128th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The shield is blue for Infantry. The pale, dividing the shield into thirds, alludes to three of the major offensive engagements in which the organization as an element of the 32d Division participated in World War I. The red arrow is the design of the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 32d Division. Traditionally, the word "Wisconsin" means "wild rushing waters," thus the three fountains, heraldic symbols for water, appropriately stand for the Wisconsin Army National Guard regiments: First, Second and Third, from which elements stemmed to make up the organization during World War I. The motto translates to "The Terrible Ones."


128th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 15 March 1926. It was amended to revise the description on 20 April 1926.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
The 128th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment (128th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery during World War II. The regiment was formed in March 1942 from the short-lived 87th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, which had only been raised in the previous year as part of the rapid expansion of Anti- Aircraft (AA) defences. It served in AA Command until near the end of the war, when it was converted into an infantry battalion for garrison duties in North West Europe.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 87th Searchlight Regiment, RA
87th Searchlight Regiment (87th S/L Rgt) was created during the rapid expansion of AA defences during The Blitz. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed at Burnley in Lancashire on 23 January 1941 and it was allocated four S/L batteries numbered 529, 532, 533 and 534. The batteries came from different training regiments, where each had been formed on 14 November around a cadre of experienced men drawn from an existing S/L regiment:


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 87th Searchlight Regiment, RA
After training, the regiment was assigned to 53rd Light AA Brigade, commanding the S/L units of 4th AA Division across the North Midlands. The night Blitz was coming to an end, but Luftwaffe raids continued to overfly en route to Merseyside, including seven nights in May (the Liverpool Blitz), and Nottingham was raided on the night of 8/9 May (the Nottingham Blitz).


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 87th Searchlight Regiment, RA
The role of the S/L units was to track and illuminate raiders for the Heavy AA (HAA) guns of the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) and for the few available Royal Air Force (RAF) night fighters. In November 1940 AA Command had adopted a system of clustering three S/Ls together to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards (9,500 m) apart. This layout was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or night fighters. Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with Searchlight Control radar (SLC) and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 87th Searchlight Regiment, RA
87th Searchlight Rgt remained with 53rd LAA Bde until the end of the year. By October 1941 the availability of SLC was sufficient to allow AA Command's S/L sites to be 'declustered' into single-light sites spaced at 6,000 yards (5,500 m) intervals in 'Indicator Belts' in the approaches to the GDAs, and 'Killer Belts' at 6,000 yards (5,500 m) spacing to cooperate with the RAF's night fighters.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA
After its rapid expansion, AA Command was now over-provided with S/L units and under-provided with LAA units, for which suitable guns (the Bofors 40 mm) were becoming available in quantity. The command began a programme of converting some S/L regiments to the LAA role. One of those chosen was 87th S/L Rgt, which became 128th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment on 3 March 1942, with 421, 422, 423, 424 LAA Btys. 424 LAA Battery was under direct War Office (WO) control.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Mid-War
The new regiment initially remained in 53rd LAA Bde, but by early April it had become unbrigaded as it completed retraining. In late May it joined 67th AA Bde in 11th AA Division. In June it transferred within the division to 54th AA Bde, and then in July it switched again to 68th AA Bde. 11th Anti - Aircraft Division's responsibility was the defence of Birmingham and the industrial West Midlands. During this period the Luftwaffe carried out a series of night attacks, the co-called Baedeker Blitz, including raids on Birmingham in June and July. On 16 June 424 LAA Bty returned from WO conyro, then in August the battery was loaned back to 4th AA Division, and then in the autumn to 54th AA Bde.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Mid-War
A reorganisation of AA Command in October 1942 saw the AA divisions disbanded and replaced by a smaller number of AA Groups more closely aligned with the groups of RAF Fighter Command. 11th and 4th AA Divisions merged to form 4 AA Group based at Preston and cooperating with No. 9 Group RAF. Shortly afterwards 128th LAA Rgt (with all four of its batteries) transferred to 60th AA Bde in 3 AA Group covering South West England, where LAA guns were urgently required to combat daylight raids by small formations of Luftwaffe fighter bombers against coastal towns and small ports. These raids continued until mid-1943


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Operations Overlord and Diver
With the lower threat of attack by the weakened Luftwaffe, AA Command was forced in early 1944 to release manpower for the planned invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). Many Home Defence AA regiments were reduced, and 128th LAA Rgt lost 424 LAA Bty, which began disbanding at Torquay, on 17 February 1944, completing by 16 March.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Operations Overlord and Diver
In the early part of 1944, 3 AA Group had responsibilities for protecting 'Overlord' camps and embarkation ports, and at the same time preparing for the expected onslaught of V-1 flying bombs ('Divers'). An elaborate anti-Diver plan was drawn up to protect Bristol, with belts of LAA guns and S/Ls across the predicted flight path. The V-1 offensive began on 13 June, a week after the 'Overlord' convoys had left harbour and the D Day landings had begun. In the event, the Bristol defences were not needed: US forces quickly sealed off the launching sites in the Cherbourg peninsula.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, Operations Overlord and Diver
The story in the London area was different, and as efforts to combat them (Operation Diver) progressed, AA units and formations were stripped from the West Country and repositioned along the coast of South East England. 3 AA Group HQ moved from Bristol to London, and 60th AA Bde was left as a skeleton force.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 628th Infantry Regiment, RA
By the end of 1944, 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe was suffering a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. At the same time, the Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious conventional air attacks on the United Kingdom could be discounted. The WO began to reorganise surplus AA regiments into infantry battalions, primarily for line of communication and occupation duties, thereby releasing trained infantry for front-line service. 128th LAA Regiment was among those chosen, becoming 628th Infantry Rgt, RA on 23 January 1945, consisting of five batteries, A to E.


128th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 628th Infantry Regiment, RA
On 28 January the new regiment joined 306th Infantry Brigade (itself converted from 55th AA Bde). After training the brigade deployed to North West Europe on 4 May. The war in Europe ended on 8 May (VE Day), but the converted artillery units served in the occupation forces for several months.


128th Maine Senate
The 128th Maine Senate had 35 members each elected to two-year terms in November 2016. The first regular session was sworn in on December 6, 2016.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine)
The 128th Mountain Assault Brigade is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine)
The full title of the brigade is 128th Separate  Mountain Zakarpattia Brigade, (Ukrainian: 128-ма окрема гірсько-піхотна Закарпатська бригада). It the second oldest serving formation of the UGF, being raised in 1922. It participated in the invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia by Soviet troops.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
The 128th Mechanized Division was first formed within the then USSR's Red Army as the 1st Turkmenistan Rifle Division on July 12, 1922, in the city of Poltoratsk (now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan). (Other sources give the original name as the 1st Turkmenistan Mountain Division). It was a Turkmen national formation. Sergiy Tumoshkov became the division's first commander. The division was renamed 83rd Mountain Rifle Division on July 1, 1935. On June 22, 1941, the 83rd Mountain Rifle Division was part of 58th Rifle Corps, Central Asia Military District. Between 1 September and 1 October 1941 the division was assigned to the 53rd Army, still located within the Central Asia Military District. By January 1942 the division, still with 58th Rifle Corps, had been dispatched to Iran as part of the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
From January 1, 1943, the division fought near the area of Krasnodar where it was assigned to the 56th Army. After successfully liberating the region of Kuban and the Taman Peninsula, the division was awarded the Guards designation on October 8, 1943, and renamed as the 128th Guards Turkmenistan Rifle Division.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
On April 24, 1944, for participation in the battles for Crimea, the division was awarded its first Order of the Red Banner. During the month of August, the division participated in battles for Carpathian Mountains. The division liberated Zakarpattya and on October 12, 1944, crossed the border with Czechoslovakia. Units of the division liberated Ostrava, Olomouc and other cities.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
Postwar, the division was stationed in Mukacheve and became part of the 38th Army. During October and November 1956, it took part in Operation Whirlwind, the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The division captured Debrecen and Szolnok and Jászberény. Advancing westward, it participated in the storming of Budapest. On 15 December 1956, the division became the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division at Esztergom. In July 1958, the division was moved back to Mukacheve. In 1968, the division participated in Operation Danube, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. During the operation, eleven soldiers of the division were killed.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
In May 1976, it was given the title "named for Marshal of the Soviet Union A.A. Grechko". In December 1979, its 149th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment was transferred to the 201st Motor Rifle Division and replaced by the newly activated 487th Motor Rifle Regiment. On May 8, 1985, the division was awarded its second Order of the Red Banner in honor of the 40th anniversary of Victory Day. In January 1992, the division was taken over by Ukraine.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
On 31 December 1992, in Decree 642/92, the President of Ukraine promoted the commander of the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division of the Carpathian Military District, Colonel Vyacheslav Zabolotny, to Major-General.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
In accordance with a decree of 23 August 1998, Colonel Oleksandr Maslenchuk – commander of the 128th Mechanised Division of the 38th Army Corps of the Operational Command West; was promoted to major-general.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
On May 27, 2000, the Minister of Defense of Ukraine, General of the Army Oleksandr Kuzmuk presented the division with its Battle Banner, and read the Order of the President of Ukraine awarding the division the honorable name "Zakarpattia".


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
In 2002 the division was under 38th Army Corps. After 38th Army Corps was disbanded, the division became part of 13th Corps.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
On June 18, 2004, the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division was reorganized into a brigade by the order of Minister of Defense.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
In 2014–15 the brigade fought in the War in Donbass, taking part in the Battle of Debaltseve. For his leadership in the Battle of Debaltseve, brigade commander Colonel Serhiy Shaptala was awarded the title Hero of Ukraine.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
The brigade has a training ground near the city of Vynohradiv.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), History
On 18 November 2015, the brigade's honorifics "Turkestan twice Red Banner" were removed as part of an Armed Forces-wide removal of Soviet awards and honorifics. The "Zakarpattia" battle honour, awarded for the liberation of the area in 1945, through, remained. On 22 August 2016, its Guards title was also removed.


128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine), Division order of battle
The 327th Mechanized Regiment was reorganized to form the 15th Mountain Infantry Battalion, which became the first Mountain Infantry formation in the current Ukrainian Ground Forces.


128th New York Infantry Regiment
The 128th New York Infantry Regiment, nicknamed Old Steady, was a volunteer regiment from Dutchess County and Columbia County in upstate New York, during the American Civil War. Formed in Hudson, New York, on September 5, 1862, by Col. David S. Cowles, the regiment was made up of volunteers from the surrounding towns and villages.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Organization
Volunteers were recruited by town and the 11 companies of the regiment were organized by region:


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
Organized at Camp Kelly on the fairgrounds in Hudson, New York (a marker can be found today in the town indicating the location of the camp). The regiment was mustered into service on September 4, 1862, and left for Washington D.C. September 5, 1862, aboard the steamship Oregon which took them to New York City. From here the regiment rode aboard railroad cars to Baltimore. Camp Millington, where the regiment practiced drill, was set up just outside Baltimore. The 128th's first attempt to engage the enemy took them on a rapid jaunt to Gettysburg in an effort to confront General J.E.B. Stuart's Confederates. This proved uneventful however as Stuart retreated upon learning of the Union Army's approach; History would not be made in Pennsylvania until the following year.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The regiment was attached to defenses of Washington D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland, until December 1862 when the regiment boarded a ship, destination unknown, and headed south. The regiment soon learned they would be attached to General Nathaniel Banks' Department of the Gulf whose ultimate goal would be to open the Mississippi River to the Union. While aboard the ship Arago, sickness and disease infested the ranks. After a stop at Fortress Monroe where the regiment witnessed some of the famous Union ships including the ironclad Monitor, the regiment made its way to New Orleans.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The regiment was attached to the 1st Brigade, Sherman's Division, Department of the Gulf, until January, 1863 and saw duty at Camps Parapet and Chalmette until March 1863. Their first true engagement with the rebels took place at Pontachoula, Louisiana, on May 13; The soldiers confiscated Confederate wares including cotton bales and a small steamboat. The regiment moved to New Orleans, and thence to Port Hudson, Louisiana, May 21–23. The regiment would then play a major part in the Siege of Port Hudson from May 24 through July 9.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
This included skirmishing on Slaughter's Field on May 26, followed by the major assaults on the parapets of Port Hudson on May 27 and June 14. The regiment participated in the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9. The 128th lost many men wounded and killed including their Colonel David S. Cowles. During this time they were part of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 19th Army Corp, Department of the Gulf to July 1863.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
After the siege of Port Hudson was over and the Union Army took full control of the Mississippi River, the regiment moved to Baton Rouge July 11, thence to Donaldsonville July 15. The regiment performed provost and guard duty there and at Baton Rouge until March 1864. The 128th would then participate in the Red River Campaign from March 23 - May 22. Initial duty placed them in the rear of the assault at Alexandria from March 25 - April 12 and Grand Ecore April 13.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The regiment then were swept up in the Union Army's retreat to Alexandria from April 21–26. This included an engagement at Cane River Crossing on April 23; The regiment's new colonel, James Smith, would later be breveted general for bravery in this fight. Men then assisted with the construction of the famous dam needed to save the Union fleet of ships at Alexandria April 30- May 10. Once the fleet was rescued the army continued its retreat to Morganza Bend from May 13–20.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
This would include two additional engagements at Mansura Plains on May 16 and at Atchafalaya on May 17. The regiment then remained at Morganza Bend until July 3 as part of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 19th Army Corp, to February 1864 and 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 19th Army Corp, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
From Morganza the men moved to New Orleans, and thence to Fortress Monroe, Virginia, and then quickly to Washington D.C. July 3–29.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The regiment then participated in General Phil Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign from August 7 - November 28 as part of the Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January 1865. At this time they were starting on a campaign to stop Confederate General Jubal Early's pestering of Washington and also to lay waste to the Valley, then considered the "breadbasket" of the South.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
In the Valley, the 128th fought first at the Battle of Opequon or (Third Winchester) on September 19, 1864; The Confederates were beaten and chased south "up" the valley. Several days later there was another major engagement at Fisher's Hill on September 22, 1864, and again the Rebels were beaten and pursued still further south. The Union army gave chase for a considerable distance with the cavalry doing most of the fighting. When Sheridan felt the Confederates had been pushed sufficiently south and were no longer a threat, he then turned the army about and proceeded to carry out the second part of the plan; To lay waste to the Valley.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
Moving north "down" the Valley, the Union troops burned crops, food, barns and anything that might be useful to the Confederate Army. The Rebels stayed close at their heels. When the Army reached the northern end of the Valley just over Cedar Creek, they encamped awaiting next steps from the leadership. Sheridan left the Army here while he went to Washington to discuss plans with General Grant. The 128th were encamped on the north side of Cedar Creek just off the main north-south route, the "Valley Pike".


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
Being in this position, the 128th were the regiment to have many men stationed as advanced pickets on the other side of Cedar Creek some distance out on the pike, guarding the approach. By now the Confederates were desperate, having lost two large battles and being seriously low on food and supplies as well as men of fighting capability. One of their top generals, John Brown Gordon made a trip to the top of a nearby mountain during the day and looking down had a birdseye view of the entire Union Army.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
From here he was able to devise a plan whereby the Confederates would leave behind everything that might make noise, and at night march around the base of the mountain, cross the Shenandoah and attack the Union army at first light. The rebels main attack fell on the left flank at approximately 5:00 a.m. with smaller thrusts at the center and on the right. It was a chilly and foggy morning, October 19, 1864; The majority of the soldiers were still sleeping when the attack began to start the Battle of Cedar Creek.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The 128th being on the Pike, were off to the right of the main attack. The loud shock of the assault on their left startled the pickets and left them wondering what was going on. Very shortly after this bullets started flying at them, and the men began to return fire, but, realizing they had no support and that they were quickly being cut off from any chance of escape, they ran for the bridge. Many of the men made it back across but a majority of them were caught.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
The fight continued on with the Confederates routing the Union Army in the morning attack. The Union troops retreated a mile or so and began to reform and regroup. The Confederates slowed their chase, taking time to stop and plunder the Union camps. Meanwhile, the Union General Sheridan, who'd been asleep twenty miles north of Middletown and Cedar Creek in Winchester, gallantly raced to rejoin his army. Once there, Sheridan rallied his troops, attacked and retook the camps lost in the morning fight. The Confederates were routed and once again chased south on the Valley Pike.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Campaigns
Unfortunately for those Union prisoners captured in the morning fighting, including the men of the 128th, the Union Army never caught up to them as they chased the fleeing rebels. After capture these prisoners were marched out right away and traveled nearly 90 miles to Staunton, Virginia. where they boarded trains for Richmond. There the men were taken to the infamous Libby Prison. For the most part, higher-ranking officers remained here and were shortly paroled while the men of the ranks were taken further south to Salisbury Prison in North Carolina. Here they remained for close to five months until February 22, 1865, at which time they were released.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Mail-in ballot fraud scheme
In the fall of 1864, Orville Wood, a merchant from Clinton County and supporter of Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election, was tasked to visit hometown troops and "look after the local ticket." After seeing evidence of mail-in ballot fraud in another regiment and a hospital, Wood gained the trust of Moses Ferry, representative of Democratic Governor Horatio Seymour in Baltimore, and set out to expose the fraud.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Mail-in ballot fraud scheme
The scheme extended beyond Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, back to New York—in one example, a General J.A. Ferrell wrote to political operative Edward Donahue Jr.: "Inclosed in this package you will find tickets, also a list of names of the actual residents of Columbia County, now members of the 128th Regiment. With my best wishes for your success." Wood reported multiple such operations he discovered to authorities, and less than two weeks before the election on October 27, 1864, Ferry and Donahue were tried before a military commission. Ferry confessed and offered up names of other conspirators, while Donahue continued to trial and was convicted, partly on Wood's testimony. Both were sentenced to life in prison, with Lincoln's approval.


128th New York Infantry Regiment, Legacy
The 128th has a monument on the battlefield at Cedar Creek in Middletown, Virginia, in the location of their camp preceding the Battle of Cedar Creek. Additionally there is a monument to the regiment in Poughkeepsie, New York, on Reservoir Square at S. Clinton St. and Cannon St.


128th New York State Legislature
The 128th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to July 20, 1905, during the first year of Frank W. Higgins's governorship, in Albany.


128th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, 50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (twelve districts), Kings County (seven districts), Erie County (three districts) and Monroe County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county, .


128th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Social Democratic Party, the Prohibition Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the People's Party also nominated tickets.


128th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1904, was held on November 8. Lt . Gov. Frank W. Higgins was elected Governor; and Matthew Linn Bruce was elected Lieutenant Governor; both Republicans. Of the other seven statewide elective office up for election, six were carried by the Republicans, and one by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans 813,000; Democrats 732,000; Social Democrats 36,000; Prohibition 21,000; Socialist Labor 9,000; and People's Party 6,000.


128th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1905; and adjourned on May 5.


128th New York State Legislature, Sessions
John Raines (R) was re-elected President pro tempore of the State Senate.


128th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On January 17, the Legislature re-elected Chauncey M. Depew (R) as U.S. Senator from New York for a second six-year term, beginning on March 4, 1905.


128th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Clerk of the Senate James S. Whipple was appointed Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner, and resigned on May 20. Assistant Clerk Lafayette B. Gleason was appointed by Lieutenant Governor M. Linn Bruce as Acting Clerk.


128th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany to consider the removal from office of New York Supreme Court Justice Warren B. Hooker. Hooker was acquitted by the Legislature, remained on the bench and the Legislature adjourned July 20, 1905.


128th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On June 21, Gleason was elected Clerk of the Senate for the special session, and the session of 1906.


128th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts
Note: In 1897, New York County (the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx), Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn), Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island) and the Western part of Queens County (the borough of Queens) were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County (the non-consolidated part) was separated in 1899 as Nassau County. Parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898.


128th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. James J. Kehoe changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


128th Ohio General Assembly
The One Hundred Twenty-eighth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio from January 5, 2009 until December 31, 2010. Ted Strickland was Ohio Governor for its entirety. It was composed of the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. The apportionment of districts was based on the 2000 United States Census. It marked the first time in fourteen years that the Ohio Democratic Party controlled the House of Representatives, while the Ohio Republican Party maintained control of the Ohio Senate.


128th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 128th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 128th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 128th Ohio Infantry was organized in Columbus and Johnson's Island, Ohio and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel Charles W. Hill. Companies A through E were organized January through September 1862; Companies E through K were organized December 1863 through January 1864.


128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment moved from Columbus to Sandusky, Ohio, January 1864. It performed guard duty at Sandusky and at Johnson's Island, Sandusky Bay, until July 1865. Portions of the regiment served on detached duty in West Virginia. The regiment moved to Camp Chase July 10, and mustered out of service on July 17, 1865.


128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 64 men during service; 1 officer and 63 enlisted men died of disease.


128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 128th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 128th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Camp Curtin near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and mustered in August 14, 1862 under the command of Colonel Samuel Croasdale.


128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac.


128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Pennsylvania for Washington, D.C., August 16, and duty there until September 6. Moved to Frederick, Md., September 6–14. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16–17. At Sandy Hook and Maryland Heights September 22 to December 10. Moved to Fairfax Station, Va., December 10–14. Duty there until January 19, 1863. Moved to Stafford Court House January 19–23, and duty there until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 – May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5.


128th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 59 men during service; 2 officers and 31 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 26 enlisted men died of disease. More than half the regiment was surrounded and captured at the Battle of Chancellorsville (9 officers and 225 men).


128th Pioneers
The 128th Pioneers were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1846, when they were raised as the 28th Bombay Native Infantry.


128th Pioneers
The regiments first action was in Afghanistan during the Second Afghan War in the Battle of Kandahar. In 1885, they were sent to Egypt to take part in the Sudan Campaign. They played an active part in the Battle of Tofrek and the Battle of Suakin. On their return to India they were part of the force gathered for the Tirah Campaign in 1897. During World War I they were sent to Egypt, to guard the Suez Canal from Turkish forces. They were originally attached to the 10th Indian Division but moved to the 11th Indian Division in 1916.


128th Pioneers
After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 128th Pioneers became the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Bombay Pioneers. The regiment was disbanded in 1932.


128th Pioneers, William St. Lucien Chase
William St. Lucien Chase was awarded the Victoria Cross when a lieutenant in the 28th Bombay Native Infantry during the Second Afghan War when, on 16 August 1880, at Deh Khoja, near Kandahar, Afghanistan, Chase, with the help of Private Thomas Elsdon Ashford, rescued and carried, for a distance of over 200 yards, under enemy fire, a wounded soldier who had taken shelter in a block house. Several times they were compelled to rest, but they persevered and finally brought the wounded man to a place of safety.


128th Regiment of Foot
The 128th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.


128th meridian east
The meridian 128° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


128th meridian east
The 128th meridian east forms a great circle with the 52nd meridian west.


128th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 128th meridian east passes through:


128th meridian west
The meridian 128° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


128th meridian west
The 128th meridian west forms a great circle with the 52nd meridian east.


128th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 128th meridian west passes through:


129 (barge)
129 (also known as Barge 129, or No.129) was an American whaleback barge in service between 1893 and 1902. Built between December 1892 and May 1893, in Superior, Wisconsin, (or West Superior, Wisconsin), by Alexander McDougall's American Steel Barge Company, for McDougall's fleet of the same name, based in Buffalo, New York. She was one of a class of distinctive and experimental class of ships designed and built by McDougall. The whalebacks were designed to be more stable in high seas. They had rounded decks, and lacked the normal straight sides seen on traditional lake freighters. 129 entered service on May 22, hauling wheat from Superior. She was sold to the Bessemer Steamship Company of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1900. In 1901, she became owned by the Pittsburgh Steamship Company of Duluth, Minnesota, when the Bessemer fleet merged into it.


129 (barge)
On October 13, 1902, 129 was downbound, loaded with iron ore, in tow of the bulk freighter Maunaloa. The two vessels encountered rough seas while about 30 miles (48.3 km) northwest of Vermilion Point. 129 broke away, Maunaloa turned around, and attempted to retrieve 129. However, the heavy seas pushed Maunaloa against 129; her port anchor sliced into 129's starboard side. 129 took on water and sank fast. All of her crew were rescued by Maunaloa.


129 (barge), History, Background
129 was a whaleback, an innovative but unpopular ship design of the late 1880s, designed by Alexander McDougall. A Scottish immigrant, Great Lakes captain, inventor and entrepreneur, McDougall developed the idea of the whaleback as a way to improve the ability of barges to follow a towing vessel in heavy seas. Whalebacks were characterized by distinctive hull shapes with rounded tops, lacking conventional vertical sides, and conoidal ends. Their rounded hulls enabled water to easily slide off their decks, minimising friction, and letting them sail quickly and smoothly through the water. Their superstructure was located on turrets mounted on the main deck. The rounded contours of whalebacks gave them an unconventional appearance, and McDougall's ship and barge designs were received with considerable skepticism, resistance, and derision. As they had porcine-looking snouts for bows, some observers called them "pig boats".


129 (barge), History, Background
After McDougall was unable to persuade existing shipbuilders to try his designs, he founded the American Steel Barge Company in Superior, Wisconsin in 1888 and built them himself. McDougall actively promoted his design and company by sending the steamer Charles W. Wetmore to London and starting another shipyard in Everett, Washington, which built the steamer City of Everett. Despite McDougall's further efforts to promote the design with the excursion liner Christopher Columbus, whalebacks never caught on, with only 44 of them being built.


129 (barge), History, Design and construction
129 (also known as Barge 129 or No.129) was constructed between 1892 and 1893 in Superior, Wisconsin, (or West Superior, Wisconsin), by the American Steel Barge Company. Her first hull frames were laid down on December 5, 1892. She was launched on May 13, 1893. 129 was the first of six identical whaleback barges launched in spring and summer of 1893. 129 and her sister ships (130, 131, 132, 133 and 134) were the only whalebacks built by the American Steel Barge Company in 1893.


129 (barge), History, Design and construction
She had an overall length 306 feet (93.3 m) (292 feet (89.0 m) between perpendiculars), a beam of 36 feet (11.0 m) and a depth of 22 feet (6.7 m). She had a gross tonnage of 1,310 (or 1,311) tons and a net tonnage of 1,265 (or 1,266) tons. She was an unrigged barge and was towed by a steam-powered ship.


129 (barge), History, Service history
129 was built by the American Steel Barge Company for the fleet of the same name based in Buffalo, New York. She was given a temporary enrollment in Marquette, Michigan on May 12, 1893, and was given the US official number 53276. She received a permanent enrollment on June 3 in Buffalo, her home port. 129 entered service on May 22, carrying wheat from Superior, Wisconsin.


129 (barge), History, Service history
129 had no recountable incidents during her career. In 1895, management of the American Steel Barge Company fleet was taken over by Pickands Mather & Company of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1900, 129 and the entire American Steel Barge Company fleet was sold to the Bessemer Steamship Company of Cleveland. When sold, 129's home port was changed to Duluth, Minnesota. 129 and the Bessemer Steamship Company fleet merged into the Pittsburgh Steamship Company of Duluth, managed by Augustus B. Wolvin.


129 (barge), History, Final voyage
On October 13, 1902, while in tow of the 452 feet (137.8 m) steel bulk freighter Maunaloa, 129 was downbound, with 2,300 tons of iron ore in her cargo hold. Maunaloa and 129 encountered rough seas while about 30 miles (48.3 km) northwest of Vermilion Point on Lake Superior. In the gale, the towline between 129 and Maunaloa was severed. Maunaloa turned around and attempted to retrieve 129. However, the heavy seas pushed Maunaloa against 129; her port anchor sliced into 129's starboard side. 129 took on water quickly and rapidly sank.


129 (barge), History, Final voyage
There was no loss of life, as Captain Bailey and his crew were picked up by Maunaloa. Maunaloa sustained no major damage in the collision. 129 was a total loss, being valued at $60,000, while her cargo was valued at $10,000. Her enrollment surrendered on March 25, 1903, in Duluth, Minnesota. She was the fourth whaleback to be lost on the Great Lakes.


129 (barge), History, Final voyage
The wreck of 129 has not been located. Maritime historian and author Cris Kohl has described her as one of the "100 most hunted Great Lakes shipwrecks".


129 (number)
129 (one hundred [and] twenty-nine) is the natural number following 128 and preceding 130.


129 (number), In mathematics
129 is the sum of the first ten prime numbers. It is the smallest number that can be expressed as a sum of three squares in four different ways: 112+22+22{\displaystyle 11^{2}+2^{2}+2^{2}}, 102+52+22{\displaystyle 10^{2}+5^{2}+2^{2}}, 82+82+12{\displaystyle 8^{2}+8^{2}+1^{2}}, and 82+72+42{\displaystyle 8^{2}+7^{2}+4^{2}}.


129 (number), In mathematics
129 is the product of only two primes, 3 and 43, making 129 a semiprime. Since 3 and 43 are both Gaussian primes, this means that 129 is a Blum integer.


129 Antigone
Antigone (minor planet designation: 129 Antigone) is a large main-belt asteroid. Radar observations indicate that it is composed of almost pure nickel-iron. It and other similar asteroids probably originate from the core of a shattered Vesta-like planetesimal which had a differentiated interior. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on February 5, 1873, and named after Antigone, the Theban princess in Greek mythology.


129 Antigone
In 1979 a possible satellite of Antigone was suggested based on lightcurve data. A model constructed from these shows Antigone itself to be quite regularly shaped. In 1990, the asteroid was observed from the Collurania-Teramo Observatory, allowing a composite light curve to be produced that showed a rotation period of 4.9572 ± 0.0001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.34 ± 0.01 in magnitude. The ratio of the lengths of the major to minor axes for this asteroid were found to be 1.45 ±0.02.


129 Antigone
10µ radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 114 km. Since 1985, a total of three stellar occultations by Antigone have been observed. A favorable occultation of a star on April 11, 1985, was observed from sites near Pueblo, Colorado, allowing a diameter estimate of 113.0 ± 4.2 km to be calculated.


129 BC
Year 129 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tuditanus and Aquillius (or, less frequently, year 625 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 129 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


129 Die in Jet!
129 Die in Jet! is a painting created by American Pop artist Andy Warhol in 1962, made with acrylic and pencil on canvas, 100 x 72 inches (254 x 182.9 cm).


129 Die in Jet!, Interpretation
Warhol created this work after the Air France Flight 007 accident in which 129 (later 130 after one died of injuries) people aboard were killed with only 2 (initially 3) survivors. The Atlanta Art Association had sponsored a month-long tour of the art treasures of Europe, and 106 of the passengers were art patrons heading home to Atlanta on this charter flight. The tour group included many of Atlanta's cultural and civic leaders. Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen Jr. went to Orly to inspect the crash site where so many important Atlantans perished. The work is a memorial to those who died.


129 West Trade
129 West Trade is a 227 feet (69 m) skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1958 and has 15 floors. The building is clad with 3,822 - 2,000 pound (890 kg) precast concrete facade panels which measure 5.5 by 6 feet (1.6 by 1.8 m).


129 West Trade
This building was home to the Wachovia Charlotte office prior to 1975, when the bank moved to 400 South Tryon. The Charlotte Chamber of Commerce occupied the building from 1975 to 1995.


1290
Year 1290 (MCCXC) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1290 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1290 kHz: 1290 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency


1290 Chihli earthquake
The 1290 Chihli earthquake occurred on 27 September with an epicenter near Ningcheng, Zhongshu Sheng (Zhili or Chihli), Yuan Empire. This region is today administered as part of Inner Mongolia, China. The earthquake had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. One estimate places the death toll at 7,270, while another has it at 100,000.


1290 Chihli earthquake, Damage
The earthquake destroyed 480 storehouses and countless houses in Ningcheng. Changping, Hejian, Renqiu, Xiongxian, Baoding, Yixian and Baixiang County were also affected. It severely damaged the Fengguo Temple in Yixian.


1290s
The 1290s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1290, and ended on December 31, 1299.


1290s BC
The 1290s BC is a decade which lasted from 1299 BC to 1290 BC.


1290s in art
The decade of the 1290s in art involved some significant events.


1290s in art, Paintings
Pietro Cavallini The Last Judgement (detail of the Apostles) 1295


1291
Year 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1291 Phryne
1291 Phryne, provisional designation 1933 RA, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 September 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after the ancient Greek courtesan Phryne.


1291 Phryne, Orbit and classification
Phryne is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,911 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A907 TA at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1907.


1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics
Phryne is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, while the Eon family's overall spectral type is that of a K-type.


1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Phryne was obtained by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.55 hours with a brightness variation of 0.86 magnitude (U=3). In August 2006, from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini gave a period of 5.58410 hours and an amplitude of 0.38 magnitude (U=3)


1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics, Poles
In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a period 5.58414 hours, as well as two spin axis of (106.0°, 35.0°) and (277.0°, 59.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β). In 2017, a new study of the same international collaboration about the rotational states of Eoan asteroids gave a revised shape model with a period of 5.584139 hours and two spin axis of (109.0°, 33.0°) and (281.0°, 56.0°).


1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Phryne measures between 24.954 and 31.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.127 and 0.1818.


1291 Phryne, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1355 and a diameter of 26.52 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.67.


1291 Phryne, Naming
This minor planet was named after Phryne, the beautiful ancient Greek courtesan (hetaira) of the 4th century B.C. Supposedly, she was the model for the statue Aphrodite of Knidos by ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles (see asteroid 5983), who was also her lover. It was the first nude statue of a woman from ancient Greece. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).


1291 in Scotland
Events from the year 1291 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


1292
Year 1292 (MCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1292 Advanced Programmable Video System
The 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System is a second-generation home video game console released by European company Audiosonic in 1978. It is part of a group of software-compatible consoles which include the Interton VC 4000 and the Voltmace Database. The 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System included its power pack inside the console instead of an exterior power pack.


1292 Advanced Programmable Video System, Specifications, User programming
An expensive (£49 in the UK in 1977) Hobby Module was available which gave 6.5 kb of user-programmable memory and had a 5 pin DIN socket to allow software to be saved to a cassette tape player. This converted the unit into a halfway house between a home computer and an ordinary gaming console.


1292 Advanced Programmable Video System, Specifications, User programming
The user had to be familiar with programming in Signetics 2650 assembly language and the unconventional ways and register architecture of the Signetics 2650 processor.


1292 Advanced Programmable Video System, Released versions
The console was produced by different companies and sold with different names. Not every console is compatible with others due to differences in the shapes and dimensions of the cartridge slots (but all of the consoles are software compatible). Here's a table of the consoles grouped by compatibility family (due to the slots).


1292 Advanced Programmable Video System, Released versions, Games
Although, not much information is known about the release dates of the cartridges, the total number of the games should be 59 (33 games released by Radofin between 1977–1978, 19 games for the Interton VC 4000 and compatibles after 1978, and 7 more games released around 1980).


1292 Imperial election
The imperial election of 1292 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on May 5. Emperor Rudolf I of Germany had died on 15 July 1291.


1292 Imperial election
King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, despite his late father-in-law Rudolf's recognition of the electoral vote to him, refused to support Rudolf's son, Albert of Austria, his wife's brother. King Wenceslaus succeeded in bringing the Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony over to his side: Albert II, Duke of Saxony signed an electoral pact on 29 November 1291 that he would vote the same way as Wenceslaus; Otto IV, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal made a similar commitment.


1292 Imperial election
Siegfried II of Westerburg, Archbishop of Cologne, believed that the Emperor should not receive the crown as an inheritance from his father, but should be freely selected by the College of Electors. He convinced Gerhard II. von Eppstein, the Archbishop of Mainz, to seek a candidate who would principally serve their interests. Gerard in turn recruited the new Archbishop of Trier, Bohemund I. Thereupon, the Elector Palatine, originally a supporter of Albert of Austria, was forced to submit to the majority of the College of Electors. Siegfried therefore proposed to the Electoral College to select Adolf of Nassau, a count, as king. They were ready to elect him, provided he make extensive concessions to the Electors and follow their political demands.


1292 Imperial election
On 5 May 1292 in Frankfurt am Main, the Archbishop of Mainz, in the name of all the electors, elected Adolf King of the Germans (Emperor-Elect). As a result of the election, Adolf of Germany was named King of the Romans. He was crowned in Aachen on 24 June by the Archbishop of Cologne.


1292 Imperial election
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1292 in Scotland
Events from the year 1292 in the Kingdom of Scotland.


12923 Zephyr
12923 Zephyr (prov. designation: 1999 GK4) is a stony asteroid, classified as potentially hazardous asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 April 1999, by astronomers of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona. The asteroid was named after the deity Zephyrus from Greek mythology.


12923 Zephyr, Orbit and classification
Zephyr orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0–2.9 AU once every 2 years and 9 months (1,003 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.49 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in April 1955, almost 44 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.


12923 Zephyr, Orbit and classification, Close encounters
This near-Earth asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0211 AU (3,160,000 km), which corresponds to 8.2 lunar distances. This short distance as well as its sufficiently large size makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid. On September 2010, the asteroid approached Earth at 0.2546 AU (38,100,000 km); it will make close encounters with Earth again in 2021, 2032 and 2043.


12923 Zephyr, Naming
This minor planet was named after the god of the west wind, Zephyrus, from Greek mythology. The name was suggested by M. Smitherman. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 September 2004 (M.P.C. 52768).


12923 Zephyr, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Zephyr is a common S-type asteroid. The body is also characterized as a stony asteroid by the Infrared Telescope Facility, and in the Tholen classification (noisy spectrum).


12923 Zephyr, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 1999, a rotational lightcurve of Zephyr was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.891 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=3).


12923 Zephyr, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the ExploreNEOs survey of the Spitzer Telescope, Zephyr measures between 1.86 and 2.062 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1764 and 0.21.


12923 Zephyr, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE data, with albedo of 0.1764 and a diameter of 2.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.93.


12929 Periboea
12929 Periboea, provisional designation: 1999 TZ1, is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 54 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 October 1999, by American astronomer Charles W. Juels at the Fountain Hills Observatory in Arizona. Originally considered a centaur, this now re-classified Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 9.3 hours and belongs to the 80 largest Jupiter trojans. It was named from Greek mythology after Periboea, mother of Pelagon by the river-god Axius.


12929 Periboea, Orbit and classification
Periboea is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.


12929 Periboea, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0–5.4 AU once every 11 years and 12 months (4,378 days; semi-major axis of 5.24 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and a high inclination of 43° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in September 1953, or 46 years prior to its official discovery observation at Fountain Hills.


12929 Periboea, Orbit and classification, Classification as centaur
Periboea was originally listed by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) as a centaur. However, its location close to L5, its low albedo and spectral slope, as well as its estimated dynamical lifetime of more than a billion years, led to the conclusion that the formerly classified centaur is indeed a Jupiter trojan.


12929 Periboea, Numbering and naming
This minor planet was numbered by the MPC on 22 December 1999 (M.P.C. 22480). On 14 May 2021, the object was named by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN), after Periboea, a mortal woman and eldest daughter of Acessamenus from Greek mythology. Periboea was the mother of Pelagon who she conceived by way of the river god Axius. Her grandson was the Trojan ally Asteropaios.


12929 Periboea, Physical characteristics
Periboea is an assumed C-type asteroid. It has a V–I color index of 0.88.


12929 Periboea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 2007, four rotational lightcurves of Periboea have been obtained from photometric observations with a period of 10.4 and 10.422 hours (U=2/2/2/2-). Best-rated lightcurve, obtained by Stefano Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory over seven nights from May to June 2009, gave a rotation period of 9.2749±0.0016 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=2+).


12929 Periboea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and observations by French and Spanish astronomers, Periboea measures between 51.5 and 55.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.053 and 0.110. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of a carbonaceous asteroid 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 61.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.


12929 Periboea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.


1292–1294 papal election
The 1292–1294 papal election (from 5 April 1292 to 5 July 1294), was the last papal election which did not take the form of a papal conclave (in which the electors are locked in seclusion cum clave—Latin for "with a key"—and not permitted to leave until a new Bishop of Rome has been elected). After the death of Pope Nicholas IV on 4 April 1292, the eleven surviving cardinals (a twelfth died during the sede vacante) deliberated for more than two years before electing the third of six non-cardinals to be elected pope during the Late Middle Ages: Pietro da Morrone, who took the name Pope Celestine V.


1292–1294 papal election
Contemporary sources suggest that Morrone was hesitant to accept his election when word of the cardinals' decision reached his mountain-top hermitage. His ascetic life left him largely unprepared for the day-to-day responsibilities of the papacy, and he quickly fell under the influence of the Neapolitan monarchy of Charles of Anjou, to the dissatisfaction of even the pro-Angevin cardinals within the College. Celestine V resigned on 13 December 1294.


1292–1294 papal election, Cardinal electors
Twelve cardinal electors began the election, but one—Jean Cholet—died before it was completed.


1292–1294 papal election, Deliberation
The eleven electors were relatively evenly divided between the factions of Colonna and Orsini, two powerful Roman families, led by Giacomo Colonna and Matteo Orsini, respectively. The three Orsini cardinals were pro-French and pro-Angevin, while the two Colonna cardinals supported competing Aragonese claims in Sicily. James II of Aragon had bankrolled the Colonna faction with gold, but it is unknown whether simony actually transpired.


1292–1294 papal election, Deliberation
After ten days of balloting in Rome, without any candidate approaching the requisite two-thirds, the cardinals adjourned until June and changed the location of the election from Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore to Santa Maria sopra Minerva. After a summer epidemic in the city, and the death of Cholet in August, they dispersed until late September. The non-Roman cardinals went to Rieti (except Caetani, who went to his native Anagni) while the Roman cardinals remained in the city.


1292–1294 papal election, Deliberation
As balloting continued into the next summer, the disorder in Rome increased dramatically (even by the standards of a sede vacante, during which, based on the biblical example of Barabbas, all prisoners were released). The deaths of newly elected Roman Senators Agapitus Colonna and Ursus Orsini around Easter 1293 further exacerbated the anarchy within the city, which had been marked by the destruction of palaces, the slaying of pilgrims, and the sacking of churches. After the summer of 1293, the cardinals dispersed and agreed to reconvene in Perugia on October 18.


1292–1294 papal election, Deliberation
The College continued to deliberate fruitlessly in Perugia, where they were addressed by Charles II of Naples in March 1294. By  the summer of 1294, cardinals had begun to disperse, leaving only six in Perugia for their final meeting, where a letter was read aloud from a hermit,  Pietro de Morrone, stating that God had revealed to him that the cardinals would be punished for any further delay. Latino Malabranca Orsini, the senior cardinal, suddenly nominated Morrone—who would have been well known by the cardinals as a saintly figure—and the other cardinals rapidly agreed and recalled the departed electors to consent.


1292–1294 papal election, Deliberation
Consensus was achieved by 5 July  1294, when Morrone was elected. As with the selection of Gregory X by the papal election, 1268–1271, the choice of an outsider, non-cardinal, in this case an "octogenarian hermit," was seen as the only way to break the stalemate between the deadlocked cardinals. That election also could have resulted in the selection of a hermit, had Saint Philip Benizi not fled to avoid his election after he urged the cardinals to speed up their deliberations.


1292–1294 papal election, Coronation
Pietro Colonna and three bishops brought the news of Morrone's election to his mountain-top hermitage. Contemporary sources are emphatic in noting Morrone's reluctance to accept his election; for example, Petrarch recounts his attempt to flee.


1292–1294 papal election, Coronation
Instead of coming to Perugia (the site of the election), Celestine insisted that the cardinals join him in L'Aquila (in Neapolitan territory) for his coronation, rather than crossing into the bordering Papal States. Imitating the entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Celestine rode a donkey, led by the bridle by Charles II of Naples and his son Charles Martel of Anjou to the L'Aquila basilica, which was the nearest cathedral to his hermitage.


1292–1294 papal election, Coronation
Latino Orsini died on August 10 in Perugia, but many of the other cardinals had second thoughts because of the perceived degree of Angevin control of the new pope. Because only three cardinals were present at the ceremony on August 29, it was repeated a few days later when more arrived, making Celestine the only pope to be crowned twice.


1292–1294 papal election, Coronation
The Angevin-Neapolitan influence of Celestine was evident in his first consistory, during which he created twelve cardinals, including seven Frenchmen and three (or five) Neapolitans. This was the first time in history where a single consistory had swung the College of Cardinals so decidedly in one nationalist partisan direction. The cardinals who were not French or Angevin were members of Celestine's former order.


1292–1294 papal election, Coronation
Celestine also moved to the Castel Nuovo in Naples, where he continued to live much like a hermit until he resigned, as advocated by many Roman cardinals, including Benedetto Gaetani (who, a former lawyer, suggested that Celestine first publish a decree establishing the permissibility of papal abdication). Gaetani, elected Pope Boniface VIII following Celestine's abdication, proceeded to have Celestine imprisoned while the legality of his abdication remained a prominent subject, and Celestine died a prisoner in 1296.


1292–1294 papal election, Legacy
Before abdicating, Celestine re-enacted Ubi Periculum, the Apostolic Constitution of Pope Gregory X, which has governed all subsequent papal elections under the laws of the conclave. Two subsequent papal elections may be considered possible exceptions, although they adhered to the laws of the conclave to a great degree: the Council of Constance, which elected Pope Martin V to end the Western Schism, and the papal conclave, 1799-1800, for which Pope Pius VI suspended Ubi Periculum due to the interference of Napoléon Bonaparte.


1293
Year 1293 (MCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1293 Kamakura earthquake
The 1293 Kamakura earthquake in Japan occurred at about 06:00 local time on 27 May 1293. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.1–7.5 and triggered a tsunami. The estimated death toll was 23,024. It occurred during the Kamakura period, and the city of Kamakura was seriously damaged.


1293 Kamakura earthquake
In the confusion following the quake, Hōjō Sadatoki, the Shikken of the Kamakura Shogunate, carried out a purge against his subordinate Taira no Yoritsuna. In what is referred to as the Heizen Gate Incident, Yoritsuna and 90 of his followers were killed.


1293 Kamakura earthquake
It has been suggested that the reference to a large tsunami may be incorrect, although a tsunami deposit has been found that is consistent with this age.


1293 Sonja
1293 Sonja, provisional designation 1933 SO, is a stony asteroid and bright Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 September 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. Two nights later, Sonja was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz on the Crimean peninsula. The origin of the asteroid's name is unknown.


1293 Sonja, Orbit and classification
In the SMASS taxonomy, Sonja is classified as a Sq-type, an intermediary between the abundant S and rather rare Q-type asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.6–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,214 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. Sonja's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.


1293 Sonja, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several well-defined rotational lightcurves of Sonja were obtained from photometric observations during 2003–2016. Light-curve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 2.876–2.879 hours with a brightness variation between 0.14 and 0.21 magnitude.


1293 Sonja, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In 2006, the first lightcurve was obtained by David Higgins (U=3), followed by Federico Manzini and Vladimir Benishek (U=3/3-). Photometric observations continued in August 2008, by Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory (U=3), and in 2016, four more lightcurves were obtained by Peter Kušnirák and Petr Pravec, as well as by Robert Stephens, Daniel Klinglesmith and Isaac Aznar (U=3/3/3/3).


1293 Sonja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Sonja measures 3.65 and 7.80 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an exceptionally high albedo of 0.53 and 0.46, respectively. This would make Sonja one of the brightest known Mars-crossing asteroids. However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1226 and a diameter of 7.23 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.


1293 Sonja, Naming
It is unknown as to whether the name "Sonja" refers to any known place, person or occurrence. It was speculated that "Sonja" could have been chosen based on the two letter of its provisional designation, 1933 SO. It is also speculated, that the name "Sonja" might have been on a list of generic German female names sent by the German ARI to several discoverers of minor planets in 1913, requesting the immediate naming of their discoveries in order to avoid confusion and possible errors (RI 1039; AN 196 and 137).


1293 Sonja, Naming, Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Sonja is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).


1294
Year 1294 (MCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1294 Antwerpia
1294 Antwerpia (prov. designation: 1933 UB1) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 October 1933, by astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.6 hours and measures approximately 35 kilometers (22 miles) in diameter. It was named for the Belgian city of Antwerp.


1294 Antwerpia, Orbit and classification
Antwerpia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.1–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,608 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. the asteroid was first observed as A917 DB at Heidelberg Observatory in February 2017, where the body's observation arc begins one month later in March 1917.


1294 Antwerpia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the city of Antwerp in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).


1294 Antwerpia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Antwerpia is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It is also a C-type in both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2).


1294 Antwerpia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
Several rotational lightcurves of Antwerpia have been obtained from photometric observations since 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.63 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 magnitude (U=1/3/3-/3-/3/2).


1294 Antwerpia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 6.62521 hours (U=n.a. ), as well as two spin axis of (128.0°, −66.0°) and (246.0°, −76.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1294 Antwerpia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Antwerpia measures between 27.82 and 40.717 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0887 and 0.125. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0783 and a diameter of 34.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.


1294 papal conclave
The 1294 papal conclave (23–24 December) was convoked in Naples after the resignation of Pope Celestine V on 13 December 1294. Celestine V had only months earlier restored the election procedures set forth in the papal bull Ubi periculum of Pope Gregory X, which had been suspended by Pope Adrian V in July 1276. Every papal election since then has been a papal conclave. It was the first papal conclave held during the lifetime of the preceding pontiff, an event not repeated until the papal conclave of 2013 following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.


1294 papal conclave, Abdication of Celestine V
Celestine V, founder of the Order of Celestines, widely esteemed and venerated for his holiness, was elected to the papacy on 7 July 1294, as a compromise choice after an over two-years long sede vacante. It quickly became clear that this saintly eremite was wholly incompetent and unsuited for a job as pope. Admitting his own incompetence soon after his election, Celestine expressed the wish to abdicate and return to his solitary cave in the Abruzzi Mountains. However, before doing so he issued two bulls. The first bull established the regulations concerning the abdication of a pope.


1294 papal conclave, Abdication of Celestine V
The second bull (Quia in futurum, 28 September 1294) restored the constitution Ubi periculum, which established the papal conclave; the constitution had been suspended by Pope Adrian V in July 1276. During his short papacy, he also created 13 cardinals. Eventually, on 13 December 1294, Celestine V abdicated the papacy at Naples, three days after confirming the restoration of the institution of the papal conclave.


1294 papal conclave, Abdication of Celestine V
It has been widely stated that the alleged great influence of the ambitious Cardinal Benedetto Caetani and the pressure he applied on Celestine V were important factors in Celestine's decision to abdicate, but it seems nearly as certain that it was an entirely voluntarily step of the Pope, with the role of Caetani limited to participation in the solution of the legal problems connected with the resignation of a pope. In particular, there were doubts whether a pope could resign at all, and who would be authorized to accept such a resignation.


1294 papal conclave, List of participants
All 22 living cardinals participated in the conclave; 12 of them were created by Celestine V, five by Nicholas IV, two by Nicholas III, one by Urban IV and one by Honorius IV:


1294 papal conclave, Election of Pope Boniface VIII
On 23 December 1294, the cardinals assembled in the Castel Nuovo at Naples for the election of the successor of Celestine V.  On the next day, Christmas Eve, Cardinal Benedetto Caetani  received the required two-thirds majority and took the name of Boniface VIII. Caetani's nephew, who was an eyewitness, says that Caetani was elected after one scrutiny and an accessio: scrutinio accessioneque eligitur. Soon after his election he returned to Rome, where on 23 January 1295 he received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Hugh Aycelin, Bishop of Ostia. He was  crowned by Matteo Rosso Orsini, who was prior Diaconorum of the Sacred College.


1295
Year 1295 (MCCXCV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1295 Deflotte
1295 Deflotte, provisional designation 1933 WD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 November 1933, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid was named after the discoverer's nephew.


1295 Deflotte, Orbit and classification
Deflotte is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.8 AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,281 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1295 Deflotte, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1932 RE at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1932. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in November 1933.


1295 Deflotte, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Deflotte was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.64 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=2).


1295 Deflotte, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Deflotte measures between 45.67 and 51.048 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0390 and 0.049. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0402 and a diameter of 47.99 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.


1295 Deflotte, Naming
This minor planet was named after Louis Boyer's nephew. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 118).


1296
Year 1296 (MCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1296 Andrée
1296 Andrée, provisional designation 1933 WE, is a stony Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 November 1933, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the North African Algiers Observatory, Algeria, and named after the discoverer's niece.


1296 Andrée, Orbit and classification
Andrée is a member of the Nysa family, named after its namesake 44 Nysa and one of the smaller asteroid families in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,373 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1925 TA at Heidelberg Observatory in 1925, extending the body's observation arc by 8 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1296 Andrée, Lightcurves
In January 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Andrée was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.178 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=3). In October 2004, a concurring lightcurve with a period of 5.18366 hours and an amplitude of 0.23 was obtained by French astronomers Cyril Cavadore and Pierre Antonini (U=3).


1296 Andrée, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Andrée measures between 20.66 and 28.045 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of between 0.06 and 0.121. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0849 and a diameter of 25.07 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.


1296 Andrée, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his niece, Andrée. Naming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 118).


1297
Year 1297 (MCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1297 Quadea
1297 Quadea, provisional designation 1934 AD, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 January 1934, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named for the parents-in-law of the discoverer's brother.


1297 Quadea, Orbit and classification
Quadea is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,917 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.


1297 Quadea, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins more than six years prior to its official discovery observation with its first identification as 1927 VB at Heidelberg in November 1927.


1297 Quadea, Physical characteristics
Quadea has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey. The asteroid is also an assumed S-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type for members of the Eos family is that of a K-type, with albedos in-between the S-and C-types.


1297 Quadea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Since 2006, several rotational lightcurves of Quadea have obtained by astronomers Pierre Antonini and Brian Warner, as well as from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, and the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in Australia. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.267 hours and a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2).


1297 Quadea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Quadea measures between 19.62 and 22.42 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1551 and 0.200, while the Japanese Akari satellite found a diameter of 24.7 kilometers with an albedo of 0.142. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 23.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.


1297 Quadea, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after the parents-in-law of his brother, E. Reinmuth. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).


1298
Year 1298 (MCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1298 Nocturna
1298 Nocturna, provisional designation 1934 AE, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 January 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid's name is the Feminine adjective of nocturnus, "nightly".


1298 Nocturna, Orbit and classification
Nocturna is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,018 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1298 Nocturna, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as A904 RA at Heidelberg in September 1904. The body's observation arc begins 30 years later, with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1934.


1298 Nocturna, Physical characteristics
Nocturna has been characterized as an X-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey. It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1298 Nocturna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Nocturna was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 34.80 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=2). Nocturna has a longer-than-average period, as most asteroids rotate within less than 20 hours once around their axis.


1298 Nocturna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nocturna measures between 37.80 and 44.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0578.


1298 Nocturna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0441 and a diameter of 39.93 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.


1298 Nocturna, Naming
This minor planet was named "Nocturna" after the feminine adjective of nocturnus which means "nightly". The name was proposed by German astronomer Gustave Stracke after whom an entire sequence of asteroids, (1227) to (1234), had been named indirectly. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).


1298 in Italy
An incomplete series of events and deaths which occurred in Italy or to Italians in 1298:


1299
Year 1299 (MCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1299 Mertona
1299 Mertona (prov. designation: 1934 BA) is a bright background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 18 January 1934, by French astronomer Guy Reiss at Algiers Observatory, Algeria, in northern Africa. The likely stony asteroid with an unknown spectral type has a rotation period of 5.0 hours and measures approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter. It was named after English astronomer Gerald Merton.


1299 Mertona, Orbit and classification
Mertona is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,713 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. As neither precoveries nor prior identifications were obtained, Mertona's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers.


1299 Mertona, Naming
This minor planet was named after English astronomer Gerald Merton (1893–1983), who was president of the British Astronomical Association between 1950 and 1952. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 119).


1299 Mertona, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Mertona were obtained during 2003–2016. Photometric observations were taken by astronomers Andy Monson and Steven Kipp (4.977±0.003 hours; Δ0.55 mag; U=3) in November 2003, by French amateur astronomer René Roy (4.981±0.002 hours; Δ0.46 mag; U=3) in March 2005, by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory (4.9787±0.0013 hours, Δ0.48 mag, U=2) in August 2012, and by Daniel Klinglesmith (4.978±0.002 hours, Δ0.59 mag, U=3) at Etscorn Observatory (719) in Socorro, New Mexico. In addition, a 2016-published lightcurve, modelling data from the Lowell photometric database, gave a concurring period of 4.97691±0.00001 hours and a spin axis of (73.0°, 35.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (U=n.a. ).


1299 Mertona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mertona measures between 14.14 and 14.90 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.219 and 0.243. Although such a high albedo is typical for stony asteroids, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.057, which it uses as the generic albedo for all carbonaceous C-type asteroids.


1299 Mertona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
It therefore calculates a larger diameter of 27.90 kilometers (as the lower the albedo or reflectivity, the larger a body's diameter at an unchanged absolute magnitude or brightness). Carbonaceous asteroids are the predominant type in the outer main-belt, while stony asteroids are mostly found in the inner regions of the asteroid belt.


1299 in Italy
The naval Battle of Cape Orlando took place on 4 July 1299 at St Marco di Val Demone, north-western Sicily, when an Aragonese and Angevin galley fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeated a Sicilian galley fleet commanded by Conrad d'Oria. Both leaders, James II and Frederick III, were present. There was a small attack on 3 July also.


1299 in Italy
The Battle of Falconaria (also La Falconara or Falconeria) was a battle of the latter days of the War of the Sicilian Vespers. Fought on 1 December 1299 between the forces of Frederick II of Sicily and Philip I of Taranto of the Kingdom of Naples, it was a momentous victory for Frederick and a disaster for Philip, who was captured.


12999 Toruń
12999 Toruń, provisional designation 1981 QJ2, is a carbonaceous Baptistina asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 August 1981, by British–American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell Observatory's Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff, Arizona, and named after the Polish city of Toruń.


12999 Toruń, Orbit and classification
Toruń is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid and a member of the small Baptistina family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,252 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1957, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 24 years prior to its discovery.


12999 Toruń, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Toruń was obtained from photometric observations at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in December 2009. The provisional lightcurve gave a rotation period of 3.5521±0.0026 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.09 in magnitude (U=1).


12999 Toruń, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Toruń measures 3.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a very high albedo of 0.39. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) disagrees with the findings by the space-based mission and assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057, with a correspondingly larger diameter of 8.0 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.22. As with 1696 Nurmela, another member of the Baptistina family, CALL assumes this asteroid's composition (also see carbonaceous chondrites) to differ significantly from the much brighter asteroid 298 Baptistina, which is considered to be an interloper in its own family.


12999 Toruń, Naming
In 2008, this minor planet was named after the city of Toruń, Poland. It is the birthplace of Nicolaus Copernicus, significant to Polish and European history, a UNESCO World Heritage listed Old Town, and the main site of the Nicolaus Copernicus University, where its observatory at Piwnice, the largest in Poland, is located. The naming followed a suggestion by Polish astronomer T. Michałowski. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center 21 March 2008 (M.P.C. 62354).


129P/Shoemaker–Levy
129P/Shoemaker–Levy, also known as Shoemaker–Levy 3, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a < aJupiter), and is a quasi-Hilda comet.


129P/Shoemaker–Levy
This comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (D/1993 F2), which spectacularly crashed into Jupiter in 1994.


129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF
The 129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Dundas, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Wentworth County. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 123rd and 124th Battalions, CEF and the 12th Reserve Battalion in October 1916. The 129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. .


129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF
The 129th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment).


129th Delaware General Assembly
The 129th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 4, 1977, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Republican Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV from New Castle County and the first year for Republican Lieutenant Governor James D. McGinnis from Kent County.


129th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of seats for both houses was based on the interpretation of the federal 1970 census. It resulted in a large numbers of membership numbers in the New Castle County area and ruling that the election districts would abandonment of county lines for their boundaries, but would design whatever district boundaries that would accomplish such population equals.


129th Delaware General Assembly
In the 129th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.


129th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term, except the decade district redesign year, when all served two years. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


129th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were designed for equal populations from all districts and its accomplishment occasionally included some territory from two counties.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 125th Division was a division deployed by the People's Republic of China during the Chinese Civil War and the Korean War. After series of redesignations and conversions, the division ends its fate as 13th Armored Brigade in April 2017.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
The 125th Division (Chinese: 第125师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 14th Division, 5th Column of Fourth Field Army. Its history could be traced to Tonghua Detachment of Liaodong Military District, formed in November 1945.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In the composition of 42nd Corps it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Liaoshen Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In October 1950 the division entered Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 42nd Army, consisting of the 373rd, 374th, and 375th Regiments. During its deployment in Korea Artillery Regiment, 125th Division was activated.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In November 1952 the division returned from Korea and was redesignated as 125th Infantry Division(Chinese: 步兵第125师), activating its tank regiment.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In April 1960 the division was redesignated as 125th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第125师).


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In December 1962, 330th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was transferred to 200th Army Division.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In August 1964 the division was inactivated. By the same time Border Defense Division of Guagnzhou Military Region(Chinese: 广州军区边防师) was activated in Tianyang, Guangxi from headquarters of the 129th Army Division, 373rd, 375th infantry regiments, and 505th Artillery Regiment. All infantry battalions of 373rd and 375rd infantry regiments were transferred to Guangdong Provincial Military District's control, and 374th Infantry Regiment was transferred to 126th Army Division.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In early 1965 Headquarters, Border Defense Division moved to Tiandong. Guangxi.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In February 1967 the division was redesignated as 220th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第220师). All its regiments were redesignated as follows:


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In July 1968, 659th Infantry Regiment, 220th Army Division (Military Unit 6912) took part in the military operations against Red Guards faction "Guangxi April 22 Revolutionary Action Command" in Nanning, Guangxi. In the operation at least 3911 were killed.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In August 1968, 658th Infantry Regiment, 220th Army Division (Military Unit 6911) took part in the military operations against Red Guards faction "July 29 Corps Army" (a branch of "April 22") in Fengshan County, killing at least 1016 civilians.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In September 1968, the division was transferred to newly-activated 43rd Army Corps and redesignated as 129th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第129师). All its regiments were redesignated as follows:


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
The division then moved to Guiyang, Guizhou for "three supporting and two militarization" missions.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In February to March 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War under the command of 42nd Army Corps. During the operations the division neutralized 875 enemies at the cost of 574 casualties.


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), History
In July 1984, Reconnaissance Company, 129th Army Division took part in the Battle of Laoshan as 4th Company, 2nd Reconnaissance Group. After the battle the company received the honorific title of "Heroic Reconnaissance Company".


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), Armored Brigade
In October 1985 the 129th Army Division was inactivated. Headquarters. 129th Army Division was merged with 44th Tank Regiment, 11th Tank Division as Tank Brigade, 54th Army(Chinese: 第54集团军坦克旅).


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), Armored Brigade
In 1998, the brigade was exchanged with 11th Tank Division and became Armored Brigade, 20th Army(Chinese: 第20集团军装甲旅).


129th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), Armored Brigade
In 2012, the brigade received the designation of 13th Armored Brigade(Chinese: 装甲第13旅).


129th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (→top: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


129th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 129th Division (第129師団, Dai-hyakunijūkyū Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Shinbu Division (振武兵団, Shinbu Heidan). It was formed 12 April 1945 in Daya Bay as a type C(hei) security division, simultaneously with the 130th division. The nucleus for the formation was the parts of the 19th Independent Mixed Brigade.


129th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
14 May 1945, the 91st infantry brigade organization was complete at Huiyang District, and 20 May 92nd infantry brigade was incorporated around Daya Bay, but overall organization was incomplete by the time of surrender of Japan 15 August 1945. The 129th division was expected to counter Allied attack on Hong Kong, but the invasion has failed to materialize.