kill a Mockingbird) by the American Film Institute for their AFI's 10 Top 10 list. It is regarded by many as one of the greatest films ever made. In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
In the overheated jury room of the New York County Courthouse, a jury prepares to deliberate the case of an 18-year-old impoverished youth accused of stabbing his father to death. The judge instructs them that if there is any reasonable doubt, the jurors are to return a verdict of not guilty; if found guilty, the defendant will receive a death sentence. The verdict must be unanimous.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
At first, the evidence seems convincing: a neighbor testified to witnessing the defendant stab his father from her window. Another neighbor testified that he heard the defendant threaten to kill his father and the father's body hitting the ground, and then, as he opened his door, saw the defendant running down the stairs. The boy has a violent past and had recently purchased a switchblade of the same type as was found at the murder scene, but claimed he lost it. The knife at the scene had been cleaned of fingerprints.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
The jurors at first seem to take the decision lightly. Juror 7 in particular is anxious to catch his tickets to the baseball game. In a preliminary vote conducted by Juror 1, all jurors vote guilty except Juror 8, who believes that there should be some discussion before the verdict is made. He questions the reliability of the witnesses’ testimonies and also throws doubt on the supposed uniqueness of the murder weapon by producing an identical switchblade from his pocket. He says he cannot vote guilty because reasonable doubt exists.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
With his arguments seemingly failing to convince any of the other jurors, Juror 8 suggests a secret ballot, from which he will abstain; if all the other jurors still vote guilty, he will acquiesce. The ballot reveals one not guilty vote. Juror 3 immediately accuses Juror 5 (who previously said he grew up in the slums like the defendant). As the two bicker, Juror 9 reveals that he changed his vote, respecting Juror 8's motives and agreeing there should be more discussion.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
Juror 8 argues that the noise of a passing train would have obscured the threat the second witness claimed to have overheard. Juror 5 changes his vote, as does Juror 11, who believes the defendant, had he truly killed his father, would not have returned to the crime scene several hours later to retrieve the murder weapon as it had already been cleaned of fingerprints. Juror 8 also points out that people often say "I'm going to kill you" without literally meaning it.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
Jurors 5, 6, and 8 further question the second witness's story by noting his claim that he reached his front door fifteen seconds after he heard the body hit the floor is doubtful as he walked dragging a leg behind him due to a stroke. After looking at a diagram of the witness' apartment and conducting an experiment, the Jurors determine that there is no way the witness could have made it to his door in such a short space of time. Juror 3 is infuriated, and after a verbal argument, tries to attack Juror 8, shouting "I'll kill him! ", proving Juror 8's point about the defendant's words. Jurors 2 and 6 change their votes; the jury is now evenly split.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
Juror 4 doubts the defendant's alibi of having been at the movies, based on the boy's inability to recall certain details regarding his alibi. Juror 8 tests Juror 4's own memory. He is able to remember events from the previous week, with difficulty similar to the defendant. Jurors 2 and 3 debate whether the defendant could have stabbed his much-taller father from a downward angle, with Juror 3 demonstrating on Juror 8 that a downward stab was physically possible, though awkward. Juror 5 then demonstrates the correct way to hold and use a switchblade; highlighting that someone who knew how to use one would always stab underhand at an upward angle against a taller opponent.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
Juror 7 half-heartedly changes his vote, leading to an inquisition by Juror 11. Under duress Juror 7 sloppily says he thinks the boy is not guilty. After another vote, Jurors 12 and 1 also change their votes, leaving only three guilty votes. Juror 10 erupts in vitriol regarding the defendant's ethnicity. The rest of the jurors, except Jurors 4 and 7, stand up to turn their backs to him. When he bemoans that nobody is listening to him, Juror 4 states that he has, and tells him to sit down and be quiet.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
Juror 10 then walks over to a desk in the corner, now isolated. Juror 8 makes a statement about reasonable doubt before having the rest of the jurors return to the case. When pressed as to why he still maintains a guilty vote, Juror 4 declares that the woman who saw the killing from across the street stands as solid evidence. Juror 12 reverts to a guilty vote.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
After watching Juror 4 rub his nose, irritated by impressions from his eyeglasses, Juror 9 realizes that the first witness had the same impressions on her nose as well and was constantly rubbing them, indicating that she wore eyeglasses as well but did not wear them to court out of vanity. The other jurors begin to chime in about this new breakthrough.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
Juror 8 reasons that the witness, who was trying to sleep when she saw the killing, was not wearing her eyeglasses when it happened and she would not have had time to put them on to get a clear view of the person who did the stabbing, making her story dubious. Jurors 12, 10 and 4 all change their vote, leaving Juror 3 as the sole dissenter.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Plot
Juror 3 gives an increasingly tortured string of arguments, building on earlier remarks about his strained relationship with his own son, which is ultimately why he wants the boy to be found guilty. In a moment of rage, Juror 3 tears up a photograph of him and his son before breaking down sobbing. He mutters "not guilty", making the vote unanimous. As the others leave, Juror 8 helps the distraught Juror 3 with his coat. The defendant is found not guilty off-screen and the jurors leave the courthouse. In a brief epilogue, Jurors 8 (Davis) and 9 (McCardle) introduce each other for the first time by their names before parting.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Production
Reginald Rose's screenplay for 12 Angry Men was initially produced for television (starring Robert Cummings as Juror 8), and was broadcast live on the CBS program Studio One in September 1954. A complete kinescope of that performance, which had been missing for years and was feared lost, was discovered in 2003. It was staged at Chelsea Studios in New York City.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Production
The success of the television production resulted in a film adaptation. Sidney Lumet, whose prior directorial credits included dramas for television productions such as The Alcoa Hour and Studio One, was recruited by Henry Fonda and Rose to direct. 12 Angry Men was Lumet's first feature film, and the only producing credit for Fonda and Rose (under the production company, Orion-Nova Productions). Fonda later stated that he would never again produce a film.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Production
The film was shot in New York and completed after a short but rigorous rehearsal schedule, in less than three weeks, on a budget of $337,000 (equivalent to $3,105,000 in 2020). Rose and Fonda took salary deferrals.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Production
At the beginning of the film, the cameras are positioned above eye level and mounted with wide-angle lenses, to give the appearance of greater depth between subjects, but as the film progresses the focal length of the lenses is gradually increased. By the end of the film, nearly everyone is shown in closeup, using telephoto lenses from a lower angle, which decreases or "shortens" depth of field. Lumet stated that his intention in using these techniques with cinematographer Boris Kaufman was to create a nearly palpable claustrophobia.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Initial response
On its first release, 12 Angry Men received critical acclaim. A. H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote, "It makes for taut, absorbing, and compelling drama that reaches far beyond the close confines of its jury room setting." His observation of the twelve men was that "their dramas are powerful and provocative enough to keep a viewer spellbound."


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Initial response
Variety called it an "absorbing drama" with acting that was "perhaps the best seen recently in any single film," Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times declared it a "tour de force in movie making," The Monthly Film Bulletin deemed it "a compelling and outstandingly well handled drama," and John McCarten of The New Yorker called it "a fairly substantial addition to the celluloid landscape."


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Initial response
However, the film was a box office disappointment in the US but did better internationally. The advent of color and widescreen productions may have contributed to its disappointing box office performance. It was not until its first airing on television that the movie finally found its audience.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Legacy
The film is viewed as a classic, highly regarded from both a critical and popular viewpoint: Roger Ebert listed it as one of his "Great Movies". The American Film Institute named Juror 8, played by Henry Fonda, 28th in a list of the 50 greatest movie heroes of the 20th century. AFI also named 12 Angry Men the 42nd most inspiring film, the 88th most heart-pounding film and the 87th best film of the past hundred years. The film was also nominated for the 100 movies list in 1998.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Legacy
In 2011, the film was the second most screened film in secondary schools in the United Kingdom. As of September 2021, the film holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 55 reviews, with a weighted average of 9.10/10. The site's consensus reads: "Sidney Lumet's feature debut is a superbly written, dramatically effective courtroom thriller that rightfully stands as a modern classic".


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Reception, Awards
The film was selected as the second-best courtroom drama ever by the American Film Institute during their AFI's 10 Top 10 list, just after To Kill a Mockingbird, and is the highest courtroom drama on Rotten Tomatoes' Top 100 Movies of All Time.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences
Speaking at a screening of the film during the 2010 Fordham University Law School Film festival, Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor stated that seeing 12 Angry Men while she was in college influenced her decision to pursue a career in law. She was particularly inspired by immigrant Juror 11's monologue on his reverence for the American justice system. She also told the audience of law students that, as a lower-court judge, she would sometimes instruct juries to not follow the film's example, because most of the jurors' conclusions are based on speculation, not fact.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences
Sotomayor noted that events such as Juror 8 entering a similar knife into the proceeding; performing outside research into the case matter in the first place; and ultimately the jury as a whole making broad, wide-ranging assumptions far beyond the scope of reasonable doubt (such as the inferences regarding the woman wearing glasses) would not be allowed in a real-life jury situation, and would in fact have yielded a mistrial (assuming, of course, that applicable law permitted the content of jury deliberations to be revealed).


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences
There have been a number of adaptations. A 1963 German TV production Die zwölf Geschworenen was directed by Günter Gräwert, and a 1973 Spanish production, Doce hombres sin piedad, was made for TV 22 years before Spain allowed juror trials, while a 1991 homage by Kōki Mitani, Juninin no Yasashii Nihonjin ("12 gentle Japanese"), posits a Japan with a jury system and features a group of Japanese people grappling with their responsibility in the face of Japanese cultural norms. A 1986 episode of Murder, She Wrote entitled "Trial by Error" pays tribute to 12 Angry Men.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences
The major twists are originally 10 jurors vote for "not guilty" due to self defense, Jessica votes "unsure" and another juror votes "guilty". Jessica and other jurors recall the evidence, as more and more jurors switch from "not guilty due to self defense" and come to a realization as to what actually occurred the night of the murder. The 1987 Indian film in Hindi language Ek Ruka Hua Faisla ("a pending decision") and also in Kannada as Dashamukha ("ten faces") are the remakes of the film, with an almost identical storyline.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences
Russian director Nikita Mikhalkov also made a 2007 adaptation, 12, featuring a Chechen teen on trial in Moscow. A 2015 Chinese adaptation, 12 Citizens, follows the plot of the original 1957 American movie, while including characters reflecting contemporary Beijing society, including a cab driver, guard, businessman, policeman, a retiree persecuted in a 1950s political movement, and others. The detective drama television show Veronica Mars, which like the film includes the theme of class issues, featured an episode, "One Angry Veronica", in which the title character is selected for jury duty. The episode flips the film's format and depicts one holdout convincing the jury to convict the privileged defendants of assault against a less well-off victim, despite their lawyers initially convincing 11 jury members of a not guilty verdict.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences
In 1997, a television remake of the film under the same title was directed by William Friedkin and produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In the newer version, the judge is a woman and four of the jurors are black, but the overall plot remains intact. Modernizations include not smoking in the jury room, changes in references to pop culture figures and income, references to execution by lethal injection as opposed to the electric chair, more race-related dialogue and profanity.


12 Angry Men (1957 film), Cultural influences
The film has also been subject to parody. In 2015, the Comedy Central TV series Inside Amy Schumer aired a half-hour parody of the film titled "12 Angry Men Inside Amy Schumer". The BBC Television comedy Hancock's Half Hour, starring Tony Hancock and Sid James, and written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson, was parodied in the episode broadcast on October 16, 1959. Family Guy paid tribute to the film with its Season 11 episode titled "12 and a Half Angry Men", and King of The Hill acknowledged the film with their parody "Nine Pretty Darn Angry Men" in season 3.


12 Angry Men (1997 film)
12 Angry Men is a 1997 American made-for-television drama film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by Reginald Rose from his original 1954  teleplay of the same title. It is a remake of the 1957 film of the same name.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
In the murder trial of a teenaged boy from a city slum, accused of murdering his father, the judge gives her instructions to the jury: a non-unanimous verdict will force a mistrial, and a guilty verdict will be accompanied by a mandatory death sentence. The jury of twelve retires to the jury room.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
An initial vote is taken and eleven jurors vote for conviction. Juror 8, the lone dissenter, states that the evidence is circumstantial and the boy deserves a fair deliberation. He questions the testimony of the two witnesses, and the fact that the switchblade used in the murder is not as unusual as the testimony indicates producing an identical knife from his pocket.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
Juror 8 proposes another vote by secret ballot – if the other jurors vote guilty unanimously, he will acquiesce, but if at least one votes "not guilty" they will continue deliberating. Only Juror 9 changes his vote, respecting Juror 8’s motives and feeling his points deserve further discussion.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
After deliberating whether one witness actually heard the murder take place, Juror 5, who grew up in a slum, changes his vote. Juror 11, questioning whether the defendant would have fled the scene and returned three hours later to retrieve his knife, also changes his vote. Jurors 2 and 6 also vote "not guilty", tying the verdict at 6-6, when Juror 8 demonstrates the unlikelihood that one witness actually saw the boy flee the scene.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
The remaining jurors are intrigued when Juror 11 proves that although a psychiatric test stated that the boy had subconscious desires to kill, such tests only offer possible actions. Juror 7, impatient to attend a baseball game that night, changes his vote, but Juror 11 chastises him for changing his vote so casually and selfishly when the boy's life is on the line. When pressed by Juror 11, Juror 7 eventually claims that he doesn't think the boy is guilty.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
Jurors 12 and 1 change their votes, leaving the only dissenters: Jurors 3, 4, and 10. Outraged at the proceedings, Juror 10 goes on a bigoted diatribe against Hispanic immigrants "outbreeding" African-Americans. He attempts to leverage this with the other African-American jurors, offending the rest of the jury, and Juror 4 finally cuts him off: "Sit down. And don't open your filthy mouth again."


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
Juror 4 states that despite all the other evidence called into question, the testimony of the woman who saw the murder from across the street stands as solid evidence. Juror 12 changes his vote back to "guilty", making the vote 8-4 again. Juror 9, seeing Juror 4 rub his nose, irritated by his glasses, realizes that the witness had impressions on her nose, indicating that she wore glasses and likely was not wearing them when she saw the murder. Jurors 12 and 4 change their vote to "not guilty". Juror 10, who says he still thinks the defendant is guilty, bluntly admits to no longer caring about the verdict and votes for acquittal.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
Undeterred, Juror 3 is forced to present his arguments again, and goes on a tirade, presenting the evidence in haphazard fashion and concluding with his disbelief that a son would kill his own father – mirroring his previous comments about his bad relationship with his own son. He begins to weep, and says he can feel the knife being plunged into his chest. Juror 8 gently points out that the boy is not his son, and Juror 4 pats his arm and says: "Let him live." Juror 3 gives in, and the final vote is unanimous for acquittal.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Plot
The jurors leave and the defendant is found not guilty off-screen, while Juror 8 helps the distraught Juror 3 with his coat. In an epilogue, the friendly Jurors 8 (Davis) and 9 (McCardle) exchange names and part ways as Juror 3 walks slowly alone.


12 Angry Men (1997 film), Awards and nominations
Ving Rhames won the award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his performance in Don King: Only in America. When presented with the award, he summoned Jack Lemmon on to the stage and gifted the award to him, feeling that Lemmon was more deserving of it. Rhames refused to re-accept the award when Lemmon tried to return it to him, meaning that, although Jack Lemmon didn't officially win the Golden Globe Award, he did receive the trophy.


12 Angry Viewers
12 Angry Viewers  was a television show in the United States on MTV which aired from 1997 to 1998. The title is a play of title of the movie 12 Angry Men. Its first host was Jancee Dunn, with Ananda Lewis replacing her later on.


12 Angry Viewers, Premise
12 "Angry Viewers" were chosen. Through the course of a week they would watch several "brand new" videos and vote at the end of the episode which was the best. On Friday the best video out of the four chosen during the week was chosen and put into "heavy rotation" on the network. In actuality the 12 viewers filmed five episodes over the course of one day, after being selected from a group of walk-in auditioners who did a "test viewing" in an observed room.


12 Angry Viewers, Premise
There were also shows in which the viewer decided which video would get "banned" from being played on MTV. The first recipient of this honor would go to Gina G's 1996 single "Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit" in 1998. However, this video was only played on select shows such as The Grind and never saw a lot of rotation on the channel.


12 Angry Viewers, History
The show was on during a period when MTV was being heavily criticized for not playing as many music videos as it had in the past. In an attempt to remedy this problem, 4 shows were created that centered on videos: 12 Angry Viewers, MTV Live, Say What?, and Total Request. MTV Live and MTV Total Request would later be combined into MTV Total Request Live, or simply TRL. Say What? would be turned into a Karaoke competition game show and renamed Say What? Karaoke. But 12 Angry Viewers was canceled.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling
On 12 April 1993, the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) launched an artillery attack against the town of Srebrenica, in eastern Bosnia, which left 56 dead and 73 seriously wounded, among whom were 14 children dead in a school playground. The attack came following the suspension of cease-fire talks, hours before NATO would implement a no-fly zone according to an UN resolution. VRS officials had previously told UNHCR representatives that the VRS would shell the town within two days unless it surrendered.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Background
Srebrenica was a Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) enclave. It was in a vulnerable location, easily targeted by artillery. VRS overran the town in April 1992, and it was then recaptured by Muslim irregulars in May. It was a starting point of Muslim guerrilla activity against Serb settlements in the eastern part of Bosnia during the 1992–93 winter. Muslim raids on Serb settlements enraged the VRS, inviting for revenge attacks. Bosnian Muslim forces attacked Kravica, a Serb village, in January 1993.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Background
The VRS responded with a counter-offensive, capturing Konjević Polje and Cerska, severing the Srebrenica–Žepa link and reducing the size of the Srebrenica enclave to 150 km2. Thousands of Muslim refugees, cleansed from surrounding settlements, had flocked to the town, sleeping in the open. The population swelled to 50–60,000. The VRS blockaded aid convoys from entering the town. There were reports of terror inflicted by both sides in the months following January.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Background
UNPROFOR commander Philippe Morillon had on 12 March 1993 promised the town residents that they were under UN protection and that he would 'never abandon' them. This move angered his superiors, but made him a hero in Srebrenica. He had been held hostage by the Muslim citizens until he promised to bring security. The residents lived under siege conditions. Between March and April, 8–9,000 Bosnian Muslims were evacuated from the town by the UNHCR. The evacuations were opposed by the Bosnian Muslim government as they contributed to the "ethnic cleansing" of the territory.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Background
At the beginning of April 1993, the Bosnian Serbs ordered through UNHCR the surrender of the Bosnian government within 48 hours. They required that the UN forces assist the VRS (headed by Ratko Mladić) by evacuating and disarming over 60,000 people in the enclave.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Shelling
On 12 April 1993 a VRS artillery attack of two short bombardments on Srebrenica left 56 dead, including children, and 73 seriously wounded. Shells dropped on the densely packed streets of the town. 14 bodies of children were found in a school playground (soccer field), which had been hit by a shell at around 3 PM according to HRW. There was a total of 15 civilian casualties at the playground according to the ICTY.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Shelling
The attack came after suspension of cease-fire talks, hours before NATO would implement a no-fly zone according to UNSCR 781. The VRS had earlier told UNHCR representatives that they would attack the town of Srebrenica within two days unless it surrendered. The Bosnian Serb suspension of talks and shelling of the town 'seemed a deliberate act of malice and political intent'. UN first reported that the shelling was a response to a Muslim attack, but later retracted the statement since there were no evidence for a Muslim aggression. The UNPROFOR's handling has been criticized as ineffective.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Witness accounts
American journalist Chuck Sudetic interviewed Bosnian Army doctor Nedret Mujkanović who claimed 36 people dead on site and 102 seriously wounded at the playground, whom he treated. "People were sitting around in front of the school," he said. "The children were playing football and other games. In less than one minute, seven rockets from a multiple-rocket launcher fell in an area about half the size of a football field." He claimed that the VRS knew that there was a refugee camp at the school and that they directed their fire at that location.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Aftermath and legacy
On 16 April, the UN declared Srebrenica a safe zone, and also put the enclaves of Žepa and Goražde under UN protection.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Aftermath and legacy
A photograph of a blood-covered and blinded boy lying on a stretcher, Sead Bekrić, was widely broadcast and made the front cover of Newsweek. The word "Bosnia" was printed across Sead's injured chest. After seeing him on CNN, a wealthy Croatian-American couple paid for his location and evacuation.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Aftermath and legacy
The incident is included in the 26th point ("Shelling of civilian gatherings") in the initial indictment issued by the ICTY on 24 July 1995 against Bosnian Serb leaders Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić. 15 civilian casualties at the Srebrenica playground are listed.


12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling, Aftermath and legacy
The incident is also mentioned in Emir Suljagić's personal account of the siege and fall of Srebrenica, Postcards from the Grave.


12 Aquarii
12 Aquarii is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 12 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.67. Parallax measurements by Hipparcos puts it at a distance of some 500 light-years, or 150 parsecs away. The system is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +1.1 km/s.


12 Aquarii
The magnitude 5.88 primary, component A, is itself a binary star with a separation of 0.05″–0.07″ and an orbital period of around 18.5 yr. The brighter member of this duo is a G-type bright giant with a stellar classification of G4 II and 2.6 times the mass of the Sun. Its companion is an early A-type star with double the mass of the Sun. The tertiary component B is magnitude 7.55 A-type main-sequence star at a separation of 2.44″ from the primary.


12 Aquilae
12 Aquilae (abbreviated 12 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 12 Aquilae does not have a Bayer designation and is most easily recognized in the sky being next to the brighter star λ (lambda) Aquilae.


12 Aquilae
Sometimes, this star is called by the name Bered, derived the Hebrew word בָּרָד barad, meaning "storm". In Chinese, 天弁 (Tiān Biàn), meaning Market Officer, refers to an asterism consisting of 12 Aquilae, α Scuti, δ Scuti, ε Scuti, β Scuti, η Scuti, λ Aquilae, 15 Aquilae and 14 Aquilae. Consequently, 12 Aquilae itself is known as 天弁六 (Tiān Biàn liù, English: the Sixth Star of Market Officer.)


12 Aquilae
This star has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.02, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, although, according to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, it is a challenge to view from the inner city. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 22.66 mas, the distance to this star is 144 light-years (44 parsecs) with a margin of error of one light-year. This is an evolved giant star of stellar class K1 III. It has 12 times the radius of the Sun and shines with 60 times the Sun's luminosity. This energy is being radiated from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,603 K, giving it the cool orange hue of a K-type star.


12 Arnold Grove
12 Arnold Grove is a house near Picton Clock Tower in the Liverpool suburb of Wavertree. The house is the birthplace and childhood home of former Beatle George Harrison.


12 Arnold Grove
It is a small terraced house in a cul-de-sac, with a small alley to the rear. Harrison's parents, Harold and Louise, moved to the house in 1931 following their marriage. The rent was ten shillings a week. Here their four children were born: Louise (16 August 1931), Harry (1934), Peter (20 July 1940 - 1 Jun 2007) and George (25 February 1943 - 29 November 2001).


12 Arnold Grove
Harrison lived in the property for six years, by which time his family had been living there for nearly 20 years. They finally moved out to a new council estate in Speke on 2 January 1950. His eldest brother Harry recalled: "Our little house was just two rooms up and two rooms down, but, except for a short period when our father was away at sea, we always knew the comfort and security of a very close-knit home life."


12 Arnold Grove
Harrison recalled the only heating was a single coal fire, and the house was so cold in winter that he and his brothers dreaded getting up in the morning because it was freezing cold and they had to use the outside toilet. The house had tiny rooms – only ten feet by ten (100 ft2, about 9 m2) – and a small iron cooking stove in the back room, which was used as a kitchen. Describing the back garden, Harrison wrote it had "a one-foot wide flowerbed, a toilet, a dustbin fitted to the back wall (and) a little hen house where we kept cockerels."


12 Arnold Grove
Harrison once said of the house, "Try and imagine the soul entering the womb of a woman living at 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool 15. There were all the barrage balloons, and the Germans bombing Liverpool. All that was going on. I sat outside the house a couple of years ago, imagining 1943, nipping through the spiritual world, the astral level, getting back into a body in that house. That really is strange when you consider the whole planet, all the planets there may be on a spiritual level. How do I come into that family, in that house at that time, and who am I anyway?"


12 Aurigae
12 Aurigae is a star in the northern constellation Auriga. It lies below the normal limit for visibility to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.988. It lacks a designation from the Hipparcos catalogue. This is a Be star with a stellar classification of B2 Ve, indicating that the spectrum displays emission lines.


12 BC
Year 12 BC was either a common year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Quirinius (or, less frequently, year 742 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 12 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


12 Bar Blues (album)
12 Bar Blues is the debut solo album from Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland. Its sound and style differ greatly from STP's previous releases. The design concept of the cover is a homage to the cover design of John Coltrane's Blue Train album. The title name comes from the simple chord progression known as "twelve-bar blues".


12 Bar Blues (album), Development
In a 1998 interview on MTV's 120 Minutes, Weiland states that his then brother-in-law introduced him to Blair Lamb, who co-produced 12 Bar Blues with Weiland.


12 Bar Blues (album), Reception
Released in 1998 on Atlantic Records, the album was not a commercial success, but achieved some critical acclaim. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, declaring "12 Bar Blues is an unpredictable, carnivalesque record confirming that Weiland was the visionary behind STP's sound. He's fascinated by sound, piling on layers of shredded guitars, drum loops, and keyboards, making sure that each song sounds drastically different from its predecessor."


12 Bar Blues (album), Reception
David Fricke of Rolling Stone awarded the album 3.5 out of 5 stars and declared that "12 Bar Blues isn't really a rock album, or even a pop album. Weiland, out on his own, has simply made an honest album – honest in its confusion, ambition and indulgence. It was worth the risk." but also remarked that "Maybe it's a little early for Scott Weiland to be going the solo way." Pitchfork Media stated upon its release that "12 Bar Blues is easily the most innovative album Weiland has ever produced for public consumption," while Entertainment Weekly wrote that "the LP's sheer invention and hooks will make your indulgence worthwhile."


12 Bar Blues (album), Chart performance
Additionally, "Barbarella" peaked at 194 on the UK Singles Chart


12 Bar Bruise
12 Bar Bruise is the debut studio album by Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard. It was released on 7 September 2012 on Flightless. It peaked at No. 14 on the ARIA Albums Chart after being released on vinyl in November 2018.


12 Bar Bruise, Recording
The album was self-recorded by the band, and several tracks used unconventional recording methods. One of these is featured on the album's title track – it was recorded through four iPhones placed around a room while Stu Mackenzie sang into one of them.


12 Bar Bruise, Track listing
Vinyl releases have tracks 1–6 on side A, and tracks 7–12 on side B.


12 Bar Club
The 12 Bar Club was a music venue in London that opened in 1994 on Denmark Street – known as Great Britain's "Tin Pan Alley" – just off Charing Cross Road and close to Soho.