119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Japan
119 in Japan is a direct-dial emergency number that connects the caller to the fire brigade and emergency medical services. On certain older pay phones, the number can be dialled by pushing a special button that will automatically connect the caller with the 119 dispatch centre. Although the dispatchers still record the address of the emergency call manually, most systems are now set up to automatically log the location of the call, as well (for cases of emergency calls where the caller is not proficient in Japanese, distraught, or otherwise unable to respond coherently). Unlike many emergency telephone number services, the 119 system in Japan only services fire and ambulance services. Police are called using a separate emergency telephone number, 110. Operators proficient in English and other foreign languages are available in Tokyo.


119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in China
119 is recognised in China as the standard emergency telephone number for firefighters. Similar to Japan, the emergency telephone number for police is 110, but ambulance service is available with the emergency telephone number 120 in China.


119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Taiwan
119 is recognised in Taiwan as the emergency telephone number for firefighters and ambulance services. As in Japan, the emergency telephone number for police is 110.


119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Sri Lanka
The 1-1-9 emergency response system in Sri Lanka was established during the time of the Sri Lankan Civil War. It was established for the aid in battling terrorism by the means of helping civilians in the conflict, and also as a supportive tool in locating and preventing attacks by terrorists. But now, 119 has become the standard emergency telephone number for calling the police. When a caller dials 119, the request goes to the Police Emergency Division in Colombo, and will be diverted to the police station nearest to the caller's location, depending on the situation. Though mainly used to contact police, 119 calls can be placed to summon the Fire Brigade as well, whereas the call will be again diverted. The number is accessible from any part of the island on all telephone and cellular networks.


119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in Maldives
The 1-1-9 in Maldives is a direct-dial free emergency telephone number that connects the caller to the national police; the Maldives Police Service.


119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in the United Kingdom
Introduced on 18 May 2020, the non-emergency urgent telephone number 119 is allocated to the COVID-19 testing and vaccine helpline in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, with lines being open from 07:00 to 23:00 hours. It allows people to book NHS drive through tests, order home testing kits, apply for tests in a care facility and arrange Coronavirus vaccination appointments.


119 (emergency telephone number), 119 in the United Kingdom
In Scotland, 0300 303 2713 is the non-geographical telephone number to be used, instead of 119.


119 (number)
119 (one hundred [and] nineteen) is the natural number following 118 and preceding 120.


119 Althaea
Althaea (minor planet designation: 119 Althaea) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on April 3, 1872, and named after Althaea, the mother of Meleager in Greek mythology. Two occultations by Althaea were observed in 2002, only a month apart.


119 Althaea
Based upon its spectrum, this is classified as an S-type asteroid. Photometric observations made in 1988 at the Félix Aguilar Observatory produced a light curve with a period of 11.484 ± 0.010 hours with a brightness variation of 0.365 ± 0.010  in magnitude.


119 BC
Year 119 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Dalmaticus and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 635 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Yuanshou. The denomination 119 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


119 South Second Street, Newport, PA
119 South Second Street, also known as the Jacob Frank Carriage Shop, is a historic home located in Newport Pennsylvania.


119 South Second Street, Newport, PA
This is a two-story home with a hipped roof, resting on a stone foundation. Its original clapboards are now clad in aluminum siding. The home has an inset entrance and a paired window on first story. The structure has been vastly altered over the years, but still has its decorative eave brackets.


119 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History
This was originally the Jacob Frank Carriage Shop. The front of the structure had an entrance that was wide enough to allow carriages to pass out.


119 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It is also identified as #103 in the


119 Squadron (Israel)
The 119 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Bat Squadron, is an F-16I fighter squadron based at Ramon Airbase.


119 Squadron (Israel)
119 formerly operated the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, and prior to that the Vautour II, from Tel Nof Airbase. and the Gloster Meteor from Ramat David.


119 Squadron (Israel)
On 21 March 2018 the IAF officially confirmed that 119 Squadron, together with Squadrons 69 and 253, took part in Operation Orchard. During a briefing prior to the mission, the commander of 119 Squadron wrote in his notes that the operation “will change the face of the Middle East.”


119 Tauri
119 Tauri (also known as CE Tauri) is a red supergiant star in the constellation Taurus. It is a semiregular variable and its angular diameter has been measured at about 10 mas.


119 Tauri, Description
119 Tauri has a spectral class of M2 and a luminosity class of Iab-Ib, intermediate between an intermediate-luminosity supergiant and a less luminous supergiant. It is approximately 1,800 light years from Earth, and with a colour index of +2.07 it is one of the reddest naked eye stars in the night sky. It is a similar star to Betelgeuse although redder and more distant.


119 Tauri, Description
119 Tauri is classified as a semiregular variable star and has been given the variable star designation CE Tauri. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars gives a magnitude range from +4.23 to +4.54 with a period of 165 days. Other published studies find poorly-defined periodicity, but with possible periods around 270 and 1,300 days. Its infrared magnitude changes much less than the visual magnitude; the visual brightness changes are driven by changes in temperature which shift the proportion of electromagnetic radiation emitted in the visual range.


119 Tauri, Occultations
CE Tauri lies 4.6 degrees off the ecliptic. This makes it a candidate for occultations by the Moon and (extremely rarely) by one of the bright planets. The star's angular diameter has been measured by lunar occultation, giving limb-darkened visible light angular diameters of 9.1±0.8 mas, 10.9±1.0 mas, and 9.0±0.2 mas. An occultation has also been observed in H-alpha, giving a diameter of 17±1 mas, which indicates that there is circumstellar hydrogen producing emission across at least that size, nearly twice the visible diameter.


119 Tauri, Angular diameter
The angular diameter of 119 Tauri has also been measured directly by VLBI, leading to limb-darkened diameters of 10.68±0.21 mas, 9.83±0.07 mas, 9.3±0.5 mas, 9.97±0.08 mas, 10.24±0.05 mas, 9.68±0.05 mas. Although CE Tauri is classified as a pulsating variable, observations using the same equipment and wavelengths have not detected significant changes in the angular diameter over time. Reconstructed images of the surface show bright spots that are attributed to giant convection cells.


119 Tauri, Properties
Angular diameter measurements can be combined with absolute observed fluxes to derive an accurate effective temperature, about 3,800 K for 119 Tauri. Combined with a distance, the linear size of the star can be calculated. CE Tauri is found to have a radius between 587 to 593 R☉. Then the bolometric luminosity is the star is found to be about 66,000 L☉. However, the distance to 119 Tauri is still only known approximately from its Hipparcos parallax. Gaia Data Release 2 gives a distinctly larger parallax, but with even greater uncertainty and flagged as unreliable.


119 Tauri, Properties
119 Tauri is a pulsating star although the pulsation has not been clearly detected in direct angular measurements. Observations of TiO lines in its spectrum as its brightness changes show effective temperature changes up to 100 K.  Calculating its physical properties shows that the bolometric luminosity and radius both change by about 10%, with the radius typically being larger at cooler temperatures.


119 Tauri, Properties
Comparison of its properties with stellar evolutionary tracks shows CE Tauri to have evolved from an initial mass of 15 M☉ and to have a current mass of 14.37 M☉. An alternative interpretation of observations, under the assumption that CE Tauri is an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star, give it a current mass of 8 M☉ and a luminosity of 44,000 L☉.


119 series
The 119 series (119系) was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type which was operated on local services in Japan by Japanese National Railways (JNR) and later by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) between 1983 and March 2012.


119 series, Design
The 119 series design was based on the earlier 105 series EMU type, with improvements to cope with the steep gradients and winter climate of the Iida Line.


119 series, Formations, 119-0 series 2-car sets E10–17
The KuMoHa 119 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.


119 series, Formations, 119-100 series single-car sets M1–9
119-100 series set M2 in original blue livery (date unknown)


119 series, Formations, 119-5000 series 2-car sets E1–9
The KuMoHa 119 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.


119 series, Formations, 119-5300 series 2-car sets R1–8
The KuMoHa 119 car was fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.


119 series, Interior
Passenger accommodation consisted of a mixture of longitudinal bench seating and transverse four-seat bays. The KuHa 118 cars were equipped with a toilet.


119 series, Interior
The interior of a KuHa 118 car in February 2012


119 series, Interior
The end of car KuHa 118-5317 in August 2009, with the toilet on the left


119 series, Livery variations
Set E4 was repainted into its original JNR era livery in August 2009.


119 series, Livery variations
A 119 series set in "Suruga Shuttle" livery, circa 1990


119 series, Livery variations
119-5000 series set E4 in February 2012, repainted into original JNR-era livery


119 series, History
From 18 March 1983, all Iida Line services were made no-smoking.


119 series, History
From 3 March 2001, Iida Line services were switched to wanman driver-only operation.


119 series, History
The fleet was replaced by 213-5000 and 313-3000 series EMUs on the Iida Line, with the last train running on 31 March 2012.


119 series, History, Resale
Following withdrawal, six 2-car 119 series sets were sold to the third sector railway operator Echizen Railway in Fukui Prefecture, where they were converted to become Echizen Railway 7000 series EMUs, entering service from February 2013.


1190
Year 1190 (MCXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1190 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1190 kHz: 1190 AM is a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency. KEX in Portland, Oregon, and XEWK in Guadalajara, Mexico, share Class A status of 1190 kHz. WOWO, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, is a former Class A station on this frequency but was reduced to Class B when it downgraded its nighttime power in 1999.


1190 Pelagia
1190 Pelagia, provisional designation 1930 SL, is a dark Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 September 1930, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after astronomer Pelageya Shajn.


1190 Pelagia, Classification and orbit
Pelagia is a member of the Nysa family (405), a prominent family of the inner main-belt, named after 44 Nysa.


1190 Pelagia, Classification and orbit
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,385 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory in January 1909, when it was identified as A909 BC, more than 21 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1190 Pelagia, Physical characteristics
The asteroid has been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


1190 Pelagia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
In December 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Pelagia was obtained from photometric observations by Japanese astronomer couple Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.3661 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.08 magnitude (U=3).


1190 Pelagia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
While not being a fast rotator, the body has a notably short period for an asteroid of its size. Based on the lightcurve's low amplitude, it appears to have a rather spheroidal shape.


1190 Pelagia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pelagia measures between 15.05 and 17.923 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.067. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0486 and a diameter of 17.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.


1190 Pelagia, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Soviet–Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn (1894–1956). In 1928, she discovered the asteroid 1112 Polonia and became the first female discoverer of minor planets (RI 895). A second asteroid, 1648 Shajna, was also named in her and her husbands memory (Grigory Shajn).


1190s
The 1190s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1190, and ended on December 31, 1199.


1190s BC
The 1190s BC is a decade which lasted from 1199 BC to 1190 BC.


1190s in art
The decade of the 1190s in art involved some significant events.


1190s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1190s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1190s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1191
Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1191 Alfaterna
1191 Alfaterna, provisional designation 1931 CA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 43 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 February 1931, by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin in northwestern Italy. The asteroid was named for the ancient Roman town of Nuceria Alfaterna.


1191 Alfaterna, Orbit and classification
Alfaterna orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,797 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic.


1191 Alfaterna, Orbit and classification
The first unused observation was taken at Heidelberg two nights prior to its discovery. The body's observation arc begins at Pino Torinese one week after its official discovery observation.


1191 Alfaterna, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
From 2005 to 2015, several astronomers such as Donald Pray, Henk de Groot and Raoul Behrend, Federico Manzini, as well as Laurent Bernasconi unsuccessfully tried to obtain a well-defined lightcurve of Alfaterna. While Pray derived a period of 3.664 hours with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitude (U=1), the European astronomers published a tentative period of 33.12 hours (U=n.a.). As of 2017, the body's spin rate effectively remains unknown.


1191 Alfaterna, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Alfaterna measures between 38.92 and 47.397 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0574 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0479 and a diameter of 42.01 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.8.


1191 Alfaterna, Naming
This minor planet is named for the ancient Roman town of "Nuceria Alfaterna", where now the town Nocera Inferiore/Superiore is located. The ancient city was founded between Pompeii and Salerno in 10th century BC. In 1957, the name was suggested by astronomer Alfonso Fresa at Turin Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2882).


1191 papal election
The 1191 papal election was a papal conclave held from 25 March to 30 March, 1191. The election took place after the death of Pope Clement III. The 85-year-old Cardinal Giacinto Bobone Orsini, who took the name Celestine III, was chosen after five days of voting.


1191 papal election, Election
The election was overseen by Cardinal Konrad von Wittlesbach, who was Archbishop of Mainz at the time. After a sede vacante of 5 days, Cardinal Giacinto Bobone was elected pope. He took the name Clement III. 30 cardinals, of whom 5 were cardinal-bishops, 12 were cardinal-priests, and 13 were cardinal deacons, participated in the election that was held from 25-30 March, 1191. Notable cardinal electors were Konrad von Wittlesbach, Archbishop of Mainz, Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims, and Giacnote Bobone, deacon of Santa Maria who was elected Pope.


1192
Year 1192 (MCXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1192 Prisma
1192 Prisma, provisional designation 1931 FE, is an elongated Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Friedrich Schwassmann at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg on 17 March 1931. The asteroid was named after the Bergedorf Spectral Catalogue, an astronomical catalog.


1192 Prisma, Classification and orbit
Prisma is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a prominent family of S-type asteroids with their largest members being 25 Phocaea and 587 Hypsipyle. There are many Mars-crossers among this family of relatively eccentric inner main-belt asteroids .


1192 Prisma, Classification and orbit
The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,329 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Bergedorf, one week after its official discovery observation.


1192 Prisma, Physical characteristics, Rotation, shape and pole
Photometric observations of Prisma gave a well defined rotational lightcurve with a period between 6.546 and 6.558 hours and a high brightness variation of 0.85–1.16 magnitude, which strongly indicates that the body has an elongated, non-spheroidal shape (U=3/3).


1192 Prisma, Physical characteristics, Rotation, shape and pole
A modeled lightcurve based on optical data from a large collaboration network also found a spin axis of (133.0°, −78.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (Q=n.a. ).


1192 Prisma, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Prisma measures between 7.38 and 9.27 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.144 and 0.220. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.23 and calculates a diameter of 7.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.92.


1192 Prisma, Naming
This minor planet was named "Prisma" (prism) in honour of the Bergedorf Spectral Catalogue (German: Bergedorfer Spektralkatalog), as prisms are one method of obtaining spectra. The official naming citation was also published in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 111).


1193
Year 1193 (MCXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1193 Africa
1193 Africa, provisional designation 1931 HB, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory on 24 April 1931. The asteroid was named for the African continent.


1193 Africa, Orbit and classification
Africa is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a large group of typically S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,572 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1193 Africa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Africa measures 12.22 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.247. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Africa measures 13 kilometers in diameter, using an absolute magnitude of 11.8 and a standard albedo for Eunomian asteroids of 0.21, derived from 15 Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake.


1193 Africa, Photometry
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Africa has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, poles and shape still remain unknown.


1193 Africa, Naming
This minor planet was named for Africa, the large continent on which Johannesburg is located. The official naming citation was also mentioned in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 111).


1194
Year 1194 (MCXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1194 Aletta
1194 Aletta, provisional designation 1931 JG, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 May 1931, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was later named after the discoverer's wife Aletta Jackson.


1194 Aletta, Classification and orbit
Aletta is a dark C-type asteroid and orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,816 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, one week after its official discovery observation. No precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.


1194 Aletta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Aletta measures between 41.358 and 55.39 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.87. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0333 and a diameter of 55.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.


1194 Aletta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2007, American astronomer James W. Brinsfield obtained the first ever lightcurve of Aletta with period of 19.7 hours and a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude at Via Capote Observatory (U=2). Two more lightcurves were obtained by Australian astronomer Julian Oey at Leura/Kingsgrove Observatory in March 2010, and by the Survey conducted at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, in October 2012. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 20.39 and 20.3903 hours with an amplitude of 0.28 and 0.27 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2).


1194 Aletta, Naming
The discoverer named this minor planet for his wife, Aletta Jackson (née Maria Aletta Lessing). Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 111).


1194 Yellow River flood
The 1194 Yellow River flood was a series of natural disasters along the Yellow River in China during the Jurchen Jin dynasty.


1194 Yellow River flood
The Grand Canal was used to provide extensive disaster relief, but the flood devastated large swathes of the north China plain, wrecked the regional economy, and created many thousands of refugees. It altered the course of the Yellow River from that taken along the Hai River past modern Tianjin during the 1048 flood and also permanently shifted (and shrank) the course of the Si River in Shandong. The former course into the Huai was no longer available once the Yellow River shifted again, as it had left behind 4–6 metres of mud behind.


11948 Justinehénin
11948 Justinehénin, provisional designation 1993 QQ4, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter.


11948 Justinehénin
The asteroid was discovered on 18 August 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at CERGA (010) in Caussols, southeastern France. It was named for tennis player Justine Henin.


11948 Justinehénin, Orbit and classification
Justinehénin orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,091 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The first identification was made at Crimea–Nauchnij in 1973, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 31 years prior to its discovery.


11948 Justinehénin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Based on an absolute magnitude of 13.2, Justinehénin potentially measures between 6 and 14 kilometers in diameter, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since asteroids in the outer main-belt are mostly of a carbonaceous rather than of a silicaceous composition, with low albedos, typically around 0.06, Justinehénin's diameter might be on the upper end of NASA's published conversion table, as the lower the body's reflectivity (albedo), the larger its diameter at a constant absolute magnitude (brightness).


11948 Justinehénin, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
As of 2017, the asteroid's effective size, its composition and albedo, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.


11948 Justinehénin, Naming
This minor planet was named for Belgian former professional tennis player Justine Henin (born 1985). Although her name (usually) contains no acute accent, the asteroid's official name does. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003 (M.P.C. 49674).


11949 Kagayayutaka
11949 Kagayayutaka, provisional designation 1993 SD2, is a stony background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1993, by Japanese amateur astronomers Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at Kitami Observatory in eastern Hokkaidō, Japan. The asteroid was named after Japanese artist Kagaya Yutaka.


11949 Kagayayutaka, Orbit and classification
Kagayayutaka is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,984 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc starts with its official discovery observation.


11949 Kagayayutaka, Naming
This minor planet was named after Kagaya Yutaka (born 1968), a Japanese space and digital artist and receiver of the Gold Medal in the American Digital Art Contest in 2000. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003 (M.P.C. 49674).


11949 Kagayayutaka, Physical characteristics
Kagayayutaka has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.


11949 Kagayayutaka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kagayayutaka measures 22.28 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.708, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 23.21 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.


11949 Kagayayutaka, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
A rotational lightcurve of Kagayayutaka was obtained from photometric observations by French astronomer René Roy in November 2015. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.96 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (U=3-).


1195
Year 1195 (MCXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1195 Orangia
1195 Orangia, provisional designation 1931 KD, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 May 1931, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was named after the Orange Free State Province.


1195 Orangia, Orbit and classification
Orangia is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,239 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, two weeks after its official discovery observation.


1195 Orangia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
In November 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Orangia was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.167 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).


1195 Orangia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Orangia measures 6.258 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.237, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 5.90 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 13.31.


1195 Orangia, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of former South African Orange Free State Province that existed from 1910 to 1994. The official naming citation was also mentioned in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 111).


1196
Year 1196 (MCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1196 Sheba
1196 Sheba, provisional designation 1931 KE, is a metallic asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 May 1931 by astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory, South Africa.


1196 Sheba
Sheba is a metallic X-type asteroid and orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,581 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A912 BB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1912. The body's observation arc, however, begins at Johannesburg, four months after its official discovery observation.


1196 Sheba
This minor planet was named after the biblical Queen of Sheba, who visited King Solomon. Naming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 111).


1196 in Ireland, Deaths
This year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1197
Year 1197 (MCXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1197 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1197 kHz:


1197 AM (Brisbane)
1197 AM (call sign: 4YB) is a community broadcast radio station operated by Brisbane Interactive Radio Group Inc., which is a community-based not-for-profit youth organisation based in Brisbane Queensland, Australia. The station also simulcasts its programming output on DAB+ Digital Radio.


1197 AM (Brisbane), History
Brisbane Interactive Radio Group Inc. (BIRGI) was founded in 1998 by Matthew Boyd, Tim Casey  Andrew Stephens, Steven Mcviegh, Jon Mustchin and Cass Myles, and was granted a series of temporary radio broadcasting licences, allowing shared transmissions with other aspirant broadcasters on 97.3 MHz. In 2001, the 97.3 MHz frequency was auctioned to the Australian Radio Network.


1197 AM (Brisbane), History
In 2002, the Australian Broadcasting Authority granted a high powered FM community licence to Christian broadcaster 96five Family FM on 96.5 MHz, and a high powered AM community licence to BIRGI on 1197 kHz. BIRGI commenced test transmissions in late 2002 and began full-time broadcasting at 8 am on 7 April 2003, identifying as i-1197. From this period of time until January 2005, the station broadcast an uninhibited range of music genres and programming, with a slight focus on Top 40 music.


1197 AM (Brisbane), History
In January 2005, the station was re-branded to the programming format based upon its predecessor, Switch FM, focusing on playing a more Rhythmic format, along with adopting the brand name of Switch 1197. In April 2013, the station celebrated its 10th consecutive broadcasting year on the AM band, by airing daily compiles of material collected both on and off-air over that decade-long period.


1197 AM (Brisbane), History
In 2017, the station re-branded as Brisbane Youth Radio, with a new callsign of 4YB. In 2019, the station was re-branded once again from Brisbane Youth Radio to 1197 AM.


1197 AM (Brisbane), Audio streaming
In 2004, the station was the first radio station in Australia to stream with aacPlus technology and it continues to provide both near CD quality (64kbit/s) and Mobile (32kbit/s) compatible streams, as well as a 128k MP3 stream.


1197 AM (Brisbane), Audio streaming
In 2007, the station was added to the  that are provided by Australian ISP Internode.


1197 AM (Brisbane), Programming
The stations general weekday daytime programming contains a contemporary music mix, with announcers presenting entertaining and informative pieces. Various information segments are also aired, most with a specific focus (e.g. Local Events, Community Services and News among others).


1197 AM (Brisbane), Programming
The stations night-time and weekend programming focuses on more specialist program material including Local Music, Alternative, Rock, as well as specialist talk and information programming.


1197 Rhodesia
1197 Rhodesia, provisional designation 1931 LD, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers (30 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 June 1931, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The likely C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 16.1 hours. It was named for Rhodesia, a former British colony and unrecognised state, which is now Zimbabwe.


1197 Rhodesia, Orbit and classification
Rhodesia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.6 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,791 days; semi-major axis of 2.89 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory in January 1925. The body's observation arc also begins at Heidelberg in August 1942, more than 11 years after its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1197 Rhodesia, Naming
This minor planet was named for the former British colony and unrecognized state of Rhodesia (1965–1979) in southern Africa, what is now Zimbabwe. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 111).


1197 Rhodesia, Physical characteristics
Rhodesia is an assumed C-type asteroid which agrees with its albedo and its location in the main belt. It has a B–V color index of 0.740.


1197 Rhodesia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Rhodesia was obtained from photometric observations by Tom Polakis at the Command Module Observatory (V02) in Tempe, Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.060±0.006 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=3-). This result refines previous period determinations of 15.89 and 16.062 hours by Richard Binzel (1984) and Laurent Bernasconi (2005), respectively (U=2/2).


1197 Rhodesia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rhodesia measures between 46.43 and 52.276 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0548 and 0.0783. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0666 and a diameter of 47.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.18. In August 2015, an occultation by Rhodesia determined a cross-section of 48.0 × 48.0 kilometers (no fit).


1198
Year 1198 (MCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1198 Atlantis
1198 Atlantis, provisional designation 1931 RA, is a rare-type asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the mythological island of Atlantis.


1198 Atlantis, Orbit
Atlantis orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroids's observation arc begins at Heidelberg one week after its official discovery observation.


1198 Atlantis, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Atlantis is a rare L-type asteroid, that belong to the larger complex of stony asteroids.


1198 Atlantis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Atlantis was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomer Albino Carbognani at the OAVdA Observatory (B04) in Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 16 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).


1198 Atlantis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Atlantis has not been observed by any space-based survey, such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, or the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.92 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.4.


1198 Atlantis, Naming
This minor planet was named after the fictional island of Atlantis from Greek mythology, mentioned in some of Plato's works around 360 BC. The greedy and morally bankrupt civilization of Atlantis was punished by the gods with fire and earthquakes that caused the island to sink into the sea. The naming was suggested by astronomer Gustav Stracke, after whom the asteroids (1227) through (1234) were indirectly named by the discoverer.


1198 papal election
The 1198 papal election (held 8 January) was convoked after the death of Pope Celestine III; it ended with the election of Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, who took the name Innocent III. In this election for the first time the new pope was elected per scrutinium.


1198 papal election, Death of Celestine III
Pope Celestine III had been elected to the papacy in 1191 at the age of 85. In spite of his very advanced age, his pontificate lasted almost seven years. On Christmas Day, 1197 the 91-year-old Pope expressed the wish to abdicate the papacy on condition that his close collaborator Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo would be elected the new pope. The cardinals rejected the suggestion as inconsistent with the rule that papal elections must be free ones. Shortly thereafter, on 8 January 1198, Celestine III died and the cardinals present at his deathbed immediately started proceedings for the election of his successor.


1198 papal election, List of participants
At the death of Celestine III there were 29 cardinals in the Sacred College. However, no more than 21 were present at Rome:


1198 papal election, List of participants
Four electors were created by Celestine III, five by Lucius III, one by Alexander III and the remaining thirteen by Clement III.


1198 papal election, Election of Pope Innocent III
On the same day that Celestine III had died the cardinals assembled in Septizodium (or possibly in the nearby church of Santa Lucia in Septisolio) in the voluntary enclosure, as reported by pope Innocent himself on a letter on January 9th. This may have been done to guarantee safety and freedom in the election, given the presence and influence of the Germans in Italy. For the first time the electors voted by scrutiny (per scrutinium). Some cardinals were elected scrutineers; they counted the votes, recorded the result and announced it to the rest of the Sacred College.


1198 papal election, Election of Pope Innocent III
In the first scrutiny Cardinal Giovanni di Salerno received the greatest number of votes (ten), but declared that he would not accept the election to the pontificate. Ottaviano di Paoli also received three votes, but declared his own preference for Lotario. In the second scrutiny the cardinals united their votes in favor of 37-year-old Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco, who was the youngest of all the cardinals. He accepted his election and took the name Innocent III.


1198 papal election, Election of Pope Innocent III
The name was possibly chosen for him by cardinal Graziano da Pisa, as a means to supplant the memory of Antipope Innocent III. Another possibility (hypothesized more recently) is that he chose the name himself, maybe as a reference to his predecessor Innocent II (1130–1143), who had succeeded in asserting the papacy's authority over the emperor (in contrast with Celestine III's recent policy).


1198 papal election, Election of Pope Innocent III
On 22 February 1198 the new pope was ordained to the priesthood and consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and solemnly crowned by Cardinal Graziano da Pisa, protodeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano.


1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron
The 1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron was a unit at Norton Air Force Base, San Bernardino, California from 1965 to 1972 which conducted the initial testing of Lockheed C-130 Hercules transports modified for special operations. This went on under the project names of Thin Slice and Heavy Chain which led to the MC-130 Combat Talons, still a key component of Air Force Special Operations Command. Its initial commander was Lt. Col. Robert Marks.


1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History
With the onset of operations interdicting supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, the need for aircraft specially modified for night missions became apparent, amongst other tasks. In 1964 Lockheed had modified six C-123B Providers for "unconventional warfare" under Project Duck Hook and then been tasked with adapting the C-130E when the Duck Hook aircraft proved inadequate for the newly launched MACV-SOG. Two C-130Es, 64-0506 and -0507, c/ns 3990 and 3991, were transferred to "another agency" in December 1964, generally assumed to be the Central Intelligence Agency, and were "sanitized" (stripped of all identifying marks and plates to ensure deniability if the airframes were lost on discrete operations).


1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History
Modifications were made by Lockheed Air Services at Ontario International Airport, Ontario, California, and the aircraft were operated by the 1198th OE&TS out of Area II on the northeast side of Norton AFB, thirty miles east of Ontario.


1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History
In April 1967, two On Mark Marksman, civilianized A-26 Invaders, were transferred from Intermountain Aviation, an air service related the US Central Intelligence Agency, to Air America, another air service connected to the Agency. The official role of these aircraft as stated in the specifications provided to Air America from Intermountain in March 1967 was "Aerial resupply, [and] low-level penetration." Both aircraft had been highly modified with a variety of navigation and other electronic equipment for this role.


1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History
Between June and October 1967, the first aircraft, re-registered from N900V to N46598, conducted low-level night time supply drops to CIA related forces in Laos during the so-called "Secret War". The program was discontinued because the aircraft was too fast for accurate drops even with the special onboard equipment, and looked too much like a type of strike aircraft known to operate in the theatre. This was cited as often causing forces on the ground to be wary of turning on their marking lamps. The aircraft was damaged on takeoff at Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base after being transferred to Overseas Aeromarine, Inc.


1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History
The second aircraft, officially re-registered from N800V to N67623, was intended for the same role but never used. Both aircraft were initially painted in Insignia Blue, plus white trim areas outlined with black pinstripe that led the type to be nicknamed "the Blue Goose."


1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron, History
In the end, both aircraft were handed over to the 1198th OETS at Norton Air Force Base, a unit known for alleged participation in agent dropping and other clandestine missions in Southeast Asia (Project Heavy Chain). The Squadron evaluated the two Marksman, but apparently found no use for them and scrapped both aircraft, which suffered from a chronic Invader issue of nose gear failure.


1199
Year 1199 (MCXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1199 Geldonia
1199 Geldonia, provisional designation 1931 RF, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1931, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after the Belgian town of Jodoigne.


1199 Geldonia, Orbit and classification
Geldonia is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9–3.1 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,915 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.


1199 Geldonia, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A921 TF at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1921, almost 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Uccle.


1199 Geldonia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Geldonia has an ambiguous spectral type, closest to a carbonaceous C-type asteroid with some similarities to the G-, T- and the primitive P-type asteroids, and was flagged as a nosy spectrum (CGTP:). The overall spectral type for members of the Eoan family on the other hand is that of a K-type.


1199 Geldonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Geldonia was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomer Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 28.3 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=2-). While not being a slow rotator, which have periods longer than 100 hours, Geldonia's spin rate is still longer than that of most minor planets, which typically rotate between 2 and 20 hours once around their axis.


1199 Geldonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geldonia measures between 30.395 and 36.08 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.098 and 0.1182.


1199 Geldonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by Infrared Astronomical Satellite, that is, an albedo of 0.1299 and a diameter of 31.25 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.36.


1199 Geldonia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Belgian town of Jodoigne, also known by its Latin name of Geldenaken (hence the asteroid's name of "Geldonia"). It is the native town of the discoverer Eugène Delporte. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 111).


1199 aluminium alloy
1199 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in the "commercially pure" wrought family (1000 or 1xxx series). With a minimum of 99.99% aluminium, it is the purest and least alloyed of the commercial aluminium alloys. It is soft and unsuitable for machining. At the same time, it possesses excellent corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Commercially pure aluminium alloys are used in applications such as conductors, capacitors, heat exchangers, packaging foil and chemical equipment.


1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union
1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union was an American labor founded as the Drug, Hospital, and Health Care Employees Union-District 1199 by Leon J. Davis for pharmacists in New York City in 1932. The union organized all workers in drug stores on an industrial basis, including pharmacists, clerks, and soda jerks. The union led pioneering pickets and strikes against racial segregation and racially discriminatory hiring in Harlem and elsewhere in New York City during the 1930s.


1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union
Since 1199 was a "left-led" union, its leadership was investigated by the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1948 for Communist "infiltration." 1199 was a tiny local at the time, however, and during the expulsions of large left-led unions from the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO]) in the 1940s, 1199 as a local eventually found shelter under the auspices of the Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union.


1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union
In the late 1950s, the drugstore-based union launched large-scale organizing drives at voluntary hospitals in New York, mobilizing a heavily African-American and Puerto Rican-American workforce in the first flush of the postwar Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. famously described 1199 as "my favorite union", and his widow, Coretta Scott King, became the honorary chair of 1199's organizing campaigns as it sought to expand outside of New York City beginning in the late 1960s.


1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union
The union's first campaign outside of New York City was the formation of District 1199B in Columbia, South Carolina in 1969. The union led a strike there that never led to a contract, but had success in creating new 1199 districts in Upstate New York, Philadelphia (and later other parts of Pennsylvania), Connecticut, Rhode Island, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and elsewhere.


1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union
Serious faction fights broke out within the flagship New York local and among other 1199 locals after the retirement of the union's original leadership. 1199 eventually left the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union to form a short-lived National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees during the 1980s, but its constituent locals soon thereafter sought mergers with other unions.


1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union
Most 1199 locals joined the Service Employees International Union to become 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East; 1199C in Philadelphia became the largest 1199 local to join the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. The large flagship New York local remained independent, until joining SEIU in 1998. Dennis Rivera led the union for many years.


1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East
1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East is a healthcare union in the United States, with a membership of 400,000 including retirees. It is a local union within the Service Employees International Union.


1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East, Influence
Patrick Gaspard, a former executive vice president for politics and legislation at the union, was the political director for Barack Obama's presidential campaign. Gaspard was appointed White House Political Director during Obama's first term in office.


1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East, Influence
In 2016, 1199SEIU's president George Gresham was credited by Mario Cuomo for helping to get the $15 minimum wage in New York State passed.


119P/Parker–Hartley
Around 16 March 2161, the comet will pass about 0.017 AU (2,500,000 km; 1,600,000 mi) from Jupiter.


119th (Algoma) Battalion, CEF
The 119th (Algoma) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in the Algoma District and on Manitoulin Island. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on April 16, 1918. The 119th (Algoma) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. T. P. T. Rowland.


119th (The Prince's Own) Regiment of Foot
The 119th (The Prince's Own) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1761 by the regimentation of independent companies and disbanded in 1763.


119th Assault Helicopter Company
During the Vietnam War, one unit assigned to the 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion, 17th Combat Aviation Group, 1st Aviation Brigade was the 119th Assault Helicopter Company. The company operated throughout the Central Highlands of Vietnam during the war, from arrival in September 1962 until deactivation in November 1970. Originally designated the 81st Transportation Company (equipped with twin-rotor CH-21 "Flying Banana" piston-engined helicopters), the company was reorganized in 1963 as the 119th Assault Helicopter Company (Airmobile), re-equipped with turbine-powered single-rotor UH-1A and B model Hueys. Also known as the 119th Aviation Company (Assault Helicopter), the company's area of operations included the entire Central Highlands of Vietnam, plus large portions of Laos and Cambodia.


119th Assault Helicopter Company
Eventually assigned to the 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion, 17th Combat Aviation Group, 1st Aviation Brigade and headquartered at Camp Holloway in Pleiku, the company was also based at Camp Radcliff for a short time from late in 1969 to 1970. The unit was attacked twice by People's Army of Vietnam sappers while at Camp Radcliff, once in each year. The Company was equipped with 16 to 20 lightly armed UH-1 "slick" troopships, and by 1969 all UH-1Ds were upgraded to more-powerful UH-1H models and approximately 8 Huey UH-1C model gunships.


119th Assault Helicopter Company
The "slick" troopships used the radio callsign "Alligator" or "Gator", the gunships used the callsign "Crocodiles" or "Crocs". The callsigns that the pilots used were atypical for US Army aviation units of the time, instead of standard callsigns such as "Blue four-one" or "Yellow six," the pilots used nicknames. The company at one time also used the callsign called "Black Dragon," from which the 52nd CABn "Flying Dragon" callsign evolved. The total company strength of approximately 225 included 50 to 60 pilots and an equal number of crewmembers, plus field maintenance and other critical support personnel.


119th Assault Helicopter Company
During over eight years in Vietnam, the 119th Assault Helicopter Company provided helicopter support for the US Army 4th Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division, 173d Airborne Brigade, US Marine Corps, United States Army Special Forces and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. They also flew many classified missions for MACV-SOG. Over 60 members of the 119th Assault Helicopter Company were killed in action, with many more wounded.


119th Brigade (Croatia)
The 119th Brigade (Croatian: 119. brigada), was a Croatian Army guards brigade formed on 7 September 1991 in Pula, western Croatia, with personnel from the former Territorial Defense Brigade Joakim Rakovac. It is, together  with the 1st Home Guard Battalion Pula and the 154th Brigade HV, one of the military units from Istria drafted for the Croatian War of Independence. During the Croatian War of Independence, the 119th Brigade primarily operated in the areas of Glibodol, Saborsko, Plitvice, Rakovica, Tržačka Raštela, as well as Slavonia and Dubrovnik.


119th Brigade (Croatia)
The brigade originated in Istria County, which is the Croatian region that, proportionally, gave the largest number of veterans. It actively participated in Operation Oluja, and is noted for its impeccable conduct and lack of involvement in war crimes. Seven Istrians from the brigade perished in the conflict.


119th Brigade (Croatia), History
The 119th Istrian Brigade of the National Guard was officially formed in Istria on September 7, 1991. The members of the brigade were from the throughout the region of Istria. It  had battalions in Pula, Rovinj and Labin. With just four battalions it covered the whole of Istria: one in Umag, Pazin, and two in Pula, the 1st and the 4th. It was the first major organized military unit from Istria. More than six and a half thousand members from southern Istria joined the brigade.


119th Brigade (Croatia), History
The first tasks were at the end of 1991, when military facilities that were then being abandoned by the JNA were taken over. Istria did not have major war events, but it made a great contribution to the defense of the Republic of Croatia. The brigade was involved in demining the airport of Pula after the latter was evacuated by the JNA in November 1991, about a month before the attack on Vrsar. Two members of the brigade and two members of the Ministry of the Interior (Dušan Bulešić, Stevo Grbić, Vicalj Marjanović and Marijan Vinković) died in the process.


119th Brigade (Croatia), History
The 119th Brigade spent most of the war on the Lika battlefield. Some platoons were also in Slavonia and around Dubrovnik. In the summer of 1992, many of its members were demobilized and later joined other units of the Croatian Army. In 1994, members were mobilized again, and the brigade was engaged in the Lika area. In Lika, the brigade also participated in the Operation Storm, operating in the direction Glibodol - Saborsko - Plitvice - Rakovica - Tržačka Raštela. The brigade did not leave a single stain on its conduct during the war.


119th Brigade (Croatia), History
From 2001 to 2004, the unit was integrated with the boškarini of the 154th Brigade HV.


119th Brigade (Croatia), History
At the session of the Istrian County Assembly on March 14, 2016, a unanimous decision was made to award the Istrian County Emblem to the 119th Brigade. The award was presented at a solemn session of the Istrian County Assembly by Valter Flego on the occasion of the Day of the Istrian County Statute on March 30, 2016.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 119th Brigade, originally the Welsh Bantam Brigade, was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army during World War I. Part of Lord Kitchener's 'New Armies', it served in the 40th Division on the Western Front. The brigade number was reactivated for deception purposes during World War II.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin
119th Brigade was a New Army or 'Kitchener's Army' formation raised during 1915. An earlier 119th Brigade had been raised in late 1914 as part of the 'Fifth New Army', but when the Fourth New Army was broken up in April 1915 to provide reserve units for the First to Third New Armies, the formations of the Fifth took their place, and the original 119th Brigade was renumbered 100th Brigade.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin
By the time the new 119th Brigade was organised the flow of volunteers had dwindled, and the standard of height for infantry soldiers had been lowered in order to encourage recruitment. The brigade's four battalions were composed entirely of these 'bantams' recruited in Wales. The Welsh Bantam Brigade adopted the number 119 when it was assigned to 40th Division in September 1915.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin, Training
Divisional organisation and training was delayed because the other brigades contained a large proportion of under-developed and unfit men, unlike 119's 'hardy, well-knit Welshmen'. The rest of the division had to undergo a drastic weeding-out and the drafting in of new battalions before it was fit for service. This was completed in February 1916. Divisional training was then intensified and it was warned for overseas service in May 1916. Disembarkation was carried out at Le Havre between 2 and 6 June, and 40th Division concentrated in the Lillers area by 9 June ready to take its place in the line. Units went into the trenches attached to formations of I Corps for familiarisation, and then the division took over its own section of line. 18th Welch of 119th Brigade carried out 40 Division's first trench raid in July 1916.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations
A few months after 119th Brigade's arrival in France, a noted fighting general, Brig.-Gen. Frank Crozier, was appointed to the command (November 1916). During the bitter winter in the mud of the old Somme battlefield he trained the men, and when the Germans retreated to their Hindenburg Line in early 1917, the Welsh Bantam Brigade fought its first offensive actions, the Borderers taking 'Fifteen Ravine', the Welch taking a ridge named 'Welch Ridge' and the Royal Welch Fusiliers taking La Vacquerie and renaming it 'Fusilier Ridge'.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Bourlon Wood
Later in the year, 119th Brigade took a leading part in the capture of Bourlon Wood (23–25 November) during the Battle of Cambrai. Despite the formation's lack of experience of fighting with tanks, 40th Division's attack was the most successful on 23 November. Once inside the wood, Crozier found that both flanks were in the air, but stocked his positions with food and ammunition to hold out against fierce counter-attacks. Although 119th Brigade was relieved by the Guards Division after epic fighting, the cavalry failed to move through to continue the battle.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Bourlon Wood
After the losses of 1917 the Welsh Bantam Brigade had almost disappeared and in February 1918 it was reorganised. 19th Royal Welsh Fusiliers sent a draft to one of its Regular battalions and was then disbanded, as were 12th South Wales Borderers and 17th Welsh; the remaining men of these battalions were transferred to entrenching battalions. Only 18th Welsh of the original brigade remained; this was joined by 13th East Surrey Regiment and 21st Middlesex Regiment (from 120th Brigade and 121st Brigade respectively in 40th Division). The Brigade Machine Gun Company left to join the Divisional Machine Gun Battalion.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, German Spring Offensive
119th Brigade took part in the following further actions during the German spring offensive of 1918:


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, German Spring Offensive
After suffering heavy losses in these actions, 40th Division was withdrawn from the Line and temporarily formed into two Composite Brigades. No 2 Composite Brigade formed under Brig-Gen Crozier on 27 April 1918 consisted of:


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, German Spring Offensive
2 Composite Brigade was engaged in digging the Poperinghe Line in case of further German breakthroughs. It was withdrawn on 2 May, and in common with the rest of the division the units were reduced to training cadres and sent to England.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution
In June 1918, 40th Division was reconstituted from 'Garrison Guard' battalions composed of men of Medical Category 'B1'. The division was officially revived on 14 June, when 119th Brigade (still under Crozier) had the following composition:


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution
The division was sent to hold the West Hazebrouck Line, a reserve position that was being prepared in case of a further German breakthrough. 119th Brigade, together with a company of Royal Engineers and seven labour companies, was assigned the northern part of this line. By dint of 'weeding out' the least fit men and by hard training, the reconstituted formation was made ready for frontline service; the battalions officially dropped the 'Garrison' part of their titles on 13 July 1918.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution
On 18 July, 119th Brigade was the first part of the division to re-enter the frontline, taking over a trench sector under command of 1st Australian Division until the end of the month. The brigade was back in the line in August, taking a full part in trench raids, encouraged by Crozier's offer of a £5 reward for the first German prisoner brought in, and £1 for each subsequent capture.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution, Advance to Victory
On 27 August the reconstituted division made its first attack, with 119th Brigade contributing 13th Inniskilling Fusiliers and a company of 12th North Staffords. For the next few weeks the brigade followed the retreating Germans towards the River Lys with fighting patrols and some small sharp actions were fought. The brigade then took a full part in the 'Final Advance' of October–November 1918 from the Lys to the Scheldt.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution, Advance to Victory
After dark on 8 November Crozier crossed the Scheldt by pontoon bridges with 13th East Lancashires and 12th North Staffords and by the following morning 119th Brigade had occupied a line across the railway on the higher ground beyond. After this, 40th Division was withdrawn from the Front, and the war ended on 11 November with the signing of the Armistice with Germany.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconstitution, Disbandment
After the Armistice, the division was engaged in road repair and refresher courses for men returning to civilian trades. Demobilisation proceeded rapidly during January and February 1919, and its units were reduced to cadre strength by March. The final cadres disappeared during May.


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Commanders
The following officers commanded the Welsh Bantam Brigade/119th Brigade during World War I:


119th Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War
119th Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 30th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry, a line of communication unit serving in 43rd Brigade in Sicily and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '119th Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade in an equally fictitious '40th Infantry Division' from November 1943 until April 1944.


119th Command and Control Squadron
The United States Air Force's 119th Command and Control Squadron (119 CACS) is a space control unit located at McGhee Tyson ANGB, Tennessee. The unit augments the operations of USSTRATCOM on a continuous basis.


119th Command and Control Squadron, Mission
The 119th Command and Control Squadron was one of the first Air National Guard units to become a part of the United States Space Command (later United States Strategic Command). Its mission is augmentation for USSTRATCOM's global operations center (GOC) which coordinates and directs the use of the Department of Defense’s military space forces.


119th Command and Control Squadron, Mission
The 119 CACS provides support to Headquarters USSTRATCOM via three primary Command and Control mission areas: Global Operations, Homeland Defense Operations, and Natural Disaster Events.


119th Command and Control Squadron, History
The 119 CACS was originally activated as 119th Aircraft Warning and Control Squadron in 1950. Since its inception, the 119 ACS had always operated tactical (mobile) radar systems, but was slated to lose its mission and association with Air Combat Command. This provided a fortuitous opportunity for the unit to be associated with USSPACECOM as a direct supporting unit. In the mid-1990s, USSPACECOM commander Gen Howard Estes III directed the command to expand the role of guard and reserve forces in operations from two percent to 20 percent.


119th Delaware General Assembly
The 119th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 8, 1957, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Governor J. Caleb Boggs and the first administrative year of David P. Buckson of Lieutenant Governor.


119th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.


119th Delaware General Assembly
In the 119th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.


119th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.


119th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.


119th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


119th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 119th Division (第119師団, Dai-hyakujūkyū Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Slaughter Division (宰兵団, Sai Heidan). It was formed 10 November 1944 in Heilongjiang as a triangular division. The nucleus for the formation was the leftovers of 23rd division and the 8th borders guards garrison. The division was initially assigned to the 6th army.


119th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
Initially the 119th division was garrisoning a Hailar, but 25 January 1945 was reassigned to 4th army without changing a location.


119th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action
During Soviet invasion of Manchuria the 119th division has surrendered 16 August 1945 and was disarmed by 3 September 1945. The last soldiers taking prisoner by Red Army were returned to Japan in 1968.


119th Field Artillery Regiment
The 119th Field Artillery Regiment (119th FA), nicknamed the "Red Lions" is a Parent Field Artillery Regiment of the United States Army Regimental System (USARS) in the Michigan Army National Guard. The headquarters of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment is in Lansing, Michigan and its principal training ground is at Camp Grayling, Michigan, the largest National Guard training center in the country. The Headquarters Battery of the current 119th Field Artillery Regiment can trace its history all the way back to the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, during the American Civil War. The history of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment as an entire regiment began on 6 November 1911 when it was organized as the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery in the Michigan National Guard.


119th Field Artillery Regiment
The 119th Field Artillery Regiment saw its first action in battle when it was deployed to the Lorraine Region of France in 1918 during the First World War. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was in combat for five months and supported seven American infantry divisions, the 3rd, 26th, 28th, 32nd, 77th, 79th, and the 89th and also executed a fire support mission for the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division.


119th Field Artillery Regiment
The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was involved in several major offensives during World War I. General Charles Mangin, commander of the French Tenth Army, awarded the 119th Field Artillery Regiment with the Croix de Guerre with a silver star for their distinguished service in battle during the Aisne–Marne and Oise–Aisne campaigns. The Headquarters Battery was awarded an additional Croix de Guerre with Palm, the highest order to be awarded during World War I. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment also participated in the final Meuse–Argonne offensive that drove the German Army to defeat.


119th Field Artillery Regiment
After World War I, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was called upon to help maintain the peace during the 1936 Auto Workers strike in Flint, Michigan. When the Allies invaded Normandy during World War II, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment landed in France shortly thereafter and was involved through to the end of the war. In 1967, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was called upon to help maintain law and order in Detroit, Michigan during the riots of 1967.


119th Field Artillery Regiment
After the 11 September attacks, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was thrust into the role of security as they assisted in searching trucks crossing the Canada–United States border in Detroit and Port Huron, Michigan. When the United States Army was short military police units as a result of the War on Terror, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was deployed to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base for eleven months to provide security at Camp Delta. The 119th Field Artillery provided a 21-gun salute at the state funeral for former President Gerald Ford.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage
The lineage of the current day 119th Field Artillery Regiment traces back to 6 November 1911. On that day, existing Michigan National Guard units were reorganized into the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition
On 9 March 1916, Mexican revolutionary General Francisco "Pancho" Villa led a force of five hundred men and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing several American soldiers and civilians. A week later, Brigadier General John J. Pershing, on orders from President Woodrow Wilson, assembled an expeditionary force of several thousand men to pursue Pancho Villa who had since retreated back into Mexico.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition
Less than three months later on 3 June 1916, the United States Congress passed the National Defense Act which gave the President of the United States the power to federalize and mobilize the various State National Guard units in the event of a war. Mexican bandits were still conducting cross border raids killing American soldiers and civilians. On 15 June 1916, one such cross border raid into San Ygnacio, Texas resulted in the deaths of four American soldiers. In response, President Woodrow Wilson federalized 110,000 National Guard soldiers on 19 June 1916 and ordered them to the Mexico–United States border.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition
Batteries A and B of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery were mustered into federal service on 19 June 1916, for the first time. The rest of the units of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery were disbanded. The 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was sent to Camp Grayling, Michigan and then on to El Paso, Texas to patrol the United States-Mexico border. Service on the border was uneventful, consisting mainly of guard duty, drill instructions, and marches. Neither Battery A or B of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery set foot in Mexico during what is known today as the Mexican Expedition.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition
Brigadier General Pershing's troops were unsuccessful in catching Pancho Villa and the focus of the expeditionary force changed from actively seeking out Pancho Villa to a defensive position of protecting the troops from the forces supporting Mexican President Venustiano Carranza. American President Wilson and Mexican President Carranza agreed to establish a Joint High Commission to ease the tensions between the countries. The commission met at New London, Connecticut on 6 September 1916.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, Early lineage, Mexican Expedition
The talks that resulted from these meetings eased the tensions sufficiently and the expeditionary force prepared for withdrawal and re-crossed the international border back into the United States on 5 February 1917. When hostilities ended, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery returned to Michigan and were mustered out of federal service on 23 March 1917.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I
The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917, and the United States Congress passed the Selective Service Act on 18 May of that year to allow the United States to raise an army through the draft. The 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was officially reorganized as part of the Michigan National Guard on 26 June 1917 with its headquarters federally recognized at Lansing, Michigan on 5 July 1917.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I
The National Guard of Michigan and Wisconsin were called into federal service on 15 July 1917. The United States War Department designated the National Guard troops of Michigan and Wisconsin to form the 32nd Infantry Division on 18 July 1917 with Camp MacArthur in Waco, Texas selected as the location for the training. Shortly thereafter, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. On 25 August 1917, the 57th Field Artillery Brigade was organized.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I
On 23 September 1917, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was reorganized as the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery as part of the newly formed 57th Field Artillery Brigade. The 119th Field Artillery absorbed the Headquarters and Supply companies of the 31st Michigan Infantry. Most of the new personnel for the 119th Field Artillery came from the 1st Battalion Field Artillery and 1st Squadron Cavalry of the 31st Michigan Infantry. Colonel Chester B. McCormick was appointed as the first commander of the 119th Field Artillery on 22 September 1917 and systematic training began a week later on 29 September.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I
The 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery relocated to Camp Merritt, New Jersey on 2 January 1918. From Camp Merritt, the troops marched for over an hour to Alpine Landing and then took a two-hour ferry boat ride to the port of Hoboken, New Jersey for embarkation to the European continent. The 119th Field Artillery set sail on 26 February 1918 and arrived at Liverpool, England on 6 March 1918. After a short stay in a rest camp, the 119th Field Artillery proceeded to Le Havre, France with the 5th Infantry Division to complete their transatlantic journey. The 119th Field Artillery detached from the 32nd Infantry Division and arrived at the French artillery school at Camp Coetquidan on 13 March 1918, to master the technique of field artillery. The 119th Field Artillery remained at Camp Coetquidan until 3 June 1918.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I
After leaving Camp Coetquidan, the 119th Field Artillery was sent to join the 26th Infantry Division in the Toul-Boucq Sector. The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery fired their first salvo in World War I on 11 June 1918. Five days later, at 3:20 on 16 June 1918 near the village of Xivray-et-Marvoisin, the 119th Field Artillery opened fire on about 400 to 500 German troops who attempted to enter the village from the west and southwest.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I
Despite suffering their first casualties of the war, the 119th Field Artillery rendered very valuable service with their fire and helped prevent the Germans from entering the village. On 25 June 1918, the 119th Field Artillery rejoined the 32nd Infantry Division in the Alsace region of France near the villages of Largitzen and Aspach-le-Haut.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I
On 22 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery, as a part of the 32nd Infantry Division was absorbed into General Charles Mangin's French Tenth Army. Beginning on 22 July 1918, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery, with new horses and inexperienced drivers, were forced to march over 360 kilometers (224 miles) for five days from the Alsace region to just west of the town of Chateau Thierry. Due to the shortage of artillery harnesses, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery were compelled to drag 16 American caissons loaded with ammunition the entire distance.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I
In order to save the horses, all the soldiers except the drivers walked and carried a full pack for which they had no previous training. On 27 July 1918 the 119th Field Artillery arrived near the town of Pont-Sainte-Maxence and the village of Bethisy-Saint-Martin and then proceeded to move towards Chateau-Thierry, and then into the Foret de Fere (Fere Forest) near the village of Jaulgonne.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne–Marne counter-offensive
On the evening of 29 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery arrived in the Picardy region of France, west of Chateau-Thierry, as part of the 32nd Infantry Division which relieved the American 3rd Infantry Division on the front line which stretched from Roncheres to Fere-en-Tardenois. This was the beginning of the Aisne–Marne counter-offensive also known as the Second Battle of the Marne. At 14:10 on 30 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced a full barrage of fire directed at the Bois de Grimpettes (Grimpettes Woods) just south of the village of Cierges.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne–Marne counter-offensive
Twenty minutes later, at 14:30, the 119th Field Artillery switched to a creeping barrage to allow infantry units from the 32nd Infantry Division to follow close behind the line of artillery fire. Artillery fire continued throughout the day and into the night. On 31 July 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division stormed and captured Cierges and a ridge one kilometer (5/8-mile) east of the village of Sergy with the support of continuous fire from the 119th Field Artillery.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne–Marne counter-offensive
After hard fighting, the 32nd Infantry Division, advanced a mile, broke into two important positions in the new German line of resistance, and captured them. Reddy Farm and Hill 230 were both captured on 1 August 1918, with the support of very active fire from the 119th Field Artillery. Rapid advancements were made on 2 and 3 August. By 10:30 on 3 August 1918, the leading elements of the 32nd Infantry Division had advanced to one-half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) southwest of the village of Saint-Gilles where they captured Resson Farm. In just a matter of two days the 32nd Infantry Division had advanced from Reddy Farm and captured the villages of Villome and Dravegny, arriving on the outskirts of Saint-Gilles with active fire from the 119th Field Artillery.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne–Marne counter-offensive
On the evening of 3 August 1918, advance elements of the 32nd Infantry Division attempted to cross the Vesle River but the attempt failed due to artillery fire from two 77's and strong machine-gun fire from the German troops on the opposite bank of the river. On 4 August 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division entered the town of Fismes, on the south bank of the Vesle River but did not fully occupy and capture Fismes until 6 August 1918.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne–Marne counter-offensive
The 119th Field Artillery pounded the north bank of the Vesle River from 3 August 1918 through 6 August 1918 in an attempt to help the 32nd Infantry Division construct bridges to cross the river; however the German machine-gun and artillery fire was too strong to allow American troops to approach the river without sustaining heavy casualties.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Aisne–Marne counter-offensive
Despite having several artillery pieces destroyed by German counter-battery fire, the 119th Field Artillery had helped the 32nd Infantry Division drive the Germans back negating the gains they had made during their Spring Offensive. The 32nd Infantry Division had marched 19 kilometers (11.875 miles) in just over seven days, capturing significant territory. The Germans were finally able to hold their ground and stop the allied advance on 6 August 1918 bringing an end to the Aisne–Marne counter-offensive.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
By 7 August 1918, the 28th Infantry Division occupied the town of Fismes, relieving the 32nd Infantry Division but the 119th Field Artillery remained in place to assist the 28th Infantry Division in further advances. Over the next two days, the 119th Field Artillery continued to pound the village of Fismettes which is directly across the Vesle River from the town of Fismes. This allowed the 28th Infantry Division to send four companies across the Vesle River on 8 August 1918 to establish bridgeheads on the north bank and occupy the southern and eastern parts of Fismettes.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
During the early morning of 9 August 1918, the 28th Infantry Division advanced one battalion across the Vesle River and captured Fismette establishing outposts occupying the heights to the north of the village. The 119th Field Artillery used well-placed barrages to repulse two counterattacks by the Germans at 16:00 and at 22:45. On 10 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced box barrages to prevent the Germans from escaping the plateau between the Vesle and Aisne Rivers.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
The 28th Infantry Division sent out small aggressive patrols under the cover of the artillery barrages to feel out the German line and to allow for broadening of the bridgeheads. Patrols continued to be sent out through 12 August 1918, supported by artillery fire from the 119th Field Artillery to determine if the Germans held the north bank of the Vesle River in force.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
On 13 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery came under the command of the 77th Infantry Division and remained in place directing artillery fire along the north bank of the Vesle River. By 15 August 1918, the patrols all reported that the north bank of the Vesle was held in sufficient force by the Germans to require a major operation. That operation would be known as the Oise–Aisne offensive. On 21 August 1918, the 119th Field artillery, directed advance fire, assisting in the capture of the village of Tannerie by a company from the 77th Infantry Division .


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
The 32nd Infantry Division was personally selected by General Charles Mangin to assist the French Tenth Army in a flank attack on the German front lines and on the evening of 24 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was billeted in the town of Neuilly-Saint-Front on their way to rejoin the 32nd Infantry Division. The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment marched 140 kilometers (87 miles) over four days and by 28 August 1918, had rejoined the 32nd Infantry Division in the front line west of the village of Juvigny.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
On 27 August 1918, orders were received to immediately commence destructive artillery fire on the wire entanglements, trenches and important points of the German lines, up to the limits of the range of the heavy artillery. The 119th Field Artillery was ordered to harass the Germans day and night with both continued and irregular artillery fire to disorganize their defenses in preparation for forthcoming attacks.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
The artillery fire was to continue through the evening of 28 August 1918 and not allow the Germans any respite, disrupting communications all along the front and rear lines and as deep into German territory as the artillery would allow. On 28 August 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division attacked and by 29 August, it had advanced to within one kilometer (5/8-mile) of Juvigny.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
During the evening of 29 August 1918, the Germans pulled their troops back from their left flank. In response, orders were sent on 30 August 1918, to the 32nd Infantry Division to attack and capture the village of Juvigny. The 119th Field Artillery was directed to concentrate its artillery fire east of Juvigny. Even with their fallback, the Germans had left several strongly fortified outposts along the line and the village of Juvigny was strongly held by the Germans.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
The 32nd Infantry Division quickly overcame the German's advance posts but was slowed down by well-placed German machine guns near the village of Juvigny. The Germans attempted a counterattack but were foiled by a two-pronged attack from the west and the south by the 32nd Infantry Division. By nightfall, the Americans had captured the village of Juvigny and had breached the German front lines between two German army corps. The capture of Juvigny by the American 32nd Infantry Division contributed greatly to the success of attacks the next day by other elements of the French XXX Corps.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
Commander Colonel Chester McCormick, commander of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment, wrote the following in a letter to his soldiers in recounting the battle near Juvingy.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
Due to the rapid advance of the 32nd Infantry Division during the night of 30 August 1918, they were tasked with capturing a ridge 300 meters (984 feet) east of the village of Terny-Sorny. On 31 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery bombarded the Germans for four hours, from 12:00 to 16:00, in preparation for a resumed attack by the 32nd Infantry Division. A rolling artillery barrage commenced at 15:55 and at 16:00 the 32nd Infantry Division began its advance eastward from Juvigny. The Germans put up stiff resistance at Beaumont Farm and shelled the Americans left flank with mortars.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
The Americans continued to drive through the German lines and captured the Bethancourt-Terny Road. By 18:45 the lead troops of the 32nd Infantry Division had entered the village of Terny-Sorny and by 21:30 the ridge to the east of the village had been taken. The aggressive tactics by the 32nd Infantry Division, and its units, allowed it to capture the plateau around the village of Terny where the Allies could concentrate fire on the village of Laffaux. If the Allies were able to capture Laffaux, the Germans would be forced to abandon the line along the Vesle River.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
During the evening of 1 September 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division was relieved from the front line by the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division and the French 66th Infantry Division. On 2 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was placed under the command of the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division through 6 September 1918 to assist their advance towards the village of Vauxaillon and then onwards towards a hill east of the village of Quincy-Basse.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Oise–Aisne offensive
The officers and enlisted men of the 119th Field Artillery gained the respect of The French Artillery Commander of the 1st Moroccan Division due to the prevalence of their determined spirit despite the challenge of the battle. On 6 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was relieved from the front lines for much-needed rest and reequipping. On 7 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery completed movement to the rear at the village of Chelles and was held in reserve for the French Tenth Army. This was the end of their involvement in the Oise–Aisne offensive. On 9 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery moved with the 32nd Infantry Division to the vicinity of the town of Joinville for training.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Military decorations
The 32nd Infantry Division was under the control of the French Tenth Army almost since they had arrived in France. The commander of the French Tenth Army, General Charles Mangin, awarded all four infantry regiments, all three artillery regiments and all three machine gun battalions of the 32nd Infantry Division with a Croix de Guerre for distinguishing themselves in battle. In recognition of their military successes during the Aisne–Marne and Oise–Aisne offensives, the 119th Field Artillery was awarded the Croix de Guerre with a silver star. The streamer is embroidered "AISNE–MARNE and OISE–AISNE". The Headquarters Battery of the 119th Field Artillery was awarded an extra Croix de Guerre with Palm (two orders of precedence higher than Croix de Guerre with a silver star) for their exceptional planning during the Oise–Aisne offensive. The streamer is embroidered "OISE–AISNE".


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse–Argonne offensive
In preparation of the Meuse–Argonne offensive, (one part of a massive campaign known as the Hundred Days Offensive) and under orders from General John Pershing, commander-in-chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, all movement of troops were to be performed with the utmost secrecy under the cover of darkness without lights. On 16 September 1918, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery began a seven-night march through the mud and rain from the town of Joinville to the vicinity of the village of Avocourt to join the 79th Infantry Division.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse–Argonne offensive
The long marches were a severe test on the morale of the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery and by the time they arrived near Avocourt on 24 September 1918, the horses towing the artillery were weak and exhausted. General Petain, the État-major des armées, (Chief of the Defence Staff) ordered the Meuse–Argonne offensive would commence on 26 September 1918.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse–Argonne offensive
The place in the front line where the 79th Infantry Division was set to make its attack was in the same area where a half million soldiers from the French and German Armies had perished in the Battle of Verdun in 1916. At 23:30, on 25 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced harassing and interdiction fire at the German front lines. At 2:30, on 26 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery participated in a three-hour artillery barrage of German positions in preparation for the initial infantry assault.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse–Argonne offensive
At 5:30, under the protection of a rolling barrage from the 119th Field Artillery, the 79th Infantry Division attacked and advanced toward the village of Montfaucon. The advance of the 79th Infantry Division was hindered by machine-gun fire during the entire afternoon stalling their advance. The resistance by the Germans in the vicinity of Montfaucon was so deadly that the 79th Infantry Division had to wait for the 119th Field Artillery before they could advance further.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse–Argonne offensive
The guns of the 119th Field Artillery were delayed in advancing due to the poor conditions of the roads over an area that used to be "No Man's Land" and the congestion on those roads that could be utilized. By the end of the day the 79th Infantry Division had captured the villages of Haucourt and Malancourt and reached a line one—half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) north of Malancourt and along the northeastern edge of the Bois de Cuisy (Cuisy Woods).


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse–Argonne offensive
On 27 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division was eventually able to capture Montfaucon and establish a line one-half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) northwest of the village. On 28 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division advanced further and captured the village of Nantillois. The advance of the 119th Field Artillery continued with the forward movement of the 79th Infantry Division but the hauling of the artillery and supplies was hampered again by the conditions of the roads. On 29 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division resumed the attack but was finally forced into a defensive position along a ridge 300 m northwest of the village of Nantillois.


119th Field Artillery Regiment, World War I, Meuse–Argonne offensive
Commander Colonel Chester McCormick wrote the following in his letter to his soldiers in regards to the start of the Meuse–Argonne offensive.