1384 Kniertje, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0701 and a diameter of 26.59 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.38.


1384 Kniertje, Naming
This minor planet was named after the principal character in Op Hoop van Zegen, a play by Dutch writer Herman Heijermans (1864–1924). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 125).


1384 Yellow River flood
The 1384 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng, China, during the early Ming dynasty.


1385
Year 1385 (MCCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1386
Year 1386 (MCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1387
Year 1387 (MCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1387 in Italy
A series of events which occurred in 1387 in Italy:


1387 in Italy
The Battle of Castagnaro was fought on March 11, 1387 at Castagnaro (today's Veneto, northern Italy) between Verona and Padua. It is one of the most famous battles of the Italian condottieri age.


1387 in Italy
The army of Verona was led by Giovanni Ordelaffi and Ostasio da Polenta, while the victorious Paduans were commanded by John Hawkwood (Giovanni Acuto) and Francesco Novello Carraresi.


1387 in Italy
Castagnaro is hailed as Sir John Hawkwood's greatest victory. Following a Fabian-like strategy, Hawkwood goaded the Veronese into attacking him on a field of his own choosing, by laying waste to the Veronese lands nearby.


1388
Year 1388 (MCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1388 Aphrodite
1388 Aphrodite (prov. designation: 1935 SS) is an asteroid of the Eos family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1935, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The likely elongated K-type asteroid has a rotation period of 11.9 hours. It was named after the Greek goddess Aphrodite from Greek mythology.


1388 Aphrodite, Orbit and classification
Aphrodite is a core member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days; semi-major axis of 3.02 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg Observatory in September 1939, just four nights after its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1388 Aphrodite, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, beauty, and sexuality, and daughter of Zeus and the Titaness Dione. The asteroid's name was proposed by the German Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (RI 1702). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 126).


1388 Aphrodite, Physical characteristics
While the asteroid's spectral type is unknown, Aphrodite, with a geometric albedo of around 0.15 (see asteroid-family list), is likely a K-type asteroid, which is typically associated with members of the Eos family.


1388 Aphrodite, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In May 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Aphrodite was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Kingsgrove Observatory (E19) in Australia in collaboration with other observatories. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 11.9432±0.0004 hours and a brightness variation of 0.65 magnitude (U=3), indicative for an elongated, non-spherical shape. Alternative period determinations by Alvaro Alvarez-Candal (9 h; Δ 0.4 mag) in 2004, René Roy (11.88 h; Δ 0.34 mag) in 2006, and Kevin Ivarsen (11.95 h; Δ 0.35 mag) in 2003, received a lower rating (U=2/2+/2).


1388 Aphrodite, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
A modeled lightcurve using photometry obtained from public databases and through a large collaboration network as well as sparse-in-time individual measurements from a few sky surveys was published in 2016 and 2018. Most recent results gave a concurring sidereal period of 11.94389±0.00002 hours, as well as two spin axes at (325.0°, 35.0°) and (137.0°, 66.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1388 Aphrodite, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aphrodite measures between 21.4 and 25.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.13 and 0.18. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1217 and a diameter of 25.17 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1389
Year 1389 (MCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1389 Movement
The 1389 Movement (Serbian: Покрет 1389 / Pokret 1389) is an ultranationalist youth movement, modeled after the Russian Nashi movement. The organization is non-governmental and non-profit. The 1389 Movement opposes the independence of Kosovo, and has received recognition from the Serbian Orthodox Church.


1389 Movement, Ideology
Its name was adopted from the year of the Battle of Kosovo.


1389 Movement, Ideology
The  Movement is quasi Serbian nationalist, highly opposed to LGBT rights (especially the Belgrade Pride parade) and supports compulsory military service.


1389 Movement, Ideology
The movement opposes EU  and NATO integration, which it sees as acts against a "free Serbia". Instead, the group supports Eurasian integration. It strongly opposes the 2013 Brussels Agreement and "normalization" of relations with Kosovo, which they claim is a euphemism for the independence of the Province of Kosovo and Metohija.


1389 Movement, History
On 4 December 2008, several members including the spokesman Miša Vacić were expelled from the organization. Vacić formed the Serbian People's Movement 1389 which was formally registered on 15 March 2010.


1389 Movement, History
In February 2014, the organization received support from the Serbian Orthodox Church to hold anti-abortion lities in churches of the Archbishopric of Belgrade and Karlovci.


1389 Onnie
1389 Onnie, provisional designation 1935 SS1, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1935, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.


1389 Onnie, Orbit and classification
The stony S-type asteroid belongs to the Koronis family, a group consisting of few hundred known bodies with nearly ecliptical orbits. Onnie orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,771 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1389 Onnie, Lightcurve
American astronomer Richard P. Binzel obtained a rotational light-curve of Onnie from photometric observations in September 1983. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 22.5 hours with a change in brightness of 0.34 magnitude (U=2). In 2011 and 2013, respectively, a modeled light-curve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and other sources gave a period 23.0447 hours, as well as a spin axis of (183.0°, -75.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).


1389 Onnie, Diameter and albedo
According to the 2014-published result by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Onnie measures 13.77 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.198. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony Koronian asteroids of 0.24 and derives a diameter of 12.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.69.


1389 Onnie, Naming
This minor planet was named for A. Kruyt, sister-in-law of astronomer G. Pels (1893–1966). Pels, who proposed the minor planet's name, was as a lifelong member of the Leiden Observatory's staff, observer of minor planets at Leiden, as well as an orbit computer for many of Hendrik van Gent's made discoveries. The minor planet 1667 Pels was named in his honour.


1389 papal conclave
The 1389 papal conclave (25 October – 2 November) was convoked after the death of Pope Urban VI. The conclave is historically unique because all of the cardinal electors were the creation of a single pontiff: Urban VI, the very pope who was being replaced. None of the surviving cardinals created by previous popes recognized Urban VI as legitimate (see: Western Schism). In addition, Urban VI had deposed four of his creatures, and three were absent, leaving only sixteen cardinal electors.


138P/Shoemaker–Levy
138P/Shoemaker–Levy, also known as Shoemaker–Levy 7, is a faint periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet last came to perihelion on 11 June 2012, but only brightened to about apparent magnitude 20.5.


138P/Shoemaker–Levy
There were 4 recovery images of 138P on 8 August 2018 by Pan-STARRS when the comet had a magnitude of about 21.5. The comet comes to perihelion on 2 May 2019.


138P/Shoemaker–Levy
This comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (D/1993 F2), which crashed into Jupiter in 1994.


138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF
The 138th Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.


138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF
Based in Edmonton, Alberta, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 47th, 50th, 137th, and 175th Battalions, CEF, on December 8, 1916. The 138th Battalion, CEF, had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Belcher.


138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF
The Otter Commission assigned the perpetuation of the 138th Battalion to the Edmonton Fusiliers in 1929. This regiment merged into the 19th (Alberta) Armoured Car Regiment, RCAC, in 1946. The 19th in turn amalgamated into the South Alberta Light Horse in 2006, and the SALH now perpetuates the 138th Battalion. Lineage of perpetuating units:


138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF
In 1929, the battalion was awarded the theatre of war honour The Great War, 1916.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade
The 138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War with the 46th (North Midland) Division. The brigade again saw active service in the Second World War, with the 46th Infantry Division.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Formation
The brigade was first raised as the Lincoln and Leicester Brigade in 1908 when the Territorial Force was created, by the merger of the Yeomanry and the Volunteer Force. The brigade was assigned to the North Midland Division (one of fourteen of the peacetime Territorials) and consisted of two Volunteer battalions, the 4th and 5th, of the Lincolnshire Regiment and two, the 4th and 5th, of the Leicestershire Regiment.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War
After the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, most of the men volunteered for Imperial Service and, with the rest of the North Midland Division, trained in Luton for overseas service. In late February 1915 the division began landing in France and was the first complete Territorial division to arrive on the Western Front to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) (individual units had been sent throughout the winter of 1914 and early spring of 1915).


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War
On 12 May 1915 the division was numbered the 46th (North Midland) Division the brigade was numbered the 138th (1/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade. The battalions also adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th Lincolns) to distinguish them from their 2nd Line duplicates training in the United Kingdom as 177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, part of 59th (2nd North Midland) Division, which consisted of the men of the brigade and division who had not volunteered for overseas service, together with the many recruits who came flooding in.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War
The brigade saw service with the 46th Division on the Western Front in France and Belgium for the rest of the war, aside from a few weeks in Egypt, fighting at the Hohenzollern Redoubt in October 1915 after the failure of the Battle of Loos. After this, the division was ordered to Egypt and landed there on 13 January 1916. However, soon after the division was ordered to move back to France.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War
The brigade and division, alongside 56th (1/1st London) Division, later fought at Gommecourt on 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme, as a diversion for the Somme offensive being launched a few miles south. The attack was a failure and served only to gain the 46th Division a poor reputation until late September 1918 when, during the Hundred Days Offensive, it re-established its name during the Battle of St. Quentin Canal. During the same month Lieutenant John Cridlan Barrett of the 1/5th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross. By the time of the Armistice with Germany the division was at Sains-du-Nord.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle
138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade had the following composition during the war:


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Between the wars
Disbanded after the war in 1919 the brigade was reformed in the new Territorial Army in the 1920s, as the 138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Infantry Brigade, still with 46th (North Midland) Infantry Division and still composed of two battalions of the Lincolns and two of the Leicesters.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Between the wars
In the late 1930s, there was a growing need to increase the anti-aircraft defences of the United Kingdom and a reduced need for so many infantry battalions in the Territorial Army and so many of them were converted into other roles. As a result, in late 1936, the 46th (North Midland) Division (and the brigade) was disbanded and its headquarters renamed the 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. The 5th Lincolns was transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into the 46th (The Lincolnshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers and joined 31st (North Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Between the wars
The 4th Leicesters were also transferred to the Royal Engineers and became 44th (The Leicestershire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, assigned to 32nd (South Midland) Anti - Aircraft Group of 2nd AA Division. Both were equipped with searchlights and part of the 2nd AA Division. The 4th Lincolns was transferred to 146th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade and the 5th Leicesters joined the 148th (3rd West Riding) Infantry Brigade, both part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. After all of its battalions were posted away the 138th Brigade was disbanded.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War
A new 138th Brigade was raised in mid-1939 when the Territorial Army was doubled in size throughout the spring and summer of 1939, due to the possibility of war with Nazi Germany becoming an increasing likelihood. As a result, the brigade number was activated again when the 146th Infantry Brigade formed a duplicate unit, to be known as the 138th Infantry Brigade. The new brigade was assigned to the 46th Infantry Division, itself formed as a duplicate of 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. Like its parent division, the 46th recruited mainly from the North Midlands and West Riding areas in England, although for some reason the division, unlike the 49th, did not adopt the county subtitles.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War
Due to the worsening situation in Europe, the brigade was mobilised in late August/early September 1939, along with the rest of the Territorial Army. On 1 September the German Army invaded Poland and, two days later, on 3 September 1939, Britain declared war on Nazi Germany, officially beginning the Second World War.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War
In April 1940, seven months after the outbreak of the war, the 138th Infantry Brigade, commanded at the time by Brigadier Edward John Grinling, DSO, MC, TD, a Territorial Army officer, and division, minus the artillery, engineers and other support units, were sent to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The 'division', sent at the same time as the 12th (Eastern) and 23rd (Northumbrian) divisions, was very poorly equipped and trained and was assigned mainly as a labour and training unit, to build defences and construct airfield. As a consequence, the division was battered in the Battle of France when fighting the German Army and, together with the rest of the BEF, was gradually forced to retreat to Dunkirk, where they were evacuated to England.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War
After returning to the United Kingdom the brigade and division, due to severe casualties suffered in a futile attempt to stem the German advance, were both reformed with large numbers of conscripts and was sent to Scottish Command. In 1941 it came under command of II Corps and later XII Corps, commanded at the time by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, alongside the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division and 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division and trained into an anti-invasion role to repel a German invasion.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War
On 6 January 1943 the 46th Division left the United Kingdom for North Africa where they saw active service in the final stages of the campaign there, fighting in the Tunisia Campaign as part of British First Army which ended in May with the surrender of over 230,000 German and Italian prisoners of war.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War
With the rest of the 46th Division, the brigade later fought in the Italian Campaign, suffering heavy casualties in the attritional fighting in Italy during the Salerno landings in September 1943 under X Corps, and later the fighting at the Monte la Difenso, Monte Cassino and the Gothic Line, where, during the Battle of Gemmano, the brigade suffered heavy casualties in what has been labelled the "Cassino of the Adriatic". In December 1944, during a heavy counter-attack by the German 90th Panzergrenadier Division on 46th Division's position, Captain John Brunt, of the Sherwood Foresters, attached to 6th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War
In mid-January 1945, the brigade and the rest of the division (except 139th Brigade) was transferred to Greece to fight in the Greek Civil War, returning to Italy in April but did not see action in the final offensive. Throughout the campaign in Italy the 46th Division came under command of both U.S. Fifth Army and British Eighth Army.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Post-War
The war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945, with Victory in Europe Day and the brigade moved to Austria shortly after, spending the rest of its time on occupation duties under British Forces in Austria. The 138th Infantry Brigade Headquarters were disbanded in 1946 and, being a 2nd Line Territorial formation, was not reformed in the 1947 reorganisation of the Territorial Army but its battalions seem to have survived.


138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Post-War
The 6th Battalion, Royal Lincolnshire Regiment (the Lincolns became a 'Royal' regiment due to distinguished service in the war, with effect from 1946) appears to have existed until 1950 when it amalgamated with the 4th Battalion, of which the 6th was formed as a duplicate in 1939, creating the 4th/6th Battalion. The 6th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment survived until 1947 when it amalgamated with its parent unit, the Hallamshire Battalion of the same regiment, to create the 4th Battalion, as did the 2/4th King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry which amalgamated with the 1/4th Battalion, to create the 4th Battalion, KOYLI.


138th Aero Squadron
The 138th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.


138th Aero Squadron
The squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the 5th Pursuit Group, Second United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory.


138th Aero Squadron
The squadron was never fully organized, and with Second Army's planned offensive drive on Metz cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. It returned to the United States in August 1919 and was demobilized.


138th Aero Squadron
The squadron was never re-activated, and there is no United States Air Force or Air National Guard squadron that carries its lineage and history.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The 138th Aero Squadron was organized on 28 September 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. Prior to this, the men of the squadron had spent several weeks at various recruiting barracks around the country, and were brought to Kelly Field in August, before the formal organization of the unit. While there, they undertook infantry drill and camp duties. The men lived in tents and messed in the open, having to contend with the heat, wind and dust of the late Texas summer.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The squadron was ordered to proceed to Post Field, Oklahoma, on 18 October where it was assigned for training by the 3d and 4th Aero Squadrons. At Post Field, the squadron received instruction in transportation, engineering, aero repair, flying field management, hangars, post headquarters and quartermaster supply duties. An outbreak of measles struck the squadron at Post Field, and it extended the amount of time that would normally be spent at the station. On 5 December the squadron began to train with some Curtiss R-4 aircraft, with several aviation cadets taking primary flight training. Finally on 16 February, the men of the squadron were examined for overseas duty and were ordered to prepare for service in France.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
On 18 February, along with the 137th Aero Squadron, the squadron departed for the Aviation Concentration Center, Mineola Field, Long Island, New York. After receiving equipment, it moved to the Port of Entry, Hoboken, New Jersey, on 5 March and boarded the RMS Cedric, a White Star Liner impressed into troop ship duty. The trans-Atlantic voyage to Liverpool, England, was uneventful, and the squadron arrived on 18 March. It then proceeded by train to the Romsey Rest Camp, Winchester.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England
At Romsey the squadron was detached to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) for advanced training. It was sent to RFC Montrose, Scotland, arriving on 26 March, where it was assigned to the RFC's 5th Wing. The training the squadron had received in the United States enabled it to make a valuable contribution to the wing's activities. By the beginning of August the squadron was eager to go to the front, and on the 14th it departed Montrose for Flower Down Rest Camp, Winchester, having been ordered to duty in France.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front
Arriving on the 17th, transportation was scarce and it did not arrive at Cherbourg, France, until the 19th before moving to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, at St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, where it arrived on the 22d. There, the squadron was equipped with steel helmets, firearms and gas masks. It was also designated as a Pursuit Squadron. From St. Maixent, the squadron then proceeded to the Air Service Production Center No. 2, Romorantin Aerodrome, arriving on 29 August. At Romorantin, the squadron was engaged in fatigue and garrison duties.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Western Front
Next, it went to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome on 20 September. There, all preparations were made for active service as a Pursuit Squadron, with pilots and an armament officer being assigned. On 5 November, sixteen British Sopwith Camel F.1s were assigned to the squadron. On the 14th, together with the 41st and 638th Aero Squadrons, the 138th traveled from Colombey to its new aerodrome at Lay-Saint-Remy.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Post-Armistice activities
At Lay-Saint-Remy Aerodrome, the three squadrons constituted the 5th Pursuit Group, Air Service, Second Army. Despite the signing of the Armistice, the squadron continued to engage in flying and undertook proficiency flights, and training in formation flying, patrols and in air combat on schedule each day when the weather permitted, although all flying was performed in friendly territory. Demonstration flying was also performed for various events to thrill crowds and to demonstrate to the other branches of the service the capabilities of the Air Service. The pilots were skilled in aerobatic flying, and no accidents resulted from these exhibitions.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Post-Armistice activities
On 15 April 1919, orders were received that the Second Army Air Service was being demobilized. The entire 5th Pursuit Group was ordered to Coblenz, Germany, to become part of the Third Army Air Service. The squadron prepared for the journey, and their equipment and supplies were moved the 200-odd miles in their own trucks. The enlisted personnel moved by rail and also by truck, while the pilots ferried their aircraft to their new airfield in the Rhineland.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Post-Armistice activities
The squadron established itself in Fort Kaiser Alexander, which had been built by Wilhelm Hohenzollern's grandfather. The fort commanded a high ridge between the Rhine and Moselle rivers, overlooking the city. At Coblenz, the groups flew their assigned aircraft, and also performed test flights on surrendered German aircraft. Flights of the Fokker D.VII, Pfalz D.XII, Halberstadts, and Rumpler aircraft were made and evaluations made.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
The entire air service of the Third Army, except that of the III Corps Observation Group at Weißenthurm Airdrome, were relieved from further duty, on 12 May 1919 and ordered demobilized. Yet, the 138th Aero Squadron seems to have stayed for some time in Koblenz with Third Army Air Service, as it did not reached the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France before 1 July, for subsequent demobilization. The squadron's Sopwith aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the British. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.


138th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States. The 138th Aero Squadron arrived in New York Harbor in late July after which it was sent to Mitchell Field, Long Island, where it was demobilized in August 1919.


138th Attack Squadron
The 138th Attack Squadron (138 ATKS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard's 174th Attack Wing located at Hancock Field Air National Guard Base in Syracuse, New York. The 138th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA).


138th Attack Squadron, History, World War II
Formed at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, as a Third Air Force Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with A-24 Banshee dive bombers. Moved to California in September 1943 as part of Desert Training Center in Mojave Desert.


138th Attack Squadron, History, World War II
After the A-24 was taken out of combat service, trained with P-39 Airacobras and became combat ready, being reassigned to VIII Fighter Command in England, April 1944. Re -equipped with P-51 Mustangs, with a mission for escorting B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator heavy bombers during its first five weeks of operations, and afterwards flew many escort missions to cover the operations of medium and heavy bombers that struck strategic objectives, interdicted the enemy's communications, or supported operations on the ground.


138th Attack Squadron, History, World War II
The group frequently strafed airfields and other targets of opportunity while on escort missions. Provided fighter cover over the English Channel and the coast of Normandy during the invasion of France in June 1944. Strafed and dive-bombed vehicles, locomotives, marshalling yards, anti-aircraft batteries, and troops while Allied forces fought to break out of the beachhead in France. Attacked transportation targets as Allied armies drove across France after the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July. Flew area patrols during the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September. Escorted bombers to, and flew patrols over the battle area during the German counterattack in the Ardennes (Battle of the Bulge), December 1944 – January 1945. Provided area patrols during the assault across the Rhine in March 1945.


138th Attack Squadron, History, World War II
Returned to the US in October and inactivated on 17 October 1945 as an administrative unit.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard
The wartime 505th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 138th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Hancock Field, Syracuse, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 28 October 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 138th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 505d Fighter Squadron and all predecessor units. It was the first New York Air National Guard squadron that was extended federal recognition.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard
The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned initially to the New York ANG 52d Fighter Wing, then in December 1948 to the 107th Fighter Group, operationally gained by Continental Air Command.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard
The mission of the 138th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Central and Northern New York. Aircraft parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
In January 1950 the 138th became the first New York Air National Guard unit to receive jet aircraft, obtaining F-84B Thunderjets, mostly from the USAF 20th Fighter Group at Shaw AFB, South Carolina.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the nation's Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty. The 138th was retained by the State of New York to maintain the air defense mission.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
In December 1950/January 1951 the 138th transferred several F-84Bs to the Arizona ANG 197th Fighter Squadron at Luke AFB, and at the end of 1951 the remainder were transferred to the federalized Michigan ANG 127th Pilot Training Group, also at Luke AFB. The Thunderjets were used for jet pilot transition training for pilots being deployed to Korea. In return, the 138th received Very Long Range F-51H Mustangs with were capable of extended air defense flights over all of New York state. In 1952, the 138th became one of the first Air National Guard squadrons to commence standing daylight runway alert. At least two aircraft from the squadron with pilots in their cockpits stood alert at the end of runway from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset every day of the year.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The air defense mission remained after the Korean War armistice and the unit resumed normal peacetime training and drills. In 1954, the Mustang was ending its service life and Air Defense Command was re-equipping its fighter-interceptor squadrons with jet aircraft. The 138th received F-94B Starfires, however the F-94 required a two-man aircrew, a pilot and an air observer to operate its radar equipment. Trainees for the radar assignment had to attend regular Air Force training schools, and required virtually the same qualifications as the pilot trainees. The additional recruitment of guardsmen led to the units having a manning and capabilities problem that lasted for some time until the unit was returned to full readiness.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
In 1956, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized and re-designated as the 107th Air Defense Wing. The 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group was re-designated as the 107th Fighter Group (Air Defense) and transferred from Niagara Falls Municipal Airport to Hancock Field on 1 May, with the 138th FIS being assigned. The F-86H Sabre replaced the F-94B Starfires in 1957.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
A major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Commande (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 107th being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group; and 138th also being re-designated. The new assignment involved a change in the Group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 138th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
During the summer of 1961, as the 1961 Berlin Crisis unfolded, the 138th TFS was notified on 16 August of its pending federalization and recall to active duty. On 1 October the 138th was federalized and assigned to the Massachusetts ANG 102d Tactical Fighter Wing, which was federalized and placed on active duty at Otis Air Force Base.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The mission of the 102d TFW was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and deploy to Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, France. In France, the unit was to provide close air support to NATO ground forces and air interdiction. This involved keeping its aircraft on 24/7 alert. Between 28 and 30 October, the 102d TFW departed Otis AFB for Phalsbourg. The wing deployed 82 F-86H Sabres. In addition 2 C-47 and 6 T-33 aircraft were assigned to the wing for support and training purposes.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
Starting on 5 December, the 102d began deploying to Wheelus Air Base Libya for gunnery training. During its time in Europe, the 102d participated in several USAF and NATO exercises, including a deployment to Leck Air Base, West Germany near the Danish border. At Leck, ground and support crews from both countries exchanged duties, learning how to perform aircraft maintenance and operational support tasks.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
On 7 May 1962, USAFE Seventeenth Air Force directed that the 102d TFW would deploy back to the United States during the summer, and the unit returned to the United States in July 1962. Regular USAF personnel, along with a group of ANG personnel who volunteered to remain on active duty formed the 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the newly activated 366th Tactical Fighter Wing. The last of the ANG aircraft departing on 20 July.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
Upon its return to New York State Control, the 107th Tactical Fighter Group was transferred back to Niagara Falls, and the 138th TFS was authorized to expand to a group level. The 174th Tactical Fighter Group was allocated and was federally recognized by the National Guard Bureau on 1 September 1962. The 138th TFS became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 174th Headquarters, 174th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 174th Combat Support Squadron, and the 174th USAF Dispensary.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The squadron remained equipped with the F-86H and continued normal peacetime training and exercises. In the summer of 1965, the squadron took part in Exercise Oneida Bear II at Fort Drum, which involved some 6,500 soldiers of the regular Army, the Army Reserve and the National Guard. 138th TFS aircraft from Syracuse provided close air support to both Aggressor and Friendly Forces during the Exercise, and were engaged in realistic tactical air strikes. In the exercise, conducted by the First Army, the Second Brigade of the Army's Fifth Infantry was opposed by an aggressor force of selected Army National Guard and Army Reserve Units. The 174th Group's pilots flew 77 sorties for a total of 114 hours without a single abort.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The squadron trained at Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico, in early 1967 in an all service amphibious and airborne exercise. A detachment of unit pilots and support personnel participated (22 officers and 69 airmen). Twelve F-86H aircraft participated with three C-130 Hercules for equipment and personnel support. All types of tactical air missions were flown. Total sorties were 213 with total hours flown, 308. Special firepowers demonstration was accomplished with 20 sorties delivering 40 (750 lbs.) and 2000 rounds of 20mm fired. Later in 1967 Operation Sentry Post I was held in August. This was a joint Air National Guard – TAC Exercise. Twelve F-86Hs were flown and squadron pilots worked with radar flying air-to-air and air-to-ground gunnery with and without FAC type missions. A total of 204 sorties and 245, hours were flown in thisoperation.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In 1968, the 174th TFG was federalized and placed on active duty. The Group was alerted for active duty on 11 April 1968, partially mobilized on 13 May and deployed to Cannon Air Force Base, Clovis, New Mexico. The mission of the 174th was to train Forward Air Controllers (FAC) for service in Vietnam. The FAC flew a light observation aircraft at low altitudes, visually observing enemy installations and movements and providing on-the-spot directions for fighters and bombers. The FAC dictated the type of ordnance to be delivered, observes the strike, and evaluates its effectiveness. The mission of the 174th was to give FAC's in training actual experience in fighter aircraft so that they would be fully apprised of the requirements of the men they would be directing in combat in South Vietnam.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
On arrival at Cannon AFB along with the Maryland ANG 175th Tactical Fighter Group, they comprised the 140th Tactical Fighter Wing. Originally based in Denver, Colorado, headquarters of the 140th moved to Cannon AFB with the deployment of the 140th Tactical Fighter Group to active duty in Vietnam. Not all members of the 174th Tactical Fighter Group were mobilized, however. Subsequent to the alert notice, a change directed mobilization of only the Group Headquarters, the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron, and the 174th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron. The remaining members of the 174th remained in Syracuse on a drill status during the eight months of mobilized service. The unit was inactivated on 20 December 1968, and all members reverted to Air National Guard drill status.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
During 1970, the 174th began retiring its F-86H Sabres after over a decade of service, the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron flying the last USAF/ANG Sabre sortie on 30 September. Replacing the Sabre was the Cessna A-37B Dragonfly and a newly conceived close air support tactical fighter mission in a ground insurgency environment which were gained by combat experience in Vietnam.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
After a decade of routine peacetime exercises and training with the A-37, in 1979 the 174th began a transition to the A-10A Thunderbolt II Close Air Support fighter. With the arrival of the A-10, the 174th was changed in status from a Group to a Wing on 1 July 1979. The wing was one of three Air National Guard units equipped with the A-10 as part of the "Total Force" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In 1980, after the transition to the A-10 was completed, the 138th TFS was deployed to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia. On arrival, the unit was given sealed orders directing them to a remote, forward operational location and operate combat sorties, fully loaded with live ordnance. Not only was the 174th's combat readiness put to the optimum peacetime test, but the unit's mobility was tested to the fullest. In response, an additional six A-10s were assigned to it, making the 138th TFS the Air National Guard's only "super" squadron, with 24 aircraft.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
With the transition complete, the unit deployed eight A-10 aircraft from Syracuse, non-stop to a forward operation location in West Germany. In exercise Cornet Sail, the 138th demonstrated for the first time the ability of an Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve unit to deploy this advanced aircraft in this manner. Combat readiness in West Germany was achieved 12 hours after departing Hancock Field.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
With the move of the USAF 21st Air Division to Griffiss AFB in 1984, the 174th TFW became the host unit at Hancock Field. Later that year, the unit deployed to Exercise Air Warrior at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California; a three-week deployment to Lechfeld Air Base, West Germany and with the NY ANG 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group at Goose Air Base, Labrador.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The 174th also was among the first A-10 close support aircraft organizations to provide temporary tactical air defense support from Howard Air Force Base, Panama when the unit deployed to Howard in March 1985 when runway construction precluded the use of the A-7D Corsair IIs that normally fulfilled the tactical air defense duties of the Panama Canal. Shortly afterward, it deployed to Alaska for the first time. The 138th TFS completed the 2,700-mile flight to Eielson AFB without external navigation aids.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
As in past years, continuing NATO deployments to West Germany in the late 1980s saw the 174th TFW personnel training and living side-by-side with their West German Air Force counterparts as they would in a combat situation. The 174th began 1988 on a high note when the Air Force announced the wing would convert from the A-10 to the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcone, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. With the Block 10 F-16, the 174th became the first Air Force organization to fly the Fighting Falcon with a Close Air Support mission.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The first F-16 aircraft started arriving in late 1988. These aircraft were passed down from regular USAF units who were upgrading to the F-16C/D model. During 1989 the 138th TFS was chosen as a test unit for a close air support version of the F-16. The aircraft were the only F-16s ever to be equipped with this weapon, intended for use against a variety of battlefield targets, including armor with the 30 mm gun pod. The unit received the USAF's Outstanding Maintenance Squadron Award that year.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In 1991, the 138th TFS deployed to the Persian Gulf with 516 members in support of Operation Desert Storm. The 138th was one of only two Air National Guard units to fly combat missions during Operation Desert Storm. The Close Air Support project however proved to be a miserable failure.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
Precision aiming was impossible for several reasons: the pylon mount wasn't as steady as the A-10's rigid mounting; the F-16 flies much faster than an A-10, giving the pilots too little time approaching the target; firing the gun shook the aircraft harshly and made it impossible to control the targeting; the essential CCIP (constantly computed impact point) software was unavailable. The pilots ended up using the gun as an area effect weapon, spraying multiple targets with ammunition, producing an effect rather like a cluster bomb. It took only a couple of days of this before they gave up, unbolted the gun pods, and went back to dropping real cluster bombs – which did the job more effectively.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
The unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, with the "V" device for valor, during Operation Desert Storm; the Air Force Association Outstanding Unit Award; and the National Guard Association's Best Family Support Center Award.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 174th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 174th Fighter Wing. With the organization change, the 138th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 174th Operations Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC).


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In 1993 the 174th FW started trading in their old Block 10 F-16 A/B models for newer Block 30 F-16C/D aircraft configured for Tactical Air Support. In that process the squadron had the 'honor' of sending the first F-16 to AMARC storage. This happened on 20 July 1993, when an F-16A (#79-0340) was flown to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona for flyable storage. Although these aircraft were only 13 years old, they were put into storage due to more modern models becoming available and Block 10 wasn't needed any longer by the USAF. The general mission for the squadron remained unchanged with this transition.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
Also in 1993, the 138th TFS became the first US unit to have a female F-16 fighter pilot, Jackie Parker, in 1993 immediately after combat roles were opened to females.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In June 1995, the unit deployed for 30 days rotation to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey as part of Operation Provide Comfort, assisting in the enforcement the No Fly Zone over Northern Iraq.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
The 138th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (138th EFS) was first formed and deployed in August 1996 for Operation Northern Watch (ONW). ONW was a US European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) who was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
In 1997, the 138th Fighter Squadron commemorated its 50th Anniversary in conjunction with the United States Air Force by hosting the United States Air Force Thunderbirds aerobatics team at the Syracuse Air Show.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
During 1996–97, the 174th FW deployed to Andøya Air Station, Norway as part of the "Adventure Express 97" NATO exercise. In 1998, the 174th FW deployed to Tyndall AFB, Florida, for the "Combat Archer" exercise and also to the Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, to participate in exercise "Global Patriot 98".


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
Only six years later, in 1999, the 138th FS changed block types once more, sending its Block 30s to the Illinois ANG 170th Fighter Squadron and receiving older block 25 F-16s from the Texas ANG 182d Fighter Squadron. This meant changing again from the General Electric engine to the Pratt & Whitney.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
An AEF deployment to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia resulted in the formation of the 138th EFS in early 2000. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone below the 32d parallel in Iraq. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi’ite Muslims. The squadron returned to the Block 30 Aircraft in 2004, receiving aircraft from the 50th TFW at Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany shifting from engine type once more.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Air Combat Command
As part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 138th EFS deployed twice to Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2006 and 2008


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission
In 2008 it became apparent that the 138th FS was going jump into the future of combat aviation and that Hancock ANGB would begin a new chapter. The squadron was set to fly the MQ-9 Reaper. The unit's transition from flying legacy aircraft to Reapers was more than a tactical shift. It assured the future of the base at Hancock Field. In October 2009, the 174th Fighter Wing cut the ribbon on its new MQ-9 Reaper maintenance school, where it trains technicians from across the country, from all military branches.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission
On 6 March 2010, the last two F-16s (#85-1561 and #85-1570) departed Hancock Field marking the end of F-16 operations at the base. They made three low passes for the assembled crowd gathered to commemorate the past of aviation at the Syracuse ANG base in upstate New York.


138th Attack Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, MQ-9 Reaper and Attack Mission
As a result of the mission change, eleven legacy pilots now fly the future of combat capabilities. Full -time personnel has increased, from 158 to 186. Part-time numbers have dropped, from 500 to 437.


138th Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The 138th Motorized Infantry Brigade is one of the five maneuver elements of the 26th Group Army in the Jinan Military Region.


138th Delaware General Assembly
The 138th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1995, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Democratic Governor Thomas R. Carper from New Castle County and Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner from Kent County.


138th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1990 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


138th Delaware General Assembly
In the 138th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a  Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


138th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


138th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 138th Division (Chinese: 第138师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 27th Division, 9th Column of Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 9th Independent Brigade of Jidong Military District formed in August 1947.


138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In the composition of 46th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Liaoshen Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.


138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 412th, 413th, and 414th Infantry Regiments.


138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In December 1950, half of the divisional assets and Headquarters, 413th Infantry Regiment were detached to activate the PLAAF's Flight School in Changchun, Jilin. This school later became the Second Aviation School.


138th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In September 1952, the division was detached from 46th Corps and transferred to the People's Liberation Army Navy's control.


138th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:59, 19 November 2019 (→top: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


138th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 138th Division (第138師団, Dai-hyakusanjūhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Immovable Division (不動兵団, Fudō Heidan). It was formed 10 July 1945 in several towns along Jilin - Shenyang railroad as a triangular division. It was a part of the 8 simultaneously created divisions batch comprising 134th,  135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 148th and 149th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the small parts detached from the 1st mobile brigade.


138th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
30 July 1945, the 138th division was assigned to the 30th army. It was nearly unarmed until the end of July 1945, besides the small arms brought by the men transferred from the other units. Even the rifles were issued only shortly before the surrender of Japan. The division was coherent enough to have the first task (the construction of fortifications) issued only by 6 August 1945. Also, the divisional commander did not arrive until 10 August 1945.


138th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
At the beginning of Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9 August 1945, the 138th division was ordered to Fushun. The division was immediately reassigned to the 3rd area army. The division arrived to Fushun 12 August 1945. It was disarmed by Red Army 19 August 1945 in the aftermath of the surrender of Japan.


138th Field Artillery Brigade
The 138th Field Artillery Brigade is a field artillery (also known as fires) brigade of the United States Army. It is a component of the Kentucky Army National Guard. It is headquartered in Lexington, Kentucky.


138th Field Artillery Brigade, History
The brigade was originally organized on 21 January 1839 as the Louisville Legion, it was mustered into federal service on 17 May 1846, as the 1st Regiment of Foot, Kentucky Volunteers. It was redesignated and mustered into federal service on 9 September 1861 as the 5th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, and fought at Shiloh, Murfeesborough, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and Atlanta. The unit was recalled up into federal service on 18 June 1916, and sent to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where it helped build Camp Shelby, that was named for the first Governor of Kentucky.


138th Field Artillery Brigade, History
Converted and redesignated as the 138th Field Artillery Regiment, 38th Infantry Division on 9 October 1917, and demobilized on 8 January 1919 at Camp Taylor, Kentucky. The regiment was again inducted into federal service on 17 January 1941 at Louisville and sent to Camp Shelby, MS. The regiment was broken up on 1 March 1941 and HHB was disbanded. The 1st Battalion was designated as the 138th Field Artillery Battalion. The 2d BN was designated as the 198th Field Artillery Battalion.


138th Field Artillery Brigade, History
The HHB 138th Field Artillery Regiment as reconstituted on 25 August 1945, and on 13 May 1946 was redesignated as the HHB 138th Field Artillery Group. On 1 Oct 1959 the 138th Field Artillery Group was moved from Louisville to Lexington, and was redesignated on 1 July 1978 as the HHB, 138th Field Artillery Brigade.


138th Field Artillery Brigade, History
On 19 April 1968, the 2nd Battalion of the 138th was deployed to South Vietnam to provide fire support to the 101st Airborne Division in northern South Vietnam. On 19 June 1969, their firebase, Firebase Tomahawk, was attacked by the North Vietnamese Army 4th Regiment. The attack was repulsed, with the 138th suffering 9 casualties, and the North Vietnamese suffering 23.


138th Field Artillery Brigade, History
On 2 September 2006 the 138th Field Artillery Brigade was redesignated as the 138th Fires Brigade. On 7 July 2007, Soldiers of the 138th Fires Brigade were mobilized to Fort Sill, OK and deployed in Baghdad (during the War in Iraq), until 27 June 2008. On 1 September 2012, Soldiers from the brigade mobilized and deployed to Camp Lemmonier, Djibouti. Their task was to provide force protection and emergency response forces for the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA).


138th Fighter Wing
The 138th Fighter Wing (138 FW) is a unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard, stationed at the Tulsa Air National Guard Base at Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa, Oklahoma. If activated to federal service as a United States Air Force unit, the 138 FW is gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC).


138th Fighter Wing, Overview
The 138th Fighter Wing (138 FW) is an Oklahoma Air National Guard unit stationed at Tulsa Air National Guard Base at Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa, Oklahoma.


138th Fighter Wing, Overview
As an Air National Guard unit, the 138 FW is part of the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the U.S. Air Force and is operationally gained by the Air Combat Command. The wing currently flies the Block 42 version of the F-16C and F-16D Fighting Falcon.


138th Fighter Wing, Overview
The federal mission of the 138 FW is to maintain combat forces ready for mobilization, deployment, and employment as needed to support national security objectives.


138th Fighter Wing, Overview
The state mission of the 138 FW is to support the Governor of Oklahoma with units organized, equipped, and trained in the protection of life and property, and the preservation of peace, order, and public safety.


138th Fighter Wing, History
In 1957, the Oklahoma Air National Guard was given a fighter-interceptor mission in the Air Defense Command (ADC), and on 1 August, the 125th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level. The 138th Fighter-Interceptor Group was authorized and extended federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau. The 125th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron becoming the group's flying unit. Other support squadrons assigned into the group were the 138th Headquarters, 138th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 138th Combat Support Squadron, and the 138th USAF Dispensary.


138th Fighter Wing, History
With the Fighter-Interceptor mission assignment, the 125th also assumed ADC runway alert program on full 24-hour basis—with armed jet fighters ready to "scramble" at a moment's notice. This event brought the group into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing us on "the end of the runway" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons. The obsolescent F-80-day fighters were upgraded to the all-weather/day/night F-86D Sabre Interceptor by the end of the year. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Air Transport mission
In January 1960, the 138th FIS was reassigned to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was re-designated the 138th Air Transport Wing (Heavy) with the 125th Air Transport Squadron. During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, both the Group and squadron were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Tulsa, the 125th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to Oklahoma state control on 31 August 1962.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Air Transport mission
Throughout the 1960s, the 125th flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. The C-97s were retired in 1968 and the unit was transferred to Military Airlift Command (MAC), being re-equipped with C-124C Globemaster II heavy transports. The Group continued to fly long-distance intercontinental airlift flights until the Globemasters were retired at the end of 1972.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
With the retirement of the Globemasters, the 138th was transferred to Tactical Air Command on 25 January 1973, with the 125th Tactical Fighter Squadron being re-equipped with veteran F-100D/F Super Sabre tactical fighter bombers that were returning from the Vietnam War. The Super Sabre was dedicated fighter-bomber, with no concession being made to a secondary air-superiority role and the squadron trained in using the fighter for ground support. Beginning in 1975, the 125th began a NATO commitment, with squadron aircraft and personnel deploying to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) for Autumn Forge/Cold Fire/Reforger exercises.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Fighter mission
In 1978, the F-100s were being retired, and they were replaced with A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from the 23d Tactical Fighter Wing, England AFB, Louisiana along with the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing, Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina which were converting to the A-10 Thunderbolt II. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability. In 1980, the 125th received the new twin-seat A-7K trainer and also received the Low Altitude Night Attack modification to the A-7D.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era
Early in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 138th adopted the new USAF "Objective Organization" in early 1992, with the word "tactical" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 138th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).


138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era
The 125th Fighter Squadron flew A-7Ds until 1993 when it began to receive Block 42 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons, replacing the venerable A-7D in the attack roles. Most of these aircraft came from the 51st Fighter Wing, Osan Air Base, South Korea and the 363d Fighter Wing, Shaw AFB, South Carolina, which were trading in Block 42s for more advanced F-16s. The 125th, although an Air National Guard unit, which were mostly tasked with air defense of US mainland, was tasked with a conventional attack mission. This was already the case in the A-7D and even in the F-100 era.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era
The squadron was one of the first Air National Guard units to be equipped with the Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night, or LANTIRN system to be able to illuminate their own ground targets. At the time of conversion this unit was one of the most advanced within the Air National Guard.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active Duty Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including the active duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command, and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era
In October 1996, the 125th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (125 EFS) was first formed from 138th FW personnel and aircraft and deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, to join with other active-duty and national guard squadrons as part of Operation Northern Watch. This mission was part of a multi-unit Air National Guard "rainbow" deployment involving the Air National Guard block 42 F-16 squadrons. Each squadron provided eight aircraft to a total of 24 aircraft deployed. The 125th EFS returned to Tulsa and was inactivated on 7 January 1997. Further Northern Watch activations of the 125th EFS and subsequent deployments to Incirlik AB occurred in the spring of 1998 and fall of 2001.


138th Fighter Wing, History, Modern era
The 125th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron has also been deployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait for Operation Southern Watch in 2001, and to Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2007 and 2008 as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2011, the 125th EFS deployed to Al Assad, Iraq for the final time to support Operation New Dawn, when more than 200 members deployed there to provide air support to the final drawdown of U.S. and coalition forces, being able to respond quickly to any needs troops in combat may have as they left the country. In 2013, the 125th EFS deployed to Kandahar AB as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. In 2018 the squadron returned to Bagram AB, Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel and Operation Resolute Support.


138th Georgia General Assembly
The 138th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 7, 1985, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 138th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 137th and served as the precedent for the 139th General Assembly in 1987.


138th Georgia General Assembly, Party standings, House of Representatives
*Active political parties in Georgia are not limited to the Democratic and Republican parties. Libertarians, and occasionally others, run candidates in elections. However, for the 1985-86 session of the General Assembly, only the two major parties were successful in electing legislators to office.


138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
The 138th Guards Separate Motor Rifle Brigade (138th MRB) (Russian: 138-я отдельная гвардейская мотострелковая бригада) is a formation of the Russian Ground Forces. It is stationed in the Western Military District, in the village of Kamenka, Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast. It is Military unit No. 02511. It includes various components: air defense, artillery battalion, infantry and tank battalions.


138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 45th Guards Rifle Division
The brigade traces its history to the 45th Guards Rifle Division of the Second World War. The 45th Guards Rifle Division was formed from the 70th Rifle Division, and fought near Leningrad, in Estonia and Kurland. The division was with the 6th Guards Army of the Kurland Group, Leningrad Front in May 1945. On 25 June 1957 the 45th Guards Rifle Division became the 45th Guards Motor Rifle Division. In December 1997 the 45th Guards Krasnosel'skaya, Order of Lenin Red Banner Motor Rifle Division named for A.A. Zhdanov became the 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade.


138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
In 1994-1995 a force from the 129th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment with 45 T-80 tanks was deployed to Groznyy.


138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
The brigade was deployed for operations during the Second Chechen War, in which, along with other Russian Ground Forces units, its personnel was reported to have behaved badly at times. A 22-year-old woman in Ingushetia was shot by drunken soldiers from the brigade scavenging for alcohol. The deployment of a tank battalion of the brigade was apparently halted when it was discovered that soldiers had been selling the explosive from their tanks' reactive armour.


138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
In March 2010 Leningrad Military District commander General Lieutenant Nikolai Bogdanovskiy said, regarding problems with the command and violence in the 138th at Kamenka:“. . . we haven’t managed to complete fully tasks connected with discipline–in particular, in the 138th Kamenka Brigade the commander, chief of staff, and assistants for armaments and socialization work were dismissed because of events there. Now the situation is normalising, we are trying not to repeat past mistakes.”


138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
The 45th Guards Motor Rifle Division was a separate formation from the 45th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) - not a Guards unit - that was the predecessor to the district's  200th Motor Rifle Brigade, based at Pechenga in Murmansk Oblast.


138th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 138th Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army between June 21 and October 14, 1864, during the American Civil War.


138th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Camp Wood, Quincy, Illinois and mustered in for one-hundred day service on June 21, 1864, with Colonel J.W. Goodwin as commander. The Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, ordered the regiment to proceed to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where it was assigned to garrison duty.


138th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
The counties of Jackson, Clay, Platte, Ray, Lafayette as well as other counties along the western border of Missouri, were over-run by bands of pro-Confederate bushwhackers. On July 7, Companies "C" and "F" were ordered to Weston, Missouri, and during July, August, and a portion of September, they remained on active duty and succeeded in clearing the counties of bushwhackers. Following the defeat of the bushwhackers, Companies "C" and "F" returned to garrison duty at Fort Leavenworth.


138th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service
In the meantime, General Sterling Price, had invaded and occupied Missouri from the southeast, cutting off communications between St. Louis and the southeast. The regiment voluntarily extended its term of service and proceeded along the Iron Mountain Railroad guarding railway bridges from destruction by Price's Army. Following the defeat of General Price's army, the regiment returned to Camp Butler, Illinois and was mustered out on October 14, 1864. During its service the regiment incurred ten fatalities.


138th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 138th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 27 and September 22, 1864, during the American Civil War.


138th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered in on May 27, 1864. It was ordered to Tennessee and Alabama for railroad guard duty, until late September 1864. The regiment was mustered out on September 22, 1864. During its service the regiment lost eight men to disease and one to desertion.


138th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was part of Indiana's quota of Hundred Days Men, which also included seven other regiments.


138th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service, Companies and their counties of origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived, though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 138th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army and the Missouri National Guard headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. Of the original regiment, only the 1st Battalion remains an active National Guard unit. As of 2018, the 1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment is a light infantry battalion currently assigned to the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 138th Infantry Regiment traces its lineage from the St. Louis Greys, a volunteer militia company organized in 1832 and the first militia regiment of Missouri. The company's first combat action was during the Mexican War while serving with the St. Louis Legion, a battalion-sized element composed of independent St. Louis-area companies. The unit mustered into federal service on 18 May 1846 along with the Native American Rangers, Boone Guards, Montgomery Guards, Missouri Fusiliers and Riflemen, Morgan Riflemen, and the Texas Free Corps. By 1853 the Greys expanded to five companies to form the 1st Battalion, 1st Missouri Regiment but underwent a series of reductions until 1857 when all but one company of Greys remained.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
During the Missouri-Kansas border crises in 1860, the First Missouri Infantry Regiment (of which the Greys were a part along with several other St. Louis area militia companies), patrolled the border to prevent Free-Stater (Kansas) settlers from entering the state, an action called the Southwest Expedition.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
Many of the Greys ignored President Lincoln's issued proclamation for the states to call up their militia and provide troops to the Federal Government to suppress the Rebellion after the bombardment of Fort Sumter and mustered into service at the call of Governor Jackson outside of St. Louis at Camp Jackson, where St. Louis University now sets.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
Accused of plotting to capture the St. Louis Arsenal as part of the Camp Jackson Affair, now the location of the Budweiser Brewery, the 1st Missouri Volunteer Militia, with its two companies of St. Louis Greys, were captured by Union troops and marched to the arsenal. Upon being paroled, the Greys and the remainder of the old First Missouri broke their parole and were reformed into the Missouri State Guard.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
They then went to Memphis, Tennessee and created a Confederate regiment known as the 1st Missouri Infantry Regiment, 1st Missouri Brigade, otherwise known as the “Camp Jackson Boys” and was commanded by Col. John S. Bowen. With casualties came amalgamation, and after fighting in the Shiloh, Mississippi River, Vicksburg, Atlanta, Nashville, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama campaigns, the 1st Missouri surrendered at Fort Blakely, Alabama on 9 April 1865.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
The 1st Missouri Infantry Regiment marched on foot more than 4,000 miles and traveled more than 1,500 miles by railroad and streamboat during their 40-month journey across seven states on both sides of the Mississippi. It was also a part of the best drilled and finest combat unit of the Confederate States Army and one of the most elite units in the entire Civil War, the 1st Missouri Brigade "the South's Finest".


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
Below is a quote from the company commander of Company "D": St. Louis Greys that served during the Civil War regarding the First Missouri Infantry:


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
I am proud of my connection with the First Missouri Infantry, and claim for it that it was the best organized and disciplined volunteer regiment the war produced. Missourians, whether they were for the North or South, can take pride in the prowess of the First Missouri. We represented our state, and despite our failure, we were Missourians,and stood to our guns


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
After the Civil War, the Greys reformed and by 1873 joined other uniformed companies to create the 1st Regiment of Organized Missouri Militia. In 1898 nearly every member of the First Regiment, Missouri National Guard, as it was known at that time, volunteered to fight in the war with Spain under the name of the First Regiment of Infantry, Missouri Volunteers. They mustered into service at Jefferson Barracks and mobilized to Chickamauga Park, Georgia on 21 May 1898 but were never sent to Cuba or Puerto Rico due to lack of funding from the state.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War
The Militia Act of 1903 required the National Guard of Missouri to conform to federal regulations and with the initiation of the National Defense Act of 1916, the First Missouri took an oath to the President of the United States as well as to the Governor of Missouri. After taking part in the Punitive Expedition in 1916 with service in Loredo, Texas, the 1st Missouri returned home. However, it was a short stay. Ordered to Camp Doniphan, now part of Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, the regiment began training for the Great War. On 1 October 1917, the First and Fifth Regiments, both from St. Louis, were consolidated into the 138th Infantry Regiment, 69th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
During World War I, the 138th Infantry Regiment first took over operations in the Vosges Mountains in southern France and drew first blood for the 35th Infantry Division during a trench raid at Hilsenfirst. The regiment later took part in the Battle of St. Mihiel. In the Battle of the Meuse-Argonne, the regiment led the division on the first day of the attack on 26 September 1918. During this engagement, Private Nels Wald and Captain Alexander Skinker earned the Medal of Honor.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
Fighting through fog, enfilade fire from their left flank, and under constant artillery barrages, the regiment toiled through an exposed sector, German machine gun nests, and sniper fire to complete its objective on Vauquois Hill. The regiment fought alongside Colonel George S. Patton's tank brigade to capture the villages of Cheppy and Exermont. After the Meuse-Argonne, the 138th assumed occupation duty south of Verdun.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
After the war's end, the regiment returned to its home station in St. Louis. On 8 July 1922 the U.S. Army approved the 138th's Regimental Coat of Arms along with the regimental colors. The  coat of arms is an infantry blue shield with an equestrian statue in profile of King Louis IX of France, the namesake of the City of St. Louis. The actual statue sets in front of the St. Louis Art Museum in Forrest Park.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I
The regiment's motto, "St. Louis’ Own" alludes to the historical home of the regiment and serves as a recognition if its history – nearly all the original members of the regiment were St. Louisans as were its Medal of Honor recipients. The regiment's official designation as the "First Missouri" also stands as testament to its former name – Missouri's first, and now only, infantry regiment.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
During World War II, the 138th Infantry served in the Aleutian Is. (1942-1944) assisting in construction projects, defending bases and manning outposts. After 1945 the regiment returned once again to St. Louis but by 1963 only the 1st Battalion remained in service. 1 May 1974 was the first day that an infantry unit could not call St. Louis and the State of Missouri home, as it had for 142 years.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
On that day, the lineage and honors of the regiment passed to the 1138th Engineer Battalion and was held by units in St. Louis, including Company B, 1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment, until reclaimed by the entire battalion in 2014 when the U.S. Army and National Guard Bureau recognized the 138th once again in the U.S. Army Regimental System.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism
The reactivation of 1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment (1-138th) began on 1 September 2010, with early implementation of the modified table of organization and equipment occurring on 1 September 2009. The 1-138th Infantry is the first infantry unit allocated to the Missouri National Guard since the casing of the 138th regimental colors in 1974. The 1-138th Infantry began building, forming, and equipping actions on 1 September 2008 with Federal Recognition granted in January 2012.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism
In a Ceremony on 17 June 2015 at Ft. Chaffee, Arkansas, the Soldiers of the 1-138th Infantry witnessed the uncasing of its regimental colors since their last casing over 30 years earlier – a poetic gesture, as the regiment's forbearers fought valiantly as brother's in arm with Arkansas over 150 years before.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism
First Missouri citizen soldiers deployed to conduct State Emergency Duty during the winter storms of 2010 and most recently, to protect persons, property, and civil liberties in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism
The battalion deployed to CAS (Camp As Sayliyah) Qatar in 2017 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (Spartan Shield) to provide force protection of U.S. military assets and was there during the turbulent beginning of the GCC-Qatar Crisis. Bravo Company was tasked with security operations and Quick Reaction Force responsibility's outside of CAS at various outposts in the region.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage
Organized in 1832 in the Missouri Militia at St. Louis as the St. Louis Greys


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 1
Organized 26 July 1852 in the Missouri Militia at St. Louis as the National Guards


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 2
Organized 7 November 1877 in the Missouri National Guard at St. Louis as the 1st Regiment of Police Reserves


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 3
Constituted 14 December 1942 in the Army of the United States as the 880th Airborne Engineer Battalion, Aviation


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Lineage, Annex 3
(Federal recognition withdrawn 1 April 1954 from Company C [Colorado Air National Guard]; Company B [Louisiana Air National Guard] redesignated 1 September 1954 as Company B, 225th Engineer Aviation Battalion – hereafter separate lineage)


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia, Description
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/32 inches (2.78 cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned:  Azure, the equestrian statue in profile of Louis IX (St. Louis) of France Or, (the statue is in forest Park, St. Louis, by Charles Henry Niehaus).


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia, Symbolism
The shield is blue for Infantry. The statue of Louis IX (St. Louis) alludes to the home area of the organization.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia, Background
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 138th Infantry Regiment on 24 May 1926. It was redesignated for the 1138th Engineer Battalion on 3 May 1989.


138th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 138th Infantry Regiment on 8 July 1922. It was amended to correct the blazon on 11 October 1923. It was redesignated for 1138th Engineer Battalion on 3 May 1989.


138th Mixed Brigade
The 138th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that took part in the Spanish Civil War.


138th Mixed Brigade, History
The unit was created in May 1937 from elements of the 2nd Division of the People's Army of Catalonia, under the command of the Lieutenant Colonel of the Civil Guard Mauricio García Ezcurra. The brigade was assigned to the 33rd Division, initially heading to the Andalusian front and later, to the front of Guadalajara, where it spent the rest of the conflict.


138th Mixed Brigade, History
Between 5 and 7 April 1938 it took part in the fighting that took place in the so-called "Vertice Cerro", in the province of Cuenca, facing fourteen enemy assaults against its positions that left the brigade seriously damaged. A few months later, in August, the 138th Mixed Brigade took part in various actions that took place in the Universal Mountains.


138th Mixed Brigade, History
During the rest of the war it did not participate in relevant military operations.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The 133rd Division (Chinese: 第133师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 22nd Division, 8th Column of the Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 2nd and 3rd Brigade of the Jire Column and the 1st Brigade of the Jizhong Column formed in September 1945.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In the composition of 45th Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, Hengbao Campaign and Guangxi Campaign.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 397th, 398th, and 399th Infantry Regiments.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In July 1952, the division detached from the 45th Corps to join the 46th Corps, when the 138th division from the latter corps attached to the 45th Corps.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From August 1952 to October 1955 the division was deployed to North Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In June 1953, 516th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In October 1955, the division left North Korea along with the corps HQ and was relocated at Yanji, Jilin Province.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In May 1957, the 399th Regiment was reconstituted into reduced status. In February 1960, the 399th Regiment was reestablished to full strength.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In April 1960 the division was redesignated as the 133rd Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第133师). The division was then composed of:


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In June 1962, the 133rd Army Division was reconstituted as a division category A.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
On March 2, 1969, a reconnaissance sub-unit of the 133rd Army Division participated in the Sino-Soviet border conflict in Zhenbao Island area.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In August 1969, the 516th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as the Artillery Regiment, 133rd Army Division.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In December 1969, the division was redesignated as the 138th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第138师):


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From June to July 1975, the division was relocated to Xuzhou, Jiangsu.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In September 1978, the division was relocated to Anqiu, Shandong:


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From March 1985 to February 1986, the division was deployed to the Sino-Vietnam border under the operational control of the 67th Army Corps (later 67th Army). During its deployment, the division suffered 108 KIA and 314 wounded, while allegedly inflicting 2100 casualties on the confronting PAVN forces.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In August 1985, the division was redesignated as the 138th Infantry Division(Chinese: 步兵第138师) and reconfigured as a northern motorized infantry division, category A. The division was transferred to the 26th Army following 46th Army Corps' disbandment. By then the division was composed of:


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In May and June 1989, the division participated in the pacification on the civil unrest in Beijing along with the corps HQ. On June 4, 1989, the division failed to take control of the Yongdingmen area.


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In September 2003, the division was reduced and redesignated as the  138th Motorized Infantry Brigade(Chinese: 摩托化步兵第138旅).


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In April 2017, the brigade was further reconfigured as the 138th Light Combined Arms Brigade(Chinese: 轻型合成第138旅).


138th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The brigade now stations in Laiyang, Shandong, as a maneuvering part of the PLA 80th Group Army.


138th New York State Legislature
The 138th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 24, 1915, during the first year of Charles S. Whitman's governorship, in Albany.


138th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1906 and 1907, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (eight districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.


138th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Assemblyman William Sulzer, who had been removed from the office of governor in 1913, founded an American Party and ran also on the Prohibition Party ticket for governor. The Independence League, the Progressive Party, the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.


138th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1914, was held on November 3. D.A. of New York County Charles S. Whitman and Edward Schoeneck were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor; both Republicans. Of the other seven statewide elective offices, six were carried by Republicans and one by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for governor, was: Republicans 687,000; Democrats 412,000; Independence League 125,000; American 71,000; Prohibition 54,000; Progressives 46,000; Socialists 38,000; and Socialist Labor 2,000.


138th New York State Legislature, Elections
Also elected were 34 Republicans and 17 Democrats to the State Senate; 99 Republicans, 49 Democrats and two Progressives to the State Assembly; and 168 delegates (15 at-large; and three per senatorial district) to the Constitutional Convention.


138th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1915; and adjourned on April 24.


138th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Elon R. Brown (R) was elected Temporary President of the Senate.


138th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On April 6, the Constitutional Convention met at the State Capitol in Albany; and adjourned on September 4. All proposed amendments to the Constitution were rejected by the voters at the state election on November 2, 1915.


138th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Charles C. Lockwood, Alvah W. Burlingame Jr., Jimmy Walker, Franklin W. Cristman, Samuel A. Jones, Clinton T. Horton and William P. Greiner changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


138th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


138th New York State Legislature, State Assembly
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


138th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 138th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 138th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 138th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in May 14, 1864, for 100 days service.


138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps. Assigned to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Army of the James.


138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 138th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Camp Dennison on September 1, 1864.


138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Ohio for Washington, D.C., May 14. Picket duty at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, May 16–22. Reached Washington May 22. Assigned to garrison duty at Forts Albany, Craig, and Tillinghast, defenses of Washington, south of the Potomac, until June 5. Moved to White House Landing, Virginia, June 5. Picket and guard duty there until June 16. Moved to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, June 16. Picket and fatigue duty at Bermuda Hundred, Point of Rocks, Broadway Landing, and Cherrystone Inlet until August.


138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.


138th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost 8 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 138th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 138th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on August 16, 1862, under the command of Colonel Charles L. K. Sumwalt.


138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Relay House, Defenses of Baltimore, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to February 1863. 3rd Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Elliott's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, to June 1865.


138th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 138th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on June 23, 1865.